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-5812449504550920512 | Day of the Dead | Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Americas 2.1. 1 Belize 2.1. 2 Bolivia 2.1. 3 Brazil 2.1. 4 Guatemala 2.1. 5 Ecuador 2.1. 6 Peru 2.1. 7 United States 2.1. 7.1 California 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Goa , India 2.2. 2 The Philippines 2.3 Europe 2.4 Oceania 3 Similar traditions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Frances Ann Day , Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of La Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Americas Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Bolivia Día de las Ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . Asia Goa , india The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . The philippines While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . Europe In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . Similar traditions Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明 节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明 節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼 月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋 夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . In popular culture Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . 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Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 1159423 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . doi : 10.2307 / 483058 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 66 : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex ( 1997 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 62 : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann ( 1995 ) . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth . 122 : 13 -- 16 . 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speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&oldid=828160750 '' Categories : Day of the Dead Folk festivals in Mexico Religious holidays Mexican culture Mexican - American culture Latin American culture Latin American folklore November observances Mexican folklore Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Halloween October observances Observances honoring the dead Religious festivals in Mexico Parades in Mexico Festivals in El Salvador Allhallowtide Autumn events in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Infobox holiday fixed day Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Ladino Latina Lumbaart മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the day of the dead festival in mexico | [
"The Day of the Dead (Spanish: Día de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[1]",
"The Day of the Dead (Spanish: Día de Muertos) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States. It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures. The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[1]"
] | [
"a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico, in particular the Central and South regions, and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places, especially the United States",
"focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey"
] |
-6985929123945816268 | Results of the War of 1812 | Results of the war of 1812 - wikipedia Results of the war of 1812 Jump to : navigation , search Results of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States , 1812 - 1815 , involved with no geographical changes . The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain . All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest . American fears of the Native Americans ended , as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state . The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied . The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an `` Era of good feelings '' with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit . The British paid little attention to the war , concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 . The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America , contrary to many American politicians ' hopes and expectations , but it did gain land from Spain . After Napoleon 's defeat in 1814 , Britain was no longer at war with France and there were no restrictions on trade ; the British suspended their policy of impressment of American sailors , and never resumed it , but they insisted they still had the right to resume it . Americans regained their honour and proclaimed victory in what they called a `` second war of independence '' for the decisive defeat of the British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove that Britain could never regain control of America , and the threat of secession by New England ended with the failure of the Hartford Convention . In Britain , the importance of the conflict was totally overshadowed by European triumphs : Napoleon had returned from exile in March 1815 , and was finally defeated at Waterloo 100 days later . Upper Canada emerged from the war with a sense of unity and pride as part of the British Empire . Anglophone Canadians claimed the war as a victory for their freedom from American control and credited their militia for the repulse of American invasions . Francophone Canadians largely ignore the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Efforts to end the war 2 Negotiations 3 Native American affairs 4 Canada 5 Britain 6 United States 6.1 Impact on U.S. military 7 Honour 8 Economic impact 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Memory of the war 12 External links Efforts to end the war ( edit ) Efforts to end the war began in 1812 when the chief U.S. diplomat in London proposed an armistice in return for a renunciation of impressments ; the British refused . Later , in 1812 , when the British captured Detroit and news of the repeal of the Orders reached Washington , Sir George Prevost arranged an armistice with his counterpart Henry Dearborn . However , President James Madison decided to continue the war . In 1813 , Russia offered to mediate a peace , but London rejected the offer , because it might compromise British interests in Europe . Finally , Great Britain and the United States agreed to commence peace negotiations in January 1814 : the talks were delayed . Negotiations ( edit ) At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations with unrealistic demands . The U.S. wanted an end to all British maritime practices it deemed objectionable and also demanded cessions of Canadian territory and guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland . The British announced as an essential element of the peace treaty their long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British , who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade . London dropped the demand when the Americans adamantly refused and indicated it would end the negotiations . The British had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh 's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames in 1813 and no longer controlled adequate supply lines to support an Indian barrier state . Britain also wanted to keep the far - northeastern parts of Maine that had been captured to provide a land corridor to Quebec from the maritime colonies . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed more seamen . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . The negotiators agreed to return to the status quo ante bellum with no changes in boundaries . Both sides signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24 , 1814 . The next and final step would be formal ratification by each government . The British -- but not the Americans -- knew , when they signed , that a battle was imminent at New Orleans ( it was fought on January 8 , 1815 ) . This treaty finally went into effect when it was formally ratified by both sides in February 1815 . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgment of American maritime rights , but in the century of peace between the worlds naval powers from 1815 until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The British navy ended the practices that angered Americans , for they were no longer needed after Napoleon . American pride and honor was built as a result of the Indian threat being ended , and through rejoicing surrounding American victory at New Orleans . In doing so , the United States had successfully created sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Native American affairs ( edit ) A key reason that American frontiersmen were so much in favor of the war in the first place was the threat by various Native American tribes , which they blamed on intervention by British agents in Canada . In addition , they wanted access to lands that the British acknowledged belonged to the U.S. but that the British were blocking by inciting and arming the Native Americans . With the death of Tecumseh in battle in 1813 , the First Nation military power ended . The natives were the main losers in the war , losing British protection , and never regained their influence . In the Southeast , Andrew Jackson 's destruction of Britain 's allies , the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , ended the threat of Native American hostilities in that region . It opened vast areas in Georgia and Alabama for settlement as plantations and farmlands . The U.S. occupied all of West Florida during the war and in 1819 purchased the rest of Florida from Spain , thus closing the base of weapons for hostile tribes . Creek Indians who escaped to Spanish Florida joined the Seminoles there , and put up a long resistance known as the Seminole Wars . In the treaty , the British promised not to arm the Native Americans in the U.S. from Canada ( nor even trade with them ) , and the U.S. - Canada border was largely pacified . However , some Americans assumed that the British continued to conspire with their former Native American allies in an attempt to forestall U.S. hegemony in the Great Lakes region . Such perceptions were faulty , argues Calloway ( 1987 ) . After the Treaty of Ghent , the Native Americans in the Great Lakes region became an undesirable burden to British policymakers . Canada ( edit ) Some in Washington had expected the largely American population of Upper Canada to throw off the `` British yoke '' , but that did not happen . After 1815 , British officials , Anglican clergy and Canadians loyal to the Empire tried to spot and root out American ideals , such as democracy and republicanism . Thus , the British and Loyalist elite were able to set the different colonies , of what would later become Canada , on a different course from that of their former enemy . Canada discouraged further American immigration . When the United States attacked British North America , most of the British forces were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars . Thus , British North America had minimal troops to defend against the United States , who had a much larger ( though poorly trained ) military force . For most of the war , British North America stood alone against a much stronger American force . Reinforcements from the United Kingdom did not arrive until 1814 , the final year of the war . The repelling of the American force helped to foster British loyalties in the colonies that later became Canada . The nationalistic sentiment caused a suspicion of such American ideas as republicanism , which would frustrate political reform in Upper and Lower Canada until the Rebellions of 1837 . However , the War of 1812 started the process that ultimately led to Canadian Confederation in 1867 . Canadian writer Pierre Berton has written that , although later events such as the rebellions and the Fenian raids of the 1860s were more important , Canada would have become part of the United States if the War of 1812 had not taken place , because more and more American settlers would have arrived and Canadian nationalism would not have developed . The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain 's North American colonies . After the war , British sympathizers portrayed the war as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired . Throughout the war , most of Canada 's inhabitants assigned the war to an American desire to annex the British colonies , a perception reinforced by American Generals like William Hull , who issued proclamations stating that Canada would be annexed . An alleged Canadian myth from the war was that Canadian militiamen had performed admirably , while the British officers were largely ineffective . Jack Granatstein has termed this the `` militia myth '' , and he feels it has had a deep effect on Canadian military thinking , which placed more stress on a citizens ' militia than on a professional standing army . The United States suffered from a similar `` frontiersman myth '' at the start of the war , believing falsely that individual initiative and marksmanship could be effective against a well - disciplined British battle line . Granatstein argues that the militia was not particularly effective in the war and that any British military success was the work of British regular forces and the result of British domination over the sea . Isaac Brock , for example , was reluctant to trust the militia with muskets . Others argue that , in fact , the Canadian militia played important roles in several key engagements , including at the Battle of Chateauguay where they were central to defeating the American advance on Montreal in the fall of 1813 . Historian Robert Henderson has referred to this as `` The myth of the Militia myth '' . See : Canadian Units of the War of 1812 During the war , British officers constantly worried that the Americans would block the St. Lawrence River , which forms part of the Canada -- U.S. border . If the U.S. military had done so , there would have been no British supply route for Upper Canada , where most of the land battles took place , and British forces would likely have had to withdraw or surrender all western British territory within a few months . British officers ' dispatches after the war exhibited astonishment that the Americans never took such a simple step , but the British were not willing to count on the enemy repeating the mistake : as a result , Britain commissioned the Rideau Canal , an expensive project connecting Kingston , on Lake Ontario , to the Ottawa River , providing an alternative supply route that bypassed the part of the St. Lawrence River along the U.S. border . The settlement at the northeastern end of the canal , where it joins the Ottawa River , later became the city of Ottawa , Canada 's fourth - largest city and its capital ( placed inland to protect it from U.S. invasion -- known then as the ' defensible back - country ' ) . Because population away from the St. Lawrence shores was negligible , the British , in the years following the war , took great lengths to ensure that back - country settlement was increased . They settled soldiers and initiated assisted - immigration schemes , offering free land to farmers , mostly tenants of estates in the south of Ireland . The canal project was not completed until 1832 and was never used for its intended purpose . Britain ( edit ) In contrast to Canada , the War of 1812 is seldom remembered in Britain today , as the conflict was quickly forgotten by the British public . Chiefly , this is because it was overshadowed by the dramatic events of the contemporary Napoleonic wars , and because Britain herself neither gained nor lost anything by the peace settlement , except for the fact that it kept control of Canada . The Royal Navy was acutely conscious that the United States Navy had won single - ship duels during the war , even though they had no strategic effect . Particular attention was given these battles because American propaganda had projected them as battles of equal force , when actually the only single ship duel where the forces were equal ( although the British had fewer men ) was the Battle of Boston Harbor which the British won . Furthermore , Britain had effectively won the war on the ocean as almost the entire US Navy was blockaded and unable to fight . British honor was restored when the USS President was captured and taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships that participated in battles of so - called equal force where actually much larger than the British ships they were engaged with . American privateers and commerce raiders had captured approximately 1200 British merchant ships , sending insurance rates up and embarrassing the Admiralty . Nevertheless , 50 % of all American privateers were captured by the British while the privateers only captured 5 % to 7 % of British commerce . Meanwhile for every 14 American merchant ships that traded before the start of the war only 1 ship dared leave port during the war despite the American effort to double maritime trade . Furthermore of the few ships that left port , a total 1400 were captured . In addition , Britain did win many sea battles . The Royal Navy had been able to deploy overwhelming strength to American waters , annihilating rather than merely denting American maritime trade , and driving the American economy close to bankruptcy . The Royal Navy would emerge unchecked from the conflict . The British Army regarded the 1812 - 15 conflict in Canada and America as a sideshow . Only one regiment , the 41st , was awarded a battle honor ( Detroit ) from the war . The army was more interested in the lessons of the Peninsular War in Spain . The battle New Orleans could be conveniently attributed to poor leadership or insuperable physical obstacles and British attention was given to the Royal Navy 's successful capture of the American flagship which the Americans conveniently overlooked . If generalship had been better , it was believed , then British would have been successfully at New Orleans . Due to the huge , overwhelming success and pre-eminence of the Duke of Wellington in Europe , the British army was to make no change to its systems of recruitment , discipline and awards of commissions for more than half a century . The British suffered 5,000 killed or wounded soldiers and sailors in the war . United States ( edit ) The gloom in New England , which staunchly opposed the war , culminated in December 1814 , as delegates from five states met secretly in the Hartford Convention . It demanded constitutional amendments to protect New England 's interests against the West and the South . Secession talk was rife and the region might have threatened to secede from the Union , if their demands had been ignored , but the news of peace ended the movement . The United States had faced near - disaster in 1814 , but the victories at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Baltimore and what seemed to be a successful fight against the United Kingdom increased national patriotism and helped to unite the United States into one nation . Meanwhile , the loss of the American flagship USS President was conveniently overlooked by the public . The best - known patriotic legacy of the war was The Star Spangled Banner . The words are by Francis Scott Key , who after the bombardment of Fort McHenry set them to the music of a British drinking song , `` To Anacreon in Heaven . '' In 1889 the U.S. Navy began using The Star Spangled Banner at flag - raising ceremonies , a practice copied by the Army . In 1931 , Congress made it the U.S. National Anthem . Although all of the original objectives of the war had failed , the American people saw the War of 1812 as evidence of the success of the democratic experiment . The war ushered in a period of American history that has frequently been called `` the Era of Good Feelings , '' a time when , at least on the surface , most Americans felt unified behind a common purpose . The War of 1812 convinced the country that it could fend off any foreign threats and that its focus should be on expansion at home . With the collapse of the Hartford Convention and news of the triumph at the Battle of New Orleans , Americans had cause for celebration . In February , President James Madison sent Congress the treaty of peace . He congratulated the nation on the close of a war `` waged with the success which is the natural result of the wisdom of the legislative councils , of the patriotism of the people , of the public spirit of the militia , and of the velour of the military and naval forces of the country . '' The spirit of nationalism and pride led to the collapse of the nay - sayer Federalist Party and the new Era of Good Feelings . One indirect result of the War of 1812 was the later election to the presidency of war heroes Andrew Jackson and of William Henry Harrison . Both of these men won military fame which had much to do with their elections . Another indirect result was the decline of Federalist power . Impact on U.S. military ( edit ) During the war a total of 2,260 American soldiers and sailors were killed . The war cost the United States about $200 million . Neither the United States nor Great Britain gained any military advantage . Indirectly the United States made some gains . A significant military development was the increased emphasis by General Winfield Scott on professionalism in the U.S. Army officer corps and in particular , the training of officers at the United States Military Academy ( `` West Point '' ) . This new professionalism would become apparent during the Mexican - American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . After the Texas Annexation by the U.S. , the term Manifest Destiny became a widely used political term for those who propagated American expansionism and military pride . In a related development , the United States officially abandoned its reliance on the militia for its defense . Moreover , Army Corps of Engineers ( which at that time controlled West Point ) , began building fortifications around New Orleans as a response to the British attack on the city during the war . This effort then grew into numerous civil river works , especially in the 1840s and 1850s under General Pierre Beauregard . The Corps remains the authority over Mississippi ( and other ) river works . The embarrassing defeat of Fort Madison in what is now Iowa and Fort McKay in Prairie du Chien led to the fortification of the Mississippi , with the expansion of Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis , and the construction of Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois , Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien , and Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota . Removal of all Indians from the Mississippi Valley became a top priority for the U.S. government . Honour ( edit ) Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war . Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour , and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity . Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response . This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour . Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event . Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states , including Massachusetts , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Tennessee , as well as the territory of Michigan . Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful , especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans , while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week . For the next century it was often called `` the Second American War for Independence '' and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House . Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour . National honour , the reputation of republican government , and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake ... National honour had ( now ) been satisfied , '' says historian Lance Banning , `` Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride . They felt that they had fought a second war for independence , and had won . According to Historians such as Andrew Lambert and William James , British honor was challenged because deserters from the Royal Navy were granted citizenship in the United States . This led to the impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy . In 1811 , the Little Belt Affair would anger the Admiraly and embarrass the United States . This would lead to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship USS President . Although the British would effectively disable the vast majority of the United States Navy during the war by having the ships blockaded , the single ship actions that the American 's won embarrassed the Admiralty . Specific attention was given to these battles as the American 's claimed there were between ships of equal force . The British effectively restored their honor by capturing the sloop of war USS Frolic and more importantly the flagship USS President . Both ships were taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships of the so - called engagements of equal force were much larger than the British ships they had fought in single ship duels . Furthermore , the United States failed at abolishing impressment when the treaty was signed , but the British did not continue the practice as the Napoleonic Wars had ended so they no longer needed as many sailors . In doing so British honor was restored , only for the entire conflict to be overshadowed by the defeat of Napoleon . Economic impact ( edit ) Although during the War of 1812 the United States ' economy was severely damaged by the British blockade , the aftermath gave a dramatic boost to the manufacturing capabilities of the United States . The British blockade of the American coast created a shortage of cotton cloth in the United States , leading to the creation of a cotton - manufacturing industry , beginning at Waltham , Massachusetts by Francis Cabot Lowell . The war also spurred on construction of the Erie Canal project , which was built to promote commercial links yet was also perceived as having military uses should the need ever arise . As the charter of the First Bank of the United States had been allowed to expire in 1811 , the federal government was ill - prepared to finance the war and resorted to such expediencies as the suspension of specie payment and the issuance of Treasury Notes . These actions set a precedent for future Federal responses to financial crises . Also , this exposure of the nation 's financial weaknesses explained in part the Congressional decision to charter the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . The readiness of Southern leaders especially John C. Calhoun to support such a measure also indicates a high degree of national feeling . Perhaps the clearest sign of a new sense of national unity was the victorious Democratic - Republican Party , its long - time foes , the Federalists , vanishing from national politics . The result was an Era of Good Feelings with the lowest level of partisanship ever seen . Canadians , however , contrasted their post-war economic stagnation to the booming American economy , which Desmond Morton believes led to the Rebellions of 1837 . During the war , Bermudian privateers , with their fast Bermuda sloops , were to capture 298 ships ( the total captures by all British naval or privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies was 1,593 vessels ) . See also ( edit ) Chronology of the War of 1812 Origins of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Anglo - American Convention of 1818 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 . Random House . pp. 137 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77673 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , ed . The Causes of the War of 1812 : National Honor or National Interest ? ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Hickey p. 300 ; Barry Schwartz , `` The Social Context of Commemoration : A Study in Collective Memory . '' Social Forces 61 # 2 ( 1982 ) , p. 312 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Benn ( 2002 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea . '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 - 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 - 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll ( 2001 ) . A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 - 1842 . U. of Toronto Press . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini , Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1992 ) , pp. 94 - 122 . Jump up ^ Pratt ( 1955 ) , pp. 135 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , `` Andrew Jackson 's Honor , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Vol. 17 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1997 ) , pp. 1 - 36 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Watts ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Walter R. Borneman , 1812 : The War That Forged a Nation ( 2005 ) , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Robert Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) , pp. 277 - 82 . Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway , Crown and Calumet : British - Indian Relations , 1783 - 1815 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , The Civil War of 1812 ( 2010 ) , p. 443 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 . Random House . pp. 137 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77673 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein , Canada 's army : waging war and keeping the peace ( 2004 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/lacolle1812.htm Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/chatgy.htm Jump up ^ Robert Henderson `` The myth of the ' Militia Myth ' Dorchester Review ( Volume 3 No. 1 Spring / Summer 2013 ) Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein , Canada 's army : waging war and keeping the peace ( 2004 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon ( 2009 ) , pp. 221 - 32 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Benn , p. 84 . Jump up ^ George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings ( 1952 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ War of 1812 . ( 2006 ) . Compton 's by Britannica . Retrieved April 1 , 2006 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ( The Curious End of the War ) Jump up ^ Weigley ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . Macmillan , New York Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord , `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks and the Nation 's Honor . '' William and Mary Quarterly : A Magazine of Early American History ( 1961 ) : 196 - 210 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert L. Ivie , `` The metaphor of force in prowar discourse : The case of 1812 . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 68 # 3 ( 1982 ) , pp. 240 - 253 . Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , The causes of the War of 1812 : National honor or national interest ? ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , Injured Honor : The Chesapeake - Leopard Affair , June 22 , 1807 ( Naval Institute Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ William Barlow and David O. Powell . `` Congressman Ezekiel Bacon of Massachusetts and the Coming of the War of 1812 . '' Historical Journal of Massachusetts 6 # 2 ( 1978 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ William R. Barlow , `` Ohio 's Congressmen and the War of 1812 . '' Ohio History 72 ( 1963 ) : 175 - 94 . Jump up ^ Victor Sapio , Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Martin Kaufman , `` War Sentiment in Western Pennsylvania : 1812 . '' Pennsylvania History ( 1964 ) : 436 - 448 . Jump up ^ William A. Walker , `` Martial Sons : Tennessee Enthusiasm for the War of 1812 . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 20.1 ( 1961 ) : 20 + Jump up ^ William Barlow , `` The Coming of the War of 1812 in Michigan Territory . '' Michigan History 53 ( 1969 ) : 91 - 107 . Jump up ^ Andrew Robertson ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History . SAGE Publications . p. 372 . Jump up ^ Lance Banning ( 1980 ) . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology . Cornell UP . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Stanley Engerman and Robert E. Gallman , eds . The Cambridge economic history of the United States : the colonial era : Volume 1 ( 2000 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Wiltse ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ George Dangerfield , The Awakening of American Nationalism , 1815 - 1828 ( 1966 ) , ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Desmond Morton , A Military History of Canada ( 2007 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Walter Brownell Hayward , Bermuda past and present ( 1910 ) , pp. 58 - 66 . Further reading ( edit ) Further information : List of books about the War of 1812 Berton , Pierre ; The Invasion of Canada : 1812 - 1813 ( 1980 ) . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 1244 - 6 ; Flames Across the Border : 1813 - 1814 ( 1981 ) ; reissued as Pierre Berton 's War of 1812 ( Toronto : Anchor Canada , 2011 ) ; popular Canadian narrative ; 928pp Bickham , Troy , The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , The British Empire , and the War of 1812 ( Oxford University Press , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0195391787 Black , Jeremy . The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon ( 2009 ) by English military historian Borneman , Walter R. 1812 : The War That Forged a Nation ( 2004 ) , popular American version Burt , A.L. The United States , Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 . ( 1940 ) online edition Heidler , Donald & Jeanne T. Heidler ( eds ) Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 ( 2nd ed 2004 ) 636pp ; most comprehensive guide ; 500 entries by 70 scholars from several countries Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of the War of 1812 . ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 252 - 03179 - 2 Hickey , Donald R . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06059 - 8 ( 1990 ) , standard scholarly history . Hickey , Donald R. 187 Things You Should Know about the War of 1812 ( Baltimore : Maryland Historical Society , 2012 ) , 170 pp . Hitsman , J.M. The Incredible War of 1812 ( 1965 ) , survey by Canadian scholar Jensen , Richard . `` Military History on the Electronic Frontier : Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812 , '' The Journal of Military History 76 # 4 ( October 2012 ) : 523 - 556 ; online version ; the debate here on Wikipedia Langguth , A.J. Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence ( 2006 ) 495pp , popular history Latimer , Jon , 1812 : War with America ( Harvard , 2007 ) . A British naval perspective . Perkins , Bradford . Castelereagh and Adams : England and the United States , 1812 - 1823 . ( 1964 ) , the standard scholarly diplomatic history Remini , Robert Vincent , Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) , pp. 94 -- 122 . Stagg , J.C.A. The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( Cambridge Essential Histories , 2012 ) brief overview by New Zealand scholar Taylor , Alan . The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies ( 2010 ) by Pulitzer Prize winner Tucker , Spencer C. , ed . The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 ( 3 vol : ABC - CLIO , 2012 ) , 1034pp . Zuehlke , Mark . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . ( 2007 ) by Canadian military historian . Memory of the war ( edit ) Austen , Ian . `` Canada Puts Spotlight on War of 1812 , With USA as Villain . '' New York Times 7 October 2012 . online Coates , Colin M. , and Cecilia Morgan . Heroines and History : Representations of Madeleine de Verchères and Laura Secord ( U of Toronto Press , 2002 ) . Eamon , Michael . `` The War Against Public Forgetfulness : Commemorating 1812 in Canada '' London Journal of Canadian Studies ( 2014 ) 29 # 1 pp. 134 -- 185 online Forest , Timothy S. `` Epic Triumph , Epic Embarrassment or Both ? Commemorations of the War of 1812 Today in Niagara Region , '' Ontario History 104 # 1 ( 2012 ) , pp. 96 + . Hammack Jr. , James W. ( 1976 ) . Kentucky and the Second American Revolution : The War of 1812 . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 107 -- 112 . Knowles , Norman . Inventing the Loyalists : the Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts ( U of Toronto Press , 1997 ) MacDonald , Heather . `` Heroes and Identity : Two - Hundred Years in the Making , '' The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History ( 2013 ) 1 # 1 Article 6 online Morgan , Cecilia . `` '' Remembering 1812 in the 1840s : John Richardson and the Writing of the War `` , London Journal of Canadian Studies ( 2014 ) 29 # 1 pp. 39 -- 69 online Robertson , James Tyler . `` For God , King , and Country : Nineteenth - Century Methodist Interpretations of the War of 1812 '' London Journal of Canadian Studies ( 2014 ) 29 # 1 pp. 1 -- 38 ; Canadian Methodists online Sheppard , George . Plunder , Profit , and Paroles : A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada ( McGill - Queen 's University Press , 1994 ) Tiro , Karim M. `` Now You See It , Now You Do n't : The War of 1812 in Canada and the United States in 2012 . '' Public Historian 35 # 1 ( 2013 ) : 87 - 97 . in JSTOR Wasson , Jeffrey . `` Inventing a Foundation Myth : Upper Canada in the War of 1812 '' ( Clark University , 2014 ) online External links ( edit ) A Question of Identity : War of 1812 , a 1966 National Film Board of Canada documentary on the war 's role in fostering a sense of Canadian identity ( hide ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_War_of_1812&oldid=815995000 '' Categories : War of 1812 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is true of america immediately after the war of 1812 ended | [] | [] |
1864616038518841897 | List of backward compatible games for Xbox One | List of backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 465 on this list out of 1232 released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 North America only . Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars : Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via free downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded PomPom Games XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 North America only . Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 13 on this list out of 1048 released for the Xbox . Title Publisher ( s ) One X Enhanced Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . BloodRayne 2 Majesco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games King of Fighters Neowave , The The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows DirectX Games for Windows games GFWL games Games on Demand games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=828132119 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 19 : 12 . 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3474262695041449403 | The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film) | The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Day the Earth Stood Still Theatrical release poster Directed by Scott Derrickson Produced by Paul Harris Boardman Gregory Goodman Erwin Stoff Screenplay by David Scarpa Based on The Day the Earth Stood Still by Edmund H. North `` Farewell to the Master '' by Harry Bates Starring Keanu Reeves Jennifer Connelly Jaden Smith Kathy Bates Jon Hamm John Cleese Kyle Chandler Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Wayne Wahrman Production companies 3 Arts Entertainment Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $233.1 million The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 2008 American science fiction film , a loose adaptation of the 1951 film of the same name . The screenplay by David Scarpa is based on the 1940 classic science fiction short story `` Farewell to the Master '' by Harry Bates and on the 1951 screenplay adaptation by Edmund H. North . Directed by Scott Derrickson and starring Keanu Reeves as Klaatu , this version replaces the Cold War theme of nuclear warfare with the contemporary issue of humankind 's environmental damage to the planet . It follows Klaatu , an alien sent to try to change human behavior or eradicate humans from Earth . The film was originally scheduled for release on May 9 , 2008 , but was released on a roll - out schedule beginning December 12 , 2008 , screening in both conventional and IMAX theaters . The critical reviews were mainly negative , with 186 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes showing only 21 % of them were positive ; typically the film was found to be `` heavy on special effects , but without a coherent story at its base '' . In its opening week , the film took top spot at the U.S. box office and went on to gross over $233 million worldwide . The Day the Earth Stood Still was released on home video on April 7 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1928 , a solitary mountaineer encounters a glowing sphere . He loses consciousness and when he wakes , the sphere has gone and there is a scar on his hand where a sample of his DNA has been taken . In the present day , a rapidly moving object is detected beyond Jupiter 's orbit and forecast to impact Manhattan . It is moving at 30,000 kilometers per second , enough to destroy all life on Earth . The United States government hastily assembles a group of scientists , including Dr. Helen Benson and her friend Dr. Michael Granier , to develop a survival plan . As it nears the planet , the object slows down just before impact . Revealed to be a large spherical spaceship , it lands gently in Central Park . The sphere is quickly surrounded by NYPD and heavily armed US military forces . An alien emerges and Helen moves forward to greet it ; but amidst the confusion , the alien is shot . A gigantic robot appears and temporarily disables everything in the vicinity before the wounded alien voices the command `` Klaatu barada nikto '' to shut down the robot 's defensive response . The alien 's exterior is found to be a bioengineered space suit , composed of placenta - like material covering a human - like being . The being quickly ages into Klaatu , who looks like the mountaineer from 1928 . Klaatu informs Secretary of Defense Regina Jackson that he is a representative of a group of civilizations , sent to talk to the leaders of Earth about saving the planet . When Jackson instead sends him to be interrogated , Klaatu escapes and reconnects with Helen and her stepson , Jacob , telling them that he must finish his mission to `` save the Earth '' . The presence of the sphere , and other smaller ones that begin to appear all over the world , causes widespread panic . The military launches a drone attack on the Central Park sphere , but are thwarted by the robot . The military takes a weapons - free approach , cautiously enclosing the robot , soon nicknamed `` GORT '' ( for Genetically Organized Robotic Technology ) , and transporting it to Mount Weather , an underground facility in Virginia . Klaatu meets with another alien , Mr. Wu , who has lived on Earth for 70 years . Wu tells Klaatu that he has found the human race to be destructive , stubborn and unwilling to change , which matches Klaatu 's experiences . Klaatu orders the smaller spheres to collect specimens of animal species , to preserve them for later reintroduction to the Earth . He clarifies for Helen that he means to save the Earth from destruction by humankind . When a policeman attempts to take them into custody , Klaatu kills him then promptly revives the officer , telling Helen and Jacob that he did this to simply disarm an obstacle to his mission . Hoping to persuade Klaatu to change his mind about humanity , Helen takes him to the home of Professor Barnhardt , a Nobel Prize winner . They discuss how Klaatu 's own race went through a drastic , collaborative evolution to prevent the demise of their own planet . Barnhardt pleads that Earth is at the same precipice , and humanity should be given a chance to understand that it too must change . While the adults are talking , Jacob calls the authorities to come and arrest Klaatu . While the military is examining GORT , the robot transforms into a swarm of winged , insect - like , nano - machines that self - replicate as they consume every man - made object in their path . The swarm soon devours the entire facility , emerging above ground to continue feeding . The military capture Helen while Klaatu and Jacob escape on foot . As they travel , Klaatu learns more about humanity through Jacob . When Jacob contacts Helen and arranges to meet at his father 's grave , the Secretary sends her to try to change Klaatu 's mind . At the grave , Jacob is heartbroken that Klaatu can not resurrect his long dead father . As Helen and Jacob have a tear - filled reunion , Klaatu 's cumulative observations of humans convinces him to stop the swarm . Dr. Granier drives them to the Central Park sphere , but the swarm has reached massive proportions . Klaatu trudges through the swarm to the sphere , touching it moments before his own body is consumed . The sphere deactivates the swarm , saving humanity , but at the expense of electrical activity on Earth , per Klaatu 's warning that there will be a price to the modern human way of life . The giant sphere leaves the Earth . Cast ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Keanu Reeves as Klaatu , an alien messenger in human form . Reeves dislikes remakes , but was impressed by the script , which he deemed a reimagining . He enjoyed the original film as a child and became fonder of it as an adult when he understood how relevant it was , but prefers this version because it lacked the contradictory message of Klaatu `` laying down the law ( ... ) almost as though the alien had the bigger stick . '' Reeves acknowledged his Klaatu is `` inverted '' from the original , starting `` sinister and tough '' but becoming `` more human , '' whereas the original was `` more human than human '' before revealing his `` big stick '' in his ending speech . He compared the remake 's Klaatu to the wrathful God who floods the world in the Old Testament , but is gentle and forgiving by the time of the New Testament . He spent many weeks revising the script , trying to make Klaatu 's transition from alien in human form to one who appreciates their emotions and beliefs subtle and nuanced . Derrickson , the director , said that although Reeves would not use actions `` that are highly unusual or highly quirky '' , he nevertheless `` keeps you aware of the fact that this being you 're walking through this movie with is not a human being . '' At Reeves ' insistence , the classic line `` Klaatu barada nikto '' was added to the script after initially being omitted . The line was recorded many times , and it was decided to combine two recordings : one where Reeves said it normally , and a reversed version where he said the line backwards , creating an `` alien '' effect . Jennifer Connelly as Helen Benson , a famed astrobiologist at Princeton University who is recruited by the government to study Klaatu . Connelly was Derrickson 's first choice for the part . She is a fan of the original film and felt Patricia Neal 's original portrayal of Helen was `` fabulous '' , but trusted the filmmakers with their reinterpretation of the story and of Helen , who was a secretary in the original . Connelly emphasized that Helen is amazed when she meets Klaatu , as she never believed she would encounter a sentient alien like him , after speculating on extraterrestrial life for so long . Connelly was dedicated to understanding her scientific jargon , with Seth Shostak stating she did `` everything short of writing a NASA grant application '' . Kathy Bates as Regina Jackson , the United States Secretary of Defense . Bates had only two weeks to film her scenes , so she often requested Derrickson act out her lines so she would directly understand his aims for her dialogue , rather than interpret vague directions . Jaden Smith as Jacob Benson , Helen 's rebellious eight - year - old stepson . His conflict with his stepmother was worsened by the death of his father , and he initially dislikes Klaatu , believing him to be a potential stepfather . Jacob replaces the character of Bobby ( Billy Gray ) in the original , and his relationship with Helen was written as a microcosm of how Klaatu comes to see humanity -- the alien sees their cold and distant relationship as normal human behavior , and their reconciliation forces him to change his mind . Smith had met Keanu Reeves before - on the set of The Matrix sequels , which featured his mother Jada Pinkett - Smith - although he was only three years old at the time . John Cleese as Professor Karl Barnhardt , a Nobel Prize - winning physicist who specializes in the evolutionary basis of altruism . Helen takes Klaatu to him to further change his mind . The role was the most difficult to cast , and eventually the filmmakers decided to approach Cleese , noting `` Who would you rather make the argument ( to Klaatu ) for mankind than John Cleese ? '' Stoff , a producer , had met Cleese a few times beforehand and had noted his intellect . The actor was surprised the filmmakers were interested in him , and decided playing a dramatic role would be easier than to play a comedic one at his age . He was often reminded to speed up his dialogue so that Reeves would not appear in synchronity with normal human speech patterns . Cleese said he is not interested in extraterrestrial life because he often philosophizes about the purpose of life and why humans are distracted by trivial matters . Cleese spoke about portraying abilities outside his own experience in the scene in which Klaatu corrects a formula Barnhardt has written on a blackboard : `` The trouble is , I had to be able to write the equation , because Barnhardt has been working on it for 60 years . I learned to carefully copy things down that mean nothing to me at all . In A Fish Called Wanda , I spoke a lot of Russian without having any idea what it means . '' Jon Hamm as Dr. Michael Granier , a NASA official who recruits Helen into his scientific team investigating Klaatu . Granier is fascinated by Klaatu , but is torn between his official obligation to detain the alien and protect his country . Hamm acknowledged science fiction was a niche genre when the original film was made , and that it used science fiction to make topical issues more approachable . Hamm had the same feelings for this remake . Originally , Hamm 's character was French and named Michel . Although he is interested in math and science , Hamm found his technical dialogue difficult and had to film his lines repeatedly . Kyle Chandler as John Driscoll , an official in the US Government , who leads the research on G.O.R.T. at an underground facility . Robert Knepper as Colonel James Hong as Mr. Wu John Rothman as Dr. Myron Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1994 , 20th Century Fox and Erwin Stoff had produced the successful Keanu Reeves film Speed . Stoff was at an office at the studio when he saw a poster for the 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still , which made him ponder a remake with Reeves as Klaatu . By the time David Scarpa started writing a draft of the script in 2005 , Thomas Rothman was in charge of Fox and felt a responsibility to remake the film . Scarpa felt everything about the original film was still relevant , but changed the allegory from nuclear war to environmental damage because `` the specifics of ( how ) we now have the capability to destroy ourselves have changed . '' Scarpa noted the recent events of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 informed his mindset when writing the screenplay . He scrapped Klaatu 's speech at the conclusion of the story because `` audiences today are ( un ) willing to tolerate that . People do n't want to be preached to about the environment . We tried to avoid having our alien looking out over the garbage in the lake and crying a silent tear ( from the 1970s Keep America Beautiful ads ) . '' Director Scott Derrickson admired the original film 's director Robert Wise , whom he met as a film student . He generally dislikes remakes , but he enjoyed the script , which he decided was a retelling of the story and not a true remake . He also explained that The Day the Earth Stood Still is not a widely seen classic film , unlike The Wizard of Oz , which he would not bother remaking . Derrickson 's benchmark was Philip Kaufman 's 1978 remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers . Klaatu was made more menacing than in the original , because the director felt he had to symbolize the more complex era of the 2000s . There was debate over whether to have Klaatu land in Washington , D.C. , as in the original ; but Derrickson chose New York City because he liked the geometry of Klaatu 's sphere landing in Central Park . Derrickson also did not write in Gort 's original backstory , which was already absent from the script he read . He already thought the script was a good adaptation and did n't want the negative connotations of fascism from the original film . Astronomer Seth Shostak served as scientific consultant on the film , reviewed the script several times for errors , gave suggestions for making the scientists appear less dry , and noted that they would refer to one another on a first - name basis . He said , `` Real scientists do n't describe an object entering the solar system as ' notable for the fact that it was not moving in an asteroidal ellipse , but moving at nearly three times ten to the seventh meters per second . ' More likely , they would say that there was ' a goddamned rock headed our way ! ' '' Filming ( edit ) Filming took place from December 12 , 2007 , to March 19 , 2008 , at Vancouver Film Studios , Vancouver Forum , Deer Lake , Jericho Park , and Simon Fraser University . The film was originally scheduled for release on May 9 , 2008 , but it was delayed until December 12 , 2008 , because filming commenced later than scheduled . By the time preproduction had started , Scarpa had written 40 drafts of the script . The film was mostly shot on sets because it was winter in Vancouver . Derrickson was fascinated by color schemes . He chose blue - green and orange as the primary colors for The Day the Earth Stood Still . The missile silo converted by the military for experimenting on Gort emphasized gray and orange , which was inspired by an image of lava flowing through a gray field . Derrickson opted to shoot on traditional film , and rendered the colors in post-production to make them more subtle , for realism . To film Barnhardt and Klaatu writing equations on a blackboard , general relativity sums were drawn by Marco Peloso from the University of Minnesota and William Hiscock of Montana State University in faint pencil marks . Keanu Reeves and John Cleese drew over these in chalk . As Fox had a mandate to become a carbon neutral company by 2011 , The Day the Earth Stood Still 's production had an environmentally friendly regimen . `` Whether it was because of this movie thematically or it was an accident of time , there were certain things production-wise we 've been doing and been asked to do and so on , '' said Erwin Stoff . To prevent the wasting of paper , concept art , location stills and costume tests were posted on a website created by the production for crew members to reference . Costumes were kept for future Fox productions or given to homeless shelters , rather than thrown away . Hybrid vehicles were used and crew members had orders to turn off their car engines if they sat in their vehicles for more than three minutes . Effects ( edit ) The redesigned Gort and behind him , the new biological spaceship resembling an orb Weta Digital created the majority of the effects , with additional work by Cinesite and Flash Film Works . The machines of Klaatu 's people have a biological basis rather than a mechanical one , as Derrickson theorized that their mastery of ecology would demonstrate their level of sophistication . Derrickson deemed a modern audience would find the original 's flying saucer amusingly obsolete and unique to the original 's milieu . The director also noted that the original The Day the Earth Stood Still had influenced many films , so his technicians needed to bring new ideas to the remake . The effects team approached the new spacecraft 's design as inter-dimensional portals resembling orbs . The script had specified the inside of the orbs as a `` white limbo - y thing '' , but visual - effects consultant Jeff Okun explained this was deleted for being too `` cheesy '' . Derrickson felt not showing the inside of the ship , unlike the original , would make the audience more curious . As well as computer - generated spheres -- such as Klaatu 's 300 - foot ( 91 m ) ship , or a 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) tall orb that rises from the sea -- 700 - pound ( 320 kg ) spheres , 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) in diameter , were sculpted by Custom Plastics , which built spheres for Disney theme parks . The spheres were split in two to make transportation easier . It was difficult placing lights inside them without making them melt . The visual - effects team looked at natural objects , including water droplets and the surfaces of Jupiter and Saturn for the spheres ' texture . Derrickson emphasized a Trinity - like relationship between the sphere , Klaatu , and Gort . Klaatu is initially depicted as a radiant focus of sentient light . He is then depicted as a 7 - foot - tall ( 2.1 m ) gray `` walking womb '' shape which finally takes on a completely human appearance . The filmmakers conceived the transitional form because they pondered the idea of humans mistaking space suits for alien skin . Computer - generated imagery and practical effects achieved the transformation . Todd Masters ( Slither ) directed the creation of the alien form , using thermal plastic and silicone . The script described Gort as nanotechnology by the time the director signed on , although it did not specify Gort 's appearance . The 15th draft of the script had depicted the robot as a four - legged `` Totem '' that stands upright after firing its weapon beam . Okun explained there were many more `` horrific '' or `` amazing '' concepts , but it made sense that the robot would assume a familiar human shape . He cited the Monolith from 2001 : A Space Odyssey as an inspiration for Gort 's texture , noting `` it 's a simple shape , it has no emotion ( ... ) it just simply is '' , which makes Gort more frightening because the audience can not tell what he is thinking . The animators estimated the computer - generated robot as 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) tall , whereas in the original he was played by the 7 - foot - 7 - inch ( 2.31 m ) tall Lock Martin . Gort 's computer model was programmed to reflect light , and the filmmakers spent time on motion - capture sessions to guide the performance . An actor wore weights on his hands and feet , allowing the animators to bring a sense of weight and power to Gort . His destructive capabilities were based on locust swarms , although the idea of metal - eating insects goes back to Stephen Vincent Benét 's 1933 poem `` Metropolitan Nightmare '' . Music ( edit ) The Day the Earth Stood Still : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Tyler Bates Released December 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 16 ) Length 52 : 43 Label Varèse Sarabande The Day the Earth Stood Still : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was orchestrated and conducted by Timothy Williams . Tyler Bates was brought in to compose the score for The Day the Earth Stood Still after Derrickson heard his work on The Devil 's Rejects and Slither . Instead of imitating the original score by Bernard Herrmann , Bates decided to try to convey the updated message of the new film , and he assumed that most people would not even realize it was a remake . Bates said , `` People revere an original property and feel that it 's sacred , but frankly , there 's a good story to be retold , as it applies to the climate of the world now . If that 's something beyond the scope of a person 's ability to take in , on a new level , without necessarily using the original as a criteria for whether or not they 're going to enjoy it , then they probably should n't bother themselves with it . '' The origins for the sound on the new score came from Bates attending the filming of a few scenes with Reeves and Smith . When he got back to L.A. , he created a sound loop on his GuitarViol to which Derrickson responded , `` I think that 's the score ! '' , when it was played for him . Bates utilized the theremin , which Herrmann heavily used for the original film 's score . Bates and the theremin player he hired used the instrument in a manner reminiscent of a sound effect , especially during Klaatu 's surgery . A short segment from Bach 's Goldberg Variations is heard playing in the background of the Professor 's home when Klaatu visits the Professor which was not included in the film 's accompanying soundtrack release . Release ( edit ) Before its release , The Day the Earth Stood Still was nominated for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound at the 2008 Satellite Awards . On the film 's December 12 , 2008 release , the Deep Space Communications Network at Cape Canaveral was to transmit the film to Alpha Centauri . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Keanu Reeves and Scott Derrickson on film promotion in Mexico . December 12 , 2008 . Metacritic , a film review aggregator , gave the film a 40 / 100 approval rating based on 34 reviews by top rated reviewers , placing it in the `` mixed reviews '' category . Based on 186 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , only 21 % of them were positive . The majority found the film `` heavy on special effects , but without a coherent story at its base , ( the film ) is a subpar re-imagining of the 1951 science - fiction classic . '' Bruce Paterson of the Australian Film Critics Association gave the film 3 out of 5 stars , writing that the generally poor reception for the film was `` a sad fate for a surprisingly sincere tribute to Robert Wise 's 1951 classic . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times ' congratulated ' Keanu Reeves 's performance and wrote in his review that `` This contemporary remake of the science - fiction classic knew what it was doing when it cast Keanu Reeves , the movies ' greatest stone face since Buster Keaton . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times was not impressed with Reeves ' performance , commenting that `` even Klaatu looks bored and distracted , much as he did back when we knew him as Neo . '' William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer gave the film a B minus and wrote , `` It 's a decent enough stab at being what the old movie was to its time , following the same basic plot , full of respectful references to its model , updated with a gallery of fairly imaginative special effects . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two stars and noted that the film had `` taken its title so seriously that the plot stands still along with it '' , but also stated that it was `` an expensive , good - looking film that is well - made by Scott Derrickson '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two stars and wrote in her review she felt the film was `` musty and derivative '' and thought its only bright spot was 10 - year - old Jaden Smith 's `` engaging , lively performance '' . At the 2009 Razzie Awards , the film was nominated for Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel , but lost the award to Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . The film was nominated in the category of `` Best Single Visual Effect of the Year '' at the 7th Visual Effects Society Awards but lost to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . Box Office ( edit ) The Day the Earth Stood Still opened in North America on December 12 , 2008 . During that opening weekend , and despite poor response from critics , the film reached the # 1 spot , grossing $30,480,153 from 3,560 theaters with an $8,562 average per theater . Out of the film 's opening weekend income , 12 % was from IMAX ; it was `` the highest IMAX share yet for a two - dimensional title '' . In 2008 , it was the 27th highest - grossing film during its opening weekend but 40th for the entire year . The Day the Earth Stood Still was able to stay in the top 10 for its first four weeks in theaters . The film ended up grossing $79,366,978 domestically and $153,726,881 in foreign markets , a total of $233,093,859 . Home Media ( edit ) The Day the Earth Stood Still was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 7 , 2009 , almost four months after its release and only five days after its theater run ended . Bonus features include commentary with Scarpa along with a picture - in - picture showing the special effects footage , concept art , and photos . It also includes several featurettes : `` Build Your Own Gort '' , `` Re-Imagining The Day '' , `` Unleashing Gort '' , `` Watching the Skies : In Search of Extraterrestrial Life '' , and `` The Day the Earth was Green . '' Also included were three still galleries and the film 's trailer . Packaged with the film on a separate disc , is the original 1951 film . The Blu - ray release features a D - BOX motion code . According to data by Home Media Magazine , it came in first for rentals during its first and second weeks . For the first week of its release it was ranked first in Blu - ray sales , and second on the regular DVD sales chart , behind Bedtime Stories , totaling $14,650,377 ( not including Blu - ray ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20th Century Fox Stops the World to Beam The Day The Earth Stood Still into Deep Space '' ( Press release ) . MarketWatch. 2008 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still : The IMAX Experience '' . 2008 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original ( Website announcement ) on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ David Scarpa ( 2009 ) . The Day the Earth Stood Still ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Writer 's DVD commentary ^ Jump up to : Damon Wise ( December 2008 ) . `` Keanu Barada Nikto '' . Empire . pp. 143 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Dennis Lim ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Keanu Reeves ' freaky flights of fancy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steve Biodrowsk ( 2008 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Day the Earth Stood Still - Preview '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production notes '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Adler ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ' The Day The Earth Stood Still ' Trailer Is Here ! '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Cindy White ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` On Set : Day The Earth Stood Still '' . SCI FI Wire . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : More Earth Spoilers '' . SCI FI Wire. 2008 - 12 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Seth Shostak ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ) . `` On the Set of The Day the Earth Stood Still '' . Space.com . Imaginova . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Rotten ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Set Visit Q & A '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Paulington James Christensen ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Keanu Reeves and Jennifer Connelly Prepare Us for The Day the Earth Stood Still ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Mueller ( December 2008 ) . `` Excellent adventure , or bogus journey ? '' . Total Film . pp. 68 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Scott Brown ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` The Looming Deluge of Eco-Disaster Flicks '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Alistair Harkness ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Director Scott Derrickson tells why he agreed to reinvent The Day The Earth Stood Still for the modern era '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Rotten ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Set Visit : The Day the Earth Stood Still '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ George Rousch ( 2008 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : 1 - 1 With Day The Earth Stood Still Director Scott Derrickson '' . Latino Review . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Film Production Chart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Glen Schaefer ( 2008 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Sun shines on Day Earth Stood Still set '' . National Post . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` ' Transformers ' sequel sets 2009 date '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Heather Newgen ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Making the Earth Stand Still '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` No Gort ! ! No `` Klaatu Barada Nikto '' ! ! Uncapie Goes Postal On THE DAY THE EARTH STOOD STILL Remake Script ! ! `` . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Larson , Randall ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Tyler Bates on Score Day the Earth Stood Still '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Earth 's Director '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still - Soundtrack '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandow , Greg ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` The day the '' . Arts Journal Blog . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . In the background , on the scientist 's stereo , we hear a recording of the Goldberg Variations Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( 2008 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Int'l Press Academy announces nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Screen '' . Cinephilia . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Review : ' The Day the Earth Stood Still ' - Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Review : ' The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 ) - It 's All Over Earthlings ( Do n't Flee to New Jersey ) ' - New York Times '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) . `` ' The Day the Earth Stood Still : ' Timing gives sci - fi remake a fighting chance '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Review - Roger Ebert '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2008 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 2008 - 12 - 14 ) . `` ' The Day the Earth Stood Still ' does n't do original justice '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` ' The Day the Earth ' Stalls '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Box Office Summary '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Day the Earth Stood still blu - ray Review '' . Blu-Ray.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still '' . The Numbers website . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 film ) Official website The Day the Earth Stood Still on IMDb The Day the Earth Stood Still at AllMovie The Day the Earth Stood Still at the TCM Movie Database The Day the Earth Stood Still at Box Office Mojo The Day the Earth Stood Still at Metacritic The Day the Earth Stood Still at Rotten Tomatoes The Day the Earth Stood Still Versions `` Farewell to the Master '' ( 1940 short story ) 1951 film 2008 film Universe Klaatu Gort `` Klaatu barada nikto '' Films directed by Scott Derrickson Hellraiser : Inferno ( 2000 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 ) Sinister ( 2012 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still_(2008_film)&oldid=822687981 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films American science fiction films Canadian films 2000s science fiction films Performance capture in film American films Environmental films American film remakes Films set in New York City Films set in New Jersey Films shot in Vancouver Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films 20th Century Fox films Apocalyptic films Films directed by Scott Derrickson Dune Entertainment films Robot films Films about extraterrestrial life Films scored by Tyler Bates Nanotechnology in fiction Self - replicating machines in fiction Noah 's Ark in film Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 22 : 42 . 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2375883160709601379 | List of backward compatible games for Xbox One | List of backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2017 . The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles ( edit ) Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 North America only . Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Black Electronic Arts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 BloodRayne 2 Majesco Entertainment XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars : Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead to Rights Namco XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via free downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters Neowave , The The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded PomPom Games XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 North America only . Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Red Faction II THQ XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` 4 Xbox 360 Games Getting Xbox One X Enhancements '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three more Xbox 360 classics will be enhanced for Xbox One X '' . Xbox Live 's Major Nelson . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video game products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=819294655 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from December 2017 All articles to be merged Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 15 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | will a xbox 360 game work in a xbox one | [
"The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles, Xbox and Xbox 360. On June 15, 2015, backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software. The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12, 2015.[1] On October 24, 2017, another such update added games from the original Xbox library. The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality."
] | [
"The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles, Xbox and Xbox 360."
] |
8666155283075051316 | Colt AR-15 | Colt AR - 15 - wikipedia Colt AR - 15 Jump to : navigation , search `` AR - 15 '' redirects here . For the select - fire rifle of a similar name , see ArmaLite AR - 15 . For other uses , see AR - 15 ( disambiguation ) . Colt AR - 15 A carbine variant of the Colt AR - 15 Type Semi-automatic rifle Place of origin United States Service history In service 1963 -- present Production history Designer Eugene Stoner , Jim Sullivan , Bob Fremont Manufacturer Colt Variants see List of Colt AR - 15 & M16 rifle variants Specifications Barrel length 20 inches ( 510 mm ) ( standard ) 16 inches ( 410 mm ) ( carbine ) 24 inches ( 610 mm ) ( target ) Cartridge . 223 Remington 5.56 × 45mm NATO Action Direct impingement Effective firing range ~ 550 metres ( 600 yd ) Feed system Issued with 5 - , 10 - , 20 - & 30 - round STANAG magazines Sights Fixed adjustable front and rear iron sights Detachable carrying handle with adjustable rear iron sight assembly Picatinny rails , which allows the use of various scopes and sighting devices The Colt AR - 15 is a lightweight , 5.56 × 45mm , magazine - fed , gas - operated semi-automatic rifle . It was designed to be manufactured with the extensive use of aluminum alloys and synthetic materials . It is a semi-automatic version of the United States military M16 rifle . Colt 's Manufacturing Company currently uses the AR - 15 trademark for its line of semi-automatic AR - 15 rifles that are marketed to civilian and law - enforcement customers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operating mechanism 3 Features 3.1 Upper receivers 3.2 Lower receivers 3.3 Sights 3.4 Muzzle devices 3.5 Magazines 4 Modern sporting rifle 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History 1973 Colt AR - 15 SP1 rifle with `` slab side '' lower receiver ( lacking raised boss around magazine release button ) and original Colt 20 - round box magazine A Colt AR - 15 on display at the National Firearms Museum . This example is fitted with an early waffle - patterned 20 - round magazine . The Colt AR - 15 was introduced in 1963 . It is the semi-automatic version of the United States military M16 rifle . The first mass production version was the Colt AR - 15 Sporter , in . 223 Remington , with a 20 - inch barrel and issued with 5 - round magazines . Over the decades , Colt has made many different types of AR - 15 rifle and carbine models , including the AR - 15 , AR - 15A2 , AR - 15A3 , AR - 15A4 , and many other models . For more a more detailed list of AR - 15 models , see List of Colt AR - 15 & M16 rifle variants § Colt civilian models . Operating mechanism Diagram of an M16 rifle , firing U.S. Patent 2,951,424 describes the cycling mechanism used in the original AR - 15 . The bolt carrier acts as a movable cylinder and the bolt itself acts as a stationary piston . This mechanism is often called `` direct gas impingement '' ( DGI ) , although it differs from prior gas systems . Designer Eugene Stoner did not consider the AR - 15 to be a conventional direct impingement mechanism , but that is how it came to be characterized . Gas is tapped from the barrel as the bullet moves past a gas port located above the rifle 's front sight base . The gas expands into the port and down a gas tube , located above the barrel that runs from the front sight base into the AR - 15 's upper receiver . Here , the gas tube protrudes into a `` gas key '' ( bolt carrier key ) , which accepts the gas and funnels it into the bolt carrier . At this point , the bolt is locked into the barrel extension by locking lugs , so the expanding gas forces the bolt carrier backward a short distance . As the bolt carrier moves toward the butt of the gun , the bolt cam pin , riding in a slot on the bolt carrier , forces the bolt to rotate and thus unlocks it from the barrel extension . Once the bolt is fully unlocked it begins its rearward movement along with the bolt carrier . The bolt 's rearward motion extracts the empty cartridge case from the chamber . As soon as the neck of the case clears the barrel extension , the bolt 's spring - loaded ejector forces it out the ejection port in the side of the upper receiver . Behind the bolt carrier is a plastic or metal buffer , which rests in line with a return spring . The buffer spring begins to push the bolt carrier and bolt back toward the chamber once it is compressed sufficiently . A groove machined into the upper receiver guides the bolt cam pin and prevents it and the bolt from rotating into a closed position . The bolt 's locking lugs push a fresh round from the magazine as the bolt moves forward . The round is guided by feed ramps into the chamber . As the bolt 's locking lugs move past the barrel extension , the cam pin twists into a pocket milled into the upper receiver . This twisting action follows the groove cut into the carrier and forces the bolt to twist and `` lock '' into the barrel extension . Features AR - 15A2 with the upper and lower receiver opened at the front hinge . The AR - 15A2 most distinctive ergonomic feature is the carrying handle and rear sight assembly on top of the receiver . Bullet exiting an A2 - style flash suppressor Two STANAG - compliant magazines : A 20 - round Colt - manufactured magazine , and a 30 - round Heckler & Koch `` High Reliability '' magazine . Upper receivers The upper receiver incorporates the fore stock , the charging handle , the forward assist , the gas operating system , the barrel , the bolt and bolt carrier assembly . AR - 15s employ a modular design . Thus one upper receiver can quickly and easily be substituted for another . Upper receivers are available with barrels of different weights , lengths , calibers , and rail systems with various sights and accessories . The standard AR - 15 rifle uses a 20 '' barrel . Although , both shorter 16 '' carbine barrels and longer 24 '' target barrels are also available . Early models had barrels with a 1 : 12 rate of twist for the original 223 Remington , 55 grain ( 3.6 g ) bullets . Current models have barrels with a 1 : 9 or 1 : 7 twist rate for the 5.56 × 45mm NATO , 62 grain ( 4 g ) bullets . Lower receivers The lower receiver incorporates the magazine well , the pistol grip , the buttstock , the buffer and the buffer spring . The lower receiver also contains the trigger , disconnector , hammer and fire selector ( collectively known as the fire control group ) . Full - sized rifles use a fixed buttstock , while carbines generally use an adjustable telescoping buttstock . The early commercial SP - 1 AR - 15s used a pair of . 250 '' diameter receiver push pins , identical to those found on the military rifles . In 1966 the company replaced the front pin with a paired nut and screw hinge using a . 315 '' diameter pin to prevent shooters from being able to change receivers with military rifles or competitor rifles without the use of an adapter . They resumed production with the smaller and standardized . 250 '' pin in the mid-1990s . Sights The AR - 15 's most distinctive ergonomic feature is the carrying handle and rear sight assembly on top of the receiver . This is a by - product of the original ArmaLite design , where the carry handle served to protect the charging handle . As the line of sight is 2.5 in ( 63.5 mm ) over the bore , the AR - 15 has an inherent parallax problem . At closer ranges ( typically inside 15 -- 20 meters ) , the shooter must compensate by aiming high to place shots where desired . The standard AR - 15 rifle has a 500 mm ( 19.75 inches ) sight radius . The AR - 15 uses an L - type flip , aperture rear sight and it is adjustable with two settings , 0 to 300 meters and 300 to 400 meters . The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation . The rear sight can be adjusted for windage . The sights can be adjusted with a bullet tip or pointed tool . The AR - 15 can also mount a scope on the carrying handle . With the advent of the AR - 15A2 , a new fully adjustable rear sight was added , allowing the rear sight to be dialed in for specific range settings between 300 and 800 meters and to allow windage adjustments without the need of a tool or cartridge . Current versions such as AR - 15A4 use Picatinny rails , which allows the use of various scopes and sighting devices . Muzzle devices Colt AR - 15 rifles most often have a barrel threaded in 1 ⁄ 2 `` - 28 threads to incorporate the use of a muzzle device such as a flash suppressor , sound suppressor or muzzle brake . The initial design , the `` duckbill , '' had three tines or prongs and was prone to breakage and getting entangled in vegetation . The design was later changed to close the end to avoid this problem . Eventually , on the A2 version of the rifle , the bottom port was closed to reduce muzzle climb and prevent dust from rising when the rifle was fired in the prone position . For these reasons , the US military declared this muzzle device a compensator , but it is more commonly known as the `` GI '' , `` A2 '' , or `` Birdcage '' muzzle device . The standard AR15 muzzle device conforms to the STANAG dimensional requirements for firing 22mm rifle grenades . Magazines The Colt AR - 15 uses 20 - or 30 - round staggered - column detachable box magazines . Low - capacity 5 - or 10 - round magazines are also available to comply with legal restrictions , for hunting , for benchrest shooting or where a larger magazine can be inconvenient . Modern sporting rifle Ruger SR556 . An example of a modern sporting rifle based on the Colt AR - 15 Main article : Modern sporting rifle After Colt 's patents expired in 1977 , other manufactures began to copy the Colt AR - 15 rifle 's design . However , the term `` AR - 15 '' is a Colt registered trademark and Colt only uses the term to refer to its line of semi-automatic rifles . Therefore , other manufacturers began to market their generic AR - 15s under separate designations , although these are all frequently referred to as AR - 15s . AR - 15 type rifles are available in a wide range of configurations and calibers from a large number of manufacturers . These configurations range from standard full - sizes rifles with 20 - inch barrels , to short carbine - length models with 16 - inch barrels , adjustable length stocks and optical sights , to long range target models with 24 - inch barrels , bipods and high - powered scopes . These rifles may also have short - stroke gas piston system , forgoing the direct gas system standard in AR - 15 rifles . These calibers include the 5.56 × 45mm NATO , 5.7 × 28mm , 6.8 mm Remington SPC , . 300 Blackout , 9 × 19mm Parabellum and . 458 SOCOM to name a few . Gallery Complete AR - 15A2 rifle set with manual , 5.56 mm ammo and magazines AR - 15A2 charging handle , forward assist , cartridge case deflector , magazine release and dust cover AR - 15A2 fire control group , bolt release and fire selector AR - 15A2 fire selector and bolt release AR - 15A2 fire selector ( set to FIRE ) AR - 15A2 front sight AR - 15 fixed stock showing the buffer and the buffer spring AR - 15 buttstock showing cleaning kit compartment door AR - 15 cleaning kit stowed in buttstock AR - 15A2 flash hider AR - 15 bolt AR - 15 bolt carrier , firing pin , cam pin , and firing pin retaining pin See also ArmaLite AR - 15 Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation in the United States CAR - 15 Colt Automatic Rifle ( CAR ) List of Colt AR - 15 & M16 rifle variants Modern sporting rifle Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 References ^ Jump up to : Zimba , Jeff . `` The Evolution of the Black Rifle '' . Small Arms Review . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . As early as 1963 , Colt started manufacturing this `` new '' rifle in semiautomatic only with the civilian population and the law enforcement community in mind . Sold as the AR - 15 Sporter it was virtually identical to the M16 with the exception of the fire control group . Jump up ^ Bob Hutton & Bob Forker ( October 1964 ) . `` A Beautiful Marriage : . 223 Remington and Colt 's AR - 15 ' Sporter ' '' . Guns & Ammo . Jump up ^ ' Gun Digest Guide to Customizing Your AR - 15 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 1 October 1999 ) . Gunsmithing - Rifles . Iola , Wisconsin : Gun Digest Books . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 665 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Edward Clinton ( 1983 ) . Small Arms of the World . New York : Stackpole Books . pp. 746 -- 762 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 601 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` M16 5.56 mm Rifle '' . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 ... colt.com . Retrieved on 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Operator 's Manual For M16 , M16A1 . Archive.org . Retrieved on 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Venola , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been '' . Book of the AR - 15 1 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Wieland , Terry ( November 22 , 2011 ) . Gun Digest Book of Classic American Combat Rifles . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 3017 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steve Crawford ( 2003 ) . Twenty First Century Small Arms : The World 's Great Infantry Weapons . Zenith Imprint . pp. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1503 - 3 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zimba , Jeff ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` The Evolution of the Black Rifle : 20 Years of Upgrades , Options , and Accessories '' . Prepper Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Walker , Rob ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) . `` The Year in Nine Objects '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ U.S. Military Small Arms Ammunition Failures and Solutions , GK Roberts , NDIA Dallas , TX , May 21 , 2008 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Evolution of an AR Gear Guns & Ammo Archived September 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Archives.gunsandammo.com ( August 29 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Bibliography Stevens , R. Blake and Edward C. Ezell . The Black Rifle M16 Retrospective . Enhanced second printing . Cobourg , Ontario , Canada : Collector Grade Publications Incorporated , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 88935 - 115 - 5 . Bartocci , Christopher R. Black Rifle II The M16 Into the 21st Century . Cobourg , Ontario , Canada : Collector Grade Publications Incorporated , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 88935 - 348 - 4 . External links Media related to AR - 15 at Wikimedia Commons ArmaLite AR - 10 derivatives Battle rifles Standard ArmaLite AR - 10 Heckler & Koch HK417 MPT - 76 Sniper rifles M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System Marine Scout Sniper Rifle Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle SEAL Recon Rifle SR - 25 United States Marine Corps Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle Assault rifles Standard ArmaLite AR - 15 M16 rifle variants Colt Advanced Piston Carbine Colt ACR Colt Canada C7 Adcor A-556 Barrett REC7 Barrett M468 Heckler & Koch HK416 KH - 2002 Knight 's Armament Company SR - 47 LR - 300 LWRC M6 Norinco CQ PVAR Remington GPC Safir T - series SOCIMI AR - 831 T65 T86 T91 Carbines CAR - 15 M4 carbine Bushmaster M4 - type Carbine Close Quarters Battle Receiver CMMG Mk45 G13 carbine Olympic Arms OA - 93 SIG516 Special Operations Assault Rifle Submachine guns Colt 9mm SMG CAR - 15 Submachine Gun La France M16K Personal defense weapons Colt MARS AR - 57 AAC Honey Badger PDW GA Personal Defense Weapon Machine guns Colt Automatic Rifle Ares Shrike 5.56 M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle Semi-automatic rifles Centerfire Colt AR - 15 variants Modern sporting rifle Bushmaster XM - 15 Heckler & Koch MR223 Heckler & Koch MR308 Ruger SR - 556 SIG MCX SIG Sauer SIG516 SIG Sauer SIGM400 Smith & Wesson M&P10 Smith & Wesson M&P15 CMMG Mk47 Mutant Rimfire Armi Jager AP - 74 Smith & Wesson M&P15 - 22 Shotguns Intrepid RAS - 12 Safir T - series UTAS XTR - 12 Pistols Carbon 15 Olympic Arms OA - 93 Other developments M231 Firing Port Weapon CM901 Daewoo K2 Colt 's Manufacturing Company Revolvers 19th Century M1860 Army M1851 Navy Dragoon Model 1855 M1861 Navy Paterson Pocket Percussion Walker Open Top Open Top Pocket Model House New Line Single Action Army Buntline M1877 M1878 M1889 M1892 20th Century Model 1905 New Police New Service Official Police Police Positive Police Positive Special Anaconda Cobra Detective Special Diamondback King Cobra Python Trooper Semi-automatic pistols M1911 Colt 2000 Ace Commander Delta Elite Double Eagle M1900 M1902 Model 1903 Pocket Hammer Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless Model 1908 Vest Pocket Officer 's ACP Woodsman SSP Mustang Rifles , PDWs , and Machine Guns OHWS SCAMP Burgess Lightning Carbine M1839 Carbine Revolving Rifle Ring Lever AR - 15 variants M1895 Colt - Browning machine gun M16 CAR - 15 M4 Carbine Colt Automatic Rifle C7 Advanced Colt Carbine - Monolithic ACR MARS 9mm SMG Cartridges Revolver . 32 Long Colt . 38 Short Colt . 38 Long Colt . 41 Long Colt . 44 Colt . 45 Colt Semi-automatic pistol . 25 ACP . 32 ACP . 380 ACP . 38 ACP . 45 ACP People Samuel Colt Elizabeth Jarvis Colt Richard Jarvis William Mason Charles Brinckerhoff Richards Related Colt Armory Colt Defense National Arms Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colt_AR-15&oldid=825818637 '' Categories : ArmaLite AR - 10 derivatives 5.56 mm firearms Semi-automatic rifles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2016 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 16 : 25 . 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3349786643915396603 | Twilight (2008 film) | Twilight ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia Twilight ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Twilight Theatrical release poster Directed by Catherine Hardwicke Produced by Wyck Godfrey Greg Mooradian Mark Morgan Screenplay by Melissa Rosenberg Based on Twilight by Stephenie Meyer Starring Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Billy Burke Peter Facinelli Taylor Lautner Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Elliot Davis Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Temple Hill Entertainment Maverick Films Imprint Entertainment DMG Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) ( Los Angeles premiere ) November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes 126 minutes ( Extended cut ) Country United States Language English Budget $37 million Box office $393.6 million Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's novel of the same name . Directed by Catherine Hardwicke , the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson . It is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series . This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan ( a teenage girl ) and Edward Cullen ( a vampire ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires . The project was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written . Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the project 's stagnant development . Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novel 's storyline . Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2 , 2008 ; the film was primarily shot in Oregon . Twilight was theatrically released on November 21 , 2008 ; it grossed over US $ 393 million worldwide . It was released on DVD March 21 , 2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year . The soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 . Following the film 's success , New Moon and Eclipse , the next two novels in the series , were produced as films the following year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation from source material 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 4.4 Video game 4.5 Accolades 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old outcast , moves to Forks , a small town located by Washington 's Olympic Peninsula , to live with her father , Charlie , who is the police chief of town . Her mother , Renée , is remarried to a minor league baseball player , and they travel often to attend games . At her new high school , Bella makes several new friends , but she is also intrigued by the mysterious and aloof Cullen siblings . Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in biology class on her first day of school , but he seems to be repulsed by her . After a week of absence from school , Edward returns to school , and begins socializing with Bella normally . A few days later , Bella is nearly struck by a van in the school parking lot . Edward saves her by instantaneously covering a distance of over thirty feet , and putting himself between Bella and the van , stopping it with only his hand , and making a conspicuous dent on the van . He subsequently refuses to explain his actions to Bella , and warns her against befriending him . After much research , Bella concludes that Edward is seemingly human , but has mysterious powers resembling to a vampire . He eventually confirms this , but says he and the other Cullens only consume animal blood . The pair fall in love , and Edward introduces Bella to his vampire family . Carlisle Cullen , the family patriarch , is a doctor working at the hospital in Forks . His wife is Esme . Alice , Jasper , Emmett , and Rosalie , are their informally adopted children . Edward and Bella 's relationship is soon put in jeopardy , when three nomadic vampires -- James , Victoria , and Laurent -- arrive at Forks . James , a tracker vampire with incredible hunting instincts , is instantly intrigued by Edward 's protectiveness over a human , which incites him to hunt Bella for sport . Edward and the other Cullens put their lives on the line in an effort to protect Bella , but James tracks her to Phoenix , where she is hiding with Jasper and Alice . James lures Bella into a trap by falsely claiming that he is holding her mother hostage . James attacks Bella by biting her wrist , infecting her with vampire venom . After a ferocious battle , Edward subdues James just as the other members of the Cullen family arrive . Alice , Emmett , and Jasper kill James , decapitating and burning him , as Edward removes the venom from Bella 's wrist , preventing her from turning into a vampire . In the aftermath of the battle , Bella has suffered a broken leg , and ends up in the hospital , but her mother comes in to visit . Upon returning to Forks , Edward accompanies Bella to the high school prom , where he refuses to grant her request that he would transform her into a vampire . As the couple dance , they are unaware that James ' mate , Victoria , is secretly watching , plotting revenge for her lover 's death . Cast See also : List of Twilight cast members Main cast Kristen Stewart as Bella Swan , a seventeen - year - old girl who moves to the small town of Forks , Washington from Phoenix , Arizona and falls in love with Edward Cullen , a vampire . Her life is endangered after James , a sadistic vampire , decides to hunt her . Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen , a 108 - year - old vampire who was changed in 1918 and still appears to be seventeen . He is Bella 's love interest and eventually falls in love with her . He has the ability to read minds , with the exception of Bella 's , along with superhuman speed . Secondary cast Peter Facinelli as Carlisle Cullen , a compassionate 300 - plus - year - old vampire who looks to be in his early 30s . He serves as the town 's physician and is the Cullen family patriarch . Elizabeth Reaser as Esme Cullen , Carlisle 's vampire wife and the matriarch of the Cullen family . Ashley Greene as Alice Cullen , Jasper Hale 's mate , a vampire who can see the future based on decisions that people make . Kellan Lutz as Emmett Cullen , physically the strongest vampire of the family . Nikki Reed as Rosalie Hale , Emmett Cullen 's mate , a vampire described as the most beautiful person in the world . She is hostile toward Bella throughout the film , worried that Edward 's relationship with a human puts their clan at risk . Jackson Rathbone as Jasper Hale , a Cullen family member who can manipulate emotions . He is the newest member of the Cullen family , and thus has the most difficulty maintaining their `` vegetarian '' diet of feeding only on animal rather than human blood . Billy Burke as Charlie Swan , Bella 's father and Forks ' Chief of Police . Cam Gigandet as James Witherdale , the leader of a group of nomadic vampires that intends to kill Bella . He is Victoria 's mate and a gifted tracker , due to his unparalleled senses . Rachelle Lefèvre as Victoria Sutherland , James ' mate who assists him in hunting Bella . Edi Gathegi as Laurent Da Revin , the most civilized member of James ' coven . Sarah Clarke as Renée Dwyer , Bella 's mother who lives in Arizona with her new husband , Phil . Taylor Lautner as Jacob Black , an old childhood friend of Bella and a member of the Quileute tribe . Christian Serratos as Angela Weber , one of Bella 's new friends in Forks . Michael Welch as Mike Newton , one of Bella 's new friends who vies for her attention . Anna Kendrick as Jessica Stanley , Bella 's first friend in Forks . Gregory Tyree Boyce as Tyler Crowley , another one of Bella 's classmates , also vying for Bella 's attention . He nearly hits Bella with his van . Justin Chon as Eric Yorkie , another one of Bella 's classmates who vies for her attention . Solomon Trimble as Sam Uley . Solomon Trimble was credited as `` Jacob 's friend '' in the film , but was widely recognized as playing the part of Sam . Krys Hyatt as Embry Call . She was recognized as playing the part of Embry in the Twilight film , though his role was uncredited . Gil Birmingham as Billy Black Matt Bushell as Phil Dwyer José Zúñiga as Mr. Molina Ned Bellamy as Waylon Forge Ayanna Berkshire as Cora Katie Powers as Waitress Trish Egan as Ms. Cope Production Development Stephenie Meyer 's paranormal romance novel Twilight was originally optioned by Paramount Pictures ' MTV Films in April 2004 , but the screenplay that was subsequently developed was substantially different from its source material . When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full - service studio in April 2007 , it began development of a film adaptation anew , having picked up the rights from Paramount ( who coincidentally had made an unrelated film with the same title in 1998 ) in a turnaround . The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer 's book and its sequels . Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film and Melissa Rosenberg was hired to write the script in mid-2007 . Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August , and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month . Rosenberg said Hardwicke `` was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas ... I 'd finish off scenes and send them to her , and get back her notes . '' Due to the impending Writers Guild of America strike , Rosenberg worked full - time to finish the screenplay before October 31 . In adapting the novel , she `` had to condense a great deal . '' Some characters from the novel were not featured in the screenplay , whereas some characters were combined into others . `` ( O ) ur intent all along was to stay true to the book '' , Rosenberg explained , `` and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters ' arcs and emotional journeys are the same . '' Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey Bella 's internal dialogue -- since the novel is told from her point of view -- and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production . Edward and Bella in the meadow Adaptation from source material The filmmakers behind Twilight worked to create a film that was as faithful to the novel as they thought possible when converting the story to another medium , with producer Greg Mooradian saying , `` It 's very important to distinguish that we 're making a separate piece of art that obviously is going to remain very , very faithful to the book ... But at the same time , we have a separate responsibility to make the best movie you can make . '' To ensure a faithful adaptation , Meyer was kept very involved in the production process , having been invited to visit the set during filming and even asked to give notes on the script and on a rough cut of the film . Of this process , she said , `` It was a really pleasant exchange ( between me and the filmmakers ) from the beginning , which I think is not very typical . They were really interested in my ideas '' , and , `` ... they kept me in the loop and with the script , they let me see it and said , ' What are your thoughts ? ' ... They let me have input on it and I think they took 90 percent of what I said and just incorporated it right in to the script . '' Meyer fought for one line in particular , one of the most well - known from the book about `` the lion and the lamb '' , to be kept verbatim in the film : `` I actually think the way Melissa ( Rosenberg ) wrote it sounded better for the movie ( ... ) but the problem is that line is actually tattooed on peoples ' bodies ( ... ) But I said , ' You know , if you take that one and change it , that 's a potential backlash situation . ' '' Meyer was even invited to create a written list of things that could not be changed for the film , such as giving the vampires fangs or killing characters who do not die in the book , that the studio agreed to follow . The consensus among critics is that the filmmakers succeeded in making a film that is very faithful to its source material , with one reviewer stating that , with a few exceptions , `` Twilight the movie is unerringly faithful to the source without being hamstrung by it . '' They could have filmed ( the script developed when the project was at Paramount ) and not called it Twilight because it had nothing to do with the book ... When Summit ( Entertainment ) came into the picture , they were so open to letting us make rules for them , like `` Okay , Bella can not be a track star . Bella can not have a gun or night vision goggles . And , no jet skis ... '' Twilight author Stephenie Meyer However , as is most often the case with film adaptations , differences do exist between the film and source material . Certain scenes from the book were cut from the film , such as a biology room scene where Bella 's class does blood typing . Hardwicke explains , `` Well ( the book is ) almost 500 pages -- you do have to do the sweetened condensed milk version of that ... We already have two scenes in biology : the first time they 're in there and then the second time when they connect . For a film , when you condense , you do n't want to keep going back to the same setting over and over . So that 's not in there . '' The settings of certain conversations in the book were also changed to make the scenes more `` visually dynamic '' on - screen , such as Bella 's revelation that she knows Edward is a vampire -- this happens in a meadow in the film instead of in Edward 's car as in the novel . A biology field trip scene is added to the film to condense the moments of Bella 's frustration at trying to explain how Edward saved her from being crushed by a van . The villainous vampires are introduced earlier in the film than in the novel . Rosenberg said that `` you do n't really see James and the other villains until to the last quarter of the book , which really wo n't work for a movie . You need that ominous tension right off the bat . We needed to see them and that impending danger from the start . And so I had to create back story for them , what they were up to , to flesh them out a bit as characters . '' Rosenberg also combined some of the human high school students , with Lauren Mallory and Jessica Stanley in the novel becoming the character of Jessica in the film , and a `` compilation of a couple of different human characters '' becoming Eric Yorkie . About these variances from the book , Mooradian stated , `` I think we did a really judicious job of distilling ( the book ) . Our greatest critic , Stephenie Meyer , loves the screenplay , and that tells me that we made all the right choices in terms of what to keep and what to lose . Invariably , you 're going to lose bits and pieces that certain members of the audience are going to desperately want to see , but there 's just a reality that we 're not making ' Twilight : The Book ' the movie . '' Casting When they told me Rob was probably the one , I looked him up and thought , `` Yeah , he can do a version of Edward . He 's definitely got that vampire thing going on . '' And then , when I was on set and I got to watch him go from being Rob to shifting into being Edward , and he actually looked like the Edward in my head , it was a really bizarre experience . ( ... ) He really had it nailed . Twilight author Stephenie Meyer Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test that `` captivated '' the director . Hardwicke had trouble finding an actor otherworldly enough to play vampire Edward Cullen . Then she got a call about a guy in London . `` I looked at a couple pictures and was like , ' I 'm not sure , ' ? '' Hardwicke says . `` He had been fired from his last job , he was unemployed , he was in debt . '' Pattinson flew to Los Angeles on his own dime to read with Stewart . Shiloh Fernandez , Jackson Rathbone , Ben Barnes , and Robert Pattinson were the final four up for the role of Edward . Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen , but after an audition at her home with Stewart , he was selected . Hardwicke said , `` Kristen was like , ' It 's got to be Rob ! ' She felt connected to him from the first moment . That electricity , or love at first sight , or whatever it is . '' Hardwicke gave him the part , but he had to make a promise . `` You 've got to realize that Kristen is 17 years old , '' Hardwicke told him , `` She 's underage . You 've got to focus , dude , or you 're going to be arrested . I made him swear on a stack of Bibles . '' Pattinson was unfamiliar with the novel series prior to his screen test but read the books later on . Meyer allowed him to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun , which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward 's point of view . Fan reaction to Pattinson 's casting as Edward was initially negative ; Rachelle Lefèvre remarked that `` ( e ) very woman had their own Edward ( that ) they had to let go of before they could open up to ( him ) , which they did . '' Meyer was `` excited '' and `` ecstatic '' in response to the casting of the two main characters . She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward , respectively , prior to pre-production . Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen . `` ( Hardwicke ) liked me , but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for '' , Facinelli said . For unknown reasons , that actor was not able to play the part and Facinelli was selected in his place . The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was the subject of fan criticism due to Greene being 7 inches ( 18 cm ) taller than her character as described in the novel . Meyer had also stated that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice . Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on Thirteen , which they wrote together , and Lords of Dogtown . Reed commented , `` I do n't want to say it 's a coincidence , because we do work well together , and we have a great history . I think we make good work , but it 's more that the people that hire ( Hardwicke ) to direct a film of theirs ( have ) most likely seen her other work . '' Kellan Lutz was in Africa shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted . The role had already been cast by the time that production ended in December 2007 , but the actor who had been selected `` fell through '' ; Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon , where Hardwicke personally chose him . Rachelle Lefèvre was interested in pursuing a role in the film because Hardwicke was attached to the project as director ; there was also `` the potential to explore a character , hopefully , over three films '' ; and she wanted to portray a vampire . She `` thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive . '' Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley , but she `` fell totally in love with Angela '' after reading the novels and successfully took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber . The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick , who got the part after two mix - and - match auditions with various actors . Filming and post-production On a bed in Catherine Hardwicke 's house is where Pattinson kissed Stewart for the first time for the Twilight screen test . `` That bed made Pattinson who he is right now , '' says Reed . That 's also where Hardwicke auditioned Evan Rachel Wood , when she had her get into her bed with Nikki Reed for the film Thirteen . When asked about her lair , Hardwicke says , `` MTV came and did an episode in my house filming the bed . It 's legendary . '' Principal photography took 44 days , after more than a week of rehearsals , and completed on May 2 , 2008 . Similar to her directorial debut Thirteen , Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand - held cinematography to make the film `` feel real '' . Meyer visited the production set three times and was consulted on different aspects of the story ; she also has a brief cameo in the film . Cast members who portrayed vampires avoided sunlight to make their skin pale , though makeup was also applied for that effect , and wore contact lenses : `` We did the golden color because the Cullens have those golden eyes . And then , when we 're hungry , we have to pop the black ones in , '' Facinelli explained . They also participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera to make their bodily movements more elegant . Scenes were filmed primarily in Portland , Oregon . Stunt work was done mainly by the cast . The fight sequence between Gigandet and Pattinson 's characters in a ballet studio , which was filmed during the first week of production , involved a substantial amount of wire work because the vampires in the story have superhuman strength and speed . Gigandet incorporated mixed martial arts fighting moves in this sequence , which involved chicken and honey as substitutes for flesh . Bella , the protagonist , is unconscious during these events , and since the novel is told from her point of view , such action sequences are illustrative and unique to the film . Pattinson noted that maintaining one 's center of gravity is difficult when doing wire work `` because you have to really fight against it as well as letting it do what it needs to do . '' Lefèvre found the experience disorienting since forward motion was out of her control . Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself , scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School and Madison High School . Other scenes were filmed in St. Helens , and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena , California , in August . Twilight was originally scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on December 12 , 2008 , but its release date was changed to November 21 after Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was rescheduled for an opening in July 2009 . Two teaser trailers , as well as some additional scenes , were released for the film , as well as a final trailer , which was released on October 9 . A 15 - minute excerpt of Twilight was presented during the International Rome Film Festival in Italy . The film received a rating of PG - 13 from the Motion Picture Association of America for `` some violence and a scene of sensuality '' . Music Main article : Twilight ( soundtrack ) The score for Twilight was composed by Carter Burwell , with the rest of the soundtrack chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas . Meyer was consulted on the soundtrack , which includes music by Muse and Linkin Park , bands she listened to while writing the novels . The original soundtrack was released on November 4 , 2008 , by Chop Shop Records in conjunction with Atlantic Records . It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 . Release Box Office Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21 , 2008 . The film is fifth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales , outranked only by its sequel the following year , Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , and Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day . For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater . The film grossed $192,769,854 in the United States and Canada , and $199,846,771 in international territories for a total of $392,616,625 . Its opening weekend gross was the highest ever of a female - directed film , surpassing that of Deep Impact ( 1998 ) . Critical reception Twilight received mixed reviews from critics . Based on 209 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 48 % , with a weighted average score of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Having lost much of its bite transitioning to the big screen , Twilight will please its devoted fans , but do little for the uninitiated . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , it has an average score of 56 from the 37 reviews . New York Press critic Armond White called the film `` a genuine pop classic '' , and praised Hardwicke for turning `` Meyer 's book series into a Brontë-esque vision . '' Roger Ebert gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote , `` I saw it at a sneak preview . Last time I saw a movie in that same theater , the audience welcomed it as an opportunity to catch up on gossip , texting , and laughing at private jokes . This time the audience was rapt with attention '' . In his review for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan wrote , `` Twilight is unabashedly a romance . All the story 's inherent silliness aside , it is intent on conveying the magic of meeting that one special person you 've been waiting for . Maybe it is possible to be 13 and female for a few hours after all '' . USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote , `` Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight , but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Hardwicke 's direction : `` She has reconjured Meyer 's novel as a cloudburst mood piece filled with stormy skies , rippling hormones , and understated visual effects '' . Home Media Wikinews has related news : `` Twilight '' DVD sells 3 million copies in first day The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21 , 2009 , through midnight release parties , and sold over 3 million units in its first day . It was released on April 6 , 2009 in the UK . Bonus features include about 10 to 12 extended or deleted scenes , montages and music videos , behind - the - scenes interviews , a `` making - of '' segment , and commentary featuring Hardwicke , Stewart , and Pattinson . The Blu - ray disc edition of the film was released on March 21 , 2009 , in select locations , but was made more widely available at further retailers on May 5 , 2009 . As of July 2012 , the film has sold 11,242,519 units , earning $201,190,019 . The film and the next two installments of the Twilight Saga will be rereleased as a triple feature with extended cuts on January 13 , 2015 . Video game Main article : Scene it ? Twilight A movie trivia video game developed by Screenlife and published by Konami for the Wii , Nintendo DS , PC and iPhone was released alongside the second film . Accolades Since its release , Twilight has received numerous nominations and awards . In January 2009 , Carter Burwell was nominated for Film Composer of the Year by the International Film Music Critics Association . Robert Pattinson won Bravo TV 's A-List Award for A-List Breakout . At the 2009 MTV Movie Awards , Pattinson , who was nominated alongside Taylor Lautner , also won an award for Male Breakthrough Performance , `` Decode '' was nominated for Best Song from a Movie , Twilight won an award for Best Movie , Kristen Stewart won for Best Female performance , Stewart and Pattinson were awarded Best Kiss , and Pattinson and Cam Gigandet won an award for Best Fight . Christian Serratos won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film : Supporting Young Actress . For the 2009 Teen Choice Awards , held on August 9 , the film and its actors received a combined total of 12 nominations , nine of which the film won . At the 2009 Scream Awards , the film was nominated for nine awards , four of which it won . The film won two ALMA Awards for makeup and hairstyling . It also won the Public Choice Award at the World Soundtrack Awards , where Carter Burwell was also nominated for Composer of the Year . Catherine Hardwicke received a Young Hollywood Award for her directing . In addition , the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film at the 35th Saturn Awards and two Grammy Awards . Sequel Main article : The Twilight Saga : New Moon MTV reported in February 2008 that Summit Entertainment intended to create a series of at least three films based on Meyer 's books . The studio had optioned New Moon , the second book in the series , by October 2008 , and confirmed their plans to make a film based on it November 22 , 2008 . Because Catherine Hardwicke had wanted more preparation time than Summit 's schedule for the production and release of the sequel would provide , Chris Weitz was selected to direct it in December 2008 . See also Twilight portal Film portal Apotamkin , Bella 's Google hit for the cold ones Vampire film References Jump up ^ bbfc ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` TWILIGHT rated 12A by the BBFC '' . bbfc . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) . `` ' Twilight ' : Inside the First Stephenie Meyer Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twilight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` ' Twilight ' reshoots : Why is Catherine Hardwicke filming again ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Graham ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Twilight Finishes Principle ( sic ) Photography '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Finds Its Latest Victims : Nikki Reed , Rachelle Lefevre Added To Cast '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling DVDs of 2009 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Exclusive : Paramore To Contribute Two New Songs To Film 's Soundtrack '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Gives The Green Light To Anna Kendrick , Justin Chon For Book - Turned - Movie '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gregory Ellwood ( 2008 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Set Visit : ' Twilight ' Shines on Pattinson '' . MSN . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Sona Charaipotra . `` Exclusive Interview : Peter Facinelli on ' Twilight ' '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 19 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Film 's First Family Revealed : Peter Facinelli , Elizabeth Reaser Lead Cullen Clan '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck & Stacy Jenel Smith ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Tyson Beckford Enjoying Men 's `` Supermodel '' Success / `` Reno 911 's Lennon Delivers the State of the State '' . Creators . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full Cast & Crew '' . Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . Peninusula Daily News . 2008 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Role in Twilight lets student shine '' . Daily Vanguard . 2008 - 03 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Premiere : Robert Pattinson Loses His Hearing , Taylor Lautner Gets an Indecent Proposal '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray . `` Twilight : Taylor Lautner and Solomon Trimble Interviews '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Solomon Trimble Keeps His Possibilities Open '' . Media Blvd . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hardwicke , Catherine ( 2009 ) . Twilight : Director 's Notebook . New York : Little , Brown and Company . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 07052 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Christina Radish ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Twilight 's Author and Director Talk About Bringing The Film To Life '' . MediaBlvd Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 2007 - 06 - 07 ) . `` New Summit unveils new projects '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( 2007 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Pattinson bites into ' Twilight ' role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . 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Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Catherine Hardwicke Gets Swept Up By Bella And Edward 's ' Obsessive Love ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : How Faithful Will The Movie Be To The Book ? We Visit The Set To Find Out '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Murray ( 2008 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Interview with ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer '' . About.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer Recalls Robert Pattinson Spat , Seeing Movie The First Time '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` The Love That Dare Not Bare Its Fangs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Twilight Review : Swooningly True to the Book '' . Time . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . 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StephenieMeyer.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Emily Browning Addresses Her ' Twilight ' Notoriety '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 03 - 19 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Star Ashley Greene Responds To Books ' Fans Who Think She And Her Hair Are n't Short Enough '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Nikki Reed Hopes To Make Us Understand What 's Beneath Rosalie 's Beautiful , Hard Exterior '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Kellan Lutz Recalls How He Almost Was n't Cast As Belligerent ' Goofball ' Emmett '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 02 - 28 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Star Rachelle Lefevre Addresses ' OMG ! ' Fans , Blog Haters From Book - Turned - Movie 's Set '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Christian Serratos Says Playing Angela Was A Day At The Beach '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : Anna Kendrick Says It Was ' Easy To Get Googly Eyed ' At Robert Pattinson '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Kellan Lutz And His High Profile Projects '' . MediaBlvd Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mike Russell ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) . `` ' Twilight ' taps teen - vampire romance '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pamela Chelin ( July 2008 ) . `` The ' Twilight ' Phenomenon : The Director and Author at Comic - Con 2008 '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filipacchi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Author Stephenie Meyer 's Cameo : More Details Emerge From Book - Turned - Movie 's Set '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela Chelin . `` ' Twilight 's Bad Boy Vampire : Cam Gigandet '' . Premiere.com . Hachette Filippachi Media . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Erin Cadwallader ( 2008 - 07 - 24 ) . `` It 's TWILIGHT at Comic - Con ! '' . IESB.net . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Tuesday : 10 Things Comic - Con Taught Us About ' Twilight ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paige Dickerson ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) . `` ' Twilight ' to film one or two days in LaPush '' . Peninsula Daily News . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sarah Skidmore ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Teen vampire - love story ` Twilight ' being filmed in Oregon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . 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ShockTillYouDrop.com. 2008 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mikael Carlsson ( 2008 - 06 - 10 ) . `` '' Twilight '' Assigned to Carter Burwell `` . Film Music Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Carter Burwell . `` Projects - Twilight '' . carterburwell.com/ CarterBurwell.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( 2008 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Are Pop - Punks Paramore A Good Fit For ' Twilight ' ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Erica Futterman ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` '' Twilight '' Author Stephenie Meyer on Her Musical Muses , Upcoming Movie and Mermaid Dreams `` . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Soundtrack To Include Muse , Linkin Park And , Of Course , Robert Pattinson '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Katie Hasty ( 2008 - 11 - 12 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Bumps AC / DC From Atop Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . 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Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Reveals DVD Details '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 11 - 12 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Director Catherine Hardwicke Talks About Edward And Bella 's Chemistry , Potential Sequels '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ HD Room ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Twilight Blu - ray Mystery Solved '' . The HD Room . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2008 winners for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . 2009 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A-List Award Nominess '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . FilmoFilia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . 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MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Who Is ' New Moon ' Director Chris Weitz ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Twilight ( 2008 film ) Official website Twilight on IMDb Twilight at AllMovie Twilight at Box Office Mojo Twilight at Metacritic Twilight at Rotten Tomatoes Twilight on Facebook Links to related articles The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did they film the first twilight movie | [
"Scenes were filmed primarily in Portland, Oregon.[6] Stunt work was done mainly by the cast.[54] The fight sequence between Gigandet and Pattinson's characters in a ballet studio, which was filmed during the first week of production, involved a substantial amount of wire work because the vampires in the story have superhuman strength and speed.[53] Gigandet incorporated mixed martial arts fighting moves in this sequence, which involved chicken and honey as substitutes for flesh.[55] Bella, the protagonist, is unconscious during these events, and since the novel is told from her point of view, such action sequences are illustrative and unique to the film.[39] Pattinson noted that maintaining one's center of gravity is difficult when doing wire work \"because you have to really fight against it as well as letting it do what it needs to do.\"[39] Lefèvre found the experience disorienting since forward motion was out of her control.[39]"
] | [
"primarily in Portland, Oregon"
] |
2510896871957573282 | Maharashtra Legislative Council | Maharashtra Legislative Council - wikipedia Maharashtra Legislative Council Maharashtra Legislative Council Type Type Upper house Term limits 6 years Leadership Chairman Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar , NCP Since 8 July 2016 Deputy Chairman Manikrao Thakre , INC Since 5 August 2016 Leader of the House Chandrakant Bacchu Patil , BJP Since 8 July 2016 Leader of the Opposition Dhananjay Munde , NCP Since 8 July 2016 Structure Seats 78 Political groups Government ( 37 ) BJP ( 21 ) SS ( 12 ) RSP ( 1 ) Independents ( 3 ) Opposition ( 40 ) NCP ( 17 ) INC ( 17 ) PWP ( 1 ) PRP ( 1 ) Lok Bharati ( 1 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 1 ) Vacant ( 1 ) Elections Last election 16 July 2018 Meeting place Vidhan bhavan , Maharashtra Legislative Council , Mumbai , India Website http://www.maharashtra.gov.in http://www.mls.org.in The Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad or Maharashtra Legislative Council is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India . Contents 1 Location 2 Composition of Legislative Council 2.1 Current Composition of Legislative Council 3 Constituencies and Members 3.1 Elected by Vidhan Sabha Members ( 31 ) 3.2 Local Authorities ' constituencies ( 22 ) 3.3 Teachers ' constituencies ( 7 ) 3.4 Graduates ' constituencies ( 6 ) 3.5 Governor Nominated ( 12 ) 4 See also 5 References Location ( edit ) The seat of the Vidhan Parishad is situated at the Nariman Point area of South Mumbai in the capital Mumbai . The budget session and the monsoon session are convened in Mumbai whereas the winter session is convened in the auxiliary capital Nagpur . Composition of Legislative Council ( edit ) Legislative Council shall consist of not less than 40 members or maximum one - third of the total number of members in the legislative assembly , chosen in the manner provided in this section . 31 members shall be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly 6 members are elected from amongst graduates from seven divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai , Amravati Division , Nashik Division , Aurangabad Division , Konkan Division , Nagpur Division and Pune Division ) 7 members are elected from amongst teachers from seven divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai , Amravati Division , Nashik Division , Aurangabad Division , Konkan Division , Nagpur Division and Pune Division ) 22 members are elected from amongst the local bodies of Maharashtra from 21 divisions of Maharashtra ( Mumbai ( 2 seats ) and one seat each from Ahmednagar , Akola - cum - Washim - cum - Buldhana , Amravati , Aurangabad - cum - Jalna , Bhandara - Gondiya , Dhule - cum - Nandurbar , Jalgaon , Kolhapur , Mumbai , Mumbai , Nagpur , Nanded , Nashik , Osmanabad - cum - Latur - cum - Beed , Parbhani - Hingoli , Pune , Raigad - cum - Ratnagiri - cum - Sindhudurg , Sangli - cum - Satara , Solapur , Thane - cum - Palghar , Wardha - cum - Chandrapur - cum - Gadhchiroli and Yavatmal ) 12 members having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters such as literature , science , art , co-operative movement and social serviceshall be nominated by the Governor It is a continuous House and not subject to dissolution . However , one - third of its members retire every second year and are replaced by new members . As such a member enjoys a tenure of six years . The members of the Vidhan Parishad elect its chairman and deputy chairman . Current Composition of Legislative Council ( edit ) Party Members Bharatiya Janata Party 21 Nationalist Congress Party 17 Indian National Congress 17 Shiv Sena 12 Independents 06 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha 01 Peasants and Workers Party of India 01 Peoples Republican Party 01 Lok Bharati 01 Vacant 01 Total 78 Constituencies and members ( edit ) See here , List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council . The following are the constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad : Keys : BJP ( 21 ) NCP ( 17 ) INC ( 17 ) Shiv Sena ( 12 ) Independents ( 6 ) RSP ( 1 ) PWP ( 1 ) PRP ( 1 ) Lok Bharati ( 1 ) Vacant ( 1 ) Elected by Vidhan Sabha Members ( 31 ) ( edit ) # Member Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Jayant Patil PWP 2018 July 2024 July Sharad Ranpise INC 2018 July 2024 July Dr. Vajahat Mirza INC 2018 July 2024 July Nilay Naik BJP 2018 July 2024 July 5 Ram Patil Ratolikar BJP 2018 July 2024 July 6 Ramesh Patil BJP 2018 July 2024 July 7 Anil Parab Shiv Sena 2018 July 2024 July 8 Vijay Girkar BJP 2018 July 2024 July 9 Mahadev Jankar RSP 2018 July 2024 July 10 Manisha Kayande Shiv Sena 2018 July 2024 July 11 Babajani Durani NCP 2018 July 2024 July 12 Hemant Takle NCP 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 13 Diwakar Raote Shiv Sena 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 14 Vinayak Mete BJP 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 15 Shivajirao Bapusaheb Deshmukh INC 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 16 Neelam Gorhe Shiv Sena 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 17 Pandurang Phundkar ( Died on 31 May 2018 ) Vacant 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 18 Prasad Lad BJP 2017 Dec 2022 July 19 Pravin Darekar BJP 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 20 Ramnivas Satyanarayan Singh BJP 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 21 Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar NCP 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 22 Sujitsingh Thakur BJP 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 23 Dhananjay Munde NCP 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 24 Sadabhau Khot BJP 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 25 Smita Wagh BJP 2015 Jan 2020 Apr 26 Anil Sole BJP 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 27 Subhash Desai Shiv Sena 2016 Jul 2022 Jul 28 Anand Thakur NCP 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 29 Kiran Pawaskar NCP 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 30 Chandrakant Batesingh Raghuvanshi INC 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 31 Harisingh Rathod INC 2014 Apr 2020 Apr Local Authorities ' constituencies ( 22 ) ( edit ) # Constituency Member Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Mumbai Local Authorities ( 1 ) Ramdas Kadam Shiv Sena 2016 2022 Mumbai Local Authorities ( 2 ) Bhai Jagtap INC 2016 2022 Dhule - Nandurbar Local Authorities Amrish Patel INC 2016 2022 Nagpur Local Authorities Girish Vyas BJP 2016 2022 5 Ahmednagar Local Authorities Arunkaka Jagtap NCP 2016 2022 6 Solapur Local Authorities Prashant Paricharak Independent ( supported by BJP ) 2016 Jan 2022 Jan 7 Kolhapur Local Authorities Satej Patil INC 2016 2022 8 Akola - Washim - Buldhana Local Authorities Gopikishan Bajoria Shiv Sena 2016 2022 9 Jalgaon Local Authorities Chandulal Patel BJP 2016 2022 10 Nashik Local Authorities Narendra Darade Shiv Sena 2018 June 22 2024 June 21 11 Thane - Palghar Local Authorities Ravindra Phatak Shiv Sena 2016 June 8 2022 June 7 12 Raigad - Ratnagiri - Sindhudurg Local Authorities Aniket Tatkare NCP 2018 June 01 2024 May 31 13 Pune Local Authorities Anil Shivajirao Bhosale NCP 2016 Dec 2022 Dec 14 Sangli - Satara Local Authorities Mohanrao Kadam INC 2016 Dec 2022 Dec 15 Osmanabad - Latur - Beed Local Authorities Suresh Dhas BJP 2018 June 22 2024 June 21 16 Aurangabad - Jalna Local Authorities Subhash Zambad INC 2013 Aug 2019 Aug 17 Parbhani - Hingoli Local Authorities Viplove Bajoria Shiv Sena 2018 June 22 2024 June 21 18 Nanded Local Authorities Amarnath Rajurkar INC 2016 Dec 2022 Dec 19 Amravati Local Authorities Pravin Pote BJP 2018 June 22 2024 June 21 20 Yavatmal Local Authorities Tanaji Sawant Shiv Sena 2016 Dec 2022 Dec 21 Wardha - Chandrapur - Gadhchiroli Local Authorities Ramdas Ambatkar BJP 2018 June 22 2024 June 21 22 Bhandara - Gondia Local Authorities Parinay Fuke BJP 2016 Dec 2022 Dec Teachers ' constituencies ( 7 ) ( edit ) # Constituency Member Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Mumbai Teachers Kapil Waman Patil Lok Bharati 2018 July 8 2024 July 7 Konkan Division Teachers Balaram Patil Independent 2017 Feb 8 2023 Feb 7 Pune Division Teachers Dattatraya Sawant Independent 2014 July 2020 July Nashik Division Teachers Kishor Darade Independent ( supported by Shiv Sena ) 2018 July 8 2024 July 7 5 Aurangabad Division Teachers Vikram Kale NCP 2017 Feb 8 2023 Feb 7 6 Amravati Division Teachers Shrikant Deshpande Independent 2014 Apr 2020 Apr 7 Nagpur Division Teachers Nago Ganar Independent ( supported by BJP ) 2017 Feb 8 2023 Feb 7 Graduates ' constituencies ( 6 ) ( edit ) # Constituency Member Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Mumbai Graduates Vilas Potnis Shiv Sena 2018 July 8 2024 July 7 Konkan Division Graduates Niranjan Davkhare BJP 2018 July 8 2024 July 7 Pune Division Graduates Chandrakant Bacchu Patil BJP 2014 July 2020 July Nashik Division Graduates Dr. Sudhir Tambe INC 2017 Feb 8 2023 Feb 7 5 Aurangabad Division Graduates Satish Chavan NCP 2014 July 2020 July 6 Amravati Division Graduates Dr. Ranjit Patil BJP 2017 Feb 8 2023 Feb 7 Governor Nominated ( 12 ) ( edit ) # Member Party Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Prakash Suryabhan Gajbhiye NCP 2014 June 2020 June Vidya Ajit Chavan NCP 2014 June 2020 June Rahul Narvekar NCP 2014 June 2020 June Khwaja Baig NCP 2014 June 2020 June 5 Ramrao Wadkute NCP 2014 June 2020 June 6 Jagannath Shinde NCP 2014 June 2020 June 7 Husnbanu Nizammuddin Khalif INC 2014 June 2020 June 8 Anant Gadgil INC 2014 June 2020 June 9 Janardan Chandurkar INC 2014 June 2020 June 10 Anandrao Raghoji Patil INC 2014 June 2020 June 11 Ramhari Govindrao Rupanvar INC 2014 June 2020 June 12 Jogendra Kawade PRP 2014 June 2020 June See also ( edit ) Government of Maharashtra Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Vidhan Parishad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cong 's Manikrao Thakre is new deputy chairman of Maha Council '' . Business Standard . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nimbalkar re-elected as Maharashtra Council Chairman '' . Business Standard . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Delimitation of Council Constituencies 2 ( Maharashtra ) Order , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress , Sena bag Council seats in Mumbai ; BJP man loses '' . Daily News and Analysis , Mumbai . Jump up ^ `` 2015 विधान परिषदेच्या विजयी उमेदवाराची यादी '' . Ibnlokmat.tv . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad Election Result 2015 '' . Loksatta.com . Jump up ^ `` देश - विदेशातील ताज्या घडामोडी - Maharashtra Times '' . Maharashtra Times . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` विधान परिषद : शिवसेना जिंकली ; डावखरे हरले ! - Maharashtra Times '' . Maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com. 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` यवतमाळ विधानपरिषदेत शिवसेनेचे तानाजी सावंत ३४८ मते मिळवून विजयी '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Maharashtra legislative council elections : BJP , Cong , NCP win a seat each '' . Hindustantimes.com. 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLC from Akola - Washim - Buldhana '' . District Collector , Akola , Govt of Maharashtra . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_Legislative_Council&oldid=854703778 '' Categories : Maharashtra Legislative Council Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Maharashtra articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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6098231524574056902 | Zombies (2018 film) | Zombies ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia Zombies ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zombies Genre Musical Dance Based on Zombies & Cheerleaders by David Light & Joseph Raso Written by David Light & Joseph Raso Directed by Paul Hoen Starring Milo Manheim Meg Donnelly Composer ( s ) George S. Clinton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Effie Brown Paul Hoen Producer ( s ) Mary Pantelidis Cinematography Robert Drinkmann Editor ( s ) Lisa Jane Robison Running time 94 minutes Production company ( s ) Princessa Productions , LTD Release Original network Disney Channel Original release February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) External links Production website Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly , playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love , and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Fifty years ago in the planned community of Seabrook , an accident at the Seabrook power plant resulted in an explosion which caused half the population of Seabrook to turn into brain - eating zombies . Those that were n't affected constructed a wall to quarantine the zombies , in a territory called Zombietown , from the rest of Seabrook . The government later created bracelets for zombies , called Z - Bands , that deliver soothing electromagnetic pulses to keep zombies from craving brains . In the present day , zombie students from Zombietown transfer to the human high school , Seabrook High , where suburban life is filled with uniformity , traditions , and pep rallies . In Zombietown , Zed introduces himself to the viewers as he walks them through life in Zombietown , his sister Zoey who ca n't have a dog , and his father Zevon while making plans to join the football team . On the other side of the fence , Addison introduces herself to the viewers as she tells them of her cheer camp experience and reveals that she wears a wig to hide her naturally white hair , since nothing will stick to it . Her parents are Missy , who is the mayor of Seabrook , and her father is Dale , who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol which keeps the zombies in line . Addison and Zed meet in a Zombie Safe Room and they start talking . When Addison realizes that Zed is a zombie , she punches him in the face but later regrets it , and the two become friends and soon fall in love . The star - crossed lovers , who are not supposed to be together , keep their love a secret , but Zed 's friends , Eliza and Bonzo , come to know of it soon . To win football games , Zed makes Eliza hack into his Z - Band to make him ' a little more zombie ' . This leads to severe pain on his wrist and rashes on that area . Addison 's self - centered cousin Bucky becomes jealous that Zed is getting more attention than him . Addison is invited by Zed to attend the zombie party in Zombietown with Eliza and Bonzo . During the trip there , Addison meets Zoey where it is mentioned that about the zombies not having pets . After Eliza takes Zoey home , the party is crashed by the Zombie Patrol where Addison is taken home by Zombie Patrol member Gus . At home , Missy and Dale find out that she has a new crush and advise her not to do any cheering until they know who it is . On the big football match day , Addison tells Zed about her parents wanting to meet him . Bucky finds out about Zed 's Z - Band hack , and has his followers Stacey , Tracey and Lacey steal Eliza 's laptop and hack Zed 's band . When Addison and Bree start showing their sympathy to the zombies during a cheer , Bucky has them kicked off the cheer squad . Stacey , Tracey , and Lacey succeed in their plot turning Zed , Eliza , and Bonzo into complete zombies . The Zombie Patrol captures them and has them detained . Later , Addison shouts at the crowd , telling them it was their fault Zed transformed into a full zombie . She then rips off the wig she used to cover up her naturally white hair . Following the incident , Zed , Eliza , and Bonzo are returned to Zombietown . Addison states to the viewers that Bucky is changing the line - up for the cheer squad . Bucky is then shown cutting three members from his cheerleading group due to them sympathizing with the zombies . On the day of the cheerleader competition , Addison and Bree find Zed and Bonzo trying to stop Eliza from sabotaging the competition , and after Eliza talks with her friends , she realizes that doing so is not the right thing to do . Bucky 's team is failing because they do not have enough members , so Zoey tries to get in and help him . At first , Zoey is booed by the crowd , but with help from Addison and Zed , the zombies and cheerleaders come together to make a cheer routine during the Cheer competition . Zed and Addison tell each other they love each other . Later , everyone has a block party at Zombietown . As Zoey finally gets her dog , the zombies and humans mingle with each other freely . Cast ( edit ) Milo Manheim as Zed , a zombie who wishes to be on the football team . Meg Donnelly as Addison , a teenage cheerleader who wears a blonde wig to cover her naturally white hair . Trevor Tordjman as Bucky , Addison 's self - centered cousin who leads the Seabrook High School 's cheerleading team . Kylee Russell as Eliza , a zombie that is friends with Zed . Carla Jeffery as Bree , a girl and aspiring cheerleader whom Addison befriends . Kingston Foster as Zoey , Zed 's little sister who desires to have an actual dog since zombies are forbidden to have pets . James Godfrey as Bonzo , a zombie who is friends with Zed and mostly speaks zombie language that has to be translated by Zed and / or Eliza . Naomi Snieckus as Ms. Lee , the principal of Seabrook High School . Jonathan Langdon as Coach , the unnamed coach of the Seabrook High School 's football team . Paul Hopkins as Dale , the father of Addison who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol . Marie Ward as Missy , the mother of Addison who is the mayor of Seabrook . Tony Nappo as Zevon , Zed and Zoey 's father . Emilia McCarthy as Lacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Mickeey Nguyen as Tracey , a male cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Jasmine Renee Thomas as Stacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Production ( edit ) Production on the film began in May 2017 . The film was shot in Toronto over 10 weeks . Release ( edit ) The film premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) During its premiere in the 8 : 00 PM time slot , Zombies attracted a total of 2.57 million viewers with a 0.46 rating for people aged 18 -- 49 . Over its premiere weekend the movie reached 10.3 million viewers over 8 airings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Production Begins on Disney Channel 's Zombies for 2018 Premiere '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Has Begun on Disney 's Zombies , a Music - and Dance - Filled Movie , Set for 2018 on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . May 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Larsen ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Zombies arrives with hope that zombies and humans in high school can all get along '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Disney Sets Premiere Date for Zombies Original Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's Original Movie `` Zombies '' Reaches 10.3 Million Viewers Over the Holiday Weekend '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . February 20 , 2018 -- via The Futon Critic . External links ( edit ) Zombies on IMDb Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up , Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Films directed by Paul Hoen The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) The Mistle - Tones ( 2012 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombies_(2018_film)&oldid=837559574 '' Categories : 2010s dance films 2010s monster movies 2010s musical films 2010s teen films 2018 television films American dance films American films American teen musical films American television films American zombie films Cheerleading films Disney Channel Original Movie films English - language films Films directed by Paul Hoen Films shot in Toronto Musical television films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 22 . 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6841095746759278119 | Investment banking | Investment banking - wikipedia Investment banking Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on financial services Banking Types of banks ( hide ) Advising Banq Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Mutual savings National Offshore Participation Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Lists of banks Accounts Cards ( show ) Accounts Christmas club Deposit Money - market Savings Time deposit ( Bond ) Transaction ( checking / current ) Cards ATM Credit Debit Funds transfer ( show ) Electronic bill payment Wire Cheque SWIFT Automated Clearing House Giro Terms ( show ) Automated teller machine Bank regulation Loan Money creation Bank secrecy Ethical banking Fractional - reserve banking Islamic banking Private banking Related topics ( show ) Financial market ( participants ) Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Financial law Financial regulation List of banks An investment bank is typically a private company that provides various finance - related and other services to individuals , corporations , and governments such as raising financial capital by underwriting or acting as the client 's agent in the issuance of securities . An investment bank may also assist companies involved in mergers and acquisitions ( M&A ) and provide ancillary services such as market making , trading of derivatives and equity securities , and FICC services ( fixed income instruments , currencies , and commodities ) . Unlike commercial banks and retail banks , investment banks do not take deposits . From the passage of Glass -- Steagall Act in 1933 until its repeal in 1999 by the Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act , the United States maintained a separation between investment banking and commercial banks . Other industrialized countries , including G7 countries , have historically not maintained such a separation . As part of the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ( Dodd -- Frank Act of 2010 ) , the Volcker Rule asserts some institutional separation of investment banking services from commercial banking . All investment banking activity is classed as either `` sell side '' or `` buy side '' . The `` sell side '' involves trading securities for cash or for other securities ( e.g. facilitating transactions , market - making ) , or the promotion of securities ( e.g. underwriting , research , etc . ) . The `` buy side '' involves the provision of advice to institutions that buy investment services . Private equity funds , mutual funds , life insurance companies , unit trusts , and hedge funds are the most common types of buy - side entities . An investment bank can also be split into private and public functions with a Chinese wall separating the two to prevent information from crossing . The private areas of the bank deal with private insider information that may not be publicly disclosed , while the public areas , such as stock analysis , deal with public information . An advisor who provides investment banking services in the United States must be a licensed broker - dealer and subject to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ( FINRA ) regulation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Further developments 2 Organizational structure 2.1 Core investment banking activities 2.1. 1 Front office 2.1. 1.1 Corporate finance 2.1. 1.2 Sales and trading 2.1. 1.3 Research 2.1. 2 Front and middle office 2.1. 2.1 Risk management 2.1. 3 Middle office 2.1. 4 Back office 2.1. 4.1 Technology 2.2 Other businesses 3 Industry profile 3.1 Global size and revenue mix 3.2 Top 10 banks 4 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 5 Criticisms 5.1 Conflicts of interest 5.2 Compensation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) See also : Economic history of the Dutch Republic and Financial history of the Dutch Republic The Dutch East India Company was the first company to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public . It was also the first publicly traded company , being the first company to be listed on an official stock exchange . The Dutch also helped lay the foundations of the modern practice of investment banking . Further developments ( edit ) See also : History of investment banking in the United States Investment banking has changed over the years , beginning as a partnership firm focused on underwriting security issuance , i.e. initial public offerings ( IPOs ) and secondary market offerings , brokerage , and mergers and acquisitions , and evolving into a `` full - service '' range including securities research , proprietary trading , and investment management . In the 21st century , the SEC filings of the major independent investment banks such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley reflect three product segments : ( 1 ) investment banking ( mergers and acquisitions , advisory services and securities underwriting ) , ( 2 ) asset management ( sponsored investment funds ) , and ( 3 ) trading and principal investments ( broker - dealer activities , including proprietary trading ( `` dealer '' transactions ) and brokerage trading ( `` broker '' transactions ) ) . In the United States , commercial banking and investment banking were separated by the Glass -- Steagall Act , which was repealed in 1999 . The repeal led to more `` universal banks '' offering an even greater range of services . Many large commercial banks have therefore developed investment banking divisions through acquisitions and hiring . Notable large banks with significant investment banks include JPMorgan Chase , Bank of America , Credit Suisse , Deutsche Bank , UBS , Barclays , and Wells Fargo . After the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and the subsequent passage of the Dodd - Frank Act of 2010 , regulations have limited certain investment banking operations , notably with the Volcker Rule 's restrictions on proprietary trading . The traditional service of underwriting security issues has declined as a percentage of revenue . As far back as 1960 , 70 % of Merrill Lynch 's revenue was derived from transaction commissions while `` traditional investment banking '' services accounted for 5 % . However , Merrill Lynch was a relatively `` retail - focused '' firm with a large brokerage network . Organizational structure ( edit ) Core investment banking activities ( edit ) Investment banking is split into front office , middle office , and back office activities . While large service investment banks offer all lines of business , both `` sell side '' and `` buy side '' , smaller sell - side investment firms such as boutique investment banks and small broker - dealers focus on investment banking and sales / trading / research , respectively . Investment banks offer services to both corporations issuing securities and investors buying securities . For corporations , investment bankers offer information on when and how to place their securities on the open market , an activity very important to an investment bank 's reputation . Therefore , investment bankers play a very important role in issuing new security offerings . Front office ( edit ) Front office is generally described as a revenue generating role . There are two main areas within front office : investment banking and markets : Investment banking involves advising organizations on mergers and acquisitions , as well as a wide array of capital raising strategies . Markets is divided into `` sales and trading '' ( including `` structuring '' ) , and `` research '' . Corporate finance ( edit ) Corporate finance is the traditional aspect of investment banks , which involves helping customers raise funds in capital markets and giving advice on mergers and acquisitions ( M&A ) ; this may involve subscribing investors to a security issuance , coordinating with bidders , or negotiating with a merger target . A pitch book of financial information is generated to market the bank to a potential M&A client ; if the pitch is successful , the bank arranges the deal for the client . The investment banking division ( IBD ) is generally divided into industry coverage and product coverage groups . Industry coverage groups focus on a specific industry -- such as healthcare , public finance ( governments ) , FIG ( financial institutions group ) , industrials , TMT ( technology , media , and telecommunications ) , P&E ( power & energy ) , consumer / retail , food & beverage , corporate defense and governance -- and maintain relationships with corporations within the industry to bring in business for the bank . Product coverage groups focus on financial products -- such as mergers and acquisitions , leveraged finance , public finance , asset finance and leasing , structured finance , restructuring , equity , and high - grade debt -- and generally work and collaborate with industry groups on the more intricate and specialized needs of a client . Sales and trading ( edit ) On behalf of the bank and its clients , a large investment bank 's primary function is buying and selling products . In market making , traders will buy and sell financial products with the goal of making money on each trade . Sales is the term for the investment bank 's sales force , whose primary job is to call on institutional and high - net - worth investors to suggest trading ideas ( on a caveat emptor basis ) and take orders . Sales desks then communicate their clients ' orders to the appropriate trading rooms , which can price and execute trades , or structure new products that fit a specific need . Structuring has been a relatively recent activity as derivatives have come into play , with highly technical and numerate employees working on creating complex structured products which typically offer much greater margins and returns than underlying cash securities . In 2010 , investment banks came under pressure as a result of selling complex derivatives contracts to local municipalities in Europe and the US . Strategists advise external as well as internal clients on the strategies that can be adopted in various markets . Ranging from derivatives to specific industries , strategists place companies and industries in a quantitative framework with full consideration of the macroeconomic scene . This strategy often affects the way the firm will operate in the market , the direction it would like to take in terms of its proprietary and flow positions , the suggestions salespersons give to clients , as well as the way structurers create new products . Banks also undertake risk through proprietary trading , performed by a special set of traders who do not interface with clients and through `` principal risk '' -- risk undertaken by a trader after he buys or sells a product to a client and does not hedge his total exposure . Banks seek to maximize profitability for a given amount of risk on their balance sheet . The necessity for numerical ability in sales and trading has created jobs for physics , computer science , mathematics and engineering Ph. D.s who act as quantitative analysts . Research ( edit ) The securities research division reviews companies and writes reports about their prospects , often with `` buy '' , `` hold '' or `` sell '' ratings . Investment banks typically have sell - side analysts which cover various industries . Their sponsored funds or proprietary trading offices will also have buy - side research . While the research division may or may not generate revenue ( based on policies at different banks ) , its resources are used to assist traders in trading , the sales force in suggesting ideas to customers , and investment bankers by covering their clients . Research also serves outside clients with investment advice ( such as institutional investors and high - net - worth individuals ) in the hopes that these clients will execute suggested trade ideas through the sales and trading division of the bank , and thereby generate revenue for the firm . Research also covers credit research , fixed income research , macroeconomic research , and quantitative analysis , all of which are used internally and externally to advise clients but do not directly affect revenue . All research groups , nonetheless , provide a key service in terms of advisory and strategy . There is a potential conflict of interest between the investment bank and its analysis , in that published analysis can impact the performance of a security ( in the secondary markets or an initial public offering ) or influence the relationship between the banker and its corporate clients , thereby affecting the bank 's profitability . Front and middle office ( edit ) Risk management ( edit ) Risk management involves analyzing the market and credit risk that an investment bank or its clients take onto their balance sheet during transactions or trades . Credit risk focuses around capital markets activities , such as syndicated loans , bond issuance , restructuring , and leveraged finance . Market risk conducts review of sales and trading activities utilizing the VaR model and provide hedge - fund solutions to portfolio managers . Other risk groups include country risk , operational risk , and counterparty risks which may or may not exist on a bank to bank basis . Credit risk solutions are key part of capital market transactions , involving debt structuring , exit financing , loan amendment , project finance , leveraged buy - outs , and sometimes portfolio hedging . Front office market risk activities provide service to investors via derivative solutions , portfolio management , portfolio consulting , and risk advisory . Well - known risk groups in JPMorgan Chase , Morgan Stanley , Goldman Sachs and Barclays engage in revenue - generating activities involving debt structuring , restructuring , syndicated loans , and securitization for clients such as corporates , governments , and hedge funds . J.P. Morgan IB Risk works with investment banking to execute transactions and advise investors , although its Finance & Operation risk groups focus on middle office functions involving internal , non-revenue generating , operational risk controls . Credit default swap , for instance , is a famous credit risk hedging solution for clients invented by J.P. Morgan 's Blythe Masters during the 1990s . The Loan Risk Solutions group within Barclays ' investment banking division and Risk Management and Financing group housed in Goldman Sach 's securities division are client - driven franchises . However , risk management groups such as operational risk , internal risk control , and legal risk are restrained to internal business functions including firm balance - sheet risk analysis and assigning trading cap that are independent of client needs , even though these groups may be responsible for deal approval that directly affects capital market activities . Risk management is a broad area , and like research , its roles can be client - facing or internal . Middle office ( edit ) This area of the bank includes treasury management , internal controls , and internal corporate strategy . Corporate treasury is responsible for an investment bank 's funding , capital structure management , and liquidity risk monitoring . Internal control tracks and analyzes the capital flows of the firm , the finance division is the principal adviser to senior management on essential areas such as controlling the firm 's global risk exposure and the profitability and structure of the firm 's various businesses via dedicated trading desk product control teams . In the United States and United Kingdom , a comptroller ( or financial controller ) is a senior position , often reporting to the chief financial officer . Internal corporate strategy tackling firm management and profit strategy , unlike corporate strategy groups that advise clients , is non-revenue regenerating yet a key functional role within investment banks . This list is not a comprehensive summary of all middle - office functions within an investment bank , as specific desks within front and back offices may participate in internal functions . Back office ( edit ) The back office data - checks trades that have been conducted , ensuring that they are not wrong , and transacts the required transfers . Many banks have outsourced operations . It is , however , a critical part of the bank . Technology ( edit ) Every major investment bank has considerable amounts of in - house software , created by the technology team , who are also responsible for technical support . Technology has changed considerably in the last few years as more sales and trading desks are using electronic trading . Some trades are initiated by complex algorithms for hedging purposes . Firms are responsible for compliance with local and foreign government regulations and internal regulations . Other businesses ( edit ) Global transaction banking is the division which provides cash management , custody services , lending , and securities brokerage services to institutions . Prime brokerage with hedge funds has been an especially profitable business , as well as risky , as seen in the bank run with Bear Stearns in 2008 . Investment management is the professional management of various securities ( stocks , bonds , etc . ) and other assets ( e.g. , real estate ) , to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors . Investors may be institutions ( insurance companies , pension funds , corporations etc . ) or private investors ( both directly via investment contracts and more commonly via investment funds e.g. , mutual funds ) . The investment management division of an investment bank is generally divided into separate groups , often known as private wealth management and private client services . Merchant banking can be called `` very personal banking '' ; merchant banks offer capital in exchange for share ownership rather than loans , and offer advice on management and strategy . Merchant banking is also a name used to describe the private equity side of a firm . Current examples include Defoe Fournier & Cie. and JPMorgan Chase 's One Equity Partners . The original J.P. Morgan & Co. , Rothschilds , Barings and Warburgs were all merchant banks . Originally , `` merchant bank '' was the British English term for an investment bank . Industry profile ( edit ) There are various trade associations throughout the world which represent the industry in lobbying , facilitate industry standards , and publish statistics . The International Council of Securities Associations ( ICSA ) is a global group of trade associations . In the United States , the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ( SIFMA ) is likely the most significant ; however , several of the large investment banks are members of the American Bankers Association Securities Association ( ABASA ) , while small investment banks are members of the National Investment Banking Association ( NIBA ) . In Europe , the European Forum of Securities Associations was formed in 2007 by various European trade associations . Several European trade associations ( principally the London Investment Banking Association and the European SIFMA affiliate ) combined in November 2009 to form the Association for Financial Markets in Europe ( AFME ) . In the securities industry in China ( particularly mainland China ) , the Securities Association of China is a self - regulatory organization whose members are largely investment banks . Global size and revenue mix ( edit ) Global investment banking revenue increased for the fifth year running in 2007 , to a record US $84 billion , which was up 22 % on the previous year and more than double the level in 2003 . Subsequent to their exposure to United States sub-prime securities investments , many investment banks have experienced losses . As of late 2012 , global revenues for investment banks were estimated at $240 billion , down about a third from 2009 , as companies pursued less deals and traded less . Differences in total revenue are likely due to different ways of classifying investment banking revenue , such as subtracting proprietary trading revenue . In terms of total revenue , SEC filings of the major independent investment banks in the United States show that investment banking ( defined as M&A advisory services and security underwriting ) only made up about 15 -- 20 % of total revenue for these banks from 1996 to 2006 , with the majority of revenue ( 60 + % in some years ) brought in by `` trading '' which includes brokerage commissions and proprietary trading ; the proprietary trading is estimated to provide a significant portion of this revenue . The United States generated 46 % of global revenue in 2009 , down from 56 % in 1999 . Europe ( with Middle East and Africa ) generated about a third while Asian countries generated the remaining 21 % . The industry is heavily concentrated in a small number of major financial centers , including City of London , New York City , Frankfurt , Hong Kong and Tokyo . According to estimates published by the International Financial Services London , for the decade prior to the financial crisis in 2008 , M&A was a primary source of investment banking revenue , often accounting for 40 % of such revenue , but dropped during and after the financial crisis . Equity underwriting revenue ranged from 30 % to 38 % and fixed - income underwriting accounted for the remaining revenue . Revenues have been affected by the introduction of new products with higher margins ; however , these innovations are often copied quickly by competing banks , pushing down trading margins . For example , brokerages commissions for bond and equity trading is a commodity business but structuring and trading derivatives has higher margins because each over-the - counter contract has to be uniquely structured and could involve complex pay - off and risk profiles . One growth area is private investment in public equity ( PIPEs , otherwise known as Regulation D or Regulation S ) . Such transactions are privately negotiated between companies and accredited investors . Banks also earned revenue by securitizing debt , particularly mortgage debt prior to the financial crisis . Investment banks have become concerned that lenders are securitizing in - house , driving the investment banks to pursue vertical integration by becoming lenders , which is allowed in the United States since the repeal of the Glass -- Steagall Act in 1999 . Top 10 banks ( edit ) Further information : List of investment banks According to the Financial Times , in terms of total advisory fees for the whole of 2016 , the top ten investment banks were : Rank Company Ticker Fees ( $ m ) 1 . J.P. Morgan & Co . JPM 5,727.97 2 . Goldman Sachs GS 5,040.39 3 . Bank of America Merrill Lynch BAC 4,498.11 4 . Morgan Stanley MS 4,453.97 5 . Citigroup 3,843.40 6 . Barclays Investment Bank BARC 3,161.33 7 . Credit Suisse CS 2,864.58 8 . Deutsche Bank DBKGn 2,701.96 9 . Wells Fargo Securities WFC 2,093.97 10 . RBC Capital Markets RY 1,779.95 The above list is just a ranking of the advisory arm ( M&A advisory , syndicated loans , equity capital markets and debt capital markets ) of each bank and does not include the generally much larger portion of revenues from sales and trading and asset management . Mergers and acquisitions and capital markets are also often covered by The Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg . Global market share of revenue of leading investment institutions percentage JPMorgan 8.1 Goldman Sachs 6.9 Bank of America Merrill Lynch 6.5 Morgan Stanley 6.1 Citi 5.8 Barclays 4.6 Credit Suisse 4.3 Deutsche Bank 3.4 RBC Capital Markets 2.4 UBS 2.2 ( as of July 2017 ) Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 ( edit ) The 2008 financial credit crisis led to the collapse of several notable investment banks , such as the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers ( one of the largest investment banks in the world ) and the hurried sale of Merrill Lynch and the much smaller Bear Stearns to much larger banks , which effectively rescued them from bankruptcy . The entire financial services industry , including numerous investment banks , was rescued by government loans through the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) . Surviving U.S. investment banks such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley converted to traditional bank holding companies to accept TARP relief . Similar situations occurred across the globe with countries rescuing their banking industry . Initially , banks received part of a $700 billion TARP intended to stabilize the economy and thaw the frozen credit markets . Eventually , taxpayer assistance to banks reached nearly $13 trillion , most without much scrutiny , lending did not increase and credit markets remained frozen . The crisis led to questioning of the business model of the investment bank without the regulation imposed on it by Glass -- Steagall . Once Robert Rubin , a former co-chairman of Goldman Sachs , became part of the Clinton administration and deregulated banks , the previous conservatism of underwriting established companies and seeking long - term gains was replaced by lower standards and short - term profit . Formerly , the guidelines said that in order to take a company public , it had to be in business for a minimum of five years and it had to show profitability for three consecutive years . After deregulation , those standards were gone , but small investors did not grasp the full impact of the change . A number of former Goldman Sachs top executives , such as Henry Paulson and Ed Liddy were in high - level positions in government and oversaw the controversial taxpayer - funded bank bailout . The TARP Oversight Report released by the Congressional Oversight Panel found that the bailout tended to encourage risky behavior and `` corrupt ( ed ) the fundamental tenets of a market economy '' . Under threat of a subpoena , Goldman Sachs revealed that it received $12.9 billion in taxpayer aid , $4.3 billion of which was then paid out to 32 entities , including many overseas banks , hedge funds and pensions . The same year it received $10 billion in aid from the government , it also paid out multimillion - dollar bonuses ; the total paid in bonuses was $4.82 billion . Similarly , Morgan Stanley received $10 billion in TARP funds and paid out $4.475 billion in bonuses . Criticisms ( edit ) The investment banking industry , and many individual investment banks , have come under criticism for a variety of reasons , including perceived conflicts of interest , overly large pay packages , cartel - like or oligopolic behavior , taking both sides in transactions , and more . Investment banking has also been criticised for its opacity . Conflicts of interest ( edit ) Conflicts of interest may arise between different parts of a bank , creating the potential for market manipulation , according to critics . Authorities that regulate investment banking , such as the Financial Conduct Authority ( FCA ) in the United Kingdom and the SEC in the United States , require that banks impose a `` Chinese wall '' to prevent communication between investment banking on one side and equity research and trading on the other . However , critics say such a barrier does not always exist in practice . Independent advisory firms that exclusively provide corporate finance advice argue that their advice is not conflicted , unlike bulge bracket banks . Conflicts of interest often arise in relation to investment banks ' equity research units , which have long been part of the industry . A common practice is for equity analysts to initiate coverage of a company in order to develop relationships that lead to highly profitable investment banking business . In the 1990s , many equity researchers allegedly traded positive stock ratings for investment banking business . Alternatively , companies may threaten to divert investment banking business to competitors unless their stock was rated favorably . Laws were passed to criminalize such acts , and increased pressure from regulators and a series of lawsuits , settlements , and prosecutions curbed this business to a large extent following the 2001 stock market tumble after the dot - com bubble . Philip Augar , author of The Greed Merchants , said in an interview that , `` You can not simultaneously serve the interest of issuer clients and investing clients . And it 's not just underwriting and sales ; investment banks run proprietary trading operations that are also making a profit out of these securities . '' Many investment banks also own retail brokerages . During the 1990s , some retail brokerages sold consumers securities which did not meet their stated risk profile . This behavior may have led to investment banking business or even sales of surplus shares during a public offering to keep public perception of the stock favorable . Since investment banks engage heavily in trading for their own account , there is always the temptation for them to engage in some form of front running -- the illegal practice whereby a broker executes orders for their own account before filling orders previously submitted by their customers , thereby benefiting from any changes in prices induced by those orders . Documents under seal in a decade - long lawsuit concerning eToys.com 's IPO but obtained by New York Times ' Wall Street Business columnist Joe Nocera alleged that IPOs managed by Goldman Sachs and other investment bankers involved asking for kickbacks from their institutional clients who made large profits flipping IPOs which Goldman had intentionally undervalued . Depositions in the lawsuit alleged that clients willingly complied with these demands because they understood it was necessary in order to participate in future hot issues . Reuters Wall Street correspondent Felix Salmon retracted his earlier , more conciliatory , statements on the subject and said he believed that the depositions show that companies going public and their initial consumer stockholders are both defrauded by this practice , which may be widespread throughout the IPO finance industry . The case is ongoing , and the allegations remain unproven . Compensation ( edit ) Investment banking is often criticized for the enormous pay packages awarded to those who work in the industry . According to Bloomberg Wall Street 's five biggest firms paid over $3 billion to their executives from 2003 to 2008 , `` while they presided over the packaging and sale of loans that helped bring down the investment - banking system . '' The highly generous pay packages include $172 million for Merrill Lynch & Co . CEO Stanley O'Neal from 2003 to 2007 , before it was bought by Bank of America in 2008 , and $161 million for Bear Stearns Co. 's James Cayne before the bank collapsed and was sold to JPMorgan Chase & Co. in June 2008 . Such pay arrangements have attracted the ire of Democrats and Republicans in the United States Congress , who demanded limits on executive pay in 2008 when the U.S. government was bailing out the industry with a $700 billion financial rescue package . Writing in the Global Association of Risk Professionals , Aaron Brown , a vice president at Morgan Stanley , says `` By any standard of human fairness , of course , investment bankers make obscene amounts of money . '' See also ( edit ) List of investment banks Traditional investments Alternative investment Bulge bracket , comprising the world 's largest and most profitable investment banks whose clients are usually large corporations , institutions , and governments . Independent advisory firm Investment Banking Exam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ root ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Investment Banking Definition Investopedia ( WATCH THE VIDEO ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Jump up ^ Cross , Frank B. ; Prentice , Robert A. : Law and Corporate Finance . ( Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. , 2007 , ISBN 1847201075 ) , p. 130 Jump up ^ `` The Keynes Conundrum by David P. Goldman '' . First Things ( firstthings.com ) . 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . As Reuven Brenner & David P. Goldman ( 2010 ) noted , `` Western societies developed the institutions that support entrepreneurship only through a long and fitful process of trial and error . Stock and commodity exchanges , investment banks , mutual funds , deposit banking , securitization , and other markets have their roots in the Dutch innovations of the seventeenth century but reached maturity , in many cases , only during the past quarter of a century . '' Jump up ^ Wu , Wei Neng ( 26 February 2014 ) . `` Hub Cities -- London : Why did London lose its preeminent port hub status , and how has it continued to retain its dominance in marine logistics , insurance , financing and law ? '' . Civil Service College Singapore ( cscollege.gov.sg ) . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rhee RJ. ( 2010 ) . The Decline of Investment Banking : Preliminary Thoughts on the Evolution of the Industry 1996 -- 2008 . Journal of Business and Technology Law . ^ Jump up to : Morrison AD , Wilhelm WJ. ( 2007 ) . Investment Banking : Past , Present , and Future . Jump up ^ Rachel Sanderson ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` UniCredit municipal deal nullified '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Risk Management Consulting J.P. Morgan Jump up ^ J.P. Morgan Operations - internships and graduate roles Jump up ^ J.P. Morgan Business areas - Finance Jump up ^ Barclays Risk Loan http://www.barcap.com/client-offering/investment-banking.html Jump up ^ Goldman Sachs Prime Brokerage - Risk Management and Financing Jump up ^ Goldman Sachs Our Divisions -- Finance Jump up ^ Merchant Banking : Past and Present Jump up ^ ABA Securities Association Jump up ^ Investment banking trade associations join forces in Europe . Finextra . Jump up ^ History -- About -- AFME ( Association for Financial Markets in Europe ) ^ Jump up to : International Financial Services London . ( 2010 ) . BANKING City Business Series Jump up ^ ( Sept 15 , 2012 ) . Dream turns to nightmare . The Economist . Jump up ^ Rickards , James ( 2012 ) . `` Repeal of Glass - Steagall Caused the Financial Crisis '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . In fact , the financial crisis might not have happened at all but for the 1999 repeal of the Glass -- Steagall law that separated commercial and investment banking for seven decades . Jump up ^ `` League Tables '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) statista Retrieved October 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ The End of Wall Street . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Erin Nothwehrm `` Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 '' University of Iowa ( December 2008 ) . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The true cost of the bank bailout '' PBS / WNET `` Need to Know '' ( September 3 , 2010 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Samuel Sherraden , `` Banks use TARP funds to boost lending -- NOT ! '' The Washington Note ( July 20 , 2009 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Fed May Keep Rates Low as Tight Credit Impedes Small Businesses '' Bloomberg Businessweek ( April 26 , 2010 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Jagger , Suzy ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` End of the Wall Street investment bank '' . The Times . London . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Taibbi , `` The Great American Bubble Machine '' Rolling Stone magazine ( April 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Edward Niedermeyer , `` TARP Oversight Report : Bailout Goals Conflict , Moral Hazard Alive And Well '' ( January 13 , 2011 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Karen Mracek and Thomas Beaumont , `` Goldman reveals where bailout cash went '' The Des Moines Register ( July 26 , 2010 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Stephen Grocer , `` Wall Street Compensation -- ' No Clear Rhyme or Reason ' '' The Wall Street Journal Blogs ( July 30 , 2009 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Goldman Sachs : The Cuomo Report 's Bonus Breakdown '' The Wall Street Journal Blogs ( July 30 , 2009 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Morgan Stanley : The Cuomo Report 's Bonus Breakdown '' The Wall Street Journal Blogs ( July 30 , 2009 ) . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Aaron Brown , review of `` The Greed Merchants : How Investment Banks Played the Free Market Game '' by Philip Augar , HarperCollins , April 2005 . Published in Global Association of Risk Professionals , March / April 05 Issue 23 Jump up ^ William D. Cohan , author of House of Cards : How Wall St. Bankers Broke Capitalism , speaking on BBC Radio 5 Live , Up All Night , 13 April 2011 Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` Rigging the I.P.O. Game '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Salmon , Felix ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Where banks really make money on IPOs '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Randall and Jamie McGee , `` Wall Street Executives Made $3 Billion Before Crisis ( Update1 ) '' , Bloomberg , September 26 , 2008 Further reading ( edit ) Fleuriet Michel Investment Banking Explained : An Insider 's Guide to the Industry McGraw - Hill New York NY 2008 ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149733 - 6 DePamphilis , Donald ( 2008 ) . Mergers , Acquisitions , and Other Restructuring Activities . New York : Elsevier , Academic Press . p. 740 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374012 - 0 . Cartwright , Susan ; Schoenberg , Richard ( 2006 ) . `` Thirty Years of Mergers and Acquisitions Research : Recent Advances and Future Opportunities '' ( PDF ) . British Journal of Management . 17 ( S1 ) : S1 -- S5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8551.2006. 00475. x . Harwood , I.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Confidentiality constraints within mergers and acquisitions : gaining insights through a ' bubble ' metaphor '' . British Journal of Management . 17 ( 4 ) : 347 -- 359 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8551.2005. 00440. x . Rosenbaum , Joshua ; Joshua Pearl ( 2009 ) . Investment Banking : Valuation , Leveraged Buyouts , and Mergers & Acquisitions . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 44220 - 4 . Straub , Thomas ( 2007 ) . Reasons for Frequent Failure in Mergers and Acquisitions : A Comprehensive Analysis . Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitätsverlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8350 - 0844 - 1 . Scott , Andy ( 2008 ) . China Briefing : Mergers and Acquisitions in China ( 2nd ed . ) . Corporate finance and investment banking Capital structure Convertible debt Exchangeable debt Mezzanine debt Pari passu Preferred equity Second lien debt Senior debt Senior secured debt Shareholder loan Stock Subordinated debt Warrant Transactions ( terms / conditions ) Equity offerings At - the - market offering Book building Bookrunner Corporate spin - off Equity carve - out Follow - on offering Greenshoe Reverse Initial public offering Private placement Public offering Rights issue Seasoned equity offering Secondary market offering Underwriting Mergers and acquisitions Buy side Control premium Demerger Divestment Drag - along right Management due diligence Managerial entrenchment Minority discount Pitch book Pre-emption right Proxy fight Post-merger integration Sell side Shareholder rights plan Special - purpose entity Special situation Squeeze out Staggered board of directors Stock swap Super-majority amendment Tag - along right Takeover Reverse Tender offer Leverage Debt restructuring Debtor - in - possession financing Financial sponsor Leveraged buyout Leveraged recapitalization High - yield debt Private equity Project finance Valuation Accretion / dilution analysis Adjusted present value Associate company Business valuation Conglomerate discount Cost of capital Weighted average Discounted cash flow Economic Value Added Enterprise value Fairness opinion Financial modeling Free cash flow Free cash flow to equity Market value added Minority interest Modigliani -- Miller theorem Net present value Pure play Real options Residual income Stock valuation Sum - of - the - parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline of finance Economic , financial and business history of the Netherlands General Economy of the Netherlands from 1500 -- 1700 Economic history of the Netherlands ( 1500 -- 1815 ) Economic history of the Dutch Republic Financial history of the Dutch Republic Dutch Financial Revolution ( 1580s -- 1700s ) Dutch economic miracle ( 1580s -- ca. 1700 ) Early modern industrialization in the Dutch Republic ( 1580s -- 1700s ) Dutch guilder Amsterdam Entrepôt Tulip mania Whaling in the Netherlands Diamond industry in the Dutch Republic Sugar industry in the Dutch Republic Shipbuilding industry in the Dutch Republic Pulp and paper industry in the Dutch Republic Hollander beater History of the chocolate industry Dutch process chocolate Polder model Key institutions Pre-1815 Amsterdam Stock Exchange ( Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser ) Bank of Amsterdam ( Amsterdamsche Wisselbank ) Brabantsche Compagnie Compagnie van Verre Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) Dutch West India Company ( WIC / GWIC ) New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Post-1815 De Nederlandsche Bank Philips Fokker KLM Stichting Max Havelaar Notable business and financial innovators Louis De Geer Gerard Adriaan Heineken Isaac Le Maire Johan Palmstruch Anton Philips Gerard Philips Nico Roozen Coenraad Johannes van Houten Anthony Fokker Frans van der Hoff Pioneering innovations Multinational corporation Transnational corporation Public company ( publicly traded company , publicly listed company ) Megacorporation Corporate finance Central bank Initial public offering ( IPO ) Stock market Stock exchange Securitization Common stock Corporate bond Perpetual bond Collective investment schemes ( investment funds ) Dividend ( dividend policy ) Dutch auction Fairtrade certification Government debt Financial regulation Investment banking Mutual fund Bear raid Short selling ( naked short selling ) Shareholder activism ( activist shareholder ) Shareholder revolt ( shareholder rebellion ) Technical analysis Tontine Others Dutch disease Economic bubble ( speculative bubble ) Stock market crash History of capitalism Economic miracle Economic boom Economic growth Global economy International trade International business International financial centre Economic globalization ( corporate globalization ) Finance capitalism Financial system Financial revolution NDL : 00573351 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Investment_banking&oldid=843383869 '' Categories : Investment banking Banking terms Dutch inventions 17th - 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-4625458383564858981 | Ooh Boy | Ooh Boy - wikipedia Ooh Boy For the 2004 En Vogue song , see Ooh Boy ( En Vogue song ) . For other uses , see Oh Boy ( disambiguation ) . `` Ooh Boy '' Single by Rose Royce from the album Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom B - side `` You Ca n't Please Everybody '' Released 1977 Format 12 '' single 7 '' single vinyl Genre R&B soul funk Length 4 : 15 Label Whitfield Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Rose Royce singles chronology `` Do Your Dance ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Ooh Boy '' ( 1977 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1978 ) `` Do Your Dance ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Ooh Boy '' ( 1977 ) `` Wishing on a Star '' ( 1978 ) Ooh Boy ( sometimes known as `` Ooh Boy ( I Love You So ) '' ) is a song written by Norman Whitfield and originally recorded by Rose Royce for their second album , Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom , and was the third single released from that album . It has been covered and sampled by numerous artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 Real McCoy Version 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Track listing 3.3 Peak positions 4 Other Covers & Samples 4.1 Covers 4.2 Samples 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) Vinyl / 7 '' Single Side A `` Ooh Boy '' ( 4 : 15 ) Side B `` You Ca n't Please Everybody '' ( 3 : 47 ) Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1977 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Singles Chart 35 UK Singles Chart 46 US Billboard Hot 100 72 US Hot Black Singles Real McCoy version ( edit ) `` Sleeping With An Angel / Ooh Boy '' Single by Real McCoy from the album Another Night B - side `` Love & Devotion ( remix ) '' Released 1995 Format CD , Cassingle Genre Eurodance / Downtempo Label Arista / BMG ( 07822 - 12983 - 1 ) Producer ( s ) Juergen Wind ( J. Wind ) Douglas Carr Per Adebratt Tommy Ekman David Brunner Billy Steinberg Rick Nowels Real McCoy singles chronology `` Come and Get Your Love '' ( 1995 ) `` Sleeping With An Angel / Ooh Boy '' ( 1995 ) `` One More Time '' ( 1997 ) `` Come and Get Your Love '' ( 1995 ) `` Sleeping With An Angel / Ooh Boy '' ( 1995 ) `` One More Time '' ( 1997 ) In 1995 , the German eurodance group Real McCoy released a double A-sided single of `` Sleeping with an Angel / Ooh Boy '' . It was the final single release from their studio album Another Night . The single peaked at number # 19 on the U.S Dance Chart . `` Sleeping with an Angel '' was written by Billy Steinberg and produced by Billy Steinberg and Rick Nowels . `` Ooh Boy '' was written by Norman Whitfield and produced by Douglas Carr , Per Adebratt , Tommy Ekman . Critical reception ( edit ) The Gavin Report wrote about the song : `` The Class of ' 96 were babies when Rose Royce charted with this song in 1978 . The Real McCoy works their magic and makes it fresh again . Uptempo and definitely radio friendly . '' Track listing ( edit ) CD Single Sleeping With An Angel ( Album Version ) ( 4 : 26 ) Ooh Boy ( Extended Single Version ) ( 4 : 47 ) Ooh Boy ( Uno Clio Extended Remix ) ( 7 : 44 ) Ooh Boy ( Armand 's South Of The Border Mix ) ( 7 : 02 ) Love & Devotion ( Development Corp . Mix ) ( 5 : 42 ) Cass Single A `` Sleeping With An Angel '' ( 4 : 26 ) B1 `` Ooh Boy '' ( Album Version ) ( 3 : 04 ) B2 `` Ooh Boy '' ( Uno Clio Remix ) ( 3 : 56 ) Peak positions ( edit ) Charts ( 1995 - 1996 ) Peak position Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 31 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 101 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play 19 Other covers & samples ( edit ) `` Ooh Boy '' has been covered and sampled , numerous times Covers ( edit ) In 1978 , Althea & Donna covered `` Ooh Boy '' and titled it `` Oh Dread '' for their album Uptown Top Ranking . In 2001 , Regina Belle covered `` Ooh Boy '' for her album This Is Regina ! . In 2004 , Marcia Hines covered `` Ooh Boy '' for her album Hinesight . Samples ( edit ) `` Knockin ' Boots '' ( by Candyman ) from the 1990 album Ai n't No Shame in My Game `` Love You So '' ( by Mase ) from his 1997 album Harlem World `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( by Shaggy and Janet Jackson ) from the 1997 album How Stella Got Her Groove Back `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( by Shaggy and Samantha Cole ) from the 2001 album Hot Shot `` Ooh Girl '' ( by Blackstreet ) from their 2003 album Level II External links ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rose Royce Ooh Boy Sampled '' . whosampledwho.com . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Royce - Ooh Boy / You Ca n't Please Everybody ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` CAN Charts > Rose Royce '' . RPM . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` UK Charts > Rose Royce '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Singles Charts > Rose Royce '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( 26 April 1996 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 2102 . p. 62 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CD Single Real McCoy Sleeping With An Angel - Ooh Boy '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cassingle Real McCoy Sleeping WIth An Angel - Ooh Boy '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn NR. 175 Vikuna 22.6 . - 28.6. ' 96 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir. 22 June 1996 . p. 26 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Real McCoy Chart - Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Sampled Who - Real McCoy Ooh Boy Rose Royce Ooh Boy '' . whosampledwho.com . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Rose Royce Studio albums Car Wash Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom Rose Royce III : Strikes Again ! Rose Royce IV : Rainbow Connection Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles `` Car Wash '' `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' `` I 'm Going Down '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` Ooh Boy '' `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' `` Is It Love You 're After '' Related articles Discography Real McCoy O - Jay Karin Kasar Studio albums Another Night ( 1995 ) One More Time ( 1997 ) Notable singles `` Pump Up the Jam '' `` It 's on You '' `` Another Night '' `` Automatic Lover ( Call for Love ) '' `` Run Away '' `` Love & Devotion '' `` Come and Get Your Love '' `` Sleeping with an Angel / Ooh Boy '' `` One More Time '' `` ( If You 're Not in it for Love ) I 'm Outta Here '' `` Follow My Heart '' Ich Troje feat . Real McCoy `` People Are Still Having Sex '' Record labels Arista Records BMG Records SME Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ooh_Boy&oldid=847680799 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1977 singles 1995 singles Rose Royce songs Real McCoy ( band ) songs Songs written by Norman Whitfield Whitfield Records singles Arista Records singles Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Song recordings produced by Rick Nowels Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 02 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ooh boy i love you so rose royce | [] | [] |
-8319206142909031351 | List of average human height worldwide | List of average Human height worldwide - wikipedia List of average Human height worldwide Jump to : navigation , search Below are average adult human heights by country or geographical region . The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured , surveyed , or considered . As with any statistical data , the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons : Some studies may allow subjects to self - report values . Generally speaking , self - reported height tends to be taller than its measured height , although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject 's height , age , gender and region . Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random , resulting in sampling bias . Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions . For instance , one survey shows there is 10.8 cm ( 4 ⁄ in ) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany . Under such circumstances , the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups . Different social groups can show different mean height . According to a study in France , executives and professionals are 2.6 cm ( 1 in ) taller , and university students are 2.55 cm ( 1 in ) taller than the national average . As this case shows , data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries . A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured , which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population . The height of persons can vary over the course of a day , due to factors such as a height decrease from exercise done directly before measurement ( i.e. inversely correlated ) , or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time ( i.e. positively correlated ) . For example , one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres ( 0.61 in ) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day . Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies . Data is representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population . Note : Letters in grey indicate non-measured height . Country / Region Average male height Average female height Stature ratio ( male to female ) Sample population / age range Share of pop . over 18 covered Methodology Year Source Albania 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 649 f : 1,806 ) 23.5 % Measured 2008 -- 2009 Argentina N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 19 -- 49 60.4 % Measured 2004 -- 2005 Argentina 174.46 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.01 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Healthy , 18 ( N = m : 90 f : 97 , SD = m : 7.43 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.99 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.9 % Measured 1998 -- 2001 Armenia N / A 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,218 , SD = f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 48.6 % Self - reported 2005 Australia 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Australia 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 -- 24 12.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Austria 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 54.3 % Measured 2006 Austria 180 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 7.7 % Measured 2006 Austria 178.80 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A 1.07 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Austria 179.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 167.6 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 53 f : 69 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2001 Azerbaijan 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.04 16 + 106.5 % Measured 2005 Bahrain 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.2 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.07 19 + ( N = m : 1,120 f : 1,181 , SD = m : 9.0 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) f : 7.8 cm ( 3 in ) ) 97.7 % Measured 2002 Bahrain 171.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 1.9 % Measured 2009 Bangladesh N / A 150.6 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,368 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 56.2 % Self - reported 2007 Belgium 178.70 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Belgium 178.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 168.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.7 % Self - reported 2001 Benin N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,015 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.5 % Self - reported 2006 Bolivia N / A 151.8 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,302 , SD = f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.6 % Self - reported 2003 Bolivia 160.0 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 142.2 cm ( 4 ft 8 in ) 1.13 Aymara , 20 -- 29 N / A Measured 1970 Bosnia and Herzegovina 183.9 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 171.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Students at UBL , 19 -- 32 ( N = m : 178 f : 34 , SD = m : 7.11 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.56 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured 2014 Brazil 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + ( N = m : 62,037 f : 65,696 ) 100.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 8,299 f : 7,938 ) 13.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Urban 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 6,360 f : 6,305 ) 10.9 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Rural 170.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,939 f : 1,633 ) 2.1 % Measured 2009 Bulgaria 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.2 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 N / A N / A N / A Bulgaria -- Sofia 178.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 N / A N / A N / A Burkina Faso N / A 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,337 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.5 % Self - reported 2003 Cambodia N / A 152.4 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,081 , SD = f : 5.4 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.2 % Self - reported 2005 Cameroon -- Urban 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 15 + ( N = m : 3,746 f : 5,078 ) 53.6 % Measured 2003 Cameroon -- Urban 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.06 35 - 44 ( N = m : 558 f : 1,156 ) 8.7 % Measured 2003 Canada 175.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 94.7 % Measured 2007 -- 2009 Canada 176.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 25 -- 44 36.5 % Measured 2005 Central African Republic N / A 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,408 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 50.0 % Self - reported 1994 Chad N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.9 % Self - reported Chile 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 156.1 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 15 + 107.2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.09 25 -- 44 41.2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 15 -- 24 23.7 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 China , People 's Republic of 167.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2012 China , Mainland 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 19 2.1 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Dalian , Liaoning 177.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 ( Urban students ) 0.2 % Measured 2012 China , People 's Republic of -- Rural 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 157.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 17 1.6 % Measured 2002 China , People 's Republic of -- Beijing 174.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 21 0.2 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Sichuan 169.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 0.7 % Measured Colombia 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 22 ( N = m : 1,528,875 f : 1,468,110 ) 14.1 % Measured 2002 Colombia N / A 155.0 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 22,947 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.8 % Self - reported Comoros N / A 154.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 644 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Congo , Democratic Republic of the N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,727 , SD = f : 8.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.7 % Self - reported 2005 Congo , Republic of the N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,922 , SD = f : 8.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 55.7 % Self - reported 2007 Croatia 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 166.49 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 ( N = m : 358 f : 360 , SD = m : 6.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.6 % Measured 2006 -- 2008 Cuba -- Urban 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 15 + 79.2 % Measured 1999 Czech Republic 180.31 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.22 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 17 1.6 % Measured 2001 Denmark 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 20 ( N = m : 38,025 ) 5.3 % Measured 2012 Denmark 181.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Denmark 182.6 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.7 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 23 ( N = m : -- 20 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : NA f : 7.4 cm ( 3 in ) ) 1.6 % Self - reported 2001 Dinaric Alps 185.6 cm ( 6 ft 1 in ) 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.08 17 N / A Measured 2005 Dominican Republic 172.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,763 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.8 % Self - reported 2014 El Salvador N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 50.9 % Self - reported 2007 Egypt 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 845 f : 1,059 ) 16.6 % Measured 2008 Egypt N / A 159.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 13,813 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.2 % Self - reported 2008 Estonia 179.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 17 2.3 % Measured 2003 Ethiopia N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,868 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.8 % Self - reported 1997 Europe 177.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 17 -- 29 N / A Measured and Self - reported 2001 -- 2012 Finland 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m / f : 2,305 ) 19.0 % Measured 1994 Finland 180.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 − 25 ( N = m / f : 26,636 ) 9.2 % Measured 2010 -- 2011 Finland 177.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.4 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 France 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 70 ( N = m / f : 11,562 ) 85.9 % Measured 2003 -- 2004 France 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 + 96.6 % Measured 2001 France 177.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 17.5 % Measured 2001 France 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.3 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Gabon N / A 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,576 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.1 % Self - reported 2000 Gambia -- Rural 168.0 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 21 -- 49 ( N = m : 9,559 f : 13,160 , SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured 1950 -- 1974 Germany 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 ( N = m / f : 19,768 ) 94.3 % Measured 2007 Germany 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 29.2 % Measured 2007 Germany -- Urban 180.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 7.1 % Measured 2007 Germany 180.17 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.2 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Germany 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 25,112 f : 25,560 ) 100.0 % Self - reported 2009 Germany 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 -- 25 ( N = m : 2,501 f : 2,227 ) 11.3 % Self - reported 2009 Ghana N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,958 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2008 Ghana 169.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 14.7 % Measured 1987 -- 1989 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 18 -- 49 56.3 % Measured 2003 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 8.5 % Measured 2003 Greece 178.06 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 26 ( N = m : 3,982 , SD = m : 7.05 cm ( 3 in ) ) 13.7 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Greece 177.29 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Greece 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Guatemala N / A 147.3 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,773 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.3 % Self - reported 1998 Guinea N / A 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,563 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2005 Haiti N / A 158.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,932 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2005 Honduras N / A 152.0 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,219 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.3 % Self - reported 2005 Hong Kong 171.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 468 f : 453 , SD = m : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.4 % Measured 2006 Hong Kong 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 University students , 19 -- 20 ( N = m : 291 f : 200 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.2 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.6 % Measured 2005 Hungary 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Adults N / A Measured 2000s Hungary 177.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 1,080 , SD = m : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.7 % Measured 2005 India 164.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 ( N = m : 69,245 f : 118,796 ) 69.8 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Iceland 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 43.6 % Self - reported 2007 India -- Rural 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 152.1 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.06 17 + ( SD = m : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 72.1 % Measured 2007 India 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 152.6 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.09 20 3.0 % Predicted 2005 -- 2006 Indonesia 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) 1.07 50 + ( N = m : 2,041 f : 2,396 , Median = m : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) f : 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) ) 22.5 % Self - reported 1997 Iran 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 21 + ( N = m / f : 89,532 , SD = m : 8.05 cm ( 3 in ) f : 7.22 cm ( 3 in ) ) 88.1 % Measured 2005 Iran 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.09 21 -- 25 17.9 % Measured 2005 Iraq -- Baghdad 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 700 f : 800 , SD = m : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) f : 16.0 cm ( 6 ⁄ in ) ) 76.3 % Measured 1999 -- 2000 Ireland 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 20 -- 49 61.8 % Measured 2007 Ireland 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.10 20 -- 24 10.4 % Measured 2007 Ireland 176.60 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Ireland 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 21 ( N = m : 54 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.6 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.4 % Self - reported 2001 Israel 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 21 9.7 % Measured Italy 176.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 1.4 % Measured 1999 -- 2004 Italy 174.48 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.6 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Italy 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 167.8 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 106 f : 92 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.4 % Self - reported 2001 Ivory Coast 170.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.67 cm ( 2 in ) ) 14.6 % Measured 1985 -- 1987 Ivory Coast N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Jamaica 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 74 71.4 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Japan 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 47.2 % Measured 2005 Japan 172.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.70 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,708 f : 1,559 , SD = m : 5.42 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.30 cm ( 2 in ) ) 7.2 % Measured Japan 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 17 1.2 % Measured 2013 Jordan N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,484 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.6 % Self - reported 2007 Kazakhstan N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.7 % Self - reported 1999 Kenya 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) N / A N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.7 % Summary 2016 Kenya N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,856 , SD = f : 7.3 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.5 % Survey 2016 Korea , North North Korea 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.9 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Defectors , 20 -- 39 ( N = m / f : 1,075 ) 46.4 % Measured 2005 Korea , South South Korea 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 + ( N = m : 2,750 f : 2,445 , Median = m : 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.40 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 96.5 % Measured Korea , South South Korea 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 378 f : 298 , Median = m : 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 160.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) , SD = m : 5.16 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.26 cm ( 2 in ) ) 8.0 % Measured Korea , South South Korea 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 339,716 ) 3.8 % Measured 2016 Korea , South South Korea -- Seoul 173.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 60,039 ) 0.8 % Measured 2016 Kosovo - Prishtina 179.52 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.72 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) N / A Conscripts , 18 - 20 ( N = m : 830 f : 793 , SD = m : 7.02 cm , f : 4.93 cm ) 63.0 % Measured 2017 Kyrgyzstan N / A 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,424 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.4 % Self - reported 1997 Lesotho N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,879 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Liberia N / A 157.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,281 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2006 Lithuania 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 197 SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 14.7 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Urban 178.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 91 SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Rural 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 106 SD = m : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania 181.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 2.1 % Measured 2001 Madagascar N / A 154.3 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,024 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.6 % Self - reported 2003 Malawi -- Urban 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 16 -- 60 ( N = m : 583 f : 315 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 9.4 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) ) 101.1 % Measured 2000 Malaysia 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 154.7 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Malay , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 749 f : 893 , Median = m : 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) f : 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) , SD = m : 6.46 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.04 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.7 % Measured Malaysia 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 Chinese , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 407 f : 453 , Median = m : 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) f : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.98 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.72 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.1 % Measured Malaysia 169.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 155.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.09 Indian , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 113 f : 140 , Median = m : 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) f : 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , SD = m : 5.84 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.18 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.2 % Measured Malaysia 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 Other indigenous , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 257 f : 380 , Median = m : 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) f : 152 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) , SD = m : 6.26 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.95 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured Mali -- Southern Mali 171.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Rural adults ( N = m : 121 f : 320 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured Malta 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.06 18 + 100.0 % Self - reported 2003 Malta 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 17.5 % Self - reported 2003 Mexico 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 65 62.0 % Measured 2014 Mexico -- Bajío 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Adults N / A Measured N / A Mexico -- Central N / A 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 26 -- 39 N / A Measured N / A Moldova N / A 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,757 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 45.9 % Self - reported 2005 Mongolia 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 158 f : 181 ) 27.6 % Measured 2006 Montenegro 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UCG , 18 -- 37 ( N = m : 178 f : 107 , SD = m : 7.06 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.27 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.2 % Measured 2011 Morocco N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,334 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.7 % Self - reported 2003 Mozambique N / A 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,912 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.0 % Self - reported 2003 Namibia N / A 160.7 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,575 , SD = f : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 50.4 % Self - reported 2006 Nepal 163.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 150.8 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,280 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2006 Netherlands 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Caucasians , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 37 f : 52 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.7 % Measured 2003 Netherlands 182.70 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Netherlands 180.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 + 96.8 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 20 -- 30 16.9 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.8 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 21 ( N = m : 74 f : 50 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2009 New Zealand 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 56.9 % Measured 2007 New Zealand 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 24 9.1 % Measured 2007 Nicaragua N / A 153.7 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 54.1 % Self - reported 2001 Nigeria 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.04 18 -- 74 98.6 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Nigeria 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.04 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 139 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 33.2 % Measured 2011 Norway 180.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 18,297 ) 36.0 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Vest - Agder 181.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 770 ) 1.33 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Oslo 179.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 1,297 ) 4.78 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Finnmark 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 218 ) 0.54 % Measured 2011 Norway 179.63 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Norway 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 85 ( N = m : 1534 f : 1743 ) 93.6 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 182.4 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.09 20 -- 25 ( SD = m : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.5 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 181.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 26 -- 35 ( SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 17.0 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Peru 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 + 93.8 % Measured 2005 Philippines 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) N / A N / A 18 + - Measured 1980 Poland 178.7 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 846 f : 1,126 ) 1.6 % Measured Portugal 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 696 ) 1.5 % Measured 2008 Portugal 172.30 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Portugal 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 161 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 50 56.7 % Self - reported 2001 Portugal 173.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 87 f : 106 , SD = m : 8.2 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.9 % Self - reported 2001 Qatar 170.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 1.9 % Measured 2005 Rwanda N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,202 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2005 Romania 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.10 N / A N / A Measured 2007 Russia 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 24 1.9 % Measured Samoa N / A 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) N / A 18 -- 28 ( N = f : 55 SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 32.6 % Measured Saudi Arabia 168.9 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 156.3 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 3.0 % Measured Senegal N / A 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,533 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2005 Serbia 182.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UNS , 18 -- 30 ( N = m : 318 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.74 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.88 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.7 % Measured 2012 Singapore 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Chinese students at TP , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 52 f : 49 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.3 % Measured 2003 Slovakia 179.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 2.0 % Measured Slovenia -- Ljubljana 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 19 0.2 % Measured 2011 South Africa 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.06 19 ( N = m : 121 f : 118 ) 3.6 % Measured 2003 Sri Lanka 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.4 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 1,768 f : 2,709 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 100.0 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Sri Lanka 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.0 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 312 f : 427 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 30.7 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Spain 173.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = m : 1,298 ) 88.2 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = f : 8,217 ) 83.5 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 34 ( N = m : 554 - 1,061 ) 26.8 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 18 -- 19 ( N = f : 656 ) 2.4 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 11.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Spain 174 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.07 20 -- 49 57.0 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 24 7.5 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.2 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 111 f : 94 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Swaziland N / A 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,612 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.0 % Self - reported 2006 Sweden 181.5 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 29 15.6 % Measured 2008 Sweden 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 8.0 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Sweden 177.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 74 86.3 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Switzerland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 ( N = m : 12,447 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) , SD = m : 6.52 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Measured 2009 Switzerland 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 74 88.8 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Taiwan 171.4 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 17 ( N = m : 200 f : 200 ) 1.7 % Measured 2011 Tanzania N / A 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,033 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported Thailand 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 STOU students , 15 -- 19 ( N = m : 839 f : 1,636 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.2 % Self - reported 2005 Togo N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,728 , SD = f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Tonga 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 40 ( N = m : 241 f : 299 ) 1.5 % Measured 2001 Turkey 173.6 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 - 22 ( N = m : 322 f : 247 ) 8.3 % Measured 2007 Turkey -- Ankara 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.10 18 -- 59 ( N = m : 703 f : 512 , Median = m : 169.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 5.1 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey -- Ankara 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 390 f : 163 , Median = m : 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey N / A 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 54.5 % Self - reported 2003 Uganda N / A 159.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,666 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 2006 United Arab Emirates 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A United Kingdom -- England 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 3,154 f : 3,956 ) 103.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- England 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 415 f : 611 ) 17.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- Scotland 175.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 2,512 f : 3,180 , Median = m : 174.8 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 103.0 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Scotland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 286 f : 413 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 15.7 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Wales 177.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 16 + 103.2 % Self - reported 2009 United States 175.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 All Americans , 20 + ( N = m : 5,232 f : 5,547 , Median = m : 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 69 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States 176.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 All Americans , 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 937 f : 928 , Median = m : 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) f : 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) ) 13.9 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- African Americans 177.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 African Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 405 f : 418 , Median = m : 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 3.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Hispanic and Latino Americans 172.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Hispanic / Latino Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 385 f : 428 , Median = m : 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Mexican Americans 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Mexican Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 233 f : 247 , Median = m : 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 2.8 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Asian Americans 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Non-Hispanic Asians , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 260 f : 272 , Median = m : 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) ) 1.3 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Non-Hispanic whites 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165.0 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 Non-Hispanic White Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 715 f : 689 , Median = m : 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) ) 17.1 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 Uruguay 170 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 Adults ( N = m : 2,249 f : 2,114 ) N / A Measured Uzbekistan N / A 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,635 , SD = f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.6 % Self - reported Vietnam 162.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 152.2 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) ) 15.9 % Measured 1992 -- 1993 Vietnam 165.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.2 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Students , 20 -- 25 ( N = m : 1,000 f : 1,000 , SD = m : 6.55 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.32 cm ( 2 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Zambia N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,091 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2007 Zimbabwe N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,746 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 47.3 % Self - reported 2005 Notes Jump up ^ In this case , data that are representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population are those that factor in over 50 % of the country or region 's population aged 18 or over . References Jump up ^ Arno J. Krul ; Hein A.M. Daanen ; Hyegjoo Choi ( 2010 ) . `` Self - reported and measured weight , height and body mass index ( BMI ) in Italy , the Netherlands and North America '' . European Journal of Public Health . 21 : 414 -- 419 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckp228 . Jump up ^ Lucca A , JMoura EC ( 2010 ) . `` Validity and reliability of self - reported weight , height and body mass index from telephone interviews '' . Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 26 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 22 . doi : 10.1590 / s0102 - 311x2010000100012 . PMID 20209215 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` Methodological Issues in Anthropometry : Self - reported versus Measured Height and Weight '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Statistic s Canada Symposium 2008 . Data Collection : Challenges , Achievements and New Directions . ^ Jump up to : Moody , Alison ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` 10 : Adult anthropometric measures , overweight and obesity '' . In Craig , Rachel ; Mindell , Jennifer . Health Survey for England -- 2012 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Volume 1 : Health , social care and lifestyles . Health and Social Care Information Centre . p. 20 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : WWC Web World Center GmbH G.R.P. Institut für Rationelle Psychologie KÖRPERMASSE BUNDESLÄNDER & STÄDTE Archived 2012 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . 31 . Oktober 2007 Jump up ^ Although the mean height of university students are slightly shorter than the national mean height aged 20 -- 29 in this study . ^ Jump up to : Herpin , Nicolas ( 2003 ) . `` La taille des hommes : son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle '' ( PDF ) . Économie et Statistique. 361 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 90 . doi : 10.3406 / estat. 2003.7355 . Jump up ^ Buckler JM . `` Variations in height throughout the day '' . Arch Dis Child . 53 : 762 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 53.9. 762 . PMC 1545095 . PMID 568918 . ^ Jump up to : Population data from International Data Base Archived 2017 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Urban population from The world bank , World Bank . Jump up ^ Each data is calculated as of a data collection year of each survey . If data were taken in several years in a survey , the oldest avertable year would be chosen for the calculation . ^ Jump up to : Grasgruber P , et al. ( 2014 ) . `` The role of nutrition and genetics as key determinants of the positive height trend '' . Economics & Human Biology . 15 : 81 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2014.07. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Albania Demographic and Health Survey 2008 -- 09 '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Statistics Institute of Public Health Tirana , Albania . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Documento de Resultados 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud ( in Spanish ) . Ministerio de Salud de Argentina . 2007 . p. 113 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ del Pino , Mariana ; Bay , Luisa ; Lejarraga , Horacio ; Kovalskys , Irina ; Berner , Enrique ; Herscovici , Cecile Rausch ( 2005 ) . `` Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años : las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes '' . Archivos argentinos de pediatría ( in Spanish ) . 103 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Subramanian , S.V. ; Özaltin , Emre ; Finlay , Jocelyn E. ( 2011 ) . `` Height of Nations : A Socioeconomic Analysis of Cohort Differences and Patterns among Women in 54 Low - to Middle - Income Countries '' . Public Library of Science . 6 ( 4 ) : e18962 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Health Survey : First Results '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Society at a Glance 2009 : OECD Social Indicators '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy J. Hatton , Bernice E Bray , etc . Long Run Trends in the Heights of European Men , 19th -- 20th Centuries ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Jaume ( 2007 ) . `` The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe : A Brief Note '' ( PDF ) . Economics and human biology . 5 ( 2 ) : 340 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2007.02. 002 . PMID 17412655 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee , 2005 '' . Today.az. 2005 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY FOR ADULT BAHRAINIS AGED 19 YEARS AND ABOVE '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Health , Kingdom of Bahrain. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gharib NM , Shah P ( 2009 ) . `` Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 29 ( supplement 4 ) : 258 -- 69 . PMC 2841452 . PMID 19584585 . ^ Jump up to : Bjelica D , et al. `` Body height and its estimation utilising arm span measurements in Montenegrin adults '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 18 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Bogin , Barry ( 1999 ) . Patterns of Human Growth . Cambridge University Press . pp. 226 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56438 - 0 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at UBL from University of Banja Luka 30 years of the University , University of Montenegro . Jump up ^ Popović S , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine . 4 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares '' ( PDF ) . Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística -- IBGE. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Note : Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups . ^ Jump up to : `` Софиянци : високи , главно непушачи , средно дебели '' . Bnews.bg. 2010 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Kamadjeu RM , Edwards R , Atanga JS , Kiawi EC , Unwin N , Mbanya JC ( 2006 ) . `` Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon : an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey '' . BMC Public Health . 6 : 228 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 6 - 228 . PMC 1579217 . PMID 16970806 . Jump up ^ Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor ; Janssen , Ian & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2011 ) . `` Bias in self - reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys : An update on correction equations for adult '' ( PDF ) . Health reports / Statistics Canada , Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports sur la sante / Statistique Canada , Centre canadien d'information sur la sante. 22 ( 3 ) : 35 -- 45 . PMID 22106788 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capítulo V : Resultados '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Growing is tied to big problems '' . The Standard . Sing Tao Newspaper Limited . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年 国民 体质 监测 公报 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 年 大连 身高 数据 ( Height study on Dalian youths ) '' . 大连 人 平均 身高 ( in Chinese ) . 2012 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Beijing 's population in 2010 from Beijing Shi General Information Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 北京 市 2010 年 国民 体质 监测 结果 公报 Jump up ^ Sichuan 's population in 2010 from Sichuan Province General Information Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 2010 年 四川 省 第 三 次 国民 体质 监测 公报 Archived 2014 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Meisel , Adolfo & Vega , Margarita . `` A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY : A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING , COLOMBIA 1910 -- 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics , Venice International University , Venice , Italy , July 8 -- 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jureša , Vesna ; Musil , Vera & Kujundžić Tiljak , Mirjana ( 2012 ) . `` Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years '' . Collegium Antropologicum. 36 ( supplement 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA '' . II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles , 2001 ( in Spanish ) . Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba . 2008 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Vignerová , J. ; Brabec , M. ; Bláha , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth '' . Econ Hum Biol. 2006 Jun ; 4 ( 2 ) : 237 - 52 . Epub 2005 Dec 20 . Economics and Human Biology . Jump up ^ `` Conscription result with conscripts BMI and height '' ( PDF ) . Forsvarets rekruttering , Kingdom of Denmark . 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pineau JC , Delamarche P , Bozinovic S ( 2005 ) . `` ( Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps ) '' . Comptes Rendus Biologies ( in French ) . 328 ( 9 ) : 841 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2005.07. 004 . PMID 16168365 ... Note : Authors added + 1 cm to the height mean of the male sample to compensate unfinished growth . Jump up ^ `` A century of trends in adult human height '' . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Demographic and Health Survey 2008 . Jump up ^ Lintsi M , Kaarma H ( 2006 ) . `` Growth of Estonian seventeen - year - old boys during the last two centuries '' . Economics and Human Biology . 4 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2005.05. 007 . PMID 15993666 . Jump up ^ In this study , the average height of European males is calculated as a weighted average of 42 European Nations ' mean hegiht . Jump up ^ Data for 17 year olds are added extra 1 cm ( ⁄ in ) because of unfinished growth . ^ Jump up to : `` Lasten kasvunseurannan uudistaminen , Asiantuntijaryhmän raportti '' ( PDF ) . National Institute for Health and Welfare. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Uudet kasvukäyrät '' . thl.fi. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` La Campagne Nationale de Mensuration '' ( PDF ) . ifth.org. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mode & Couture '' ( PDF ) . Educatel une formation pour chaque projet . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sear , Rebecca . `` Size , body condition and adult mortality in rural Gambia : a life history perspective '' ( PDF ) . London School of Economics . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ In this survey , the urban area is composed by 38 most populated cities from Berlin to Rostock , being approximately 24 % of total German population . Jump up ^ Germany 's regional population in 2011 from Gemeinden in Deutschland nach Bevölkerung am 31.12. 2011 auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 und früherer Zählungen im Excel - Format , Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Mikrozensus -- Fragen zur Gesundheit -- Körpermaße der Bevölkerung '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt , Wiesbaden. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Productive Benefits of Improving Health : Evidence from Low - Income Countries , T. Paul Schultz * '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Papadimitriou A , Fytanidis G , Douros K , Papadimitriou DT , Nicolaidou P , Fretzayas A ( 2008 ) . `` Greek young men grow taller '' . Acta Paediatrica. 97 ( 8 ) : 1105 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1651 - 2227.2008. 00855. x . PMID 18477057 . Jump up ^ So HK , Nelson EA , Li AM , Wong EM , Lau JT , Guldan GS , Mak KH , Wang Y , Fok TF , Sung RY ( 2008 ) . `` Secular changes in height , weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children '' ( PDF ) . BMC Public Health . 8 : 320 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 8 - 320 . PMC 2572616 . PMID 18803873 . Jump up ^ The university participation rate is approximately 20 % in 2005 . Key Statistics on Post-secondary Education , Committee on Self - financing Post-secondary Education Jump up ^ Jones , Shirley F. ; Cooper , John A. ; Dransfield , Mark T. ( October 2005 ) . `` SINGLE MEASUREMENTS OF INSPIRATORY CAPACITY ARE NOT BETTER THAN FEV1 IN PREDICTING SYMPTOM SCORES IN COPD '' . Chest. 128 ( 4 ) : 247S . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 128.3. 1297 . Jump up ^ Average height of men and women ( National Geographic , Hungarian ) Jump up ^ Mészáros Z , Mészáros J , Völgyi E , Sziva A , Pampakas P , Prókai A , Szmodis M ( 2008 ) . `` Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys : Differences between 1980 -- 2005 '' . Journal of physiological anthropology. 27 ( 5 ) : 241 -- 5 . doi : 10.2114 / jpa2. 27.241 . PMID 18838839 . Jump up ^ Mamidi , RS ; Kulkarni , B ; Singh , A ( 2011 ) . `` Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes '' . Food and nutrition bulletin. 32 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 34 . PMID 21560461 . ^ Jump up to : Venkaiah K , Damayanti K , Nayak MU , Vijayaraghavan K ( 2002 ) . `` Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India '' . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 ( 11 ) : 1119 -- 25 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejcn. 1601457 . PMID 12428178 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Family Life Survey , 1997 '' . Repositories.cdlib.org. 2003 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Haghdoost , AA ; Mirzazadeh , A & Alikhani , S ( 2008 ) . `` Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Iranian J Publ Health . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tawfeek H ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad , Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Food and nutrition bulletin. 23 ( 4 ) : 402 -- 6 . PMID 16619749 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` נתוני גובה ממוצע '' . Health-pages.co.il. 2007 - 05 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cacciari ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height , weight and BMI ( 2 to 20 yr ) '' . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation . 29 : 581 -- 93 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03344156 . PMID 16957405 . ^ Jump up to : Okosun IS , Cooper RS , Rotimi CN , Osotimehin B , Forrester T ( 1998 ) . `` Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians , Jamaicans , and African - Americans '' . Diabetes Care . 21 ( 11 ) : 1836 -- 42 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 21.11. 1836 . PMID 9802730 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology . e-stat.go.jp '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenyans becoming shorter : Study '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Post unification discrimination potential '' . Yeolchae. 2006 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 사이즈 코리아 남성 / 여성 연령대 별 표준 체형 지수 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 징병 검사 현황 -- 신장 분포 , 청별 '' . Korean Statistical Information Service . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ARIFI , Fitim et al. Stature and its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Kosovan Adults : National Survey . Int. J. Morphol . ( online ) . 2017 , vol. 35 , n. 3 , pp. 1161 - 1167 . ISSN 0717 - 9502 . ^ Jump up to : Note : In this study , the subjects ' height was measured twice . The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm . When they measured the same group after a year , the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm ^ Jump up to : `` Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics '' ( PDF ) . medicina.kmu.lt . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tutkuviene J. ( 2005 ) . `` Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians '' . Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Bericht uber die biologisch - anthropologische Literatur. 63 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 44 . JSTOR 29542614 . PMID 15830586 . Jump up ^ Msamati BC , Igbigbi PS ( 2000 ) . `` Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians '' . East African Medical Journal . 77 ( 7 ) : 364 -- 8 . doi : 10.4314 / eamj. v77i7. 46663 . PMID 12862154 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio ( 1995 ) from Historical Overview of Malaysia 's Experience in Enhancing Equity and Quality of Education , Hazri Jamil . ^ Jump up to : Lim TO , Ding LM , Zaki M , et al. ( March 2000 ) . `` Distribution of Body Weight , Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Med. J. Malaysia . 55 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 28 . PMID 11072496 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Katherine A. Dettwyler ( July 1992 ) . `` Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 88 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 321 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330880306 . PMID 1642319 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE ... '' News Release . National Statistics Office -- Malta. 2003 - 12 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Note : A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results : the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm ( 5 ' 4.9 `` ) compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm ( 5 ' 6.7 '' ) . Jump up ^ `` Admixture in Latin America : Geographic Structure , Phenotypic Diversity and Self - Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals '' table 1 , Plosgenetics , 25 September 2014 . Retrieved on 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ¿ Cuánto miden los mexicanos ? '' . Mexicanbusinessweb.mx. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006 . WHO ( 2007 ) . ISBN 9992998040 Jump up ^ Enrollment at UCG from University of Montenegro Guide for Incoming Students , University of Montenegro . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.7 ) for male and 17.6 ( ± 0.6 ) for female . Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Netherlands Demographics Profile 2014 , IndexMundi . ^ Jump up to : Deurenberg P , Bhaskaran K , Lian PL ( 2003 ) . `` Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index '' . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 12 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 5 . PMID 14505987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reported height , 20 years or older , Central Bureau of Statistics , 15 February 2012 '' . Statline.cbs.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schönbeck , Yvonne ; Talma , Henk ; Van Dommelen , Paula ; Bakker , Boudewijn ; Buitendijk , Simone E. ; Hirasing , Remy A. ; Van Buuren , Stef ( 2012 ) . `` The world 's tallest nation has stopped growing taller : The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009 '' . Pediatric Research . 73 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / pr. 2012.189 . PMID 23222908 . Jump up ^ Ter Goon D , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The relationship between arm span and stature in Nigerian adults '' ( PDF ) . Kinesiology. 43 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistisk årbok 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Norway . 2011 . p. 126 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge '' ( PDF ) . Resultater fra en kartlegging i 2008 og 2009 ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs . 2009 . p. 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales , Bioquímicos , Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional ( DEVAN ) , Instituto Nacional de Salud ( INS ) . 5 June 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://ourworldindata.org/human-height/ Jump up ^ Kułaga Z , Litwin M , Tkaczyk M , Palczewska I , Zajączkowska M , Zwolińska D , Krynicki T , Wasilewska A , Moczulska A , Morawiec - Knysak A , Barwicka K , Grajda A , Gurzkowska B , Napieralska E , Pan H ( 2011 ) . `` Polish 2010 growth references for school - aged children and adolescents '' . European journal of pediatrics. 170 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 609 . doi : 10.1007 / s00431 - 010 - 1329 - x . PMC 3078309 . PMID 20972688 . Note : The values represent averages , not medians listed in the study . Jump up ^ Sardinha ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Portuguese youth : A study in a representative sample of 10 -- 18 - year - old children and adolescents '' . International Journal of Pediatric Obesity , Informa Healthcare . 6 : e124 -- 8 . doi : 10.3109 / 17477166.2010. 490263 . PMID 20919807 . Jump up ^ Bener A1 , Kamal AA. ( 2008 ) . `` Growth patterns of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6 -- 18 years '' . Journal of Health , Population and Nutrition. 23 ( supplement 3 ) : 250 -- 8 . PMID 16262022 . Jump up ^ Evenimente Sibiul 2007 Jump up ^ Brainerd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union : An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data '' ( PDF ) . William Davidson Institute Working Paper . Jump up ^ `` Body Size and Composition , Lifestyle and Health Among Native Samoan Women '' ( PDF ) . Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ El Mouzan ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 30 ( supplement 3 ) : 203 -- 208 . doi : 10.4103 / 0256 - 4947.62833 . PMC 2886870 . PMID 20427936 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at UNS from University of Novi Sad Facts and Figures , University of Novi Sad . Jump up ^ Popovic S , et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Int. J. Morphol. 31 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 279 . doi : 10.4067 / S0717 - 95022013000100043 . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.6 ) . Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at Temasek Polytechnic from Temasek Polytechnic , UNI AGENTS . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Singapore Demographics Profile 2014 , indexMundi . Jump up ^ Ševčíková , Ľ. ; Nováková , J. ; Hamade , J. and Tatara , M. ( 2004 ) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov ( Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years ) . In : Životné podmienky a zdravie ( Living conditions and health ) . Editor : Ľubica Ághová . Bratislava . Jump up ^ Ljubljana 's population in 2011 from UNdata , United Nations . Jump up ^ Starc G , Strel J. `` Is there a rationale for establishing Slovenian body mass index references of school - aged children and adolescents '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 17 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 100 . lastauthoramp = yes Jump up ^ `` SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . doh.gov.za . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ranasinghe , Priyanga ; Jayawardana , M.A. Naveen A.A.D. ; Constantine , Godwin R. ; Sheriff , M.H. Rezvi ; Matthews , David R. ; Katulanda , Prasad ( 2010 ) . `` Patterns and correlates of adult height in Sri Lanka '' . Economics and Human Biology . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 82 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica > Metodología '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` El estudio antropométrico realizado por el IBV desvela las medidas actuales del hombre español '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) , and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 78.9 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Estudio Antropométrico de la Población Femenina en España '' ( PDF ) . Ministerio de Sanidad , Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. 2008 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) , the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 29 is 35 % and the one between 30 -- 49 is 32 % . Therefore the ratio between 18 -- 34 is between 35 -- 67 % . Jump up ^ ( 2015 ) . 20minutos.es . `` El español medio mide 173 centímetros y el 46 , 7 % de ellos presenta un peso normal '' Jump up ^ `` Las tallas del hombre español medio '' . EL MUNDO. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 19 is 6.3 % . Jump up ^ `` Svenskarna längre och tyngre '' . Dagens Nyheter. 2008 - 02 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cavelaars , A.E.J.M. , Kunst , A.E. , Geurts , J.J.M. , Crialesi , R. , Grotvedt , L. , Helmert U. ( 2000 ) . `` Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio - economic groups : an overview of 10 European countries '' . Annals of Human Biology . 27 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 21 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014460050044883 . PMID 10942348 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staub , Kaspar ; Rühli , Frank ; Woitek , Ulrich ; Pfister , Christian ( 2011 ) . `` The average height of 18 - and 19 - year - old conscripts ( N = 458,322 ) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009 , and the secular height trend since 1878 '' . Swiss Medical Weekly . doi : 10.4414 / smw. 2011.13238 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Survey explanation -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Methodology -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at STOU from Institutional Profile : Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University , ICDE . Jump up ^ Jordan S , Lim L , Seubsman SA , Bain C , Sleigh A ( 2012 ) . `` Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of epidemiology and community health . 66 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 80 . doi : 10.1136 / jech. 2010.113043 . PMC 3230828 . PMID 20805198 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in body composition between Tongans and Australians : time to rethink the healthy weight ranges ? '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Obesity. 25 : 1806 -- 1814 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ijo. 0801822 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Iseri A. ; Arslan N. ( 2008 ) . `` Obesity in adults in Turkey : age and regional effects '' . European Journal of Public Health . 19 ( supplement 1 ) : 91 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckn107 . PMID 19091784 . ^ Jump up to : Ankara 's population in 2000 from Turkey : Provinces and Major Cities , CITY POPULATION . ^ Jump up to : Özer , Basak Koca ( 2008 ) . `` Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults '' . Anthropological Science . 116 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1537 / ase. 061213 . Jump up ^ Abdulrazzaq , Yousef M ; Moussa , Mohamed A ; Nagelkerke , Nicolaas ( 2008 ) . `` National Growth Charts for the United Arab Emirates '' . J Epidemiol. 18 ( 6 ) : 295 -- 303 . doi : 10.2188 / jea. JE2008037 . PMID 19075495 . ^ Jump up to : regional population data in the UK in 2011 from 2011 Census , Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom , Office for National Statistics . ^ Jump up to : `` The Scottish Health Survey 2008 '' . Scotland.gov.uk. 2009 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Welsh Health Survey 2009 , p. 58 '' ( PDF ) . Wales.gov.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : US Dept. of Health and Human Services ; et al. ( August 2016 ) . `` Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults : United States , 2011 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Health Statistics Reports . 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio from State & County QuickFacts Archived 2008 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Cruzada por lo alto : los petisos denuncian dura discriminación '' ( in Spanish ) . El País. 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ The university participation rate is 195 per 10,000 Population in 2009 . Viet Nam : Preparing the Higher Education Sector Development Project ( HESDP ) , Asian Development Bank Jump up ^ Hung , Mai Van & Park , Sunyoung ( 2008 ) . `` The impact of environment on morphological and physical indexes of Vietnamese and South Korean students '' ( PDF ) . VNU Journal of Science , Natural Sciences and Technology . 24 : 50 -- 55 . External links A century of trends in adult human height by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration ( NCD - RisC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_average_human_height_worldwide&oldid=839417741 '' Categories : Size Statistics - related lists Human height Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Date and year CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with dead external links from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source About Wikipedia Deutsch Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 08 : 45 . 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-156246499818179746 | Evil Queen (Disney) | Evil Queen ( Disney ) - wikipedia Evil Queen ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Evil Queen Disney 's Hollywood Studios ' artwork Reflection of Evil showing the character in both of her forms from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs First appearance Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant ( design ) Art Babbit ( animation ) Brothers Grimm ( original fairy tale ) Portrayed by Anne Francine ( musical ) Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) Various ( Disney 's World on Ice ) Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) Voiced by Lucille La Verne ( original film ) Eleanor Audley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) June Foray ( Disney on Parade ) Janet Waldo ( 1974 ) Eda Reiss Merin ( 1990 ) Louise Chamis ( 1992 -- 2001 ) Susanne Blakeslee ( 2001 -- present ) Information Aliases Evil Queen , Wicked Queen , Queen Grimhilde , Witch , Wicked Witch , Old Witch , Witch Queen , Queen - witch , Old Hag , Snow White 's stepmother Occupation Sorceress / witch Queen dowager / regnant Spouse ( s ) The King ( deceased ) Children Snow White ( stepdaughter ) Evie ( daughter ; in Descendants only ) Nationality Bavarian The Evil Queen , also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen , and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde , is the primary antagonist in Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and a villain character in the extended Disney 's Snow White franchise . She is based on the Evil Queen character from the European fairy tale `` Snow White '' . In the film , similar to the Brothers Grimm story , the Evil Queen is cold , cruel , and extremely vain , and obsessively desires to remain the `` fairest in the land '' . She becomes madly envious over the beauty of her stepdaughter , Princess Snow White , as well as the attentions of the Prince from another land ; such love triangle element is one of Disney 's changes to the story . This leads her to plot the death of Snow White and ultimately on the path to her own demise , which in the film is indirectly caused by the Seven Dwarfs . The film 's version of the Queen character uses her dark magic powers to actually transform herself into an old woman instead of just taking a disguise like in the Grimms ' story ; this appearance of hers is commonly referred to as the Wicked Witch or alternatively as the Old Hag or just the Witch . The Queen dies in the film , but lives on in a variety of non-canonical Disney works . The film 's version of the Queen was created by Walt Disney and Joe Grant , and originally animated by Art Babbit and voiced by Lucille La Verne . Inspiration for her design came from the characters of Queen Hash - a-Motep from She and Princess Kriemhild from Die Nibelungen . The Queen has since been voiced by Eleanor Audley , June Foray , Janet Waldo , Eda Reiss Merin , Louise Chamis and Susanne Blakeslee , and was portrayed live by Anne Francine ( musical ) , Jane Curtin ( 50th anniversary TV special ) , and Olivia Wilde ( Disney Dream Portraits ) , Kathy Najimy ( Descendants ) , and in an alternative version , by Lana Parrilla ( Once Upon a Time ) . This version of the classic fairy tale character has been very well received by film critics and the public , and is considered one of Disney 's most iconic and menacing villains . Besides in the film , the Evil Queen has made numerous appearances in Disney attractions and productions , including not only these directly related to the tale of Snow White , such as Fantasmic ! , The Kingdom Keepers and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , sometimes appearing in them alongside Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . The film 's version of the Queen has also become a popular archetype that influenced a number of artists and non-Disney works . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1.1 Storyline 1.2 Conception , design and portrayal 1.3 Abandoned concepts 2 Other appearances 2.1 Attractions 2.2 Film and television 2.3 Books 2.4 Theatrical shows 2.5 Games 2.6 Comics 2.7 Merchandise 3 In Once Upon a Time 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception and popularity 4.2 Cultural impact 4.3 Homage cameos and parodies 5 See also 6 References In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) Main article : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Storyline ( edit ) The Queen in her secret lair in an illustration by the Brothers Hildebrandt In `` another land , far away , '' `` many , many years ago , '' about the time of fairy tales of castles , knights , fair maidens , romance , magic and witches , '' a mysterious and icily beautiful woman with magical powers ( a 1938 promotional brochure suggests she is able to work her witchcraft having sold `` herself body and soul to the bad spirits '' of the Harz mountains ) has gained her royal position by seducing and marrying the widowed King , giving her rule over his kingdom before he died . `` From that time on the cruel Queen ruled all alone , her every word was law , and all trembled in mortal fear of her anger . '' The vain Queen owned a magical mirror with which she could look upon whatever she wished . The Magic Mirror shows a haunted , smokey face of her familiar demon which replies to the Queen 's requests . She regularly asks the mirror who is the fairest in the realm ( `` Magic mirror on the wall , who is the fairest one of all ? '' which is often misquoted as `` Mirror mirror on the wall , who is the fairest of them all '' ) , and the mirror would always reply that she is . One day , however , the mirror tells her that there is a new fairest woman in the land , her 14 - year - old stepdaughter , Princess Snow White . She became obsessively jealous of the princess ' emerging beauty , therefore turning her into a scullery maid in her own home . After observing the handsome Prince from another kingdom singing a love song to Snow White , the proud Queen , in a jealous rage , commands her faithful Huntsman , Humbert , to take the princess deep into the forest and kill her . He is ordered to bring back her heart in a box to prove that he had done so . But Humbert can not bear to kill the young princess upon realizing that she is impervious to harm , so he tells Snow White of the Queen 's plot and tells her to run away and never to come back . To escape the penalty , he comes back with a pig 's heart and gives it to the Queen . When she questions her mirror , it again replies that Snow White is the fairest in the land , and that she is living at the cottage of the Seven Dwarfs , revealing that the box contains the heart of a pig . The Dwarfs are fearful of the Queen 's black magic but decide to take in Snow White anyway . The Witch ( right ) offering a poisoned apple to Snow White in Gustaf Tenggren 's inspirational art for the film Furious that Humbert tricked her , the Queen decides that first Snow White shall die by her own hand and at any cost . She goes down the dungeon to her secret room where she practices her dark magic , complete with a pet raven that `` knows all her secrets , '' and in desperation uses her spellbook and cauldron to mix a potion that transforms her into a hag . Her beauty is shrouded in ugliness and age , though presumably reversible . She then conjures a poison apple , which will cause `` the Sleeping Death '' , and proceeds to leave the castle via a moat boat . She is sure that no one would know or perform the counter-curse to her spell , and believes the Dwarfs would bury her rival alive , thinking her dead . The Queen comes to the cottage , followed by two vicious vultures , and finds Snow White baking a pie for Grumpy the dwarf . Somehow Snow White 's animal friends realize that the old hag is the Queen . After an unsuccessful attempt to warn Snow White by attacking the Queen , they go to warn the Dwarfs of the Queen 's arrival . The Queen tricks the princess into letting her inside the cottage and eating the bewitched apple , telling her that it is a magic wishing apple . Snow White takes a bite and falls to the floor , apparently dead . The Queen rejoices in her victory , but is soon discovered by the angry Seven Dwarfs , who grab pickaxes and chase her deep into the forest as a great storm begins . She climbs up into the mountains , where she gets trapped upon a precipice that overlooks a seemingly bottomless canyon . She tries to push down a large boulder to crush the approaching Dwarfs . Before she can do so , a lightning bolt strikes between her and the boulder , destroying the precipice and sending the Queen ( along with the boulder ) down the cliff to her death , screaming while she falls to the jagged rocks below ( this scream was reused in Sleeping Beauty when Maleficent is stabbed in the heart by the Sword of Truth ) . As the Dwarfs look wide - eyed over the cliff 's edge , they can not see her , but the vultures descend into the chasm . The Queen 's dark reign is over , and her castle is then taken over and the revived Snow White and the Prince who broke the spell . ( A 1936 pre-release Good Housekeeping novelization by Dorothy Ann Blank , a member of the film 's story team , affirms that the Queen in fact dies : `` Far below , in a chasm as dark as her own wicked soul , lay the body of the hateful Queen . No magic would ever bring her to life again . '' ) Conception , design and portrayal ( edit ) Early concepts for the film called for a `` fat , batty , cartoon type , self - satisfied '' Queen . However , Walt Disney became concerned that such an approach would make the character seem less plausible . Sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen , he advised that attention be paid exclusively to `` scenes in which only Snow White , the Dwarfs , and their bird and animal friends appear . '' Disney further developed the main plot himself ( Ollie Johnston said the film 's story was based on the idea that the Queen 's character was going to murder `` another drawing '' and Disney decided to make it appear believable ) , finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen , whom he envisioned as a mixture of Lady Macbeth and the Big Bad Wolf , and decided to set on `` a high collar stately beautiful type '' whose `` beauty is sinister , mature , plenty of curves -- she becomes ugly and menacing when scheming . '' According to the 1993 Disney Classics series of trading cards , `` she is really two characters , the beautiful evil Queen and the grotesquely evil witch . '' Statue of Uta von Ballenstedt at the Naumburg Cathedral in Naumburg Joan Crawford c. 1930 The Queen 's appearance was inspired by the `` ageless ice goddess '' character of Queen Ayesha ( `` She who must be obeyed '' ) from the 1935 film She , played by Helen Gahagan . The Queen was originally to be named Grimhilde ( but who is never actually named in the film ) , was also modeled in part on Princess Kriemhild in the 1924 film Die Nibelungen . It is also possible that the Queen 's looks may have been inspired by the faces of Joan Crawford and Gale Sondergaard ; her costume and figure may have been inspired by a column statue at the Naumburg Cathedral depicting Uta von Ballenstedt , the wife of Eckard II , Margrave of Meissen who was widely regarded as the most beautiful woman of Medieval Germany . Also noted was her resemblance to two 1930s American movie stars from Europe , Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich . The Queen and Snow White were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson , who would often override Walt Disney 's instructions . As in the case of other characters for the film , the Queen 's appearance had to be approved by Albert Hurter before being finalised . One pre-final version of the queen had her wear a looser hood and a different crown and the edge of her cape was fur trimmed , as it can be seen in Gustaf Tenggren 's pictures . None of Art Babbit 's lead animation work on the character was rotoscoped and the animators were noted to prefer to draw the Queen over Snow White `` because she was more real and complex as a woman , more erotic , and driven to desperate acts by her magic mirror . '' The character , however , turned out to be especially problematic for the animators , as she had to be `` regally beautiful , with confined but graceful movements , '' and `` the experiments on her lovely cruel mouth and eyes alone represent drawings enough to fill a paper house . '' The sequence of her transformation in particular was the film 's toughest to visualise using trick effects , especially since Disney insisted on showing how the Queen felt as she changed . Alcázar of Segovia in 2011 According to a description in her card in the Disney Villains set , `` the Witch 's ugliness symbolises the evil disguised by the Queen 's beauty . '' Her castle might have been inspired by Spain 's Alcázar of Segovia and the throne she is uses has a peacock motif to symbolise her extreme vanity . The Queen is clad mostly in black and other `` negative '' dark colors , providing a contrast to Snow White 's bright colorful wardrobe , and has `` shiny black hair '' under her hood . Her royal costume was painted with specially developed paints made to look like satin for her collar and like velvet for her robe . The Queen 's music tracks were created with low celio notes , basses , and bassoons ; the scribblings in her book of spells were written in Italian . Notably , the Queen was the first character to ever speak in an animated feature film . She was voiced by Lucille La Verne , who achieved her voice change for the role of the Witch by removing her false teeth . Joe Grant , who contributed the design for her Witch form , noticed La Verne 's changing attitude and posture when voicing the Queen and Witch , and sketched these poses and her body language down for animation reference . He also said he based the Witch 's concept art on a woman who lived across the street from him . The character 's foreign dubbing voice actresses included Jiřina Petrovická in Czechoslovakia , Clara Pontoppidan , Kirsten Rolffes , Lise Ringheim in Denmark , Rauni Luoma and Seela Sella in Finland , Claude Gensac in France , Dagny Servaes in Germany , Ilus Vay in Hungary , Tina Lattanzi and Dina Romano in Italy , Tanie Kitabayashi in Japan , Blanca de Castejón and Cristina Montt in Mexico , Zinaida Sharko in Russia , and Helena Brodin , Hjördis Petterson and Lil Terselius in Sweden . The Queen was also the first character to meet death in a Disney film . As part of elimination of the original story 's more gruesome aspects , and to make Snow White seem more a `` nice girl '' , the Wicked Queen is no longer cannibalistic and her destruction was made `` just as certain but more merciful '' than in the original story , where she is forced to dance to her death in red - hot iron shoes on her feet as an invited guest at Snow White 's wedding . Snow White 's role in the Queen 's demise is removed , and the Queen `` dies more neatly and quickly , '' as justice is served without resorting to killing or torture . She also invites her own downfall while pushing the boulder , and her fate is only suggested rather than shown . One of the Witch 's animators was Ward Kimball , whom Walt Disney also let to draw the two vultures watching her fall `` to make it a little easier '' for him , as Kimball has been reassigned after his own sequence was cut from the film , since Disney thought these additional dwarfs gag scenes would distract from `` the real drama '' of the tension between Snow White and her wicked stepmother that was supposed to drive the film . Abandoned concepts ( edit ) A gargoyle ornament in the Queen 's dungeon in Snow White 's Scary Adventures The original outline of the story featured the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb , an element taken from the Grimms ' version of the tale ( the Dwarfs would arrive in time to remove it ) . The envious Queen would also decide to take possession of Snow White 's attractive young suitor , the 18 - year - old Prince ( described in a press kit as `` every woman 's dream man '' ) for herself , offering him an opportunity to share the throne with her through a marriage . With the Prince refusing to marry her , the Queen would have him captured by her guards and taken to her dungeon to be suspended in chains in a torture chamber . She would later visit him there and used her sorcery to taunt him by bringing the dungeon 's skeletons ( also chained to the walls ) to life and making them dance , identifying one skeleton as `` Prince Oswald '' , only for the Prince to defy her again . She then has him given to the torturers , described as `` the Nubians '' , and `` exits with a dirty laugh . '' According to production story - meeting notes from October 1934 , `` Queen wants to marry Prince , but he refuses to acknowledge ' that she is the fairest in the land , ' since he has seen Snow White . '' It is written in story notes that the Queen has magical power only over her own domain , which is the castle . Another note states about their meeting in the dungeon : `` This is a sequence of gruesome comedy ― of dancing skeletons ― fantastic shadows ― witchcraft and deviltry . '' The name Prince Oswald was an inside joke reference to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . The Queen was originally intended to have seven black panthers guarding the entrance to her secret room with the Mirror ; a concept art of the Queen walking a pet panther can be seen in The Walt Disney Family Museum and at Disney California Adventure . The books Snow White : Magic Mirror Book and The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs reveal that the Huntsman was afraid to disobey a command to kill Snow White because the Queen 's might feed him to her panthers or shrink him magically `` to the size of a walnut '' . In one 1937 novelization , the Queen vows the Huntsman would pay dearly for allowing her stepdaughter to escape , but first she would deal with Snow White herself . In another version , the Huntsman would too be dragged to the dungeon when the Queen finds out that he has betrayed her , and the Queen might smash her own Mirror in anger . Later , after transforming herself , she decides to punish the Prince for having scorned her . She informs the Prince of her plan to have the Dwarfs bury Snow White alive and then leaves him to his death , still chained and trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water to slowly drown . She then makes her way to the Dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple , while birds and forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse as would race to try and save Snow White . This plotline described above was not used in the final film , although it was carried out to the drawing and cel stage , and several inspirational sketch pictures of the dungeon scenes were drawn by Ferdinand Hovarth . It is said that Disney `` knew that the Queen would have to look scary without being too scary . '' Some skeletons are briefly featured in the finished film in the other parts of the dungeon , except in Australia 's censored original theatrical release version . Similar motifs and scenes were later used in Sleeping Beauty and Aladdin . Elements of this sub-plot have also made their way into some other Disney 's Snow White fiction and visitor attractions . Other appearances ( edit ) Attractions ( edit ) The Queen 's castle at Fantasyland The Queen is a primary character in the Disneyland rides Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( first opened in 1955 ) , where she is seen more than any other character in all four versions of the ride , recreating a number of scenes from the film , sometimes including the torture chamber from an abandoned concept , with `` a few skeletons of her past victims . '' In one new scene , she turns into a hag while standing in front of the mirror ( back to the visitors ) and intoning : `` Magic Mirror on the wall , with this disguise I 'll fool them all ! '' She also appears in her hag form at the roller coaster Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , first opened in 2014 . The Evil Queen scowling by the light of an apple during Hong Kong Disneyland 's , Villains Night Out ! parade , premiering in 2016 . The Evil Queen with the wizard Jafar from Aladdin during Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party in 2012 The Queen in her lair with magic books and a figure of the demon Chernabog from Fantasia at Share A Dream Come True Parade in 2008 In the Disney Villains Mix and Mingle and Mickey 's Boo - to - You Halloween Parade shows during Magic Kingdom 's Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party , the Queen is one of the villains led by Maleficent that appear during the Cinderella Castle Forecourt Stage . Susanne Blakeslee voiced the Queen at 2001 's Share A Dream Come True Parade , where she could be seen transform herself into a hag . The Wicked Queen is one of the `` favourite '' villains included in Magic Kingdom Park 's special pre-parade procession `` It 's Good to be Bad '' a night before the annual Main Street Electrical Parade . One event featured a giant interactive mirror and included the Queen and two other `` Divas of Evil '' , Maleficent and Cruella de Vil . She also prominently appears at Villains Unleashed party , a separately ticketed event at Disney 's Hollywood Studios that was introduced in 2014 . In the interactive gallery Walt Disney : One Man 's Dream , the Queen appears alongside Maleficent and Judge Frollo in the villains ' act of the show , where she seems to be the leader of the trio . On the cruise ship Disney Fantasy , the Queen , appearing with her raven , is one of the seven suspects ( and sometimes the culprit ) in the interactive gallery Midship Detective Agency 's story `` The Case of The Plundered Paintings '' . Film and television ( edit ) The Queen is featured in some Disney television specials like Our Unsung Villains ( 1956 ) and Disney 's Greatest Villains ( 1977 ) . Segments of the Queen 's appearance are also shown in Disney 's Halloween Treat ( 1982 ) and in A Disney Halloween ( 1983 ) . She makes small cameo appearances in the animated series Disney 's House of Mouse , voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ( where she is seen sitting with Lady Tremaine in her queen form , and with Madam Mim and Witch Hazel in her witch form ) and in the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) and Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) , shown there in her witch form . In the live - action television special Disney 's Golden Anniversary of Snow White ( 1987 ) , the Queen is played by Jane Curtin in a parodic scenario . She casts a spell on Grumpy in an attempt to get him to persuade the other Dwarfs to retire and destroy the original film after the 50 years . After the failure of this , her Mirror convinces her to finally quit `` this whole curse business '' and focus on her current career as a television horror host . The Queen ( voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ) is the main villain in the 2005 direct - to - video animated film Once Upon a Halloween , but appears only in the Witch version despite misleading cover art ( furthermore , only her shadow is shown ) . In it , the Queen plots to conquer Halloween and asks her cauldron to show several villains to which one of them helps her in her plan . The cauldron also explains its origins as it is one of the cauldrons formerly owned by the three witches from The Black Cauldron . Eventually , the cauldron turns against the Wicked Queen and makes her vanish into nothingness . In Mike Disa 's and Evan Spiliotopoulos ' abandoned pitch for the DisneyToons ' Snow White prequel film The Seven Dwarfs , a beautiful girl named Narcissa appears to aid the dwarfs against an evil wizard , who would be eventually revealed as her father whom she would betray and trap him inside a mirror . Narcissa steals the ancient magic secrets of the Olden Dwarfs , marries and then murders Snow White 's father , and `` begins her reign as the Evil Queen , with the damned soul of her own father forever encased in the Magic Mirror as her slave . Thus , the dwarfs must live in hiding to protect their families from the Queen 's vengeance . '' Three computer - animated sequels to The Seven Dwarfs `` were to follow the title characters return home to families and friends after the Evil Queen 's death in Snow White . '' In a 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie titled Descendants , the aged Evil Queen ( played by Kathy Najimy ) is among a host of other villains who have been imprisoned on a forbidden Isle of the Lost , and her daughter Evie ( played by Sofia Carson ) is among their offspring who are allowed to return into the kingdom to attend school alongside the offspring of iconic Disney heroes ( Evie 's father is unidentified . ) . The Evil Queen is portrayed as Maleficent 's closest confident and best friend . Its title image features the iconic red apple of the Evil Queen , which was also prominently featured in a teaser trailer . Carson was cast to return as Evie in Descendants 2 . In Justin Merz 's and Evan Daugherty 's script for the live - action spin - off Rose Red , currently in development , Snow White 's sister Rose Red is going to `` join Grumpy and the fellow Dwarves on a journey to find the Evil Queen and break her curse . '' Books ( edit ) In the 1949 audiobook release , the Queen ( voiced by Eleanor Audley ) wears a yellow dress and a red cape . She tells the Huntsman to take Snow White to the forest and leave her there to die . In the end of the book , after being chased by the dwarfs , the Queen dies when she slips while climbing the mountain and falls into the sea . The novel Fairest of All : A Tale of the Wicked Queen by Serena Valentino , published by Disney Press in 2009 , tells a story much more sympathetic to the Queen than most other Disney media . The book shows how the Queen became the villain from the film , much in the style of The Killing Joke , with the Magic Mirror , here possessed by the spirit of her abusive father , having been a corrupting influence . According to the book , her mother was a witch and the King died in a war against another kingdom prior to the events of the film . After her husband 's death , the Queen slowly descends into madness . By the end of novel , Snow White gets the mirror and the Queen becomes the spirit inside the mirror after her death in the film . The Queen is one of the Overtakers , villains of The Kingdom Keepers novel series . She was introduced in 2011 in the fourth book of the saga , Power Play , alongside Cruella De Vil . Like Maleficent , she is very powerful and is able to cast almost any spell with a flick of her finger ; she can also transform herself and other characters . In Power Play , when Maleficent and Chernabog are captured by the Keepers , the Queen becomes the new leader of the Overtakers . One chapter in Todd Strasser 's 1993 Disney 's the Villains Collection / Stories from the Films is dedicated to Snow White and the Queen . She is also a subject of one of the illustrated books in the Disney Princess series My Side of the Story , titled Snow White / The Queen ( 2004 ) , which portrays her as a misunderstood positive character . Melissa de la Cruz wrote the Descendants prequel novel Isle of the Lost . In that book , it is revealed that the Evil Queen once tried to overthrow Maleficent as the ruler of the Isle . Theatrical shows ( edit ) The Queen with her magic cauldron during Fantasmic ! show in 2013 As in the film , the Queen character is featured in 1979 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs musical version , played by Anne Francine . In the Disney on Ice reenactment of the movie in 1986 - 1987 , and then in 1994 -- 1997 and again in 2000 -- 2001 , she was voiced by Louise Chamis and played by various skaters beginning with Melanie Scott in 1986 - 1987 , and including Elena Koteneva , who was substituted by Davina Lee - Gooding in 1995 . Francine also played her in the 1980 stage play and television program Snow White Live and Chamis voiced her in Disneyland 's Snow White -- An Enchanting Musical in 2004 and 2006 . The Evil Queen was also featured in Disney Live 's Three Classic Fairy Tales in the section based on the film . In the night - time fireworks and visual hydrotechnic show Fantasmic ! , first played in 1992 , the Queen , voiced by Louise Chamis , is the main villain and the leader of all the Disney Villains . She is introduced in the second act , when her Magic Mirror ( voiced by Tony Jay ) tells her that there are now three princesses ( Snow White , Ariel and Belle ) fairer than her . Enraged , the Queen transforms herself into a hag and uses the Mirror and her cauldron to summon various `` all the forces of evil '' in the form of a collection of Disney villains to come to her aid . They include Maleficent , who transforms into a dragon . ( In the Tokyo DisneySea version , she also traps Mickey inside her mirror . ) At the climax of the show , Mickey is able to defeat the dragon and vanquish all the villains with a magic sword . The Witch is the last to die , transforming back into the Queen before she is destroyed . In the Disney Dream cruise ship show Villains Tonight ! , first played in 2010 , Hades calls forth Disney 's most powerful villains for help to regain his evil . The Queen , changing from the Witch form , denies his invitation since Hades also invited Maleficent , her rival for Hades ' affections and for the status of `` the most evil in the land '' . The Queen claims not to be Hades ' girlfriend , but they just had `` an interesting weekend '' on Castaway Cay . In the end , the Queen and Maleficent put their differences aside as all villains should stick together and advise Hades to find evil within himself , and not from others . Games ( edit ) The Witch is an antagonist in the unreleased Snow White game for the Atari 2600 . In 2001 's Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs for the Game Boy Color , the players need to solve a puzzle minigame for the Queen to consult her mirror , and later guide a deer to warn the Dwarfs and then lead the Dwarfs in pursuit of the Witch before he can go to her castle . The Queen is one of the four Disney Villains that appear in 1999 video game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , voiced by Louise Chamis . Jiminy Cricket and the player venture into the worlds of the stories to restore the happy endings . In the altered ( and game 's final ) story , where there is no Prince , the Queen ( appearing in both of her forms ) has built a lair resembling her poisoned apple inside the scary wood , and has put Snow White to eternal sleep in her dungeon and intends to do the same to the Seven Dwarfs . The player needs to correctly mix ingredients for several potions including the True Love Potion to magically summon the Prince and save the day . It is followed by the fight with the Queen where she tries to get away and the player has to reflect her magic ball spells , until she retreats to her lair . There , while asking her mirror , she suddenly transforms into a hag and the mirror breaks . In 2010 's video game Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , the Queen ( voiced by Kyoko Satomi in Japanese and Susanne Blakeslee in English ) appears in the Dwarf Woodlands world . She recruits the protagonist Terra to kill Snow White and bring back her heart in return for allowing him to use the Magic Mirror to locate Master Xehanort . Terra , like the huntsman , ultimately does not go through with this , and the Queen , learning of his betrayal , forces the Mirror to consume him , but Terra manages to fight the Mirror off and the Queen reluctantly gives him the information he looks for . She later appears briefly in Ventus 's scenario , where she crosses paths with him on her way to poison Snow White . She drops the poisoned apple , which Ventus returns to her . She notices Ventus 's Keyblade and muses that Terra threatened her with a similar weapon . She is then only briefly mentioned in Aqua 's storyline , when the Magic Mirror tells Aqua that the Queen is dead and he is no longer under her control . In 2013 's free - to - play mobile game Snow White : Queen 's Return ( also known as Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return ) , an uncanonical continuation of the film , the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film because there was a lake at the bottom of the abbyss . She then reverted to her youthful form and , seeking revenge , cast an evil curse on Snow White as well as the dwarfs and their entire forest . The game 's updates were supposed to allow the players to `` meet ( and defeat ) '' the Queen , adding quests involving a search for her hideout to `` help the Dwarfs rid the enchanted forest of the evil queen , '' but the story was ultimately left unresolved as the game was discontinued in May 2014 . A 2014 weekly challenge in Disney Infinity : Toy Box included `` Mirror Mirror '' obstacle course that pit Snow White against the Evil Queen in a race for the poisonous apple . Downloadable Queen - themed avatar costumes were made available for the users of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . A webcam browser game Become Your Inner Villain hosted on Disneyland Resort 's Facebook page enables the player turn into one of four villains including the Evil Queen . Her dungeon and laboratory ( complete with the Mirror ) are featured in the online game Aaah - Choo . In the 1990 video game Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse , an old witch named Mizrabel takes the of the Evil Queen after draining the youth from Minnie Mouse . In 2012 's Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion , the previously defeated Mizrabel returns to transform into various Disney villains , including the Queen , before setting on Maleficent . In 2013 's HD remake of Castle of Illusion , Mizrabel looks like a cross between the Queen and Maleficent in her youthful form and professes her ambition to be `` the fairest of them all '' . The Evil Queen is also featured in a number of traditional games , albeit usually as a mere obstacle for the players . She is , however , playable in some of them , such as Snow White and the Severn Dwarfs Game in the Disneykins franchise and Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly . Jim Razzi 's 1985 children 's gamebook Snow White in the Enchanted Forest ( Choose Your Own Adventure : Walt Disney # 1 ) features the Prince - like character 's confrontations with evil Queen as she is searching for Snow White , who is hiding with the Dwarfs , to `` put an end to her , once and for all ! '' In it , she has much greater powers than in the film , including being able to instantly change between her hag and queen forms at will , magically disappear in a cloud of smoke , change herself into an animal and back , and turn others into animals with magic beams from her hands . Comics ( edit ) The 1937 -- 1938 film tie - in serial comic strip `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' written by Merrill De Maris , one of the writers of the film , is centred primarily around the relationship between Snow White and the Queen . It further explores the source of the Queen 's descent into a murderous envy , as she learns that the Prince came to her castle seeking the most beautiful woman in all the world and is shocked when he says he meant Snow White . Like in the abandoned film concept , the Queen ( here actually named Grimhilde ) has the Prince arrested . In her Witch form , she later tells the captive Prince that she is going to get rid of Snow White and make him hers , while the Prince is defiant and calls her a `` miserable hag '' . This scene is followed by his escape from prison , in much less dramatic circumstances than the film 's drowning concept . The film was also adapted into an other comics including in 1969 , 1983 , and 1991 . There is a number of comics set in the film 's world . One early comic Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens ( 1942 ) tells of the further adventures of Snow White and Prince Charming , the Witch returns to put a spell on the latter . In one American 1944 sequel comic , the dead Queen 's castle is taken over by her brother , the Wicked Prince . Later comics usually feature the Queen in her Witch incarnation , often with her still trying to eliminate either Snow White ( `` The Seven Dwarfs and Thumper '' , `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' , `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' , `` Kerstverhaal '' ) or the dwarfs ( `` The Enchanted Mountain '' , `` Halloween '' ) . Such stories include Jack Bradbury 's stand - alone 1958 comics Mystery of the Missing Magic and A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . In the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' , the Witch shrinks all the dwarfs except of Dopey who manages to save his brothers . In `` A Pirate 's Tale '' ( aka `` The Pirate '' ) , the greedy old Witch transforms herself into a rat as she plans to steal a treasure and turn the dwarfs into cheese and eat them , but Dopey destroys her with a cat . Usually under the alias the Witch , she often comes back to interact ( usually to antagonize , but sometimes also to occasionally cooperating with protagonistic characters ) with other Disney characters . She has appeared in the comics of April , May and June , the Beagle Boys , Br'er Rabbit , Chip ' n Dale , Donald Duck & Mickey Mouse , Goofy , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , Jiminy Cricket , José Carioca , Mickey & Minnie Mouse , Li'l Bad Wolf , Tinker Bell , the Three Little Pigs , and the fellow witches such as Madam Mim from The Sword in the Stone , Witch Hazel from Trick or Treat , and Magica De Spell ( especially in Brazilian comics ) . She also starred in the 1970s - 1980 's comic book series The Big Bad Wolf & The Wicked Witch , including `` Mirror Mirror '' , `` Witch Switch '' , `` The Apple Caper '' , `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' , `` Double Trouble '' , and `` Getting the Boot '' . Several comics include the Witch kidnapping another Disney character , either to be her slave or to exchange them for something , until they are rescued . Example of this include her abducting , besides Snow White ( `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' , `` The Weather Witch '' ) , such characters as Chip ' n ' Dale ( `` Witch Convention '' , ) , Tinker Bell ( `` Pixie Dust Dilemma '' `` The Big Bust - out '' ) , and Dumbo characters ( `` Dumbo '' . `` The Chips Are Flying '' , `` A Witch in Time '' ) . The Witch also captures Dumbo in `` Dumbo l'échappe belle '' , but is defeated by Mickey and Br'er Bear and imprisoned by the Dwarfs . In `` The Gingerbread House '' , the Witch captures the Wicked Witch of the West 's children Witch Child and Warlock whom Magica De Spell was tasked to look after . Another recurring motif is the Witch 's attempts to turn characters into gold , for example Pinocchio ( `` The Magic Brew '' ) or all the forest animals ( `` Get Rich Witch '' ) . She may also simply try to steal the treasures , from either the Dwarfs ( `` Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs '' , `` Verjongingsdrank '' ) or other characters ( `` Black Magic Menace '' , `` Pursuit of Plunder '' ) . In the prequel story Battle of Wits and Witches , the Queen turns into the hag to steal a diamond from the Dwarfs but is foile by Mickey and Goofy . She also repeatedly attempts to ruin Christmas , like in `` The Golden Christmas Tree '' , where she lures Huey , Dewey and Louie to her lair use their tear drops in a magic potion to destroy all the Christmas trees in the world , and in `` Delivery Problems '' where she plots to put Santa Claus ' reindeer to sleep . In the Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories parody of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , `` The Wizard of Bahs '' by Vic Lockman and Strobl , the Witch is unexpectedly turned into an old tree trunk by Daisy Duck while her castle turns to sand . In `` The Captured Castle '' , the Witch captures Cinderella 's castle , and in `` It 's Snow Joke '' she turns Dale 's snow dragon alive . In `` The Magic Spell '' Chip ' n ' Dale steal her flying powder . The Witch 's Magic Wand is obtained by Goofy in `` Magic - Mender '' and stolen by the Big Bad Wolf in `` The Magic Wand '' . In `` The Haunted House Caper '' , the Witch turns Donald Duck 's into a haunted one , a story continued in `` 13 Blackcat Road '' . In O Sindicato Das Bruxas , José Carioca fights against her syndicate of witches . In `` The Washed - up Witch '' , where she ends up deprived of her powers and accepting Scrooge McDuck 's offer to become his private secretary . In `` The Sitter Solution '' , Mickey hires the Witch as a babysitter for Morty and Ferdie . Many stories , notably usually featuring the Queen in her youthful form , have been first published in Italian Disney digest comic series , in particular in Topolino . They include `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Witch '' ( I Sette Nani e la Strega Malvagia ) , `` Snow White and the Broken Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Spell of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina ) , `` Snow White and the Castle of Four Winds '' ( Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Heroic Antieve '' ( I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia ) , `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Brew of Seven Herbs '' ( I Sette Nani e l'infuso delle sette erbe aka `` The Seven Herbs Spell ! '' ) , `` Snow White and the Silver Rose '' ( Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento ) , and `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Joker Wizard '' ( I Sette Nani e il mago burlone ) , among others . For instance , `` Snow White and the Shattered Mirror '' ( Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto ) , has the old Witch , terminally ill , discover she has only one day to live , but she refuses to accept her destiny and finds a way to conquer death . In `` Goofy the Magician and the Seven Dwarfs '' ( Pippo mago ei Sette Nani ) , the Queen 's four goon henchmen attack the dwarfs and steal their treasure but then decide to keep it for themselves and Grimhilde seeks help from the wizard Abracadabro to stop their run ; eventually , it is the Prince who defeats the robbers . `` Donald Fracasse : ( Paperin Fracassa ) is a parody of the adventure film Captain Fracasse in which Snow White is blinded by the Queen and Donald Duck needs to heal her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and Christmas in Danger '' ( I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo ) the Queen goes to steal a comet stardust as the last ingredient for her spell to destroy Snow White . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Covenant of the Queen '' ( I Sette Nani e il patto della regina ) , she conjures the demon Shadow Lord Oren and makes a pact with him to take the soul of Snow White . She once again attempts to eliminate Snow White with the help of seven evil dwarfs , but in doing so she burns ends up burning all of her vital energy and Oren takes her with him . `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Christmas Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale ) presents a scenario in which the Queen successfully casts a forever - sleep enchantement on Snow White , but while trying to zap Dopey she accidentally falls victim of her own witchcraft and the Christmas fairy , freed from her prison , saves Snow White . In Italian comics , the Queen is usually wearing a red robe . She is also often shown using a crystal ball to spy on the good characters . Many of the Topolino Snow White comics were the works of Romano Scarpa . His 1986 comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and King Arbor 's Crystal '' ( I Sette Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor ) provides explanation how the Queen would have survived her apparent death in the film ( as some branches and bushes eased the fall and she was rescued by her loyal guards ) and why she could not change back to her normal self ( as her castle was burned down by the Huntsman and her book of magic is gone ) . In this story , Grimhilde ( Grimilde ) enlists the aid of her great admirer and past suitor , the evil King Arbor of Vegetalia , in a plot to use a magic crystal device to swap her old body with Snow White 's . The intrigue is foiled by the dwarves who destroy the crystal , and the resigned Arbor allows the Witch to live with her , saying he will try to remember she was `` the most beautiful among queens '' . The uneasy relationship between Grimhilde and Abor continued in the comic `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Fountainhead '' ( I Sette nani e la fonte meravigliosa ) , in which she desperately attempts to regain her youth , but instead only turns into a childlike version of her Witch form for a short time . Other comics by Romano Scarpa have the Queen in her youthful form . In the three - part `` Snow White and the Green Flame '' ( Biancaneve e verde fiamma ) , the Queen flies on a broom to the great gathering of witches , who declare that her inability to deal with just a little girl and few dwarfs has disgraced them all and she should be punished for this according to the laws of Hell . The Queen begs the High Witch for mercy and is given a magic wand with the power of transformation , but if she would not succeed this time she will be turned into a magic broom for a more `` honorable '' witch to fly . The Queen uses the wand to gain trust of Snow White and turn her a figurine , than takes the princess ' form to ambush the dwarfs and do the same with them , and waits for the Prince 's arrival to kill him . Only Dopey escapes and eventually manages to outwit the Queen , using her want to restore his friends and transform her into a figurine , which later turns into a broom when her sentence is carried over . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Throne of Diamonds '' ( I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti ) , Jiminy Cricket is deeply enamored by the Queen 's beauty and attempts to convince her to become good , but the Queen refuses to be redeemed and orders her soldiers to steal the throne the Dwarfs make for Snow White in a plot to turn her rival into an old woman . Eventually , the Queen is defeated by another witch Tardona and Snow White is saved . `` Snow White and the Chained Fairy '' ( I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata ) , sees the dwarfs struggle to free the fairy Fawn who was captured by the Queen in an underground cavern for saving Snow White when Grimhilde flew to strike down the princess with a thunderbolt . She takes on many forms trying to thwart them in various ways , and one - by - one the dwarfs sacrifice their lives , until only Dopey remains but he manages to get hold of magical water that brings back all of them to life . The freed fairy 's magic makes the cavern collapse down on the helpless Queen to make sure she will never hurt anyone again . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Birtch Ring '' ( I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla by Romano Scarpa ) , the Queen learns about the eight Dwarf named Ginger ( Zenzero ) , who has left the his companions to go in search of fortune traveling the world , and transforms into a pixie named Fagottina to send him home and sow discord among his brothers . The Queen also transforms into a pixie , named Fogliolina , in `` Snow White and Easter in the Woods '' ( Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco ) , where , after her attempt to kill Snow White with magic is foiled by woodland creatures , she is so enraged that she calls upon the infernal powers to `` take her '' and her castle burns into flames and crumbles around her . In `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Wolf 's Cliff '' ( I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo ) , she sends three of her bandit minions ( Bragia , Sghembo and Schidione ) to kidnap Snow White . `` Snow White and the Bewitched Dress '' ( Biancaneve e l'abito stregato ) has the Queen magically disguise herself as an old gypsy to give Snow White a cursed dress and capture her , then start her work on the spell to rid of the dwarfs and all the forest creatures . But Dopey infiltrates her castle , frees Snow White , and locks up the Queen in her laboratory set ablaze , after which the whole castle is consumed by fire and explodes after the dwarf and the princess escape . The Queen also appears as one of the villains in the 2005 Disney manga series Kilala Princess by Rika Tanaka and Nao Kodaka , where the protagonists Rei and Kilala Reno find themselves in the world of Snow White , and meet and befriend the princess . They go the Queen 's castle to ask the Magic Mirror how to find Kilala 's friend Erika , but discover the Queen is still alive ( and even commanding the two vultures , as well as wolves ) as she appears and demands Kilala 's magical tiara . The children try to flee but are attacked by wolves and locked up in the dungeon , where the Queen transforms into the Witch and prepares to turn Kilala into an ugly creature . Snow White appears and agrees to sacrifice herself to save them , but Kilala stops her at last moment before she can eat a poison apple ; Rei then attacks the Queen , who falls into her cauldron , turns into a vulture , and flies away in a defeat . Merchandise ( edit ) The character was also featured in a wide variety of Disney merchandise , such as in the Designer Villains `` stylized and fashion - forward '' series of limited edition dolls and make - up products , or the Wickedly Beautiful entry in the Beautifully Disney collection of cosmetic products . Various other such merchandise include many dolls , figurines / statuettes , costumes , clothing items , watches / clocks / mirrors , key chains / blanks , mugs , other tableware , bags / purses / suitcases , containers , prints / posters / cards / stickers , pins / buttons / magnets , holiday ornaments , plush toys , puzzles , other beauty products , and so forth . In one issue of Disney Adventures in 1997 , the Evil Queen appeared on the cover attempting to woo Will Smith . One hand - made figure costing $2,000 was the most expensive out of 200,000 items being sold at the Disney World shopping village in 1985 . During an auction in 1988 , an animation cel from the iconic scene of the Queen holding her heart box sold for a record - setting price of $30,000 . In 1997 , another cel from the same scene sold for $21,275 and a cel of the Witch offering an apple to Snow White realized $13,800 . Another cel showing the Queen reading her spellbook sold for $8,050 in an earlier in auction in 1995 . In 2015 , a Hag cell was sold on an aution for $48,000 . In Once Upon a Time ( edit ) Main article : Regina Mills An almost entirely alternate take on the character of the Evil Queen is Regina Mills , the main antagonist in the first season of the 2011 ABC live - action TV series Once Upon a Time where she is played by Lana Parrilla . Regina is the mayor of the idyllic town of Storybrooke , Maine , but is secretly the Evil Queen of legend , having cursed many beloved fairytale characters to live in a land without magic , where they will never get their happy endings . The show is not directly based on the Disney animated films , but is inspired by them and makes many references to them . One of its episodes is titled `` The Evil Queen '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception and popularity ( edit ) The Disney version of the character was very well received by film critics , even as some were disturbed ( columnist Dorothy Kilgallen for instance urged Disney to not make future villains as scary as the Witch ) . Stephen Hunter included her being `` cool '' among the `` wonderful truths about Snow White . '' Janet Maslin wrote the film 's Snow White `` exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character . The image of the wicked Queen ( initially conceived as a raven - haired glamour girl , and the epitome of late - 1930s sophistication ) who drinks an aging potion and then shrivels , sprouting warts and claws , turning before our eyes from a sexy , voluptous creature into a freightening old crone , must leave as powerful an impression on the audience as Snow White 's chirpy feminity . '' Similarly , Roger Ebert wrote Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was `` not so much about Snow White as it was about the Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Queen , '' opining this was the reason it has remained `` the ultimate animated masterpiece '' by 2001 instead of having been forgotten soon after its premiere in 1937 . Morgan McMichaels dressed as the Queen in 2015 Feminism academic Camille Paglia said that she used to be transfixed by this `` temperamental diva bitch '' , due to the contrast with the ideal of womanhood that she had been presented to as a child : `` Mary , this silent mother ; and here was the witch queen who has this weird dialogue in the mirror and it did n't have to be charitable and it did n't have to be nice . I thought she was fabulous . '' Likewise , Lana Parrilla , who later herself played the Evil Queen in Once Upon A Time , said that whenever she watched Disney 's Snow White as a young girl she rooted for and `` loved the evil queen ― every time the evil queen came on , I was like ' OK ! ' She was just so fascinating to me . '' Author Deborah Lipp wrote : `` As I 've said before and will doubtless say again , given a choice of being Snow White ( helpless , sweet , voiceless ) and the Wicked Queen , with the cool castle and the magic and the minions , give me my Magic Mirror now ! '' Film director John Waters said he too rooted for the evil queen to win , and Chay Yew said that if he were a Disney character , he would be the evil queen from Snow White . Once Upon the Time co-creator Adam Horowitz said that his earliest Disney memory was seeing a re-release of Disney 's Snow White when he was `` terrified by the Evil Queen while also being unable to look away and that stuck with me through the years . '' Similarly , fashion designer and Angelina Jolie 's Maleficent collaborator Stella McCartney said : `` My favorite Disney film was Snow White . I remember growing up watching ( it ) and being completely freaked out by that scene where the evil queen becomes the old witch and she makes the poison apple . '' Film maker and actor Terry Gilliam listed the film 's Queen among his eight favourite villains , commenting how `` truly strange '' is that `` vanity and beauty are what she 's all about , yet the identity she assumes when she becomes the old beggar woman is practically the ugliest in all the kingdom . '' Fairy tale lecturer Jack Zipes alike noted that `` it is somewhat strange that the queen believes the mirror , for the picture of Snow White reveals that she is a pretty pubescent red - cheeked ordinary girl while the queen is a stunning beautiful mature woman who might easily win a beauty contest . '' Jim Lentz , Director of Animation Art at Heritage Auctions , said in 2015 : `` The Evil Queen is , to this day , one of the great villains of cinema , and she was at her terrifying best when she became the Old Hag and set off to destroy Snow White . '' According to film maker and actor Brad Bird , back in 1937 `` they had to re-upholster the seats in a very large movie palace in New York because little kids were peeing on the seats when the witch came on in Snow White . '' The Queen ranked as tenth in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , being the highest - ranked animated villain . When Walt Disney Parks and Resorts held their 2011 Disney Villains popularity poll for Wicked Gooey Apple Awards ( named after the Queen 's poison apple ) , the Evil Queen came first and won in three out of five categories : `` Sinister Stylings '' ( for the most fashionable villain ) , `` Curses ! Foiled Again ! '' ( for the villain who received the best comeuppance ) , and the ultimate `` Unfairest of Them All '' ( for the most evil villain ) . Jeff Kurtti 's 2005 book Disney Villains : The Top Secret Files ranks her as `` the greatest villain of them all '' . In 2013 , the Queen was among the 20 terrifying kids ' movie characters by Digital Spy , commenting that `` Julia Roberts and Charlize Theron may have taken a stab at this role in two competing 2012 blockbusters , but they did n't get anywhere near the kind of creepiness of Disney 's evil Queen , '' as well as among ten scariest Disney villains of all time by entertainment.ie . In 2014 , E ! ranked `` the original head bitch in charge '' as the seventh top Disney Villain , while WatchMojo.com ranked her as the ninth top Disney animated villain and the fifth greatest female movie villain of all time . Nerdist put the Disney Villainesses `` starting in 1937 with the Evil Queen '' at top spot in a 2015 ranking of `` most bad ass '' female villains in pop culture , while Gay Times ranked her third among the `` top five wicked women of Disney '' and MTV listed her as one of the nine Disney Villains who were `` way better than the good guys . '' That same year , Moviepilot included her among the seven most terryfying and evil Disney Villains as `` she may be the prettiest woman in the list , but sadly , that beautiful facade covers an ugly and wicked soul , '' while Gulf News , ranking her as the second greatest Disney Villain , commented she `` still stands today - 78 years after the release of the first movie , '' as the most evil personality that Disney has ever created . Moviepilot also proposed `` Disney could give Snow White the Maleficent treatment and make a version telling the story through the Evil Queen 's perspective , '' suggesting she should be played by Megan Fox . In 2016 , The Frisky described her and Maleficent as `` two of the best - realized female villains in movie history . '' Cultural impact ( edit ) French model and TV host Solweig Rediger - Lizlow dressed as the Queen at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival According to Maria Tatar , an academic specializing in children 's literature , the film turned `` the evil queen into a figure of gripping narrative energy and makes Snow White ( the character ) so dull that she requires a supporting cast of seven to enliven her scenes . Ultimately it is the stepmother 's disruptive , disturbing , and divisive presence that invests the film with a degree of fascination that has facilitated its widespread circulation and that has allowed it to take such powerful hold in our own culture . '' Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peter credited the Queen 's character 's influence in changing the popular visual image of witches in film and other fiction as specifically female , more often young and attractive than old and ugly , and dressed in a characteristically defining costume . A part of Maila Nurmi 's inspiration for her character of Vampira came from Nurmi being fascinated by the Queen after watching Disney 's Snow White at the age of 14 . When she was cast for the 1939 's The Wizard of Oz as the Wicked Witch of the West , Gale Sondergaard ( who herself has earlier served as one of inspirations for Disney ) insisted on playing a glamorous vision of the character , similar to the Disney 's interpretation of the Queen from Snow White ; when Sondergaard 's idea was rejected by producers Mervyn LeRoy and Arthur Freed in favor of making the Wicked Witch ugly , she withdrew from the project and Margaret Hamilton was cast instead . Still , the similarities between the two films , including the porteayals on their respective witch characters , were such that The Wizard of Oz was at one point advertised as `` Snow White with live actors . '' The Queen inspired main antagonist characters in the otherwise unrelated titles , such as the stepmother queen in the Russian animated film The Wild Swans ( 1962 ) , the Witch Queen in the Spanish film Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood ( 1962 ) , the goddess Venus in the anime version of Unico , Queen Admira in the American film The Hugga Bunch ( 1985 ) , and the queen of the witches in the video game Curse of Enchantia ( 1992 ) . Lady Macbeth in Orson Welles ' 1948 Macbeth resembles the Queen in her costume , make - up , and even the manner of her death ; Lady Macbeth was also visually based on the Queen in a 1982 comic book adaptation . The evil Queen Bavmorda from 1988 's film Willow bears a resemblance too , so much that Cinefantastique editor Frederick S. Clarke described her as `` simply Snow White 's Wicked Queen , right down to her hooded costume . '' Robin Wood has drawn a connection between the looks of the Witch and of the Emperor in the Star Wars franchise ( which eventually also became a Disney property ) . According to the designer Steve Brown , the Queen 's old Witch form served as an inspiration for the main character Witch Queen in his 1985 video game Cauldron . Brigitte Nielsen said she has also based her role as the Black Witch ( who also kidnaps a prince character out of jealously for a princess ) in the 1992 Italian film Fantaghirò 2 on Disney 's `` Grimilde '' ( an Italian name for the Queen in the comics ) . The Wicked Queen with several other Disney villains , including Maleficent and the Queen of Hearts An official Disney.com blog Oh My Disney stated the Evil Queen has been `` the original Disney villain , and we 're really not exaggerating . '' According to The Daily Telegraph , La Verne 's role as the Queen `` was credited as the model for such future villains as Ursula in The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and Scar in The Lion King ( 1994 ) . '' Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty inherited a number of characteristics from the Queen , including the cowl , high collar , billowing cloak , arched eyebrows , cruel lips , and raven familiar . An abandoned concept from Snow White was that the Queen kidnap the Prince and lock him in her dungeon ; similarly , in Sleeping Beauty , Maleficent kidnaps Prince Philip . Lady Bane , a vain evil sorceress from Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears , too bears a similarity to the Evil Queen in her costume and character . Four wicked witches of the East , West , North and South , resembling the Witch from Disney 's Snow White , are also the villains Mickey has to kill to save Disneyland in 1988 's Mickey Mouse : The Computer Game . The first names for the magic - wielding antagonist couple The Glooms in Disney XD 's own series The 7D ( 2014 ) ― set in a timeframe before the Seven Dwarfs first met Snow White ― might have been inspired by the Evil Queen character 's alternate name `` Grimhilde '' , with the bumbling warlock husband named `` Grim '' and the determined witch wife named `` Hildy '' . The Queen 's character design from the film was also used in some other Snow White adaptations , such as for the Queen in the Turkish film Pamuk Prenses ve Yedi Cüceler ( 1970 ) . Queen Naga in Italian erotic comic books Biancaneve was at first loosely based on the Disney version , as was its Snow White 's character . Susan Sarandon 's character of Queen Narissa in Disney 's own Enchanted ( 2007 ) , had her characteristics , powers , and physical features were inspired by the Queen from the film and by Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty . Early on into the project , Enchanted was actually supposed to be a direct - to - video animated sequel to Disney 's Snow White ( with a working title of `` Snow White 2 '' ) in which Narissa ( back then often misspelled as `` Noriss '' ) was the evil Queen 's sister who would kidnap six of the dwarfs to lure Snow White , the Prince , and their 13 - year - old daughter Rose aided by Dopey , into a trap . When Filmation announced their own animated sequel to the fairy tale , the studio was sued by Disney until Filmation promised their characters would not resemble the ones from the Disney film ; the settlement stated there could not be a `` wicked witch '' character in the film which instead was made to feature the Queen 's brother in a vendetta to avenge her death ( the title was also changed , from Snow White in the Land of Doom to Happily Ever After ) . The Queen 's castle was used prominently in the advertising of the film ( acting as the backdrop of the film 's poster ) . Later Disney fairy tales , including Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , The Little Mermaid , Beauty and the Beast and Aladdin , feature similarly fantastical castles and palaces , and often these buildings act as centrepieces or backdrops for the movies ' posters . A fairy tale castle stands at the centre of each Disney theme park , and the image of the castle is used in the logo for Buena Vista International . Homage cameos and parodies ( edit ) The `` Disney Villainess Squad '' cosplayers at WonderCon 2010 The character has also made several parodic cameo and homage appearances in non-Disney media . In the 1945 radio program This Is My Best , the Queen uttered a curse so dreadful that the Magic Mirror shattered into a thousand pieces and where the Queen once stood was nothing but a heap of ashes from which black spiders crawled and scuffled off into the night . In Woody Allen 's live - action film Annie Hall ( 1977 ) , Alvy mentions that when he saw Disney 's Snow White , he was attracted to the Queen while all the other children had a crush on Snow White . This is followed by an animated sequence of the Wicked Queen , resembling Annie and voiced by Diane Keaton , talking to the cartoon version of the daydreaming Alvy , but turns out that even the Queen scolds him ; Alvy attributes it to her having her period mood , to which the Queen reminds him she is just a cartoon character . The Queen was referenced when she appeared as a villain in an issue of Italian horror comic book series Dylan Dog in 1988 . In The Simpsons episode `` Four Great Women and a Manicure '' ( 2009 ) , the Queen escapes the dwarves after poisoning Snow White , only to be lynched by a mob of angry woodland creatures . In the U.S. Acres two - part cartoon `` Snow Wade and the 77 Dwarves '' , Lanolin appears as the Wicked Queen with a costume is based off the Disney version . In the Family Guy 2009 episode `` Road to the Multiverse '' , Herbert appears as the disguised Queen . The Muppet Show character Miss Piggy is the Queen in the 2010 parody comic book miniseries Muppet Snow White . Cassie Scerbo played the Evil Queen in the 2013 YouTube parody music video Cell Block Tango . The Queen also appears in Counting Scars , Oh My Disney 's Halloween 2014 parody music video of OneRepublic 's `` Counting Stars '' . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to the Evil Queen . The Queen from `` Snow White '' in the original fairy tale , and in other derivative works Disney portal Cartoon portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reflection of Evil Ink & Paint Cel Release at Disney 's Hollywood Studios `` Disney Parks Blog '' . 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Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Canemaker , Before the Animation Begins : The Life and Times of Disney inspirational Sketch Artists ( Hyperion , New York , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6152 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney cast an evil end for the voice of Snow White '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Not Just Your Average Joe : Disney Legend Joe Grant '' . Awn.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1944 RKO Radio Pictures Snow White pressbook , page 5 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White '' Ready Xmas , The Pittsburgh Press , October 13 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Feminists decry fairy tale films , The Tuscaloosa News , August 6 , 1980 . Jump up ^ ' Snow White ' as young as ever , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , July 17 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Starlog 's CineMagic Magazine ( 50th Annivesary - 1987 ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fairest ... And The Scariest Of Them All : A Doomed Love Triangle '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : David Koenig , Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks , page 28 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Disney 's fabulous folly -- Page 5 Animator Mag -- Library '' . Animatormag.com . August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : Dark Secrets of the Dungeon '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Holliss , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the Making of the Classic Film , page 14 . Jump up ^ Ollie Johnston , Frank Thomas , The Disney Villain , age 54 . Jump up ^ Rudy Behlmer , America 's Favorite Movies : Behind the Scenes , page 44 . Jump up ^ 1937 Fan . `` Whistle While We Blog '' . 1937fan.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White book page '' ( JPG ) . 4.bp.blogspot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : The Rescue of the Prince '' . Kennetti.fi . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( Harry N. Abrams , New York , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 8109 - 1515 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kay Stone , Some Day Your Witch Will Come , page 71 . Jump up ^ Laurence A. Rickels , The Devil Notebooks , page 274 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains ' Lairs Are Creepy and Impressive Oh My Disney '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maureen Furniss , Art in Motion : Animation Aesthetics , page 119 . Jump up ^ Eurodisney Pocket Guide , page 64 . Jump up ^ Tison Pugh , The Disney Middle Ages : A Fairy - Tale and Fantasy Past , page 64 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : Disney 's new Seven Dwarfs Mine Train '' . Azcentral.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World Halloween Party changes '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big thrills , little chills at Disney Halloween bash USA Travel '' . Toronto Sun . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney celebrates 100 years of magic '' . Deseret News . October 28 , 2001 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Side `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Creating Your Dream with Disney Event Group `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Villain - themed event coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney guests enjoy Chiquita Apple Bites '' . Freshplaza.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Sneak Peek at the ' Villains Unleashed ' Guest List at Disney 's Hollywood Studios `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Andrea ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` I Dream of Disney '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent Terrace , Television Specials : 5,336 Entertainment Programs , 1936 -- 2012 , 2d ed. , page 132 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Disa and The Seven Dwarfs : How the Snow White prequel became a Dopey movie Animated Views '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs prequel once planned by Disney Metro News '' . Metro.co.uk. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy to Play Evil Queen in Disney Channel 's ' Descendants ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Disneys Lost The Plot With Descendants Angsty Teen Children Of Classic Villains '' . Hitfix.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Descendants ' Casts Newcomer Sofia Carson as Evil Queen 's Daughter ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap. April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Creating Original Live - Action Movie About Offspring of Disneys Villains '' . GeekNation . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` E Releases '' . Disneychannelmedianet.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Descendants Teaser Trailer '' . Disney.com.au . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney To Develop Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister Rose Red '' . Geeksofdoom.com. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fairest of All Disney Publishing Worldwide '' . Books.disney.com . August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Disney Princess : My Side of the Story -- Snow White / The Queen -- Book # 2 : Daphne Skinner , Atelier Philippe Harchy , John Kurtz : 0725961034641 : Amazon.com : Books . Amazon.com . ASIN 0786834641 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Descendants News : Melissa De La Cruz Writing PREQUEL , Get A SNEAK PEEK Of Kristen Chenoweth as Maleficent ( SEE PIC ) : The Eye : Fashion & Style '' . Fashionnstyle.com . July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radio City back on track with live fairy tales , The Spokesman - Review , October 25 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White on Ice '' . The Montreal Gazette . September 6 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenmont Native A Prince in Fine ' Snow White on Ice ' '' . Schenectady Gazette . September 10 , 1986 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White , 7 Dwarfs Deliver a Magical Show '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . January 22 , 1987 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Evil Queen wicked on Ice '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . February 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent Terrace , Television Specials : 5,336 Entertainment Programs , 1936 -- 2012 , 2d ed. , page 337 . Jump up ^ `` Parent Reviews - fayettevillekidsguide.com - Your resource for Parenting , Kids , Birthday party ideas , Family vacations , Events , Family Event , Activities for kids , Summer camps , Kids restaurants , Child care , Day care in Fayetteville , Arkansas '' . Fayettevillekidsguide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Live ! Three Classic Fairy Tales - Muscogee Moms '' . Muscogee Moms . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Disney Villains You Can See at Walt Disney World Resort `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Children Under Construction : Critical Essays on Play as Curriculum -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 2010 . ISBN 9781433106231 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atari 2600 - Snow White ( Atari ) '' . AtariAge . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Disney iOS Games '' . Arcadesushi.com . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White : The Queen 's Return -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming update : What to expect ? Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile game '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring Witch Rock Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . `` Finding and Restoring Queen 's Alchemy Lab Seven Dwarfs -- The Queen 's return -- Complete guide to Disney 's mobile '' . Sevendwarfs.twiddlethumb.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tijdlijnfoto 's -- Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return '' . Facebook . April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity '' . Infinity.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Interactive Support -- Disney Universe -- Downloadable Costumes : Villains Pack ( PlayStation ® 3 , Xbox 360 ® ) '' . Help.disney.com . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Snow White Evil Queen : Home & Kitchen '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Become your Inner Villain ! `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Aaah Choo ! Disney Games '' . Games.disney.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion - Test Nintendo 3DS - Nintendo Master '' . Nintendo-master.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Tek Toothbrush ' Snow White ' Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Parker Brothers Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : 1938 Milton Bradley Snow White Board Game '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Game Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Délivrez Minnie ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 21 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Castle Labyrinth '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Name the Characters Word Puzzle '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` En nu naar het kasteel ! '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Disneykin Snow White Game from Royal Gelatin '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly ® Game Board Games '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG001 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG018 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG019 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE PG020 '' . Sciencefictionmuseum.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE FAIREST ... AND THE SCARIEST OF THEM ALL : The 1937 Merrill De Maris Comic Book '' . Kennetti.fi . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Branca de Neve '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blanche Neige et les sept nains '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pamuk Prenses ile Sevimli Prens '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 30 , 1942 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EsquiloScans '' . EsquiloScans . December 20 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The wicked prince '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Christmas Surprise '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Christmas Spell '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Snow White 's Sinister Christmas Gift '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1944 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No Ritmo Da Bruxa '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1974 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Maçã Superenfeitiçada '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kerstverhaal '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Enchanted Mountain '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery of the Missing Magic '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A New Adventure of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Seven Dwarfs and the Witch - Queen '' 1958 Sunday Comic `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pirate '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Seven Dwarfs 1949 Four Color Comic ( A Pirate 's Tale ) '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasyland '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Castle for Christmas '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Enchanted Forest '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1955 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Matter of Luck '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Snake Skin Belt '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Mal Me Quer , Bem Me Quer '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Assalto Cheio De História '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 23 , 1986 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Le cauchemard de Halloween '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` 75 jaar '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Deed Club 's Annual Picnic '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bewitched Dolls '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Wee Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Undercover Candy Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Crime Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 9 , 1968 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Seven Dwarfs ' Diamond Mine Job '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bad Guys At The Ball '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 27 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Kite Tail '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hoodwinked Helper '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Ranchin ' Rabbit '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1969 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House Guests '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Few Clues '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Too Many Witches '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1960 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Dull Kinda Danger '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Shock Treatment '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1953 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Magic Beanstalk '' . Coa.inducks.org . September 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The House Guest '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Outwitting the Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Bewitched Tree '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Fly Guys '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Vacationland '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Lost Jingle - Jangle '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1981 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Witch Tricks '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` L'incredibile avventura di Topolino '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 25 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'incredibile naniversario '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 7 , 1988 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Hotel Transylvania '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 15 , 2004 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Party Monsters '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La voce del popolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la saga burocratica '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` February Foolery '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1957 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Pickpocket '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Case of the Weird Web '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Mysterious Black Pearl Ring '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Spaghetti and Goofballs '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He Went Thataway '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Qui , Quo , Qua e il `` meeting '' dei miti `` . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` La buona stella di Paperino '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 16 , 1989 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paperino in : `` La storia ( in ) finita '' `` . Coa.inducks.org . December 29 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glitter Bug '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e la dimensione F '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 17 , 1991 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Inimiga Do Natal '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 12 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Youth Machine '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1970 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Topolino e l'enigma di Cartunia '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 19 , 1995 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Haunting '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1952 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1954 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1956 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ( ( cite web url = https://coa.inducks.org/story.php?c=W+WDC+269-04 title = A Wolf at the Door publisher = Coa.inducks.org date = February 1 , 1963 accessdate = August 27 , 2016 ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Grounded Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Guardian Pixie '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful Magic Lamp '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1949 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` The Broom Boom '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Clan Bake '' . Coa.inducks.org . May 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Bait '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1966 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1972 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Presidente Das Bruxas '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 13 , 1975 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Virou Contra A Feiticeira '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 16 , 1973 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Bruxo Não Entra '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 1 , 1976 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` As Feiticeiras '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 1 , 1977 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` A Má Magali '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Organized Grime '' . Coa.inducks.org . August 1 , 1964 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Toimituksen noitanurkka '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 2 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Um Amor De Presente '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1980 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Feitiço Das Manchas Na Cara '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Paramales A Você '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` O Bandido Do Ano '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1983 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` Tremendo Som '' . Coa.inducks.org . June 1 , 1985 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Mirror '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Switch '' . Coa.inducks.org . November 1 , 1979 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Caper '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The High - Hopping Wolf '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Double Trouble '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting the Boot '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dust Dilemma '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 1 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Witch '' . Coa.inducks.org . July 1 , 1978 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Convention '' . Coa.inducks.org. 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Jump up ^ James E. Daniels ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` J.E. Daniels ' Animated Topics & Headlines : Disney Comics Crossover '' . Jedaniels-adventures.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sitter Solution '' . Coa.inducks.org . February 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The evil queen '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . October 25 , 1958 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'incantesimo della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve al castello dei quattro venti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'eroica antivigilia '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 7 nani e l'infuso delle 7 erbe '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biancaneve e la rosa d'argento '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il mago burlone '' . Coa.inducks.org . January 15 , 1967 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e lo specchio infranto '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pippo mago ei Sette Nani '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il Natale in pericolo '' . Coa.inducks.org . December 17 , 1989 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della regina '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il patto della Regina '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la Fatina di Natale '' . Digilander.iol.it . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fatina di Natale '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : `` Snow White and the Green Flame Ruby '' by Romano Scarpa ( 1953 ) `` . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e il cristallo di Re Arbor '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il cristallo di re Arbor '' . Artnet.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luca Boschi . `` Sul set di Romano Scarpa '' . Lo Spazio Bianco . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 Nani e la fonte meravigliosa '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filmic Light - Snow White Archive : Overview of Romano Scarpa 's Snow White Comics '' . Filmic-light.blogspot.com . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . `` I.N.D.U.C.K.S '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 14 , 1994 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e verde fiamma , l'esordio di Romano Scarpa su Topolino '' . Fumettologica . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e il trono di diamanti '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la fata incatenata '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e l'anello di betulla '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 7 nani e l'anello di betulla Archives - Romano Scarpa '' . Romano Scarpa . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e la Pasqua nel bosco '' . Coa.inducks.org. April 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Sette Nani e la balza del lupo '' . Coa.inducks.org . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve e l'abito stregato '' . Coa.inducks.org . March 29 , 1964 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellman , Victoria ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Little Mermaid 's Ursula gets new tiny waistline Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beautifully Disney Collections By Disney '' . Disneyparksmerchandise.com . 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Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Snow White Evil Queens Statue Set by David Kracov & EFX : Patio , Lawn & Garden '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney -- Snow White & The Severn Dwarfs -- Wicked Queen -- Figure 4 ' ' : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Snow White Exclusive 3 inch PVC Figurine Wicked Queen : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Std Size Women ( 12 -- 14 ) -- Disneys TM Snow White EVIL Queen Costume : Adult Sized Costumes : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Leg Avenue Costumes Disney 3Pc. Evil Queen Includes Dress Belt and Crown Head Piece : Clothing '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Halloween The Wicked Queen ( Snow White ) -- Card Face Mask -- Licensed Pr ... : Toys & Games '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Evil Queen Mug -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Drinkware '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen Mug -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Drinkware '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Evil Queen as Hag Mug -- ' ' Candy Cauldron ' ' Drinkware '' . Disney Store . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Evil Queen Coffee Mug Snow White & Dwarfs : Kitchen & Dining '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Hallmark Disney Especially Evil DYG9717 Evil Queen Before / After Coffee Mug : Villains Mug : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Store The Queen Coffee Mug Cup Snow Snow Villains : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . line feed character in title = at position 34 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Horrors ! Disney 's wicked queen reigns supreme on a collector 's a Bradford Exchange Recommendation '' . Lawrence Journal - World . July 11 , 1993 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Limited Edition Disney Villains Porcelain Evil Queen Art Plate Le 1000 : Commemorative Plates : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Hallmark Disney Especially Evil DYG9716 Evil Queen -- Queen of Goblet : Mugs : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . `` Disney Store Exclusive Designer Villains Mug Set of 6 ; Queen of Hearts , Maleficent , Ursula , Mother Gothel , Evil Queen , Cruella De Vil Graphic Design : Ariel Mug : Everything Else '' . Amazon.com . March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and Evil Queen Carriage Ring Tote by Harveys Bags & Totes '' . Disney Store . 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Jump up ^ Disney 's ' Snow White ' is the ultimate animated masterpiece , The Victoria Advocate , October 14 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Mark Nation and Samuel Wells , Faithfulness and Fortitude : Conversations with the Theological Ethics of Stanley Hauerwas , page 280 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Lee ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon A Time ' Star Lana Parrilla Reveals Her Favorite Fairy Tale Characters '' . Latina . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deborah Lipp , The Study of Witchcraft : A Guidebook to Advanced Wicca , page 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin . `` John Waters talks ( and talks ) about his subversive career '' . PopMatters . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mapa on the spot '' , The Advocate , February 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` A Chat with the Creators of Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stella McCartney on Disney Villains and Angelina Jolie -- The Cut '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ An interview in the February 1982 issue of Heavy Metal . Jump up ^ Jerry Beck ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Snow White , Bugs Bunny and The Beatles ' `` Yellow Submarine - Animation Scoop '' . Animation Scoop . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Disgusting Reason A Movie Theater Had To Renovate After Showing Snow White '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute ( June 4 , 2003 ) . `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . Afi.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Queen Reigns Supreme with Three Wicked Gooey Apple Awards `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Grimhilde 20 terrifying kids ' movie characters '' . Digital Spy . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MovieNews We look at the Ten Scariest Disney villains of all time '' . Eentertainment.ie . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All of the Disney Villains , Ranked '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Animated Disney Villains '' . YouTube . September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Greatest Female Movie Villains of All Time '' . YouTube . July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 13 Most Badass Female Villains in Pop Culture '' . Nerdist . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our top five wicked women of Disney get a GT makeover '' . Gay Times . December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ mtv ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` 9 Disney Villains Who Were Better Than The Good Guys '' . MTV . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akari KekseI am a horror fanatic , and a writer :D ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Most Terrifying And Evil Disney Villains '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's 15 greatest villains '' . GulfNews.com . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will These 5 Disney Classics Get the Live - Action Treatment ? Find out HERE '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Time to Cast Those Meddling Disney Villains for Future Live - Actions ! '' . MoviePilot.com . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Frisky ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Linguists Have Nailed The Exact Problem With Disney 's Princess Movies '' . The Frisky . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Hard Facts of the Grimms ' Fairy Tales , page 234 . Jump up ^ Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peter , Witchcraft in Europe : 1100 -- 1700 : A Documentary History , University of Pennsylvania Press 2001 , page 30 . Jump up ^ David J. Skal , The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror , page 240 . Jump up ^ William Stillman and Jay Scarfone , The Wizardry of Oz : The Artistry and Magic of The 1939 MGM Classic ( Applause Theatre Book Publishers , United States , 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 624 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Enchanted Screen : The Unknown History of Fairy - Tale Films '' . Books.google.com . p. 96 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Traumas Infantiles . `` Caperucita y Pulgarcito contra los monstruos ( 1962 ) '' . Cinecutre.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Magic and the Supernatural in the Modern Visual and Performing Arts '' . Books.google.com. April 23 , 2015 . p. 181 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hugga Bunch Movie '' . Crowncombo.com . March 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raya & Redondo . `` DeLaC Aventuras - Curse of Enchantia '' . Delac.es . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deborah Cartmell , Imelda Whelehan , Adaptations : From Text to Screen , Screen to Text , page 32 . Jump up ^ ' Macbeth ' now a comic , The Bulletin , September 16 , 1982 . Jump up ^ ' Willow ' packed with special effects , The Nevada Daily Mail , July 15 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Cinefantastique 19 , page 109 . Jump up ^ Robin Wood , Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan ... and Beyond : A Revised and Expanded Edition of the Classic Text ( New York : Columbia University Press , 2003 ) , p. 154 , ISBN 0 - 231 - 12966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Retro Gamer 35 , page 50 . Jump up ^ `` la cattiva : inseguo sempre la TV '' . Archiviostorico.corriere.it . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Villain Spotlight Series : Evil Queen '' . Blogs.disney.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robin Allan , Walt Disney and Europe ( Indiana University Press , Indiana , 1999 ) . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21353 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Mouse : The Computer Game -- Commodore Amiga -- Manual '' . gamesdbase.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sinemanın gerçek cadısı -- Radikal Radikal İki '' . Radikal.com.tr . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biancaneve '' . Elvifrance.fr . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Groovy Age of Horror -- BIANCANEVE , Pt. 3 '' . Groovyageofhorror.tumblr.com . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` Enchanted princess steps out of cartoon , into Manhattan '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Olivier Mouroux . `` Animated Movies '' . Famillemouroux.free.fr . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Did Snow White Live ' Happily Ever After ' ? , The Daily Gazette , January 1 , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE REVISITED : THE QUEEN 'S DEAD , BUT CONFLICT ISN 'T BANISHED '' . Dayton Daily News , May 28 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Hall script by Woody Allen '' . Dailyscript.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.comics.org/issue/44258/ Jump up ^ `` May is Massive on Fox '' . FoxFlash . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Snider on `` Muppet Snow White '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Disney 's Villains Perform Their Version Of Chicago 's Cell Block Tango '' . CinemaBlend.com . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Counting Scars This Halloween '' . Disney Blogs . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) Disney Villains Star In OneRepublic Parody Of ' Counting Stars ' - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . 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( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evil_Queen_(Disney)&oldid=801009686 '' Categories : Animated human characters Disney animated characters Disney comics characters Disney 's Snow White Female characters in animation Fictional alchemists Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Fictional German people Fictional murderers Fictional shapeshifters Fictional queens Fictional witches Kingdom Hearts characters Narcissism in fiction Queen ( Snow White ) Video game bosses Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN CS1 errors : invisible characters Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 03 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the evil queen's name in snow white | [
"The Evil Queen, also known as the Wicked Queen or just the Queen, and sometimes instead identified by her given name as Queen Grimhilde, is the primary antagonist in Disney's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and a villain character in the extended Disney's Snow White franchise. She is based on the Evil Queen character from the European fairy tale \"Snow White\"."
] | [
"Queen Grimhilde"
] |
6024992874317465947 | East India Company | East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies , primarily composed of Indian sepoys , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , in 1623 the company closed their factory . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Macaulayism and the British education system have been blamed for producing a generation of Indians not proud of their distinct heritage . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and ( ( ship Ocean 1788 EIC ship 2 ) ) , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christophe Jaffrelot , Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s . New York : Viking Press , 1996 ; page 343 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company ( sv ) Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=800630076 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 18 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the ruler of india when east india company was set up | [
"The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company's shares.[4] Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control."
] | [
"Queen Elizabeth I"
] |
5938034643581929904 | List of popes | List of popes - wikipedia List of popes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic Church . For popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church , see List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria . For popes of the Legio Maria , see List of Legio Maria Popes . For Palmarian popes , see Palmarian Catholic Church § Popes . For a graphical representation of this list , see List of Popes ( graphical ) . Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St Peter 's ( their names in Latin and the year of their burial ) This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading `` I Sommi Pontefici Romani '' ( The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome ) , excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes . Published every year by the Roman Curia , the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes , stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession , in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII , Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th - century popes . The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced `` almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes , from St Peter to John Paul II '' . The corrections concerned dates , especially in the first two centuries , birthplaces and the family name of one pope . The term pope ( Latin : papa `` father '' ) is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( for example Coptic Pope ) . This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church . The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition , including Summus Pontifex , Pontifex Maximus , and Servus servorum Dei . Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives , is not incapable of modification . Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously . His list ends in 1049 with Pope Leo IX as number 154 . Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century . Antipope Christopher was considered legitimate for a long time . Pope - elect Stephen was considered legitimate under the name Stephen II until the 1961 edition , when his name was erased . Although these changes are no longer controversial , a number of modern lists still include this `` first Pope Stephen II '' . It is probable that this is because they are based on the 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia , which is in the public domain . A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints , including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes , and others are in the sainthood process . Of the first 31 popes , 28 died as martyrs ( see List of murdered popes ) . Contents 1 Chronological list 1.1 1st millennium 1.1. 1 1st century 1.1. 2 2nd century 1.1. 3 3rd century 1.1. 4 4th century 1.1. 5 5th century 1.1. 6 6th century 1.1. 7 7th century 1.1. 8 8th century 1.1. 9 9th century 1.1. 10 10th century 1.2 2nd millennium 1.2. 1 11th century 1.2. 2 12th century 1.2. 3 13th century 1.2. 4 14th century 1.2. 5 15th century 1.2. 6 16th century 1.2. 7 17th century 1.2. 8 18th century 1.2. 9 19th century 1.2. 10 20th century 1.3 3rd millennium 1.3. 1 21st century 1.4 Religious orders 2 Notes on numbering of popes 3 See also 3.1 Lists 3.2 Related topics 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 General 5 External links Chronological list 1st millennium 1st century Popes of the 1st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 1 April 30 -- 29 June 67 ( 7004136030000000000 ♠ 37 years , 89 days ) St Peter PETRUS Šimʻōn Kêpâ ( Simon Peter ) AD 1 Bethsaida , Galilea , Roman Empire 29 / 66 Jew . Apostle of Jesus from whom he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven , according to Matthew 16 : 18 -- 19 . Executed by crucifixion upside - down ; feast day ( Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ) 29 June , ( Chair of Saint Peter ) 22 February . He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ . Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 29 June . The St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him . 29 June 67 -- 23 September 76 ( 7003337400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 86 days ) St Linus Papa LINUS Linus ( Lin ) 10 AD Volterra , Italia , Roman Empire 57 / 66 First Roman pope . Feast day 23 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 23 September 76 -- 26 April 88 ( 7003423300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 216 days ) St Anacletus ( Cletus ) Papa ANACLETUS ( Cletus ) Anákletos ( Klétos ) ( Anaclet or Clet ) 25 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 51 / 63 First Greek pope . Martyred ; feast day 26 April . Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus . 26 April 88 -- 23 November 99 ( 7003422800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 211 days ) St Clement I Papa CLEMENS Clemens ( Clement ) ca . 35 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 64 ( † 66 ) Roman . Feast day 23 November . Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 November . First Pope to abdicate 5 23 November 99 -- 27 October 105 ( 7003216400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 338 days ) St Evaristus Papa EVARISTUS Eváristos ( Evarist ) ca . 30 AD Bethlehem , Judea , Roman Empire 69 / 75 Jew . Said to have divided Rome into parishes , assigning a priest to each . Feast day of 26 October . 2nd century Popes of the 2nd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 6 27 October 105 -- 3 May 115 ( 7003347500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 188 days ) St Alexander I Papa ALEXANDER Alexander ca . 75 AD Rome , Roman Empire 30 / 40 Roman . Inaugurated the custom of blessing houses with holy water . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 March . 7 3 May 115 -- 3 April 125 ( 7003362300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 335 days ) St Sixtus I Papa XYSTUS Xystus ( Sixt ) 42 AD Rome , Roman Empire 73 / 83 Roman . Feast day of 6 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 8 3 April 125 -- 5 January 136 ( 7003392900000000000 ♠ 10 years , 277 days ) St Telesphorus Papa TELESPHORUS Telesfóros ( Telesfore ) ca . 67 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 58 / 69 Greek . Feast day of 5 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 22 February . Church Father St. Irenaeus called him a great martyr . 9 5 January 136 -- 11 January 140 ( 7003146700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 6 days ) St Hyginus Papa HYGINUS Ygínos ( Hygin ) ca 74 Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 58 / 62 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 11 January . 10 11 January 140 -- 11 July 155 ( 7003566000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 181 days ) St Pius I Papa PIUS Pius ( Pie ) ca . 81 AD Aquileia , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 74 Roman . Martyred by sword ; feast day 11 July . Decreed that Easter should only be celebrated on a Sunday . 11 11 July 155 -- 20 April 166 ( 7003393600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 283 days ) St Anicetus Papa ANICETUS Aníketos ( Anicet ) ca . 92 AD Emesa , Syria , Roman Empire 63 / 74 Greek . First pope from Syria . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 17 April . Decreed that priests are not allowed to have long hair . 12 20 April 166 -- 22 April 174 ( 7003292400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 2 days ) St Soter Papa SOTERIUS Soterius ( Soter ) ca . 119 AD Fondi , Aquileia , Roman Empire 46 / 55 Roman . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 22 April . Declared that marriage was valid as a sacrament blessed by a priest ; formally inaugurated Easter as an annual festival in Rome . 13 22 April 174 -- 26 May 189 ( 7003551300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 34 days ) St Eleuterus Papa ELEUTHERIUS Eléutheros ( Eleutery ) ca . 130 AD Nicopolis , Epirus , Roman Empire 45 / 59 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 6 May . 14 26 May 189 -- 28 July 199 ( 7003371500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 63 days ) St Victor I Papa VICTOR Victor ca . 120 AD Africa , Roman Empire 34 / 44 Roman . Known for excommunicating Theodotus of Byzantium . Quartodecimanism controversy . 15 28 July 199 -- 20 December 217 ( 7003671900000000000 ♠ 18 years , 145 days ) St Zephyrinus Papa ZEPHYRINUS Zephyrinus ( Zefyrin ) ca . 160 AD Rome , Roman Empire 39 / 57 Roman . Combated against the adoptionist heresies of the followers of Theodotus the Byzantium who were ruled by Theodotus , the Money Changer and Asclepiodotus . Although not physically martyred ( murdered ) , he is called a martyr for the suffering he endured . - c. 199 -- c. 200 ( 7002365000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 0 days ) Natalius Antipapa NATALIUS Natalius ( Natale ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to pope Zephyrinus . Later reconciled ( see above ) . 3rd century Popes of the 3rd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 16 20 December 217 -- 14 October 222 ( 7003175900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 298 days ) St Callixtus I Papa CALLIXTUS Callixtus ( Callixt ) ca . 155 AD Rome , Roman Empire 62 / 67 Roman . Martyred ; feast day 14 October . - 217 -- 235 ( 7003657400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 0 days ) St Hippolytus Antipapa HIPPOLYTUS Ippólytos ( Hippolyt ) ca 170 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 65 Roman Greek . In opposition to Pope Callistus I , Urban I and Pontian . Later reconciled with Pope Pontian ( see above ) . 17 14 October 222 -- 23 May 230 ( 7003277800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 221 days ) St Urban I Papa URBANUS Urbanus ( Urban ) ca . 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 55 Roman . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 May . 18 21 August 230 -- 28 September 235 ( 7003186400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 38 days ) St Pontian Papa PONTIANUS Pontianus ( Pontian ) ca . 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 55 / 60 Roman . First to abdicate after exile to Sardinia by Emperor Maximinus Thrax . The Liberian Catalogue records his death on 28 September 235 , the earliest exact date in papal history . 19 21 November 235 -- 3 January 236 ( 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 days ) St Anterus Papa ANTERUS Antherós ( Anter ) ca . 180 AD Petilia , Italia , Roman Empire 55 / 56 Greek . Feast day 3 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 20 10 January 236 -- 20 January 250 ( 7003512400000000000 ♠ 14 years , 10 days ) St Fabian Papa FABIANUS Fabianus ( Fabian ) ca . 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 36 / 50 Roman . Divided the communities of Rome into seven districts , each supervised by a deacon . Feast day 20 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 21 6 March 251 -- 25 June 253 ( 7002842000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 111 days ) St Cornelius Papa CORNELIUS Cornelius ( Cornelly ) ca . 180 AD Rome , Roman Empire 71 / 73 Roman . Died as a martyr through extreme hardship ; feast day 16 September . - March 251 -- 258 ( 7003255700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 0 days ) Novatian Antipapa NOVATIANUS Novatianus ( Novatian ) ca . 200 / 20 AD Rome , Roman Empire 31 ( 51 ) / 38 ( 58 ) Roman . Founder of Novatianism . In opposition to Pope Cornelius , Lucius I , Stephen I and Sixtus II . 22 25 June 253 -- 5 March 254 ( 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days ) St Lucius I Papa LUCIUS Lucius ( Luces ) ca . 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 48 / 49 Roman . Feast day 5 March . 23 12 March 254 -- 2 August 257 ( 7003123900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 143 days ) St Stephen I Papa STEPHANUS Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 205 AD Rome , Roman Empire 54 / 57 Greek Roman . Martyred by beheading ; feast day 2 August . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with the same feast day . 24 30 August 257 -- 6 August 258 ( 7002341000000000000 ♠ 341 days ) St Sixtus II Papa XYSTUS Secundus Síxtos ( Sixt ) ca . 215 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 42 / 43 Greek . Martyred by beheading . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 25 22 July 259 -- 26 December 268 ( 7003344500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 157 days ) St Dionysius Papa DIONYSIUS Dionýsios ( Dennis ) ca . 200 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 68 Greek . Feast day 26 December . 26 5 January 269 -- 30 December 274 ( 7003218500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 359 days ) St Felix I Papa FELIX Felix ca . 206 AD Rome , Roman Empire 63 / 68 Roman . 27 4 January 275 -- 7 December 283 ( 7003325900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 337 days ) St Eutychian Papa EUTYCHIANUS Eutychianus ( Eutychian ) ca . 240 AD Luni , Italia , Roman Empire 35 / 43 Roman . 28 17 December 283 -- 22 April 296 ( 7003451000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 127 days ) St Caius Papa CAIUS Gaíos ( Cay or Gay ) ca . 245 AD Salona , Dalmatia , Roman Empire 38 / 51 Greek . First pope from Croatia . Martyred by beheading ( according to legend ) . Feast day 22 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 11 August . 29 30 June 296 -- 26 April 304 ( 7003285600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 301 days ) St Marcellinus Papa MARCELLINUS Marcellinus ( Marcellin ) ca . 250 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 54 Roman . Feast day 26 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 4th century Popes of the 4th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 30 27 May 308 -- 16 January 309 ( 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 days ) St Marcellus I Papa MARCELLUS Marcellus ( Marcel ) ca . 255 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 54 Roman . Banished from Rome under Maxentius ( 309 ) . 31 18 April 309 -- 17 August 309 ( 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 days ) St Eusebius Papa EUSEBIUS Eusébios ( Eusebe ) ca . 255 AD Sardinia , Roman Empire 54 / 54 ( † 55 ) Greek . Banished by the emperor Maxentius , and died in exile . 32 2 July 311 -- 10 January 314 ( 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 192 days ) St Miltiades ( Melchiades ) Papa MILTIADES Miltiades ( or Melchiades ) ( Miltiade or Melchiade ) ca . 270 AD Africa , Roman Empire 41 / 44 Roman . First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan ( 313 AD ) issued by Constantine the Great . Presided over the Lateran council of 313 . 33 31 January 314 -- 31 December 335 ( 7003800400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 334 days ) St Sylvester I Papa SILVESTER Silvester ( Sylvester ) ca . 285 AD Sant'Angelo a Scala , Apulia et Calabria , Roman Empire 29 / 50 Roman . Feast day 31 December . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 2 January . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) . Under him was built : the Basilica of St. John Lateran , Santa Croce in Gerusalemme and Old St. Peter 's Basilica . Donation of Constantine . 34 18 January 336 -- 7 October 336 ( 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 days ) ( 290 - 7 October 336 ) St Mark Papa MARCUS Marcus ( Mark ) ca . 290 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 46 Roman . One of Mark 's undertakings was to compile stories of the lives of martyrs and bishops before his time . There is some reason to believe he founded two churches in the area of Rome . One of them is still known to this day as the Church of San Marco , although it is greatly changed since his time . The other church was at the Catacomb of Balbina , a cemetery . Emperor Constantine gave gifts of land and furnishing for both buildings . Feast day 7 October . 35 6 February 337 -- 12 April 352 ( 7003554400000000000 ♠ 15 years , 66 days ) St Julius I Papa IULIUS Iulius ( Jules ) ca . 280 AD Rome , Roman Empire 57 / 72 Roman . Arian controversy . Credited with splitting the birth of Christ into two distinct celebrations : The Epiphany stayed on the traditional date , and the Nativity was added on 25 December . 36 17 May 352 -- 24 September 366 ( 7003524300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 130 days ) Liberius Papa LIBERIUS Liberius ( Libery ) ca . 310 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 56 Roman . Earliest pope not canonized by the Roman Catholic Church . Revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 27 August . - 355 -- 22 November 365 ( 7003365300000000000 ♠ 10 years , 0 days ) St Felix II Antipapa FELIX secundus Felix Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Liberius . Installed by Roman Emperor Constantius II . 37 1 October 366 -- 11 December 384 ( 7003664600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 71 days ) St Damasus I Papa DAMASUS Damasus ( Damas ) ca . 305 AD Egitania , Lusitania , Roman Empire 60 / 78 Roman . And the first pope from Portugal . Patron of Jerome , commissioned the Vulgate translation of the Bible . Council of Rome ( 382 ) . - 1 October 366 -- 16 November 367 ( 7002411000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 46 days ) Ursicinus Antipapa URSICINUS Ursinus ( or Ursicinus ) ( Ursin or Ursicin ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Damasus I. Banished to Gallia by the emperor Valentinian II after a war between two sects and died after 384 . 38 17 December 384 -- 26 November 399 ( 7003545700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 344 days ) St Siricius Papa SIRICIUS Sicirius ( Sirice ) ca . 334 AD Rome , Roman Empire 50 / 65 Roman . His famous letters -- the earliest surviving texts of papal decretals -- focus particularly on religious discipline and include decisions on baptism , consecration , ordination , penance , and continence . Siricius ' important decretal of 386 ( written to Bishop Himerius of Tarragona ) , commanding celibacy for priests , was the first decree on this subject . 39 27 November 399 -- 19 December 401 ( 7002753000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 22 days ) St Anastasius I Papa ANASTASIUS Anastasius ( Anastase ) ca . 340 AD Rome , Roman Empire 59 / 61 Roman . Instructed priests to stand and bow their heads as they read from the Gospels . 5th century Popes of the 5th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 40 21 December 401 -- 12 March 417 ( 7003556000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 81 days ) St Innocent I Papa INNOCENTIUS Innocentius ( Innocent ) ca . 378 AD Albano , Latium et Campania , Roman Empire 41 / 57 Roman . Visigoth Sack of Rome ( 410 ) under Alaric . 41 18 March 417 -- 26 December 418 ( 7002648000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 283 days ) St Zosimus Papa ZOSIMUS Zósimos ( Zosim ) ca . 370 AD Mesoraca , Lucania et Bruttii , Roman Empire 47 / 48 Greek . - 27 December 418 -- 3 April 419 ( 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 days ) Eulalius Antipapa EULALIUS Eulalius ( Eulale ) ca . 380 AD Rome , Roman Empire 38 / 39 ( † 42 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Boniface I. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface , first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius , but lost it quickly . Exiled in Campania , and died in 423 . 42 28 December 418 -- 4 September 422 ( 7003134600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 250 days ) St Boniface I Papa BONIFACIUS Bonifacius ( Boniface ) ca . 377 AD Rome , Roman Empire 43 / 47 Roman . 43 10 September 422 -- 27 July 432 ( 7003360800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 321 days ) St Celestine I Papa COELESTINUS Kelestínos ( Celestine ) ca . 380 AD Campania , Roman Empire 42 / 52 Greek . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 8 April . 44 31 July 432 -- 18 August 440 ( 7003294000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 18 days ) St Sixtus III Papa XYXTUS Tertius Xystus ( Sixt ) ca . 390 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 50 Roman . 45 29 September 440 -- 10 November 461 ( 7003771200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 42 days ) St Leo I ( Leo the Great ) Papa LEO MAGNUS Leo ( Leon ) ca . 390 AD Etruria , Roman Empire 50 / 71 Roman . Convinced Attila the Hun to turn back his invasion of Italy . Wrote the Tome which was instrumental in the Council of Chalcedon and in defining the hypostatic union . Feast day 10 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 February . 46 19 November 461 -- 29 February 468 ( 7003229300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 102 days ) St Hilarius Papa HILARIUS Ilários ( Hilary ) ca . 400 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 46 / 53 Greek . 47 3 March 468 -- 10 March 483 ( 7003548500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 7 days ) St Simplicius Papa SIMPLICIUS Simplicius ( Simplice ) ca . 430 AD Tivoli , Western Roman Empire 38 / 53 Roman . Papacy during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent overtaking of Rome and Italy in general by Odoacer . 48 13 March 483 -- 1 March 492 ( 7003327600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 354 days ) St Felix III ( Felix II ) Papa FELIX Tertius ( Secundus ) Felix Anicius ( Felix ) ca . 440 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 43 / 52 Roman . Sometimes called Felix II . Great - great - grandfather of pope Gregory I . 49 1 March 492 -- 21 November 496 ( 7003172600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 265 days ) St Gelasius I Papa GELASIUS Gelásios ( Gelase ) ca . 410 AD Kabylie , Africa , Western Roman Empire 82 / 86 Greek . The last pope to have been born on the continent of Africa . The first pope called the `` Vicar of Christ '' . 50 24 November 496 -- 19 November 498 ( 7002725000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 360 days ) Anastasius II Papa ANASTASIUS Secundus Anastasius ( Anastase ) ca . 445 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 51 / 53 Roman . Tried to end the Acacian schism but it resulted in the Laurentian schism . 51 22 November 498 -- 19 July 514 ( 7003571700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 239 days ) St Symmachus Papa SYMMACHUS Sýmmakhos ( Symmack ) ca . 460 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 38 / 54 Greek . - 22 November 498 -- August 506 / 8 ( 7003280800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 252 days ) Laurence Antipapa LAURENTIUS Laurentius ( Laurence ) ca . 460 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 38 / 46 ( † 48 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Symmachus . Elected on the same day as Symachus , King Theodoric settled in favor of his adversary . Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until 506 / 08 , year of his death . 6th century Popes of the 6th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 52 20 July 514 -- 6 August 523 ( 7003330400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 17 days ) St Hormisdas Papa HORMISDAS Hormisdas ( Hormisda ) ca . 450 AD Frosinone , Latium et Campania , Western Roman Empire 39 / 48 Roman . Father of Pope Silverius . Acacian schism . 53 13 August 523 -- 18 May 526 ( 7003100900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 278 days ) St John I Papa IOANNES Ioannes ( John ) ca . 470 AD Siena , Etruria , Western Roman Empire 53 / 56 Roman . 54 12 July 526 -- 22 September 530 ( 7003153300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 72 days ) St Felix IV ( Felix III ) Papa FELIX Quartus ( Tertius ) Felix ca . 490 AD Samnium , Kingdom of Odoacer 36 / 40 Roman . Sometimes called Felix III . Built Santi Cosma e Damiano . 55 22 September 530 -- 17 October 532 ( 7002756000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 25 days ) Boniface II Papa BONIFACIUS Secundus Bonifacius ( Boniface ) ca . 490 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 40 / 42 Roman . Changed the numbering of the years in the Julian Calendar from Ab Urbe Condita to Anno Domini . - 22 September 530 -- 14 October 530 ( 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days ) Dioscorus Antipapa DIOSCORUS Dióskoros ( Dioscore ) Alexandria , Aégyptos , Eastern Roman Empire - Greek . In opposition to Pope Boniface II . Candidate of the Byzantine party , elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by Constantinople , he died less than a month after his election . 56 2 January 533 -- 8 May 535 ( 7002856000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 126 days ) John II Papa IOANNES Secundus Mercurius ( Mercury ) Rome , Western Roman Empire 63 / 65 Roman . First pope not to use his personal name . This was because of the Roman god , Mercury . 57 13 May 535 -- 22 April 536 ( 7002356000000000000 ♠ 356 days ) St Agapetus I Papa AGAPITUS Agapitus ( Agapet ) ca . 570 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 45 / 46 Roman . Feast days 22 April and 20 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 17 April . 58 8 June 536 -- 11 March 537 ( 7002276000000000000 ♠ 276 days ) St Silverius Papa SILVERIUS Silverius ( Silvery ) ca . 480 AD Ceccano , Ostrogothic Kingdom 56 / 57 Roman . Exiled ; feast day 20 June , son of Pope Hormisdas . 59 29 March 537 -- 7 June 555 ( 7003664400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 70 days ) Vigilius Papa VIGILIUS Vigilius ( Vigile ) ca . 500 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 37 / 55 Roman . 60 16 April 556 -- 4 March 561 ( 7003178300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 322 days ) Pelagius I Papa PELAGIUS Pelagius ( Pelage ) ca . 505 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 51 / 56 Roman . Credited with the construction of the basilica of Santi Apostoli . 61 17 July 561 -- 13 July 574 ( 7003474400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 361 days ) John III Papa IOANNES Tertius Catelinus ( Catelin ) ca 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 41 / 54 Roman . 62 2 June 575 -- 30 July 579 ( 7003151900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 58 days ) Benedict I Papa BENEDICTUS Benedictus ( Benedict ) ca . 525 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 50 / 54 Roman . 63 26 November 579 -- 7 February 590 ( 7003372600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 73 days ) Pelagius II Papa PELAGIUS Secundus Pelagius ( Pelage ) ca . 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 59 / 70 Roman . Ordered the construction of the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura . 64 3 September 590 -- 12 March 604 ( 7003493800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 191 days ) St Gregory I ( Gregory the Great ) Papa GREGORIUS MAGNUS Gegorius Anicius ( Gregory ) O.S.B. ca. , 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 64 Last imperial Roman Pope . Great - great - grandson of pope Felix III . The first formally to employ the titles Servus servorum Dei and Pontifex Maximus . Established the Gregorian chant . Feast day 3 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 12 March . Known as `` the Father of Christian Worship '' . Known as `` St. Gregory the Dialogist '' in Eastern Orthodoxy . 7th century Popes of the 7th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 65 13 September 604 -- 22 February 606 ( 7002527000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 162 days ) Sabinian Papa SABINIANUS Sabinianós ( Sabinian ) ca . 530 AD Blera , Eastern Roman Empire 74 / 76 Greek . For the next two centuries the Roman popes were all controlled by the Eastern Roman Empire . 66 19 February 607 -- 12 November 607 ( 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 days ) Boniface III Papa BONIFACIUS Tertius Bonifátios ( Boniface ) ca. , 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 67 / 67 Greek ( actually Hellenistic Roman ) . 67 15 September 608 -- 8 May 615 ( 7003242600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 235 days ) St Boniface IV Papa BONIFACIUS Quartus Bonifátios ( Boniface ) O.S.B. ca . 570 AD Marsica , Eastern Roman Empire 48 / 55 Greek . First pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 68 13 November 615 -- 8 November 618 ( 7003109100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 360 days ) St Adeodatus I ( Deusdedit ) Papa ADEODATUS sive DEUSDEDIT Adeodátos ( or Theódotos ) ( Adeodat or Deusdedit ) ca . 575 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 45 / 48 Greek . Sometimes called Deusdedit , as a result Pope Adeodatus II is sometimes called Pope Adeodatus without a number . The first pope to use lead seals on papal documents , which in time came to be called Papal bulls . 69 23 December 619 -- 25 October 625 ( 7003213300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 306 days ) Boniface V Papa BONIFACIUS Quintus Bonifátios ( Boniface ) ca . 575 AD Naples , Eastern Roman Empire 44 / 50 Greek . 70 27 October 625 -- 12 October 638 ( 7003473300000000000 ♠ 12 years , 350 days ) Honorius I Papa HONORIUS Onórios ( Honory ) ca . 585 AD Campania , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 53 Greek . Named a heretic and anathematized by the Third Council of Constantinople. ( 680 ) 71 28 May 640 -- 2 August 640 ( 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 days ) Severinus Papa SEVERINUS Severínos ( Severin ) ca . 585 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 55 Greek . 72 24 December 640 -- 12 October 642 ( 7002657000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 292 days ) John IV Papa IOANNES Quartus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 587 AD Zadar , Dalmatia , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 42 Greek . Second pope from Croatia . 73 24 November 642 -- 14 May 649 ( 7003236300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 171 days ) Theodore I Papa THEODORUS Theódoros ( Theodore ) ca . 610 AD Jerusalem , Eastern Roman Empire 32 / 39 Greek . The last pope from Palestine . Planned the Lateran Council of 649 , but died before it could open . 74 5 July 649 -- 12 November 655 ( 7003232100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 130 days ) St Martin I Papa MARTINUS Martínos ( Martin ) ca . 590 AD Near Todi , Umbria , Eastern Roman Empire 59 / 65 Greek . Last pope recognized as a martyr . Feast day of 12 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 14 April . 75 10 August 654 -- 2 June 657 ( 7003102700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 296 days ) St Eugene I Papa EUGENIUS Eugénios ( Eugene ) ca . 615 AD Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 39 / 42 Greek . 76 30 July 657 -- 27 January 672 ( 7003529400000000000 ♠ 14 years , 181 days ) St Vitalian Papa VITALIANUS Vitalianós ( Vitalian ) ca . 600 Segni , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 72 Greek . 77 11 April 672 -- 17 June 676 ( 7003152800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 67 days ) Adeodatus II Papa ADEODATUS Secundus Adeodátos ( Adeodat ) O.S.B. ca . 621 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 51 / 55 Greek . Sometimes called Pope Adeodatus ( without a number ) in reference to Pope Adeodatus I sometimes being called Pope Deusdedit . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 78 2 November 676 -- 11 April 678 ( 7002525000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 160 days ) Donus Papa DONUS Dónos ( Don ) ca . 610 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 66 / 68 Greek . 79 27 June 678 -- 10 January 681 ( 7002928000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 197 days ) St Agatho Papa AGATHO Agáthon ( Agaton ) ca . 577 Palermo , Eastern Roman Empire 101 / 104 Greek . The oldest pope in history . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 20 February . 80 17 August 682 -- 3 July 683 ( 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 days ) St Leo II Papa LEO Secundus Léon ( Leon ) ca . 611 Aidone , Eastern Roman Empire 71 / 72 Greek . Feast day 3 July . 81 26 June 684 -- 8 May 685 ( 7002316000000000000 ♠ 316 days ) St Benedict II Papa BENEDICTUS Secundus Benédiktos Sávellis ( Benedict ) ca . 635Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 49 / 50 Greek . Feast day 7 May . 82 23 July 685 -- 2 August 686 ( 7002375000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 10 days ) John V Papa IOANNES Quintus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 635 Syria , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 51 Greek . 83 21 October 686 -- 21 September 687 ( 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 days ) Conon Papa CONON Kónon ( Conon ) ca . 630 Thrace , Eastern Roman Empire 56 / 57 Greek . 84 15 December 687 -- 8 September 701 ( 7003501500000000000 ♠ 13 years , 267 days ) St Sergius I Papa SERGIUS Sérgios ( Serge ) ca . 650 Palermo , Eastern Roman Empire 37 / 51 Greek . Introduced the singing of the Lamb of God at mass . 8th century Popes of the 8th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 85 30 October 701 -- 11 January 705 ( 7003116900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 73 days ) John VI Papa IOANNES Sextus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 650 Ephesus , Eastern Roman Empire 46 / 50 Greek . The only pope came from Asia Minor . 86 1 March 705 -- 18 October 707 ( 7002961000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 231 days ) John VII Papa IOANNES Septimus Ioánnis ( John ) ca . 655 Rossano , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 57 Greek. The second pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . 87 15 January 708 -- 4 February 708 ( 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days ) Sisinnius Papa SISINNIUS Sisínios ( Sisinny ) ca . 650 Syria , Rashidun Caliphate 58 / 58 Greek . 88 25 March 708 -- 9 April 715 ( 7003257100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 15 days ) Constantine Papa COSTANTINUS sive CONSTANTINUS Konstantínos ( Constantine ) ca . 664 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 44 / 51 Greek . Last pope to visit Greece while in office , until John Paul II in 2001 . 89 19 May 715 -- 11 February 731 ( 7003574700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 268 days ) St Gregory II Papa GREGORIUS Secundus Grigórios ( Gregory ) ca . 669 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 46 / 62 Greek . Feast day 11 February . Held the Synod of Rome ( 721 ) . 90 18 March 731 -- 28 November 741 ( 7003390800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 255 days ) St Gregory III Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Grigórios ( Gregory ) ca . 669 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 41 / 51 Greek . The last pope from Syria . The third pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Was previously the last pope to have been born outside Europe until the election of Francis in 2013 . 91 3 December 741 -- 22 March 752 ( 7003376200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 110 days ) St Zachary Papa ZACHARIAS Zacharías ( Zachary ) ca . 679 Santa Severina , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 62 / 73 Greek . Feast day 15 March . Built the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva . ( never con - secrated ) 22 March 752 -- 25 March 752 ( 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 days ) ( Never took office as pope ) Pope - elect Stephen ( Stephen II ) Papa Electus STEPHANUS ( STEPHANUS Secundus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 52 / 52 Greek . Sometimes known as Stephen II . Died three days after his election ; never receiving episcopal consecration . Some lists still include him . The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century ; removed in 1961 . He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church . 92 26 March 752 -- 26 April 757 ( 7003185700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 31 days ) Stephen II ( Stephen III ) Papa STEPHANUS Secundus ( Tertius ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 714 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 38 / 43 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen III . The Donation of Pepin . Brother of Paul I . 93 29 May 757 -- 28 June 767 ( 7003368200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 30 days ) St Paul I Papa PAULUS Pávlos ( Paul ) ca . 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 67 Greek . Brother of Stephen II . 94 7 August 768 -- 24 January 772 ( 7003126500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 170 days ) Stephen III ( Stephen IV ) Papa STEPHANUS Tertius ( Quartus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) ca . 723 Syracuse , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 45 / 49 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen IV . The Lateran Council ( 769 ) . 95 1 February 772 -- 26 December 795 ( 7003872900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 328 days ) Adrian I Papa HADRIANUS Adriános ( Adrian ) a . 700 / 12 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 60 ( 72 ) / 83 ( 95 ) Greek . 96 26 December 795 -- 12 June 816 ( 7003747400000000000 ♠ 20 years , 169 days ) St Leo III Papa LEO Tertius Léon ca . 750 Rome , Papal States 45 / 66 Greek . Crowned Charlemagne Imperator Augustus on Christmas Day , 800 , thereby initiating what would become the office of Holy Roman Emperor requiring the imprimatur of the pope for its legitimacy . 9th century Popes of the 9th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 97 22 June 816 -- 24 January 817 ( 7002216000000000000 ♠ 216 days ) Stephen IV ( Stephen V ) Papa STEPHANUS Quartus ( Quintus ) Stefanos ca . 770 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Early Italian . Sometimes called Stephen V . 98 25 January 817 -- 11 February 824 ( 7003257300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days ) St Paschal I Papa PASCHALIS Paschális ca . 775 Rome , Papal States 42 / 49 Italian . Credited with finding the body of Saint Cecilia in the Catacomb of Callixtus , building the basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and the church of Santa Maria in Domnica . 99 8 May 824 -- 27 August 827 ( 7003120600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 111 days ) Eugene II Papa EUGENIUS Secundus Evgénios ( sometimes `` Evgénios '' ) ca . 780 Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 100 31 August 827 -- 10 October 827 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 days ) Valentine Papa VALENTINUS Valentínos ca . 780 Rome , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 101 20 December 827 -- 25 January 844 ( 7003588000000000000 ♠ 16 years , 36 days ) Gregory IV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Gregorio ca. / 790 Rome , Papal States 37 / 54 Italian . Rebuilt the atrium of St. Peter 's Basilica and in the newly decorated chapel transferred the body of Gregory I . 102 25 January 844 -- 27 January 847 ( 7003109800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 2 days ) Sergius II Papa SERGIUS Secundus Sergorio ca . 790 Rome , Papal States 54 / 57 Italian . 103 10 April 847 -- 17 July 855 ( 7003302000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 98 days ) St Leo IV Papa LEO Quartus Leone O.S.B. ca . 790 Rome , Papal States 57 / 65 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 104 29 September 855 -- 7 April 858 ( 7002921000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 190 days ) Benedict III Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Benedetto ca . 810 Rome , Papal States 45 / 48 Italian . 105 24 April 858 -- 13 November 867 ( 7003349000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 203 days ) St Nicholas I ( Nicholas the Great ) Papa NICOLAUS MAGNUS Niccolò ca . 800 Rome , Papal States 39 / 48 Italian . Encouraged missionary activity . 106 14 December 867 -- 14 December 872 ( 7003182700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days ) Adrian II Papa HADRIANUS Secundus Adriano ca . 792 Rome , Papal States 75 / 80 Italian . 107 14 December 872 -- 16 December 882 ( 7003365400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 2 days ) John VIII Papa IOANNES Octavus Giovanni ca . 820 Rome , Papal States 52 / 62 Italian . First pope to be assassinated . 108 16 December 882 -- 15 May 884 ( 7002516000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 151 days ) Marinus I Papa MARINUS Marino ca . 830 Gallese , Papal States 52 / 54 Italian . Sometimes also known as and called `` Martin II . '' 109 17 May 884 -- 15 September 885 ( 7002486000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 121 days ) St Adrian III Papa HADRIANUS Tertius Adriano ca . 830 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Feast day 8 July . Maybe the pope Adrian I was his ancestor . 110 14 September 885 -- 4 September 891 ( 7003218100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days ) Stephen V ( Stephen VI ) Papa STEPHANUS Quintus ( Sextus ) Stefano ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 45 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VI . 111 6 October 891 -- 4 April 896 ( 7003164200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 181 days ) Formosus Papa FORMOSUS Formoso ca . 805 / 16 Ostia , Papal States 75 ( 85 ) / 80 ( 91 ) Italian . Posthumously ritually executed following the Cadaver Synod . 112 11 April 896 -- 26 April 896 ( 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 days ) Boniface VI Papa BONIFATIUS Sextus Bonifacio ca . 806 Rome , Papal States 90 / 90 Italian . 113 22 May 896 -- 14 August 897 ( 7002449000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 84 days ) Stephen VI ( Stephen VII ) Papa STEPHANUS Sextus ( Septimus ) Stefano ca . 850 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VII . Held the infamous Cadaver Synod . 114 14 August 897 -- November 897 ( 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 days ) Romanus Papa ROMANUS Romano ca . 850 Gallese , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 115 December 897 - 20 December 897 ( 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days ) Theodore II Papa THEODORUS Secundus Teodoro ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 57 / 57 Italian . 116 18 January 898 -- 5 January 900 ( 7002717000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 352 days ) John IX Papa IOANNES Nonus Giovanni O.S.B. ca . 840 Tivoli , Papal States 58 / 60 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 117 1 February 900 -- 30 July 903 ( 7003127400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 179 days ) Benedict IV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Benedetto ca . 840 Rome , Papal States 60 / 63 Italian . 10th century Popes of the 10th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 118 30 July 903 -- December 903 ( 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 days ) Leo V Papa LEO Quintus Leone ca . 845 Ardea , Papal States 58 / 58 ( † 59 ) Italian . Deposed and murdered . 119 29 January 904 -- 14 April 911 ( 7003263200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 75 days ) Sergius III Papa SERGIUS Tertius Sergio c. 860 Rome , Papal States 44 / 51 Italian . `` Saeculum obscurum '' begins . The first pope to be depicted with the Papal Tiara . 120 14 April 911 -- June 913 ( 7002779000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 48 days ) Anastasius III Papa ANASTASIUS Tertius Anastasio ca . 865 Rome , Papal States 46 / 48 Italian . 121 7 July 913 -- 5 February 914 ( 7002213000000000000 ♠ 213 days ) Lando Papa LANDO Lando ca . 865 Sabina , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . 122 March 914 -- 28 May 928 ( 7003520200000000000 ♠ 14 years , 88 days ) John X Papa IOANNES Decimus Giovanni ca . 860 Tossignano , Romagna ( formally part of the Papal States ) 54 / 68 Italian . 123 28 May 928 -- December 928 ( 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 days ) Leo VI Papa LEO Sextus Leone ca . 880 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 124 3 February 929 -- 13 February 931 ( 7002740000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 10 days ) Stephen VII ( Stephen VIII ) Papa STEPHANUS Septimus ( Octavus ) Stefano ca . 880 Rome , Papal States 49 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VIII . 125 15 March 931 -- December 935 ( 7003172200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 261 days ) John XI Papa IOANNES Undecimus Giovanni ca . 910 Rome , Papal States 21 / 25 Italian . Probably , according to the Liber Pontificalis and Liutprand of Cremona , the son of Pope Sergius III , and not of Alberic I of Spoleto , who was Marozia 's husband . 126 3 January 936 -- 13 July 939 ( 7003128700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 191 days ) Leo VII Papa LEO Septimus Leone O.S.B. ca . 885 Rome , Papal States 41 / 44 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 127 14 July 939 -- 30 October 942 ( 7003120400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 108 days ) Stephen VIII ( Stephen IX ) Papa STEPHANUS Octavus ( Nonus ) Stefano ca . 900 Rome , Papal States 39 / 42 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen IX . 128 30 October 942 -- 1 May 946 ( 7003127900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 183 days ) Marinus II Papa MARINUS Secundus Marino ca . 900 Rome , Papal States 42 / 46 Italian . 129 10 May 946 -- 8 November 955 ( 7003346900000000000 ♠ 9 years , 182 days ) Agapetus II Papa AGAPITUS Secundus Agapito ca . 905 Rome , Papal States 41 / 50 Italian . 130 16 December 955 -- 6 December 963 ( 7003327800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 356 days ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 18 / 26 Italian . Third Pope not to use his personal name , after John II and John III . Deposed in 963 by Emperor Otto invalidly ; end of the `` Saeculum obscurum '' . - 6 December 963 -- 26 February 964 ( 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 days ) Leo VIII Antipapa LEO Octavus Leone ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V. He became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed . ) ) 130 26 February 964 -- 14 May 964 ( 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 days ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 937 Rome , Papal States 27 / 27 Italian . Murdered in 964 . 131 22 May 964 -- 23 June 964 ( 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 days ) Benedict V Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Benedetto ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 49 ( † 50 ) Italian . Elected by the people of Rome , in opposition to the Antipope Leo VIII who was appointed by Emperor Otto ; he accepted his own deposition in 964 leaving Leo VIII as the sole pope . 132 23 June 964 -- 1 March 965 ( 7002251000000000000 ♠ 251 days ) Leo VIII Papa LEO Octavus Leone ca . 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed , after being antipope from 963 to 964 , in opposition to Pope John XII and Pope Benedict V. An appointee of the Holy Roman Emperor , Otto I , his pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum . 133 1 October 965 -- 6 September 972 ( 7003253200000000000 ♠ 6 years , 341 days ) John XIII Papa IOANNES Tertius Decimus Giovanni dei Crescenzi ca . 930 Rome , Papal States 45 / 52 Italian . Chronicled after his death as `` the Good '' . 134 19 January 973 -- 8 June 974 ( 7002505000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 140 days ) Benedict VI Papa BENEDICTUS Sextus Benedetto ca . 925 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Deposed and murdered . 135 October 974 -- 10 July 983 ( 7003320400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 282 days ) Benedict VII Papa BENEDICTUS Septimus Benedetto ca . 930 Rome , Papal States 44 / 53 Italian . 136 December 983 -- 20 August 984 ( 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 days ) John XIV Papa IOANNES Quartus Decimus Pietro Canepanova ca . 940 Pavia , Kingdom of Italy , Holy Roman Empire 43 / 44 Italian . Fourth Pope not to use his personal name , after John II , John III and John XII . 137 20 August 985 -- 1 April 996 ( 7003387700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 225 days ) John XV Papa IOANNES Quintus Decimus Giovanni di Gallina Alba ca . 950 Rome , Papal States 35 / 46 Italian . The first pope to formally canonize a saint . 138 3 May 996 -- 18 February 999 ( 7003102100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 291 days ) Gregory V Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Bruno von Kärnten ( Bruno of Carinthia ) ca . 972 Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 24 / 27 The first German Pope and fifth not to use his personal name . Henceforth , this decision became tradition among future popes . 139 2 April 999 -- 12 May 1003 ( 7003150000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 40 days ) Sylvester II Papa SILVESTER Secundus Gerbert d'Aurillac ca . 940 / 42 Belliac , France 52 ( 54 ) / 56 ( 58 ) The first French pope . 2nd millennium 11th century Popes of the 11th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 140 16 May 1003 -- 6 November 1003 ( 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 days ) John XVII Papa IOANNES Septimus Decimus Siccone Secchi ca . 955 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 141 25 December 1003 -- 18 July 1009 ( 7003203200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 205 days ) John XVIII Papa IOANNES Duodevi - cesimus Giovanni Fasano ca . 965 Rapagnano , Papal States 43 / 49 Italian . 142 31 July 1009 -- 12 May 1012 ( 7003101600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 286 days ) Sergius IV Papa SERGIUS Quartus Pietro Boccadiporco , O.S.B. Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 143 18 May 1012 -- 9 April 1024 ( 7003434400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 327 days ) Benedict VIII Papa BENEDICTUS Octavus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 980 Rome , Papal States 32 / 44 Italian . 144 14 May 1024 -- 6 October 1032 ( 7003306700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 145 days ) John XIX Papa IOANNES Undevices - imus Romano dei Conti di Tuscolo ca . 975 Rome , Papal States 49 / 57 Italian . Brother of Benedict VIII . 145 21 October 1032 -- 31 December 1044 ( 7003445400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 71 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 20 / 32 ( † 43 ) Italian ; 1st Term . 146 13 January 1045 -- 10 March 1045 ( 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 days ) Sylvester III Papa SILVESTER Tertius Giovanni dei Crescenzi Ottaviani ca . 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 45 ( † 63 ) Italian . Validity of election questioned ; considered Anti-Pope ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 147 10 March 1045 -- 1 May 1045 ( 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 33 / 33 ( † 43 ) Italian . 2nd Term ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 148 5 May 1045 -- 20 December 1046 ( 7002594000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 229 days ) Gregory VI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Giovanni Graziano Pierleoni ca . 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 46 ( † 48 ) Italian . Deposed at the Council of Sutri . 149 24 December 1046 -- 9 October 1047 ( 7002289000000000000 ♠ 289 days ) Clement II Papa CLEMENS Secundus Suidger von Morsleben - Hornburg ca . 967 Hornburg , Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 79 / 80 German . Appointed by Henry III at the Council of Sutri ; crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor . 150 8 November 1047 -- 17 July 1048 ( 7002252000000000000 ♠ 252 days ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto dei Conti di Tuscolo Rome , Papal States 35 / 36 ( † 43 ) Italian . 3rd Term ; deposed and excommunicated . 151 16 July 1048 -- 9 August 1048 ( 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 days ) Damasus II Papa DAMASUS Secundus Poppo de ' Curagnoni ca . 1000 Pildenau , Duchy of Bavaria , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 48 German . 152 12 February 1049 -- 19 April 1054 ( 7003189200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 66 days ) St Leo IX Papa LEO Nonus Bruno von Count of Dagsbourg 21 July 1002 Eguisheim , Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 47 / 51 German . In 1054 , mutual excommunications of Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius began the East -- West Schism . The anathematizations were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras in 1965 . 153 13 April 1055 -- 28 July 1057 ( 7002837000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 106 days ) Victor II Papa VICTOR Secundus Gebhard II von Calw - Dollnstein - Hirschberg ca . 1018 Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 39 German . 154 2 August 1057 -- 29 March 1058 ( 7002239000000000000 ♠ 239 days ) Stephen IX ( Stephen X ) Papa STEPHANUS Nonus ( Decimus ) Frederich , Herzog von Lothringen , O.S.B. ca . 1020 Duchy of Lorraine , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 38 German . Sometimes called Stephen X . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 155 6 December 1058 -- 27 July 1061 ( 7002964000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 233 days ) Nicholas II Papa NICOLAUS Secundus Gerard de Bourgogne ca . 980 Château de Chevron , County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 78 / 81 French . In 1059 the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of pope electors in the document In nomine Domini . ( Papal conclave ) . 156 30 September 1061 -- 21 April 1073 ( 7003422100000000000 ♠ 11 years , 203 days ) Alexander II Papa ALEXANDER Secundus Anselmo da Baggio ca . 1018 Baggio , Milan , Holy Roman Empire 46 / 58 Italian . Authorised the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . 157 22 April 1073 -- 25 May 1085 ( 7003441600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 33 days ) St Gregory VII Papa GREGORIUS Septimus Ildebrando Aldo - brandeschi di Soana O.S.B. ca . 1015 Sovana , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Initiated the Gregorian Reforms . Restricted the use of the title `` Papa '' to the Bishop of Rome . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Political struggle with German Emperor Henry IV , who had to go to Canossa ( 1077 ) . 158 24 May 1086 -- 16 September 1087 ( 7002480000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 115 days ) Bl . Victor III Papa VICTOR Tertius Dauferio o Desiderio O.S.B. ca . 1026 Benevento , Duchy of Benevento 60 / 61 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Called the Synod of Benevento ( 1087 ) condemning lay investiture . 159 12 March 1088 -- 29 July 1099 ( 7003415600000000000 ♠ 11 years , 139 days ) Bl . Urban II Papa URBANUS Secundus Odon de Lagery , O.S.B. ca . 1042 Châtillon - sur - Marne , County of Champagne , France 46 / 57 French . Preached and started the First Crusade . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 160 13 August 1099 -- 21 January 1118 ( 7003673500000000000 ♠ 18 years , 161 days ) Paschal II Papa PASCHALIS Secundus Raniero Ranieri O.S.B. ca . 1050 Bleda , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 68 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Ordered the building of the basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati . 12th century Popes of the 12th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 161 24 January 1118 -- 29 January 1119 ( 7002370000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 5 days ) Gelasius II Papa GELASIUS Secundus Giovanni dei Caetani , O.S.B. ca . 1061 Gaeta , Duchy of Gaeta 57 / 58 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 162 2 February 1119 -- 13 December 1124 ( 7003214100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 315 days ) Callixtus II Papa CALLISTUS Secundus Gui de Bourgogne , Comte de Bourgogne c. 1060 Quingey , Franche - Comté 59 / 64 French . Opened the First Council of the Lateran in 1123 163 21 December 1124 -- 13 February 1130 ( 7003188000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 54 days ) Honorius II Papa HONORIUS Secundus Lamberto Scannabecchi da Fiagnano , Can. Reg . 9 February 1060 Fiagnano , Romagna , Holy Roman Empire 64 / 70 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Maria di San Reno . Approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128 . 164 14 February 1130 -- 24 September 1143 ( 7003497000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 222 days ) Innocent II Papa INNOCENTIUS Secundus Gregorio Papareschi , Can. Reg . ca . 1082 Rome , Papal States 48 / 61 Italian . Canon Regular of Lateran ; Convened the Second Council of the Lateran , 1139 165 26 September 1143 -- 8 March 1144 ( 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 days ) Celestine II Papa COELESTINUS Secundus Guido da Castello ca . 1085 Città di Castello , Papal States 58 / 59 Italian . 166 12 March 1144 -- 15 February 1145 ( 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 days ) Lucius II Papa LUCIUS Secundus Gherardo Caccianemici dall'Orso , Can. Reg . ca . 1095 Bologna , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 50 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Frediano di Lucca . 167 15 February 1145 -- 8 July 1153 ( 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days ) Bl . Eugene III Papa EUGENIUS Tertius Pietro dei Paganelli di Montemagno , O. Cist . ca . 1080 Montemagno , Republic of Pisa 44 / 52 Italian . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Announced the Second Crusade . 168 12 July 1153 -- 3 December 1154 ( 7002509000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 144 days ) Anastasius IV Papa ANASTASIUS Quartus Corrado della Suburra ca . 1073 Rome , Papal States 80 / 81 Italian . 169 4 December 1154 -- 1 September 1159 ( 7003173200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 271 days ) Adrian IV Papa HADRIANUS Quartus Nicholas Breakspear , Can. Reg . ca . 1100 Abbots Langley , Hertfordshire , Kingdom of England 54 / 59 First and only English pope ; purportedly granted Ireland to Henry II , King of England . Canon Regular of St. Rufus Monastery . 170 7 September 1159 -- 30 August 1181 ( 7003802800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 357 days ) Alexander III Papa ALEXANDER Tertius Rolando Bandinelli ca . 1100 Siena , Republic of Siena 59 / 81 Italian . Convened the Third Council of the Lateran , 1179 . 171 1 September 1181 -- 25 November 1185 ( 7003154600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 85 days ) Lucius III Papa LUCIUS Tertius Ubaldo Allucignoli ca . 1097 Lucca , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 84 / 88 Italian . 172 25 November 1185 -- 20 October 1187 ( 7002694000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 329 days ) Urban III Papa URBANUS Tertius Uberto Crivelli ca . 1100 / 05 Cuggiono , Holy Roman Empire 67 / 67 Italian . 173 21 October 1187 -- 17 December 1187 ( 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 days ) Gregory VIII Papa GREGORIUS Octavus Alberto de Morra , Can. Reg . ca . 1105 / 08 Benevento , Papal States 79 ( 82 ) / 79 ( 82 ) Italian . Canon Regular Premostratense . Proposed the Third Crusade . 174 19 December 1187 -- 20 March 1191 ( 7003118700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 91 days ) Clement III Papa CLEMENS Tertius Paolo Scolari ca . 1130 Rome , Papal States 57 / 61 Italian . 175 30 March 1191 -- 8 January 1198 ( 7003247600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 284 days ) Celestine III Papa COELESTINUS Tertius Giacinto Bobone Orsini ca . 1106 Rome , Papal States 85 / 92 Motto : Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis ( `` Going in Thy path '' ) 176 8 January 1198 -- 16 July 1216 ( 7003676400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 190 days ) Innocent III Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Lotario dei Conti di Segni 1161 Gavignano , Papal States 37 / 55 Italian . Convened the Fourth Council of the Lateran , 1215 . Initiated the Fourth Crusade but later distanced himself from it and threatened participants with excommunication when it became clear that the leadership abandoned a focus on conquest of the Holy Land and instead intended to sack Christian cities. Endorsed the Franciscan Order . 13th century Popes of the 13th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 177 18 July 1216 -- 18 March 1227 ( 7003389500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 243 days ) Honorius III Papa HONORIUS Tertius Cencio Savelli ca . 1148 / 50 Rome , Papal States 66 ( 68 ) / 77 ( 79 ) Italian . Initiated the Fifth Crusade . Approved several religious and tertiary orders . 178 19 March 1227 -- 22 August 1241 ( 7003527000000000000 ♠ 14 years , 156 days ) Gregory IX Papa GREGORIUS Nonus Ugolino dei Conti di Segni , O.F.S ca . 1145 / 70 Anagni , Papal States 57 ( 82 ) / 71 ( 96 ) Italian . Canonized Elisabeth of Hungary ( 1235 ) . Initiated the Inquisition in France and endorsed the Northern Crusades . 179 25 October 1241 -- 10 November 1241 ( 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 days ) Celestine IV Papa COELESTINUS Quartus Goffredo Castiglioni ca . 1180 / 87 Milan , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 54 ( 61 ) / 54 ( 61 ) Italian . Died before coronation . 180 25 June 1243 -- 7 December 1254 ( 7003418300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 165 days ) Innocent IV Papa INNOCENTIUS Quartus Sinibaldo Fieschi c. 1195 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Convened the First Council of Lyons ( 1245 ) . Issued the bull Ad extirpanda that permitted the torture of heretics ( 1252 ) . 181 12 December 1254 -- 25 May 1261 ( 7003235600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 164 days ) Alexander IV Papa ALEXANDER Quartus Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne c. 1199 Jenne , Papal States 55 / 62 Italian . Established an Inquisition in France . 182 29 August 1261 -- 2 October 1264 ( 7003113000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 34 days ) Urban IV Papa URBANUS Quartus Jacques Pantaléon c. 1195 Troyes , County of Champagne , France 66 / 69 French . Instituted the feast of Corpus Christi ( 1264 ) . 183 5 February 1265 -- 29 November 1268 ( 7003139300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 298 days ) Clement IV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Gui Faucoi 23 November 1190 Saint - Gilles , Languedoc , France 62 / 66 French . -- 29 November 1268 -- 1 September 1271 ( 2 years , 90 days ) Interregnum Almost three - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 184 1 September 1271 -- 10 January 1276 ( 7003159200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 131 days ) Bl . Gregory X Papa GREGORIUS Decimus Tebaldo Visconti , O.F.S ca . 1210 Piacenza , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 51 / 66 Italian . Convened the Second Council of Lyons ( 1274 ) . Responsible for regulation all papal conclaves until the 20th century . 185 21 January 1276 -- 22 June 1276 ( 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 days ) Bl . Innocent V Papa INNOCENTIUS Quintus Pierre de Tarentaise , O.P. c. 1224 / 5 County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 52 / 52 French . Member of the Dominican Order . 186 11 July 1276 -- 18 August 1276 ( 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 days ) Adrian V Papa HADRIANUS Quintus Ottobuono Fieschi c. 1216 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 60 / 60 Italian . Annulled Gregory X 's papal bull on the regulations of papal conclaves . 187 8 September 1276 -- 20 May 1277 ( 7002254000000000000 ♠ 254 days ) John XXI Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Primus Pedro Julião ( a.k.a. Petrus Hispanus and Pedro Hispano ) ca . 1215 Lisbon , Portugal 60 / 70 Portuguese . Due to a confusion over the numbering of popes named John in the 13th century , there was no John XX . There has never been a John XX , because the 20th pope of this name formerly when elected , decided to skip the number XX and be counted as John XXI instead . He wanted to correct what in his time was believed to be an error in the counting of his predecessors John XV to XIX 188 25 November 1277 -- 22 August 1280 ( 7003100100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 271 days ) Nicholas III Papa NICOLAUS Tertius Giovanni Gaetano Orsini ca . 1216 Rome , Papal States 61 / 64 Italian . Planned the Sicilian Vespers . 189 22 February 1281 -- 28 March 1285 ( 7003149500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 34 days ) Martin IV Papa MARTINUS Quartus Simon de Brion ca . 1210 Meinpicien , Touraine , France 71 / 75 Italian . 190 2 April 1285 -- 3 April 1287 ( 7002731000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 1 day ) Honorius IV Papa HONORIUS Quartus Giacomo Savelli ca . 1210 Rome , Papal States 75 / 77 Italian . 191 22 February 1288 -- 4 April 1292 ( 7003150300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 42 days ) Nicholas IV Papa NICOLAUS Quartus Girolamo Masci , O.F.M. 30 September 1227 Lisciano , Papal States 60 / 64 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . -- 4 April 1292 -- 5 July 1294 ( 2 years , 94 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 192 5 July 1294 -- 13 December 1294 ( 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 days ) St Celestine V Papa COELESTINUS Quintus Pietro Angelerio , O.S.B. ca . 1207 / 09 Sant'Angelo Limosano , Kingdom of Sicily 85 ( 87 ) / ( 85 ) 87 ( † 87 / 9 ) Italian . One of the few popes who resigned voluntarily . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Founded the Celestines . Resigned from office and rumored to have been murdered in prison by Boniface VIII . 193 24 December 1294 -- 11 October 1303 ( 7003321200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 291 days ) Boniface VIII Papa BONIFATIUS Octavus Benedetto Caetani c. 1230 / 36 Anagni , Papal States 59 ( 64 ) / 68 ( 73 ) Italian . Formalized the Jubilee in 1300 . Issued Unam Sanctam ( 1302 ) which proclaimed papal supremacy and pushing it to its historical extreme . 14th century Popes of the 14th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 194 22 October 1303 -- 7 July 1304 ( 7002259000000000000 ♠ 259 days ) Bl . Benedict XI Papa BENEDICTUS Undecimus Niccolò Boccasini , O.P. ca . 1240 Treviso 63 / 64 Motto : Illustra faciem Tuam super servum Tuum ( `` Let Your Face shine upon Your servant '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Reverted Boniface VIII 's Unam Sanctam . 195 5 June 1305 -- 20 April 1314 ( 7003324100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 319 days ) Clement V Papa CLEMENS Quintus Raymond Bertrand de Gouth / de Goth / de Got ca . 1264 Villandraut , Gascony , France 41 / 50 French . Pope at Avignon . Convened the Council of Vienne ( 1311 -- 1312 ) . Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae under pressure from King Philip IV of France . -- 20 April 1314 -- 7 August 1316 ( 2 years , 111 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 196 7 August 1316 -- 4 December 1334 ( 7003669300000000000 ♠ 18 years , 119 days ) John XXII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Secundus Jacques d'Euse ; Jacques Duèse ca . 1244 / 49 Cahors , Quercy , France 67 ( 72 ) / 85 ( 90 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Controversial for his views on the Beatific Vision . 197 20 December 1334 -- 25 April 1342 ( 7003268300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 126 days ) Benedict XII Papa BENEDICTUS Duodecimus Jacques Fournier , O. Cist . ca . 1280 / 85 Saverdun , County of Foix , France 49 ( 54 ) / 57 ( 62 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Known for issuing the Apostolic constitution Benedictus Deus ( 1336 ) . 198 7 May 1342 -- 6 December 1352 ( 7003386600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 213 days ) Clement VI Papa CLEMENS Sextus Pierre Roger , O.S.B. ca . 1291 Maumont , Limousin , France 51 / 61 French . Pope at Avignon . Reigned during the Black Death and absolved those who died of it of their sins . 199 18 December 1352 -- 12 September 1362 ( 7003355500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 268 days ) Innocent VI Papa INNOCENTIUS Sextus Étienne Aubert ca . 1282 Les Monts , Limousin , France 70 / 80 French . Pope at Avignon . Through his exertions the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) was brought about . 200 28 September 1362 -- 19 December 1370 ( 7003300400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 82 days ) Bl . Urban V Papa URBANUS Quintus Guillaume ( de ) Grimoard , O.S.B. ca . 1309 / 10 Grizac , Languedoc , France 52 ( 53 ) / 60 ( 61 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Reformed areas of education and sent missionary movements across Europe and Asia . His pontificate witnessed the Alexandrian and Savoyard crusades . 201 30 December 1370 -- 27 March 1378 ( 7003264400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 87 days ) Gregory XI Papa GREGORIUS Undecimus Pierre Roger de Beaufort c. 1329 Maumont , Limousin , France 41 / 49 French . Pope at Avignon ; returns to Rome . The last French pope . 202 8 April 1378 -- 15 October 1389 ( 7003420800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 190 days ) Urban VI Papa URBANUS Sextus Bartolomeo Prignano ca . 1318 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 60 / 71 Italian . Western Schism . Last pontiff to be elected outside the College of Cardinals . 203 2 November 1389 -- 1 October 1404 ( 7003544600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 334 days ) Boniface IX Papa BONIFATIUS Nonus Pietro Cybo Tomacelli ca . 1348 / 50 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 33 ( 35 ) / 48 ( 50 ) Italian . Western Schism . 15th century This pope resigned his office . The exact birth date of Innocent VIII and almost all popes prior to Eugene IV is unknown , therefore the lowest probable age has been assumed for this table . Popes of the 15th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 204 17 October 1404 -- 6 November 1406 ( 7002750000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 20 days ) Innocent VII Papa INNOCENTIUS Septimus Cosimo Gentile Migliorati 1336 / 39 Sulmona , Kingdom of Naples 65 ( 68 ) / 67 ( 71 ) Italian . Western Schism . 205 30 November 1406 -- 4 July 1415 ( 7003313800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 216 days ) Gregory XII Papa GREGORIUS Duodecimus Angelo Correr 13 May 1324 Venice , Republic of Venice 82 / 91 ( † 93 ) Italian . Western Schism ; abdicated during the Council of Constance , which had been called by his opponent John XXIII . Last pope to resign until Pope Benedict XVI . -- 4 July 1415 -- 11 November 1417 ( 2 years , 161 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . 206 11 November 1417 -- 20 February 1431 ( 7003484900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 101 days ) Martin V Papa MARTINUS Quintus Oddone Colonna , O.F.S January / February 1369 Genazzano , Papal States 48 / 62 Italian . Convened the Council of Basel ( 1431 ) . Initiated the Hussite Wars . 207 3 March 1431 -- 23 February 1447 ( 7003583600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 357 days ) Eugene IV Papa EUGENIUS Quartus Gabriele Condulmer , O.S.A. 1383 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 63 Italian . Member of the Augustinian Order . Nephew of Martin V. Crowned Sigismund emperor at Rome in 1433 . Transferred the Council of Basel to Ferrara . It was later transferred again , to Florence , because of the Bubonic plague . 208 6 March 1447 -- 24 March 1455 ( 7003294000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 18 days ) Nicholas V Papa NICOLAUS Quintus Tommaso Parentucelli , O.P. 13 November 1397 Sarzana , Republic of Genoa 49 / 57 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Held the Jubilee of 1450 . Crowned Frederick III emperor at Rome ( 1452 ) . Issued the Papal Bull Dum Diversas allowing Portugal 's right to conquer and subjugate Saracens and pagans ( 1452 ) . Created a library in the Vatican which would eventually become the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana . 209 8 April 1455 -- 6 August 1458 ( 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 120 days ) Callixtus III Papa CALLISTUS Tertius Alfonso de Borja 31 December 1378 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 76 / 79 The first Spanish pope . Ordered the Feast of the Transfiguration to be celebrated on 6 August . Ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc , in which she was vindicated . 210 19 August 1458 -- 15 August 1464 ( 7003218800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 362 days ) Pius II Papa PIUS Secundus Enea Silvio Piccolomini 18 October 1405Corsignano , Republic of Siena 52 / 58 Italian . Displayed a great interest in urban planning . Founded Pienza near Siena as the ideal city in 1462 . Known for his work on the Commentaries . 211 30 August 1464 -- 26 July 1471 ( 7003252100000000000 ♠ 6 years , 330 days ) Paul II Papa PAULUS Secundus Pietro Barbo 23 February 1417 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 54 Italian . The nephew of Eugene IV . Built the Palazzo San Marco ( now Palazzo Venezia ) . Approved the introduction of printing in the Papal States . 212 9 August 1471 -- 12 August 1484 ( 7003475200000000000 ♠ 13 years , 3 days ) Sixtus IV Papa XYSTUS Quartus Francesco della Rovere , O.F.M. 21 July 1414 Celle Ligure , Republic of Genoa 57 / 70 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . Commissioned the Sistine Chapel . Authorized an Inquisition targeting converted Jewish Christians in Spain at the request of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand . 213 29 August 1484 -- 25 July 1492 ( 7003288700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 331 days ) Innocent VIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Octavus Giovanni Battista Cybo 1432 Genoa , Republic of Genoa 51 / 59 Italian . Appointed Tomás de Torquemada . Endorsed the prosecution of witchcraft in the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) . 214 11 August 1492 -- 18 August 1503 ( 7003402300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 7 days ) Alexander VI Papa ALEXANDER Sextus Roderic Llançol i de Borja 1 January 1431 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 61 / 72 Spanish ; Nephew of Callixtus III ; father to Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia . Divided the extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera ( 1493 ) . No Alexander V due to the antipope . 16th century Popes of the 16th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 215 22 September 1503 -- 18 October 1503 ( 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 days ) Pius III Papa PIUS Tertius Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini 29 May 1439 Siena , Republic of Siena 64 / 64 Italian . Nephew of Pius II . Founded the Piccolomini Library adjoining the Siena Cathedral . 216 31 October 1503 -- 21 February 1513 ( 7003340100000000000 ♠ 9 years , 113 days ) Julius II Papa IULIUS Secundus Giuliano della Rovere , O.F.M. 5 December 1443 Albisola , Republic of Genoa 59 / 69 Italian . Nephew of Sixtus IV ; convened the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1512 ) . Took control of all the Papal States for the first time . Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Proposed plans for rebuilding St Peter 's Basilica . 217 9 March 1513 -- 1 December 1521 ( 7003318900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 267 days ) Leo X Papa LEO Decimus Giovanni di Lorenzo de ' Medici 11 December 1475 Florence , Republic of Florence 37 / 45 Italian . Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent . Closed the Fifth Council of the Lateran . Remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter 's Basilica ; excommunicated Martin Luther ( 1521 ) . Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal . 218 9 January 1522 -- 14 September 1523 ( 7002613000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 248 days ) Adrian VI Papa HADRIANUS Sextus Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens 2 March 1459 Utrecht , Bishopric of Utrecht , Holy Roman Empire ( now Netherlands ) 62 / 64 Motto : Patere et sustine ( `` Respect and wait '' ) The only Dutch pope ; last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978 . Tutor of Emperor Charles V. Retained his baptismal name as his regnal name . 219 26 November 1523 -- 25 September 1534 ( 7003395600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 303 days ) Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septimus Giulio di Giuliano de ' Medici 26 May 1478 Florence , Republic of Florence 45 / 56 Motto : Candor illæsus ( `` Unharmed candor '' ) Italian ; Cousin of Leo X . Rome plundered by imperial troops ( 1527 ) . Forbade the divorce of Henry VIII ; crowned Charles V as emperor at Bologna ( 1530 ) . His niece was married to the future Henry II of France . Ordered Michelangelo 's painting of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel . 220 13 October 1534 -- 10 November 1549 ( 7003550700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 28 days ) Paul III Papa PAULUS Tertius Alessandro Farnese 29 February 1468 Canino , Lazio , Papal States 66 / 81 Italian . Opened the Council of Trent ( 1545 ) . His illegitimate son became the first Duke of Parma . Decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII . Appointed Michelangelo to supervise construction of St. Peter 's Basilica ( 1546 ) . 221 7 February 1550 -- 29 March 1555 ( 7003187600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 50 days ) Julius III Papa IULIUS Tertius Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte 10 September 1487 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 62 / 67 Italian . Established the Collegium Germanicum ( 1552 ) . Reconvened the Council of Trent . The Innocenzo Scandal . 222 9 April 1555 -- 1 May 1555 ( 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 days ) Marcellus II Papa MARCELLUS Secundus Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi 6 May 1501 Montefano , Marche , Papal States 53 / 53 Italian . The last to use his birth name as the regnal name . Instituted immediate economies in Vatican expenditures . The Missa Papae Marcelli composed in his honour . 223 23 May 1555 -- 18 August 1559 ( 7003154800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 87 days ) Paul IV Papa PAULUS Quartus Giovanni Pietro Carafa , C.R. 28 June 1476 Capriglia Irpina , Campania , Kingdom of Naples 78 / 83 Motto : Dominus mihi adjutor ( `` The Lord is my helper '' ) Italian . Member of the Theatines . Established the Roman Ghetto in Cum Nimis Absurdum ( 1555 ) and established the Index of Forbidden Books . Ordered Michelangelo to repaint the nudes of The Last Judgment modestly . 224 26 December 1559 -- 9 December 1565 ( 7003217500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 348 days ) Pius IV Papa PIUS Quartus Giovanni Angelo Medici 31 March 1499 Milan , Duchy of Milan 60 / 66 Italian . Reopened and closed the Council of Trent . Ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome . Instituted the Tridentine Creed . 225 7 January 1566 -- 1 May 1572 ( 7003230600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 115 days ) St Pius V Papa PIUS Quintus Antonio Ghislieri , O.P. 17 January 1504 Bosco , Piedmont , Duchy of Milan 61 / 68 Motto : Utinam dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas ( `` It binds us to keep '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Excommunicated Elizabeth I ( 1570 ) . Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) ; instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory . Issued the 1570 Roman Missal . 226 13 May 1572 -- 10 April 1585 ( 7003471500000000000 ♠ 12 years , 332 days ) Gregory XIII Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Decimus Ugo Boncompagni 7 January 1502 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 70 / 83 Motto : Aperuit et clausit ( `` Opened and closed '' ) Italian . Reformed the calendar ( 1582 ) ; built the Gregorian Chapel in the Vatican . The first pope to bestow the Immaculate Conception as Patroness to the Philippine Islands through the bull Ilius Fulti Præsido ( 1579 ) . Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations . 227 24 April 1585 -- 27 August 1590 ( 7003195100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 125 days ) Sixtus V Papa XYSTUS Quintus Felice Peretti di Montalto , O.F.M. Conv . 13 December 1521 Grottammare , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Known for fixing and completing building works to major basilicas in Rome . Limited the College of Cardinals to 70 in number ; doubled the number of curial congregations . 228 15 September 1590 -- 27 September 1590 ( 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 days ) Urban VII Papa URBANUS Septimus Giovanni Battista Castagna 4 August 1521 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 69 / 69 Italian ; Supported by the Spanish . Shortest - reigning pope ; died before coronation . Set the first known worldwide smoking ban , banning smoking in and near all churches . 229 5 December 1590 -- 16 October 1591 ( 7002315000000000000 ♠ 315 days ) Gregory XIV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Decimus Niccolò Sfondrati 11 February 1535 Somma Lombardo , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 55 / 56 Italian . Modified the constitution Effraenatam of Sixtus V so that the penalty for abortion did not apply until the foetus became animated ( 1591 ) . Made gambling on papal elections punishable by excommunication . 230 29 October 1591 -- 30 December 1591 ( 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 days ) Innocent IX Papa INNOCENTIUS Nonus Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti 20 July 1519 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 72 / 72 Italian . Supported the cause of Philip II and the Catholic League against Henry IV in the French Wars of Religion . Prohibited the alienation of church property . 231 30 January 1592 -- 3 March 1605 ( 7003478100000000000 ♠ 13 years , 32 days ) Clement VIII Papa CLEMENS Octavus Ippolito Aldobrandini 24 February 1536 Fano , Marche , Papal States 55 / 69 Italian . Initiated an alliance of European Christian powers to partake in the war with the Ottoman Empire known as The Long War ( 1595 ) . Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis which addressed doctrinal disputes between the Dominicans and Jesuits regarding free will and divine grace . 17th century Popes of the 17th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 232 1 April 1605 -- 27 April 1605 ( 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 days ) Leo XI Papa LEO Undecimus Alessandro Ottaviano de ' Medici 2 June 1535 Florence , Duchy of Florence 69 / 69 Italian . The nephew of Leo X . Called `` Papa Lampo '' ( Lightning Pope ) for his brief pontificate . 233 16 May 1605 -- 28 January 1621 ( 7003573600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 257 days ) Paul V Papa PAULUS Quintus Camillo Borghese 17 September 1550 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 52 / 68 Motto : Absit nisi in te gloriari ( `` May it be absent , except to glory in you '' ) Italian . Known for various building projects which included the facade of St Peter 's Basilica . Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit ( 1605 ) ; restored the Aqua Traiana . 234 9 February 1621 -- 8 July 1623 ( 7002879000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 149 days ) Gregory XV Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Decimus Alessandro Ludovisi 9 January 1554 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( 1622 ) . Issued the bull Aeterni Patris ( 1621 ) which imposed conclaves to be by secret ballot . Issued the constitution Omnipotentis Dei against magicians and witches ( 1623 ) . 235 6 August 1623 -- 29 July 1644 ( 7003766300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 358 days ) Urban VIII Papa URBANUS Octavus Maffeo Barberini 5 April 1568 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 55 / 76 Italian . Trial against Galileo Galilei . The last pope to expand papal territory by force of arms . Issued a 1624 bull that made the use of tobacco in holy places punishable by excommunication . 236 15 September 1644 -- 7 January 1655 ( 7003376600000000000 ♠ 10 years , 114 days ) Innocent X Papa INNOCENTIUS Decimus Giovanni Battista Pamphilj 6 May 1574 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 70 / 80 Motto : Alleviatæ sunt aquæ super terram ( `` Water on earth '' ) Italian . The great - great - great - grandson of Alexander VI . Erected the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona . Promulgated the apostolic constitution Cum occasione ( 1653 ) which condemned five doctrines of Jansenism as heresy . 237 7 April 1655 -- 22 May 1667 ( 7003442800000000000 ♠ 12 years , 45 days ) Alexander VII Papa ALEXANDER Septimus Fabio Chigi 13 February 1599 Siena , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 56 / 68 Italian . Great - nephew of Paul V. Commissioned St. Peter 's Square . Issued the constitution Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum that set the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception almost identical to that of Pius IX centuries later . 238 20 June 1667 -- 9 December 1669 ( 7002903000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 172 days ) Clement IX Papa CLEMENS Nonus Giulio Rospigliosi 28 January 1600 Pistoia , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 67 / 69 Motto : Aliis non sibi Clemens ( `` Clement to others , not to himself '' ) Italian . Commissioned the colonnade of St. Peter 's Square . Mediated in the peace of Aachen ( 1668 ) . 239 29 April 1670 -- 22 July 1676 ( 7003227600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 84 days ) Clement X Papa CLEMENS Decimus Emilio Bonaventura Altieri 13 July 1590 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 79 / 86 Bonum auget malum minuit ( `` He increases good and diminishes evil '' ) Italian . Canonized the first saint from the Americas : St. Rose of Lima ( 1671 ) . Decorated the bridge of Sant ' Angelo with the ten statues of angels and the two fountains that adorn the piazza of St. Peter 's . Established regulations for the removal of relics of saints from cemeteries . 240 21 September 1676 -- 12 August 1689 ( 12 years , 325 days ) Bl . Innocent XI Papa INNOCENTIUS Undecimus Benedetto Odescalchi 16 May 1611 Como , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 65 / 78 Motto : Avarus non Implebitur ( `` The covetous man is not satisfied '' ) Italian . Condemned the doctrine of mental reservation ( 1679 ) and initiated the Holy League . Extended the Holy Name of Mary as a universal feast ( 1684 ) . Admired for positive contributions to catechesis . 241 6 October 1689 -- 1 February 1691 ( 7002483000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 118 days ) Alexander VIII Papa ALEXANDER Octavus Pietro Vito Ottoboni 22 April 1610 Venice , Republic of Venice 79 / 80 Italian . Condemned the so - called philosophical sin ( 1690 ) . 242 12 July 1691 -- 27 September 1700 ( 7003336400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 77 days ) Innocent XII Papa INNOCENTIUS Duodecimus Antonio Pignatelli , O.F.S 13 March 1615 Spinazzola , Apulia , Kingdom of Naples 76 / 85 Italian . Issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem to stop nepotism ( 1692 ) . Erected various charitable and educational institutions . 243 23 November 1700 -- 19 March 1721 ( 7003742100000000000 ♠ 20 years , 116 days ) Clement XI Papa CLEMENS Undecimus Giovanni Francesco Albani 23 July 1649 Urbino , Marche , Papal States 51 / 71 Italian . The `` Chinese Rites '' controversy . Patronized the first archaeological excavations in the Roman catacombs and made the feast of the Immaculate Conception universal . 18th century Popes of the 18th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 244 8 May 1721 -- 7 March 1724 ( 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 304 days ) Innocent XIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Decimus Michelangelo dei Conti 13 May 1655 Poli , Lazio , Papal States 65 / 68 Italian . Prohibited the Jesuits from prosecuting their mission in China ordering that no new members should be received into the order . 245 29 May 1724 -- 21 February 1730 ( 7003209400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 268 days ) S.D. Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Decimus Pietro Francesco Orsini , O.P. 2 February 1649 Gravina in Puglia , Bari , Kingdom of Naples 75 / 81 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order ; third and last member of the Orsini family to be pope . Originally called Benedict XIV due to the antipope but reverted to XIII . Repealed the worldwide tobacco smoking ban set by Urban VII and Urban VIII . 246 12 July 1730 -- 6 February 1740 ( 7003349600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 209 days ) Clement XII Papa CLEMENS Duodecimus Lorenzo Corsini , O.F.S 7 April 1652 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 78 / 87 Motto : Dabis discernere inter malum et bonum ( `` You shall deign to distinguish between good and evil '' ) Italian . ( Completed the new façade of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran ( 1735 ) . Commissioned the Trevi Fountain in Rome ( 1732 ) . Condemned Freemasonry in In eminenti apostolatus ( 1738 ) . Last pope to be elected at an old age until Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 . 247 17 August 1740 -- 3 May 1758 ( 7003646800000000000 ♠ 17 years , 259 days ) Benedict XIV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini 31 March 1675 Bologna , Papal States 65 / 83 Motto : Curabuntur omnes ( `` All will be healed '' ) Italian . Reformed the education of priests and the calendar of feasts . Completed the Trevi Fountain and affirmed the teachings of Thomas Aquinas ; founded academies of art , religion and science . 248 6 July 1758 -- 2 February 1769 ( 7003386400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 211 days ) Clement XIII Papa CLEMENS Tertius Decimus Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico 7 March 1693 Venice , Republic of Venice 65 / 75 Italian . Provided the famous fig leaves on nude male statues in the Vatican . Defended the Society of Jesus in `` Apostolicum pascendi '' ( 1765 ) . 249 19 May 1769 -- 22 September 1774 ( 7003195200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 126 days ) Clement XIV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Decimus Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli , O.F.M. Conv . 31 October 1705 Sant ' Arcangelo di Romagna , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Suppressed the Society of Jesus in the brief `` Dominus ac Redemptor '' ( 1773 ) . 250 15 February 1775 -- 29 August 1799 ( 7003896100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 195 days ) Pius VI Papa PIUS Sextus Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi 25 December 1717 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Motto : Floret in domo domini ( `` It blossoms in the house of God '' ) Italian . Condemned the French Revolution ; expelled from the Papal States by French troops from 1798 until his death . The last pope to be a patron of Renaissance art . -- 29 August 1799 -- 14 March 1800 ( 228 days ) Interregnum Six - month period without a valid pope elected . This was due to unique logistical problems ( the old pope died a prisoner and the conclave was in Venice ) and a deadlock among cardinals voting . 251 14 March 1800 -- 20 August 1823 ( 7003855900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 159 days ) S.D. Pius VII Papa PIUS Septimus Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti , O.S.B. 14 August 1742 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Present at Napoleon 's coronation as Emperor of the French . Briefly expelled from the Papal States by the French between 1809 and 1814 . 19th century Popes of the 19th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 252 28 September 1823 -- 10 February 1829 ( 7003196200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 135 days ) Leo XII Papa LEO Duodecimus Count Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga 22 August 1760 Genga , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through Quod divina sapientia ( 1824 ) . Condemned the Bible societies . 253 31 March 1829 -- 30 November 1830 ( 7002609000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 244 days ) Pius VIII Papa PIUS Octavus Francesco Saverio Castiglioni 20 November 1761 Cingoli , Marche , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Accepted Louis Philippe I as King of the French . Condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist biblical translations in the brief Litteris altero ( 1830 ) . 254 2 February 1831 -- 1 June 1846 ( 7003559800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 119 days ) Gregory XVI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Decimus Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari , O.S.B. Cam . 18 September 1765 Belluno , Veneto , Republic of Venice 65 / 80 Italian . Member of the Camaldolese Order ; last non-bishop to be elected to the papacy . Opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States . 255 16 June 1846 -- 7 February 1878 ( 7004115590000000000 ♠ 31 years , 236 days ) Bl . Pius IX Papa PIUS Nonus Count Giovanni Maria Mastai - Ferretti , O.F.S. 13 May 1792 Senigallia , Marche , Papal States 54 / 85 Italian . Opened the First Vatican Council ; lost the Papal States to Italy . Defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and defined papal infallibility . Issued the controversial Syllabus of Errors . Second longest serving pope in history after Saint Peter . 256 20 February 1878 -- 20 July 1903 ( 7003928000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 150 days ) Leo XIII Papa LEO Tertius Decimus Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci , O.F.S. 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano , Lazio , Italy 67 / 93 Italian . Issued the encyclical Rerum novarum ; supported Christian democracy against Communism . Had the fourth - longest reign after Pius IX , Saint Peter and John Paul II . Promoted the rosary and the scapular and approved two new Marian scapulars ; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix . 20th century Popes of the 20th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 257 4 August 1903 -- 20 August 1914 ( 7003403400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 16 days ) St Pius X Papa PIUS Decimus Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto , O.F.S. 2 June 1835 Riese , Treviso , Italy 68 / 79 Motto : Instaurare Omnia in Christo ( `` Restore all things in Christ '' ) Italian . Encouraged and expanded reception of the Eucharist . Combatted Modernism ; issued the oath against it . Advocated the Gregorian Chant and reformed the Roman Breviary . 258 3 September 1914 -- 22 January 1922 ( 7003269800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 141 days ) Benedict XV Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Decimus Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista Della Chiesa , O.F.S. 21 November 1854 Pegli , Genoa , Italy 59 / 67 Motto : In te , Domine , speravi : non confundar in aeternum . ( `` In thee , o Lord , have I trusted : let me not be confounded for evermore . '' ) Italian . Credited for intervening for peace during World War I. Issued the 1917 Code of Canon Law ; supported the missionaries in Maximum Illud . Remembered by Benedict XVI as a `` prophet of peace '' . 259 6 February 1922 -- 10 February 1939 ( 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days ) Pius XI Papa PIUS Undecimus Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti , O.F.S. 31 May 1857 Desio , Milan , Italy 64 / 81 Motto : Pax Christi in Regno Christi ( `` The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ '' ) Italian . Signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy ( 1929 ) establishing Vatican City as a sovereign state . Inaugurated Vatican Radio ( 1931 ) . Re-founded the Pontifical Academy of Sciences ( 1936 ) . Created the feast of Christ the King . Opposed Communism and Nazism . 260 2 March 1939 -- 9 October 1958 ( 7003716100000000000 ♠ 19 years , 221 days ) Ven . Pius XII Papa PIUS Duodecimus Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli , O.F.S. 2 March 1876 Rome , Italy 63 / 82 Motto : Opus Justitiae Pax ( `` The work of justice ( shall be ) peace '' ) Italian . Invoked papal infallibility in the encyclical Munificentissimus Deus ; defined the dogma of the Assumption . Eliminated the Italian majority of cardinals . Credited with intervening for peace during World War II ; controversial for his reactions to the Holocaust . 261 28 October 1958 -- 3 June 1963 ( 7003167900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 218 days ) St John XXIII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Tertius Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , O.F.S. 25 November 1881 Sotto il Monte , Bergamo , Italy 76 / 81 Motto : Obedientia et Pax ( `` Obedience and peace '' ) Italian . Opened the Second Vatican Council ; called `` Good Pope John '' . Issued the encyclical Pacem in terris ( 1963 ) on peace and nuclear disarmament ; intervened for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) . 262 21 June 1963 -- 6 August 1978 ( 7003552500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 46 days ) Bl . Paul VI Papa PAULUS Sextus Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini 26 September 1897 Concesio , Brescia , Italy 65 / 80 Motto : Cum Ipso in Monte ( `` With Him on the mount '' ) Italian . Last pope to be crowned in a coronation with the tiara . First pope to travel to the United States and Australia ; first pope since 1809 to travel outside Italy . Closed the Second Vatican Council . Issued the encyclical Humanae vitae ( 1968 ) condemning artificial contraception . 263 26 August 1978 -- 28 September 1978 ( 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 days ) S.D. John Paul I Papa IOANNES PAULUS Primus Albino Luciani 17 October 1912 Forno di Canale , Belluno , Italy 65 / 65 Motto : Humilitas ( `` Humility '' ) Italian . Abolished the coronation opting for the Papal Inauguration . First pope to use ' the First ' in papal name ; first with two names for two immediate predecessors . Last pope to use the Sedia Gestatoria . 264 16 October 1978 -- 2 April 2005 ( 7003966500000000000 ♠ 26 years , 168 days ) St John Paul II ( John Paul the Great ) Papa IOANNES PAULUS Secundus Karol Józef Wojtyła 20 May 1920 Wadowice , 2nd Polish Republic 58 / 84 Motto : Totus Tuus ( `` Totally yours '' ) First Polish pope and first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI ( 1522 -- 1523 ) . Traveled extensively , visiting 129 countries during his pontificate . Third longest reign after Pius IX and Saint Peter . Founded World Youth Day ( 1984 ) and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1994 ) . Canonized more saints than all his predecessors . Youngest individual to start his papacy since Pius IX ( 1846 ) . 3rd millennium 21st century Popes of the 21st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 265 19 April 2005 -- 28 February 2013 ( 7003287200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 315 days ) Benedict XVI Papa BENEDICTUS Decimus Sextus Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger 16 April 1927 ( age 90 ) Marktl am Inn , Bavaria , Germany 78 / 85 Motto : Cooperatores Veritatis ( `` Cooperators of the truth '' ) German . Oldest to become pope since Clement XII ( 1730 ) . Elevated the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position and promoted the use of Latin ; re-introduced several disused papal garments . Established the Anglican Ordinariate ( 2009 ) . First pope to renounce the papacy on his own initiative since Celestine V ( 1294 ) , retaining regnal name with title of Pope Emeritus . 266 13 March 2013 -- present ( 7003166600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 205 days ) Francis Papa FRANCISCUS Jorge Mario Bergoglio , S.J. 17 December 1936 ( age 80 ) Flores , Buenos Aires , Argentina 76 / - Motto : Miserando atque Eligendo ( `` Lowly but chosen '' , literally ' by having mercy , by choosing him ' ) Italian Argentinian . First pope to be born outside Europe since Gregory III ( 731 -- 741 ) and the first from the Americas ; first pope from the Southern Hemisphere . First pope from a religious institute since Gregory XVI ( 1831 -- 1846 ) ; first Jesuit pope . First to use a new and non-composed regnal name since Lando ( 913 -- 914 ) . Religious orders 38 popes have been members of religious orders . These have included : Benedictines ( 18 ) : Gregory I , Boniface IV , Adeodatus II , Leo IV , John IX , Leo VII , Sergius IV , Stephen IX , Gregory VII , Victor III , Urban II , Paschal II , Gelasius II , Celestine V , Clement VI , Urban V , Pius VII and including Camaldolese ( 1 ) : Gregory XVI Augustinians ( 6 ) : Eugene IV and including Canons Regular ( 5 ) : Honorius II , Innocent II , Lucius II , Gregory VIII , Adrian IV Dominicans ( 5 ) : Innocent V , Benedict XI , Nicholas V , Pius V , Benedict XIII Franciscans ( 5 ) : Nicholas IV , Sixtus IV , Julius II and including Conventual Franciscans ( 2 ) : Sixtus V , Clement XIV Cistercians ( 2 ) : Eugene III , Benedict XII Theatines ( 1 ) : Paul IV Jesuits ( 1 ) : Francis 12 popes have been members of third orders , also called `` tertiaries '' or `` Third Order Secular , '' and all of them of the Secular Franciscans : Gregory IX , Gregory X , Martin V , Innocent XII , Clement XII , Pius IX , Leo XIII , Pius X , Benedict XV , Pius XI , Pius XII , John XXIII Notes on numbering of popes A number of anomalies in the list given above need further explanation : Felix II ( 356 -- 357 ) , Boniface VII ( 974 , 984 -- 985 ) , John XVI ( 997 -- 998 ) , Benedict X ( 1058 -- 1059 ) and Alexander V ( 1409 -- 1410 ) are not listed because they are all considered antipopes . The numbering of popes named Felix has been amended to omit antipope Felix II ; however , most lists still call the last two Felixes Felix III and Felix IV . Additionally , there was an antipope Felix V . There has never been a pope John XX as a result of confusion of the numbering system in the 11th century . Pope - elect Stephen , who died before being consecrated , has not been on the Vatican 's official list of popes since 1961 , but appears on lists dating from before 1960 . The numbering of following popes called Stephen are nowadays given as Pope Stephen II ( 752 -- 757 ) to Pope Stephen IX ( 1057 -- 1058 ) , rather than Stephen III to Stephen X . When Simon de Brion became pope in 1281 , he chose to be called Martin . At that time , Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and Martin III respectively , and so , erroneously , Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV . Pope Donus II , said to have reigned about 974 , never existed . The belief resulted from the confusion of the title dominus ( lord ) with a proper name . Pope Joan also never existed ; however , legends about her may have originated from stories about the pornocracy . The status of Antipope John XXIII was uncertain for hundreds of years , and was finally settled in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli announced his own name as John XXIII . Baldassare Cossa , who was Antipope John XXIII , served as a Cardinal of the reunited church before his death in 1419 and his remains are found in the Florence Baptistery . Those who believe in Sedevacantism say that there have been no legitimate popes since Pius XII . This is because they consider all popes since the Second Vatican Council to be heretics . See also Lists List of canonised popes List of murdered popes List of popes by length of reign List of popes by nationality List of popes from the Borgia family List of popes from the Conti family List of popes from the Medici family List of popes sorted alphabetically List of sexually active popes List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State Related topics Annuario Pontificio History of the papacy Index of Vatican City - related articles Legends surrounding the papacy Liber Pontificalis Oldest popes Papal name Pope John ( numbering ) Prophecy of the Popes Book : Popes Pope portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal References Specific ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 ) , p. 12 * ^ `` Corrections Made to Official List of Popes '' . ZENIT. 5 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . ^ `` Papal Primacy of honour : titles and insignia '' . Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ( et al . ) ; Bromiley ( English translation ) , Geoffrey William , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Pope , Papacy '' . Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon ( The encyclopedia of Christianity ) . 4 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 272 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . ^ The fourth pope Discussed in the article on Clement I ^ Mcbrien , Richard P. ( 31 October 2006 ) . The Pocket Guide to the Popes . HarperCollins . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113773 - 0 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 13 : Bishops of Rome '' . pp. from Theosodr Mommsen , MGH Chronica Minora I ( 1892 ) , pp. 73 -- 6 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` OCA - St Liberius the Pope of Rome '' . Ocafs.oca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ `` Saint Siricius '' . ^ `` Papal Timeline '' . 2005 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Deno John Geanakoplos ( 15 September 1989 ) . Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine ( Palaeologan ) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 263 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11884 - 6 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ^ `` Blessed Eugene III '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken : Zu Wahl , Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III . Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985 , pp. 203 -- 211 ^ Philip Hughes , `` Innocent III & the Latin East , '' History of the Church , vol. 2 , p. 371 , Sheed & Ward , 1948 . ^ `` Pope Adrian VI ( 1522 - 1523 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement VII ( 1523 - 1534 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Paul IV ( 1555 - 1559 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Pius V ( 1566 - 1572 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Gregory XIII ( 1572 - 1585 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ John Henry Blunt ( 1874 ) . `` Jansenists '' . Dictionary of Sects , Heresies , Ecclesiastical Parties , and Schools of Religious Thought . Rivingtons . pp. 234 -- 240 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ `` Pope Alexander VII ( 1655 - 1667 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent X ( 1644 - 1655 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement IX ( 1667 - 1669 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement X ( 1670 - 1676 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent XI ( 1676 - 1689 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement XII ( 1730 - 1740 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ `` Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 - 1758 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ `` The Wind was too Strong '' . Rome Art Lover . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Bottum , Joseph ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` John Paul the Great '' . The Weekly Standard . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . ^ Brown , Andrew ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Benedict , the placeholder pope who leaves a battered , weakened church '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Pianigiani , Gaia ; Povoledo , Elisabetta ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus '' . The New York Times . ^ Scarisbrick , Veronica ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Pope Francis : `` Miserando atque eligendo '' ... `` . Vatican Radio . The Holy See . Vatican Radio . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Antipope '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Chronological Lists of Popes '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Pope Martin IV '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Popess Joan '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Weaver , MJ. , and Appleby , RS. , Being Right : Conservative Catholics in America , Indiana University Press , 1 Jan 1995 , p. 257 . ^ Flinn , FK. , Encyclopedia of Catholicism , 2007 , p. 566 . General The Early Papacy : To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451 , Adrian Fortescue , Ignatius Press , 2008 . The Oxford Dictionary of Popes , John N.D. Kelly , Oxford University Press , 1986 . Catholicism , Henri de Lubac , Ignatius Press , 1988 . Rome and the Eastern Churches , Aidan Nichols , Ignatius Press , 2010 . I Papi . Venti secoli di storia , Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo , Libreria Editrice Vaticana , 2002 . Rome Sweet Home , Scott Hahn , Ignatius Press , 1993 . Enciclopedia dei Papi , AA. VV. , Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana , 2000 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Popes . 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"\nPopes of the 1st century\n\nPontiff\nnumber\nPontificate\nPortrait\nName: English\n· Latin\nPersonal name\nPlace of birth\nAge at start/\nend of papacy\nNotes\n\n\n1\n1 April 30\n– 29 June 67\n(7004136030000000000♠37 years, 89 days)\n\nSt Peter\nPETRUS\nŠimʻōn Kêpâ\n(Simon Peter)\nAD 1 Bethsaida, Galilea, Roman Empire\n29 / 66\nJew. Apostle of Jesus from whom he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven, according to Matthew 16:18–19. Executed by crucifixion upside-down; feast day (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul) 29 June, (Chair of Saint Peter) 22 February. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ. Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 29 June.[4] The St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him.\n\n\n2\n29 June 67\n– 23 September 76\n(7003337400000000000♠9 years, 86 days)\n\nSt Linus\nPapa LINUS\nLinus\n(Lin)\n10 AD Volterra, Italia, Roman Empire\n57 / 66\nFirst Roman pope. Feast day 23 September. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 7 June.\n\n\n3\n23 September 76\n– 26 April 88\n(7003423300000000000♠11 years, 216 days)\n\nSt Anacletus\n(Cletus)\nPapa ANACLETUS (Cletus)\nAnákletos\n(Klétos)\n(Anaclet or Clet)\n25 AD Athens, Greece, Roman Empire\n51 / 63\nFirst Greek pope. Martyred; feast day 26 April. Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus.[5]\n\n\n4\n26 April 88\n– 23 November 99\n(7003422800000000000♠11 years, 211 days)\n\nSt Clement I\nPapa CLEMENS\nClemens\n(Clement)\nca. 35 AD Rome, Roman Empire\n53 / 64 (†66)\nRoman. Feast day 23 November. Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 25 November. First Pope to abdicate\n\n\n5\n23 November 99\n– 27 October 105\n(7003216400000000000♠5 years, 338 days)\n\nSt Evaristus\nPapa EVARISTUS\nEváristos\n(Evarist)\nca. 30 AD Bethlehem, Judea, Roman Empire\n69 / 75\nJew. Said to have divided Rome into parishes, assigning a priest to each. Feast day of 26 October.\n\n"
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8408705777895193648 | John Doe (musician) | John Doe ( musician ) - wikipedia John Doe ( musician ) Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Doe John Doe in 2006 Background information Birth name John Nommensen Duchac ( 1953 - 02 - 25 ) February 25 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Decatur , Illinois , United States Origin Los Angeles , California Genres Roots rock , alternative country , folk rock , punk rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , actor , poet , bass player , songwriter , guitarist Instruments Bass guitar , guitar , singing Associated acts X , the Flesh Eaters , the Knitters , Eddie Vedder , Jesse Dayton Website theejohndoe.com John Nommensen Duchac ( born February 25 , 1953 ) , known professionally as John Doe , is an American singer , songwriter , actor , poet , guitarist and bass player . Doe co-founded LA punk band X , of which he is still an active member . His musical performances and compositions span rock , punk , country and folk music genres . As an actor , he has dozens of television appearances and several movies to his credit , including the role of Jeff Parker in the television series Roswell . In addition to X , Doe performs with the country - folk - punk band the Knitters and has released records as a solo artist . In the early 1980s , he performed on two albums by the Flesh Eaters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Music 1.2 Acting 2 Personal life 3 Discography 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Doe moved to Los Angeles , California , and in 1976 met guitar player Billy Zoom through an ad in the local free weekly paper , The Recycler . John Doe Performs at Adams Avenue Street Fair , San Diego , 2006 As a musician with X , Doe has two feature - length concert films , several music videos , and an extended performance - and - interview sequence in The Decline of Western Civilization , Penelope Spheeris 's seminal documentary about the early - 1980s L.A. punk scene . Along with co-writer Exene Cervenka , Doe composed most of the songs recorded by X . Wild Gift , an album from that band 's heyday , was named `` Record of the Year '' by Rolling Stone , The Los Angeles Times , and The New York Times . With Dave Alvin , he co-wrote two of the songs on the Blasters ' 1984 album Hard Line , `` Just Another Sunday '' and `` Little Honey '' . He also wrote `` Cyrano de Berger 's Back '' for the Flesh Eaters LP A Minute to Pray , a Second To Die . Since 1990 , Doe has recorded nearly a dozen albums as a soloist or in collaboration with other artists , and has contributed tracks to motion pictures . In the 1992 movie The Bodyguard ( starring Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston ) , it is Doe 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' that plays on the jukebox when Costner 's and Houston 's characters are dancing . It was released on audio cassette by Warner Bros. in September 1992 , but no version is believed to exist on CD . He co-wrote and played on the song `` Lobotomy '' with Tyler Willman for the eponymous 1998 debut studio album of the band Calm Down Juanita . Doe took part in Todd Haynes 's 2007 movie I 'm Not There , recording two Bob Dylan covers , `` Pressing On '' and `` I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine . '' Both recordings were included on the film 's soundtrack , and the former was prominently featured in the film , with Christian Bale ( as Pastor John Rollins ) lip - synching Doe 's vocals . Doe recorded the song `` Unforgiven '' in 2007 with Aimee Mann on A Year in the Wilderness , an album which also featured Kathleen Edwards , Jill Sobule , Dan Auerbach . He then joined with Eddie Vedder on a mix of the song `` Golden State '' in 2008 . `` The Meanest Man in the World '' by Doe was featured in Season 4 of the television series Friday Night Lights and included on the second soundtrack album . Country Club ( 2009 ) , featuring Canadian indie rock band The Sadies , covered country classics along with original songs . Doe contributed a cover of `` Peggy Sue Got Married '' to the 2011 tribute album Rave on Buddy Holly . His latest solo record , The Westerner , was released in 2016 . Doe said that it was made in the desert , in Arizona , and that the genre is psychedelic soul . He is also working on a book that will about the punk rock scene from 1977 to 1983 that will be released in the spring of 2016 . It will be named after the X record Under the Big Black Sun , and will incorporate the punk ethos of contributions from other musicians that were part of the scene , people like Exene Cervenka , Jack Grisham , Henry Rollins , Mike Watt , Jane Wiedlin and others who wrote chapters . Doe wanted it to be a collective recollection , not just one person 's perspective of the time . Acting ( edit ) In the 1989 biographical film Great Balls of Fire ! , Doe played Jerry Lee Lewis 's cousin - turned - father - in - law J.W. Brown . He starred in the 1992 film Roadside Prophets and in the 1998 short Lone Greasers . Other movie acting credits include Road House , Vanishing Point , Salvador , Boogie Nights , The Specials , The Good Girl , Gypsy 83 , Wyatt Earp , Border Radio , and Pure Country , and The Outsiders . Doe has appeared on the television series Law & Order , Carnivale , One Tree Hill , and The Wizards of Waverly Place . Personal life ( edit ) Doe was born in Decatur , Illinois . He was married to fellow X member Exene Cervenka between 1980 and 1985 . He remarried in 1987 , later revealing to Adam Carolla in a podcast in September 2011 that he currently resides in Fairfax , California ( in the San Francisco North Bay area ) with his wife Gigi Blair and three daughters . In early 2017 , he announced that he would soon be moving to Austin , Texas . Discography ( edit ) See also : X discography , Knitters discography Year Album Peak chart positions Label US US Heat US Indie US Country Meet John Doe 193 -- -- -- Geffen 1995 Kissingsohard -- -- -- -- Forward / Rhino 2000 Freedom Is ... -- -- -- -- spinART 2002 Dim Stars , Bright Sky -- -- -- -- Artist Direct BMG 2005 Forever Has n't Happened Yet -- -- -- -- Yep Roc 2006 For the Best of Us -- -- -- -- 2007 A Year in the Wilderness -- 42 -- -- 2009 Country Club ( with The Sadies ) -- 10 37 32 2011 A Day at the Pass ( with Jill Sobule ) -- -- -- -- Pinko Keeper -- 13 -- -- Yep Roc 2014 The Best of John Doe : This Far -- -- -- -- 2016 The Westerner -- -- -- -- Cool Rock `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Filmography ( edit ) The Decline of Western Civilization ( 1981 ) X : The Unheard Music ( 1986 ) Salvador ( 1986 ) Slam Dance ( 1987 ) Border Radio ( 1987 ) Road House ( 1989 ) Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) Liquid Dreams ( 1991 ) A Matter of Degrees ( 1991 ) Roadside Prophets ( 1992 ) Pure Country ( 1992 ) Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) Shake , Rattle and Rock ! ( 1994 ) Georgia ( 1995 ) Scorpion Spring ( 1996 ) Black Circle Boys ( 1997 ) Vanishing Point ( 1997 ) Touch ( 1997 ) Party of Five ( 1997 ) 1 Episode The Price of Kissing ( 1997 ) The Last Time I Committed Suicide ( 1997 ) Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) Get to the Heart : The Barbara Mandrell Story ( 1997 ) Lone Greasers ( 1998 ) The Pass ( 1998 ) Black Cat Run ( 1998 ) Odd Man ( 1998 ) Drowning on Dry Land ( 1999 ) Veronica 's Closet ( 1999 ) 1 Episode Sugar Town ( 1999 ) Knocking on Deaths Door ( 1999 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Forces of Nature ( 1999 ) Wildflowers ( 1999 ) Brokedown Palace ( 1999 ) Martial Law ( 1999 ) 1 Episode The Strip ( 1999 ) 1 Episode The Specials ( 2000 ) ER ( 2000 ) 1 Episode Gypsy 83 ( 2001 ) Jon Good 's Wife ( 2001 ) Employee of the Month ( 2002 ) The Good Girl ( 2002 ) Bug ( 2002 ) Roswell ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 18 Episodes Fastlane ( 2002 ) 1 Episode Red Zone ( 2002 ) Wuthering Heights ( 2003 ) Peacemakers ( 2003 ) 1 Episode Law & Order ( 2003 ) 1 Episode Carnivàle ( 2003 ) 2 Episodes Torque ( 2004 ) Tom 51 ( 2004 ) We Jam Econo ( 2005 ) Lucky 13 ( 2005 ) X -- Live in Los Angeles ( 2005 ) CSI : Miami ( 2005 ) 1 Episode The Darwin Awards ( 2006 ) Jammin ( 2006 ) 1 Episode Ten Inch Hero ( 2007 ) The Sandpiper ( 2007 ) Man Maid ( 2008 ) Absent Father ( 2008 ) One Tree Hill ( 2008 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2009 ) 1 Episode Pleased to Meet Me ( 2013 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States Public Records , 1970 - 2009 '' . FamilySearch.org . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Linda ( June 23 , 2007 ) . `` John Doe : The ' X ' Man Returns '' ( audio ) . Weekend Edition Saturday . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` John Doe on his first big movie , solo record , and day as a dad '' . The A.V. Club . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , James ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` In Conversation With X 's John Doe '' . Diffuser.fm . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Graff , Gary . `` SXSW : John Doe of X , Kieran Leonard Give Accounts of Fatal Incident '' . Billboard . March 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ Calm Down Juanita ( CD Liner ) . Calm Down Juanita . Seattle , Washington , US : Echo Records . 1998 . inside front cover . Jump up ^ Mervis , Scott ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` X ( and Exene ) coming to Altar Bar in August '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Carolla , Adam ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` John Doe of X '' . The Adam Carolla Show . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Doe on IMDb Jump up ^ Curtin , Kevin ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` John Doe Moves to Austin '' . The Austin Chronicle . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Doe ( musician ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Doe ( musician ) John Doe -- official website John Doe -- What Would John Doe Do ? Blog John Doe on IMDb John Doe at AllMusic John Doe discography at MusicBrainz X D.J. Bonebrake Exene Cervenka John Doe Billy Zoom Dave Alvin Tony Gilkyson Studio albums Los Angeles Wild Gift Under the Big Black Sun More Fun in the New World Ai n't Love Grand ! See How We Are hey Zeus ! Extended plays Merry Xmas from X Live albums Live at the Whisky a Go - Go Unclogged X -- Live in Los Angeles Compilations Beyond and Back : The X Anthology The Best : Make the Music Go Bang ! Videos X : The Unheard Music X -- Live in Los Angeles Related articles The Knitters Ray Manzarek The Decline of Western Civilization Urgh ! A Music War Mayor of the Sunset Strip SpinArt Records Individuals Eef Barzelay Black Francis / Frank Black Bill Fox Bill Janovitz Tommy Keene Lois Maffeo Nellie McKay Michael Penn Robert Schneider Vic Chesnutt Jason Falkner Bands Apollo Sunshine The Apples in Stereo Bis The Boo Radleys Bunny Summer The Church Cinerama Clem Snide creeper lagoon cub The Dambuilders The Dears Detachment Kit Eels Fastbacks Flashing Lights The Goldenrods Halo Bit Hank Dogs Head of Femur Hockey Night Holiday Hot IQs Bill Janovitz John Doe Thing KaitO The Lilac Time The Lilys Lotion Lois Maffeo The Magnetic Fields Marbles Mazarin MC Honky Minders Nellie McKay Monsterland Orange Peels Michael Penn Pere Ubu Pixies Poole Poster Children Regia The Revelers Small Factory Soft Cell Squatweiler Suddenly , Tammy ! The Sunshine Fix The Technical Jed Throw That Beat in the Garbagecan Trampoline Trashcan Sinatras Wedding Present White Town You Am I Zeke Fiddler related Happy Happy Birthday To Me Records Joyful Noise Recordings VIAF : 129922408 LCCN : n91121537 ISNI : 0000 0000 8917 9940 GND : 134360192 BNF : cb140300637 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 804adff4 - 9f7b - 49d9 - 9585 - 6c73fb33e5aa IATH : w6v24bd9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Doe_(musician)&oldid=806900581 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people American punk rock bass guitarists American punk rock singers X ( American band ) members The Knitters members American male film actors American male television actors Writers from Decatur , Illinois Singers from California Male actors from California People from Fairfax , California Musicians from Decatur , Illinois Guitarists from California Guitarists from Illinois American male guitarists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 21 : 01 . 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9182536197802794106 | IBM Personal Computer | IBM personal computer - wikipedia IBM personal computer Jump to : navigation , search `` IBM PC '' redirects here . For general IBM - like PCs , see IBM PC compatible . IBM Personal Computer with IBM CGA monitor ( model number 5153 ) , IBM PC keyboard , IBM 5152 printer and paper stand . ( 1988 ) Type Personal computer Release date August 12 , 1981 ; 36 years ago ( 1981 - 08 - 12 ) Discontinued April 2 , 1987 ; 30 years ago ( 1987 - 04 - 02 ) Operating system IBM BASIC / PC DOS 1.0 CP / M - 86 UCSD p - System CPU Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz Memory 16 kB ~ 256 kB Sound 1 - channel square - wave / 1 - bit digital ( PWM - capable ) Predecessor IBM Datamaster Successor IBM Personal Computer XT IBM PCjr IBM Portable Personal Computer IBM Personal Computer / AT IBM PC Convertible The IBM Personal Computer , commonly known as the IBM PC , is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform . It is IBM model number 5150 , and was introduced on August 12 , 1981 . It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton , Florida . The generic term personal computer was in use before 1981 , applied as early as 1972 to the Xerox PARC 's Alto , but because of the success of the IBM Personal Computer , the term `` PC '' came to mean more specifically a desktop microcomputer compatible with IBM 's Personal Computer branded products . Within a short time of the introduction , third - party suppliers of peripheral devices , expansion cards , and software proliferated ; the influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market was substantial in standardizing a platform for personal computers . `` IBM compatible '' became an important criterion for sales growth ; after the 1980s , only the Apple Macintosh family kept significant market share without compatibility with the IBM personal computer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Rumors 1.2 Too late ? 1.3 Predecessors 1.4 Project Chess 1.5 Open standards 1.6 Debut 1.6. 1 The Little Tramp 1.7 Third - party products 1.8 Reaction 1.9 Success 1.10 Domination 2 IBM PC as standard 3 Third - party distribution 4 Models 4.1 Original PC 4.2 XT 4.3 XT / 370 4.4 PCjr 4.5 Portable 4.6 AT 4.7 AT / 370 4.8 Convertible 4.9 Next - generation IBM PS / 2 5 Technology 5.1 Electronics 5.2 Peripheral integrated circuits 5.3 Joystick port 5.4 Keyboard 5.5 Character set 5.6 Storage media 5.6. 1 Cassette tape 5.6. 2 Floppy diskettes 5.6. 3 Fixed disks 5.6. 4 OS support 5.7 BIOS 5.8 Video output 5.9 Serial port addresses and interrupts 5.10 Printer port 6 Reception 7 Longevity 8 Collectability 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Rumors ( edit ) International Business Machines ( IBM ) , one of the world 's largest companies , had a 62 % share of the mainframe computer market in 1981 . Its share of the overall computer market , however , had declined from 60 % in 1970 to 32 % in 1980 . Perhaps distracted by a long - running antitrust lawsuit , the `` Colossus of Armonk '' completely missed the fast - growing minicomputer market during the 1970s , and was behind rivals such as Wang , Hewlett - Packard ( HP ) , and Control Data in other areas . In 1979 BusinessWeek asked , `` Is IBM just another stodgy , mature company ? '' By 1981 its stock price had declined by 22 % . IBM 's earnings for the first half the year grew by 5.3 % -- one third of the inflation rate -- while those of minicomputer maker Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) grew by more than 35 % . The company began selling minicomputers , but in January 1982 the United States Department of Justice ended the antitrust suit because , The New York Times reported , the government `` recognized what computer experts and securities analysts had long since concluded : I.B.M. no longer dominates the computer business '' . IBM wished to avoid the same outcome with the new personal computer industry , dominated by the Commodore PET , Atari 8 - bit family , Apple II , Tandy Corporation 's TRS - 80 , and various CP / M machines . With $150 million in sales by 1979 and projected annual growth of more than 40 % in the early 1980s , the microcomputer market was large enough for IBM 's attention . Other large technology companies such as HP , Texas Instruments , and Data General had entered it , and some large IBM customers were buying Apples , so the company saw introducing its own personal computer as both an experiment in a new market and a defense against rivals , large and small . In 1980 and 1981 rumors spread of an IBM personal computer , perhaps a miniaturized version of the IBM System / 370 , while Matsushita acknowledged that it had discussed with IBM the possibility of manufacturing a personal computer for the American company . The Japanese project , codenamed `` Go '' , ended before the 1981 release of the American - designed IBM PC codenamed `` Chess '' , but two simultaneous projects further confused rumors about the forthcoming product . Too late ? ( edit ) Data General and Texas Instruments ' small computers were not very successful , but observers expected AT&T to soon enter the computer industry , and other large companies such as Exxon , Montgomery Ward , Pentel , and Sony were designing their own microcomputers . Whether IBM had waited too long to enter an industry in which Apple and others were already successful was unclear . An observer stated that `` IBM bringing out a personal computer would be like teaching an elephant to tap dance . '' Successful microcomputer company Vector Graphic 's fiscal 1980 revenue was $12 million . A single IBM computer in the early 1960s cost as much as $9 million , occupied one quarter acre of air - conditioned space , and had a staff of 60 people ; in 1980 its least - expensive computer , the 5120 , still cost about $13,500 . The company only sold through its internal sales force , had no experience with resellers or retail stores , and did not introduce the first product designed to work with non-IBM equipment until 1980 . Another observer claimed that IBM made decisions so slowly that , when tested , `` what they found is that it would take at least nine months to ship an empty box '' . As with other large computer companies , its new products typically required about four to five years for development . IBM had to learn how to quickly develop , mass - produce , and market new computers . While the company traditionally let others pioneer a new market -- IBM released its first commercial computer a year after Remington Rand 's UNIVAC in 1951 , but within five years had 85 % of the market -- the personal - computer development and pricing cycles were much faster than for mainframes , with products designed in a few months and obsolete quickly . Many in the microcomputer industry resented IBM 's power and wealth , and disliked the perception that an industry founded by startups needed a latecomer so staid that it had a strict dress code and employee songbook . The potential importance to microcomputers of a company so prestigious , that a popular saying in American companies stated `` No one ever got fired for buying IBM '' , was nonetheless clear . InfoWorld , which described itself as `` The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users '' , stated that `` for my grandmother , and for millions of people like her , IBM and computer are synonymous '' . Byte ( `` The Small Systems Journal '' ) stated in an editorial just before the announcement of the IBM PC : Rumors abound about personal computers to come from giants such as Digital Equipment Corporation and the General Electric Company . But there is no contest . IBM 's new personal computer ... is far and away the media star , not because of its features , but because it exists at all . When the number eight company in the Fortune 500 enters the field , that is news ... The influence of a personal computer made by a company whose name has literally come to mean `` computer '' to most of the world is hard to contemplate . The editorial acknowledged that `` some factions in our industry have looked upon IBM as the ' enemy ' '' , but concluded with optimism : `` I want to see personal computing take a giant step . '' Predecessors ( edit ) Desktop sized programmable calculators by Hewlett Packard had evolved into the HP 9830 BASIC language computer by 1972 . In 1972 -- 1973 a team led by Dr. Paul Friedl at the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP ( Special Computer APL Machine Portable ) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive , small CRT , and full - function keyboard . SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer to run APL \ 1130 . In 1973 APL was generally available only on mainframe computers , and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC . Because it was the first to emulate APL \ 1130 performance on a portable , single - user computer , PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a `` revolutionary concept '' and `` the world 's first personal computer '' . The prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution . A non-working industrial design model was also created in 1973 by industrial designer Tom Hardy illustrating how the SCAMP engineering prototype could be transformed into a usable product design for the marketplace . This design model was requested by IBM executive Bill Lowe to complement the engineering prototype in his early efforts to demonstrate the viability of creating a single - user computer . Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the IBM 5100 portable microcomputer in 1975 . In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton . The 5100 was a complete computer system programmable in BASIC or APL , with a small built - in CRT monitor , keyboard , and tape drive for data storage . It was also very expensive , up to US $20,000 ; the computer was designed for professional and scientific customers , not business users or hobbyists . BYTE in 1975 announced the 5100 with the headline `` Welcome , IBM , to personal computing '' , but PC Magazine in 1984 described 5100s as `` little mainframes '' and stated that `` as personal computers , these machines were dismal failures ... the antithesis of user - friendly '' , with no IBM support for third - party software . Despite news reports that it was the first IBM product without a model number , when the PC was introduced in 1981 it was designated as the IBM 5150 , putting it in the `` 5100 '' series though its architecture was not directly descended from the IBM 5100 . Later models followed in the trend : For example , the IBM Portable Personal Computer , PC / XT , and PC AT are IBM machine types 5155 , 5160 , and 5170 , respectively . Following SCAMP , the IBM Boca Raton , Florida Laboratory created several single - user computer design concepts to support Lowe 's ongoing effort to convince IBM there was a strategic opportunity in the personal computer business . A selection of these early IBM design concepts created by industrial designer Tom Hardy in the infancy of personal computing is highlighted in the book ' ' DELETE : A Design History of Computer Vapourware . ' ' One such concept in 1977 , code - named Aquarius , was a working prototype utilizing advanced bubble memory cartridges . While this design was more powerful and smaller than Apple II launched the same year , the advanced bubble technology was deemed unstable and not ready for mass production . Project Chess ( edit ) Some employees opposed IBM entering the market . One said , `` Why on earth would you care about the personal computer ? It has nothing at all to do with office automation . '' `` Besides '' , he added , `` all it can do is cause embarrassment for IBM '' . The company studied personal computer designs -- Walden C. Rhines of TI , for example , in 1978 met with a Boca Raton group considering the TMS9900 for a secret 16 - bit microprocessor - based project -- but had determined from studying the market for years , and building the prototypes during the 1970s , that IBM was unable to internally build a personal computer profitably . IBM President John Opel was not among those skeptical of personal computers . He and CEO Frank Cary had created more than one dozen semi-autonomous `` Independent Business Units '' ( IBU ) to encourage innovation ; Fortune called them `` How to start your own company without leaving IBM '' . After Lowe became the first head of the Entry Level Systems IBU in Boca Raton his team researched the market . Computer dealers were very interested in selling an IBM product , but told Lowe that the company could not design , sell , or service it as IBM had previously done . An IBM microcomputer , they said , must be composed of standard parts that store employees could repair . While dealers disliked Apple 's business practices , including a shortage of the Apple II while the company focused on the more sophisticated Apple III , they saw no alternative because they doubted that IBM 's traditional sales methods and bureaucracy would change . Atari in 1980 proposed that it act as original equipment manufacturer for an IBM microcomputer . Aware that the company needed to enter the market quickly -- even the schools in Broward County , near Boca Raton , purchased Apples -- in July 1980 Lowe met with Opel , Cary , and others on the important Corporate Management Committee . Lowe demonstrated the proposal with an industrial design model by Tom Hardy based on the Atari 800 platform , and suggested acquiring Atari `` because we ca n't do this within the culture of IBM '' . Cary agreed about the culture , observing that IBM would need `` four years and three hundred people '' to develop its own personal computer ; Lowe , however , promised one in a year if done without traditional IBM methods . Instead of acquiring Atari , the committee allowed him to form an independent group of employees -- `` the Dirty Dozen '' , led by engineer Bill Sydnes -- which , Lowe promised , could design a prototype in 30 days . The crude prototype barely worked when he demonstrated it in August , but Lowe presented a detailed business plan that proposed that the new computer have an open architecture , use non-proprietary components and software , and be sold through retail stores , all contrary to IBM practice . The committee agreed that Lowe 's approach was the most likely to succeed . With Opel 's strong support , in October it approved turning the group into another IBU codenamed `` Project Chess '' to develop `` Acorn '' , with unusually large funding to help achieve the goal of introducing the product within one year of the August demonstration . After Lowe 's promotion Don Estridge became the head of Chess , and by January 1981 the team made its first demonstration of the computer within IBM . Other key members included Sydnes , Lewis Eggebrecht , David Bradley , Mark Dean , and David O'Connor . Many were already hobbyists who owned their own computers including Estridge , who had an Apple II . After the team received permission to expand to 150 by the end of 1980 , it received more than 500 calls in one day from IBM employees interested in joining the IBU . Open standards ( edit ) IBM normally was vertically integrated , only purchasing components like transformers and semiconductors . It internally developed all important hardware and software and discouraged customers from purchasing third - party products compatible with IBM products . For the PC the company avoided doing so as much as possible ; choosing , for example , to license Microsoft BASIC despite having a BASIC of its own for mainframes . Although the company denied doing so , many observers concluded that IBM intentionally emulated Apple when designing the PC . The many Apple II owners on the team influenced its decision to design the computer with an open architecture and publish technical information so others could create software and expansion slot peripherals . Although the company knew that it could not avoid competition from third - party software on proprietary hardware -- Digital Research released CP / M - 86 for the IBM Displaywriter , for example -- it considered using the IBM 801 RISC processor and its operating system , developed at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights , New York . The 801 processor was more than an order of magnitude more powerful than the Intel 8088 , and the operating system more advanced than the PC DOS 1.0 operating system from Microsoft . Ruling out an in - house solution made the team 's job much easier and may have avoided a delay in the schedule , but the ultimate consequences of this decision for IBM were far - reaching . IBM had recently developed the Datamaster business microcomputer , which used a processor and other chips from Intel ; familiarity with them and the immediate availability of the 8088 was a reason for choosing it for the PC . The 62 - pin expansion bus slots were designed to be similar to the Datamaster slots . Differences from the Datamaster included avoiding an all - in - one design while limiting the computer 's size so that it would still fit on a standard desktop with the keyboard ( also similar to the Datamaster 's ) , and 5.25 '' disk drives instead of 8 `` . Delays due to in - house development of the Datamaster software was a reason why IBM chose Microsoft BASIC -- already available for the 8088 -- and published available technical information to encourage third - party developers . IBM chose the 8088 over the similar but superior 8086 because Intel offered a better price on the former and could provide more units , and the 8088 's 8 - bit bus reduced the cost of the rest of the computer . The design for the computer was essentially complete by April 1981 , when the manufacturing team took over the project . IBM could not only use its own hardware and make a profit with `` Acorn '' . To save time and money , the IBU built the machine with commercial off - the - shelf parts from original equipment manufacturers whenever possible , with assembly occurring in Boca Raton . The IBU would decide whether it would be more economical to `` Make or Buy '' each manufacturing step . Various IBM divisions for the first time competed with outsiders to build parts of the new computer ; a North Carolina IBM factory built the keyboard , the Endicott , New York factory had to lower its bid for printed circuit boards , and a Taiwanese company built the monitor . The IBU chose an existing monitor from IBM Japan and an Epson printer . Because of the off - the - shelf parts only the system unit and keyboard has unique IBM industrial design elements . Furthermore , the IBM copyright appears in only the ROM BIOS and on the company logo , and the company reportedly received no patents on the PC , with outsiders manufacturing 90 % of it . Because the product would carry the IBM logo , the only corporate division the IBU could not bypass was the Quality Assurance Unit . A component manufacturer described the process of being selected as a supplier as rigorous and `` absolutely amazing '' , with IBM inspectors even testing solder flux . They stayed after selection , monitoring and helping to improve the manufacturing process . IBM 's size overwhelmed other companies ; `` a hundred IBM engineers '' reportedly visited Mitel to meet with two of the latter 's employees about a problem , according to The New York Times . Another aspect of IBM that did not change was its emphasis on secrecy . Those working on the project , within and outside of IBM , were under strict confidentiality agreements . When an individual mentioned in public on a Saturday that his company was working on software for a new IBM computer , IBM security appeared at the company on Monday to investigate the leak . After an IBM official discovered printouts in a supplier 's garbage , the former company persuaded the latter to purchase a paper shredder . Management Science America did not know until after agreeing to buy Peachtree Software in 1981 that the latter was working on software for the PC . Developers received prototype computers in boxes lined with lead to block X-rays and sealed with solder , and had to keep them in locked , windowless rooms ; to develop software Microsoft emulated the PC on a DEC minicomputer and used the prototype for debugging . After the PC 's debut , IBM Boca Raton employees continued to decline to discuss their jobs in public . One writer compared the `` silence '' after asking one about his role at the company to `` hit ( ting ) the wall at the Boston Marathon : the conversation is over '' . Debut ( edit ) IBM is proud to announce a product you may have a personal interest in . It 's a tool that could soon be on your desk , in your home or in your child 's schoolroom . It can make a surprising difference in the way you work , learn or otherwise approach the complexities ( and some of the simple pleasures ) of living . It 's the computer we 're making for you . -- IBM PC advertisement , 1982 After developing it in 12 months -- faster than any other hardware product in company history -- IBM announced the Personal Computer on 12 August 1981 . Pricing started at US $1,565 ( equivalent to $4,123 in 2016 ) for a configuration with 16K RAM , Color Graphics Adapter , and no disk drives . The company intentionally set prices for it and other configurations that were comparable to those of Apple and other rivals ; one analyst stated that IBM `` has taken the gloves off '' , while the company said `` we suggest ( the PC 's price ) invites comparison '' . Microsoft , Personal Software , and Peachtree Software were among the developers of nine launch titles , including EasyWriter and VisiCalc . In addition to the existing corporate sales force IBM opened its own Product Center retail stores . After studying Apple 's successful distribution network , the company for the first time sold through others , ComputerLand and Sears Roebuck . Because retail stores receive revenue from repairing computers and providing warranty service , IBM broke a 70 - year tradition by permitting and training non-IBM service personnel to fix the PC . BYTE described IBM as having `` the strongest marketing organization in the world '' , but the PC 's marketing also differed from that of previous products . The company was aware of its strong corporate reputation among potential customers ; an early advertisement began `` Presenting the IBM of Personal Computers '' . The advertisements emphasized the novelty of an individual owning an IBM computer , describing `` a product you may have a personal interest in '' and asking readers to think of `` ' My own IBM computer . Imagine that ' ... it 's yours . For your business , your project , your department , your class , your family and , indeed , for yourself . '' The little Tramp ( edit ) After considering Alan Alda , Beverly Sills , Kermit the Frog , and Billy Martin as celebrity endorsers IBM chose Charlie Chaplin 's The Little Tramp character -- played by Billy Scudder -- for a series of advertisements based on Chaplin 's films . The very popular and award - winning $36 - million marketing campaign made the star of Modern Times -- a film that expresses Chaplin 's opposition to big business , mechanization , and technological efficiency -- the ( as Creative Computing described him ) `` warm cuddly '' mascot of one of the world 's largest companies . Chaplin and his character became so widely associated with IBM -- Time stated that `` The Tramp ... has given ( it ) a human face '' -- that others used his bowler hat and cane to represent or satirize the company . Although the Chaplin estate sued those like Otrona who used the trademark without permission , PC Magazine 's April 1983 issue had 12 advertisements that referred to the Little Tramp . Third - party products ( edit ) `` It 's a very different IBM . '' -- An outside developer surprised by the company 's cooperation , 1981 `` We encourage third - part suppliers ( for the PC ) ... we are delighted to have them '' , IBM stated . It did not sell internally developed PC software until April 1984 , instead relying on already established software companies . The company contacted Microsoft even before the official approval of Chess , and it and others received cooperation that was , one writer said , `` unheard of '' for IBM . Such openness surprised observers ; BYTE called it `` striking '' and `` startling '' , and one developer reported that `` it 's a very different IBM . '' Another said `` They were very open and helpful about giving us all the technical information we needed . The feeling was so radically different -- it 's like stepping out into a warm breeze . '' He concluded , `` After years of hassling -- fighting the Not - Invented - Here attitude -- we 're the gods . '' Most other personal - computer companies that did not disclose technical details ; Texas Instruments , for example , intentionally made developing third - party TI 99 / 4A software difficult , even requiring a lockout chip in cartridges . IBM itself kept its mainframe technology so secret that rivals were indicted for industrial espionage . For the PC , however , IBM immediately released detailed information . The US $36 IBM PC Technical Reference Manual included complete circuit schematics , commented ROM BIOS source code , and other engineering and programming information for all of IBM 's PC - related hardware , plus instructions on designing third - party peripherals . It was so comprehensive that one reviewer suggested that the manual could serve as a university textbook , and so clear that a developer claimed that he could design an expansion card without seeing the physical computer . IBM marketed the technical manual in full - page color print advertisements , stating that `` our software story is still being written . Maybe by you '' . Sydnes stated that `` The definition of a personal computer is third - party hardware and software '' . Estridge said that IBM did not keep software development proprietary because it would have to `` out - VisiCalc VisiCorp and out - Peachtree Peachtree -- and you just ca n't do that '' , and unlike IBM 's own version `` Microsoft BASIC had hundreds of thousands of users around the world . How are you going to argue with that ? '' Another advertisement told developers that the company would consider publishing software for `` Education . Entertainment . Personal finance . Data management . Self - improvement . Games . Communications . And yes , business . '' Estridge explicitly invited small , `` cottage '' amateur and professional developers to create products `` with '' , he said , `` our logo and our support '' . IBM sold the PC at a large discount to employees , encouraged them to write software , and distributed a catalog of inexpensive software written by individuals that might not otherwise appear in public . Reaction ( edit ) BYTE was correct in predicting that an IBM personal computer would receive much public attention . Its rapid development amazed observers , as did the willingness of the Colossus of Armonk to sell as a launch title Microsoft Adventure ( a video game that , its press release stated , brought `` players into a fantasy world of caves and treasures '' ) ; the company even offered an optional joystick port . Future Computing estimated that `` IBM 's Billion Dollar Baby '' would have $2.3 billion in hardware sales by 1986 . David Bunnell , an editor at Osborne / McGraw - Hill , recalled that None of my associates wanted to talk about the Apple II or the Osborne I computer anymore , nor did they want to fantasize about writing the next super-selling program ... All they wanted to talk about was the IBM Personal Computer -- what it was , its potential and limitations , and most of all , the impact IBM would have on the business of personal computing . Within seven weeks Bunnell helped found PC Magazine , the first periodical for the new computer . Competitors were more skeptical . Adam Osborne said `` when you buy a computer from IBM , you buy a la carte . By the time you have a computer that does anything , it will cost more than an Apple . I do n't think Apple has anything to worry about . '' Apple 's Mike Markkula agreed that IBM 's product was more expensive than the Apple II , and claimed that the Apple III `` offers better performance '' . He denied that the IBM PC offered more memory , stating that his company could offer more than 128K `` but frankly we do n't know what anyone would do with that memory '' . At Tandy , John Roach said `` I do n't think it 's that significant '' ; Jon Shirley admitted that IBM had a `` legendary service reputation '' but claimed that its thousands of Radio Shack stores `` can provide better service '' , while predicting that the IBM PC 's `` major market will be IBM addicts '' ; another executive claimed that Tandy could undersell a $3,000 IBM computer by $1,000 . Many criticized the PC 's design as not innovative and outdated , and believed that its alleged weaknesses , such as the use of single - sided , single - density disks with less storage than the computer 's RAM , existed because the company was uncertain about the market and was experimenting before releasing a better computer . ( Estridge later boasted , `` Many ... said that there was nothing technologically new in this machine . That was the best news we could have had ; we actually had done what we had set out to do . '' ) Rivals such as Apple , Tandy , and Commodore -- together with more than 50 % of the personal - computer market -- had many advantages . While IBM began with one microcomputer , little available hardware or software , and a couple of hundred dealers , Radio Shack had 14 million customers and 8,000 stores -- more than McDonald 's -- that only sold its broad range of computers and accessories . Apple had five times as many dealers in the US as IBM , an established international distribution network , and an installed base of more than 250,000 customers . Hundreds of independent developers produced software and peripherals for both companies ' computers ; at least ten Apple databases and ten word processors were available , while the PC had no databases and one word processor . The computer had very limited graphics capability , and customers who wanted both color and high - quality text had to purchase two graphics cards and two monitors . Steve Jobs at Apple ordered a team to examine an IBM PC . After finding it unimpressive -- Chris Espinosa called the computer `` a half - assed , hackneyed attempt '' -- the company confidently purchased a full - page advertisement in The Wall Street Journal with the headline `` Welcome , IBM . Seriously '' . Microsoft head Bill Gates was at Apple headquarters the day of IBM 's announcement and later said `` They did n't seem to care . It took them a full year to realize what had happened '' . Success ( edit ) The IBM PC was immediately successful . BYTE reported a rumor that more than 40,000 were ordered on the day of the announcement ; John Dvorak recalled that one dealer that day praised the computer as an `` incredible winner , and IBM knows how to treat us -- none of the Apple arrogance '' . One dealer received 22 $1,000 deposits from customers although he could not promise a delivery date . The company could have sold its entire projected first - year production to employees , and IBM customers that were reluctant to purchase Apples were glad to buy microcomputers from its traditional supplier . The computer began shipping in October , ahead of schedule ; by then some referred to it simply as the `` PC '' . BYTE estimated that 90 % of the 40,000 first - day orders were from software developers . By COMDEX in November Tecmar developed 20 products including memory expansion and expansion chassis , surprising even IBM . Jerry Pournelle reported after attending the West Coast Computer Faire in early 1982 that because IBM `` encourages amateurs '' with `` documents that tell all '' , `` an explosion of ( third - party ) hardware and software '' was visible at the convention . Many manufacturers of professional business application software , who had been planning / developing versions for the Apple II , promptly switched their efforts over to the IBM PC when it was announced . Often , these products needed the capacity and speed of a hard - disk . Although IBM did not offer a hard - disk option for almost two years following introduction of its PC , business sales were nonetheless catalyzed by the simultaneous availability of hard - disk subsystems , like those of Tallgrass Technologies which sold in Computerland stores alongside the IBM 5150 at the introduction in 1981 . One year after the PC 's release , although IBM had sold fewer than 100,000 computers , PC World counted 753 software packages for the PC -- more than four times the number available for the Apple Macintosh one year after its 1984 release -- including 422 applications and almost 200 utilities and languages . InfoWorld reported that `` most of the major software houses have been frantically adapting their programs to run on the PC '' , with new PC - specific developers composing `` an entire subindustry that has formed around the PC 's open system '' , which Dvorak described as a `` de facto standard microcomputer '' . The magazine estimated that `` hundreds of tiny garage - shop operations '' were in `` bloodthirsty '' competition to sell peripherals , with 30 to 40 companies in a price war for memory - expansion cards , for example . PC Magazine renamed its planned `` 1001 Products to Use with Your IBM PC '' special issue after the number of product listings it received exceeded the figure . Tecmar and other companies that benefited from IBM 's openness rapidly grew in size and importance , as did PC Magazine ; within two years it expanded from 96 bimonthly to 800 monthly pages , including almost 500 pages of advertisements . By the end of 1982 IBM was selling one PC every minute of the business day . It estimated that 50 to 70 % of PCs sold in retail stores went to the home , and the publicity from selling a popular product to consumers caused IBM to , a spokesman said , `` enter the world '' by familiarizing them with the Colossus of Armonk . Although the PC only provided two to three percent of sales the company found that it had underestimated demand by as much as 800 % . Because its prices were based on forecasts of much lower volume -- 250,000 over five years , which would have made the PC a very successful IBM product -- the PC became very profitable ; at times the company sold almost that many computers per month . Estridge claimed in 1983 that from October 1982 to March 1983 customer demand quadrupled . He stated that the company had increased production three times in one year , and warned of a component shortage if demand continued to increase . Many small suppliers ' sales to IBM grew rapidly , both pleasing their executives and causing them to worry about being overdependent on it . Miniscribe , for example , in 1983 received 61 % of its hard drive orders from IBM ; the company 's stock price fell by more than one third in one day after IBM reduced orders in January 1984 . Suppliers often found , however , that the prestige of having IBM as a customer led to additional sales elsewhere . By mid-1983 Yankee Group estimated that ten new IBM PC - related products appeared every day . In August 1983 the Chess IBU , with 4,000 employees , became the Entry Systems Division , which observers believed indicated that the PC was significantly important to IBM overall , and no longer an experiment . The PC surpassed the Apple II as the best - selling personal computer with more than 750,000 sold by the end of the year , while DEC only sold 69,000 microcomputers in the first nine months of the year despite offering three models for different markets . Retailers also benefited , with 65 % of BusinessLand 's revenue coming from the PC . Demand still so exceeded supply two years after its debut that , despite IBM shipping 40,000 PCs a month , dealers reportedly received 60 % or less of their desired quantity . Pournelle received the PC he paid for in early July 1983 on 1 November , and IBM Boca Raton employees and neighbors had to wait five weeks to buy the computers assembled there . Domination ( edit ) Yankee Group also stated that the PC had by 1983 `` destroyed the market for some older machines '' from companies like Vector Graphic , North Star , and Cromemco . inCider wrote `` This may be an Apple magazine , but let 's not kid ourselves , IBM has devoured competitors like a cloud of locusts '' . By February 1984 BYTE reported on `` the phenomenal market acceptance of the IBM PC '' , and by fall concluded that the company `` has given the field its third major standard , after the Apple II and CP / M '' . Some rivals speculated that the government might again prosecute IBM for antitrust , and Ben Rosen claimed that the company 's dominance `` is having a chilling effect on new ventures , a fear factor '' . By then Apple was less welcoming of the rival that inCider stated had a `` godlike '' reputation . Its focus on the III had delayed improvements to the II , and the sophisticated Lisa was unsuccessful in part because , unlike the II and the PC , Apple discouraged third - party developers . The head of a retail chain said `` It appears that IBM had a better understanding of why the Apple II was successful than had Apple . '' Jobs , after trying to recruit Estridge to become Apple 's president , admitted that in two years IBM had joined Apple as `` the industry 's two strongest competitors '' . He warned in a speech before previewing the forthcoming `` 1984 '' Super Bowl commercial : `` It appears IBM wants it all ... Will Big Blue dominate the entire computer industry ? The entire information age ? Was George Orwell right about 1984 ? '' IBM had $4 billion in annual PC revenue by 1984 , more than twice that of Apple and as much as the sales of Apple , Commodore , HP , and Sperry combined , and 6 % of total revenue . A Fortune survey found that 56 % of American companies with personal computers used IBM PCs , compared to Apple 's 16 % . A 1983 study of corporate customers similarly found that two thirds of large customers standardizing on one computer chose the PC , compared to 9 % for Apple . IBM 's own documentation described the PC as inferior to competitors ' less - expensive products , but the company generally did not compete on price ; rather , the study found that they preferred `` IBM 's hegemony '' because of its support . Most companies with mainframes used their PCs with the larger computers , which likely benefited IBM 's mainframe sales and discouraged their purchasing non-IBM hardware . In 1984 IBM introduced the PC / AT , unlike its predecessor the most sophisticated personal computer from any major company . By 1985 the PC family had more than doubled Future Computing 's 1986 revenue estimate , with more than 12,000 applications and 4,500 dealers and distributors worldwide . In his obituary that year , The New York Times wrote that Estridge had led the `` extraordinarily successful entry of the International Business Machines Corporation into the personal computer field '' . The Entry Systems Division had 10,000 employees and by itself would have been the world 's third - largest computer company behind IBM and DEC , with more revenue than IBM 's minicomputer business despite its much later start . IBM was the only major company with significant minicomputer and microcomputer businesses , in part because rivals like DEC and Wang did not adjust to the retail market . Rumors of `` lookalike '' , compatible computers , created without IBM 's approval , began almost immediately after the IBM PC 's release . Other manufacturers soon reverse engineered the BIOS to produce their own non-infringing functional copies . Columbia Data Products introduced the first IBM - PC compatible computer in June 1982 . In November 1982 , Compaq Computer Corporation announced the Compaq Portable , the first portable IBM PC compatible . The first models were shipped in January 1983 . IBM PC as standard ( edit ) Main article : Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market The success of the IBM computer led other companies to develop IBM Compatibles , which in turn led to branding like diskettes being advertised as `` IBM format '' . An IBM PC clone could be built with off - the - shelf parts , but the BIOS required some reverse engineering . Companies like Compaq , Phoenix Software Associates , American Megatrends , Award , and others achieved fully functional versions of the BIOS , allowing companies like Dell , Gateway and HP to manufacture PCs that worked like IBM 's product . The IBM PC became the industry standard . Third - party distribution ( edit ) Because IBM had no retail experience , the retail chains ComputerLand and Sears Roebuck provided important knowledge of the marketplace . They became the main outlets for the new product . More than 190 Computerland stores already existed , while Sears was in the process of creating a handful of in - store computer centers for sale of the new product . This guaranteed IBM widespread distribution across the U.S. Targeting the new PC at the home market , Sears Roebuck sales failed to live up to expectations . This unfavorable outcome revealed that the strategy of targeting the office market was the key to higher sales . Models ( edit ) IBM Personal Computer IBM 5150 PC with IBM 5151 monitor The IBM PC line model name model # Introduced CPU Features PC 5150 August 1981 8088 Floppy disk or cassette system . One or two internal floppy drives were optional . XT 5160 March 1983 8088 First IBM PC to come with an internal hard drive as standard . XT / 370 5160 / 588 October 1983 8088 5160 with XT / 370 Option Kit and 3277 Emulation Adapter 3270 PC 5271 October 1983 8088 With 3270 terminal emulation , 20 function key keyboard PCjr 4860 November 1983 8088 Floppy - based home computer , infrared keyboard Portable 5155 February 1984 8088 Floppy - based portable AT 5170 August 1984 80286 Faster processor , faster system bus ( 6 MHz , later 8 MHz , vs 4.77 MHz ) , jumperless configuration , real - time clock AT / 370 5170 / 599 October 1984 80286 5170 with AT / 370 Option Kit and 3277 Emulation Adapter 3270 AT 5281 June 1985 80286 With 3270 terminal emulation Convertible 5140 April 1986 80C88 Microfloppy laptop portable XT 286 5162 September 1986 80286 Slow hard disk , but zero wait state memory on the motherboard . This 6 MHz machine was actually faster than the 8 MHz ATs ( when using planar memory ) because of the zero wait states All IBM personal computers are software backwards - compatible with each other in general , but not every program will work in every machine . Some programs are time sensitive to a particular speed class . Older programs will not take advantage of newer higher - resolution and higher - color display standards , while some newer programs require newer display adapters . ( Note that as the display adapter was an adapter card in all of these IBM models , newer display hardware could easily be , and often was , retrofitted to older models . ) A few programs , typically very early ones , are written for and require a specific version of the IBM PC BIOS ROM . Most notably , BASICA which was dependent on the BIOS ROM had a sister program called GW - BASIC which supported more functions , was 100 % backwards compatible and could run independently from the BIOS ROM . Original PC ( edit ) IBM PC 5150 . The CGA video card , with a suitable modulator , could use an NTSC television set or an RGBi monitor for display ; IBM 's RGBi monitor was their display model 5153 . The other option that was offered by IBM was an MDA and their monochrome display model 5151 . It was possible to install both an MDA and a CGA card and use both monitors concurrently if supported by the application program . For example , AutoCAD , Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 and others allowed use of a CGA Monitor for graphics and a separate monochrome monitor for text menus . Some model 5150 PCs with CGA monitors and a printer port also included the MDA adapter by default , because IBM provided the MDA port and printer port on the same adapter card ; it was in fact an MDA / printer port combo card . Although cassette tape was originally envisioned by IBM as a low - budget storage alternative , the most commonly used medium was the floppy disk . The 5150 was available with one or two 5 - 1 / 4 '' floppy drives - with two drives the program disc ( s ) would be in drive A , while drive B would hold the disc ( s ) for working files ; with one drive the user had to swap program and file discs into the single drive . For models without any drives or storage medium , IBM intended users to connect their own cassette recorder via the 5150 's cassette socket . The cassette tape socket was physically the same DIN plug as the keyboard socket and next to it , but electrically completely different . A hard disk could not be installed into the 5150 's system unit without changing to a higher - rated power supply ( although later drives with lower power consumption have been known to work with the standard 63.5 Watt unit ) . The `` IBM 5161 Expansion Chassis '' came with its own power supply and one 10 MB hard disk and allowed the installation of a second hard disk . The system unit had five expansion slots , and the expansion unit had eight ; however , one of the system unit 's slots and one of the expansion unit 's slots had to be occupied by the Extender Card and Receiver Card , respectively , which were needed to connect the expansion unit to the system unit and make the expansion unit 's other slots available , for a total of 11 slots . A working configuration required that some of the slots be occupied by display , disk , and I / O adapters , as none of these were built into the 5150 's motherboard ; the only motherboard external connectors were the keyboard and cassette ports . The simple PC speaker sound hardware was also on board . The original PC 's maximum memory using IBM parts was 256 kB , achievable through the installation of 64 kB on the motherboard and three 64 kB expansion cards . The processor was an Intel 8088 running at 4.77 MHz , 4 / 3 the standard NTSC color burst frequency of 315 / 88 = 3.579 54 MHz . ( In early units , the Intel 8088 used was a 1978 version , later were 1978 / 81 / 2 versions of the Intel chip ; second - sourced AMDs were used after 1983 ) . Some owners replaced the 8088 with an NEC V20 for a slight increase in processing speed and support for real mode 80186 instructions . The V20 gained its speed increase through the use of a hardware multiplier which the 8088 lacked . An Intel 8087 coprocessor could also be added for hardware floating - point arithmetic . IBM sold the first IBM PCs in configurations with 16 or 64 kB of RAM preinstalled using either nine or thirty - six 16 - kilobit DRAM chips . ( The ninth bit was used for parity checking of memory . ) After the IBM XT shipped , the IBM PC motherboard was redesigned with the same RAM configuration as the IBM XT. ( 64 kB in one bank , expandable to 256kB by populating the other 3 banks . ) Although the TV - compatible video board , cassette port and Federal Communications Commission Class B certification were all aimed at making it a home computer , the original PC proved too expensive for the home market . At introduction , a PC with 64 kB of RAM and a single 5.25 - inch floppy drive and monitor sold for US $ 3,005 ( equivalent to $7,916 in 2016 ) , while the cheapest configuration ( US $1,565 ) that had no floppy drives , only 16 kB RAM , and no monitor ( again , under the expectation that users would connect their existing TV sets and cassette recorders ) proved too unattractive and low - spec , even for its time ( cf . footnotes to the above IBM PC range table ) . While the 5150 did not become a top selling home computer , its floppy - based configuration became an unexpectedly large success with businesses . XT ( edit ) Main article : IBM Personal Computer XT The `` IBM Personal Computer XT '' , IBM model 5160 , was introduced two years after the PC and featured a 10 megabyte hard drive . It had eight expansion slots but the same processor and clock speed as the PC . The XT had no cassette jack , but still had the Cassette Basic interpreter in ROMs . The XT could take 256 kB of memory on the main board ( using 64 kbit DRAM ) ; later models were expandable to 640 kB . The remaining 384 kilobytes of the 8088 address space were used for the BIOS ROM , adapter ROM and RAM space , including video RAM space . It was usually sold with a Monochrome Display Adapter ( MDA ) video card or a CGA video card . The eight expansion slots were the same as the model 5150 but were spaced closer together . Although rare , a card designed for the 5150 could be wide enough to obstruct the adjacent slot in an XT . Because of the spacing , an XT motherboard would not fit into a case designed for the PC motherboard , but the slots and peripheral cards were compatible . The XT expansion bus ( later called `` 8 - bit Industry Standard Architecture '' ( ISA ) by competitors ) was retained in the IBM AT , which added connectors for some slots to allow 16 - bit transfers ; 8 - bit cards could be used in an AT . XT / 370 ( edit ) Main article : PC - based IBM - compatible mainframes The `` IBM Personal Computer XT / 370 '' was an XT with three custom 8 - bit cards : the processor card ( 370PC - P ) contained a modified Motorola 68000 chip , microcoded to execute System / 370 instructions , a second 68000 to handle bus arbitration and memory transfers , and a modified 8087 to emulate the S / 370 floating point instructions . The second card ( 370PC - M ) connected to the first and contained 512 kB of memory . The third card ( PC3277 - EM ) , was a 3270 terminal emulator necessary to install the system software for the VM / PC software to run the processors . The computer booted into DOS , then ran the VM / PC Control Program . PCjr ( edit ) Main article : IBM PCjr The `` IBM PCjr '' was IBM 's first attempt to enter the market for relatively inexpensive educational and home - use personal computers . The PCjr , IBM model number 4860 , retained the IBM PC 's 8088 CPU and BIOS interface for compatibility , but its cost and differences in the PCjr 's architecture , as well as other design and implementation decisions , eventually led to the PCjr , and the related IBM JX , being commercial failures . Portable ( edit ) Main article : IBM Portable Personal Computer The `` IBM Portable Personal Computer '' 5155 model 68 was an early portable computer developed by IBM after the success of Compaq 's suitcase - size portable machine ( the Compaq Portable ) . It was released in February , 1984 , and was eventually replaced by the IBM Convertible . The Portable was an XT motherboard , transplanted into a Compaq - style luggable case . The system featured 256 kilobytes of memory ( expandable to 512 kB ) , an added CGA card connected to an internal monochrome ( amber ) composite monitor , and one or two half - height 5.25 '' 360K floppy disk drives . Unlike the Compaq Portable , which used a dual - mode monitor and special display card , IBM used a stock CGA board and a composite monitor , which had lower resolution . It could however , display color if connected to an external monitor or television . At ( edit ) Main article : IBM Personal Computer / AT The `` IBM Personal Computer / AT '' ( model 5170 ) , announced August 15 , 1984 , used an Intel 80286 processor , originally running at 6 MHz . It had a 16 - bit ISA bus and 20 MB hard drive . A faster model , running at 8 MHz and sporting a 30 - megabyte hard disk was introduced in 1986 . The AT was designed to support multitasking ; the new SysRq ( System request key ) , little noted and often overlooked , is part of this design , as is the 80286 itself , the first Intel 16 - bit processor with multitasking features ( i.e. the 80286 protected mode ) . IBM made some attempt at marketing the AT as a multi-user machine , but it sold mainly as a faster PC for power users . For the most part , IBM PC / ATs were used as more powerful DOS ( single - tasking ) personal computers , in the literal sense of the PC name . Early PC / ATs were plagued with reliability problems , in part because of some software and hardware incompatibilities , but mostly related to the internal 20 MB hard disk , and High Density Floppy Disk Drive . While some people blamed IBM 's hard disk controller card and others blamed the hard disk manufacturer Computer Memories Inc . ( CMI ) , the IBM controller card worked fine with other drives , including CMI 's 33 - MB model . The problems introduced doubt about the computer and , for a while , even about the 286 architecture in general , but after IBM replaced the 20 MB CMI drives , the PC / AT proved reliable and became a lasting industry standard . IBM AT 's Drive parameter table listed the CMI - 33 as having 615 cylinders instead of the 640 the drive was designed with , as to make the size an even 30 MB . Those who re-used the drives mostly found that the 616th cylinder was bad due to it being used as a landing area . At / 370 ( edit ) The `` IBM Personal Computer AT / 370 '' was an AT with two custom 16 - bit cards , running almost exactly the same setup as the XT / 370 . Convertible ( edit ) Main article : IBM PC Convertible The IBM PC Convertible , released April 3 , 1986 , was IBM 's first laptop computer and was also the first IBM computer to utilize the 3.5 '' floppy disk which went on to become the standard . Like modern laptops , it featured power management and the ability to run from batteries . It was the follow - up to the IBM Portable and was model number 5140 . The concept and the design of the body was made by the German industrial designer Richard Sapper . It utilized an Intel 80c88 CPU ( a CMOS version of the Intel 8088 ) running at 4.77 MHz , 256 kB of RAM ( expandable to 640 kB ) , dual 720 kB 3.5 '' floppy drives , and a monochrome CGA - compatible LCD screen at a price of $2,000 . It weighed 13 pounds ( 5.9 kg ) and featured a built - in carrying handle . The PC Convertible had expansion capabilities through a proprietary ISA bus - based port on the rear of the machine . Extension modules , including a small printer and a video output module , could be snapped into place . The machine could also take an internal modem , but there was no room for an internal hard disk . Next - generation IBM PS / 2 ( edit ) The IBM PS / 2 line was introduced in 1987 . The Model 30 at the bottom end of the lineup was very similar to earlier models ; it used an 8086 processor and an ISA bus . The Model 30 was not `` IBM compatible '' in that it did not have standard 5.25 - inch drive bays ; it came with a 3.5 - inch floppy drive and optionally a 3.5 - inch - sized hard disk . Most models in the PS / 2 line further departed from `` IBM compatible '' by replacing the ISA bus completely with Micro Channel Architecture . Technology ( edit ) Electronics ( edit ) Original IBM Personal Computer motherboard , IBM 5150 . It has five 8 - bit Industry Standard Architecture slots , and two DIN connectors for keyboard and cassette interface . The main circuit board in an PC is called the motherboard ( IBM terminology calls it a planar ) . This mainly carries the CPU and RAM , and it has a bus with slots for expansion cards . On the motherboard are also the ROM subsystem , DMA and IRQ controllers , coprocessor socket , sound ( PC speaker , tone generation ) circuitry , and keyboard interface . The original PC also has a cassette interface . The bus used in the original PC became very popular , and it was subsequently named ISA . While it was popular , it was more commonly known as the PC - bus or XT - bus ; the term ISA arose later when industry leaders chose to continue manufacturing machines based on the IBM PC AT architecture rather than license the PS / 2 architecture and its MCA bus from IBM . The XT - bus was then retroactively named 8 - bit ISA or XT ISA , while the unqualified term ISA usually refers to the 16 - bit AT - bus ( as better defined in the ISA specifications . ) The AT - bus is an extension of the PC - / XT - bus and is in use to this day in computers for industrial use , where its relatively low speed , 5 volt signals , and relatively simple , straightforward design ( all by year 2011 standards ) give it technical advantages ( e.g. noise immunity for reliability ) . Quadram Quadboard . A monitor and any floppy or hard disk drives are connected to the motherboard through cables connected to graphics adapter and disk controller cards , respectively , installed in expansion slots . Each expansion slot on the motherboard has a corresponding opening in the back of the computer case through which the card can expose connectors ; a blank metal cover plate covers this case opening ( to prevent dust and debris intrusion and control airflow ) when no expansion card is installed . Memory expansion beyond the amount installable on the motherboard was also done with boards installed in expansion slots , and I / O devices such as parallel , serial , or network ports were likewise installed as individual expansion boards . For this reason , it was easy to fill the five expansion slots of the PC , or even the eight slots of the XT , even without installing any special hardware . Companies like Quadram and AST addressed this with their popular multi-I / O cards which combine several peripherals on one adapter card that uses only one slot ; Quadram offered the QuadBoard and AST the SixPak . Intel 8086 and 8088 - based PCs require expanded memory ( EMS ) boards to work with more than 640 kB of memory . ( Though the 8088 can address one megabyte of memory , the last 384 kB of that is used or reserved for the BIOS ROM , BASIC ROM , extension ROMs installed on adapter cards , and memory address space used by devices including display adapter RAM and even the 64 kB EMS page frame itself . ) The original IBM PC AT used an Intel 80286 processor which can access up to 16 MB of memory ( though standard DOS applications can not use more than one megabyte without using additional APIs . ) Intel 80286 - based computers running under OS / 2 can work with the maximum memory . Peripheral integrated circuits ( edit ) The set of peripheral chips selected for the original IBM PC defined the functionality of an IBM compatible . These became the de facto base for later application specific integrated circuits ( ASICs ) used in compatible products . The original system chips were one Intel 8259 programmable interrupt controller ( PIC ) ( at I / O address 0x20 ) , one Intel 8237 direct memory access ( DMA ) controller ( at I / O address 0x00 ) , and an Intel 8253 programmable interval timer ( PIT ) ( at I / O address 0x40 ) . The PIT provides the 18.2 Hz clock ticks , dynamic memory refresh timing , and can be used for speaker output ; one DMA channel is used to perform the memory refresh . The mathematics coprocessor was the Intel 8087 using I / O address 0xF0 . This was an option for users who needed extensive floating - point arithmetic , such as users of computer - aided drafting . The IBM PC AT added a second , slave 8259 PIC ( at I / O address 0xA0 ) , a second 8237 DMA controller for 16 - bit DMA ( at I / O address 0xC0 ) , a DMA address register ( implemented with a 74LS612 IC ) ( at I / O address 0x80 ) , and a Motorola MC146818 real - time clock ( RTC ) with nonvolatile memory ( NVRAM ) used for system configuration ( replacing the DIP switches and jumpers used for this purpose in PC and PC / XT models ( at I / O address 0x70 ) . On expansion cards , the Intel 8255 programmable peripheral interface ( PPI ) ( at I / O addresses 0x378 is used for parallel I / O controls the printer , and the 8250 universal asynchronous receiver / transmitter ( UART ) ( at I / O address 0x3F8 or 0x3E8 ) controls the serial communication at the ( pseudo - ) RS - 232 port . Joystick port ( edit ) IBM offered a Game Control Adapter for the PC , which supported analog joysticks similar to those on the Apple II . Although analog controls proved inferior for arcade - style games , they were an asset in certain other genres such as flight simulators . The joystick port on the IBM PC supported two controllers , but required a Y - splitter cable to connect both at once . It remained the standard joystick interface on IBM compatibles until being replaced by USB during the 2000s . Keyboard ( edit ) Main article : IBM PC keyboard The original keyboard for the IBM 5150 The keyboard that came with the IBM 5150 was an extremely reliable and high - quality electronic keyboard originally developed in North Carolina for the Datamaster . Each key was rated to be reliable to over 100 million keystrokes . For the IBM PC , a separate keyboard housing was designed with a novel usability feature that allowed users to adjust the keyboard angle for personal comfort . Compared with the keyboards of other small computers at the time , the IBM PC keyboard was far superior and played a significant role in establishing a high - quality impression . For example , the industrial design of the adjustable keyboard , together with the system unit , was recognized with a major design award . Byte magazine in the fall of 1981 went so far as to state that the keyboard was 50 % of the reason to buy an IBM PC . The importance of the keyboard was definitely established when the 1983 IBM PCjr flopped , in very large part for having a much different and mediocre Chiclet keyboard that made a poor impression on customers . Oddly enough , the same thing almost happened to the original IBM PC when in early 1981 management seriously considered substituting a cheaper and lower quality keyboard . This mistake was narrowly avoided on the advice of one of the original development engineers . However , the original 1981 IBM PC 83 - key keyboard was criticized by typists for its non-standard placement of the Return and left ⇧ Shift keys , and because it did not have separate cursor and numeric pads that were popular on the pre-PC DEC VT100 series video terminals . In 1982 , Key Tronic introduced the now standard 101 - key PC keyboard . In 1984 , IBM corrected the Return and left ⇧ Shift keys on its AT keyboard , but shortened the Backspace key , making it harder to reach . In 1986 , IBM changed to the 101 key enhanced keyboard , which added the separate cursor and numeric key pads , relocated all the function keys and the Ctrl keys , and the Esc key was also relocated to the opposite side of the keyboard . Another feature of the original keyboard is the relatively loud `` click '' sound each key made when pressed . Since typewriter users were accustomed to keeping their eyes on the hardcopy they were typing from and had come to rely on the mechanical sound that was made as each character was typed onto the paper to ensure that they had pressed the key hard enough ( and only once ) , the PC keyboard used a keyswitch that produced a click and tactile bump intended to provide that same reassurance . The IBM PC keyboard is very robust and flexible . The low - level interface for each key is the same : each key sends a signal when it is pressed and another signal when it is released . An integrated microcontroller in the keyboard scans the keyboard and encodes a `` scan code '' and `` release code '' for each key as it is pressed and released separately . Any key can be used as a shift key , and a large number of keys can be held down simultaneously and separately sensed . The controller in the keyboard handles typematic operation , issuing periodic repeat scan codes for a depressed key and then a single release code when the key is finally released . An `` IBM PC compatible '' may have a keyboard that does not recognize every key combination a true IBM PC does , such as shifted cursor keys . In addition , the `` compatible '' vendors sometimes used proprietary keyboard interfaces , preventing the keyboard from being replaced . Although the PC / XT and AT used the same style of keyboard connector , the low - level protocol for reading the keyboard was different between these two series . The AT keyboard uses a bidirectional interface which allows the computer to send commands to the keyboard . An AT keyboard could not be used in an XT , nor the reverse . Third - party keyboard manufacturers provided a switch on some of their keyboards to select either the AT - style or XT - style protocol for the keyboard . See also : Keyboard layout Character set ( edit ) The original IBM PC used the 7 - bit ASCII alphabet as its basis , but extended it to 8 bits with nonstandard character codes . This character set was not suitable for some international applications , and soon a veritable cottage industry emerged providing variants of the original character set in various national variants . In IBM tradition , these variants were called code pages . These codings are now obsolete , having been replaced by more systematic and standardized forms of character coding , such as ISO 8859 - 1 , Windows - 1251 and Unicode . The original character set is known as code page 437 . Storage media ( edit ) Cassette tape ( edit ) Main article : IBM cassette tape IBM equipped the model 5150 with a cassette port for connecting a cassette drive and assumed that home users would purchase the low - end model and save files to cassette tapes as was typical of home computers of the time . However , adoption of the floppy - and monitor-less configuration was low ; few ( if any ) IBM PCs left the factory without a floppy disk drive installed . Also , DOS was not available on cassette tape , only on floppy disks ( hence `` Disk Operating System '' ) . 5150s with just external cassette recorders for storage could only use the built - in ROM BASIC as their operating system . As DOS saw increasing adoption , the incompatibility of DOS programs with PCs that used only cassettes for storage made this configuration even less attractive . The ROM BIOS supported cassette operations . The IBM PC cassette interface encodes data using frequency modulation with a variable data rate . Either a one or a zero is represented by a single cycle of a square wave , but the square wave frequencies differ by a factor of two , with ones having the lower frequency . Therefore , the bit periods for zeros and ones also differ by a factor of two , with the unusual effect that a data stream with more zeros than ones will use less tape ( and time ) than an equal - length ( in bits ) data stream containing more ones than zeros , or equal numbers of each . IBM also had an exclusive license agreement with Microsoft to include BASIC in the ROM of the PC ; clone manufacturers could not have ROM BASIC on their machines , but it also became a problem as the XT , AT , and PS / 2 eliminated the cassette port and IBM was still required to install the ( now useless ) BASIC with them . The agreement finally expired in 1991 when Microsoft replaced BASICA / GW - BASIC with QBASIC . The main core BASIC resided in ROM and `` linked '' up with the RAM - resident BASIC.COM/BASICA.COM included with PC - DOS ( they provided disk support and other extended features not present in ROM BASIC ) . Because BASIC was over 50 kB in size , this served a useful function during the first three years of the PC when machines only had 64 -- 128 kB of memory , but became less important by 1985 . For comparison , clone makers such as Compaq were forced to include a version of BASIC that resided entirely in RAM . Floppy diskettes ( edit ) Tandon 5.25 - inch Diskette Drive with a partially inserted double - density diskette containing DOS 1.1 . Most or all 5150 PCs had one or two 5.25 - inch floppy disk drives . These were either single - sided double - density ( SSDD ) or double - sided double - density ( DSDD ) drives . The IBM PC never used single density floppy drives . The drives and disks were commonly referred to by capacity , such as `` 160KB floppy disk '' or `` 360KB floppy drive '' . DSDD drives were backwards compatible ; they could read and write SSDD floppies . The same type of physical diskette media could be used for both drives , but a disk formatted for double - sided use could not be read on a single - sided drive . The disks were Modified Frequency Modulation ( MFM ) coded in 512 - byte sectors , and were soft - sectored . They contained 40 tracks per side at the 48 track per inch ( TPI ) density , and initially were formatted to contain eight sectors per track . This meant that SSDD disks initially had a formatted capacity of 160 kB , while DSDD disks had a capacity of 320 kB . However , the DOS operating system was later updated to allow formatting the disks with nine sectors per track . This yielded a formatted capacity of 180 kB with SSDD disks / drives , and 360 kB with DSDD disks / drives . The unformatted capacity of the floppy disks was advertised as `` 250KB '' for SSDD and `` 500KB '' for DSDD ( `` KB '' ambiguously referring to either 1000 or 1024 bytes ; essentially the same for rounded - off values ) , however these `` raw '' 250 / 500 kB were not the same thing as the usable formatted capacity ; under DOS , the maximum capacity for SSDD and DSDD disks was 180 kB and 360 kB , respectively . Regardless of type , the file system of all floppy disks ( under DOS ) was FAT12 . The earliest IBM PCs had only single - sided floppy drives until double - sided drives became available in the spring of 1982 . After the upgraded 64k - 256k motherboard PCs arrived in early 1983 , single - sided drives and the cassette model were discontinued . IBM 's original floppy disk controller card also included an external 37 - pin D - shell connector . This allowed users to connect additional external floppy drives by third party vendors , but IBM did not offer their own external floppies until 1986 . The industry - standard way of setting floppy drive numbers was via setting jumper switches on the drive unit , however IBM chose to instead use a method known as the `` cable twist '' which had a floppy data cable with a bend in the middle of it that served as a switch for the drive motor control . This eliminated the need for users to adjust jumpers while installing a floppy drive . Fixed disks ( edit ) 20MB Seagate ST - 225 with a controller card by Western Digital The 5150 could not itself power hard drives without retrofitting a stronger power supply , but IBM later offered the 5161 Expansion Unit , which not only provided more expansion slots , but also included a 10 MB ( later 20 MB ) hard drive powered by the 5161 's own separate 130 - watt power supply . The IBM 5161 Expansion Unit was released in early 1983 . During the first year of the IBM PC , it was commonplace for users to install third - party Winchester hard disks which generally connected to the floppy controller and required a patched version of PC - DOS which treated them as a giant floppy disk ( there was no subdirectory support ) . IBM began offering hard disks with the XT , however the original PC was never sold with them . Nonetheless , many users installed hard disks and upgraded power supplies in them . After floppy disks became obsolete in the early 2000s , the letters A and B became unused . But for 25 years , virtually all DOS - based PC software assumed the program installation drive was C , so the primary HDD continues to be `` the C drive '' even today . Other operating system families ( e.g. Unix ) are not bound to these designations . OS support ( edit ) IBM Disk Operating System version 1.1 by Microsoft Which operating system IBM customers would choose was at first unclear . Although the company expected that most would use PC DOS IBM supported using CP / M - 86 -- which became available six months after DOS -- or UCSD p - System as operating systems . IBM promised that it would not favor one operating system over the others ; the CP / M - 86 support surprised Gates , who claimed that IBM was `` blackmailed into it '' . IBM was correct , nonetheless , in its expectation ; one survey found that 96.3 % of PCs were ordered with the $40 DOS compared to 3.4 % for the $240 CP / M - 86 . The IBM PC 's ROM BASIC and BIOS supported cassette tape storage . PC DOS itself did not support cassette tape storage . PC DOS version 1.00 supported only 160 kB SSDD floppies , but version 1.1 , which was released nine months after the PC 's introduction , supported 160 kB SSDD and 320 kB DSDD floppies . Support for the slightly larger nine sector per track 180 kB and 360 kB formats arrived 10 months later in March 1983 . BIOS ( edit ) The BIOS ( Basic Input / Output System ) provided the core ROM code for the PC . It contained a library of functions that software could call for basic tasks such as video output , keyboard input , and disk access in addition to interrupt handling , loading the operating system on boot - up , and testing memory and other system components . The original IBM PC BIOS was 8k in size and occupied four 2k ROM chips on the motherboard , with a fifth and sixth empty slot left for any extra ROMs the user wished to install . IBM offered three different BIOS revisions during the PC 's lifespan . The initial BIOS was dated April 1981 and came on the earliest models with single - sided floppy drives and PC DOS 1.00 . The second version was dated October 1981 and arrived on the `` Revision B '' models sold with double - sided drives and PC DOS 1.10 . It corrected some bugs , but was otherwise unchanged . Finally , the third BIOS version was dated October 1982 and found on all IBM PCs with the newer 64k - 256k motherboard . This revision was more - or-less identical to the XT 's BIOS . It added support for detecting ROMs on expansion cards as well as the ability to use 640k of memory ( the earlier BIOS revisions had a limit of 544k ) . Unlike the XT , the original PC remained functionally unchanged from 1983 until its discontinuation in early 1987 and did not get support for 101 - key keyboards or 3.5 '' floppy drives , nor was it ever offered with half - height floppies . Video output ( edit ) IBM initially offered two video adapters for the PC , the Color / Graphics Adapter and the Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter . CGA was intended to be a typical home computer display ; it had NTSC output and could be connected to a composite monitor or a TV set with an RF modulator in addition to RGB for digital RGBI - type monitors , although IBM did not offer their own RGB monitor until 1983 . Supported graphics modes were 40 or 80 × 25 color text with 8 × 8 character resolution , 320 × 200 bitmap graphics with two fixed 4 - color palettes , or 640 × 200 monochrome graphics . The MDA card and its companion 5151 monitor supported only 80 × 25 text with a 9 × 14 character resolution ( total pixel resolution was 720 × 350 ) . It was mainly intended for the business market and so also included a printer port . During 1982 , the first third - party video card for the PC appeared when Hercules Computer Technologies released a clone of the MDA that could use bitmap graphics . Although not supported by the BIOS , the Hercules Graphics Adapter became extremely popular for business use due to allowing sharp , high resolution graphics plus text and itself was widely cloned by other manufacturers . In 1985 , after the launch of the IBM AT , the new Enhanced Graphics Adapter became available which could support 320 × 200 or 640 × 200 in 16 colors in addition to high - resolution 640 × 350 16 color graphics . IBM also offered a video board for the PC , XT , and AT known as the Professional Graphics Adapter during 1984 -- 86 , mainly intended for CAD design . It was extremely expensive , required a special monitor , and was rarely ordered by customers . VGA graphics cards could also be installed in IBM PCs and XTs , although they were introduced after the computer 's discontinuation . Serial port addresses and interrupts ( edit ) The serial port is an 8250 or a derivative ( such as the 16450 or 16550 ) , mapped to eight consecutive IO addresses and one interrupt request line . COM Port IRQ Base port address ( Hex ) COM1 IRQ4 3F8 COM2 IRQ3 2F8 COM3 IRQ4 3E8 COM4 IRQ3 2E8 Only COM1 : and COM2 : addresses were defined by the original PC . Attempts to share IRQ3 and IRQ4 to use additional ports require special measures in hardware and software , since shared IRQs were not defined in the original PC design . The most typical devices plugged into the serial port were modems and mice . Plotters and serial printers were also among the more commonly used serial peripherals , and there were numerous other more unusual uses such as operating cash registers , factory equipment , and connecting terminals . Printer port ( edit ) IBM made a deal with Japan - based Epson to produce printers for the PC and all IBM - branded printers were manufactured by that company ( Epson of course also sold printers with their own name ) . There was a considerable amount of controversy when IBM included a printer port on the PC that did not follow the industry - standard Centronics design , and it was rumored that this had been done to prevent customers from using non-Epson / IBM printers with their machines ( plugging a Centronics printer into an IBM PC could damage the printer , the parallel port , or both ) . Although third - party cards were available with Centronics ports on them , PC clones quickly copied the IBM printer port and by the late 80s , it had largely displaced the Centronics standard . Reception ( edit ) BYTE wrote in October 1981 that the IBM PC 's `` hardware is impressive , but even more striking are two decisions made by IBM : to use outside suppliers already established in the microcomputer industry , and to provide information and assistance to independent , small - scale software writers and manufacturers of peripheral devices '' . It praised the `` smart '' hardware design and stated that its price was not much higher than the 8 - bit machines from Apple and others . The reviewer admitted that the computer `` came as a shock . I expected that the giant would stumble by overestimating or underestimating the capabilities the public wants and stubbornly insisting on incompatibility with the rest of the microcomputer world . But IBM did n't stumble at all ; instead , the giant jumped leagues in front of the competition ... the only disappointment about the IBM Personal Computer is its dull name '' . In a more detailed review in January 1982 , BYTE called the IBM PC `` a synthesis of the best the microcomputer industry has offered to date ... as well designed on the inside as it is on the outside '' . The magazine praised the keyboard as `` bar none , the best ... on any microcomputer '' , describing the unusual Shift key locations as `` minor ( problems ) compared to some of the gigantic mistakes made on almost every other microcomputer keyboard '' . The review also complimented IBM 's manuals , which it predicted `` will set the standard for all microcomputer documentation in the future . Not only are they well packaged , well organized , and easy to understand , but they are also complete '' . Observing that detailed technical information was available `` much earlier ... than it has been for other machines '' , the magazine predicted that `` given a reasonable period of time , plenty of hardware and software will probably be developed for '' the computer . The review stated that although the IBM PC cost more than comparably configured Apple II and TRS - 80 computers , and the insufficient number of slots for all desirable expansion cards was its most serious weakness , `` you get a lot more for your money '' and concluded , `` In two years or so , I think ( it ) will be one of the most popular and best - supported ... IBM should be proud of the people who designed it '' . In a special 1984 issue dedicated to the IBM PC , BYTE concluded that the PC had succeeded both because of its features like an 80 - column screen , open architecture , and high - quality keyboard , and `` the failure of other major companies to provide these same fundamental features earlier . In retrospect , it seems IBM stepped into a void that remained , paradoxically , at the center of a crowded market '' . Longevity ( edit ) Many IBM PCs have remained in service long after their technology became largely obsolete . In June 2006 , IBM PC and XT models were still in use at the majority of U.S. National Weather Service upper - air observing sites , used to process data as it is returned from the ascending radiosonde , attached to a weather balloon , although they have been slowly phased out . Factors that have contributed to the 5150 PC 's longevity are its flexible modular design , its open technical standard ( making information needed to adapt , modify , and repair it readily available ) , use of few special nonstandard parts , and rugged high - standard IBM manufacturing , which provided for exceptional long - term reliability and durability . Some of the mechanical aspects of the slot specifications are still used in current PCs . A few systems still come with PS / 2 style keyboard and mouse connectors . Collectability ( edit ) The IBM model 5150 Personal Computer has become a collectable among vintage computer collectors , due to the system being the first true `` PC '' as we know them today . As of 2007 , the system had a market value of $50 -- $500 . The IBM model 5150 has proven to be reliable ; despite their age of 30 years or more , some still function as they did when new . See also ( edit ) Information technology portal 386SLC Apple Macintosh Aptiva Commodore Amiga Conventional memory IBM 4860 IBM 5120 IBM 5155 IBM token ring networks Input / Output Base Address List of IBM products ThinkCentre ThinkPad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Repeating decimal notation References ( edit ) Cited references ^ Jump up to : Salmans , Sandra ( 1982 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Dominance Ended , I.B.M. Fights Back '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Kathleen ( February 1983 ) . `` Anatomy of a Colossus , Part II '' . PC Magazine . p. 316 . 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InfoWorld . pp. 50 -- 51 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IBM directory lists software '' . Computerworld. 1984 - 11 - 12 . p. 53 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Read Only '' . PC ( Advertisement ) . 1985 - 08 - 20 . pp. 151 -- 154 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Freiberger , Paul ; Swaine , Michael ( 2000 ) . Fire in the Valley : The Making of the Personal Computer . McGraw - Hill Book . p. 348 . ISBN 0071358927 . Jump up ^ `` Billion Dollar Baby '' . PC . Feb -- Mar 1982 . p. 5 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Bunnell , David ( 1982 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Flying Upside Down '' . PC Magazine . p. 10 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Freiberger , Paul ( 1981 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Old - Timers Claim IBM Entry Does n't Scare Them '' . InfoWorld . p. 5 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maher , Jimmy ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) . `` The complete history of the IBM PC , part two : The DOS empire strikes '' . Ars Technica . 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Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Edlin , Jim ( February -- March 1982 ) . `` TecMates / Tecmar unveils a plug - in smorgasbord '' . PC Magazine . pp. 57 -- 58 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , Peggy ; McGeever , Christine ( 1985 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Macintosh Vs. IBM PC At One Year '' . InfoWorld . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( 1982 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Competition and innovation mark IBM add - in market '' . InfoWorld . p. 20 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Front cover '' . PC . December 1983 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Burton , Kathleen ( 1983 - 03 ) . `` Anatomy of a Colossus , Part III '' . PC . p. 467 . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sanger , David E. ( 1985 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Philip Estridge Dies in Jet Crash ; Guided IBM Personal Computer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahl , David H. ( March 1984 ) . `` Digital '' . Creative Computing . pp. 38 -- 41 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Thomas C. ( 1983 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Eagle Computer Stays in the Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Pournelle , Jerry ( January 1984 ) . `` Too Many Leads , or What in * ; ? ! # '' * ? Goes First ? `` . BYTE . p. 61 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmore , Sam ( November 1983 ) . `` Fermentations '' . inCider . p. 10 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Curran , Lawrence J. ( Feb 1984 ) . `` The Compatibility Craze '' . BYTE . p. 4 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lemmons , Phil ( Fall 1984 ) . `` IBM and Its Personal Computers '' . BYTE . p. 1 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( 1984 - 11 - 19 ) . `` I.B.M. Entry Unchallenged at Show '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Apple Keynote : The `` 1984 '' Ad Introduction `` . YouTube . April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Libes , Sol ( September 1985 ) . `` The Top Ten '' . BYTE . p. 418 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Personal Computers At a Glance '' . BYTE . Fall 1984 . pp. 10 -- 26 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Don ( 1985 - 04 - 16 ) . `` PCs Rated Number One '' . PC Magazine . p. 42 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Killen , Michael ( Fall 1984 ) . `` IBM Forecast / Market Dominance '' . BYTE . pp. 30 -- 38 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartimo , Jim ( 1984 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Mainframe BUNCH Goes Micro '' . InfoWorld . pp. 47 -- 50 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mace , Scott ( 1981 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Where You Can Go to Purchase the New Computers '' . InfoWorld . p. 49 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ IBM did not offer own brand cassette recorders , but the 5150 had a cassette player jack , and IBM anticipated that entry level home users would connect their own cassette recorders for data storage instead of using the more expensive floppy drives ( and use their existing TV sets as monitors ) ; to this end , IBM initially offered the 5150 in a basic configuration without any floppy drives or monitor at the price of $1,565 , whereas they offered a system with a monitor and single floppy drive for an initial $3,005 . Few if any users however bought IBM 5150 PCs without floppy drives . Jump up ^ Scott Mueller , Upgrading and Repairing PCs , 2nd Ed , Que Books 1992 , ISBN 0 - 88022 - 856 - 3 , page 94 Jump up ^ `` Dual - Head operation on vintage PCs '' . Jump up ^ Scott Mueller Upgrading and Repairing PCs , Second Edition , Que Books , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 88022 - 856 - 3 page 48 Jump up ^ Whence Came the IBM PC Test and Measurement World , retrieved March 2 , Jump up ^ Gene Smart and Andrew Reinhardt , 15 years of Bits , Bytes and Other Great Moments , BYTE Magazine , September 1990 pg. 382 Jump up ^ `` Howard81.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ `` Howard81.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Corestore.org Jump up ^ Muller , Guide to repairing and upgrading PCs 6th edition Jump up ^ i.e. 33 % more speed , 50 % more disk space Jump up ^ PC Magazine , Sept. 30 , 1986 , pp. 179 - 184 Jump up ^ The opening sentence of an April 29 , 1986 PC Magazine article reads `` If you own an IBM PC AT and your hard disk has n't crashed yet , do n't worry -- it probably will . '' highbeam.com & encyclopedia.com ( the latter a Chicago Sun - Times article citing the PC Magazine story ) . IBM recovered , although with mixed comments , as noted in the Sept. 30 , 1986 PC Magazine article , `` The Two Faces of IBM 's 8 - MHz AT , '' pp. 179 - 184 . Jump up ^ wustl.edu - ECE306 Lecture 16 Jump up ^ The DMA address register extends the 16 - bit transfer memory address capacity of the 8237 to 24 bits Jump up ^ illinois.edu - Real time clock plus RAM Jump up ^ ctv.se - PC KITS - tutorial page ( parallel port , joystick port ) Jump up ^ The IBM PC serial port is not strictly RS - 232 , since it uses TTL signal levels , whereas RS - 232 requires signals of + / - 3 to 15 volts ; some signal levels that are valid for a TTL high state , and all signal levels that represent a TTL low state , fall within the forbidden range of - 3 to + 3 volts for standard RS - 232 . ( However , it is not difficult to design and construct a level converter that will convert between IBM serial port and standard RS - 232 signals . ) Jump up ^ IBM ( July 1982 ) . Technical Reference : Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library ( Revised ed . ) . IBM Corp. pp. 2 -- 93 . 6025008 . Jump up ^ Sometimes the tracks were also referred as cylinders , which is technically correct and analogous to hard drive cylinders . One floppy disk track equaled one cylinder , however with double - sided floppies , only the first side 's cylinder numbers were identical to the track numbers ; on the second side , the cylinders 1 - 40 corresponded to tracks 41 - 80 of the formatted floppy . Jump up ^ 163,840 bytes , i.e. 512 bytes × 8 sectors × 40 tracks on the one side used Jump up ^ 327,680 bytes , i.e. 512 bytes × 8 sectors × 40 tracks × 2 sides Jump up ^ 184,320 bytes , i.e. 512 bytes × 9 sectors × 40 tracks on the one side used Jump up ^ 368,640 bytes , i.e. 512 bytes × 9 sectors × 40 tracks × 2 sides Jump up ^ Edlin , Jim ( June -- July 1982 ) . `` CP / M Arrives '' . PC Magazine . p. 43 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PCommuniques '' . PC Magazine . February 1983 . p. 53 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Harry ( 27 August 2007 ) . `` The Most Collectible PCs of All Time '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Can You Do Real Work With the 30 - Year - Old IBM 5150 ? '' . General references Norton , Peter ( 1986 ) . Inside the IBM PC . Revised and enlarged . New York . Brady . ISBN 0 - 89303 - 583 - 1 . August 12 , 1981 press release announcing the IBM PC ( PDF format ) . Mueller , Scott ( 1992 ) . Upgrading and Repairing PCs , Second Edition , Que Books , ISBN 0 - 88022 - 856 - 3 Chposky , James ; Ted Leonsis ( 1988 ) . Blue Magic - The People , Power and Politics Behind the IBM Personal Computer . Facts On File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1391 - 8 . IBM ( 1983 ) . Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library : Guide to Operations , Personal Computer XT . IBM Part Number 6936831 . IBM ( 1984 ) . Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library : Guide to Operations , Portable Personal Computer . IBM Part Numbers 6936571 and 1502332 . IBM ( 1986 ) . Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library : Guide to Operations , Personal Computer XT Model 286 . IBM Part Number 68X2523 . This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . Further reading ( edit ) `` Birth of the IBM PC '' , IBM Corporation History Archives website External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to IBM Personal Computer . IBM SCAMP IBM 5150 information at www.minuszerodegrees.net IBM PC 5150 System Disks and ROMs IBM PC from IT Dictionary IBM PC history and technical information What a legacy ! The IBM PC 's 25 year legacy CNN.com - IBM PC turns 25 IBM - 5150 and collection of old digital and analog computers at oldcomputermuseum.com IBM PC images and information A brochure from November , 1982 advertising the IBM PC A Picture of the XT / 370 cards , showing the dual 68000 processors The History Of The IBM Personal Computer Preceded by IBM Datamaster IBM Personal Computers Succeeded by IBM Personal Computer XT IBM PCjr IBM Portable Personal Computer IBM Personal Computer / AT IBM PC Convertible ( hide ) IBM History History of IBM Mergers and acquisitions Think ( motto ) Operating Systems Products Cell microprocessor Mainframe Personal Computer IBM Power Systems Information Management Software Lotus Software Rational Software SPSS ILOG Tivoli Software : Service Automation Manager WebSphere alphaWorks Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History Mashup Center PureQuery Redbooks FlashSystem Fortran Connections Business entities Center for The Business of Government Cloud computing Global Services International subsidiaries jStart Kenexa Research The Weather Company ( Weather Underground ) Facilities Towers 1250 René - Lévesque , Montreal , QC One Atlantic Center , Atlanta , GA Software Labs Rome Software Lab Toronto Software Lab IBM Buildings 330 North Wabash , Chicago , IL Johannesburg Seattle Research Labs Africa Almaden Austin Laboratory Australia Brazil China Laboratory Haifa Laboratory India Laboratory Ireland Thomas J. 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-6526741012005265321 | Synthesizer | Synthesizer - wikipedia Synthesizer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the electronic music instrument . For other uses , see Synthesizer ( disambiguation ) . `` Synth '' redirects here . For other uses , see Synth ( disambiguation ) . Early Minimoog by R.A. Moog Inc. ( ca . 1970 ) A synthesizer ( often abbreviated as synth , also spelled synthesiser ) is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones . Synthesizers may either imitate traditional musical instruments like piano , Hammond organ , flute , vocals ; natural sounds like ocean waves , etc. ; or generate novel electronic timbres . They are often played with a musical keyboard , but they can be controlled via a variety of other input devices , including music sequencers , instrument controllers , fingerboards , guitar synthesizers , wind controllers , and electronic drums . Synthesizers without built - in controllers are often called sound modules , and are controlled via USB , MIDI or CV / gate using a controller device , often a MIDI keyboard or other controller . Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals ( sounds ) . Among the most popular waveform synthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis , additive synthesis , wavetable synthesis , frequency modulation synthesis , phase distortion synthesis , physical modeling synthesis and sample - based synthesis . Synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s . In the late 1970s , synths were used in disco . In the 1980s , the invention of the relatively inexpensive , Yamaha DX7 synth made digital synthesizers widely available . 1980s pop and dance music often made heavy use of synthesizers . In the 2010s , synthesizers are used in many genres of pop , rock and dance music . Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early electric instruments 1.2 Early additive synthesizer : tonewheel organs 1.3 Emergence of electronics and early electronic instruments 1.4 Graphical sound 1.5 Subtractive synthesis and polyphonic synthesizer 1.6 Monophonic electronic keyboards 1.7 Other innovations 1.8 Electronic music studios as sound synthesizers 1.8. 1 Origin of the term `` sound synthesizer '' 1.9 From modular synthesizer to popular music 1.10 Polyphonic keyboards and the digital revolution 1.11 Impact on popular music 2 Types of synthesizers 3 Sound synthesis 3.1 Imitative synthesis 4 Components 4.1 Filter 4.2 Attack Decay Sustain Release ( ADSR ) envelope 4.3 LFO 4.4 Arpeggiator 5 Patch 6 Control interfaces 6.1 Fingerboard controller 6.2 Wind controllers 6.3 Others 6.4 MIDI control 7 Typical roles 7.1 Synth lead 7.2 Synth pad 7.3 Synth bass 8 Controversy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Synthesizers before 19th century Wolfgang von Kempelen 's Speaking Machine in 1769 -- 1791 ( replica in 2007 -- 2009 ) Rudolph Koenig 's sound synthesizer in 1865 : consists of tuning forks , electromagnets , and Helmholtz resonators . See also : Articulatory synthesis § Mechanical talking heads , and Additive synthesis § History The beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace , as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments . Early electric instruments ( edit ) See also : Electronic musical instrument § Early examples One of the earliest electric musical instruments , the Musical Telegraph , was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray . He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self - vibrating electromechanical circuit , and invented a basic single - note oscillator . This instrument used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line . Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models , consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field , to make the oscillator audible . This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy and electric buzzers that generated fixed timbre sound . Though it lacked an arbitrary sound - synthesis function , some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer . Early additive synthesizer : tonewheel organs ( edit ) The Teleharmonium console ( 1897 ) and Hammond organ ( 1934 ) . In 1897 , Thaddeus Cahill invented the Telharmonium ( or Dynamophone ) , which used dynamos ( early electric generator ) , and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ , which was invented in 1934 . Cahill built 3 versions of the instrument , the first of which , weighed over two tons . Cahill 's business was unsuccessful for various reasons ( size of system , rapid evolutions of electronics , crosstalk issues on the telephone line etc . ) , and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed , such as electronic and tonewheel organs . Emergence of electronics and early electronic instruments ( edit ) Left : Theremin ( RCA AR - 1264 ; 1930 ) . Middle : Ondes Martenot ( 7th - generation model in 1978 ) . Right : Trautonium ( Telefunken Volkstrautonium Ela T42 ; 1933 ) . In 1906 , American engineer , Lee De Forest ushered in the `` electronics age '' . He invented the first amplifying vacuum tube , called the Audion tube . This led to new entertainment technologies , including radio and sound films . These new technologies also influenced the music industry , and resulted in various early electronic musical instruments that used vacuum tubes , including : Audion piano by Lee De Forest in 1915 Theremin by Léon Theremin in 1920 Ondes Martenot by Maurice Martenot in 1928 Trautonium by Friedrich Trautwein in 1929 Most of these early instruments used `` heterodyne circuits '' to produce audio frequencies , and were limited in their synthesis capabilities . Ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades , finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers . Graphical sound ( edit ) ANS synthesizer and Graphic sonic In the 1920s , Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art , and similar graphical sound systems were developed around the world , such as those as seen on the Holzer 2010 . In 1938 , USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS , one of the earliest real - time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics . Although his idea of reconstructing a sound from its visible image was apparently simple , the instrument was not realized until 20 years later , in 1958 , as Murzin was `` an engineer who worked in areas unrelated to music '' ( Kreichi 1997 ) . Subtractive synthesis and polyphonic synthesizer ( edit ) Hammond Novachord ( 1939 ) and Welte Lichtton orgel ( 1935 ) In the 1930s and 1940s , the basic elements required for the modern analog subtractive synthesizers -- audio oscillators , audio filters , envelope controllers , and various effects units -- had already appeared and were utilized in several electronic instruments . The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States . The Warbo Formant Organ developed by Harald Bode in Germany in 1937 , was a four - voice key - assignment keyboard with two formant filters and a dynamic envelope controller and possibly manufactured commercially by a factory in Dachau , according to the 120 years of Electronic Music . The Hammond Novachord released in 1939 , was an electronic keyboard that used twelve sets of top - octave oscillators with octave dividers to generate sound , with vibrato , a resonator filter bank and a dynamic envelope controller . During the three years that Hammond manufactured this model , 1,069 units were shipped , but production was discontinued at the start of World War II . Both instruments were the forerunners of the later electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers . Monophonic electronic keyboards ( edit ) Harald Bode 's Multimonica ( 1940 ) and Georges Jenny Ondioline ( c. 1941 ) In the 1940s and 1950s , before the popularization of electronic organs and the introductions of combo organs , manufacturers developed and marketed various portable monophonic electronic instruments with small keyboards . These small instruments consisted of an electronic oscillator , vibrato effect , passive filters etc . Most of these ( except for Clavivox ) were designed for conventional ensembles , rather than as experimental instruments for electronic music studios -- but they contributed to the evolution of modern synthesizers . These small instruments included : Solovox ( 1940 ) by Hammond Organ Company : a monophonic attachment keyboard instrument consisting of a large tone - cabinet and a small keyboard - unit , intended to accompany the pianos with monophonic lead voice of organ or orchestral sound . Multimonica ( 1940 ) designed by Harald Bode , produced by Hohner : dual keyboard instrument consisting of an electrically blown reed organ ( lower ) and a monophonic sawtooth synthesizer ( upper ) . Ondioline ( 1941 ) designed by Georges Jenny in France . Clavioline ( 1947 ) designed by Constant Martin , produced by Selmer , Gibson , etc . This instrument was featured on various 1960s popular recordings , including Del Shannon 's `` Runaway '' ( 1961 ) , and The Beatles ' `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' ( 1967 ) . Univox ( 1951 ) by Jennings Musical Instruments ( JMI ) . This instrument was featured on The Tornados ' `` Telstar '' ( 1962 ) . Clavivox ( 1952 ) by Raymond Scott . first portable digital keyboard ( 1971 ) by D. Ross Grable Other innovations ( edit ) Hugh Le Caine 's Electronic Sackbut ( 1948 ) and Yamaha Magna Organ ( 1935 ) In the late 1940s , Canadian inventor and composer , Hugh Le Caine invented the Electronic Sackbut , a voltage - controlled electronic musical instrument that provided the earliest real - time control of three aspects of sound ( volume , pitch , and timbre ) -- corresponding to today 's touch - sensitive keyboard , pitch and modulation controllers . The controllers were initially implemented as a multidimensional pressure keyboard in 1945 , then changed to a group of dedicated controllers operated by left hand in 1948 . In Japan , as early as in 1935 , Yamaha released Magna organ , a multi-timbral keyboard instrument based on electrically blown free reeds with pickups . It may have been similar to the electrostatic reed organs developed by Frederick Albert Hoschke in 1934 and then manufactured by Everett and Wurlitzer until 1961 . In 1949 , Japanese composer Minao Shibata discussed the concept of `` a musical instrument with very high performance '' that can `` synthesize any kind of sound waves '' and is `` ... operated very easily , '' predicting that with such an instrument , `` ... the music scene will be changed drastically . '' Electronic music studios as sound synthesizers ( edit ) Synthesizer ( left ) and an audio console at the Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano ( of RAI ) ( 1955 -- 1983 ; renewed in 1968 ) See also : Studio for Electronic Music ( WDR ) , Groupe de Recherches Musicales , and Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano After World War II , electronic music including electroacoustic music and musique concrète was created by contemporary composers , and numerous electronic music studios were established around the world , especially in Cologne , Paris and Milan . These studios were typically filled with electronic equipment including oscillators , filters , tape recorders , audio consoles etc. , and the whole studio functioned as a `` sound synthesizer '' . Origin of the term `` sound synthesizer '' ( edit ) RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer ( 1957 ) and Siemens Studio for Electronic Music ( de ) ( c. 1959 ) In 1951 -- 1952 , RCA produced a machine called the Electronic Music Synthesizer ; however , it was more accurately a composition machine , because it did not produce sounds in real time . RCA then developed the first programmable sound synthesizer , RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer , installing it at the Columbia - Princeton Electronic Music Center in 1957 . Prominent composers including Vladimir Ussachevsky , Otto Luening , Milton Babbitt , Halim El - Dabh , Bülent Arel , Charles Wuorinen , and Mario Davidovsky used the RCA Synthesizer extensively in various compositions . From modular synthesizer to popular music ( edit ) Main articles : Modular synthesizer , Harald Bode , Robert Moog , Moog synthesizer , and Doepfer A-100 In 1959 -- 1960 , Harald Bode developed a modular synthesizer and sound processor , and in 1961 , he wrote a paper exploring the concept of self - contained portable modular synthesizer using newly emerging transistor technology . He also served as AES session chairman on music and electronic for the fall conventions in 1962 and 1964 . His ideas were adopted by Donald Buchla and Robert Moog in the United States , and Paolo Ketoff et al. in Italy at about the same time : among them , Moog is known as the first synthesizer designer to popularize the voltage control technique in analog electronic musical instruments . A working group at Roman Electronic Music Center , composer Gino Marinuzzi , Jr. , designer Giuliano Strini , MSEE , and sound engineer and technician Paolo Ketoff in Italy ; their vacuum - tube modular `` FonoSynth '' slightly predated ( 1957 -- 58 ) Moog and Buchla 's work . Later the group created a solid - state version , the `` Synket '' . Both devices remained prototypes ( except a model made for John Eaton who wrote a `` Concert Piece for Synket and Orchestra '' ) , owned and used only by Marinuzzi , notably in the original soundtrack of Mario Bava 's sci - fi film `` Terrore nello spazio '' ( a.k.a. Planet of the Vampires , 1965 ) , and a RAI - TV mini-series , `` Jeckyll '' . The Moog modular synthesizer of 1960s -- 1970s Robert Moog built his first prototype between 1963 and 1964 , and was then commissioned by the Alwin Nikolais Dance Theater of NY ; while Donald Buchla was commissioned by Morton Subotnick . In the late 1960s to 1970s , the development of miniaturized solid - state components allowed synthesizers to become self - contained , portable instruments , as proposed by Harald Bode in 1961 . By the early 1980s , companies were selling compact , modestly priced synthesizers to the public . This , along with the development of Musical Instrument Digital Interface ( MIDI ) , made it easier to integrate and synchronize synthesizers and other electronic instruments for use in musical composition . In the 1990s , synthesizer emulations began to appear in computer software , known as software synthesizers . From 1996 onward , Steinberg 's Virtual Studio Technology ( VST ) plug - ins -- and a host of other kinds of competing plug - in software , all designed to run on personal computers -- began emulating classic hardware synthesizers , becoming increasingly successful at doing so during the following decades . Wendy Carlos -- Switched - On Bach ( 1968 ) First Movement ( Allegro ) of Brandenburg Concerto Number 3 played on synthesizer . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The synthesizer had a considerable effect on 20th - century music . Micky Dolenz of The Monkees bought one of the first Moog synthesizers . The band was the first to release an album featuring a Moog with Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. in 1967 , which reached number 1 in the charts . A few months later the title track of the Doors ' 1967 album Strange Days featured a Moog played by Paul Beaver . In the same year , Bruce Haack built a homemade synthesizer that he demonstrated on Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood . The synthesizer included a sampler ( musical instrument ) that recorded , stored , played , and looped sounds controlled by switches , light sensors , and human skin contact . Wendy Carlos 's Switched - On Bach ( 1968 ) , recorded using Moog synthesizers , also influenced numerous musicians of that era and is one of the most popular recordings of classical music ever made , alongside the records ( particularly Snowflakes are Dancing in 1974 ) of Isao Tomita , who in the early 1970s utilized synthesizers to create new artificial sounds ( rather than simply mimicking real instruments ) and made significant advances in analog synthesizer programming . The sound of the Moog reached the mass market with Simon and Garfunkel 's Bookends in 1968 and The Beatles ' Abbey Road the following year ; hundreds of other popular recordings subsequently used synthesizers , most famously the portable Minimoog . Electronic music albums by Beaver and Krause , Tonto 's Expanding Head Band , The United States of America , and White Noise reached a sizable cult audience and progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes were soon using the new portable synthesizers extensively . Stevie Wonder and Herbie Hancock also played a major role in popularising synthesizers in Black American music . Other early users included Emerson , Lake & Palmer 's Keith Emerson , Tony Banks of Genesis , Todd Rundgren , Pete Townshend , and The Crazy World of Arthur Brown 's Vincent Crane . In Europe , the first no . 1 single to feature a Moog prominently was Chicory Tip 's 1972 hit `` Son of My Father '' . In 1974 , Roland Corporation released the EP - 30 , the first touch - sensitive electronic keyboard . Polyphonic keyboards and the digital revolution ( edit ) See also : Polyphony and monophony in instruments , Digital synthesizer , § Patch , MIDI , Physical modelling synthesis , Virtual analog synthesizer , and Software synthesizer The Prophet - 5 synthesizer of the late 1970s - early 1980s . In 1973 , Yamaha developed the Yamaha GX - 1 , an early polyphonic synthesizer . Other polyphonic synthesizers followed , mainly manufactured in Japan and the United States from the mid-1970s to the early - 1980s , and included Roland Corporation 's RS - 101 and RS - 202 ( 1975 and 1976 ) string synthesizers , the Yamaha CS - 80 ( 1976 ) , Oberheim 's Polyphonic and OBX ( 1975 and 1979 ) , Sequential Circuits ' Prophet - 5 ( 1978 ) , and Roland 's Jupiter 4 and Jupiter 8 ( 1978 and 1981 ) . The success of the Prophet 5 , a polyphonic and microprocessor - controlled keyboard synthesizer , aided the shift of synthesizers towards their familiar modern shape , away from large modular units and towards smaller keyboard instruments . This form factor helped accelerate the integration of synthesizers into popular music , a shift that had been lent powerful momentum by the Minimoog , and also later the ARP Odyssey . Earlier polyphonic electronic instruments of the 1970s , rooted in string synthesizers before advancing to multi-synthesizers incorporating monosynths and more , gradually fell out of favour in the wake of these newer , note - assigned polyphonic keyboard synthesizers . In 1973 , Yamaha licensed the algorithms for the first digital synthesis algorithm , frequency modulation synthesis ( FM synthesis ) , from John Chowning , who had experimented with it since 1971 . Yamaha 's engineers began adapting Chowning 's algorithm for use in a commercial digital synthesizer , adding improvements such as the `` key scaling '' method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during frequency modulation . In the 1970s , Yamaha were granted a number of patents , under the company 's former name `` Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha '' , evolving Chowning 's early work on FM synthesis technology . Yamaha built the first prototype digital synthesizer in 1974 . Yamaha eventually commercialized FM synthesis technology with the Yamaha GS - 1 , the first FM digital synthesizer , released in 1980 . The first commercial digital synthesizer released a year earlier , the Casio VL - 1 , released in 1979 . The Fairlight CMI of the late 1970s - early 1980s . By the end of the 1970s , digital synthesizers and digital samplers arrived on the market around the world ( and are still sold today ) , as the result of preceding research and development . Compared with analog synthesizer sounds , the digital sounds produced by these new instruments tended to have a number of different characteristics : clear attack and sound outlines , carrying sounds , rich overtones with inharmonic contents , and complex motion of sound textures , amongst others . While these new instruments were expensive , these characteristics meant musicians were quick to adopt them , especially in the United Kingdom and the United States . This encouraged a trend towards producing music using digital sounds , and laid the foundations for the development of the inexpensive digital instruments popular in the next decade ( see below ) . Relatively successful instruments , with each selling more than several hundred units per series , included the NED Synclavier ( 1977 ) , Fairlight CMI ( 1979 ) , E-mu Emulator ( 1981 ) , and PPG Wave ( 1981 ) . The Yamaha DX7 of 1983 . In 1983 , however , Yamaha 's revolutionary DX7 digital synthesizer swept through popular music , leading to the adoption and development of digital synthesizers in many varying forms during the 1980s , and the rapid decline of analog synthesizer technology . In 1987 , Roland 's D50 synthesizer was released , which combined the already existing sample - based synthesis and the onboard digital effects , while Korg 's even more popular M1 ( 1988 ) now also heralded the era of the workstation synthesizer , based on ROM sample sounds for composing and sequencing whole songs , rather than solely traditional sound synthesis . The Clavia Nord Lead series released in 1995 . Throughout the 1990s , the popularity of electronic dance music employing analog sounds , the appearance of digital analog modelling synthesizers to recreate these sounds , and the development of the Eurorack modular synthesiser system , initially introduced with the Doepfer A-100 and since adopted by other manufacturers , all contributed to the resurgence of interest in analog technology . The turn of the century also saw improvements in technology that led to the popularity of digital software synthesizers . In the 2010s , new analog synthesizers , both in keyboard instrument and modular form , are released alongside current digital hardware instruments . In 2016 , Korg announced the release of the Korg Minilogue , the first polyphonic analogue synth to be mass - produced in decades . Impact on popular music ( edit ) See also : Electronic music , Synthpop , and Electronic dance music This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2014 ) In the 1970s , electronic music composers such as Jean Michel Jarre , Vangelis and Isao Tomita , released successful synthesizer - led instrumental albums . Over time , this helped influence the emergence of synthpop , a subgenre of new wave , from the late 1970s to the early 1980s . The work of German krautrock bands such as Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream , British acts such as John Foxx , Gary Numan and David Bowie , African - American acts such as George Clinton and Zapp , and Japanese electronic acts such as Yellow Magic Orchestra and Kitaro , were influential in the development of the genre . Gary Numan 's 1979 hits `` Are ' Friends ' Electric ? '' and `` Cars '' made heavy use of synthesizers . OMD 's `` Enola Gay '' ( 1980 ) used distinctive electronic percussion and a synthesized melody . Soft Cell used a synthesized melody on their 1981 hit `` Tainted Love '' . Nick Rhodes , keyboardist of Duran Duran , used various synthesizers including the Roland Jupiter - 4 and Jupiter - 8 . Chart hits include Depeche Mode 's `` Just Ca n't Get Enough '' ( 1981 ) , The Human League 's `` Do n't You Want Me '' and Giorgio Moroder 's `` Take My Breathe Away '' ( 1985 ) for Berlin . Other notable synthpop groups included New Order , Visage , Japan , Men Without Hats , Ultravox , Spandau Ballet , Culture Club , Eurythmics , Yazoo , Thompson Twins , A Flock of Seagulls , Heaven 17 , Erasure , Soft Cell , Pet Shop Boys , Bronski Beat , Kajagoogoo , ABC , Naked Eyes , Devo , and the early work of Tears for Fears and Talk Talk . Giorgio Moroder , Brian Eno , Phil Collins , Howard Jones , Stevie Wonder , Peter Gabriel , Thomas Dolby , Kate Bush , Enya , Mike Oldfield , Dónal Lunny , Frank Zappa and Todd Rundgren all made use of synthesizers . The synthesizer became one of the most important instruments in the music industry . Types of synthesizers ( edit ) Analog synthesizer Graphical sound Additive synthesis Subtractive synthesis Modular synthesizer Digital synthesizer Analog modeling synthesizer Distortion synthesis Frequency modulation synthesis Guitar synthesizer Phase distortion synthesis Linear Arithmetic synthesis Physical modelling synthesis Direct digital synthesizer Banded waveguide synthesis Digital waveguide synthesis Formant synthesis Karplus -- Strong string synthesis Sample - based synthesis or Sampler Concatenative synthesis Granular synthesis Table - lookup synthesis Vector synthesis Wavetable synthesis RCA Synthesizer Scanned synthesis Software synthesizer Virtual analog synthesizer Analog / digital hybrid synthesizer Sound synthesis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Additive synthesis was utilized as early as on Teleharmonium in 1900s and Hammond organ in 1930s . Additive synthesis builds sounds by adding together waveforms into a composite sound . Instrument sounds are simulated by matching their natural harmonic overtone structure . Early analog examples of additive synthesizers are the Teleharmonium , Hammond organ , and Synclavier . Subtractive synthesis is still utilized on various synths , including virtual analog synth . Subtractive synthesis is based on filtering harmonically rich waveforms . It is implemented in early synthesizers such as the Moog synthesizer . Subtractive synthesizers approximate instrumental sounds by a signal generator ( producing sawtooth waves , square waves , etc . ) followed by a filter . The combination of simple modulation routings ( such as pulse width modulation and oscillator sync ) , along with the lowpass filter , is responsible for the `` classic synthesizer '' sound commonly associated with `` analog synthesis . '' FM synthesis was hugely successful in earliest digital synthesizers . FM synthesis ( frequency modulation synthesis ) is a process that usually involves the use of at least two signal generators ( sine - wave oscillators , commonly referred to as `` operators '' in FM - only synthesizers ) to create and modify a voice . Often , this is done through the analog or digital generation of a signal that modulates the tonal and amplitude characteristics of a base carrier signal . FM synthesis was pioneered by John Chowning , who patented the idea and sold it to Yamaha . Unlike the exponential relationship between voltage - in - to - frequency - out and multiple waveforms in classical 1 - volt - per - octave synthesizer oscillators , Chowning - style FM synthesis uses a linear voltage - in - to - frequency - out relationship and sine - wave oscillators . The resulting complex waveform may have many component frequencies , and there is no requirement that they all bear a harmonic relationship . Sophisticated FM synths such as the Yamaha DX7 series can have 6 operators per voice ; some synths with FM can also often use filters and variable amplifier types to alter the signal 's characteristics into a sonic voice that either roughly imitates acoustic instruments or creates sounds that are unique . FM synthesis is especially valuable for metallic or clangorous noises such as bells , cymbals , or other percussion . Phase distortion synthesis is a method implemented on Casio CZ synthesizers . It replaces the traditional analog waveform with a choice of several digital waveforms which are more complex than the standard square , sine , and sawtooth waves . This waveform is routed to a digital filter and digital amplifier , each modulated by an eight - stage envelope . The sound can then be further modified with ring modulation or noise modulation . source : http://manuals.fdiskc.com/flat/Casio%20CZ-101%20Owners%20Manual.pdf Physical modelling synthesis is often implemented as software synthesizers . Physical modelling synthesis is the synthesis of sound by using a set of equations and algorithms to simulate each sonic characteristic of an instrument , starting with the harmonics that make up the tone itself , then adding the sound of the resonator , the instrument body , etc. , until the sound realistically approximates the desired instrument . When an initial set of parameters is run through the physical simulation , the simulated sound is generated . Although physical modeling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis , it was not until the development of the Karplus - Strong algorithm and the increase in DSP power in the late 1980s that commercial implementations became feasible . The quality and speed of physical modeling on computers improves with higher processing power . Analysis / resynthesis is typically used on the vocoder . Sample - based synthesis may be one of the most popular methods at the moment . Sample - based synthesis involves digitally recording a short snippet of sound from a real instrument or other source and then playing it back at different speeds to produce different pitches . A sample can be played as a one shot , used often for percussion or short duration sounds , or it can be looped , which allows the tone to sustain or repeat as long as the note is held . Samplers usually include a filter , envelope generators , and other controls for further manipulation of the sound . Virtual samplers that store the samples on a hard drive make it possible for the sounds of an entire orchestra , including multiple articulations of each instrument , to be accessed from a sample library ... See also Wavetable synthesis , Vector synthesis . Analysis / resynthesis is a form of synthesis that uses a series of bandpass filters or Fourier transforms to analyze the harmonic content of a sound . The results are then used to resynthesize the sound using a band of oscillators . The vocoder , linear predictive coding , and some forms of speech synthesis are based on analysis / resynthesis . Imitative synthesis ( edit ) Sound synthesis can be used to mimic acoustic sound sources . Generally , a sound that does not change over time includes a fundamental partial or harmonic , and any number of partials . Synthesis may attempt to mimic the amplitude and pitch of the partials in an acoustic sound source . When natural sounds are analyzed in the frequency domain ( as on a spectrum analyzer ) , the spectra of their sounds exhibits amplitude spikes at each of the fundamental tone 's harmonics corresponding to resonant properties of the instruments ( spectral peaks that are also referred to as formants ) . Some harmonics may have higher amplitudes than others . The specific set of harmonic - vs - amplitude pairs is known as a sound 's harmonic content . A synthesized sound requires accurate reproduction of the original sound in both the frequency domain and the time domain . A sound does not necessarily have the same harmonic content throughout the duration of the sound . Typically , high - frequency harmonics die out more quickly than the lower harmonics . In most conventional synthesizers , for purposes of re-synthesis , recordings of real instruments are composed of several components representing the acoustic responses of different parts of the instrument , the sounds produced by the instrument during different parts of a performance , or the behavior of the instrument under different playing conditions ( pitch , intensity of playing , fingering , etc . ) Components ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Basic components of an analogue subtractive synthesizer Synthesizers generate sound through various analogue and digital techniques . Early synthesizers were analog hardware based but many modern synthesizers use a combination of DSP software and hardware or else are purely software - based ( see softsynth ) . Digital synthesizers often emulate classic analog designs . Sound is controllable by the operator by means of circuits or virtual stages that may include : Electronic oscillators -- create raw sounds with a timbre that depends upon the waveform generated . Voltage - controlled oscillators ( VCOs ) and digital oscillators may be used . Harmonic additive synthesis models sounds directly from pure sine waves , somewhat in the manner of an organ , while frequency modulation and phase distortion synthesis use one oscillator to modulate another . Subtractive synthesis depends upon filtering a harmonically rich oscillator waveform . Sample - based and granular synthesis use one or more digitally recorded sounds in place of an oscillator . Low frequency oscillator ( LFO ) -- an oscillator of adjustable frequency that can be used to modulate the sound rhythmically , for example to create tremolo or vibrato or to control a filter 's operating frequency . LFOs are used in most forms of synthesis . Voltage - controlled filter ( VCF ) -- `` shape '' the sound generated by the oscillators in the frequency domain , often under the control of an envelope or LFO . These are essential to subtractive synthesis . ADSR envelopes -- provide envelope modulation to `` shape '' the volume or harmonic content of the produced note in the time domain with the principal parameters being attack , decay , sustain and release . These are used in most forms of synthesis . ADSR control is provided by envelope generators . Voltage - controlled amplifier ( VCA ) -- After the signal generated by one ( or a mix of more ) VCOs has been modified by filters and LFOs , and its waveform has been shaped ( contoured ) by an ADSR envelope generator , it then passes on to one or more voltage - controlled amplifiers ( VCAs ) . A VCA is a preamp that boosts ( amplifies ) the electronic signal before passing it on to an external or built - in power amplifier , as well as a means to control its amplitude ( volume ) using an attenuator . The gain of the VCA is affected by a control voltage ( CV ) , coming from an envelope generator , an LFO , the keyboard or some other source . Other sound processing effects such as ring modulators may be encountered . Filter ( edit ) Various filter modes . Main article : Voltage controlled filter Electronic filters are particularly important in subtractive synthesis , being designed to pass some frequency regions through unattenuated while significantly attenuating ( `` subtracting '' ) others . The low - pass filter is most frequently used , but band - pass filters , band - reject filters and high - pass filters are also sometimes available . The filter may be controlled with a second ADSR envelope . An `` envelope modulation '' ( `` env mod '' ) parameter on many synthesizers with filter envelopes determines how much the envelope affects the filter . If turned all the way down , the filter produces a flat sound with no envelope . When turned up the envelope becomes more noticeable , expanding the minimum and maximum range of the filter . Attack decay sustain release ( ADSR ) envelope ( edit ) `` Release ( music ) '' redirects here . For music release , see art release . Schematic of ADSR Attack Decay Sustain Release Key on off Inverted ADSR envelope When an acoustic musical instrument produces sound , the loudness and spectral content of the sound change over time in ways that vary from instrument to instrument . The `` attack '' and `` decay '' of a sound have a great effect on the instrument 's sonic character . Sound synthesis techniques often employ an envelope generator that controls a sound 's parameters at any point in its duration . Most often this is an ( ADSR ) envelope , which may be applied to overall amplitude control , filter frequency , etc . The envelope may be a discrete circuit or module , or implemented in software . The contour of an ADSR envelope is specified using four parameters : Attack time is the time taken for initial run - up of level from nil to peak , beginning when the key is first pressed . Decay time is the time taken for the subsequent run down from the attack level to the designated sustain level . Sustain level is the level during the main sequence of the sound 's duration , until the key is released . Release time is the time taken for the level to decay from the sustain level to zero after the key is released . An early implementation of ADSR can be found on the Hammond Novachord in 1938 ( which predates the first Moog synthesizer by over 25 years ) . A seven - position rotary knob set preset ADS parameter for all 72 notes ; a pedal controlled release time . The notion of ADSR was specified by Vladimir Ussachevsky ( then head of the Columbia - Princeton Electronic Music Center ) in 1965 while suggesting improvements for Bob Moog 's pioneering work on synthesizers , although the earlier notations of parameter were ( T , T , E , T ) , then these were simplified to current form ( Attack time , Decay time , Sustain level , Release time ) by ARP . Some electronic musical instruments can invert the ADSR envelope , reversing the behavior of the normal ADSR envelope . During the attack phase , the modulated sound parameter fades from the maximum amplitude to zero then , during the decay phase , rises to the value specified by the sustain parameter . After the key has been released the sound parameter rises from sustain amplitude back to maximum amplitude . 8 - step envelope on Casio CZ series A common variation of the ADSR on some synthesizers , such as the Korg MS - 20 , was ADSHR ( attack , decay , sustain , hold , release ) . By adding a `` hold '' parameter , the system could hold notes at the sustain level for a fixed length of time before decaying . The General Instruments AY - 3 - 8912 sound chip included a hold time parameter only -- the sustain level was not programmable . Another common variation in the same vein is the AHDSR ( attack , hold , decay , sustain , release ) envelope , in which the `` hold '' parameter controls how long the envelope stays at full volume before entering the decay phase . Multiple attack , decay and release settings may be found on more sophisticated models . Certain synthesizers also allow for a delay parameter before the attack . Modern synthesizers like the Dave Smith Instruments Prophet ' 08 have DADSR ( delay , attack , decay , sustain , release ) envelopes . The delay setting determines the length of silence between hitting a note and the attack . Some software synthesizers , such as Image - Line 's 3xOSC ( included with their DAW FL Studio ) have DAHDSR ( delay , attack , hold , decay , sustain , release ) envelopes . A common feature on many synthesizers is an AD envelope ( attack and decay only ) . This can be used to control e.g. the pitch of one oscillator , which in turn may be synchronized with another oscillator by oscillator sync . LFO ( edit ) LFO section of Access Virus C Main article : Low - frequency oscillation A low - frequency oscillator ( LFO ) generates an electronic signal , usually below 20 Hz . LFO signals create a periodic control signal or sweep , often used in vibrato , tremolo and other effects . In certain genres of electronic music , the LFO signal can control the cutoff frequency of a VCF to make a rhythmic wah - wah sound , or the signature dubstep wobble bass . Arpeggiator ( edit ) See also : Home organ and Music sequencer An arpeggiator ( arp ) is a feature available on several synthesizers that automatically steps through a sequence of notes based on an input chord , thus creating an arpeggio . The notes can often be transmitted to a MIDI sequencer for recording and further editing . An arpeggiator may have controls for speed , range , and order in which the notes play ; upwards , downwards , or in a random order . More advanced arpeggiators allow the user to step through a pre-programmed complex sequence of notes , or play several arpeggios at once . Some allow a pattern sustained after releasing keys : in this way , a sequence of arpeggio patterns may be built up over time by pressing several keys one after the other . Arpeggiators are also commonly found in software sequencers . Some arpeggiators / sequencers expand features into a full phrase sequencer , which allows the user to trigger complex , multi-track blocks of sequenced data from a keyboard or input device , typically synchronized with the tempo of the master clock . An arpeggiator interface on Novation Nova Trance Lead sound sample of arpeggiator A sample of Eurodance synthesizer riff with use of rapid 1 / 16 notes arpeggiator Arpeggiators seem to have grown from the accompaniment system used in electronic organs in the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s . They were also commonly fitted to keyboard instruments through the late 1970s and early 1980s . Notable examples are the RMI Harmonic Synthesizer ( 1974 ) , Roland Jupiter - 8 , Oberheim OB - 8 , Roland SH - 101 , Sequential Circuits Six - Trak and Korg Polysix . A famous example can be heard on Duran Duran 's song `` Rio '' , in which the arpeggiator on a Roland Jupiter - 4 plays a C minor chord in random mode . They fell out of favor by the latter part of the 1980s and early 1990s and were absent from the most popular synthesizers of the period but a resurgence of interest in analog synthesizers during the 1990s , and the use of rapid - fire arpeggios in several popular dance hits , brought with it a resurgence . Patch ( edit ) One of the earliest patch memory ( bottom left ) on Oberheim Four - voice ( 1975 / 1976 ) A synthesizer patch ( some manufacturers chose the term program ) is a sound setting . Modular synthesizers used cables ( `` patch cords '' ) to connect the different sound modules together . Since these machines had no memory to save settings , musicians wrote down the locations of the patch cables and knob positions on a `` patch sheet '' ( which usually showed a diagram of the synthesizer ) . Ever since , an overall sound setting for any type of synthesizer has been referred to as a patch . In mid -- late 1970s , patch memory ( allowing storage and loading of ' patches ' or ' programs ' ) began to appear in synths like the Oberheim Four - voice ( 1975 / 1976 ) and Sequential Circuits Prophet - 5 ( 1977 / 1978 ) . After MIDI was introduced in 1983 , more and more synthesizers could import or export patches via MIDI SYSEX commands . When a synthesizer patch is uploaded to a personal computer that has patch editing software installed , the user can alter the parameters of the patch and download it back to the synthesizer . Because there is no standard patch language , it is rare that a patch generated on one synthesizer can be used on a different model . However , sometimes manufacturers design a family of synthesizers to be compatible . Control interfaces ( edit ) Non-contact interface ( AirFX ) Tangible interface ( Reactable ) Pitch & mod . wheels and touchpad Drum pad Guitar - style interface ( SynthAxe ) Modern synthesizers often look like small pianos , though with many additional knob and button controls . These are integrated controllers , where the sound synthesis electronics are integrated into the same package as the controller . However , many early synthesizers were modular and keyboardless , while most modern synthesizers may be controlled via MIDI , allowing other means of playing such as : Fingerboards ( ribbon controllers ) and touchpads Wind controllers Guitar - style interfaces Drum pads Music sequencers Non-contact interfaces akin to theremins Tangible interfaces like a Reactable , AudioCubes Various auxiliary input device including : wheels for pitch bend and modulation , footpedals for expression and sustain , breath controllers , beam controllers , etc . Fingerboard controller ( edit ) Left : Ondes Martenot ( 6G in 1960 ) Right : Mixture Trautonium ( replica of 1952 ) Fingerboard on Korg monotron Ribbon controller on Moog 3P ( 1972 ) A ribbon controller or other violin - like user interface may be used to control synthesizer parameters . The idea dates to Léon Theremin 's 1922 first concept and his 1932 Fingerboard Theremin and Keyboard Theremin , Maurice Martenot 's 1928 Ondes Martenot ( sliding a metal ring ) , Friedrich Trautwein 's 1929 Trautonium ( finger pressure ) , and was also later utilized by Robert Moog . The ribbon controller has no moving parts . Instead , a finger pressed down and moved along it creates an electrical contact at some point along a pair of thin , flexible longitudinal strips whose electric potential varies from one end to the other . Older fingerboards used a long wire pressed to a resistive plate . A ribbon controller is similar to a touchpad , but a ribbon controller only registers linear motion . Although it may be used to operate any parameter that is affected by control voltages , a ribbon controller is most commonly associated with pitch bending . Fingerboard - controlled instruments include the Trautonium ( 1929 ) , Hellertion ( 1929 ) and Heliophon ( 1936 ) , Electro - Theremin ( Tannerin , late 1950s ) , Persephone ( 2004 ) , and the Swarmatron ( 2004 ) . A ribbon controller is used as an additional controller in the Yamaha CS - 80 and CS - 60 , the Korg Prophecy and Korg Trinity series , the Kurzweil synthesizers , Moog synthesizers , and others . Rock musician Keith Emerson used it with the Moog modular synthesizer from 1970 onward . In the late 1980s , keyboards in the synth lab at Berklee College of Music were equipped with membrane thin ribbon style controllers that output MIDI . They functioned as MIDI managers , with their programming language printed on their surface , and as expression / performance tools . Designed by Jeff Tripp of Perfect Fretworks Co. , they were known as Tripp Strips . Such ribbon controllers can serve as a main MIDI controller instead of a keyboard , as with the Continuum instrument . Wind controllers ( edit ) Wind controller Accordion synthesizer Main article : Wind controller Wind controllers ( and wind synthesizers ) are convenient for woodwind and brass players , being designed to imitate those instruments . These are usually either analog or MIDI controllers , and sometimes include their own built - in sound modules ( synthesizers ) . In addition to the follow of key arrangements and fingering , the controllers have breath - operated pressure transducers , and may have gate extractors , velocity sensors , and bite sensors . Saxophone - style controllers have included the Lyricon , and products by Yamaha , Akai , and Casio . The mouthpieces range from alto clarinet to alto saxophone sizes . The Eigenharp , a controller similar in style to a bassoon , was released by Eigenlabs in 2009 . Melodica and recorder - style controllers have included the Martinetta ( 1975 ) and Variophon ( 1980 ) , and Joseph Zawinul 's custom Korg Pepe . A harmonica - style interface was the Millionizer 2000 ( c. 1983 ) . Trumpet - style controllers have included products by Steiner / Crumar / Akai , Yamaha , and Morrison . Breath controllers can also be used to control conventional synthesizers , e.g. the Crumar Steiner Masters Touch , Yamaha Breath Controller and compatible products . Several controllers also provide breath - like articulation capabilities . Accordion controllers use pressure transducers on bellows for articulation . Others ( edit ) Ondes Martenot Theremin Vocoder Other controllers include theremin , lightbeam controllers , touch buttons ( touche d'intensité ) on the ondes Martenot , and various types of foot pedals . Envelope following systems , the most sophisticated being the vocoder , are controlled by the power or amplitude of input audio signal . A musician uses the talk box to manipulate sound using the vocal tract , though it is rarely categorized as a synthesizer . MIDI control ( edit ) Main article : Musical Instrument Digital Interface Synthesizers became easier to integrate and synchronize with other electronic instruments and controllers with the introduction of Musical Instrument Digital Interface ( MIDI ) in 1983 . First proposed in 1981 by engineer Dave Smith of Sequential Circuits , the MIDI standard was developed by a consortium now known as the MIDI Manufacturers Association . MIDI is an opto - isolated serial interface and communication protocol . It provides for the transmission from one device or instrument to another of real - time performance data . This data includes note events , commands for the selection of instrument presets ( i.e. sounds , or programs or patches , previously stored in the instrument 's memory ) , the control of performance - related parameters such as volume , effects levels and the like , as well as synchronization , transport control and other types of data . MIDI interfaces are now almost ubiquitous on music equipment and are commonly available on personal computers ( PCs ) . The General MIDI ( GM ) software standard was devised in 1991 to serve as a consistent way of describing a set of over 200 sounds ( including percussion ) available to a PC for playback of musical scores . For the first time , a given MIDI preset consistently produced a specific instrumental sound on any GM - compatible device . The Standard MIDI File ( SMF ) format ( extension . mid ) combined MIDI events with delta times -- a form of time - stamping -- and became a popular standard for exchanging music scores between computers . In the case of SMF playback using integrated synthesizers ( as in computers and cell phones ) , the hardware component of the MIDI interface design is often unneeded . Open Sound Control ( OSC ) is another music data specification designed for online networking . In contrast with MIDI , OSC allows thousands of synthesizers or computers to share music performance data over the Internet in realtime . Recent trends in synthesizer design , particularly the resurgence of modular systems in eurorack , have allowed for a hybrid of MIDI control and control voltage i / o to be found together in many models . ( Examples being the Moog Model D reissue , which was enhanced from its original design to offer both MIDI i / o and CV i / o ) . In these models of MIDI / CV hybrids , it is often possible to send and receive control voltages to control parameters of equipment at the identical time MIDI messages are being sent and received . Additional examples of MIDI / CV hybrids include models like the Arturia Minibrute , which is able to receive MIDI messages from an external controller and automatically convert the MIDI signal into gate and pitch notes , which it can then send out as control voltage . Typical roles ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Synth lead George Duke Jordan Rudess Synth lead ( edit ) In popular music , a synth lead is generally used for playing the main melody of a song , but it is also often used for creating rhythmic or bass effects . Although most commonly heard in electronic dance music , synth leads have been used extensively in hip - hop music since the 1980s and some types of rock songs since the 1970s . Many post-1980s pop music songs use a synth lead to provide a musical hook to sustain the listener 's interest throughout a song . Synth pad ( edit ) A synth pad is a sustained chord or tone generated by a synthesizer , often employed for background harmony and atmosphere in much the same fashion that a string section is often used in orchestral music and film scores . Typically , a synth pad is performed using whole notes , which are often tied over bar lines . A synth pad sometimes holds the same note while a lead voice sings or plays an entire musical phrase or section . Often , the sounds used for synth pads have a vaguely organ , string , or vocal timbre . During the late 1970s and 1980s , specialized string synthesizers were made that specialized in cresting string sounds using the limited technology of the time . Much popular music in the 1980s employed synth pads , this being the time of polyphonic synthesizers , as did the then - new styles of smooth jazz and new - age music . One of many well - known songs from the era to incorporate a synth pad is `` West End Girls '' by the Pet Shop Boys , who were noted users of the technique . The main feature of a synth pad is very long attack and decay time with extended sustains . In some instances pulse - width modulation ( PWM ) using a square wave oscillator can be added to create a `` vibrating '' sound . Synth bass ( edit ) Moog Taurus pedal bass synth Synth bass Synth filter sweeps. ogg An example of a classic analog bass synthesizer sound . Four sawtooth bass filter sweeps with gradually increasing resonance . A 1970s - era minimoog Minimoog bass MacLeod , Kevin - Funkorama. ogg An example of funk - styled grooving synth bass by Kevin MacLeod . See also : Keyboard bass The bass synthesizer ( or `` bass synth '' ) is used to create sounds in the bass range , from simulations of the electric bass or double bass to distorted , buzz - saw - like artificial bass sounds , by generating and combining signals of different frequencies . Bass synth patches may incorporate a range of sounds and tones , including wavetable - style , analog , and FM - style bass sounds , delay effects , distortion effects , envelope filters . A modern digital synthesizer uses a frequency synthesizer microprocessor component to generate signals of different frequencies . While most bass synths are controlled by electronic keyboards or pedalboards , some performers use an electric bass with MIDI pickups to trigger a bass synthesizer . In the 1970s miniaturized solid - state components allowed self - contained , portable instruments such as the Moog Taurus , a 13 - note pedal keyboard played by the feet . The Moog Taurus was used in live performances by a range of pop , rock , and blues - rock bands . An early use of bass synthesizer was in 1972 , on a solo album by John Entwistle ( the bassist for The Who ) , entitled Whistle Rymes . Genesis bass player Mike Rutherford used a Dewtron `` Mister Bassman '' for the recording of their album Nursery Cryme in August 1971 . Stevie Wonder introduced synth bass to a pop audience in the early 1970s , notably on `` Superstition '' ( 1972 ) and `` Boogie On Reggae Woman '' ( 1974 ) . In 1977 Parliament 's funk single `` Flash Light '' used the bass synthesizer . Lou Reed , widely considered a pioneer of electric guitar textures , played bass synthesizer on the song `` Families '' , from his 1979 album The Bells . Logic Synth `` Pollinate '' - Logic Synth and Effects Demonstration. ogg Logic 's ESX24 Sampler , EVD6 Clav and ESE Ensemble Synthesizer in effects of space designer , ring modulation and `` bitcrusher '' Following the availability of programmable music sequencers such as the Synclavier and Roland MC - 8 Microcomposer in the late 1970s , bass synths began incorporating sequencers in the early 1980s . The first bass synthesizer with a sequencer was the Firstman SQ - 01 . It was originally released in 1980 by Hillwood / Firstman , a Japanese synthesizer company founded in 1972 by Kazuo Morioka ( who later worked for Akai in the early 1980s ) , and was then released by Multivox for North America in 1981 . A particularly influential bass synthesizer was the Roland TB - 303 . Released in late 1981 , it featured a built - in sequencer and later became strongly associated with acid house music . Bass synthesizers began being used to create highly syncopated rhythms and complex , rapid basslines . Bass synth patches incorporate a range of sounds and tones , including wavetable - style , analog , and FM - style bass sounds , delay effects , distortion effects , envelope filters . In popular music , these techniques gained wide popularity with the emergence of acid house music , after Phuture 's use of the TB - 303 for the single `` Acid Tracks '' in 1987 , though such techniques were predated by Charanjit Singh 's use of the TB - 303 in 1982 . In the 2000s , several equipment manufacturers such as Boss and Akai produced bass synthesizer effect pedals for electric bass guitar players , which simulate the sound of an analog or digital bass synth . With these devices , a bass guitar is used to generate synth bass sounds . The BOSS SYB - 3 was one of the early bass synthesizer pedals . The SYB - 3 reproduces sounds of analog synthesizers with Digital Signal Processing saw , square , and pulse synth waves and user - adjustable filter cutoff . The Akai bass synth pedal contains a four - oscillator synthesizer with user selectable parameters ( attack , decay , envelope depth , dynamics , cutoff , resonance ) . Bass synthesizer software allows performers to use MIDI to integrate the bass sounds with other synthesizers or drum machines . Bass synthesizers often provide samples from vintage 1970s and 1980s bass synths . Some bass synths are built into an organ style pedalboard or button board . Controversy ( edit ) Since their invention , there has been concern over synthesizers putting session musicians out of a job , since they can recreate the sounds of many instruments . Some musicians ( especially keyboardists ) viewed the synth as they would any musical instrument . Other musicians viewed the synth as a threat to traditional session musicians , and the British Musicians ' Union attempted to ban it in 1982 . The ban never became official policy . Broadway plays are also now using synthesizers to reduce the number of live musicians required . Synthesizer music , especially synth - pop , has been described as `` anaemic '' and `` soulless '' . See also ( edit ) Lists List of classic synthesizers List of synthesizer manufacturers Various synthesizers Guitar synthesizer Keytar Modular synthesizer String synthesizer Wind controller Related instruments & technologies Clavioline ( Musitron ) Electronic keyboard Musical instrument Music workstation Sampler Speech synthesis Vocaloid Components & technologies Analytic signal Electronic oscillator Envelope detector Low - frequency oscillation MIDI Music genres Computer music Electronic music Notable works List of compositions for electronic keyboard Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : List of commercially successful early digital synthesizers and digital samplers introduced during the late - 1970s and early - 1980s , each sold over several hundred of units per series : NED Synclavier ( 1977 - 1992 ) by New England Digital , based on the research of Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer since 1973 . Note : Several sources point out that FM synthesis of Synclavier was licensed from Yamaha , who was an exclusively licensed from the original inventor , John Chowning . Fairlight CMI ( 1979 - 1988 , over 300 units ) in Sydney , based on the early developments of Qasar M8 by Tony Furse in Canberra since 1972 . Yamaha GS - 1 , GS - 2 ( 1980 , around 100 units ) and CE20 , CE25 ( 1982 ) in Hamamatsu , based on research into frequency modulation synthesis by John Chowning between 1967 - 1973 , and early developments of TRX - 100 and Programmable Algorithm Music Synthesizer ( PAMS ) by Yamaha between 1973 - 1979. ( Yamaha 2014 ) E-mu Emulator ( 1981 - 2000s ) in California , roughly based on a notion of table - lookup oscillator seen on the MUSIC language in 1960s PPG Wave ( 1981 - 1987 , around 1,000 units ) in Hamburg , based on wavetable synthesis previously implemented on PPG Wavecomputer 360 , 340 and 380 circa 1978 . etc . Most products listed above are still sold in the 21st century , e.g. Yamaha DX200 in 2001 , E-mu Emulator X in 2009 , Fairlight CMI 30A in 2011 , and Waldorf 's wavetable synthesis products as the reincarnations of PPG Wave . In addition , the long history of additive synthesis is notable for providing fundamental research that underlies the technology used in various forms of digital synthesis , but is not listed above due to the lack of commercially successful products . Additive synthesis has influenced most products in list above , and even the Yamaha Vocaloid released in 2003 ( Excitation plus Resonance ( EpR ) , which is based on Spectral modeling synthesis ( SMS ) ) . Jump up ^ For the details of the new trend of music influenced by early digital instruments , see Fairlight § Artists who used the Fairlight CMI , Synclavier § Notable users and E-mu Emulator § Notable users . Jump up ^ Sample - based synthesis was previously introduced by the E-mu Emulator II in 1984 , Ensoniq Mirage in 1985 , Ensoniq ESQ - 1 and Korg DSS - 1 in 1986 , etc . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Palatin Project - The life and work of Elisha Gray '' . Palatin Project . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Jeremy K. ( 2010 ) . Stevie Wonder : Musician . Infobase Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3422 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Elisha Gray and `` The Musical Telegraph '' ( 1876 ) `` , 120 Years of Electronic Music , 2005 Jump up ^ Chadabe , Joel ( February 1 , 2001 ) , The Electronic Century Part I : Beginnings , Electronic Musician , pp. 74 -- 90 Jump up ^ US patent 580,035 , Thaddeus Cahill , `` Art of and apparatus for generating and distributing msic electrically '' , issued 1897 - 04 - 06 Jump up ^ Millard , Max ( October 1993 ) . `` Lee de Forest , Class of 1893 : Father of the Electronics Age '' . Northfield Mount Hermon Alumni Magazine . Jump up ^ `` The Audion Piano ( 1915 ) '' . 120 Years of Electronic Music . Jump up ^ Glinsky , Albert ( 2000 ) , Theremin : Ether Music and Espionage , Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press , p. 26 , ISBN 0 - 252 - 02582 - 2 Jump up ^ Edmunds , Neil ( 2004 ) , Soviet Music and Society Under Lenin and Stalin , London : Routledge Curzon Jump up ^ Holzer , Derek ( February 2010 ) , Tonewheels -- a brief history of optical synthesis , Umatic.nl Jump up ^ Kreichi , Stanislav ( 10 November 1997 ) , The ANS Synthesizer : Composing on a Photoelectronic Instrument , Theremin Center , Despite the apparent simplicity of his idea of reconstructing a sound from its visible image , the technical realization of the ANS as a musical instrument did not occur until 20 years later . / Murzin was an engineer who worked in areas unrelated to music , and the development of the ANS synthesizer was a hobby and he had many problems realizing on a practical level . Jump up ^ Rhea , Thomas L. , `` Harald Bode 's Four - Voice Assignment Keyboard ( 1937 ) '' , eContact ! ( reprint ed . ) , Canadian Electroacoustic Community , 13 ( 4 ) ( July 2011 ) , originally published as Rhea , Tom ( December 1979 ) , `` Electronic Perspectives '' , Contemporary Keyboard , 5 ( 12 ) : 89 Jump up ^ Warbo Formant Organ ( photograph ) , 1937 Jump up ^ `` The ' Warbo Formant Orgel ' ( 1937 ) , The ' Melodium ' ( 1938 ) , The ' Melochord ' ( 1947 - 9 ) , and ' Bode Sound Co ' ( 1963 - ) '' , 120 years of Electronic Music ( Note : the original URL is still active , however the original title and content have been changed ) ^ Jump up to : Cirocco , Phil ( 2006 ) . `` The Novachord Restoration Project '' . Cirocco Modular Synthesizers . Jump up ^ Steve Howell ; Dan Wilson . `` Novachord '' . Hollow Sun . ( see also ' History ' page ) Jump up ^ `` Vox '' . Combo Organ Heaven ( combo-organ.com ) . Contrary to popular belief , the Univox is NOT a Clavioline . I 'll let Derek Underdown tell it in his own words : `` The Clavioline keyboard was on the UK market before the Univox ... Tom Jennings saw the market potential ... Tom found a local electronic engineer , Les . Hills , who studied the Clavioline and designed another circuit different to the existing French patent ... The mechanics having been cobbled together by the accordion service men at the time . I was head hunted by Tom to sort out the reliability problems ... In about 1951 / 1952 the Univox took off in a big way ... The first version was the J6 , single keyboard model , later followed by the J10 with two rows of Tone & effect tabs ... '' Jump up ^ Gayle Young ( 1999 ) . `` Electronic Sackbut ( 1945 -- 1973 ) '' . HughLeCaine.com . Jump up ^ 一 時代 を 画 する 新 楽器 完成 浜松 の 青年 技師 山下 氏 ( An epoch new musical instrument was developed by a young engineer Mr. Yamashita in Hamamatsu ) . Hochi Shimbun ( in Japanese ) . 1935 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ 新 電氣 樂器 マグナ オルガン の 御 紹介 ( New Electric Musical Instrument -- Introduction of Magna Organ ) ( in Japanese ) . Hamamatsu : 日本 樂器 製造 株式 會社 ( Yamaha ) . October 1935 . 特許 第 一 〇 八 六 六 四 号 , 同 第 一 一 〇 〇 六 八 号 , 同 第 一 一 一 二 一 六 号 Jump up ^ Fujii , Koichi ( 2004 ) . `` Chronology of early electroacoustic music in Japan : What types of source materials are available ? '' . Organised Sound . Cambridge University Press . 9 ( 1 ) : 63 - 77 ( 64 - 6 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S1355771804000093 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2008 , p. 106 , Early Electronic Music in Japan Jump up ^ Davies , Hugh ( 2001 ) . `` Synthesizer ( Synthesiser ) '' . In ed . Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( second ed . ) . London : Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517067 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Holmes 2008 , p. 145 -- 146 , Early Synthesizers and Experimenters Jump up ^ `` The RCA Synthesizer & Its Synthesists '' . Contemporary Keyboard . GPI Publications . 6 ( 10 ) : 64 . October 1980 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Harald Bode ( The Wurlitzer Company ) . `` Sound Synthesizer Creates New Musical Effects '' ( PDF ) . Electronics ( December 1 , 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Harald Bode ( Bode Sound Co . ) ( September 1984 ) . `` History of Electronic Sound Modification '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Audio Engineering Society ( JAES ) . 32 ( 10 ) : 730 -- 739 . ( Note : Draft typescript is available at the tail of PDF version , along with HTML version at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 9 , 2011 ) without draft . ) Jump up ^ Bode , Harald ( 1961 ) , `` European Electronic Music Instrument Design '' , Journal of the Audio Engineering Society ( JAES ) , ix ( 1961 ) : 267 Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Audio Engineering Society ( JAES ) . 35 ( 9 ) : 741 . September 1987 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Vail 2000 , p. 71 , The Euro - Synth Industry - Italy . `` First things first : In 1964 , Paul Ketoff constructed the Synket in Rome . This was around the time that Bob Moog and Don Buchla independently began shipping their modular synthesizer wares . '' ^ Jump up to : Pizzaleo , Luigi ( 2012 ) , `` Durata e articolazione del progetto - Synket '' ( excerpt from PhD dissertation ) , LuigiPizzaleo.it ( in Italian ) ^ Jump up to : Pizzaleo , Luigi ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) , Il liutaio elettronico . Paolo Ketoff e l'invenzione del Synket , Immota harmonia ( in Italian ) , 20 , Aracne , ISBN 9788854873636 ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2008 , p. 208 . `` Moog became the first synthesizer designer to popularize the technique of voltage control in analog electronic musical instruments . Donald Buchla in the United States and Paul Ketoff in Italy had been developing commercial synthesizers using the same principle at about the same time , but their equipment never reached the level of public acceptance of Moog 's products and only a handful were sold . '' Jump up ^ `` This Week in Synths : The Stearns Collection Moog , Mike Oldfield 's OB - Xa , MOOG IIIp '' . Create Digital Music . 2007 - 03 - 23 . Moog synthesizer , Stearns 2035 is known as 1st commercial Moog synthesizer commissioned by the Alwin Nikolais Dance Theater of New York in October 1964 . Now it resides as part of the Stearns Collection at the University of Michigan `` Stearns Collection '' . School of Music , Theatre & Dance , University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Catchlove , Lucina ( August 2002 ) , `` Robert Moog '' , Remix , Oklahoma City Jump up ^ Gluck , Robert J. ( February 2012 ) , `` Nurturing Young Composers : Morton Subotnick 's Late - 1960s Studio in New York City '' , Computer Music Journal , 36 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 80 , doi : 10.1162 / COMJ_a_00106 , Buchla 's Electronic Music Box was designed in response to Subotnick 's and ( San Francisco ) Tape Music Center colleague Ramon Sender 's ( b . 1934 ) desire for a compositional instrument that generated electronic sounds , and sequences of sounds , without the use of magnetic tape . Jump up ^ Gluck , Bob ( October 16 , 2013 ) , `` Morton Subotnick 's Sidewinder '' , New Music USA , When Subotnick ( with Ramon Sender ) commissioned Donald Buchla to design what became the Buchla Box , his goal was an artist - friendly compositional tool that did n't depend upon recorded sound ... The process of its development by Don Buchla , initially a spinning light wheel to create waveforms and then a modular system with integrated circuits , is described in the Spring 2012 issue of Computer Music Journal ... The Buchla prototype was ready for the 1964 - 1965 season , but was little used prior to Subotnick 's departure for New York in 1966 . His theater piece Play 4 ( 1966 ) was the only work for the Buchla that Subotnick completed in San Francisco . Jump up ^ Eisengrein , Doug ( September 1 , 2005 ) , Renewed Vision , Remix Magazine , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 Jump up ^ Lefcowitz , Eric ( 1989 ) , The Monkees Tale , Last Gasp , p. 48 , ISBN 0 - 86719 - 378 - 6 Jump up ^ Catchlove , Lucinda ( April 1 , 2002 ) , Wendy Carlos ( electronic musician ) , Remix Magazine ^ Jump up to : Tomita at AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Jenkins ( 2007 ) , Analog synthesizers : from the legacy of Moog to software synthesis , Elsevier , pp. 133 -- 4 , ISBN 0 - 240 - 52072 - 6 , retrieved 2011 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ Stevie Wonder , American profile , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Herbie Hancock profile '' , Sound on Sound ( July 2002 ) , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ Chicory Tip ( official website ) Jump up ^ FutureMusic , issues 131 - 134 , 2003 , page 55 Jump up ^ Yamaha GX - 1 , Vintage Synth Explorer Jump up ^ Jenkins , Mark ( 2009 ) . Analog Synthesizers : Understanding , Performing , Buying -- From the Legacy of Moog to Software Synthesis . CRC Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 12278 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : A TALE OF TWO STRING SYNTHS , Sound on Sound , July 2002 Jump up ^ `` The Prophet 5 and 10 '' , gordonreid.co.uk , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ `` The Synthesizers that shaped modern music '' , thevinylfactory.com , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ Russ , Martin ( May 2004 ) , Sound Synthesis and Sampling , Taylor and Francis , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 ^ Jump up to : `` ( Chapter 2 ) FM Tone Generators and the Dawn of Home Music Production '' . Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary - History . Yamaha Corporation . 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Thom ( 2008 ) . `` Early Computer Music '' . Electronic and experimental music : technology , music , and culture ( 3rd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 257 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95781 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Thom ( 2008 ) . `` Early Computer Music '' . Electronic and experimental music : technology , music , and culture ( 3rd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95781 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 4,018,121 Jump up ^ Curtis Roads ( 1996 ) . The computer music tutorial . MIT Press . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 68082 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Impact of MIDI on electroacoustic art music , Issue 102 , page 26 , Stanford University Jump up ^ Mark Vail , The Synthesizer : A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding , Programming , Playing , and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument , page 277 , Oxford University Press ^ Jump up to : Leete , Norm . `` Fairlight Computer '' . Sound On Sound ( April 1999 ) . The huge cost of the Fairlight CMI did not put the rich and famous off . Peter Vogel brought an early CMI to the UK in person , and one of the first people to get one was Peter Gabriel . Once UK distributor Syco Systems had been set up , the client list started to grow ... as the total number of CMIs and Series II / IIxs comes to about 300 ( of which only about 50 made it to the UK ) . ( Note : CMI III seems not in count ) Jump up ^ Vogel , Peter ( c. 2011 ) . `` History ( and future ) '' . Peter Vogel Instruments . over 300 `` Fairlights '' were sold world - wide . Jump up ^ Reid , Gordon . `` Yamaha GS1 & DX1 - Part 1 : The Birth , Rise and Further Rise of FM Synthesis ( Retro ) '' . Sound On Sound ( August 2001 ) . the GS1 retailed for £ 12,000 ... Yamaha sold only around 100 or so GS1s and , in all likelihood , few more GS2s . Jump up ^ Reid , Gordon . `` SOUNDS OF THE ' 80S - Part 2 : The Yamaha DX1 & Its Successors ( Retro ) '' . Sound On Sound ( September 2001 ) . With around 200,000 units sold , the DXs and TXs dominated the mid - ' 80s music scene in a way that no other keyboards or modules had done before , ... ( Note : possibly this top sales record has been overwritten by Korg M1 ( 250,000 units ) , according to the Sound On Sound , February 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Synthlearn -- the DX7 '' , synthlearn , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ Wiffen , Paul , `` History Of Onboard Synth Effects , Part 1 '' , Sound On Sound ( March 1999 ) , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Korg M1 '' , Sound On Sound ( February 2002 ) , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ Holmes , Paul ( 22 May 2012 ) , Electronic and Experimental Music , Routlege , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ The revival of analog electronics in a digital world , newelectronics , August 2013 , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jean-michel-jarre-mn0000230593 Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/artist/7027-Vangelis Jump up ^ `` Snowflakes Are Dancing '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/artist/4654-Kraftwerk ^ Jump up to : Borthwick 2004 , p. 120 Jump up ^ George - Warren , Holly ( 2001 ) , The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll , Fireside , pp. 707 -- 734 , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0120 - 5 Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira A ( 1991 ) , The Trouser Press Record Guide , Maxwell Macmillan International , p. 473 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 036361 - 3 Jump up ^ Black , Johnny ( 2003 ) , `` The Greatest Songs Ever ! Hungry Like the Wolf '' , Blender Magazine ( January / February 2003 ) , archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 Jump up ^ Borthwick 2004 , p. 130 Jump up ^ http://www.discogs.com/artist/3909-New-Order Jump up ^ John M. Chowning ( September 1973 ) , The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Reid , Gordon ( 2000 ) . `` Synth Secrets , Part 9 : An Introduction to VCAs '' . Sound on Sound ( January 2000 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Envelope ( Sound ) at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Charles Dodge , Thomas A. Jerse ( 1997 ) . Computer Music . New York : Schirmer Books . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Pinch , Trevor ; Frank Trocco ( 2004 ) . Analog Days : The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01617 - 0 . Jump up ^ US patent 3,358,070 , Alan C. Young ( Hammond Co . ) , `` Electronic Organ Arpeggio Effect Device '' , issued 1967 - 12 - 12 Jump up ^ `` RMI Harmonic Synthesizer '' . Jarrography -- The ultimate Jean Michel Jarre discography . Jump up ^ `` Oberheim Polyphonic Synthesizer Programmer ( ad ) '' . Contemporary Keyboard Magazine ( ad ) ( September / October 1976 ) : 19 . Jump up ^ Thom Holmes , Thomas B. Holmes ( 2002 ) , Electronic and experimental music : pioneers in technology and composition , Routledge , p. 59 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93644 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Radio Squeals Turned to Music for Entire Orchestra '' , Popular Science ( June 1932 ) : 51 -- the article reported Léon Theremin 's new electronic instruments used on his electric orchestra 's first public recital at Carnegie Hall , New York City , including Fingerboard Theremin , Keyboard Theremin with fingerboard controller , and Terpsitone ( a performance instrument in the style of platform on which a dancer could play a music by the movement of body ) . Jump up ^ Glinsky , Albert ( 2000 ) , Theremin : ether music and espionage , University of Illinois Press , p. 145 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02582 - 2 , In addition to its 61 keys ( five octaves ) , it had a `` fingerboard channel '' offering an alternate interface for string players . Jump up ^ Brend , Mark ( 2005 ) . Strange sounds : offbeat instruments and sonic experiments in pop . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 855 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Moogtonium ( 1966 -- 1968 ) '' . Moog Foundation . -- Max Brand 's version of Mixture Trautonium , built by Robert Moog during 1966 -- 1968 . Jump up ^ Synthesizer technique . Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation . 1984 . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 88188 - 290 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pinch , Trevor ; Frank Trocco ( 2004 ) . Analog Days : The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer . Harvard University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01617 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Hellertion '' ( 1929 ) & the `` Heliophon '' ( 1936 ) `` , 120 Years of Electronic Music Jump up ^ Peter Lertes ( 1933 ) , Elektrische Musik : ein gemeinverständliche Darstellung ihrer Grundlagen , des heutigen Standes der Technik und ihre Zukunftsmöglickkeiten , ( Dresden & Leipzig , 1933 ) Jump up ^ J. Marx ( 1947 ) . `` Heliophon , ein neues Musikinstrument '' . Ömz . ii ( 1947 ) : 314 . Jump up ^ Christoph Reuter , Martinetta and Variophon , Variophon.de Jump up ^ Christoph Reuter , Variophon and Martinetta Enthusiasts Page , Variophon.de Jump up ^ Joseph Pepe Zawinul , Melodicas.com ( also another photograph is shown on gallery page ) Jump up ^ Millioniser 2000 Promo Video Rock Erickson London , England 1983 , MatrixSynth.com , July 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Crumar Steiner Masters Touch CV Breath Controller , MatrixSynth.com , January 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ Yamaha DX100 with BC - 1 Breath Controller , MatrixSynth.com , December 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Complete MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification , MIDI Manufacturers Association Inc. , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Rothtein , Joseph ( 1995 ) , MIDI : A Comprehensive Introduction , A-R Editions , pp. 1 -- 11 , ISBN 0 - 89579 - 309 - 1 , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ Webster , Peter Richard ; Williams , David Brian ( 2005 ) , Experiencing Music Technology : Software , Data , and Hardware , Thomson Schirmer , p. 221 , ISBN 0 - 534 - 17672 - 0 Jump up ^ Royalty Free Music : Funk -- incompetech ( mp3 ) . Kevin MacLeod ( incompetech.com ) . Jump up ^ `` Firstman SQ - 01 Sequence Synthesizer from Multivox '' ( advertisement ) . Contemporary Keyboard . Vol. 7 no . June 1981 - November 1981 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Multivox Firstman SQ - 01 Sequencer '' . Keyboard Report . Contemporary Keyboard . Vol. 7 no . October 1981 . pp. 82 , 88 . ( `` Keyboard Report , Oct. ' 81 '' , according to the `` Vol. 9 , 1983 ''. ) Jump up ^ `` Firstman International '' . SYNRISE ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 2003 - 04 - 20 . FIRSTMAN existiert seit 1972 und hat seinen Ursprung in Japan . Dort ist dieFirma unter dem Markennamen HILLWOOD bekannt . HILLWOOD baute dann auch 1973 den quasi ersten Synthesizer von FIRSTMAN . Die Firma MULTIVOX liess ihre Instrumente von 1976 bis 1980 bei HILLWOOD bauen. `` , '' SQ - 10 / mon syn kmi ? ( 1980 ) / Monophoner Synthesizer mit wahrscheinlich eingebautem Sequenzer . Die Tastatur umfasst 37 Tasten . Die Klangerzeugung beruht auf zwei VCOs . Jump up ^ Mark Jenkins ( 2009 ) , Analog Synthesizers , pages 107 - 108 , CRC Press ^ Jump up to : Vine , Richard ( 15 June 2011 ) . `` Tadao Kikumoto invents the Roland TB - 303 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , Stuart ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` Charanjit Singh on how he invented acid house ... by mistake '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 1990 -- The Musicians ' Union : A History ( 1893 - 2013 ) '' . www.muhistory.com . Jump up ^ Green , Jesse ( 25 March 2007 ) . `` Notion - Digital Orchestras '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ A. De Curtis ( 1992 ) , Present Tense : Rock and Roll and Culture , Duke University Press , p. 9 , ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1265 - 4 Jump up ^ M. Ribowsky ( 2010 ) , Signed , Sealed , and Delivered : The Soulful Journey of Stevie Wonder , John Wiley and Sons , p. 245 , ISBN 0 - 470 - 48150 - 1 Bibliography ( edit ) Borthwick , Stuart ( 2004 ) , Popular Music Genres : An Introduction , Edinburgh University Press , p. 120 , ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1745 - 0 Holmes , Thom ( 2008 ) , Electronic and experimental music : technology , music , and culture ( 3rd ed . ) , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 415 - 95781 - 8 , retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 Vail , Mark ( 2000 ) , Vintage Synthesizers : Groundbreaking Instruments and Pioneering Designers of Electronic Music Synthesizers , Backbeat Books , pp. 68 -- 342 , ISBN 0 - 87930 - 603 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Gorges , Peter ( 2005 ) . Programming Synthesizers . Germany , Bremen : Wizoobooks . ISBN 978 - 3 - 934903 - 48 - 7 . Schmitz , Reinhard ( 2005 ) . Analog Synthesis . Germany , Bremen : Wizoobooks . ISBN 978 - 3 - 934903 - 01 - 2 . Shapiro , Peter ( 2000 ) . Modulations : A History of Electronic Music : Throbbing Words on Sound . ISBN 1 - 891024 - 06 - X . Kuit , Roland ( 2014 ) . SoundLab I : The Electronic Studio . Publisher 's number : 13664 . The Netherlands , The Hague : Donemus . Kuit , Roland ( 2014 ) . SoundLab II : Architectures for Philosophers . Publisher 's number : 13665 . The Netherlands , The Hague : Donemus . Kuit , Roland ( 2014 ) . Laboratory of Patching : Illustrated Compendium of Modular Synthesis . Publisher 's number : 13662 . The Netherlands , The Hague : Donemus . Kuit , Roland ( 2014 ) . To be On , to be OFF , that 's the SWITCH . Publisher 's number : 13666 . The Netherlands , The Hague : Donemus . Kuit , Roland ( 2014 ) . Modular strategies in shaping reflections and space . Publisher 's number : 13663 . The Netherlands , The Hague : Donemus . External links ( edit ) Look up synthesizer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synthesizers . Sound Synthesis Theory wikibook Principles of Sound Synthesis at Salford University Factors to consider before buying a Synthesizer Sound synthesis types Frequency modulation synthesis Linear Arithmetic synthesis Phase distortion synthesis Scanned synthesis Subtractive synthesis Additive synthesis Distortion synthesis Sample - based synthesis Table - lookup synthesis Wavetable synthesis Granular synthesis Vector synthesis Physical modelling synthesis Digital waveguide synthesis Banded waveguide synthesis Karplus -- Strong string synthesis Formant synthesis Computer music People Marc Battier Richard Boulanger David Cope John Chowning Giuseppe di Giugno Charles Dodge Gottfried Michael Koenig Paul Lansky Max Mathews Miller Puckette Roger Reynolds Jean - Claude Risset Curtis Roads Laurie Spiegel The Hub Trimpin Barry Vercoe Iannis Xenakis Programs and instruments ChucK Cmix Csound FAUST HMSL Kyma Laptop orchestra Max / MSP MIDI controller Pure Data Music Mouse MUSIC - N Radiodrum SuperCollider UPIC Places Bell Labs CCRMA CEMAMu Computer Music Center at Columbia Experimental Music Studios IRCAM Center for New Music and Audio Technologies Princeton Sound Lab Oberlin TIMARA Labs Techniques Algorithmic composition Sound synthesis Compositions Illiac Suite Mortuos Plango , Vivos Voco 5 . Electrophones ( electronic musical instruments ) ( list ) 51 . Action Tracker action 52 . Amplification Pickup 53 . 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2180812666015191070 | Only Happy When It Rains | Only Happy When It Rains - wikipedia Only Happy When It Rains `` Only Happy When It Rains '' Single by Garbage from the album Garbage B - side `` Girl Do n't Come '' `` Sleep '' Released September 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 18 ) Format CD maxi 7 '' cassette Recorded 1994 -- 95 ; Smart Studios ( Madison , Wisconsin ) Genre Alternative rock electronic rock post-grunge Length 3 : 56 Label Mushroom Songwriter ( s ) Garbage Producer ( s ) Garbage Garbage singles chronology `` Subhuman '' ( 1995 ) `` Only Happy When It Rains '' ( 1995 ) `` Queer '' ( 1995 ) `` Only Happy When It Rains '' is a song written and produced by alternative rock band Garbage for their self - titled debut studio album ( 1995 ) . The song was recorded at the band 's own recording studio , Smart Studios , in Madison , Wisconsin , being mixed twice before its release . The song 's bleak lyrics were a parody of the typically angst - filled themes of mid-1990s alternative rock , and a sarcastic reference to Garbage 's own preference for dark themes . `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was released September 18 , 1995 as the third single from Garbage . It received positive reviews praising the production and Shirley Manson 's vocals , and became the band 's breakthrough single , charting strongly on both the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 . It also crossed over to pop radio formats , propelling the album into the top 100 of the Billboard 200 , and the song 's music video , directed by Samuel Bayer , received much airplay on MTV . `` Only Happy When It Rains '' has gone on to be an enduring work . It is featured in the video game Guitar Hero 5 , and has been covered by Richard Cheese , Katerina Graham and Metallica . Contents 1 Composition and recording 2 Critical reception 3 Single release and chart performance 4 Music video 5 In popular culture 5.1 Covers 5.2 Media 6 Track listings 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Composition and recording ( edit ) `` Only Happy When It Rains '' The opening for `` Only Happy When It Rains '' , showcasing the bleak lyrics and minimalistic music arrange . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was written and recorded between March 1994 and May 1995 . It was written in sessions with band members Duke Erikson , Shirley Manson , Steve Marker and Butch Vig in Marker 's basement recording studio , and recorded at Smart Studios in Madison , Wisconsin . Bass on `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was played by Mike Kashou , and additional percussion by Pauli Ryan . In the latter stages of the album 's recording , Garbage mixed `` Only Happy When It Rains '' twice before it was sent for mastering . At the last minute , Vig decided to make the guitar tracks louder ; he later claimed the song still did n't sound the way he heard it in his head . The mix was noted for Manson 's voice being at the same volume as the instruments ; in mainstream pop , the lead vocal is usually louder than the instruments . The song is in the key of G# minor , the time signature of 4 / 4 , and at a tempo of 120 beats per minute . Its chord progressions are G # m -- F# -- E -- C # m -- E -- F# in the verses and C# - F# - A-B in the chorus . Marker explained the song 's bleak lyrics as a mockery of the angsty `` wearing your heart on your sleeve thing '' prevalent in mid-1990s alternative rock songs , as well as a self - deprecating reference to Garbage 's own dark lyrics . Manson explained that the song was `` a dig at ourselves because we like records that do n't make us feel very happy , and at this so - called ' alternative ' scene of ' we 're so weird and more wonderful than everybody else ' '' . Vig added that `` ' Only Happy When It Rains ' was `` about what happened with grunge and the angst - filled thing which has dominated the American alternative rock scene ... With us there 's self - deprecation , we have to poke fun at ourselves because we 're so incredibly obsessive about the songs and the lyrics , which makes us filled with self - loathing , hurhur . '' Garbage said they referenced both the title of The Jesus and Mary Chain song `` Happy When It Rains '' ( 1987 ) and Manson 's own Scottish psyche . Lyrically , Manson described `` Only Happy When It Rains '' as `` about wanting love but knowing life will always get in the way ... yet not being obliterated by that . It 's a song for people that know what it is like to live on the dark side of life . It 's about devotion but a different kind -- a devotion to the truth and to freedom ... and to hell with the consequences . '' When `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was remastered in 2007 for Garbage 's greatest hits album Absolute Garbage , it had to be reverse engineered from a damaged backup DAT as the analog masters for the debut album had been lost . This resulted in some discernible differences in the remaster . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon both the release of Garbage and of `` Only Happy When It Rains '' as a single , the song received a positive reception from music journalists . In his review of the single , Patrick Brennan of Hot Press declared `` Only Happy When It Rains '' his Single of the Fortnight , writing : `` It 's hugely refreshing to come across a song which celebrates all those sad moments of loneliness that can be so life affirming '' , . Billboard 's Larry Flick described the song as `` solid all the way through '' , praising the overall production . A reviewer for Kerrang ! wrote , `` A truly inspired single ... Garbage combine a slightly sinister acidic approach with an infectious melodic atmosphere and an alternative punch . The result is awesome , '' and a reviewer for Music Week stated that `` Shirley Manson 's vocals veer between fuzzy darkness , grinding catchy and crystal brilliance . '' Alastair Mabbot , writing for The List , described the song as `` Spitting Image 's notion of alternative rock '' . In reviews for the debut album , Robert Yates of Q wrote that there was `` a nice self - deflating Morrissey touch to ( the song ) '' , while Jackie Hinden of Hot Press felt that `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was `` like a Pretenders for the nineties '' . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian described the song as `` perversely pretty '' , while Leo Finlay of Music Week compared the song to Mazzy Star , and that it `` employs the current hip status of country music to devastating effect '' . Spin 's Eric Weissard said the song was the only one he hated in Garbage 's debut album , but reacted positively to the intro where `` backward guitars produce a chiming solo . '' At the end of 1995 , Melody Maker rated `` Only Happy When It Rains '' the 49th best Song of the Year , writing up : `` In a year of sunny Britpop , reservoir supplies of ironic bubblegum pop - noir were dangerously low . This burst of mocking miserablism helped '' . The track has been described as Garbage 's signature song , and in 2000 was ranked as 69th in a list of 100 Greatest Pop Songs Of All Time jointly compiled by Rolling Stone and MTV . Single release and Chart performance ( edit ) Initially , Mushroom Records had scheduled `` Queer '' to be the lead single for the UK release of the debut album Garbage , matching the single release strategy internationally . At last minute , it was decided to release `` Only Happy When It Rains '' as a single ahead of the album , with `` Queer '' rescheduled to later in 1995 . `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was quickly picked up by radio , and was C - listed by Radio One , and reached number 47 on the airplay chart . Mushroom issued the single on a limited - edition 7 '' vinyl , CD and cassette on September 18 , 1995 . All formats were backed with two new tracks recorded specifically for the single : `` Girl Do n't Come '' and `` Sleep '' . After its first week on - sale , `` Only Happy When It Rains '' debuted and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 29 . At the end of the month , Garbage made their debut live appearance to perform the single on Top of the Pops , providing momentum for the album Garbage to debut on the UK Albums Chart at number 12 . In United States , Almo Sounds first sent `` Only Happy When It Rains '' to alternative radio at the start of January 1996 , earning much airplay in both college and alternate rock radio stations . The physical single was issued on February 20 in two formats , CD maxi and cassette single , both featuring `` Girl Do n't Come '' and `` Sleep '' as b - sides . A single remix of the song was also issued to Top 40 radio on March 26 as the single escalated up the pop charts . Notable live performances of `` Only Happy When It Rains '' included Garbage 's network television debut on Saturday Night Special on April 27 , and during the 1996 MTV Movie Awards . The song spent 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 55 , as well as 19 weeks at the Modern Rock Tracks , peaking at number 16 in late May , and peaked at number 54 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The single 's success also lead to a sales increase of the band 's debut album , which managed to enter the Billboard 200 chart six months after its release . having sold 238,000 units at this point . In Australia and New Zealand , Garbage 's Australasian record label , White , released `` Only Happy When It Rains '' on May 27 , 1996 as the follow - up to `` Stupid Girl '' . The single was issued on CD single and cassette , backed with `` Driving Lesson '' and a house remix of album track `` Dog New Tricks '' , both of which had been recorded by the band earlier in the year . On June 16 , 1996 , `` Only Happy When It Rains '' debuted on the ARIA singles chart and spent nine weeks in the top 100 , peaking at number 80 . A month later , the song debuted at number 42 on the New Zealand singles chart , peaking the following week at 38th . Across Europe , Mushroom Records international distributor BMG released `` Only Happy When It Rains '' in two formats , a two - track card sleeve CD single with `` Dog New Tricks '' , or a four - track maxi single with `` Dog New Tricks '' , a remix of `` Stupid Girl '' by Red Snapper and a remix of `` Queer '' by Danny Saber . Following the band 's performance at the Lowlands Festival , the single was a success in the Netherlands , peaking at number 34 on the Dutch Top 40 and number 36 on the Single Top 100 . In 1999 , B - side `` Girl Do n't Come '' was used in the PlayStation game F1 Racing Championship . Music video ( edit ) The promotional video for `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was filmed in mid-January 1996 in Los Angeles by director Samuel Bayer , simultaneously with the video for single `` Stupid Girl '' . As Almo Sounds thought `` Only Happy When It Rains '' would be more successful , its video was given a higher budget than `` Stupid Girl '' . The video debuted in the United States on February 12 , 1996 , being certified one day later by MTV as a `` Buzz clip '' , which would guarantee heavy rotation on their network . The video begins a short prologue sequence with several children dressed in animal costumes playing in an overcast field , before cutting to Garbage upon the commencement of the song . Garbage are located in a litter - strewn warehouse , where the male members of the band destroy vinyl records , videotape and musical instruments as Manson performs to the camera . Some sequences feature Manson performing the song while on her own in dilapidated toilet stalls . The video ends with inter-cut footage of Manson joining the children on the field . The `` Only Happy When It Rains '' video was first commercially released - along with out - take footage shot while filming - on VHS and Video - CD on 1996 's Garbage Video . A remastered version of the video was later included on Garbage 's 2007 greatest hits DVD Absolute Garbage and made available as a digital download via online music services the same year . In popular culture ( edit ) Covers ( edit ) As one of Garbage 's signature songs , `` Only Happy When It Rains '' has been covered by a number of artists over the years . In 2000 , comedic musician Richard Cheese performed a lounge arrangement of the song on his album Lounge Against the Machine . Actress Katerina Graham recorded a pop rock cover for use in The Vampire Diaries ' second season episode `` The Sacrifice '' . In 2006 , The Pretenders played the song with Shirley Manson at VH1 Decades Rock Live ! . In 2007 , Metallica covered the song during an acoustic performance at Neil Young 's Bridge School Benefit show . In 2010 , The I.M.F.s ( Bernard Fowler , Stevie Salas , T.M. Stevens and Dave Abruzzese ) played a funk / soul version of the song at Rockpalast . In 2017 , New Years Day and Lzzy Hale from Halestorm covered the song at Alternative Press Music Awards . New Years Day would later include a studio version of the cover on their 2018 EP Diary of a Creep . In 2009 , `` Only Happy When It Rains '' was featured as a playable song in the videogame Guitar Hero 5 . By playing the song in `` Career Mode '' , a virtual avatar of Shirley Manson could be unlocked for use elsewhere within the game . Media ( edit ) The song also appeared in an episode of The X-Files entitled `` Terms of Endearment '' . Track listings ( edit ) Continuing their theme of collectible 7 '' vinyl releases , which had seen `` Vow '' packaged in an aluminium sleeve and `` Subhuman '' in black rubber , Mushroom packaged the 7 '' format for `` Only Happy When It Rains '' in a `` Prismaboard '' ( rain - effect ) die - cut card sleeve , with a hologram logo sticker on the inner jacket . The b - side of the vinyl was pressed with a double - groove , so that either `` Girl Do n't Come '' or `` Sleep '' played depending on where the stylus landed ; the songs were shorter on the vinyl than they were on the CD or cassette formats to accommodate both on one side of the disc . This pressing was limited to 5,000 copies . The original design for the vinyl was for the sleeve to be made from wood , or corrugated cardboard , with wing - nuts in each corner like a flower - press . The nuts would have to have been unscrewed to find the vinyl disc inside - between ten layers of different types of cardboard . UK 7 '' single `` Only Happy When It Rains '' -- 3 : 58 `` Girl Do n't Come '' -- 2 : 03 `` Sleep '' -- 1 : 41 UK CD / cassette single `` Only Happy When It Rains '' -- 3 : 58 `` Girl Do n't Come '' -- 2 : 33 `` Sleep '' -- 2 : 11 US CD / cassette `` Only Happy When It Rains '' - 3 : 58 `` Girl Do n't Come '' - 2 : 33 `` Sleep '' - 2 : 11 Australian CD / cassette single `` Only Happy When It Rains '' - 3 : 58 `` Driving Lesson '' - 3 : 47 `` Dog New Tricks '' ( The Pal Mix ) - 4 : 05 European CD maxi `` Only Happy When It Rains '' - 3 : 58 `` Dog New Tricks '' ( The Pal mix ) - 4 : 03 `` Stupid Girl '' ( Red Snapper mix ) - 7 : 37 `` Queer '' ( Danny Saber mix ) - 5 : 40 European CD single `` Only Happy When It Rains '' - 3 : 58 `` Dog New Tricks '' ( The Pal mix ) - 4 : 03 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Garbage Shirley Manson -- vocals , guitar Steve Marker -- guitars , bass , samples and loops Duke Erikson -- guitars , keyboards , six - string and fuzz bass Butch Vig -- drums , loops , noise and efx Additional musicians Mike Kashou - bass Pauli Ryan - additional percussion Production Recorded & produced by Garbage Recorded at Smart Studios in Madison , Wisconsin , USA Second engineer : Mike Zirkel Mastered : Howie Weinberg ( Masterdisk ) Editing & post production : Scott Hull ( Masterdisk ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 96 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 80 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 79 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) 11 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 36 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 55 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 16 Release history ( edit ) Date Region Label Format ( s ) September 18 , 1995 United Kingdom Mushroom 7 '' single , CD single , cassette single January 20 , 1996 United States Almo Sounds Airplay : Modern Rock February 20 , 1996 CD single , cassette single March 26 , 1996 Airplay : CHR / Top 40 May 28 , 1996 Australia White CD single , cassette single Europe BMG CD maxi , CD single References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( 29 April 2012 ) . `` Shirley Manson interview : Breaking up the garbage girl '' . The Observer . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Drew ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Catching Up With Garbage 's Butch Vig '' . Paste . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Dusty ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Garbage -- Garbage ( 20th Anniversary Edition ) '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malins , Steve ( September 1996 ) . `` What 's Our Problem ? '' . Q. London : Bauer Media Group ( 120 ) : 50 -- 53 . ISSN 0955 - 4955 . ^ Jump up to : Garbage ( booklet ) . Almo Records . 1995 . AMSSD - 80004 . Jump up ^ Basire , Andy ( 2002 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Sweet Insanity '' . Making Music . UK : Nexus Media ( 191 ) : 12 -- 15 . ISSN 0269 - 2651 . Jump up ^ D. Lankford , Ronald ( 2010 ) . Women singer - songwriters in rock : a populist rebellion in the 1990s . Scarecrow Press . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 7268 - 4 . Jump up ^ Erikson , Duke ; Manson , Shirley ; Marker , Steve ; Vug , Butch ( 1995 ) . `` Garbage -- Only Happy When It Rains -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( 1995 ) . `` Garbage Rise From The House That Grunge Built '' . Addicted to Noise . Archived from the original on 2000 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Andy ( January 1997 ) . `` Three Men and A Babe ; Welcome to Spooner Town ; Goodbye Angelfish '' . Record Collector . London : Diamond Publishing ( 209 ) . ISSN 0261 - 250X . ^ Jump up to : Paterson , Sylvia ( 1996 - 03 - 15 ) . `` The Filth Amendment '' . NME . ISSN 0028 - 6362 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ian ( 1995 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The Vig Time '' . Select . UK : EMAP ( 64 ) . ISSN 0959 - 8367 . Jump up ^ `` Items ; Garbage '' . Raw . UK : EMAP ( 185 ) : 4 . 1995 - 09 - 23 . OCLC 751775686 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Best Of Album '' . Garbage.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Absolute Garbage remasters '' . Butch Vig & Billy Bush at GearSlutz . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Patrick ( 1995 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Single of the Fortnight '' . Hot Press . Ireland : Steady Rolling Publishing . ISSN 0332 - 0847 . Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 1996 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Reviews and Previews : Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 108 ( 14 ) : 96 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Single Reviews '' . Kerrang ! . UK : EMAP ( 564 ) . 1995 - 09 - 23 . ISSN 0262 - 6624 . Jump up ^ `` Single Reviews '' . Music Week . UK : Intent Media . 1995 - 09 - 23 . ISSN 0265 - 1548 . Jump up ^ Mabbot , Alastair ( 1995 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Single Reviews '' . The List ; Glasgow & Edinburgh Events Guide . UK : The List Ltd. ( 262 ) . ISSN 0959 - 1915 . Jump up ^ Yates , Robert ( October 1995 ) . `` Album Reviews ; Garbage '' . Q. London : Bauer Media Group ( 108 ) . ISSN 0955 - 4955 . Jump up ^ Hinden , Jackie ( 1995 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Dump It Up '' . Hot Press . Ireland : Steady Rolling Publishing . ISSN 0332 - 0847 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( 1995 - 10 - 02 ) . `` This Week 's CD Releases '' . The Guardian . UK : Guardian Media Group . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Jump up ^ Finlay , Leo ( 1995 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Talent : Garbage '' . Music Week . UK : Intent Media . ISSN 0265 - 1548 . Jump up ^ Weissard , Eric ( October 1995 ) . `` Records '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC : 112 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ `` Singles of the Year '' . Melody Maker . UK : IPC Media . 1995 - 12 - 09 . ISSN 0025 - 9012 . Jump up ^ Lustig , Jay ( August 14 , 2006 ) . `` Great Pretenders : Concert for VH1 gets boost from guest Iggy Pop '' . The Star - Ledger . Advance Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( 1998 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Report : Garbage '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Pop Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media ( 855 ) . 2000 - 12 - 07 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Garbage Album Campaign History . Mushroom Records ( NCM Group ) . 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` UK Airplay Chart '' . Music Week . UK : Intent Media . 1995 - 10 - 14 . ISSN 0265 - 1548 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 - 09 - 30 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` September 28 , 1995 Episode '' . Top of the Pops . 1995 - 09 - 28 . BBC One . Jump up ^ `` TOP 40 OFFICIAL UK ALBUM ARCHIVE ( 14th October 1995 ) '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 111 . 1996 - 01 - 27 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Bianco , David P. ( 1998 ) . Parents are n't supposed to like it : rock & other pop musicians of the 1990s . UX L. p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 1732 - 6 . The band 's singles , `` Only Happy When It Rains '' , followed by `` Stupid Girl '' , gained considerable airplay on college and alternative radio stations ^ Jump up to : `` Only happy when It Rains ; Sound cassette '' . United States Copyright Office . 1996 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . SR0000218942 ; Only happy when It Rains ; Sound cassette ; Performed by Garbage ; © ℗ Almo Sounds , Inc ^ Jump up to : Stone , Doug . `` Only Happy When It Rains ( USA CD ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Borzillo , Carrie ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Garbage 's Serendipitous Success ; Popularity Falls into Place for Almo Act '' . Billboard . Los Angeles : Nielsen Business Media : 9 , 97 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Hochmann , Steve ( 1996 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Saturday Night Liveliness : Battle of the Bands , ' 96 Style '' . Los Angeles Times . Times - Mirror Company . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : 1996 Highlights '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garbage Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Modern Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 89 . 1996 - 06 - 01 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Modern Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 1996 - 03 - 16 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 111 . 1996 - 04 - 06 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's Heatseekers Albums '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 17 . 1996 - 03 - 09 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 ( Heatseeker Impact ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 112 . 1996 - 03 - 16 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` New Release Summary -- Product Available from : 27 / 5 / 96 ( from The ARIA Report Issue No. 327 ) '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Only Happy When It Rains ( Australian CD / cassette Single liner notes ) . Garbage . White . 1996 . D1199 / C1199 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Garbage -- Only Happy When It Rains '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Only Happy When It Rains ( European CD Maxi Single liner notes ) . Garbage . BMG. 1996 . 74321 40355 2 . ^ Jump up to : Only Happy When It Rains ( European CD Maxi Single liner notes ) . Garbage . BMG. 1996 . 74321 38349 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 37 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Garbage -- Only Happy When It Rains '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Spin ( 1996 - 04 - 01 ) . More Than A Woman . USA : Spin Media LLC . pp. 50 -- 53 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ `` Garbage '' . Behind The Music . Episode 174 . 7 April 2002 . VH1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Only happy when It Rains / director , Samuel Bayer '' . United States Copyright Office . 1996 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . PA0000782349 ; Only happy when It Rains / director , Samuel Bayer ; Videocassette ; 3 / 4 in ; Music video performed by Garbage ; Almo Sounds , Inc Jump up ^ `` The Screens Are Full of Garbage '' . Melody Maker . UK : IPC Media . 1996 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Only Happy When It Rains by Garbage '' . iTunes. 2007 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lounge Against the Machine '' . Richard Cheese . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Kat Graham teases Janet Jackson cover and talks talented co-stars '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Abram , Malcolm X ( 2006 - 10 - 20 ) . `` The Pretenders rock VH1 Classic '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Songs : Only Happy When It Rains '' . Metallica.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The I.M.F.s '' . WDR . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Watch New Years Day perform with Halestorm 's Lzzy Hale at the 2017 APMAs '' . Altpress.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` APMAs 2017 Performance : New Years Day and Halestorm 's Lzzy Hale '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New Years Day covers Pantera , Linkin Park , Garbage classics on ' Diary of a Creep ' EP '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` New Years Day salute influences With ' Diary of a Creep ' EP , Prep for January Tour '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Guitar Hero 5 Xbox 360 Behind the Scenes -- Shirley Manson '' . IGN. 2009 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( 21 July 2012 ) . `` The X-Files : `` Terms Of Endearment '' / Millennium : `` Through A Glass Darkly '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Only Happy When It Rains ( UK 7 - inch Vinyl Single liner notes ) . Garbage . Mushroom Records UK . 1995 . SX1199 . ^ Jump up to : Only Happy When It Rains ( UK CD / cassette Single liner notes ) . Garbage . Mushroom Records UK . 1995 . D1199 / C1199 . Jump up ^ Only Happy When It Rains ( US CD / cassette Single liner notes ) . Garbage . Almo Sounds . 1996 . AMSDS / AMSCS - 89002 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 27 Oct 1996 '' . Imgur.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2963 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Rock / Alternative Tracks : Issue 2912 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Garbage : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Garbage Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . 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-2274255305279899455 | Red River of the South | Red River of the south - wikipedia Red River of the south Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Red River . Red River Red River looking east , north of Bonham , Texas : Texas is to the right , Oklahoma is on the left , and the border between the two states runs along the south ( right ) bank of the river . Map of the Red River watershed Native name Bah'hatteno Other name ( s ) Rivière Rouge ( former French name ) Country United States States Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas and Louisiana Physical characteristics Main source Harmon County , Oklahoma 1,535 ft ( 468 m ) 34 ° 34 ′ 35 '' N 99 ° 57 ′ 54 '' W / 34.57639 ° N 99.96500 ° W / 34.57639 ; - 99.96500 River mouth Atchafalaya River 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W / 31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Coordinates : 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W / 31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Length 1,360 mi ( 2,190 km ) Discharge Location : mouth ; max and min at Alexandria , LA Minimum rate : 1,472 cu ft / s ( 41.7 m / s ) Average rate : 57,000 cu ft / s ( 1,600 m / s ) Maximum rate : 233,000 cu ft / s ( 6,600 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 65,595 sq mi ( 169,890 km ) The Red River , or sometimes the Red River of the South , is a major river in the southern United States of America . The river was named for the red - bed country of its watershed . It is one of several rivers with that name . Although it was once a tributary of the Mississippi River , the Red River is now a tributary of the Atchafalaya River , a distributary of the Mississippi that flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico . It is connected to the Mississippi River by the Old River Control Structure . The south bank of the Red River formed part of the US - Mexico border from the Adams - Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The Red River is the second - largest river basin in the southern Great Plains . It rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east , where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma . It forms a short border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas , turning south near Fulton , Arkansas , and flowing into Louisiana , where it flows into the Atchafalaya River . The total length of the river is 1,360 miles ( 2,190 km ) , with a mean flow of over 57,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,600 m / s ) at the mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Course 1.2 Tributaries 2 Watershed 3 History 3.1 Native Americans 3.2 European - American exploration and settlement 3.3 Great Raft 3.4 Greer County debate 3.5 2015 Louisiana flood 4 Recreation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Course ( edit ) The Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma . The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas - Oklahoma border . The southern fork , which is about 120 miles ( 190 km ) long , is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork . It is formed in Randall County , Texas , near the county seat of Canyon , by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek . ( The names mean `` Hard Wood '' and `` White Land '' , respectively , in Spanish . ) State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas , photographed on the Oklahoma side Crossing the Red River at the Texas - Oklahoma border from I - 35 The Red River took a new channel near Natchitoches , Louisiana , and left behind Cane River Lake . The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet ( 1,050 m ) , then past Newlin , Texas , to meet the Oklahoma state line . Past that point , it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River . Near Elmer , Oklahoma , the North Fork finally joins , and the river proceeds to follow a winding course east through one of the most arid parts of the Great Plains , receiving the Wichita River as it passes the city of Wichita Falls . Near Denison , the river exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma , a reservoir formed by the Denison Dam . The lake is also fed by the Washita River from the north . Point bars , abandoned meander loops , oxbow lakes in Lafayette and Miller counties , Arkansas After the river flows out of the southeastern end of the lake , it runs generally east towards Arkansas and receives Muddy Boggy Creek before turning southward near Texarkana . Soon after , the river crosses south into Louisiana . The sister cities of Shreveport and Bossier City were developed on either bank of the river , as were the downriver cities of Alexandria and Pineville . Where it is joined by the Ouachita River , its largest tributary , the river later broadens into a complex network of marshlands surrounding the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers . Its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico . In 1946 , the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height and strength . However , the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria . Willie E. Kees Jr. , the newly elected mayor of Pineville , worked to gain support for the Corps of Engineers to increase the height of the levee on the eastern side of the river to equal that in Alexandria . Tributaries ( edit ) Tributaries include the Little Red River , Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River , Salt Fork Red River , North Fork Red River , Pease River , Washita River , Kiamichi River , Little Wichita River , Little River , Sulphur River , Loggy Bayou ( through Lake Bistineau and Dorcheat Bayou ) as well as the Ouachita River ( also known as the Black River at that point ) not far ( at Acme , Louisiana ) from the mouth . Watershed ( edit ) The Red River 's watershed covers 65,590 square miles ( 169,900 km ) and is the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains . Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma , but also covers parts of Arkansas and Louisiana . Its basin is characterized by flat , fertile agricultural land , with only a few major cities . The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation . As a result , much of the river above the Texas - Oklahoma border is intermittent , and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas , the flow varies widely . Most of the agriculture in the basin is sustained by groundwater , which is recharged with rainfall and riverflow . The lower course of the river flows through a series of marshes and swamps , where its flow is dramatically moderated . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Native American cultures along the river were diverse , developing specialized adaptations to the many different environments . By the time of European contact , the eastern Piney Woods were dominated by the numerous historic tribes of the Caddoan Confederacy . They found plentiful game and fish , and also had good land for cultivating staple crops . The middle part of the Red River was dominated by Wichita and Tonkawa . This area was prairie , where Native Americans constructed portable and temporary tepees for housing . They practiced limited farming and followed game in seasonal , nomadic hunting cycles . The Plains division of the Lipan Apache dominated the western Red River area until the 18th century , when they were displaced by invading Comanche from the north . European - American Exploration and settlement ( edit ) Crossing the Red River near Granite , Oklahoma , 1921 . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Red River Expedition to explore parts of the new lands of the Louisiana Purchase by traveling up the Red River . He said it was `` in truth , next to the Missouri , the most interesting water of the Mississippi '' , in a letter to William Dunbar . Having threaded the maze of bayous at the river 's confluence , and the `` Great Raft '' of lodged driftwood , the expedition , was stopped by the Spanish near what is now New Boston , Texas . In 1806 , Lieutenant Zebulon Pike , under orders to ascertain the source of the Red River , ascended the Arkansas River , made his way downstream on what turned out to be the Rio Grande , and was sent home by the Spanish authorities . A more successful exploration of the river 's upper reaches to both its sources was the 1852 expedition under Capt . Randolph Barnes Marcy , assisted by Brevet Capt . George B. McClellan . The latter was important as a general in the American Civil War . In April 1815 , Captain Henry Miller Shreve was the first person to bring a steamboat , the Enterprise , up the Red River . Fulton and Livingston , who claimed the exclusive right to navigate Louisiana waters by steamboat , sued Shreve in the District Court of New Orleans . The judge ruled that the monopoly claimed by the plaintiffs was illegal . That decision , along with a similar outcome in Gibbons v. Ogden freed navigation on every river , lake or harbor in the United States from interference by monopolies . When John Quincy Adams became Secretary of State in 1817 , one of his highest priorities was to negotiate the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase with Spain . He negotiated with the Spanish Minister to the United States , Luis de Onis , and finally concluded Adams - Onis Treaty , also known as the Treaty of 1819 . The treaty defined the south bank of the river as the boundary between the United States and Spain . That boundary continued to be recognized when Mexico gained its independence from Spain , then again when Texas became independent from Mexico . It remained so until the United States Congress consented to the Red River Boundary Compact adopted by the states of Oklahoma and Texas , which set the jurisdictional boundary between Texas and Oklahoma at the vegetation line on the south bank , but left title of adjacent property owners at the south bank . In Louisiana , the area of present - day Natchitoches Parish was settled by French Creole and mixed - race Louisiana Creole people , starting before 1800 . The Cane River National Heritage Area marks this area of influence , with plantations and churches founded by Louisiana Creoles . Some of the sites are designated as destinations on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail , designed in the 21st century . For nearly 100 years after the American Civil War , some of the plantations were the center of a large African American and Creole community life , whose people lived and worked in this area for generations . The area along the lower Red River of Grant Parish , Louisiana , and neighboring parishes were a mixture of hill country and cotton plantations , with white planters and subsistence farmers , and numerous African American slaves working the plantations in the ante bellum years . It was an area of heated social tensions and insurgency during and after the Reconstruction era . Grant was a new parish created by the Reconstruction legislature , which was trying to increase Republican Party representation . In 1873 , Grant Parish was the site of the Colfax massacre , caused by the political tension and violence arising from the disputed 1872 gubernatorial election and efforts by local whites to keep white supremacy . White militias , organized from nearby parishes , killed more than 100 freedmen , some of whom had surrendered as prisoners . In 1874 , such militias organized as the White League in Grant Parish , and other chapters were soon founded across the state . The Coushatta Massacre was attributed to the White League , which attacked Republican officeholders to run them out of office . The paramilitary groups intimidated and terrorized freedmen to keep them from the polls , and by the late 1870s , conservative Democrats had retaken political control of the state . Great Raft ( edit ) Main article : Great Raft Red River , Texas In the early 19th century , settlers found that much of the river 's length in Louisiana was unnavigable because of a collection of fallen trees that formed a `` Great Raft '' over 160 miles ( 260 km ) long . Captain Henry Miller Shreve began clearing the log jam in 1839 . The log jam was not completely cleared until the 1870s , when dynamite became available . The river was thereafter navigable , but north of Natchitoches it was restricted to small craft . Removal of the raft further connected the Red and Atchafalaya rivers , accelerating the development of the Atchafalaya River channel . In the 20th century , the interest group known as the Red River Valley Association was formed to lobby the United States Congress to make the river fully navigable between Alexandria and Shreveport , Louisiana . Leading supporters of the longstanding project were Louisiana Democratic senators Allen J. Ellender , J. Bennett Johnston and Russell B. Long , the Fourth District Congressman Joe Waggonner , and the late Shreveport Mayor Calhoun Allen . With the completion of the project , a lock system constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers allowed navigation of barge traffic as far north as Shreveport . Greer County debate ( edit ) Specialists debate whether the North Fork or the Prairie Dog Town Fork is the true stem . Because of a cartographic error , the land between the north and south forks was claimed by both the state of Texas and the United States federal government . Randolph B. Marcy 's expedition followed the Prairie Dog Town Fork in 1852 . Originally called Greer County , Texas , the US Supreme Court ruled that it belonged to the United States , which at the time oversaw the Oklahoma Territory . That territory was later incorporated into the state of Oklahoma , whose southern border now follows the south fork . Today , the southern Prairie Dog Town Fork is considered the main fork , though the North Fork is as long and normally has a greater water flow . 2015 Louisiana flood ( edit ) In June 2015 , the Red River flooded parts of northeast Texas , southwest Arkansas , and Louisiana , from New Boston , Texas , to just south of Alexandria , Louisiana . Recreation ( edit ) Red River LA 2 Bridge , not the Jimmie Davis Bridge , atop the Red River between Bossier and Caddo parishes near Shreveport Popular pedestrian walkway along the Red River in Alexandria , Louisiana In 1943 , Denison Dam was built on the Red River to form Lake Texoma , a large reservoir of 89,000 acres ( 360 km ) , some 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Dallas . Other reservoirs on the river 's tributaries serve as flood control . See also ( edit ) List of Arkansas rivers List of longest main - stem rivers in the United States List of Louisiana rivers List of Oklahoma rivers List of Texas rivers Great Raft North Fork Red River Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River Red River Bridge War Red River Campaign , 1864 , during the American Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 Adams -- Onís Treaty Red River Shootout , the annual college football game between the University of Texas Longhorns and the University of Oklahoma Sooners . Little Red River ( Texas ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caddo name . Meredith , Howard . `` Caddo ( Kadohadacho ) . '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 9 Sept 2012 ) Jump up ^ Tyson , Carl N. The Red River in Southwestern History . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1659 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Benke , Arthur ; Colbert Cushing ( 2005 ) . River of North America . Academic Press . p. 1144 . ISBN 9780120882533 . Jump up ^ John Miller Morris , El Llano Estacado : Exploration and Imagination on the High Plains , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Piazza , Bryan P ( 2014 ) . The Atchafalaya River Basin : History and Ecology of an American Wetland . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 039 - 3 . Jump up ^ Frederick Marcel Spletstoser ( 2005 ) . Talk of the Town : The Rise of Alexandria , Louisiana , and the Daily Town Talk . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2934 - 8 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jefferson to Dunbar , 25 May 1805 , quoted in T. Lindsay Baker , ed. , The Texas Red River country : the official surveys of the headwaters , 1876 , 1998 : `` Foreword '' , v , and in D.L. Flores , `` The Ecology of the Red River in 1806 : Peter Custis and Early '' The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 88 ,. 1 , ( July 1984 ) . Jump up ^ R.B. Marcy , Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana : in the year 1852 ... with Reports on the Natural History of the Country , Washington , 1853 . ^ Jump up to : Harbour , Emma Estill . `` A Brief History of the Red River County since 1803 . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Vol. 16 . No. 1 . March 1938 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/with-homes-underwater-in-louisiana-recovery-teams-head-out/ar-BBkYtRO?ocid=mailsignout Jump up ^ `` Bridgehunter.com Red River of the South '' . bridgehunter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Red River of the South . Randolph Marcy , Exploration of the Red River , 1852 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History Red River from the Handbook of Texas Online U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Red River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Red River Compact Commission . `` U.S. Supreme Court Ruling Leaves Texas High And Dry . '' Geology Red River Valley - Engineering Geology Mapping Program PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Red River Valley Autin , W.J. , and C.E. Pearson , 1993 , Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Lower Red River Valley : Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell 11 th Annual Field Conference Alexandria , Louisiana March 26 - 28 , 1993 . Friends of the Pleistocene South Central Cell and Louisiana Geological Survey , Baton Rouge , Louisiana . 183 p . VIAF : 247749245 GND : 4267240 - 5 BNF : cb12011209j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_River_of_the_South&oldid=815139038 '' Categories : Red River of the South Tributaries of the Mississippi River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Louisiana Rivers of Oklahoma Rivers of Texas Borders of Texas Borders of Oklahoma Borders of Arkansas Rivers of Desha County , Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County , Arkansas Rivers of Perry County , Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County , Arkansas Rivers of Conway County , Arkansas Rivers of Yell County , Arkansas Rivers of Logan County , Arkansas Rivers of Pope County , Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County , Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County , Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Randall County , Texas Bodies of water of Wichita County , Texas Bodies of water of Red River County , Texas Bodies of water of Avoyelles Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Bossier Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Caddo Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Concordia Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Grant Parish , Louisiana Rivers of Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Rapides Parish , Louisiana Bodies of water of Red River Parish , Louisiana Cane River National Heritage Area Natchitoches , Louisiana Shreveport , Louisiana Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the red river begin and end | [
"\n\nRed River\n\n\n\nRed River looking east, north of Bonham, Texas: Texas is to the right, Oklahoma is on the left, and the border between the two states runs along the south (right) bank of the river.\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Red River watershed\n\n\n\nNative name\nBah'hatteno[1]\n\n\nOther name(s)\nRivière Rouge (former French name)\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nStates\nTexas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana\n\n\nPhysical characteristics\n\n\nMain source\nHarmon County, Oklahoma\n1,535 ft (468 m)\n34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W / 34.57639°N 99.96500°W / 34.57639; -99.96500\n\n\nRiver mouth\nAtchafalaya River\n30 ft (9.1 m)\n31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W / 31.01944°N 91.74778°W / 31.01944; -91.74778Coordinates: 31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W / 31.01944°N 91.74778°W / 31.01944; -91.74778\n\n\nLength\n1,360 mi (2,190 km)\n\n\nDischarge\n\n\n\nLocation:\nmouth; max and min at Alexandria, LA\nMinimum rate:\n1,472 cu ft/s (41.7 m3/s)\nAverage rate:\n57,000 cu ft/s (1,600 m3/s)\nMaximum rate:\n233,000 cu ft/s (6,600 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\nBasin features\n\n\nBasin size\n65,595 sq mi (169,890 km2)\n\n",
"\n\nRed River\n\n\n\nRed River looking east, north of Bonham, Texas: Texas is to the right, Oklahoma is on the left, and the border between the two states runs along the south (right) bank of the river.\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Red River watershed\n\n\n\nNative name\nBah'hatteno[1]\n\n\nOther name(s)\nRivière Rouge (former French name)\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nStates\nTexas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana\n\n\nPhysical characteristics\n\n\nMain source\nHarmon County, Oklahoma\n1,535 ft (468 m)\n34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W / 34.57639°N 99.96500°W / 34.57639; -99.96500\n\n\nRiver mouth\nAtchafalaya River\n30 ft (9.1 m)\n31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W / 31.01944°N 91.74778°W / 31.01944; -91.74778Coordinates: 31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W / 31.01944°N 91.74778°W / 31.01944; -91.74778\n\n\nLength\n1,360 mi (2,190 km)\n\n\nDischarge\n\n\n\nLocation:\nmouth; max and min at Alexandria, LA\nMinimum rate:\n1,472 cu ft/s (41.7 m3/s)\nAverage rate:\n57,000 cu ft/s (1,600 m3/s)\nMaximum rate:\n233,000 cu ft/s (6,600 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\nBasin features\n\n\nBasin size\n65,595 sq mi (169,890 km2)\n\n"
] | [
"Harmon County, Oklahoma",
"Atchafalaya River"
] |
-2374957017179094088 | Sachin Tendulkar | Sachin Tendulkar - Wikipedia Sachin Tendulkar Jump to : navigation , search `` Tendulkar '' redirects here . For other people with the same surname , see Tendulkar ( surname ) . For the film based on the life of Sachin Tendulkar , see Sachin : A Billion Dreams . Sachin Tendulkar M , BR , AC Tendulkar with the ICC Cricket World Cup Full name Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( 1973 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1973 ( age 44 ) Bombay ( now Mumbai ) , Maharashtra Nickname God of Cricket , Little Master , Master Blaster Height 5 ft 5 in ( 165 cm ) Batting Right - handed Bowling Right - arm medium , leg break , off break Role Batsman International information National side India ( 1989 -- 2013 ) Test debut ( cap 187 ) 15 November 1989 v Pakistan Last Test 14 November 2013 v West Indies ODI debut ( cap 74 ) 18 December 1989 v Pakistan Last ODI 18 March 2012 v Pakistan ODI shirt no . 10 Only T20I ( cap 11 ) 1 December 2006 v South Africa Domestic team information Years Team Cricket Club of India 1988 -- 2013 Mumbai 1992 Yorkshire 2008 -- 2013 Mumbai Indians ( squad no . 10 ) 2014 Marylebone Cricket Club Career statistics Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 200 463 310 551 Runs scored 15,921 18,426 25,396 21,999 Batting average 53.78 44.83 57.84 45.54 100s / 50s 51 / 68 49 / 96 81 / 116 60 / 114 Top score 248 * 200 * 248 * 200 * Balls bowled 4,240 8,054 7,605 10,230 Wickets 46 154 71 201 Bowling average 54.17 44.48 61.74 42.17 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 n / a 0 n / a Best bowling 3 / 10 5 / 32 3 / 10 5 / 32 Catches / stumpings 115 / -- 140 / -- 186 / -- 175 / -- Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha ( nominated ) In office 27 April 2012 -- Source : ESPNcricinfo , 15 November 2013 Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( / ˌsətʃɪn tɛnˈduːlkər / ( listen ) ; born 24 April 1973 ) is a former Indian cricketer and a former captain , widely regarded as the greatest batsman of all time . The highest run scorer of all time in International cricket , Tendulkar took up cricket at the age of eleven , made his Test debut on 15 November 1989 against Pakistan in Karachi at the age of sixteen , and went on to represent Mumbai domestically and India internationally for close to twenty - four years . He is the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries , the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International , the holder of the record for the most number of runs in both ODI and Test cricket , and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in international cricket . In 2002 , halfway through his career , Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time , behind Don Bradman , and the second greatest ODI batsman of all time , behind Viv Richards . Later in his career , Tendulkar was a part of the Indian team that won the 2011 World Cup , his first win in six World Cup appearances for India . He had previously been named `` Player of the Tournament '' at the 2003 edition of the tournament , held in South Africa . In 2013 , he was the only Indian cricketer included in an all - time Test World XI named to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . Tendulkar received the Arjuna Award in 1994 for his outstanding sporting achievement , the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 1997 , India 's highest sporting honour , and the Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan awards in 1999 and 2008 , respectively , India 's fourth and second highest civilian awards . After a few hours of his final match on 16 November 2013 , the Prime Minister 's Office announced the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian award . He is the youngest recipient to date and the first ever sportsperson to receive the award . He also won the 2010 Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards . In 2012 , Tendulkar was nominated to the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . He was also the first sportsperson and the first person without an aviation background to be awarded the honorary rank of group captain by the Indian Air Force . In 2012 , he was named an Honorary Member of the Order of Australia . In December 2012 , Tendulkar announced his retirement from ODIs . He retired from Twenty20 cricket in October 2013 and subsequently retired from all forms of cricket on 16 November 2013 after playing his 200th Test match , against the West Indies in Mumbai 's Wankhede Stadium . Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in total , scoring 34,357 runs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Early domestic career 2.1 Yorkshire 3 International career 3.1 Early career 3.2 Rise through the ranks 3.3 Captaincy 3.4 Mike Denness incident 3.5 Injuries and decline amid surpassing Bradman 's haul 3.6 Decline phase of career 3.7 2003 Cricket World Cup 3.8 2003 Tour of Australia 3.9 2007 Cricket World Cup 3.10 Return to old form and consistency 3.11 2007 -- 08 tour of Australia 3.12 Home series against South Africa 3.13 Sri Lanka Series 3.14 Return to form and breaking Brian Lara 's record 3.15 ODI and Test Series against England 3.16 2009 -- 2010 3.17 2011 World Cup and after 3.17. 1 100th international century 3.17. 2 Return To Ranji Trophy 3.18 Retirement 4 Indian Premier League and Champions League 5 Playing style 6 Fan following 7 Achievements and awards 7.1 National honours 7.2 Other honours 8 Personal life 8.1 Family 8.2 Beliefs 8.3 Business interests 8.4 Commercial endorsements 8.5 Rajya Sabha nomination 8.6 Philanthropy 8.7 Autobiography 9 Biographies 9.1 Books 9.2 Films 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Early years Tendulkar was born at Nirmal Nursing Home in Dadar , Bombay on 24 April 1973 . His father , Ramesh Tendulkar , was a well - known Marathi novelist and his mother , Rajni , worked in the insurance industry . Ramesh named Tendulkar after his favourite music director , Sachin Dev Burman . Tendulkar has three elder siblings : two half - brothers Nitin and Ajit , and a half - sister Savita . They were Ramesh 's children from his first marriage . Tendulkar played as a youngster with his brother , Ajit , for Sahitya Sahawas society 's cricket team at Bandra East . Ajit is credited by Sachin for playing a pivotal role in his life . Ramakant Achrekar was impressed with Tendulkar 's talent and advised him to shift his schooling to Sharadashram Vidyamandir ( English ) High School , a school at Dadar which had a dominant cricket team and had produced many notable cricketers . Prior to this , Tendulkar had attended the Indian Education Society 's New English School in Bandra ( East ) . He was also coached under the guidance of Achrekar at Shivaji Park in the mornings and evenings . Tendulkar would practice for hours on end in the nets . If he became exhausted , Achrekar would put a one - rupee coin on the top of the stumps , and the bowler who dismissed Tendulkar would get the coin . If Tendulkar passed the whole session without getting dismissed , the coach would give him the coin . Tendulkar now considers the 13 coins he won then as some of his most prized possessions . He moved in with his aunt and uncle , who lived near Shivaji Park , during this period , due to his hectic schedule . Sachin Tendulkar and his wife Anjali Meanwhile , at school , he developed a reputation as a child prodigy . He had become a common conversation point in local cricketing circles , where there were suggestions already that he would become one of the greats . Sachin consistently featured in the school team in the Matunga Gujarati Seva Mandal ( MGSM ) Shield . Besides school cricket , he also played club cricket , initially representing John Bright Cricket Club in Bombay 's premier club cricket tournament , the Kanga League , and later went on to play for the Cricket Club of India . In 1987 , at the age of 14 , he attended the MRF Pace Foundation in Madras ( now Chennai ) to train as a fast bowler , but Australian fast bowler Dennis Lillee , who took a world record 355 Test wickets , was unimpressed , suggesting that Tendulkar focus on his batting instead . On 20 January 1987 , he also turned out as substitute for Imran Khan 's side in an exhibition game at Brabourne Stadium in Bombay , to mark the golden jubilee of Cricket Club of India . A couple of months later , former Indian batsman Sunil Gavaskar gave him a pair of his own ultra light pads and consoled him to not get disheartened for not getting the Bombay Cricket Association 's `` Best junior cricket award '' ( He was 14 years that time ) . `` It was the greatest source of encouragement for me , '' Tendulkar said nearly 20 years later after surpassing Gavaskar 's world record of 34 Test centuries . Sachin served as a ball boy in the 1987 Cricket World Cup when India played against England in the semifinal in Bombay . In his season in 1988 , Tendulkar scored a century in every innings he played . He was involved in an unbroken 664 - run partnership in a Lord Harris Shield inter-school game against St. Xavier 's High School in 1988 with his friend and teammate Vinod Kambli , who would also go on to represent India . The destructive pair reduced one bowler to tears and made the rest of the opposition unwilling to continue the game . Tendulkar scored 326 ( not out ) in this innings and scored over a thousand runs in the tournament . This was a record partnership in any form of cricket until 2006 , when it was broken by two under - 13 batsmen in a match held at Hyderabad in India . Early domestic career On 14 November 1987 , Tendulkar was selected to represent Bombay in the Ranji Trophy , India 's premier domestic First - class cricket tournament , for the 1987 -- 88 season . However , he was not selected for the final eleven in any of the matches , though he was often used as a substitute fielder . He narrowly missed out on playing alongside his idol Gavaskar , who had retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup . A year later , on 11 December 1988 , aged 15 years and 232 days , Tendulkar made his debut for Bombay against Gujarat at home and scored 100 not out in that match , making him the youngest Indian to score a century on debut in first - class cricket . He was handpicked to play for the team by the then Bombay captain Dilip Vengsarkar after watching him easily negotiating India 's best fast bowler at the time , Kapil Dev , in the Wankhede Stadium nets , where the Indian team had come to play against the touring New Zealand team . He followed this by scoring a century in his first Deodhar and Duleep Trophies , which are also Indian domestic tournaments . Tendulkar ( left ) with former Vice president of BCCI , late Dnyaneshwar Agashe ( center ) and Sourav Ganguly ( right ) Tendulkar finished the 1988 -- 89 season as Bombay 's highest run - scorer . He scored 583 runs at an average of 67.77 , and was the sixth highest run - scorer overall He also made an unbeaten century in the Irani Trophy match against Delhi at the start of the 1989 -- 90 season , playing for the Rest of India . Sachin was picked for a young Indian team to tour England twice , under the Star Cricket Club banner in 1988 and 1989 . In the famous 1990 -- 91 Ranji Trophy final , in which Haryana defeated Bombay by two runs after leading in the first innings , Tendulkar 's 96 from 75 deliveries was a key to giving Bombay a chance of victory as it attempted to chase 355 from only 70 overs on the final day . His first double century ( 204 * ) was for Mumbai while playing against the visiting Australian team at the Brabourne Stadium in 1998 . He is the only player to score a century on debut in all three of his domestic first - class tournaments ( the Ranji , Irani , and Duleep Trophies ) . Another double century was an innings of 233 * against Tamil Nadu in the semi-finals of the 2000 Ranji Trophy , which he regards as one of the best innings of his career . Yorkshire In 1992 , at the age of 19 , Tendulkar became the first overseas - born player to represent Yorkshire , which prior to Tendulkar joining the team , never selected players even from other English counties . Selected for Yorkshire as a replacement for the injured Australian fast bowler Craig McDermott , Tendulkar played 16 first - class matches for the county and scored 1070 runs at an average of 46.52 . International career Early career Raj Singh Dungarpur is credited for the selection of Tendulkar for the Indian tour of Pakistan in late 1989 , after one first class season . The Indian selection committee had shown interest in selecting Tendulkar for the tour of the West Indies held earlier that year , but eventually did not select him , as they did not want him to be exposed to the dominant fast bowlers of the West Indies so early in his career . Tendulkar made his Test debut against Pakistan in Karachi in November 1989 aged 16 years and 205 days . He made 15 runs , being bowled by Waqar Younis , who also made his debut in that match , but was noted for how he handled numerous blows to his body at the hands of the Pakistani pace attack . In the fourth and final Test in Sialkot , he was hit on the nose by a bouncer bowled by Younis , but he declined medical assistance and continued to bat even as he gushed blood from it . In a 20 - over exhibition game in Peshawar , held in parallel with the bilateral series , Tendulkar made 53 runs off 18 balls , including an over in which he scored 27 runs ( 6 , 4 , 0 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) off leg - spinner Abdul Qadir . This was later called `` one of the best innings I have seen '' by the then Indian captain Krishnamachari Srikkanth . In all , he scored 215 runs at an average of 35.83 in the Test series , and was dismissed without scoring a run in the only One Day International ( ODI ) he played . Thus Sachin Tendulkar became the youngest player to debut for India in Tests at the age of 16 years and 205 days and also the youngest player to debut for India in ODIs at the age of 16 years and 238 days . The series was followed by a tour of New Zealand in which he scored 117 runs at an average of 29.25 in Tests including an innings of 88 in the second Test . He was dismissed without scoring in one of the two one - day games he played , and scored 36 in the other . On his next tour , a summer tour to England of 1990 , on 14 August , he became the second youngest cricketer to score a Test century as he made 119 not out in the second Test at Old Trafford in Manchester , an innings which contributed to a draw and saved India from certain defeat in the match . Wisden described his innings as `` a disciplined display of immense maturity '' and also wrote : He looked the embodiment of India 's famous opener , Gavaskar , and indeed was wearing a pair of his pads . While he displayed a full repertoire of strokes in compiling his maiden Test hundred , most remarkable were his off - side shots from the back foot . Though only 5ft 5in tall , he was still able to control without difficulty short deliveries from the English pacemen . Tendulkar further enhanced his reputation as a future great during the 1991 -- 92 tour of Australia held before the 1992 Cricket World Cup , that included an unbeaten 148 in the third Test at Sydney , making him the youngest batsman to score a century in Australia . He then scored 114 on a fast , bouncing pitch in the final Test at Perth against a pace attack comprising Merv Hughes , Bruce Reid and Craig McDermott . Hughes commented to Allan Border at the time that `` This little prick 's going to get more runs than you , AB . '' Rise through the ranks Tendulkar 's performance through the years 1994 -- 1999 coincided with his physical peak , in his early twenties . He opened the batting at Auckland against New Zealand in 1994 , making 82 runs off 49 balls . He scored his first ODI century on 9 September 1994 against Australia in Sri Lanka at Colombo . It took him 78 ODIs to score his first century . Tendulkar waits at the bowler 's end . Tendulkar 's rise continued when he was the leading run scorer at the 1996 World Cup , scoring two centuries . He was the only Indian batsman to perform well in the semi-final against Sri Lanka . Tendulkar fell amid a batting collapse and the match referee , Clive Lloyd , awarded Sri Lanka the match after the crowd began rioting and throwing litter onto the field . After the World Cup , in the same year against Pakistan at Sharjah , Indian captain Mohammed Azharuddin was going through a lean patch . Tendulkar and Navjot Singh Sidhu both made centuries to set a then record partnership for the second wicket . After getting out , Tendulkar found Azharuddin in two minds about whether he should bat . Tendulkar convinced Azharuddin to bat and Azharuddin subsequently unleashed 24 runs off one over . India went on to win that match . It enabled India to post a score in excess of 300 runs for the first time in an ODI . This was the beginning of a period at the top of the batting world , culminating in the Australian tour of India in early 1998 , with Tendulkar scoring three consecutive centuries . The focus was on the clash between Tendulkar , the world 's most dominating batsman and Shane Warne , the world 's leading spinner , both at the peak of their careers , clashing in a Test series . In the lead - up to the series , Tendulkar simulated scenarios in the nets with Laxman Sivaramakrishnan , the former India leg spinner , donning the role of Warne . In their tour opener , Australia faced the then Ranji Champions Mumbai at the Brabourne Stadium in a three - day first class match . Tendulkar made an unbeaten 204 as Shane Warne conceded 111 runs in 16 overs and Australia lost the match within three days . He also had a role with the ball in the five - match ODI series in India following the Tests , including a five wicket haul in an ODI in Kochi . Set 310 runs to win , Australia were cruising at 203 for 3 in the 31st over when Tendulkar turned the match for India , taking the wickets of Michael Bevan , Steve Waugh , Darren Lehmann , Tom Moody and Damien Martyn for 32 runs in 10 overs . The Test match success was followed by two consecutive centuries in April 1998 in a Triangular cricket tournament in Sharjah -- the first in a must - win game to take India to the finals and then again in the finals , both against Australia . These twin knocks were also known as the Desert Storm innings . Following the series , Warne ruefully joked that he was having nightmares about his Indian nemesis . Tendulkar 's contribution in the ICC 1998 quarterfinal at Dhaka paved the way for India 's entry into the semifinals , when he took four Australian wickets after scoring 141 runs in 128 balls . The inaugural Asian Test Championship took place in February and March 1999 , involving India , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . In the first match , between India and Pakistan in Eden Gardens , Tendulkar was run out for nine after colliding with Pakistan bowler Shoaib Akhtar . Around 100,000 people came to support India during the initial four days of the tournament , breaking a 63 - year - old record for aggregate Test attendance record . The crowd 's reaction to Tendulkar 's dismissal was to throw objects at Akhtar , and the players were taken off the field . The match resumed after Tendulkar and the president of the ICC appealed to the crowd ; however , further rioting meant that the match was finished in front of a crowd of 200 people . Tendulkar scored his 19th Test century in the second Test and the match resulted in a draw with Sri Lanka . India did not progress to the final , which was won by Pakistan , and refused to participate the next time the championship was held due to increasing political tensions between India and Pakistan . In the Test against Pakistan at Chepauk in 1999 , the first of a two - Test series , Sachin scored 136 in the fourth innings with India chasing 271 for victory . However , he was out when India needed 17 more runs to win , triggering a batting collapse , and India lost the match by 12 runs . The worst was yet to come as Professor Ramesh Tendulkar , Sachin 's father , died in the middle of the 1999 Cricket World Cup . Tendulkar flew back to India to attend the final rituals of his father , missing the match against Zimbabwe . However , he returned to the World Cup scoring a century ( 140 not out off 101 balls ) in his very next match against Kenya in Bristol . He dedicated this century to his father . Captaincy Tendulkar 's record as captain Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Win % Test 25 9 12 0 -- 16 % ODI 73 23 43 -- 6 31.50 % Tendulkar 's two tenures as captain of the Indian cricket team were not very successful . When Tendulkar took over as captain in 1996 , it was with huge hopes and expectations . However , by 1997 the team was performing poorly . Azharuddin was credited with saying `` Nahin jeetega ! Chote ki naseeb main jeet nahin hai ! '' , which translates into : `` He wo n't win ! It 's not in the small one 's destiny ! '' . Tendulkar , succeeding Azharuddin as captain for his second term , led India on a tour of Australia , where the visitors were beaten 3 -- 0 by the newly crowned world champions . Tendulkar , however , won the player of the series award as well as player of the match in one of the games . After another Test series defeat , this time by a 0 -- 2 margin at home against South Africa , Tendulkar resigned , and Sourav Ganguly took over as captain in 2000 . During the Indian team 's 2007 tour of England , the desire of Rahul Dravid to resign from the captaincy became known . The BCCI President Sharad Pawar offered the captaincy to Tendulkar , who instead recommended Mahendra Singh Dhoni to take over the reins . Pawar later revealed this conversation , crediting Tendulkar for first forwarding the name of Dhoni , who since achieved much success as captain . Mike Denness incident Main article : Mike Denness and Indian cricket team incident In India 's 2001 tour of South Africa in the second test match between India and South Africa at St George 's Park , Port Elizabeth , match referee Mike Denness fined four Indian players for excessive appealing , as well as fined the Indian captain Sourav Ganguly for not controlling his team . Tendulkar was given a suspended ban of one game by Denness in light of alleged ball tampering . Television cameras picked up images that suggested Tendulkar may have been involved in cleaning the seam of the cricket ball . This can , under some conditions , amount to altering the condition of the ball . Denness found Sachin Tendulkar guilty of ball tampering charges and handed him a one Test match ban . The incident escalated to include sports journalists accusing Denness of racism , and led to Denness being barred from entering the venue of the third Test match . The ICC revoked the status of the match as a Test as the teams rejected the appointed referee . The charges against Tendulkar and Sehwag 's ban for excessive appealing triggered a massive backlash from the Indian public . Injuries and decline amid surpassing Bradman 's haul Sachin Tendulkar continued performing well in Test cricket in 2001 and 2002 , with some pivotal performances with both bat and ball . Tendulkar took three wickets on the final day of the famous Kolkata Test against Australia in 2001 . Tendulkar took the key wickets of Matthew Hayden and Adam Gilchrist , who were centurions in the previous Test. He also take a wicket of Shane Warne. This three wicket change the result of test match from draw to win of India . In the five - match ODI series that followed , he took his 100th wicket in ODIs , claiming the wicket of then Australian captain Steve Waugh in the final match at the Fatorda Stadium in Goa . In the 2002 series in the West Indies , Tendulkar started well , scoring 79 in the first Test . In the second Test at Port of Spain , Sachin Tendulkar scored 117 in the first innings , his 29th Test century in his 93rd Test match , to equal Sir Donald Bradman 's record of 29 Test hundreds. He was awarded by Sports car `` Ferrari '' by Michael Schumacher for achieving this feat . Decline phase of career Then , in a hitherto unprecedented sequence , he scored 0 , 0 , 8 and 0 in the next four innings . He returned to form in the last Test scoring 41 and 86 , one half century . However , India lost the series . In this period , in the third Test match against England in August 2002 , Sachin scored his 30th Test century to surpass Bradman 's haul , in his 99th Test match . 2003 cricket World Cup Tendulkar made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup , helping India reach the final . While Australia retained the trophy that they had won in 1999 , Tendulkar was given the Man of the Tournament award . He continued to score heavily in ODI cricket that year , with two hundreds in a tri-series involving New Zealand and Australia . As a part - time bowler , he dismissed an exhausted centurion , Matthew Hayden in the tri-series final . 2003 tour of Australia The drawn series as India toured Australia in 2003 -- 04 saw Tendulkar making his mark in the last Test of the series , with 241 not out from 436 ball by 33 four at strike rate of 55.27 in Sydney , putting India in a virtually unbeatable position. He spend 613 minut at crease. India have a first inning score of 705 / 7 . He followed up the innings with an unbeaten 60 in the second innings of the Test . Prior to this Test match , he had had an unusually horrible run of form , failing in all six innings in the preceding three Tests . It was no aberration that 2003 was his worst year in Test cricket , with an average of 17.25 and just one fifty . Tendulkar scored an unbeaten 194 against Pakistan at Multan in the following series . Indian captain Rahul Dravid declared before Tendulkar reached 200 ; had he done so it would have been the fourth time he had passed the landmark in Tests . Tendulkar said that he was disappointed and that the declaration had taken him by surprise . Many former cricketers commented that Dravid 's declaration was in bad taste . After the match , which India won , Dravid said that the matter had been discussed internally and put to rest . A tennis elbow injury then took its toll on Tendulkar , leaving him out of the side for most of the year , coming back only for the last two Tests when Australia toured India in 2004 . He played a part in India 's victory in Mumbai in that series with a fast 55 , though Australia took the series 2 -- 1 . On 10 December 2005 at Feroz Shah Kotla , Tendulkar scored his record - breaking 35th Test century , against the Sri Lankans . After this , Tendulkar endured the longest spell of his career without a Test century : 17 innings elapsed before he scored 101 against Bangladesh in May 2007 . Tendulkar scored his 39th ODI hundred on 6 February 2006 in a match against Pakistan . He followed with a 42 in the second One - Day International against Pakistan on 11 February 2006 , and then a 95 in hostile , seaming conditions on 13 February 2006 in Lahore , which set up an Indian victory . On 19 March 2006 , after being dismissed for only one run against England in the first innings of the third Test in his home ground , Wankhede , Tendulkar was booed off the ground by a section of the crowd , the first time that he had ever faced such flak . Tendulkar ended the three - Test series without a half - century to his credit , and the need for a shoulder operation raised more questions about his longevity . Tendulkar 's comeback came in the DLF cup in Malaysia and he was the only Indian batsman to shine . In his comeback match , against West Indies on 14 September 2006 , Tendulkar responded to his critics who believed that his career was inexorably sliding with his 40th ODI century . Though he scored 141 not out , West Indies won the rain - affected match by the D / L method . 2007 cricket World Cup During the preparation for the 2007 World Cup , Tendulkar 's attitude was criticised by Indian team coach Greg Chappell . Chappell reportedly felt that Tendulkar would be more useful down the order , while the latter felt that he would be better off opening the innings , the role he had played for most of his career . Chappell also believed that Tendulkar 's repeated failures were hurting the team 's chances . In a rare show of emotion , Tendulkar hit out at the comments attributed to Chappell by pointing out that no coach had ever suggested his attitude towards cricket was incorrect . On 7 April 2007 , the Board of Control for Cricket in India issued a notice to Tendulkar asking for an explanation for his comments made to the media . Chappell subsequently resigned as coach but said that this affair had no bearing on his decision and that he and Tendulkar were on good terms . At the World Cup in the West Indies , Tendulkar and the Indian cricket team led by Rahul Dravid had a dismal campaign . Tendulkar , who was pushed to bat lower down the order had scores of 7 against Bangladesh , 57 not out against Bermuda and 0 against Sri Lanka . As a result , former Australian captain Ian Chappell , brother of Greg , called for Tendulkar to retire in his newspaper column . Return to old form and consistency See also : List of batsmen who have scored over 10000 One Day International cricket runs In the subsequent Test series against Bangladesh , Tendulkar returned to his opening slot and was chosen as the Man of the Series . He continued by scoring 99 and 93 in the first two matches of the Future Cup against South Africa . During the second match , he also became the first to score 15,000 runs in ODIs . He was the leading run scorer and was adjudged the Man of the Series . Tendulkar celebrates upon reaching his 38th Test century against Australia in the 2nd Test at the SCG in 2008 , where he finished not out on 154 On the second day of the Nottingham Test on 28 July 2007 , Tendulkar became the third cricketer to complete 11,000 Test runs . In the subsequent one - day series against England , Tendulkar was the leading run scorer from India with an average of 53.42 . In the ODI Series against Australia in October 2007 Tendulkar was the leading Indian run scorer with 278 runs . Tendulkar was dismissed seven times in 2007 between 90 and 100 , including three times at 99 , leading some to suggestions that he struggles to cope with nervousness in this phase of his innings . Tendulkar has got out 27 times in the 90s during his international career . In a five - ODI series against Pakistan , he was caught by Kamran Akmal off the bowling of Umar Gul for 99 in the second match at Mohali , and in the fourth match of that series , he got out in the 90s for a second time , scoring 97 before dragging a delivery from Gul on to his stumps . 2007 -- 08 tour of Australia In the Border - Gavaskar Trophy , 2007 -- 08 , Tendulkar showed exceptional form , becoming the leading run scorer with 493 runs in four Tests , despite consistently failing in the second innings . Sachin scored 62 runs in the first innings of the first Test at the MCG in Melbourne , but could not prevent a heavy 337 - run win for Australia . In the controversial New Years ' Test at Sydney , Tendulkar scored an unbeaten 154 , even though India lost the Test . This was his third century at the SCG and his 38th Test century overall , earning him an average of 326 at the ground at the time of completing the innings . In the third Test at the WACA cricket ground in Perth , Sachin was instrumental in India 's first innings score of 330 , scoring a well - compiled 71 . India went on to record a historic triumph at the WACA , ending Australia 's run of 16 consecutive wins . In the fourth Test at the Adelaide Oval , which ended in a draw , he scored 153 in the first innings , being involved in a crucial 126 run stand with V.V.S. Laxman for the fifth wicket to lead India to a score of 282 for 5 from 156 for 4 . He secured the Man of the Match award . In the One - Day International Commonwealth Bank Tri-Series involving India , Sri Lanka and Australia , Tendulkar became the only batsman to complete 16,000 runs in ODIs . He achieved this feat against Sri Lanka on 5 February 2008 at the Gabba in Brisbane . He started the series wth scores of 10 , 35 , 44 and 32 . His form dipped a bit in the middle of the tournament , but Tendulkar came back strongly in India 's must - win game against Sri Lanka at the Bellerive Oval in Hobart , scoring 63 off 54 balls . He finished the series with a match winning 117 not out off 120 balls in the first final , and 91 runs in the second final . Home series against South Africa Sachin Tendulkar 's Test cricket record Matches Runs Best Average 100s 50s Home 94 7216 217 52.67 22 32 Away 106 8705 248 * 54.74 29 36 South Africa toured in March and April 2008 for a three - Test series . Tendulkar scored a five - ball duck in his only innings of the series ; he sustained a groin strain in the match and as a result was forced not only to miss the second and third Tests , but also the tri-series involving Bangladesh , the 2008 Asia Cup , and the first half of the inaugural season of the IPL . Sri Lanka series Before the Indian cricket team 's tour of Sri Lanka in July 2008 , Tendulkar needed 177 runs to go past Brian Lara 's record of Test 11,953 runs . However , he failed in all six innings , scoring a total of 95 runs . India lost the series and his average of 15.83 was his worst in a Test series with at least three matches . Return to form and breaking Brian Lara 's record In the following ODI series against Sri Lanka , Tendulkar was sidelined due to injury . However , during the following Australia tour of India , he returned to fitness and form , scoring 13 and 49 in the first Test before making 88 in the first innings of the second Test , breaking the record for most number of Test runs held by Brian Lara . He also reached the 12,000 run mark when he was on 61 . He described the achievement as the biggest in 19 years of his career on the day he achieved the record . He made a fifty in the third Test and 109 in the fourth , as India won the series 2 -- 0 and regained the Border - Gavaskar Trophy . ODI and Test series against England Tendulkar was again out of the first three ODIs of a seven - match ODI series at home against England due to an injury , but he made 11 in the fourth ODI and 50 in the fifth , before the series was called off due to the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks , the scoreline being 5 -- 0 to India . England returned for a two - match Test series in December 2008 , and the first Test , which was originally planned to be held in Mumbai , was shifted to Chennai following the terror attacks . Chasing 387 for victory in that match , Tendulkar scored 103 not out and shared a 163 - run unbroken fifth wicket partnership with Yuvraj Singh . This was his third century in the fourth innings of a Test match , and the first which resulted in a win . He dedicated this century to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks . Tendulkar scored poorly in the second Test at Mohali , which ended in a draw . India won the series 1 -- 0 . 2009 -- 2010 See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs In early 2009 , India revisited Sri Lanka for five ODIs , as the Pakistan series had been cancelled due to the security situation in Pakistan and the attacks in Mumbai . Tendulkar scored 5 , 6 and 7 in the first three matches , being dismissed leg before wicket in all of them , and did not play in the remaining two matches . India 's next assignment was an away series against New Zealand , consisting of three Tests and five ODIs . In the ODI series , Tendulkar made an unbeaten 163 in the third match before stomach cramps forced him to end his innings . India made 392 , won the match and eventually won the series 3 -- 1 . Tendulkar made 160 in the first Test , his 42nd Test century , and India won . He made 49 and 64 in the second Test and 62 and 9 in the third , in which play was halted on the last day due to rain with India needing only two wickets to win . India won the series 1 -- 0 . Tendulkar rested himself for the ODI tour of West Indies , but was back for the Compaq Cup Tri Series between India , Sri Lanka and New Zealand in early September 2009 . He made 46 and 27 in the league matches before notching up 138 in the final , as India made 319 and won by 46 runs . This was Tendulkar 's sixth century in a final of an ODI tournament and his third consecutive score of over 50 in such finals . Tendulkar played only one innings in the ICC Champions trophy in South Africa , scoring 8 against Pakistan as India lost . The next match against Australia was abandoned due to rain and he was out with a stomach infection in the third match against the West Indies , as India were eliminated . Australia returned for a seven - match ODI series in India in October , and Tendulkar made 14 , 4 , 32 and 40 in the first four games . In the fifth match , with the series tied at 2 -- 2 , Australia amassed 350 / 4 in 50 overs . Tendulkar made his 45th ODI hundred , a 175 off 141 balls . Just when it seemed that he would steer India to the large victory target , he tried to scoop a slower delivery from debutant bowler Clint McKay over short fine leg only to be caught by Nathan Hauritz , with India needing 19 runs to win with 18 balls and four wickets left . The Indian tail collapsed , and Australia won the match by three runs . During this match , Tendulkar also became the first player to reach 17,000 ODI runs , and achieved his personal best against Australia , as well as the third highest score in a defeat . In the five - match ODI series against Sri Lanka in 2009 -- 10 , Tendulkar scored 69 , 43 , 96 not out and 8 in the first four matches , with the fifth match being abandoned as the pitch was deemed unfit and potentially dangerous . India won the series 3 -- 1 . In the Test series that followed , he scored a 100 not out in the first Test , which was drawn , and 40 and 53 in the second and third Tests respectively as India clinched innings victories in both the Tests , to win the series 2 -- 0 . Sachin rested himself for the ODI tri-series in Bangladesh in 2010 , but played in the subsequent Test series . He made 105 not out and 16 in the first Test , and 143 in the second . India won both the Tests . In the two - Test Series against South Africa , Tendulkar made 7 and 100 in the first Test . He then scored 106 in the first innings of the second Test , which was his 47th hundred in Test cricket . It was also his fourth hundred in successive Tests , and he was the fourth Indian to achieve this feat . In the second match of the subsequent ODI series , Tendulkar scored 200 not out , becoming the world 's first batsman to score a double century in ODI cricket and breaking the previous highest score of 194 jointly held by Pakistan 's Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwe 's Charles Coventry . Tendulkar 's shot to reach 14,000 Test runs . He was batting against Australia in October 2010 . 2011 World Cup and after From February to April , Bangladesh , India , and Sri Lanka hosted the 2011 World Cup . Amassing 482 runs at an average of 53.55 including two centuries , Tendulkar was India 's leading run - scorer for the tournament ; only Tillakaratne Dilshan of Sri Lanka scored more runs in the 2011 tournament . India defeated Sri Lanka in the final . Shortly after the victory , Tendulkar commented that `` Winning the World Cup is the proudest moment of my life ... I could n't control my tears of joy . '' Tendulkar 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Test 200 72 56 72 0 -- ODI 463 234 200 -- 5 24 T20I -- -- -- -- India were due to tour the West Indies in June , although Tendulkar chose not to participate . He returned to the squad in July for India 's tour of England . Throughout the tour there was much hype in the media about whether Tendulkar would reach his 100th century in international cricket ( Test and ODIs combined ) . However his highest score in the Tests was 91 ; Tendulkar averaged 34.12 in the series as England won 4 -- 0 as they deposed India as the No. 1 ranked Test side . The injury Tendulkar sustained to his right foot in 2001 flared up and as a result he was ruled out of the ODI series that followed . Tendulkar created another record on 8 November 2011 when he became the first cricketer to score 15,000 runs in Test cricket , during the opening Test match against the West Indies at the Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium in New Delhi . Ian Chappell was not happy with Sachin 's performance after India 's tour of Australia . He says that Sachin 's quest for his 100th hundred has proved to be a hurdle for the entire team and has hampered their performance on the Tour of Australia . Former India World Cup winning captain and all - rounder Kapil Dev has also voiced his opinion that Sachin should have retired from ODI 's after the World Cup . Former Australian fast bowler , Geoff Lawson , has said that Sachin has the right to decide when to quit although he adds that Tendulkar should not delay it for too long . The selection committee of BCCI expectedly included Sachin in the national Test squad for the upcoming series against New Zealand commencing in August 2012 . 100th international century Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred on 16 March 2012 , at Mirpur against Bangladesh in the Asia Cup . He became the first person in history to achieve this feat , which was also his first ODI hundred against Bangladesh . He said `` It 's been a tough phase for me ... I was not thinking about the milestone , the media started all this , wherever I went , the restaurant , room service , everyone was talking about the 100th hundred . Nobody talked about my 99 hundreds . It became mentally tough for me because nobody talked about my 99 hundreds . '' Despite Tendulkar 's century , India failed to win the match against Bangladesh , losing by 5 wickets . Return to Ranji Trophy After being bowled out in three similar instances against New Zealand and hitting a slump in form , Tendulkar returned to the Ranji Trophy to get back some form ahead of the England Series at home , in a match for Mumbai against Railways on 2 November 2012 . This was his first Ranji Trophy match since 2009 . He scored 137 off 136 balls , with 21 fours and 3 sixes , to take his team to 344 for 4 at stumps on day one . However , because of a poor form in the first two Tests in the series against England , and India being humiliated in the second match of that series by 10 wickets on 26 November 2012 , some people have started to question his place in the Indian team . A report by The Hindustan Times said that Tendulkar had a discussion with the national chief selector Sandeep Patil , in which he said that he would leave it to the selectors to decide on his future as he is not getting any runs . This speculation , however , was later considered to be false . Then he decided to play in the knockout stage of the 2012 - 13 Ranji Trophy . He scored 108 in the quarter final against Baroda before being bowled by Murtuja Vahora , where Sachin was involved in a 234 - run partnership with opener Wasim Jaffer ( 150 ) for the 3rd wicket at Wankhede Stadium . Mumbai eventually piled on 645 / 9 and won on 1st innings lead . In the semi final against Services at Palam A Ground , with Mumbai reeling at 23 / 3 , Sachin scored 56 from 75 balls and had an 81 - run 4th wicket partnership with Abhishek Nayar ( 70 ) , and Mumbai eventually won on 1st innings lead after the match went into the sixth day due to rain delays . In the final against Saurashtra , he was run out for 22 following a misunderstanding with Wasim Jaffer . Mumbai eventually won the Ranji Trophy 2012 -- 13 . He also played in the Irani Trophy for Mumbai , where he scored 140 * against Rest of India and helped Mumbai to score 409 in reply to Rest of India 's 526 . This was also his 81st hundred in first - class cricket , equalling Sunil Gavaskar 's Indian record for most first - class hundreds . Retirement Sachin fielding at 199th Test match in Eden Gardens ( he is seen wearing a hat ) For more details on 200th and final Test match , see West Indian cricket team in India in 2013 -- 14 . Following poor performance in the 2012 series against England , Tendulkar announced his retirement from One Day Internationals on 23 December 2012 , while noting that he will be available for Test cricket . In response to the news , former India captain Sourav Ganguly noted that Tendulkar could have played the up - coming series against Pakistan , while Anil Kumble said it would be `` tough to see an Indian ( ODI ) team list without Tendulkar 's name in it '' , and Javagal Srinath mentioned that Tendulkar `` changed the way ODIs were played right from the time he opened in New Zealand in 1994 '' . After playing a Twenty20 International in 2006 against South Africa , he said that he would not play the format again . He announced his retirement from the IPL after his team , Mumbai Indians , beat Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs at the Eden Gardens in Kolkata on 26 May to win the Indian Premier League 2013 . He retired from Twenty20 cricket and limited - overs cricket , after playing the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 in September -- October 2013 in India for Mumbai Indians . On 10 October 2013 Tendulkar announced that he would retire from all cricket after the two - Test series against West Indies in November . On his request , the BCCI arranged that the two matches were played at Kolkata and Mumbai so that the farewell happened at his home ground . He scored 74 runs in his last Test innings against West Indies , thus failing short by 79 runs to complete 16,000 runs in Test cricket . The Cricket Association of Bengal and the Mumbai Cricket Association organised events to mark his retirement from the sport . Various national and international figures from cricket , politics , Bollywood and other fields spoke about him in a day - long Salaam Sachin Conclave organised by India Today . In July 2014 , he captained the MCC side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord 's . In December 2014 , he was announced ambassador of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 event . It is his second term as he has already held the ambassador of the previous ICC Cricket world cup 2011 . So he is heading the ambassador position of the ICC Cricket world cup in consecutive terms of the cricket world cup ( 2011 and 2015 ) . Indian Premier League and Champions League IPL Batting Statics of Sachin Tendulkar Season Team Match Inning Run HS Ave SR 100 50 Four Six 2008 Mumbai Indians 7 7 188 65 31.33 106.21 0 26 2009 13 13 364 68 33.09 120.13 0 39 10 15 15 618 89 47.54 132.62 0 5 86 2011 16 16 553 100 42.54 113.32 67 5 2012 13 13 324 74 29.45 114.49 0 39 2013 14 14 287 54 22.08 124.24 0 38 5 Total 78 78 2334 100 34.84 119.82 13 295 29 Tendulkar 's record in Twenty20 matches Matches Runs HS 100s 50s Avg . T20I 10 10 0 0 10.00 IPL 78 2334 100 * 13 34.83 CLT20 13 265 69 0 20.38 Tendulkar was made the icon player and captain for his home side , the Mumbai Indians in the inaugural Indian Premier League Twenty20 competition in 2008 . As an icon player , he was signed for a sum of US $1,121,250 , 15 % more than the second - highest paid player in the team , Sanath Jayasuriya . In 2010 edition of Indian Premier League , Mumbai Indians reached the final of the tournament . Tendulkar made 618 runs in 14 innings during the tournament , breaking Shaun Marsh 's record of most runs in an IPL season . He was declared player of the tournament for his performance during the season . He also won Best Batsman and Best Captain awards at 2010 IPL Awards ceremony . Sachin has scored more than 500 runs in IPL in two different seasons as a captain . Sachin Tendulkar captained Mumbai Indians in 4 league matches of second edition of the league . He scored 68 in the first match and 48 against Guyana . But Mumbai Indians failed to qualify for semifinals after losing the initial two matches . Tendulkar scored 135 runs . In the 2011 IPL , against Kochi Tuskers Kerala , Tendulkar scored his maiden Twenty20 hundred . He scored 100 not out off 66 balls . In 51 matches in the IPL Tendulkar has scored 1,723 runs , making him the second - highest run - scorer in the competition 's history . In 2013 , Sachin retired from Indian Premier League and currently in 2014 he is appointed as the Mumbai Indian Team 's ' Icon ' . Playing style Tendulkar plays a wristy leg - side flick Tendulkar is cross-dominant : he bats , bowls and throws with his right hand , but writes with his left hand . He also practices left - handed throws at the nets on a regular basis . Cricinfo columnist Sambit Bal has described him as the `` most wholesome batsman of his time '' . His batting is based on complete balance and poise while limiting unnecessary movements and flourishes . He appears to show little preference for the slow and low wickets which are typical in India , and has scored many centuries on the hard , bouncy pitches in South Africa and Australia . He is known for his unique punch style of hitting the ball over square . He is also renowned for his picture - perfect straight drive , often completed with no follow - through . The straight drive is often said to be his favourite shot . In 2008 , Sunil Gavaskar , in an article he wrote in the AFP , remarked that `` it is hard to imagine any player in the history of the game who combines classical technique with raw aggression like the little champion does '' . Sir Donald Bradman , considered by many as the greatest batsman of all time , considered Tendulkar to have a batting style similar to his . In his biography , it is stated that `` Bradman was most taken by Tendulkar 's technique , compactness and shot production , and had asked his wife to have a look at Tendulkar , having felt that Tendulkar played like him . Bradman 's wife , Jessie , agreed that they did appear similar . '' Tendulkar at the crease , getting ready to face a delivery Former Australian cricket team coach John Buchanan voiced his opinion that Tendulkar had become susceptible to the short ball early in his innings because of a lack of footwork. Buchanan also believes Tendulkar has a weakness while playing left - arm pace . He was affected by a series of injuries since 2004 . Since then Tendulkar 's batting has tended to be less attacking . Explaining this change in his batting style , he has acknowledged that he is batting differently because , firstly , no batsman can bat the same way for the entire length of a long career and , secondly , he is a senior member of the team now and thus has more responsibility . During the early part of his career , he was a more attacking batsman and frequently scored centuries at close to a run a ball . Ian Chappell , former Australian player , remarked in 2007 that `` Tendulkar now , is nothing like the player he was when he was a young bloke '' . Tendulkar has incorporated several modern and unorthodox strokes into his repertoire , including the paddle sweep , the scoop over short fine leg and the slash to third man over the slips ' heads , over the last seven or eight years . He is often praised for his ability to adapt to the needs of his body and yet keep scoring consistently . Tendulkar has taken 201 wickets across all three formats of the international game . While Tendulkar is not a regular bowler , he can bowl medium pace , leg spin , and off spin . He often bowls when two batsmen of the opposite team have been batting together for a long period , as he can often be a useful partnership breaker . With his bowling , he has helped secure an Indian victory on more than one occasion . He has taken 201 international wickets -- 46 in Tests , 154 in ODIs where he is India 's tenth highest wicket taker , and one wicket in Twenty20 Internationals . Fan following Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary , a fan of Tendulkar who earned the privilege of tickets to all of India 's home games Tendulkar 's consistent performances earned him a fan following across the globe , including amongst Australian crowds , where Tendulkar has consistently scored centuries . One of the most popular sayings by his fans is `` Cricket is my religion and Sachin is my God '' . Cricinfo mentions in his profile that `` ... Tendulkar remains , by a distance , the most worshipped cricketer in the world . '' During the Australian tour of India in 1998 Matthew Hayden said `` I have seen God . He bats at no . 4 in India in Tests . '' However , on God , Tendulkar himself is reported to have said `` I am not God of cricket . I make mistakes , God does n't . '' Tendulkar made a special appearance in the Bollywood film Stumped in 2003 , appearing as himself . There have been many instances when Tendulkar 's fans have undertaken extreme activities over his dismissal in the game . As reported by many Indian newspapers , a person hanged himself due to distress over Tendulkar 's failure to reach his 100th century . At home in Mumbai , Tendulkar 's fan following has caused him to lead a different lifestyle . Ian Chappell has said that he would be unable to cope with the lifestyle Tendulkar was forced to lead , having to `` wear a wig and go out and watch a movie only at night '' . In an interview with Tim Sheridan , Tendulkar admitted that he sometimes went for quiet drives in the streets of Mumbai late at night when he would be able to enjoy some peace and silence . Tendulkar has a presence in the popular social networking site Twitter with the user name sachin_rt , since May 2010 . Achievements and Awards Main articles : Achievements of Sachin Tendulkar and List of ODI Awards for Sachin Tendulkar See also : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) Tendulkar 's Wax Statue in Madame Tussauds , London Centuries against different nations Test ODI Australia 11 9 Sri Lanka 9 8 South Africa 7 5 England 7 New Zealand 5 West Indies Zimbabwe 5 Pakistan 5 Bangladesh 5 Kenya NA Namibia NA Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run scorer in Tests , with 15,921 runs , as well as in One - Day Internationals , with 18,426 runs . He is the only player to score more than 30,000 runs in all forms of international cricket ( Tests , ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals ) . He is the 16th player and the first Indian to score 50,000 runs in all forms of domestic and international recognised cricket ( First - class , List A and Twenty20 ) . He achieved this feat on 5 October 2013 , during a Champions League Twenty20 match for his IPL team Mumbai Indians against Trinidad and Tobago . He also holds the record of the highest number of centuries in both Tests ( 51 ) and ODIs ( 49 ) as well as in Tests and ODIs combined ( 100 ) . On 16 March 2012 , Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred . It came against Bangladesh in the league matches of Asia Cup 2012 . He is also the only player to score fifty centuries in Test cricket , and the first to score fifty centuries in all international cricket combined . He also holds the world record for playing the highest number of Test matches ( 200 ) and ODI matches ( 463 ) . Tendulkar has been part of most wins by an Indian in both Test cricket with 72 wins and ODIs with 234 wins and is third in the world in ODI victories after Ricky Ponting ( 262 wins ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( 241 wins ) . Tendulkar has scored over 1000 runs in a calendar year in ODIs 7 times , and in 1998 he scored 1,894 runs , the record for the highest number of runs scored by any player in a single calendar year for One - Day Internationals . He is the first male cricketer to score a double - century in one - day cricket . He has been Man of the Match 13 times in Test matches and Man of the Series four times , out of them twice in the Border - Gavaskar Trophy against Australia . The performances earned him respect from Australian cricket fans and players . Similarly he has been Man of the Match 62 times in One day International matches and Man of the Series 15 times . He became the first batsman to score 12,000 , 13,000 , 14,000 and 15,000 runs in Test cricket , having also been the third batsman and the first Indian to pass 11,000 runs in that form of the game . He was also the first player to score 10,000 runs in one - day internationals , and also the first player to cross every subsequent 1000 - run mark that has been crossed in ODI cricket history . In the fourth Test of the 2008 -- 09 Border - Gavaskar Trophy against Australia at Nagpur on 6 November 2008 , Tendulkar surpassed Australia 's Allan Border to become the player to cross the 50 - run mark the most number of times in Test cricket history , and also the second ever player to score 11 Test centuries against Australia , tying with Sir Jack Hobbs of England more than 70 years previously . On 8 November 2011 , Tendulkar became the first batsman to score 15,000 runs in Test Cricket . Tendulkar has consistently done well in Cricket World Cups . He was the highest run scorer of the 1996 Cricket World Cup with a total of 523 runs and also of the 2003 Cricket World Cup with 673 runs . After his century against England during group stages of 2011 Cricket World Cup , he became the player to hit most number of centuries in Cricket World Cups with six centuries and the first player to score 2000 runs in World Cup cricket . An innings - by - innings breakdown of Tendulkar 's Test match batting career showing runs scored ( red and green bars ) and the average of the last ten innings ( blue line ) National honours 1994 -- Arjuna Award , by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports . 1997 -- 98 -- Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , India 's highest honour given for achievement in sports . 1999 -- Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian award . 2001 -- Maharashtra Bhushan Award , Maharashtra State 's highest Civilian Award . 2008 -- Padma Vibhushan , India 's second highest civilian award . 2014 -- Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian award . Other honours 1997 -- Wisden Cricketer of the Year . 2002 -- In commemorating Tendulkar 's feat of equalling Don Bradman 's 29 centuries in Test Cricket , automotive company Ferrari invited him to its paddock in Silverstone on the eve of the British Grand Prix on 23 July , to receive a Ferrari 360 Modena from the F1 world champion Michael Schumacher . 2003 -- Player of the tournament in 2003 Cricket World Cup . 2004 , 2007 , 2010 -- ICC World ODI XI . 2009 , 2010 , 2011 -- ICC World Test XI . 2010 -- Outstanding Achievement in Sport and the Peoples Choice Award at The Asian Awards in London . 1998 , 2010 -- Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World . 2010 -- ICC Award - Sir Garfield Sobers trophy for cricketer of the year . 2010 -- LG People 's Choice Award . 2010 -- Made an Honorary group captain by the Indian Air Force . 2011 -- BCCI Cricketer of the Year award . 2011 -- Castrol Indian Cricketer of the Year award . 2012 -- Wisden India Outstanding Achievement award . 2012 -- Honorary Life Membership of Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) 2012 -- Honorary Member of the Order of Australia , given by the Australian government . 2013 -- Indian Postal Service released a stamp of Tendulkar and he became the second Indian after Mother Teresa to have such stamp released in their lifetime . 2017 -- The Asian Awards Fellowship Award at the 7th Asian Awards . Personal life Family On 24 May 1995 , Tendulkar married Anjali Mehta ( b . 1967 ) , a paediatrician , whom he had first met in 1990 . They have a daughter and a son , Arjun , whose skills in cricket as a teenager have been receiving attention . Beliefs Tendulkar is a practising Hindu . He is a devotee of the deity Ganesha and was a disciple of the guru Sathya Sai Baba of Puttaparthi , whom he visited on several occasions . In 1997 , Tendulkar captained the Indian National side , playing against a World Eleven team , in the Unity Cup which was held at the Sri Sathya Sai Hill View Stadium in Puttaparthi , in Baba 's presence . The death of Sai Baba on Tendulkar 's 38th birthday caused him to cancel his celebrations . The cricketer is also known to celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi at home and frequently visits temples during night when it is calm and quiet . Business interests Tendulkar 's popularity has led him to be a pioneer in India on cricket business dealings when he signed a record sports management deal with WorldTel in 1995 , the value of the deal being ₹ 30 crore ( US $4.7 million ) over five years . His next contract with WorldTel in 2001 was valued at ₹ 80 crore ( US $12 million ) over five years . In 2006 , he signed a contract with Saatchi and Saatchi 's ICONIX valued at ₹ 180 crore ( US $28 million ) over three years . Tendulkar has opened two restaurants : Tendulkar 's ( Colaba , Mumbai ) and Sachin 's ( Mulund , Mumbai ) and Bangalore . Sachin owns these restaurants in partnership with Sanjay Narang of Mars Restaurants . Tendulkar co-owns the Kochi ISL team in the Indian Super League Football in association with PVP Ventures owned by Prasad V Potluri . The team has been named as Kerala Blasters after his nickname `` Master Blaster '' . He also jointly owns the badminton team Bengaluru Blasters which participates in the Premier Badminton League . In 2013 , Tendulkar was listed at 51st position in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , with his total earnings estimated to be USD 22 million . In October 2013 , the net worth of Tendulkar was estimated at USD 160 million by Wealth X , making him India 's wealthiest cricket player . Commercial endorsements Sachin Tendulkar has been sponsored by several brands throughout his career including Boost ( 1990 -- present ) , Pepsi ( 1992 -- 2009 ) , Action Shoes ( 1995 -- 2000 ) , MRF ( 1999 -- 2009 ) , Adidas ( 2000 -- 10 ) , Britannia ( 2001 -- 07 ) , Fiat Palio ( 2001 -- 03 ) , TVS ( 2002 -- 05 ) , ESPN Star Sports ( 2002 -- present ) , Sunfeast ( 2007 -- 13 ) , Canon ( 2006 -- 09 ) , Airtel ( 2004 -- 06 ) , Reynolds ( 2007 -- present ) , G - Hanz ( 2005 -- 07 ) , Sanyo BPL ( 2007 -- present ) , Toshiba ( 2010 -- present ) , Colgate - Palmolive , Philips , VISA , Castrol India ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Ujala Techno Bright , Coca - Cola ( 2011 -- 13 ) and Musafir.com ( 2013 -- present ) . He has also been a spokesperson for National Egg Coordination Committee ( 2003 -- 05 ) , AIDS Awareness Campaign ( 2005 ) and Luminous India ( 2010 -- present ) . Rajya Sabha nomination In April 2012 , Tendulkar accepted the Rajya Sabha nomination proposed by the President of India and became the first active sportsperson and cricketer to have been nominated . Former cricketers Sanjay Manjrekar , Ajit Wadekar , Madan Lal expressed their surprise over this move . He took the oath of office on 4 June . He refused to take the bungalow allotted to him in New Delhi calling it `` waste of tax payer 's money '' as he resides in Mumbai . He met with some controversy over his attendance in Rajya Sabha proceedings . Tendulkar has also been accused of not using development fund Rajya sabha members receive . Philanthropy Tendulkar sponsors 200 underprivileged children every year through Apnalaya , a Mumbai - based NGO associated with his mother - in - law , Annabel Mehta . A request from Sachin on Twitter raised ₹ 1.02 crore ( US $160,000 ) through Sachin 's crusade against cancer for the Crusade against Cancer foundation . Sachin Tendulkar spent nine hours on the 12 - hour Coca - Cola - NDTV Support My School telethon on 18 September 2011 that helped raise ₹ 7 crore -- ₹ 2 crore more than the target -- for the creation of basic facilities , particularly toilets for girl students , in 140 government schools across the country . Autobiography Sachin Tendulkar 's autobiography , Playing It My Way , was released on 6 November 2014 . It was listed in the 2016 Limca Book of Records for breaking the record for adult hardback pre-publication orders , with 1 , 50,289 copies confirmed . Biographies Books Sachin Tendulkar has been the subject of various books . The following is the listing of books focused on Tendulkar 's career : Sachin : The Story of the World 's Greatest Batsman by Gulu Ezekiel . Publisher : Penguin Global . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 302854 - 3 Sachin Tendulkar Opus The A to Z of Sachin Tendulkar by Gulu Ezekiel . Publisher : Penguin Global . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7476 - 530 - 7 Sachin Tendulkar - a definitive biography by Vaibhav Purandare . Publisher : Roli Books . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 360 - 2 Sachin Tendulkar -- Masterful by Peter Murray , Ashish Shukla . Publisher : Rupa . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 If Cricket is a Religion , Sachin is God by Vijay Santhanam , Shyam Balasubramanian . Publisher : HarperCollins India ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 821 - 6 Master Stroke : 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar by Neelima Athalye . Publisher : Sakal Publications . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80571 - 84 - 3 Dhruvtara , a book on cricket maestro Sachin Tendulkar , was launched as an audio book on Monday , 15 October 2012 to mark White Cane Day . Sachin ke sau shatak by Dharmender Panth , a book on Tendulkar 's 100 centuries written in Hindi . ISBN 9788123765242 Sachin Tendulkar : Masterful by Peter Murray , Ashish Shukla . Publisher : Murray Advertising . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 Playing It My Way -- an autobiography . ISBN 978 - 14 - 736 - 0520 - 6 Sachin : A Hundred Hundreds Now by V. Krishnaswamy Films Sachin : A Billion Dreams , an Indian film directed by James Erskine is based on the life of Tendulkar where Tendulkar played his character himself . See also The Greatest Indian Achievements of Sachin Tendulkar Collection of quotations related to Sachin Tendulkar Indian national cricket captains List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar List of ODI awards for Sachin Tendulkar List of One Day International cricket records Politics and sports Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary Cricket portal India portal Notes Jump up ^ Craig White , although born in Yorkshire was the first player to be signed as an overseas player by Yorkshire . He had to be listed as an overseas player as he had already played for Victoria in Australia . Jump up ^ Belinda Clark of the Australian women 's cricket team was the first cricketer ( of any gender ) to score 200 or more in an ODI match . She scored 229 * in a 1997 Women 's Cricket World Cup match against Denmark . References ^ Jump up to : Bal , Sambit . `` Sachin Tendulkar -- Cricinfo Profile '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar : How the Boy Wonder became Master Blaster '' . NDTV. 6 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Gaura ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` Top guns salute Master Blaster Sachin Tendulkar '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar is greatest cricketer in history -- Brian Lara '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . `` Is Sachin Tendulkar the greatest batsman of all time ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . 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India . 24 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Badrinath , Raghuvir ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Sachin to bat for Sanyo - BPL '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar is the new face of Toshiba '' . Business Standard . 1 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sachin Tendulkar makes money faster than runs '' . The Indian Express . 19 May 1999 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin to Bat for Castrol '' . Castrol India . Archived from the original on 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ujala Techno Bright '' . Jyothy Laboratories . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coke ropes in Sachin as its ' happiness ambassador ' '' . The Economic Times . 24 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Our Bureau . `` Musafir.com to invest Rs 100 crore in India '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hatching a new game plan '' . Business Line . 2 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin & BCCI to spread AIDS Awareness message '' . Thatscricket. 22 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Luminous Signs the legend Sachin Tendulkar as Brand Ambassador '' . Technics Today . 3 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar accepts Congress 's Rajya Sabha nomination offer : reports '' . India : CNN - IBN . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Tagore , Vijay ( 28 April 2012 ) . `` Sachin Tendulkar in Parliament : House that ? '' . DNA India . Archived from the original on 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not everyone game for Sachin in Rajya Sabha '' . Hindustan Times . New Delhi . 28 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar sworn in as Rajya Sabha MP '' . The Times of India . 4 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar turns down government quarter '' . DNA Media , Mumbai . Archived from the original on 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar yet to attend parliament this year '' . The Times of India . 7 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar , Rekha spent nothing from MP development fund '' . The Times of India . 24 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin sponsors 200 children '' . thatscricket.com . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin sponsors 200 children of apnalaya '' . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar raises Rs 10 Million for Cancer Charity '' . Breakingnewsonline.net. 29 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin 's social responsibility -- Behindindia.com -- General News -- Sachin Tendulkar Apnalaya '' . behindindia.com . Archived from the original on 9 August 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Humble Sachin Tendulkar helps telethon raise Rs 7 crore for schools -- Sport -- DNA '' . Daily News and Analysis . 19 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bestselling adult hardback on release ( orders on first day of publication ) '' . Limca Book of Records . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Book : Sachin : The Story of the World 's Greatest Batsman . ISBN 0143028545 . Jump up ^ `` One Sachin Tendulkar Opus to cost $350,000 : Cricket , News '' . India Today . 5 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man of letters '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Willow talk '' . The Telegraph . Kolkota , India . 12 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar -- Masterful '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Book : If Cricket is a Religion , Sachin is God . ISBN 8172238215 . Jump up ^ `` Book : Master Stroke : 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar '' . Archived from the original on 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Express '' . Jump up ^ `` Sachin ke sau shatak '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Peter ; Shukla , Ashish ( 2002 ) . Sachin Tendulkar : Masterful . Murray Advertising . ISBN 81 - 7167 - 806 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's ' Playing It My Way ' autobiography to release on November 6 '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar to launch his autobiography `` Playing It My Way '' on November 6 `` . Zee News . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's autobiography releasing on Nov 6 '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Prateek ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` ' Sachin : A Hundred Hundreds Now ' is a potpourri '' . IBN Live . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar 's movie teaser on April 14th '' . The Indian Express . 11 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sachin Tendulkar . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sachin Tendulkar Sachin Tendulkar at ESPNcricinfo Sachin Tendulkar at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) Sachin Tendulkar at Wisden India Sachin Tendulkar on Facebook ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Anil Kumble Indian Awardees of Wisden Cricketer of the Year Succeeded by Rahul Dravid Sachin Tendulkar Awards Achievements ODI Awards Related Centuries Quotations Biographies Playing It My Way Sachin : A Billion Dreams India Test cricket captains 1932 -- 1933 / 34 : Nayudu 1936 : Vizianagaram 1946 : Pataudi , Sr . 1947 / 48 -- 1952 / 53 : Amarnath 1951 / 52 -- 1952 / 53 : Hazare 1954 / 55 ; 1958 / 59 : Mankad 1955 / 56 ; 1958 / 59 : Ahmed 1955 / 56 -- 1956 / 57 ; 1958 / 59 : Umrigar 1958 / 59 : Adhikari 1959 : Gaekwad 1959 : Roy 1959 / 60 : Ramchand 1960 / 61 -- 1961 / 62 ; 1961 / 62 : Contractor 1961 / 62 -- 1974 / 75 : Pataudi , Jr . 1967 / 68 : Borde 1970 / 71 -- 1974 : Wadekar 1974 / 75 ; 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 ; 1978 / 79 -- 1984 / 85 : Gavaskar 1975 / 75 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1979 / 80 ; 1979 / 80 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1986 / 87 : Kapil Dev 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1987 / 88 : Shastri 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1998 / 99 : Azhar 1996 / 97 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 2000 / 01 -- 2005 / 06 : Ganguly 2003 / 04 ; 2004 / 05 ; 2005 / 06 -- 2007 : Dravid 2005 / 06 ; 2009 ; 2010 ; 2012 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2008 : Kumble 2008 -- 2014 : Dhoni 2014 / 15 ; 2015 -- : Kohli 2016 / 17 : Rahane Italics denote deputised captaincy India ODI cricket captains 1974 : Wadekar 1975 -- 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1980 / 81 -- 1985 / 86 : Gavaskar 1980 / 81 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1992 / 93 : Kapil Dev 1983 / 84 : Kirmani 1984 / 85 : Amarnath 1986 / 87 -- 1991 / 92 : Shastri 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1999 : Azharuddin 1996 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 1997 / 98 -- 1999 / 00 : Jadeja 1999 -- 2005 : Ganguly 2000 / 01 -- 2007 : Dravid 2001 / 02 : Kumble 2003 -- 2011 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2016 : Dhoni 2010 -- 2014 : Raina 2011 : Gambhir 2013 -- present : Kohli 2015 : Rahane Awards and Achievements ICC Player of the Year Player of the Year 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis / Flintoff 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Ponting 2008 : Chanderpaul 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Tendulkar 2011 : Trott 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin Test 2004 : Dravid 2005 : Kallis 2006 : Ponting 2007 : Yousuf 2008 : Steyn 2009 : Gambhir 2010 : Sehwag 2011 : Cook 2012 : Sangakkara 2013 : Clarke 2014 : Johnson 2015 : Smith 2016 : Ashwin One Day International 2004 : Flintoff 2005 : Pietersen 2006 : Hussey 2007 : Hayden 2008 : Dhoni 2009 : Dhoni 2010 : de Villiers 2011 : Sangakkara 2012 : Kohli 2013 : Sangakkara 2014 : de Villiers 2015 : de Villiers 2016 : de Kock Wisden All - Time World Test XI 1 . Jack Hobbs 2 . W.G. Grace 3 . Don Bradman ( c ) 4 . Sachin Tendulkar 5 . Viv Richards 6 . Garry Sobers 7 . Alan Knott ( wk ) 8 . Wasim Akram 9 . Shane Warne 10 . Malcolm Marshall 11 . Sydney Barnes Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao V.K.R.V. 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Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I.G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K.R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C.R. Rao C.N.R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M.R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M.S. Swaminathan Social Work Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U.N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar Trade and Industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N.R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) Indian cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches Sachin Tendulkar ( 200 ) Rahul Dravid ( 163 ) VVS Laxman ( 134 ) Anil Kumble ( 132 ) Kapil Dev ( 131 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 125 ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( 119 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 113 ) Virender Sehwag ( 103 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 103 ) Note . Dravid & Sehwag played 1 Test match for ICC World Test XI , which is not included above . Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50 Australia Don Bradman ( 99.94 ) Adam Voges ( 61.87 ) Steve Smith ( 59.66 ) Greg Chappell ( 53.86 ) Ricky Ponting ( 51.85 ) Jack Ryder ( 51.62 ) Michael Hussey ( 51.52 ) Steve Waugh ( 51.06 ) Matthew Hayden ( 50.73 ) Allan Border ( 50.56 ) England Herbert Sutcliffe ( 60.73 ) Eddie Paynter ( 59.23 ) Ken Barrington ( 58.67 ) Wally Hammond ( 58.45 ) Jack Hobbs ( 56.94 ) Len Hutton ( 56.67 ) Ernest Tyldesley ( 55.00 ) Joe Root ( 53.76 ) Denis Compton ( 50.06 ) India Vinod Kambli ( 54.20 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 53.78 ) Cheteshwar Pujara ( 52.65 ) Rahul Dravid ( 52.31 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 51.12 ) New Zealand Kane Williamson ( 51.16 ) Pakistan Javed Miandad ( 52.57 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 52.29 ) Younis Khan ( 52.05 ) South Africa Graeme Pollock ( 60.97 ) Jacques Kallis ( 55.37 ) Dudley Nourse ( 53.81 ) AB de Villiers ( 50.46 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 57.40 ) West Indies George Headley ( 60.83 ) Everton Weekes ( 58.61 ) Garfield Sobers ( 57.78 ) Clyde Walcott ( 56.68 ) Charlie Davis ( 54.20 ) Brian Lara ( 52.88 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 51.37 ) Viv Richards ( 50.23 ) Zimbabwe Andy Flower ( 51.54 ) Minimum 20 innings . Currently active players are listed in italics . Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,378 ) Allan Border ( 11,174 ) Steve Waugh ( 10,927 ) England Alastair Cook ( 11,629 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 15,921 ) Rahul Dravid ( 13,288 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 10,122 ) Pakistan Younis Khan ( 10,099 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 13,289 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 12,400 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 11,814 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 11,953 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 11,867 ) Current players are listed in italics . Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in ODI cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,704 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 18,426 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 11,363 ) Rahul Dravid ( 10,889 ) Pakistan Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 11,739 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 11,579 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 14,234 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 13,430 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 12,650 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 10,290 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 10,405 ) Current players are listed in italics . ICC Cricket World Cup Player of the Series 1975 : n / a 1979 : n / a 1983 : n / a 1987 : n / a 1992 : Crowe 1996 : Jayasuriya 1999 : Klusener 2003 : Tendulkar 2007 : McGrath 2011 : Y Singh 2015 : Starc ODI cricketers who have scored 3000 runs and taken 150 wickets Australia Shane Watson Steve Waugh Bangladesh Shakib Al Hasan England Andrew Flintoff India Kapil Dev Sachin Tendulkar New Zealand Chris Cairns Chris Harris Pakistan Abdul Razzaq Imran Khan Shoaib Malik Shahid Afridi Wasim Akram South Africa Jacques Kallis Lance Klusener Shaun Pollock Sri Lanka Sanath Jayasuriya West Indies Chris Gayle Carl Hooper IPL Player of the Series Award Winners Shane Watson ( 2008 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 2009 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 2010 ) Chris Gayle ( 2011 ) Sunil Narine ( 2012 ) Shane Watson ( 2013 ) Glenn Maxwell ( 2014 ) Andre Russell ( 2015 ) Virat Kohli ( 2016 ) India squads India squad -- 1992 Cricket World Cup 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Kapil Dev 3 Srikkanth 4 Shastri 5 Manjrekar 6 Tendulkar 7 Jadeja 8 Kambli 9 Amre 10 Prabhakar 11 Srinath 12 More ( wk ) 13 Raju 14 Banerjee India squad -- 1996 Cricket World Cup Semi-Finalists 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Tendulkar 3 Jadeja 4 Sidhu 5 Kambli 6 Manjrekar 7 Mongia ( wk ) 8 Srinath 9 Prasad 10 Kumble 11 Prabhakar 12 Raju 13 Ankola 14 Kapoor Coach : Wadekar ( Coach cum Manager ) India squad -- 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy Semi-Finalists 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Ganguly 3 Jadeja 4 Joshi 5 Dravid 6 Robin Singh 7 Agarkar 8 Kumble 9 Mongia ( wk ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Prasad 12 Laxman 13 Srinath India squad -- 1999 Cricket World Cup 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Ganguly 3 Jadeja 4 Ramesh 5 Dravid 6 Robin Singh 7 Agarkar 8 Kumble 9 Mongia ( wk ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Prasad 12 Chopra 13 Mohanty 14 Srinath 15 Khurasiya Coach : Gaekwad India squad -- 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy runners - up 1 Ganguly ( c ) 2 Badani 3 Kambli 4 Dravid 5 Robin 6 Agarkar 7 Kumble 8 Dahiya ( wk ) 9 Tendulkar 10 Prasad 11 Joshi 12 Yuvraj 13 Sriram 14 Zaheer Coach : Gaekwad ( Ind ) India squad -- 2002 ICC Champions Trophy ( shared title ) 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid ( wk ) 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 19 Laxman 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 69 JP Yadav 99 Ganguly ( c ) Coach : Wright India squad -- 2003 Cricket World Cup runners - up 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 20 Patel 24 Ganguly ( c ) 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 66 Bangar Coach : Wright India squad -- 2007 Cricket World Cup 3 Harbhajan 7 Dhoni 10 Tendulkar 12 Yuvraj 13 Munaf 19 Dravid ( c ) 21 Ganguly 27 Uthappa 34 Zaheer 36 Sreesanth 37 Kumble 44 Sehwag 56 Pathan 68 Agarkar 99 Karthik Coach : Chappell India squad -- 2011 Cricket World Cup ( 2nd Title ) 3 Harbhajan 5 Gambhir 7 Dhoni ( c & † ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Chawla 12 Yuvraj 13 Patel 18 Kohli 28 Pathan 34 Khan 36 Sreesanth 44 Sehwag ( vc ) 48 Raina 64 Nehra 99 Ashwin Coach : Kirsten Praveen Kumar was injured and replaced by Sreesanth . VIAF : 53288006 LCCN : n89265611 ISNI : 0000 0000 7874 3067 GND : 130548944 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sachin_Tendulkar&oldid=811594300 '' Categories : Sachin Tendulkar 1973 births Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricketers from Mumbai Followers of Sathya Sai Baba Honorary Members of the Order of Australia India Blue cricketers India One Day International cricketers India Test cricket captains India Test cricketers India Twenty20 International cricketers Indian Air Force officers Indian cricket coaches Indian cricketers Indian Premier League coaches Indian Hindus International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year Kerala Blasters FC owners Living people Marathi people Man of the Tournament in ODI Worldcup Mumbai cricketers Mumbai Indians cricketers Recipients of the Arjuna Award Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in sports Recipients of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna West Zone cricketers Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Yorkshire cricketers World Cup cricketers of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2014 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source More Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Winaray 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did sachin tendulkar win the world cup | [
"In 2002, halfway through his career, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Don Bradman, and the second greatest ODI batsman of all time, behind Viv Richards.[6] Later in his career, Tendulkar was a part of the Indian team that won the 2011 World Cup, his first win in six World Cup appearances for India.[7] He had previously been named \"Player of the Tournament\" at the 2003 edition of the tournament, held in South Africa. In 2013, he was the only Indian cricketer included in an all-time Test World XI named to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.[8][9][10]"
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"2011"
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-8785704996154932916 | Greenhouse gas | Greenhouse gas - wikipedia Greenhouse gas This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 17 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see GHG . Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space , the atmosphere , and Earth 's surface . Energy influx and emittance are expressed in watts per square meter ( W / m ) . A greenhouse gas ( abbrev . GHG ) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range . This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect . The primary greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone . Without greenhouse gases , the average temperature of Earth 's surface would be about − 18 ° C ( 0 ° F ) , rather than the present average of 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . In the Solar System , the atmospheres of Venus , Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause a greenhouse effect . Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution ( taken as the year 1750 ) have produced a 40 % increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide , from 280 ppm in 1750 to 406 ppm in early 2017 . This increase has occurred despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions by various natural `` sinks '' involved in the carbon cycle . Anthropogenic carbon dioxide ( CO ) emissions ( i.e. , emissions produced by human activities ) come from combustion of fossil fuels , principally coal , oil , and natural gas , along with deforestation , soil erosion and animal agriculture . It has been estimated that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the present rate , Earth 's surface temperature could exceed historical values as early as 2047 , with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems , biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide . Recent estimates suggest that on the current emissions trajectory the Earth could pass a threshold of 2 ° C global warming , which the United Nations ' IPCC designated as the upper limit to avoid `` dangerous '' global warming , by 2036 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gases in Earth 's atmosphere 1.1 Greenhouse gases 1.2 Non-greenhouse gases 1.3 Indirect radiative effects 1.4 Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect 2 Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect 2.1 Proportion of direct effects at a given moment 2.2 Atmospheric lifetime 2.3 Radiative forcing 2.4 Global warming potential 3 Natural and anthropogenic sources 3.1 Ice cores 3.2 Changes since the Industrial Revolution 4 Anthropogenic greenhouse gases 4.1 Sectors 4.1. 1 Tourism 4.1. 2 Road Haulage 4.1. 3 Other 5 Role of water vapor 6 Direct greenhouse gas emissions 6.1 Regional and national attribution of emissions 6.2 Land - use change 6.3 Greenhouse gas intensity 6.4 Cumulative and historical emissions 6.5 Changes since a particular base year 6.6 Annual emissions 6.7 Top emitter countries 6.7. 1 Annual 6.7. 2 Cumulative 6.8 Embedded emissions 6.9 Effect of policy 6.10 Projections 6.11 Relative CO emission from various fuels 7 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources 8 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) 8.1 Natural processes 8.2 Negative emissions 9 History of scientific research 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links 13.1 Carbon dioxide emissions Gases in Earth 's atmosphere ( edit ) Main articles : Greenhouse effect and Atmosphere of Earth See also : Global warming and Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves . The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground , and it partly closes the window of transparency of water ; hence its major effect . Greenhouse gases ( edit ) Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth . In order , the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth 's atmosphere are : Water vapor ( H 2O ) Carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) Methane ( CH 4 ) Nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) Ozone ( O 3 ) Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) Hydrofluorocarbons ( incl . HCFCs and HFCs ) Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between sources ( emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems ) and sinks ( the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound ) . The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the `` airborne fraction '' ( AF ) . The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year 's total emissions . As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO was about 0.45 . The annual airborne fraction increased at a rate of 0.25 ± 0.21 % per year over the period 1959 - 2006 . Non-greenhouse gases ( edit ) The major atmospheric constituents , nitrogen ( N 2 ) , oxygen ( O 2 ) , and argon ( Ar ) , are not greenhouse gases because molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as N 2 and O 2 and monatomic molecules such as argon ( Ar ) have no net change in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate . Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared radiation . Although molecules containing two atoms of different elements such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) or hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) absorb infrared radiation , these molecules are short - lived in the atmosphere owing to their reactivity and solubility . Therefore , they do not contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and often are omitted when discussing greenhouse gases . Indirect radiative effects ( edit ) The false colors in this image represent concentrations of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere , ranging from about 390 parts per billion ( dark brown pixels ) , to 220 parts per billion ( red pixels ) , to 50 parts per billion ( blue pixels ) . Some gases have indirect radiative effects ( whether or not they are greenhouse gases themselves ) . This happens in two main ways . One way is that when they break down in the atmosphere they produce another greenhouse gas . For example , methane and carbon monoxide ( CO ) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide ( and methane oxidation also produces water vapor , as discussed later ) . Oxidation of CO to CO directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle . The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth 's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO ( 15 microns , or 667 cm ) . On the other hand , the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths ( 4.7 microns , or 2145 cm ) , where the emission of radiant energy from Earth 's surface is at least a factor of ten lower . Oxidation of methane to CO , which requires reactions with the OH radical , produces an instantaneous reduction in radiative absorption and emission since CO is a weaker greenhouse gas than methane , although CO has a longer lifetime . As described below this is not the whole story , since the oxidations of CO and CH 4 are intertwined by both consuming OH radicals . In any case , the calculation of the total radiative effect needs to include both the direct and indirect forcing . A second type of indirect effect happens when chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving these gases change the concentrations of greenhouse gases . For example , the destruction of non-methane volatile organic compounds ( NMVOCs ) in the atmosphere can produce ozone . The size of the indirect effect can depend strongly on where and when the gas is emitted . Methane has a number of indirect effects in addition to forming CO . First , the main chemical that reacts with methane in the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical ( OH ) , thus more methane means that the concentration of OH goes down . Effectively , methane increases its own atmospheric lifetime and therefore its overall radiative effect . The second effect is that the oxidation of methane can produce ozone . Third , as well as making CO , the oxidation of methane produces water ; this is a major source of water vapor in the stratosphere , which is otherwise very dry . CO and NMVOCs also produce CO when they are oxidized . They remove OH from the atmosphere , and this leads to higher concentrations of methane . The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO . The same process that converts NMVOCs to carbon dioxide can also lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone . Halocarbons have an indirect effect because they destroy stratospheric ozone . Finally , hydrogen can lead to ozone production and CH 4 increases as well as producing water vapor in the stratosphere . Contribution of clouds to Earth 's greenhouse effect ( edit ) The major non-gas contributor to Earth 's greenhouse effect , clouds , also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases . Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere . Impacts on the overall greenhouse effect ( edit ) Schmidt et al. ( 2010 ) analysed how individual components of the atmosphere contribute to the total greenhouse effect . They estimated that water vapor accounts for about 50 % of Earth 's greenhouse effect , with clouds contributing 25 % , carbon dioxide 20 % , and the minor greenhouse gases and aerosols accounting for the remaining 5 % . In the study , the reference model atmosphere is for 1980 conditions . Image credit : NASA . The contribution of each gas to the greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas , its abundance , and any indirect effects it may cause . For example , the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 72 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20 - year time frame but it is present in much smaller concentrations so that its total direct radiative effect is smaller , in part due to its shorter atmospheric lifetime . On the other hand , in addition to its direct radiative impact , methane has a large , indirect radiative effect because it contributes to ozone formation . Shindell et al. ( 2005 ) argue that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect . When ranked by their direct contribution to the greenhouse effect , the most important are : Compound Formula Concentration in atmosphere ( ppm ) Contribution ( % ) Water vapor and clouds 2O 10 -- 50,000 36 -- 72 % Carbon dioxide CO ~ 400 9 -- 26 % Methane CH ~ 1.8 4 -- 9 % Ozone O 2 -- 8 3 -- 7 % notes : Water vapor strongly varies locally The concentration in stratosphere . About 90 % of the ozone in Earth 's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere . In addition to the main greenhouse gases listed above , other greenhouse gases include sulfur hexafluoride , hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons ( see IPCC list of greenhouse gases ) . Some greenhouse gases are not often listed . For example , nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential ( GWP ) but is only present in very small quantities . Proportion of direct effects at a given moment ( edit ) It is not possible to state that a certain gas causes an exact percentage of the greenhouse effect . This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others , so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas . The higher ends of the ranges quoted are for each gas alone ; the lower ends account for overlaps with the other gases . In addition , some gases such as methane are known to have large indirect effects that are still being quantified . Atmospheric lifetime ( edit ) Aside from water vapor , which has a residence time of about nine days , major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere . Although it is not easy to know with precision how long it takes greenhouse gases to leave the atmosphere , there are estimates for the principal greenhouse gases . Jacob ( 1999 ) defines the lifetime τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) of an atmospheric species X in a one - box model as the average time that a molecule of X remains in the box . Mathematically τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) can be defined as the ratio of the mass m ( \ displaystyle m ) ( in kg ) of X in the box to its removal rate , which is the sum of the flow of X out of the box ( F o u t ( \ displaystyle F_ ( out ) ) ) , chemical loss of X ( L ( \ displaystyle L ) ) , and deposition of X ( D ( \ displaystyle D ) ) ( all in kg / s ) : τ = m F o u t + L + D ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( m ) ( F_ ( out ) + L + D ) ) ) . If one stopped pouring any of this gas into the box , then after a time τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) , its concentration would be about halved . The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere . Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil , the oceans and other waters , or vegetation and other biological systems , reducing the excess to background concentrations . The average time taken to achieve this is the mean lifetime . Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime , and can not be specified precisely . The atmospheric lifetime of CO is estimated of the order of 30 -- 95 years . This figure accounts for CO molecules being removed from the atmosphere by mixing into the ocean , photosynthesis , and other processes . However , this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs , which have slower characteristic rates . Although more than half of the CO emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century , some fraction ( about 20 % ) of emitted CO remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years . Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases , many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO . E.g. , N O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 114 years . Radiative forcing ( edit ) Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun , reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat . Earth 's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy . If this energy balance is shifted , Earth 's surface becomes warmer or cooler , leading to a variety of changes in global climate . A number of natural and man - made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth 's climate . Greenhouse gases are one such mechanism . Greenhouse gases absorb and emit some of the outgoing energy radiated from Earth 's surface , causing that heat to be retained in the lower atmosphere . As explained above , some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries , and therefore can affect Earth 's energy balance over a long period . Radiative forcing quantifies the effect of factors that influence Earth 's energy balance , including changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases . Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy , whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling . Global warming potential ( edit ) The global warming potential ( GWP ) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime . GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO and evaluated for a specific timescale . Thus , if a gas has a high ( positive ) radiative forcing but also a short lifetime , it will have a large GWP on a 20 - year scale but a small one on a 100 - year scale . Conversely , if a molecule has a longer atmospheric lifetime than CO its GWP will increase with the timescale considered . Carbon dioxide is defined to have a GWP of 1 over all time periods . Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years . The 2007 IPCC report lists the GWP as 72 over a time scale of 20 years , 25 over 100 years and 7.6 over 500 years . A 2014 analysis , however , states that although methane 's initial impact is about 100 times greater than that of CO , because of the shorter atmospheric lifetime , after six or seven decades , the impact of the two gases is about equal , and from then on methane 's relative role continues to decline . The decrease in GWP at longer times is because methane is degraded to water and CO through chemical reactions in the atmosphere . Examples of the atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO for several greenhouse gases are given in the following table : Atmospheric lifetime and GWP relative to CO at different time horizon for various greenhouse gases Gas name Chemical formula Lifetime ( years ) Global warming potential ( GWP ) for given time horizon 20 - yr 100 - yr 500 - yr Carbon dioxide CO 30 -- 95 Methane CH 12 72 25 7.6 Nitrous oxide 2O 114 289 298 153 CFC - 12 CCl 100 11 000 10 900 5 200 HCFC - 22 CHClF 12 5 160 1 810 549 Tetrafluoromethane CF 50 000 5 210 7 390 11 200 Hexafluoroethane 6 10 000 8 630 12 200 18 200 Sulfur hexafluoride SF 6 3 200 16 300 22 800 32 600 Nitrogen trifluoride NF 740 12 300 17 200 20 700 The use of CFC - 12 ( except some essential uses ) has been phased out due to its ozone depleting properties . The phasing - out of less active HCFC - compounds will be completed in 2030 . Carbon dioxide in Earth 's atmosphere if half of global - warming emissions are not absorbed . ( NASA simulation ; 9 November 2015 ) Nitrogen dioxide 2014 -- global air quality levels ( released 14 December 2015 ) . Natural and anthropogenic sources ( edit ) Top : Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as measured in the atmosphere and reflected in ice cores . Bottom : The amount of net carbon increase in the atmosphere , compared to carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel . This diagram shows a simplified representation of the contemporary global carbon cycle . Changes are measured in gigatons of carbon per year ( GtC / y ) . Canadell et al. ( 2007 ) estimated the growth rate of global average atmospheric CO for 2000 -- 2006 as 1.93 parts - per - million per year ( 4.1 petagrams of carbon per year ) . Aside from purely human - produced synthetic halocarbons , most greenhouse gases have both natural and human - caused sources . During the pre-industrial Holocene , concentrations of existing gases were roughly constant . In the industrial era , human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere , mainly through the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests . The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC ( AR4 ) noted that `` changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols , land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system '' , and concluded that `` increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century '' . In AR4 , `` most of '' is defined as more than 50 % . Abbreviations used in the two tables below : ppm = parts - per - million ; ppb = parts - per - billion ; ppt = parts - per - trillion ; W / m = watts per square metre Current greenhouse gas concentrations Gas Pre-1750 tropospheric concentration Recent tropospheric concentration Absolute increase since 1750 Percentage increase since 1750 Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) Carbon dioxide ( CO ) 280 ppm 395.4 ppm 115.4 ppm 41.2 % 1.88 Methane ( CH 4 ) 700 ppb 1893 ppb / 1762 ppb 1193 ppb / 1062 ppb 170.4 % / 151.7 % 0.49 Nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) 270 ppb 326 ppb / 324 ppb 56 ppb / 54 ppb 20.7 % / 20.0 % 0.17 Tropospheric ozone ( O 3 ) 237 ppb 337 ppb 100 ppb 42 % 0.4 Relevant to radiative forcing and / or ozone depletion ; all of the following have no natural sources and hence zero amounts pre-industrial Gas Recent tropospheric concentration Increased radiative forcing ( W / m ) CFC - 11 ( trichlorofluoromethane ) ( CCl 3F ) 236 ppt / 234 ppt 0.061 CFC - 12 ( CCl 2 ) 527 ppt / 527 ppt 0.169 CFC - 113 ( Cl 2FC - CClF 2 ) 74 ppt / 74 ppt 0.022 HCFC - 22 ( CHClF 2 ) 231 ppt / 210 ppt 0.046 HCFC - 141b ( CH 3CCl 2F ) 24 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0036 HCFC - 142b ( CH 3CClF 2 ) 23 ppt / 21 ppt 0.0042 Halon 1211 ( CBrClF 2 ) 4.1 ppt / 4.0 ppt 0.0012 Halon 1301 ( CBrClF 3 ) 3.3 ppt / 3.3 ppt 0.001 HFC - 134a ( CH 2FCF 3 ) 75 ppt / 64 ppt 0.0108 Carbon tetrachloride ( CCl 4 ) 85 ppt / 83 ppt 0.0143 Sulfur hexafluoride ( SF 6 ) 7.79 ppt / 7.39 ppt 0.0043 Other halocarbons Varies by substance collectively 0.02 Halocarbons in total 0.3574 400,000 years of ice core data Ice cores provide evidence for greenhouse gas concentration variations over the past 800,000 years ( see the following section ) . Both CO and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases , and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature . Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record , a record that indicates CO mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years , until the increase of the last 250 years . However , various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs ; 500 million years ago CO levels were likely 10 times higher than now . Indeed , higher CO concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon , with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era , and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period , about 400 Ma . The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO concentrations during the late Devonian , and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks . Earlier still , a 200 - million year period of intermittent , widespread glaciation extending close to the equator ( Snowball Earth ) appears to have been ended suddenly , about 550 Ma , by a colossal volcanic outgassing that raised the CO concentration of the atmosphere abruptly to 12 % , about 350 times modern levels , causing extreme greenhouse conditions and carbonate deposition as limestone at the rate of about 1 mm per day . This episode marked the close of the Precambrian eon , and was succeeded by the generally warmer conditions of the Phanerozoic , during which multicellular animal and plant life evolved . No volcanic carbon dioxide emission of comparable scale has occurred since . In the modern era , emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are only about 1 % of emissions from human sources . Ice cores ( edit ) Measurements from Antarctic ice cores show that before industrial emissions started atmospheric CO mole fractions were about 280 parts per million ( ppm ) , and stayed between 260 and 280 during the preceding ten thousand years . Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s , rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009 . One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability , with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago , though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO variability . Because of the way air is trapped in ice ( pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the firn ) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed , these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels . Changes since the industrial Revolution ( edit ) Recent year - to - year increase of atmospheric CO . Major greenhouse gas trends . Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , the concentrations of most of the greenhouse gases have increased . For example , the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 400 ppm , or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels . The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years , from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958 ; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years , from 1958 to 2014 . Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate . In the 1960s , the average annual increase was only 37 % of what it was in 2000 through 2007 . Today , the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum ( 0.04 % ) compared with the existing stock . This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels , deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions . The other greenhouse gases produced from human activity show similar increases in both amount and rate of increase . Many observations are available online in a variety of Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases . Anthropogenic greenhouse gases ( edit ) This graph shows changes in the annual greenhouse gas index ( AGGI ) between 1979 and 2011 . The AGGI measures the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on their ability to cause changes in Earth 's climate . This bar graph shows global greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2005 , measured in carbon dioxide equivalents . Modern global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels . Since about 1750 human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases . Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels . Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity , but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks , mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton . As a result of this balance , the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era . It is likely that anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - induced ) warming , such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels , has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems . Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts , including sea level rise , increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events , loss of biodiversity , and regional changes in agricultural productivity . The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are : burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air . Land use change ( mainly deforestation in the tropics ) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO emissions . livestock enteric fermentation and manure management , paddy rice farming , land use and wetland changes , man - made lakes , pipeline losses , and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations . Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane . use of chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) in refrigeration systems , and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes . agricultural activities , including the use of fertilizers , that lead to higher nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) concentrations . The seven sources of CO from fossil fuel combustion are ( with percentage contributions for 2000 -- 2004 ) : Seven main fossil fuel combustion sources Contribution ( % ) Liquid fuels ( e.g. , gasoline , fuel oil ) 36 % Solid fuels ( e.g. , coal ) 35 % Gaseous fuels ( e.g. , natural gas ) 20 % Cement production 3 % Flaring gas industrially and at wells < 1 % Non-fuel hydrocarbons < 1 % `` International bunker fuels '' of transport not included in national inventories 4 % Carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide ( N 2O ) and three groups of fluorinated gases ( sulfur hexafluoride ( SF 6 ) , hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) , and perfluorocarbons ( PFCs ) ) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases , and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty , which came into force in 2005 . Emissions limitations specified in the Kyoto Protocol expired in 2012 . The Cancún agreement , agreed in 2010 , includes voluntary pledges made by 76 countries to control emissions . At the time of the agreement , these 76 countries were collectively responsible for 85 % of annual global emissions . Although CFCs are greenhouse gases , they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol , which was motivated by CFCs ' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming . Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming though the two processes often are confused in the media . On 15 October 2016 , negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme reached a legally binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs ) in an amendment to the Montreal Protocol . Sectors ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Information on emissions from other sectors . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) This figure shows the relative fraction of anthropogenic greenhouse gases coming from each of eight categories of sources , as estimated by the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 3.2 , fast track 2000 project ( 1 ) . These values are intended to provide a snapshot of global annual greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2000 . The top panel shows the sum over all anthropogenic greenhouse gases , weighted by their global warming potential over the next 100 years . This consists of 72 % carbon dioxide , 18 % methane , 8 % nitrous oxide and 1 % other gases . Lower panels show the comparable information for each of these three primary greenhouse gases , with the same coloring of sectors as used in the top chart . Segments with less than 1 % fraction are not labeled . Tourism ( edit ) According to UNEP global tourism is closely linked to climate change . Tourism is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Tourism accounts for about 50 % of traffic movements . Rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5 % of the production of CO . The number of international travelers is expected to increase from 594 million in 1996 to 1.6 billion by 2020 , adding greatly to the problem unless steps are taken to reduce emissions . Road haulage ( edit ) The road haulage industry plays a part in production of CO , contributing around 20 % of the UK 's total carbon emissions a year , with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39 % . Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling -- in the thirty - year period from 1977 to 2007 , the carbon emissions associated with a 200 - mile journey fell by 21 percent ; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent , whereas journey times have fallen by around a third . Due to their size , HGVs often receive criticism regarding their CO2 emissions ; however , rapid development in engine technology and fuel management is having a largely positive effect . Other ( edit ) Main article : Carbon dioxide § Human physiology Humans emit , just by breathing , about 450 liter of CO per day ( there 's an increase of 5 % CO in exhaled air compared to inhaled air ) . So , a human generates about 0.9 kg of CO / day , or about 238.5 kg of CO in a year . Assuming there are 7.4 billion people on the planet , this means that there is an annual carbon emission of 1.7649 × 10 tonnes / year Role of water vapor ( edit ) Increasing water vapor in the stratosphere at Boulder , Colorado . Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect , between 36 % and 66 % for clear sky conditions and between 66 % and 85 % when including clouds . Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally , but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales , such as near irrigated fields . Indirectly , human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations , a process known as water vapor feedback . The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature , from less than 0.01 % in extremely cold regions up to 3 % by mass in saturated air at about 32 ° C. ( See Relative humidity # other important facts . ) The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days , compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO . Thus , water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases . The Clausius -- Clapeyron relation establishes that more water vapor will be present per unit volume at elevated temperatures . This and other basic principles indicate that warming associated with increased concentrations of the other greenhouse gases also will increase the concentration of water vapor ( assuming that the relative humidity remains approximately constant ; modeling and observational studies find that this is indeed so ) . Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas , this results in further warming and so is a `` positive feedback '' that amplifies the original warming . Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks , stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth 's water through a Venus - like runaway greenhouse effect . Direct greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Between the period 1970 to 2004 , GHG emissions ( measured in CO-equivalent ) increased at an average rate of 1.6 % per year , with CO emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9 % per year . Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO-equivalent . These emissions include CO from fossil fuel use and from land use , as well as emissions of methane , nitrous oxide and other GHGs covered by the Kyoto Protocol . At present , the primary source of CO emissions is the burning of coal , natural gas , and petroleum for electricity and heat . Regional and national attribution of emissions ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action There are several different ways of measuring GHG emissions , for example , see World Bank ( 2010 ) for tables of national emissions data . Some variables that have been reported include : Definition of measurement boundaries : Emissions can be attributed geographically , to the area where they were emitted ( the territory principle ) or by the activity principle to the territory produced the emissions . These two principles result in different totals when measuring , for example , electricity importation from one country to another , or emissions at an international airport . Time horizon of different GHGs : Contribution of a given GHG is reported as a CO equivalent . The calculation to determine this takes into account how long that gas remains in the atmosphere . This is not always known accurately and calculations must be regularly updated to reflect new information . What sectors are included in the calculation ( e.g. , energy industries , industrial processes , agriculture etc . ) : There is often a conflict between transparency and availability of data . The measurement protocol itself : This may be via direct measurement or estimation . The four main methods are the emission factor - based method , mass balance method , predictive emissions monitoring systems , and continuous emissions monitoring systems . These methods differ in accuracy , cost , and usability . These different measures are sometimes used by different countries to assert various policy / ethical positions on climate change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 94 ) . This use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability , which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets . There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool , or at least the development of communication between different tools . Emissions may be measured over long time periods . This measurement type is called historical or cumulative emissions . Cumulative emissions give some indication of who is responsible for the build - up in the atmospheric concentration of GHGs ( IEA , 2007 , p. 199 ) . The national accounts balance would be positively related to carbon emissions . The national accounts balance shows the difference between exports and imports . For many richer nations , such as the United States , the accounts balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported . This is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of developed countries , leading the economies of developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods . We believed that a positive accounts balance would means that more production was occurring in a country , so more factories working would increase carbon emission levels. ( Holtz - Eakin , 1995 , pp. ; 85 ; 101 ) . Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods . Emissions changes may , for example , be measured against a base year of 1990 . 1990 was used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) as the base year for emissions , and is also used in the Kyoto Protocol ( some gases are also measured from the year 1995 ) . A country 's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year . Another measurement is of per capita emissions . This divides a country 's total annual emissions by its mid-year population . Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 106 -- 107 ) . Land - use Change ( edit ) Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture , forestry and other land use , 1970 -- 2010 . Land - use change , e.g. , the clearing of forests for agricultural use , can affect the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks . Accounting for land - use change can be understood as an attempt to measure `` net '' emissions , i.e. , gross emissions from all GHG sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 92 -- 93 ) . There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions . Additionally , there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 93 ) . For instance , concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier , e.g. , Europe . Greenhouse gas intensity ( edit ) See also : List of countries by carbon intensity Greenhouse gas intensity in the year 2000 , including land - use change . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using PPP ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Carbon intensity of GDP ( using MER ) for different regions , 1982 -- 2011 . Greenhouse gas intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric , e.g. , gross domestic product ( GDP ) or energy use . The terms `` carbon intensity '' and `` emissions intensity '' are also sometimes used . GHG intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates ( MER ) or purchasing power parity ( PPP ) ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , p. 96 ) . Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries , whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences . Cumulative and historical emissions ( edit ) Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 grouped into low - income , middle - income , high - income , the EU - 15 , and the OECD countries . Cumulative energy - related CO emissions between the years 1850 -- 2005 for individual countries . Map of cumulative per capita anthropogenic atmospheric CO emissions by country . Cumulative emissions include land use change , and are measured between the years 1950 and 2000 . Regional trends in annual CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Regional trends in annual per capita CO emissions from fuel combustion between 1971 and 2009 . Cumulative anthropogenic ( i.e. , human - emitted ) emissions of CO from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming , and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human - induced climate change . Top - 5 historic CO contributors by region over the years 1800 to 1988 ( in % ) Region Industrial CO Total CO OECD North America 33.2 29.7 OECD Europe 26.1 16.6 Former USSR 14.1 12.5 China 5.5 6.0 Eastern Europe 5.5 4.8 The table above to the left is based on Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) . Overall , developed countries accounted for 83.8 % of industrial CO emissions over this time period , and 67.8 % of total CO emissions . Developing countries accounted for industrial CO emissions of 16.2 % over this time period , and 32.2 % of total CO emissions . The estimate of total CO emissions includes biotic carbon emissions , mainly from deforestation . Banuri et al. ( 1996 , p. 94 ) calculated per capita cumulative emissions based on then - current population . The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1 . Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land - use change ( Banuri et al. , 1996 , pp. 93 -- 94 ) . The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex , and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the dynamics of the climate system . Non-OECD countries accounted for 42 % of cumulative energy - related CO emissions between 1890 and 2007 . Over this time period , the US accounted for 28 % of emissions ; the EU , 23 % ; Russia , 11 % ; China , 9 % ; other OECD countries , 5 % ; Japan , 4 % ; India , 3 % ; and the rest of the world , 18 % . Changes since a particular base year ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol § Government action and emissions Between 1970 and 2004 , global growth in annual CO emissions was driven by North America , Asia , and the Middle East . The sharp acceleration in CO emissions since 2000 to more than a 3 % increase per year ( more than 2 ppm per year ) from 1.1 % per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations . China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period . Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use , made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported . In comparison , methane has not increased appreciably , and N 2O by 0.25 % y . Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming . This can be calculated by dividing a country 's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year , by that country 's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year . Choosing between different base years of 1750 , 1900 , 1950 , and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries . Within the G8 group of countries , it is most significant for the UK , France and Germany . These countries have a long history of CO emissions ( see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions ) . Annual emissions ( edit ) Per capita anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by country for the year 2000 including land - use change . Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries . Due to China 's fast economic development , its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol ( i.e. , the developed countries excluding the USA ) . Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea , Iran , and Australia ( which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states , now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world ) . On the other hand , annual per capita emissions of the EU - 15 and the USA are gradually decreasing over time . Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries . Energy statistics for fast growing economies are less accurate than those for the industrialized countries . For China 's annual emissions in 2008 , the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency estimated an uncertainty range of about 10 % . The GHG footprint , or greenhouse gas footprint , refers to the amount of GHG that are emitted during the creation of products or services . It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint , which measures only carbon dioxide , one of many greenhouse gases . 2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions . Top emitter countries ( edit ) Global carbon dioxide emissions by country . The top 40 countries emitting all greenhouse gases , showing both that derived from all sources including land clearance and forestry and also the CO2 component excluding those sources . Per capita figures are included . Data taken from World Resources Institute , Washington . Note that Indonesia and Brazil show very much higher than on graphs simply showing fossil fuel use . See also : List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions , List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita , List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions , and List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita Annual ( edit ) In 2009 , the annual top ten emitting countries accounted for about two - thirds of the world 's annual energy - related CO emissions . Top - 10 annual energy - related CO emitters for the year 2009 Country % of global total annual emissions Tonnes of GHG per capita People 's Rep. of China 23.6 5.1 United States 17.9 16.9 India 5.5 1.4 Russian Federation 5.3 10.8 Japan 3.8 8.6 Germany 2.6 9.2 Islamic Rep. of Iran 1.8 7.3 Canada 1.8 15.4 South Korea 1.8 10.6 United Kingdom 1.6 7.5 Cumulative ( edit ) Play media The C - Story of Human Civilization by PIK Top - 10 cumulative energy - related CO emitters between 1850 and 2008 Country % of world total Metric tonnes CO per person United States 28.5 1,132.7 China 9.36 85.4 Russian Federation 7.95 677.2 Germany 6.78 998.9 United Kingdom 5.73 1,127.8 Japan 3.88 367 France 2.73 514.9 India 2.52 26.7 Canada 2.17 789.2 Ukraine 2.13 556.4 Embedded emissions ( edit ) One way of attributing greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions is to measure the embedded emissions ( also referred to as `` embodied emissions '' ) of goods that are being consumed . Emissions are usually measured according to production , rather than consumption . For example , in the main international treaty on climate change ( the UNFCCC ) , countries report on emissions produced within their borders , e.g. , the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels . Under a production - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting , rather than the importing , country . Under a consumption - based accounting of emissions , embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country , rather than the exporting , country . Davis and Caldeira ( 2010 ) found that a substantial proportion of CO emissions are traded internationally . The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US , Japan , and Western Europe . Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004 , and on a per - capita consumption basis , the top - 5 emitting countries were found to be ( in tCO per person , per year ) : Luxembourg ( 34.7 ) , the US ( 22.0 ) , Singapore ( 20.2 ) , Australia ( 16.7 ) , and Canada ( 16.6 ) . Carbon Trust research revealed that approximately 25 % of all CO emissions from human activities ' flow ' ( i.e. , are imported or exported ) from one country to another . Major developed economies were found to be typically net importers of embodied carbon emissions -- with UK consumption emissions 34 % higher than production emissions , and Germany ( 29 % ) , Japan ( 19 % ) and the USA ( 13 % ) also significant net importers of embodied emissions . Effect of Policy ( edit ) See also : Kyoto Protocol and government action Governments have taken action to reduce GHG emissions ( climate change mitigation ) . Assessments of policy effectiveness have included work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , International Energy Agency , and United Nations Environment Programme . Policies implemented by governments have included national and regional targets to reduce emissions , promoting energy efficiency , and support for renewable energy such as Solar energy as an effective use of renewable energy because solar uses energy from the sun and does not release pollutants into the air . Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) ( i.e. , the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union ) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change . Analysis by the UNFCCC ( 2011 ) suggested that policies and measures undertaken by Annex I Parties may have produced emission savings of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq in the year 2010 , with most savings made in the energy sector . The projected emissions saving of 1.5 thousand Tg CO-eq is measured against a hypothetical `` baseline '' of Annex I emissions , i.e. , projected Annex I emissions in the absence of policies and measures . The total projected Annex I saving of 1.5 thousand CO-eq does not include emissions savings in seven of the Annex I Parties . Projections ( edit ) Further information : climate change scenario § Quantitative emissions projections See also : Global climate model § Projections of future climate change A wide range of projections of future GHG emissions have been produced . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) assessed the scientific literature on GHG projections . Rogner et al. ( 2007 ) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially , the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025 -- 2030 . Projections suggest that more than 80 % of the world 's energy will come from fossil fuels . This conclusion was based on `` much evidence '' and `` high agreement '' in the literature . Projected annual energy - related CO emissions in 2030 were 40 -- 110 % higher than in 2000 , with two - thirds of the increase originating in developing countries . Projected annual per capita emissions in developed country regions remained substantially lower ( 2.8 -- 5.1 tonnes CO ) than those in developed country regions ( 9.6 -- 15.1 tonnes CO ) . Projections consistently showed increase in annual world GHG emissions ( the `` Kyoto '' gases , measured in CO-equivalent ) of 25 -- 90 % by 2030 , compared to 2000 . Relative CO emission from various fuels ( edit ) One liter of gasoline , when used as a fuel , produces 2.32 kg ( about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters ) of carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . One US gallon produces 19.4 lb ( 1,291.5 gallons or 172.65 cubic feet ) Mass of carbon dioxide emitted per quantity of energy for various fuels Fuel name CO emitted ( lbs / 10 Btu ) CO emitted ( g / MJ ) CO emitted ( g / KWh ) Natural gas 117 50.30 181.08 Liquefied petroleum gas 139 59.76 215.14 Propane 139 59.76 215.14 Aviation gasoline 153 65.78 236.81 Automobile gasoline 156 67.07 241.45 Kerosene 159 68.36 246.10 Fuel oil 161 69.22 249.19 Tires / tire derived fuel 189 81.26 292.54 Wood and wood waste 195 83.83 301.79 Coal ( bituminous ) 205 88.13 317.27 Coal ( sub-bituminous ) 213 91.57 329.65 Coal ( lignite ) 215 92.43 332.75 Petroleum coke 225 96.73 348.23 Tar - sand Bitumen Coal ( anthracite ) 227 97.59 351.32 Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources ( edit ) Main article : Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources A literature review of numerous energy sources CO emissions by the IPCC in 2011 , found that , the CO emission value that fell within the 50th percentile of all total life cycle emissions studies conducted was as follows . Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by electricity source . Technology Description 50th percentile ( g CO / kWh ) Hydroelectric reservoir Ocean Energy wave and tidal 8 Wind onshore 12 Nuclear various generation II reactor types 16 Biomass various 18 Solar thermal parabolic trough 22 Geothermal hot dry rock 45 Solar PV Polycrystalline silicon 46 Natural gas various combined cycle turbines without scrubbing 469 Coal various generator types without scrubbing 1001 Removal from the atmosphere ( `` sinks '' ) ( edit ) Natural processes ( edit ) Greenhouse gases can be removed from the atmosphere by various processes , as a consequence of : a physical change ( condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere ) . a chemical reaction within the atmosphere . For example , methane is oxidized by reaction with naturally occurring hydroxyl radical , OH and degraded to CO and water vapor ( CO from the oxidation of methane is not included in the methane Global warming potential ) . Other chemical reactions include solution and solid phase chemistry occurring in atmospheric aerosols . a physical exchange between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans . a chemical change at the interface between the atmosphere and the other compartments of the planet . This is the case for CO , which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants , and which , after dissolving in the oceans , reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions ( see ocean acidification ) . a photochemical change . Halocarbons are dissociated by UV light releasing Cl and F as free radicals in the stratosphere with harmful effects on ozone ( halocarbons are generally too stable to disappear by chemical reaction in the atmosphere ) . Negative emissions ( edit ) Main article : Negative carbon dioxide emission A number of technologies remove greenhouse gases emissions from the atmosphere . Most widely analysed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere , either to geologic formations such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage and carbon dioxide air capture , or to the soil as in the case with biochar . The IPCC has pointed out that many long - term climate scenario models require large - scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change . History of scientific Research ( edit ) In the late 19th century scientists experimentally discovered that N 2 and O 2 do not absorb infrared radiation ( called , at that time , `` dark radiation '' ) , while water ( both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds ) and CO and other poly - atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radiation . In the early 20th century researchers realized that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere made Earth 's overall temperature higher than it would be without them . During the late 20th century , a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system , with consequences for the environment and for human health . 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Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Prather , Michael J. ; J Hsu ( 2008 ) . `` NF 3 , the greenhouse gas missing from Kyoto `` . Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 12 ) : L12810 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 3512810P . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GL034542 . Jump up ^ Isaksen , Ivar S.A. ; Michael Gauss ; Gunnar Myhre ; Katey M. Walter Anthony ; Carolyn Ruppel ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions '' ( PDF ) . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 25 ( 2 ) . Bibcode : 2011GBioC ... 25B2002I . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GB003845 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System '' . Eso.org. 27 April 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Betts ( 2001 ) . `` 6.3 Well - mixed Greenhouse Gases '' . Chapter 6 Radiative Forcing of Climate Change . Working Group I : The Scientific Basis IPCC Third Assessment Report -- Climate Change 2001 . UNEP / GRID - Arendal -- Publications . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob , Daniel ( 1999 ) . Introduction to atmospheric chemistry . Princeton University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00185 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` How long will global warming last ? '' . RealClimate . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , MZ ( 2005 ) . `` Correction to `` Control of fossil - fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter , possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming . '' `` . J. Geophys . Res. 110 . pp. D14105 . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JD005888 . Jump up ^ Archer , David ( 2009 ) . `` Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 37 . pp. 117 -- 134 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. earth. 031208.100206 . Jump up ^ Meehl , G.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Frequently Asked Question 10.3 : If emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced , how quickly do their concentrations in the atmosphere decrease ? '' . In S. Solomon ; et al. Chapter 10 : Global Climate Projections . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA. : Print version : CUP . This version : IPCC website . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ See also : Archer , David ( 2005 ) . `` Fate of fossil fuel CO in geologic time '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S05. 1 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S05A . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002625 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ See also : Caldeira , Ken ; Wickett , Michael E. ( 2005 ) . `` Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 110 ( C9 ) : C09S04. 1 -- 12 . Bibcode : 2005JGRC ... 11009S04C . doi : 10.1029 / 2004JC002671 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edited quote from public - domain source : `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Greenhouse Gases : Figure 1 . The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 1979 -- 2008 : Background ... This publication is also available as a PDF ( page 18 ) . Jump up ^ David L. Chandler , How to count methane emissions , MIT News , April 25 , 2014 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Referenced paper is Jessika Trancik and Morgan Edwards , Climate impacts of energy technologies depend on emissions timing , Nature Climate Change , Volume 4 , April 25 , 2014 , p. 347 ( Accessed Jan. 15 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Vaara , Miska ( 1 January 2003 ) , Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories , TemaNord , p. 170 , ISBN 92 - 893 - 0884 - 2 , Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Montreal Protocol Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record , Report Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Karl ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` UK : In 1st , global temps average could be 1 degree C higher '' . AP News . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Steve ; Gray , Ellen ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` New NASA Satellite Maps Show Human Fingerprint on Global Air Quality '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadell , J.G. ; et al. ( 20 November 2007 ) , `` Contributions to Accelerating Atmospheric CO2 Growth from Economic Activity , Carbon Intensity , and Efficiency of Natural Sinks ( Results and Discussion : Growth in Atmospheric CO ) '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 ( 47 ) : 18866 -- 18870 , Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10418866C , PMC 2141868 , PMID 17962418 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0702737104 Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Climate Change Science -- FAQ 1.3 Figure 1 description page 116 '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 5 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 , IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios , 2000 '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( November 17 , 2007 ) . `` Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : From non-copyrighted source : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Details on copyright status : Frequently Asked Global Change Questions , Q34 : I would like to use a diagram , image , graph , table , or other materials from the CDIAC Web site . How can I obtain permission ? Are there copyright restrictions ? , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 , on CDIAC 2013 . `` All of the reports , graphics , data , and other information on the CDIAC Web site are freely and publicly available without copyright restrictions . However as a professional courtesy , we ask that the original data source be acknowledged . '' ^ Jump up to : Ehhalt , D. ; et al. , `` Ch 4 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases '' , Table 4.1 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . Based on Blasing et al. ( 2013 ) : Pre-1750 concentrations of CH4 , N2O and current concentrations of O3 , are taken from Table 4.1 ( a ) of the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) , 2001 . Following the convention of IPCC ( 2001 ) , inferred global - scale trace - gas concentrations from prior to 1750 are assumed to be practically uninfluenced by human activities such as increasingly specialized agriculture , land clearing , and combustion of fossil fuels . Preindustrial concentrations of industrially manufactured compounds are given as zero . The short atmospheric lifetime of ozone ( hours - days ) together with the spatial variability of its sources precludes a globally or vertically homogeneous distribution , so that a fractional unit such as parts per billion would not apply over a range of altitudes or geographical locations . Therefore a different unit is used to integrate the varying concentrations of ozone in the vertical dimension over a unit area , and the results can then be averaged globally . This unit is called a Dobson Unit ( D.U. ) , after G.M.B. Dobson , one of the first investigators of atmospheric ozone . A Dobson unit is the amount of ozone in a column that , unmixed with the rest of the atmosphere , would be 10 micrometers thick at standard temperature and pressure . Jump up ^ Because atmospheric concentrations of most gases tend to vary systematically over the course of a year , figures given represent averages over a 12 - month period for all gases except ozone ( O3 ) , for which a current global value has been estimated ( IPCC , 2001 , Table 4.1 a ) . CO averages for year 2012 are taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Earth System Research Laboratory , web site : www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends maintained by Dr. Pieter Tans . For other chemical species , the values given are averages for 2011 . These data are found on the CDIAC AGAGE web site : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html or the AGAGE home page : http://agage.eas.gatech.edu . ^ Jump up to : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.1 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 141 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 . For the latest updates , see the NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index at : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Prentice , I.C. ; et al. , `` Ch 3 . The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide '' , Executive summary , archived from the original on 7 December 2009 , in IPCC TAR WG1 2001 , p. 185 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Recent CO concentration ( 395.4 ppm ) is the 2013 average taken from globally averaged marine surface data given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , website : http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global . Please read the material on that web page and reference Dr. Pieter Tans when citing this average ( Dr. Pieter Tans , NOAA / ESRL http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends ) . The oft - cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm , which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above . Refer to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends for records back to the late 1950s . Jump up ^ ppb = parts - per - billion ^ Jump up to : The first value in a cell represents Mace Head , Ireland , a mid-latitude Northern - Hemisphere site , and the second value represents Cape Grim , Tasmania , a mid-latitude Southern - Hemisphere site . `` Current '' values given for these gases are annual arithmetic averages based on monthly background concentrations for year 2011 . The SF 6 values are from the AGAGE gas chromatography -- mass spectrometer ( gc - ms ) Medusa measuring system . Source : Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ( AGAGE ) data posted on CDIAC web site at : http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ . These data are compiled from data on finer time scales in the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database ( 2 ) ( Prinn et al. , 2000 ) . These data represent the work of several investigators at various institutions ; guidelines on citing the various parts of the AGAGE database are found within the ALE / GAGE / AGAGE database , see : ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ The pre-1750 value for N 2O is consistent with ice - core records from 10,000 B.C.E. through 1750 C.E. : `` Summary for policymakers '' , Figure SPM. 1 , IPCC , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 3 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 Jump up ^ Changes in stratospheric ozone have resulted in a decrease in radiative forcing of 0.05 W / m : Forster , P. ; et al. , `` Ch 2 : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing '' , Table 2.12 , in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 , p. 204 . Referred to by : Blasing , T.J. ( February 2013 ) , Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations , doi : 10.3334 / CDIAC / atg. 032 , on CDIAC 2013 ^ Jump up to : For SF 6 data from January 2004 onward see : ( 4 ) . For data from 1995 through 2004 , see the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , Halogenated and other Atmospheric Trace Species ( HATS ) site at : ( 5 ) . Concentrations of SF 6 from 1970 through 1999 , obtained from Antarctic firn ( consolidated deep snow ) air samples , can be found in W.T. Sturges et al . Jump up ^ File : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ( January 1994 ) . `` GEOCARB II : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 294 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 91 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 294.1. 56 . Jump up ^ Royer , D.L. ; R.A. Berner ; D.J. Beerling ( 2001 ) . `` Phanerozoic atmospheric CO change : evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 54 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2001ESRv ... 54 ... 349R . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 00 ) 00042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Berner , Robert A. ; Kothavala , Zavareth ( 2001 ) . `` GEOCARB III : a revised model of atmospheric CO over Phanerozoic time '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Science . 301 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 204 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. 301.2. 182 . Jump up ^ Beerling , D.J. ; Berner , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Feedbacks and the co-evolution of plants and atmospheric CO '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 ( 5 ) : 1302 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 102.1302 B. PMC 547859 . PMID 15668402 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0408724102 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , PF ; AJ Kaufman ; GP Halverson ; DP Schrag ( 1998 ) . `` A neoproterozoic snowball earth '' . Science . 281 ( 5381 ) : 1342 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281.1342 H. PMID 9721097 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5381. 1342 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , TM ( 1991 ) . `` Present - day CO emissions from volcanoes '' . Transactions of the American Geophysical Union . 72 ( 23 ) : 249 -- 55 . Bibcode : 1991EOSTr ... 72 ... 249 ... doi : 10.1029 / 90EO10192 . Jump up ^ See also : `` U.S. Geological Survey '' . 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Flückiger , Jacqueline ( 2002 ) . `` High - resolution Holocene N 2O ice core record and its relationship with CH 4 and CO `` . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 16 : 1010 . Bibcode : 2002GBioC ... 16a ... 10F . doi : 10.1029 / 2001GB001417 . Jump up ^ Friederike Wagner ; Bent Aaby ; Henk Visscher ( 2002 ) . `` Rapid atmospheric CO changes associated with the 8,200 - years - B.P. cooling event '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 19 ) : 12011 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9912011W . PMC 129389 . PMID 12202744 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 182420699 . Jump up ^ Andreas Indermühle ; Bernhard Stauffer ; Thomas F. Stocker ( 1999 ) . `` Early Holocene Atmospheric CO Concentrations '' . Science . 286 ( 5446 ) : 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . `` Early Holocene atmospheric CO concentrations '' . Science . 286 : 1815a -- 1815 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5446. 1815a . Retrieved 26 May 2005 . Jump up ^ H.J. Smith ; M. Wahlen ; D. Mastroianni ( 1997 ) . `` The CO concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum - Holocene transition '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 24 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24 ... 1S . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL03700 . Jump up ^ Charles J. Kibert ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Background '' . Sustainable Construction : Green Building Design and Delivery . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 05532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Full Mauna Loa CO record '' . Earth System Research Laboratory . 2005 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Pieter Tans ( 3 May 2008 ) `` Annual CO mole fraction increase ( ppm ) '' for 1959 -- 2007 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory , Global Monitoring Division ( additional details ; see also K.A. Masarie ; P.P. Tans ( 1995 ) . `` Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record '' . J. Geophys . Research . 100 : 11593 -- 610 . Bibcode : 1995JGR ... 10011593M . doi : 10.1029 / 95JD00859 . Jump up ^ Dumitru - Romulus Târziu ; Victor - Dan Păcurar ( Jan 2011 ) . `` Pădurea , climatul și energia '' . Rev. pădur. ( in Romanian ) . 126 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 39 . ISSN 1583 - 7890 . 16720 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ( webpage has a translation button ) ^ Jump up to : `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . NOAA. 2012 . Figure 4 . The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 1979 -- 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Indicators in the United States '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2010 . Figure 2 . Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector , 1990 -- 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change 2001 : Working Group I : The Scientific Basis : figure 6 - 6 '' . Retrieved 1 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The present carbon cycle -- Climate Change '' . Grida.no . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , S. ; D. Qin ; M. Manning ; Z . Chen ; M. Marquis ; K.B. Averyt ; M. Tignor ; H.L. Miller , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry '' ( PDF ) . Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ IPCC ( 2007d ) . `` 6.1 Observed changes in climate and their effects , and their causes '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . ^ Jump up to : `` 6.2 Drivers and projections of future climate changes and their impacts '' . 6 Robust findings , key uncertainties . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.3. 1 Impacts on systems and sectors '' . 3 Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios . Climate Change 2007 : Synthesis Report . A Contribution of Working Groups I , II , and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . Geneva , Switzerland : IPCC . 2007d . Jump up ^ H. Steinfeld , P. Gerber , T. Wassenaar , V. Castel , M. Rosales , C. de Haan ( 2006 ) Livestock 's long shadow . Environmental issues and options . FAO Livestock , Environment and Development ( LEAD ) Initiative . Jump up ^ Ciais , Phillipe ; Sabine , Christopher . `` Climate Change 2013 : The Physical Science Basis : Chapter 6 : Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles '' . IPCC . Chapter 6 : IPCC . p. 473 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Raupach , M.R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO emissions '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 24 ) : 10288 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10410288R . PMC 1876160 . PMID 17519334 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0700609104 . Jump up ^ Schrooten , L ; De Vlieger , Ina ; Int Panis , Luc ; Styns , R. Torfs , K ; Torfs , R ( 2008 ) . `` Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory , an activity based emission model '' . Atmospheric Environment. 42 ( 4 ) : 667 -- 676 . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2007.09. 071 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , M. ( July -- September 2003 ) . `` The economics of the Kyoto protocol '' ( PDF ) . World Economics . 4 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth ( 2006 ) . `` Environmental issues : essential primary sources '' . Thomson Gale . Retrieved 11 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyoto Protocol '' . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Home > Kyoto Protocol . ^ Jump up to : King , D. ; et al. ( July 2011 ) , `` Copenhagen and Cancún '' , International climate change negotiations : Key lessons and next steps , Oxford , UK : Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment , University of Oxford , p. 12 , doi : 10.4210 / ssee. pbs. 2011.0003 , archived from the original on 1 August 2013 PDF version is also available Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chris Johnston , Oliver Milman , John Vidal and agencies , `` Climate change : global deal reached to limit use of hydrofluorocarbons '' , The Guardian , Saturday 15 October 2016 ( page visited on 15 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Climate change : ' Monumental ' deal to cut HFCs , fastest growing greenhouse gases '' . BBC News . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nations , Fighting Powerful Refrigerant That Warms Planet , Reach Landmark Deal '' . New York Times . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Environmental Impacts of Tourism -- Global Level UNEP Jump up ^ `` A Cheaper and More Efficient Freight Industry In and Out of the UK '' . freightbestpractice.org.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Richard ( May 19 , 2014 ) , A practical guide for fleet operators , returnloads.net , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ The respiratory system Jump up ^ Kijk magazine , 3 / 2017 Jump up ^ Held , I.M. and Soden , B.J. , 2000 . Water vapor feedback and global warming . Annual review of energy and the environment , 25 ( 1 ) , pp. 441 - 475 . Jump up ^ Evans , Kimberly Masters ( 2005 ) . `` The greenhouse effect and climate change '' . The environment : a revolution in attitudes . Detroit : Thomson Gale . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 9082 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks : 1990 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 15 April 2012 . p. 1.4 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Held , I.M. ; Soden , B.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming1 '' . Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 25 : 441 -- 475 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. energy. 25.1. 441 . Jump up ^ Includes the Kyoto `` basket '' of GHGs ^ Jump up to : Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` Executive Summary '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) . `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' . In B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer . Introduction . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This citation clarifies the time period ( 1970 -- 2004 ) for the observed emissions trends Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data '' . EPA . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . The burning of coal , natural gas , and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. , USA : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . 2010 . Tables A1 and A2 . ISBN 9780821379875 . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7987 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bader , N. ; Bleichwitz , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions : The challenge of comparability . S.A.P.I. EN. S. 2 ( 3 ) '' . Sapiens.revues.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Banuri , T. ( 1996 ) . Equity and social considerations . In : Climate change 1995 : Economic and social dimensions of climate change . Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( J.P. Bruce et al. Eds . ) ( PDF ) . This version : Printed by Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , and New York , USA . PDF version : IPCC website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56854 - 8 . doi : 10.2277 / 0521568544 . Jump up ^ World energy outlook 2007 edition -- China and India insights . International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , Head of Communication and Information Office , 9 rue de la Fédération , 75739 Paris Cedex 15 , France . 2007 . p. 600 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 02730 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Holtz - Eakin , D. ( 1995 ) . `` Stoking the fires ? CO emissions and economic growth '' . Journal of Public Economics . 57 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 101 . doi : 10.1016 / 0047 - 2727 ( 94 ) 01449 - X . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Annex I : Glossary J-P '' . Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , USA . This version : IPCC website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Markandya , A. ( 2001 ) . `` 7.3. 5 Cost Implications of Alternative GHG Emission Reduction Options and Carbon Sinks '' . In B. Metz ; et al. Costing Methodologies . Climate Change 2001 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Print version : Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , U.K. , and New York , N.Y. This version : GRID - Arendal website . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01502 - 8 . doi : 10.2277 / 0521015022 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Herzog , T. ( November 2006 ) . Yamashita , M.B. , ed . Target : intensity -- an analysis of greenhouse gas intensity targets ( PDF ) . World Resources Institute . ISBN 1 - 56973 - 638 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Botzen , W.J.W. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cumulative CO emissions : shifting international responsibilities for climate debt '' . Climate Policy . 8 : 570 . doi : 10.3763 / cpol. 2008.0539 . ^ Jump up to : Höhne , N. ; et al. ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Contributions of individual countries ' emissions to climate change and their uncertainty '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 106 : 359 -- 391 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 010 - 9930 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : World Energy Outlook 2009 ( PDF ) , Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , 2009 , pp. 179 -- 180 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 06130 - 9 Jump up ^ Rogner , H. - H. , D. Zhou , R. Bradley . P. Crabbé , O. Edenhofer , B. Hare , L. Kuijpers , M. Yamaguchi ( 2007 ) , `` 1.3. 1 Review of the last three decades '' , in B. Metz ; O.R. Davidson ; P.R. Bosch ; R. Dave ; L.A. Meyer , Introduction , Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88011 - 4 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The cited paper uses the term `` start date '' instead of `` base year . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Global CO emissions : annual increase halves in 2008 '' . Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ( PBL ) website . 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Global Carbon Mechanisms : Emerging lessons and implications ( CTC748 ) '' . Carbon Trust . March 2009 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Global emissions to fall for first time during a period of economic growth '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ CO Emissions From Fuel Combustion : Highlights ( 2011 edition ) , Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , 2011 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Helm , D. ; et al. ( 10 December 2007 ) . Too Good To Be True ? The UK 's Climate Change Record ( PDF ) . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , S.J. ; K. Caldeira ( 8 March 2010 ) . `` Consumption - based Accounting of CO Emissions '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 107 ( 12 ) : 5687 -- 5692 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.5687 D . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906974107 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` International Carbon Flows '' . Carbon Trust . May 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. , Gupta et al. ( 2007 ) assessed the scientific literature on climate change mitigation policy : Gupta , S. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Chapter 13 : Policies , instruments , and co-operative arrangements . In : Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521880114 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Agency -- Energy Policy '' . Paris , France : International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IEA Publications Bookshop : IEA Publications on ' Energy Policy ' '' . Paris , France : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) / International Energy Agency ( IEA ) . 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridging the Emissions Gap : A UNEP Synthesis Report ( PDF ) , Nairobi , Kenya : United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , November 2011 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 807 - 3229 - 0 UNEP Stock Number : DEW / 1470 / NA Jump up ^ `` 4 . Energizing development without compromising the climate '' ( PDF ) . World Development Report 2010 : Development and Climate Change ( PDF ) . 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Lenzen , J. Nyboer , A. Verbruggen ( 2011 ) . `` Annex II : Methodology '' ( PDF ) . IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation : 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Obersteiner M ; Azar C ; Kauppi P ; et al. ( October 2001 ) . `` Managing climate risk '' . Science . 294 ( 5543 ) : 786 -- 7 . PMID 11681318 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 294.5543. 786b . Jump up ^ Azar , C. , Lindgren , K. , Larson , E.D. and Möllersten , K. ( 2006 ) . `` Carbon capture and storage from fossil fuels and biomass -- Costs and potential role in stabilising the atmosphere '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 74 : 47 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 005 - 3484 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Geoengineering the climate : science , governance and uncertainty '' . The Royal Society . 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Fischer , B.S. , N. Nakicenovic , K. Alfsen , J. Corfee Morlot , F. de la Chesnaye , J. - Ch . Hourcade , K. Jiang , M. Kainuma , E. La Rovere , A. Matysek , A. Rana , K. Riahi , R. Richels , S. Rose , D. van Vuuren , R. Warren , ( 2007 ) `` Issues related to mitigation in the long term context '' , In Climate Change 2007 : Mitigation . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change ( B. Metz , O.R. Davidson , P.R. Bosch , R. Dave , L.A. Meyer ( eds ) ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Jump up ^ Cook , J. ; Nuccitelli , D. ; Green , S.A. ; Richardson , M. ; Winkler , B.R. ; Painting , R. ; Way , R. ; Jacobs , P. ; Skuce , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 2 ) : 024024 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024024 . Bibliography ( edit ) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) , Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 2012 IPCC TAR WG1 ( 2001 ) , Houghton , J.T. ; Ding , Y. ; Griggs , D.J. ; Noguer , M. ; van der Linden , P.J. ; Dai , X. ; Maskell , K. ; Johnson , C.A. , eds. , Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Third Assessment Report ( TAR ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 80767 - 0 , archived from the original on 30 March 2016 ( pb : 0 - 521 - 01495 - 6 ) IPCC AR4 WG1 ( 2007 ) , Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. , eds. , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I ( WG1 ) to the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4 ) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 ( pb : 978 - 0 - 521 - 70596 - 7 ) Van Dijk , P. ; Zhang , J. ; Jun , W. ; Kuenzer , C. ; WOLF , K.H. ( 2011 ) . `` Assessment of the contribution of in - situ combustion of coal to greenhouse gas emission ; based on a comparison of Chinese mining information to previous remote sensing estimates '' . International Journal of Coal Geology. 86 ( 1 Special Issue RS / GIS ) : 108 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coal. 2011.01. 009 . Zhou , Yiqin ( 2011 ) . Compar ( ison of ) Fresh or Ensiled Fodders ( e.g. , Grass , Legume , Corn ) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle . Rouyn - Noranda , Qué. : Université du Québec en Abitibi - Témiscamingue . N.B. : Research report . External links ( edit ) The official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries from the UNFCCC Greenhouse gas at DMOZ Annual Greenhouse Gas Index ( AGGI ) from NOAA Atmospheric spectra of GHGs and other trace gases How Much Greenhouse Gas Does the United States Emit ? Carbon dioxide emissions ( edit ) International Energy Annual : Reserves Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide at NOAA NOAA CMDL CCGG -- Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization NOAA CO data Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( CDIAC ) Little Green Data Book 2007 , World Bank . Lists CO statistics by country , including per capita and by country income class . 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-3414500662244159388 | Beverly Hills Cop II | Beverly Hills Cop II - wikipedia Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop II Theatrical release poster Directed by Tony Scott Produced by Don Simpson Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Larry Ferguson Warren Skaaren Story by Eddie Murphy Robert D. Wachs Based on Characters by Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie , Jr . Starring Eddie Murphy Judge Reinhold Jürgen Prochnow Ronny Cox John Ashton Brigitte Nielsen Allen Garfield Dean Stockwell Paul Reiser Music by Harold Faltermeyer Cinematography Jeffrey L. Kimball Edited by Chris Lebenzon Michael Tronick Billy Weber Production companies Simpson / Bruckheimer Overbrook Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 19 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 19 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 20 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $300 million Beverly Hills Cop II is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by Tony Scott , written by Larry Ferguson and Warren Skaaren and starring Eddie Murphy . It is the sequel to the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop and the second installment in the Beverly Hills Cop series . Murphy returns as Detroit police detective Axel Foley , who reunites with Beverly Hills detectives Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ) to stop a robbery / gun - running gang after Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) is shot and seriously wounded . Although it made less money than the first film and received mixed reviews from critics , the film was still a box office success , making $153.7 million domestically . Aside from box office success , the film was nominated for an Academy Award and for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , for Bob Seger 's `` Shakedown '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 2016 release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Literature 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Beverly Hills Police Captain Andrew Bogomil , Detective Billy Rosewood , and Sergeant John Taggart are trying to figure out who is behind the `` Alphabet Crimes , '' a series of mostly high end store robberies distinguished by their monogrammed envelopes with an alphabetical sequence the assailants leave behind . Complicating matters is the new `` political '' state of the Beverly Hills Police Department , headed by incompetent and verbally abusive new police chief Harold Lutz , who is doing everything he can to stay on Mayor Ted Egan 's good side . Unimpressed when Rosewood calls the FBI to help solve the case , Lutz holds Bogomil responsible as commanding officer and suspends him , despite Bogomil 's efforts to convince the chief that Rosewood was only following a hunch . Lutz also punishes Taggart and Rosewood by placing them on traffic duty . On the way home , Bogomil is shot and injured by Karla Fry , the chief enforcer of Maxwell Dent , who is secretly the mastermind behind the Alphabet Crimes . After hearing about the shooting by a news report , Axel Foley abandons his current undercover duties and immediately flies out to Beverly Hills to help find out who shot Bogomil . Taggart and Rosewood agree to assist Axel because of Lutz 's attempts to find an excuse to get them fired . Posing as an undercover FBI agent to get past Lutz with the aid of Detective Jeffrey Friedman , Axel soon starts making the connection between the robberies and Dent . He first finds out that the ammunition fired at one of the robberies was designed by Charles Cain , the manager of a gun club owned by Dent . Axel has Bogomil 's daughter Jan use her connections as an insurance agent to find out about Dent 's financial dealings . Dent is robbing his own businesses on purpose in order to finance firearms transactions with an arms dealer named Nikos Thomopolis and is discreetly using Cain as the front man for his operations . Bogomil was shot because his investigation was on the correct track into the case . Having foiled a robbery attempt at a bank depot , Axel is able to trick Dent 's accountant Sidney Bernstein into using his computer and discovers that Dent and Karla are planning to leave the country . Axel also learns from Jan that all of Dent 's businesses have had their insurance coverage canceled and are about to go bankrupt except his race track , which he is convinced might be the next target . On the way to the race track , Axel solves the latest riddle sent to the police , and is convinced that this riddle was made easily solvable in order to implicate Cain as the Alphabet Bandit . However , Axel knows Cain is a patsy designed to throw the authorities off Dent 's trail . The trio arrive too late to prevent the robbery and find Cain , shot by Karla , among those killed . While Lutz announces publicly that the Alphabet Crimes have been solved , Axel notices some red mud at the stables , which leads him , Taggart and Rosewood to Dent 's oil field , where Dent is making his final arms deal with Thomopolis . The three get into a shootout with everyone involved in the deal . Dent confronts Axel in the warehouse , but Axel gets distracted by one of Dent 's henchmen on the roof above him and Dent gets away . Dent then crashes through the wall in his car and Axel shoots Dent through the windshield , sending his car down a hill and erupting in flames , after running Axel over . Karla appears and is about to kill Axel , but is shot dead by Taggart . Just as the last criminals are about to flee , the police arrive on the scene and arrest the remainder of Dent 's goons and Thomopolis . Lutz and Mayor Egan come as well . Lutz tries to fire Rosewood and Taggart for their insubordination , and also tries to arrest Axel . However , both Taggart and Rosewood stand up to an infuriated Lutz and prove that Dent was the real Alphabet Bandit and the rest of the alphabet crimes were about the arms deal . They are also able to convince Mayor Egan of Lutz 's incompetence , and the Mayor fires Lutz for his abusive attitude towards his own men . Mayor Egan chooses Bogomil to replace Lutz as the new Police Chief . Axel returns to Detroit , but not before he gets chewed out by Inspector Todd over the phone , after Egan called Todd to congratulate him on allowing Axel to assist them on this case . Cast ( edit ) Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley Judge Reinhold as Billy Rosewood Jürgen Prochnow as Maxwell Dent Ronny Cox as Andrew Bogomil John Ashton as John Taggart Brigitte Nielsen as Karla Fry Allen Garfield as Harold Lutz Dean Stockwell as Chip Cain Gil Hill as Inspector Todd Gilbert Gottfried as Sidney Bernstein Paul Reiser as Jeffrey Friedman Paul Guilfoyle as Nikos Thomopolis Robert Ridgely as Mayor Ted Egan Alice Adair as Jan Bogomil Glenn Withrow as Willie Tom Bower as Russ Fielding Hugh Hefner as Himself Chris Rock as Parking Valet Robert Pastorelli as Vinnie Tommy ' Tiny ' Lister as Orvis John Hostetter as Stiles Production ( edit ) Paramount Pictures had planned a television series based on the first film . Murphy turned down the series but was willing to do a sequel . Producers Simpson and Bruckheimer hired Tony Scott to direct due to his success with the 1986 blockbuster film Top Gun . The film was originally to be set and filmed in London and Paris ; however , the script was re-written after Murphy expressed a reluctance to film outside the United States . Soundtrack ( edit ) The song `` Hold On '' as sung by Keta Bill plays during the scene wherein Axel , Rosewood , and Taggart confront Dent at the Playboy Mansion . However , the film 's soundtrack CD released by MCA Records includes only a different song entitled `` Hold On , '' sung by Corey Hart . This song has different music and slightly altered lyrics . The film introduced George Michael 's controversial song `` I Want Your Sex '' . It also includes `` Cross My Broken Heart '' by The Jets ( a Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 ) and `` Shakedown '' by Bob Seger ( which became a No. 1 hit on that same chart ) , as well as `` Better Way '' performed by James Ingram . The Pointer Sisters scored a moderate hit with `` Be There , '' their single from the soundtrack . It was the second time the sisters had contributed to the Beverly Hills Cop franchise ; they 'd notched a top 10 single with `` Neutron Dance '' from the Beverly Hills Cop soundtrack . Harold Faltermeyer 's 1988 album , Harold F , includes a song called `` Bad Guys '' , which is used as part of the film 's score -- an instrumental section of the song plays during the opening jewelry store robbery scene , and also during several other scenes throughout the film . The soundtrack debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard charts and spent 26 weeks on the charts , a far cry compared to the 49 weeks spent by the first film 's soundtrack . Despite this , one song from the album , `` Shakedown '' , was nominated for an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . However , another song from the album , `` I Want Your Sex '' , won the Razzie Award for Worst Song . `` Shakedown '' - Bob Seger `` Be There '' - Pointer Sisters `` In Deep '' - Charlie Sexton `` Hold On '' - Corey Hart `` I Want Your Sex '' - George Michael `` Better Way '' - James Ingram `` Love / Hate '' - Pebbles `` Cross My Broken Heart '' - The Jets `` 36 Lovers '' - Ready for the World `` I Ca n't Stand It '' - Sue Ann `` All Revved Up '' - Jermaine Jackson 2016 release ( edit ) La - La Land Records released a limited edition album featuring Harold Faltermeyer 's score ( including some material unused in the movie ) and some of the songs . Adrianos ( 2 : 52 ) Bogomil Oil Well Jog / Bogomil Gets Shot ( 2 : 28 ) Axel Gets the News ( 1 : 10 ) Warehouse ( : 34 ) Hospital Visit ( 1 : 05 ) Mansion ( 1 : 07 ) Loyalty / Drive to Shooting Club ( 1 : 51 ) Boys Car Talk ( 1 : 11 ) Shoot Screens / Meet Dent and Cain ( 2 : 53 ) I 'll Be Sure to Duck ( : 54 ) Drive to Bogomil 's ( : 58 ) Axel Shoes / Boys at Mansion ( 1 : 24 ) Splash / Drive to 385 ( : 41 ) Shootout ( : 53 ) Boys at Rosewood 's ( : 42 ) Axel Calls Jeffrey ( 1 : 01 ) Fingerprint ( : 27 ) Sneak to Shooting Club ( 02 : 33 ) Jeffrey Calls Todd / Lutz Calls Jeffrey ( 1 : 29 ) City Deposit ( 4 : 12 ) Tire Tread to Hef 's / Drive to Bernstein 's ( 1 : 44 ) Racetrack ( 5 : 04 ) Drive to Oil / Hit Vic ( 2 : 25 ) Sneak to Shack / Alarm ( 1 : 44 ) Oil Field Shootout / Kill Dent and Karla ( 4 : 11 ) Wrap Up ( : 56 ) Goodbye ( 1 : 11 ) Loyalty ( alternate ) ( : 12 ) Goodbye ( alternate ) ( : 49 ) Bad Guys - Keith Forsey ( 4 : 35 ) Shakedown - Bob Seger ( 4 : 02 ) I Want Your Sex - George Michael ( 4 : 45 ) Be There - The Pointer Sisters ( 4 : 12 ) All Revved Up - Jermaine Jackson ( 4 : 00 ) Better Way - James Ingram ( 4 : 09 ) In Deep - Charlie Sexton ( 3 : 32 ) Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop II was one of the most anticipated films of 1987 and became a box office success upon release , despite not making as much as Beverly Hills Cop . The film debuted at No. 1 , earning $ 33 million on its opening weekend , a sales mark that would result in the film achieving that year 's highest - opening weekend debut . As well as the highest grossing opening weekend of all time at the time . Beverly Hills Cop II made approximately $153,665,036 , becoming the third biggest hit domestically at the box office that year , after Fatal Attraction and Three Men and a Baby , and the second highest - grossing film worldwide that year , behind Fatal Attraction . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 46 % `` rotten '' rating , based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Eddie Murphy remains appealing as the wisecracking Axel Foley , but Beverly Hills Cop II does n't take him -- or the viewer -- anywhere new enough to justify a sequel '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Desson Howe of The Washington Post called it `` a sequel that 's as good as the original , if not better . '' Roger Ebert gave the film one star out of four and wrote , `` What is comedy ? That 's a pretty basic question , I know , but Beverly Hills Cop II never thought to ask it . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film is a skillful clone of the first film that ca n't match that one 's novelty or excitement . Variety called it `` a noisy , numbing , unimaginative , heartless remake of the original film . '' Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` It 's hard to believe that the group who came up with the hard , clean edges of Top Gun , sleek and unfeeling though it may have been , could make a picture as crude , as muddled , as destructo - Derbyish as this one . '' `` Beverly Hills Cop II was probably the most successful mediocre picture in history , '' Murphy said . `` It made $250 million worldwide , and it was a half - assed movie . Cop II was basically a rehash of Cop I , but it was n't as spontaneous and funny . '' Accolades ( edit ) Nominations Academy Awards Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' Awards ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Most Performed Song From Motion Pictures for the song `` Shakedown '' Razzie Awards Worst Original Song for George Michael for `` I Want Your Sex '' Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Favorite Movie Actor for Eddie Murphy Literature ( edit ) 1987 : Robert Tine : Beverly Hills Cop II : A Novel , Pocket ; Mti edition , ISBN 978 - 0671645212 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP II ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 4 , 1987 . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II Production Budget '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Haflidason , Almar . `` Beverly Hills Cop II DVD ( 1987 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' Sets an Earnings Record '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cop II ' Retains Lead In Box Office Sales '' . The New York Times . 1987 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1987 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : ' Beverly Hills Cop II ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( 1987 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Cop Ii ' Turns Up The Volume '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zehme , Bill ( August 24 , 1989 ) . `` The Rolling Stone interview : Eddie Murphy '' . Rolling Stone . p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` Films in Close Race for Globe Awards '' . Wilmington Morning Star . Associated Press . 1988 - 01 - 06 . p. 6D . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` All Winners '' . Nick.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop II on IMDb Beverly Hills Cop II at Box Office Mojo Beverly Hills Cop II at Rotten Tomatoes Beverly Hills Cop II at Metacritic Beverly Hills Cop series Films Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Characters Axel Foley Music Beverly Hills Cop `` Axel F '' `` The Heat Is On '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' Beverly Hills Cop II `` Cross My Broken Heart '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Shakedown '' Beverly Hills Cop III `` Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' Other Video game Films directed by Tony Scott One of the Missing ( 1968 ) Loving Memory ( 1971 ) The Hunger ( 1983 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Revenge ( 1990 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) True Romance ( 1993 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) The Fan ( 1996 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) Man on Fire ( 2004 ) Agent Orange ( 2004 ) Domino ( 2005 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) Unstoppable ( 2010 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) Top Gun : Maverick ( 2020 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_II&oldid=864565457 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films Beverly Hills Cop American films 1980s action comedy films 1980s buddy films 1980s sequel films American action comedy films American buddy films American buddy cop films American sequel films Buddy comedy films Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Films directed by Tony Scott Films produced by Don Simpson Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films set in Detroit Films set in Los Angeles Murder in films Paramount Pictures films Police detective films Screenplays by Larry Ferguson Films scored by Harold Faltermeyer Buddy cop films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 01 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did beverly hills cop 2 come out | [
"Beverly Hills Cop II is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by Tony Scott, written by Larry Ferguson and Warren Skaaren and starring Eddie Murphy. It is the sequel to the 1984 film Beverly Hills Cop and the second installment in the Beverly Hills Cop series. Murphy returns as Detroit police detective Axel Foley, who reunites with Beverly Hills detectives Billy Rosewood (Judge Reinhold) and John Taggart (John Ashton) to stop a robbery/gun-running gang after Captain Andrew Bogomil (Ronny Cox) is shot and seriously wounded.\n"
] | [
"1987"
] |
-8509036479738195206 | I Know What You Did Last Summer | I Know What You Did Last Summer - wikipedia I Know What You Did Last Summer Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Know What You Did Last Summer ( disambiguation ) . I Know What You Did Last Summer Theatrical release poster Directed by Jim Gillespie Produced by Neal H. Mortiz Erik Feig Stokely Chaffin Screenplay by Kevin Williamson Based on I Know What You Did Last Summer by Lois Duncan Starring Jennifer Love Hewitt Sarah Michelle Gellar Ryan Phillippe Freddie Prinze , Jr . Johnny Galecki Bridgette Wilson Music by John Debney Cinematography Denis Crossan Edited by Steve Mirkovich Production company Mandalay Entertainment Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $125.2 million I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Jim Gillespie . The film is loosely based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan . The film also draws inspiration from the urban legend known as The Hook . The film stars Jennifer Love Hewitt , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Ryan Phillippe and Freddie Prinze , Jr. , with Anne Heche , Bridgette Wilson , and Johnny Galecki appearing in supporting roles . I Know What You Did Last Summer centers on four friends who are being stalked by a killer , one year after covering up a car accident in which they were involved . I Know What You Did Last Summer received mixed reviews from critics , but was commercially successful , grossing over $125 million at the box office . It was also nominated for and won multiple awards . As a result , the film has been parodied and referenced in popular culture . The film was followed by two sequels , I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) and the straight - to - DVD release I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) . Though the former film sees a continuation of the plotline established in its predecessor , the latter film establishes a new plotline and does not star any cast members from the previous two installments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 6 Home media 7 Sequels and remake 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Fourth of July of 1996 in Southport , North Carolina , Julie James , her boyfriend Ray Bronson , Julie 's best friend Helen Shivers , and Helen 's boyfriend Barry Cox are all driving home from a party . Along the road , they accidentally hit a pedestrian . Max , who has a crush on Julie , stops by . Julie reassures Max that everything is all right , and he leaves . After some arguing , the group decides to dispose of the body . However , the man awakes while they 're tossing him into the sea . The group agrees to never again discuss what had happened . The following year , a disheartened Julie returns home from college for the summer . Since the incident , the group has gone their separate ways . Julie receives a letter with no return address , stating , `` I know what you did last summer ! '' A disturbed Julie informs Helen , who works at her family store . The girls take the note to Barry , who immediately thinks Max is responsible . They confront Max on the docks , and Barry threatens him with a hook . Julie meets Ray , who is now working as a fisherman ; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her . Later , Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook . Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying `` I know . '' He is then ambushed by the same assailant driving Barry 's car . Meanwhile , Julie believes that the man they had run over was David Egan . She and Helen head over to visit with David 's sister Missy at her home . Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David 's death ; she also mentions that a friend of David 's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects . Later that night , the killer sneaks into Helen 's house , cuts off her hair while she sleeps , and writes `` Soon '' on her mirror . Julie finds Max 's corpse wearing Barry 's stolen jacket in the trunk of her car . When she calls the others , the body is missing . Ray claims to have received a threatening letter , too . While Helen rides with Barry as the reigning Croaker Queen in the Fourth of July parade , they notice a man wearing a slicker . Barry chases him , but it turns out to be a red herring . Julie goes back to Missy , who reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in the crash of the car David was driving . Missy shows David 's suicide note to Julie . As the writing matches that of the note she received , Julie realizes it was n't a suicide note but a death threat . At the Croaker Pageant , Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony . She rushes up there with a police officer but finds no sign of the killer or Barry . While driving Helen home , the officer is stopped by a stalled truck , then killed by a dark figure with a hook . Helen rushes to her family 's store , but the killer follows her inside and kills Helen 's sister Elsa . Helen manages to flee , but the killer chases her into an alley and slashes her to death , her screams drowned out by the noise of the parade . Julie finds an article mentioning Susie 's father , Ben Willis , and realizes it 's Ben they ran over , moments after he had killed David Egan to avenge his daughter . She then goes to the docks to tell Ray , who 's skeptical . Julie notices Ray 's boat is called `` Billy Blue '' and runs away before Ray can explain that he went to see Missy to relieve his conscience . Ben shows up , knocks Ray out and invites Julie to hide on his boat . Looking around , she finds photos and articles about her and her friends , and pictures of Susie . Ben 's boat leaves the docks , as Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie , who 's being chased all around Ben 's boat . Ray ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben 's hook - carrying hand and send him overboard . When the police question them , they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them , but they 're relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer , and reconcile . A year later , Julie is in college in Boston . As she enters the shower , she notices the words `` I still know '' on the mirror . Moments later , a dark figure crashes through it . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of I Know What You Did Last Summer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers Anne Heche as Missy Egan Muse Watson as Ben Willis Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick Production ( edit ) The cliff and rock ( at bottom , center ) where David Eagan is sitting and drinking during the sunset scene at the beginning of the movie . Filmed at Kolmer Gulch near Jenner , California . The blind curve on California State Route 1 at Kolmer Gulch where Barry 's BMW hits pedestrian David Eagan early in the movie . Filmed in Sonoma County near Jenner , California . Although the movie is set in coastal North Carolina , most of the opening scenes were filmed in Sonoma County , California . In the first scene , the movie opens with an aerial shot over the ocean at sunset that transitions to David Eagan , who is sitting on a coastal cliff at sunset . This scene was filmed at Kolmer Gulch , just north of the town of Jenner , California on Highway 1 . The night time beach scene was filmed just south of Jenner , California . The ensuing car scene where Julie , Helen , Barry and Ray accidentally hit the pedestrian ( David Eagan ) was also filmed at Kolmer Gulch on California Highway 1 . The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the vicinity of Southport , North Carolina . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its opening weekend the film grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking # 1 . By the end of its run , I Know What You Did Last Summer grossed $72,586,134 domestically and $53 million internationally for a worldwide total of $126 million . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon release , inevitably drawing both positive and negative comparisons to Scream , also written by Williamson . Mick LaSalle thought it inferior to ' Scream ' , but Richard Harrington compared it favorably , stating that it was `` ... a smart , sharply drawn genre film with a moral center and a solid cast of young actors to hold it . '' Variety was also enthusiastic , calling it a `` polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better than average theatrical levels . '' On Rotten Tomatoes , 35 % of reviews were positive . Metacritic reported an aggregate score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 reviews . Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 1 / 4 stars and wrote in his review , `` The best shot in this film is the first one . Not a good sign . '' Jennifer Love Hewitt was praised for her performance as Julie James . An Entertainment Weekly columnist stated that Hewitt knows how to scream with soul . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Nominee Result ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Debney Won 1998 Saturn Award Best Horror Film I Know What You Did Last Summer Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Female Newcomer Jennifer Love Hewitt Won Favorite Actress Favorite Supporting Actress -- Horror Sarah Michelle Gellar Favorite Actor -- Horror Freddie Prinze Jr . Nominated Favorite Actress -- Horror Jennifer Love Hewitt Favorite Supporting Actor Ryan Phillippe International Horror Guild Award Best Movie I Know What You Did Last Summer MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Sarah Michelle Gellar Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress Jennifer Love Hewitt Music ( edit ) The film produced two soundtracks . One of them featured the score composed by John Debney , while the other contained various rock songs found in the film . I Know What You Did Last Summer ( Original Motion Picture Score ) Film score ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by John Debney Released October 7 , 1997 Genre Film score Length 50 : 44 Label Super Tracks Music Group Soundtrack ( edit ) I Know What You Did Last Summer ( The Album ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by Various Released October 7 , 1997 Genre Alternative rock , alternative metal Length 51 : 14 Label Columbia Records `` Hush '' by Kula Shaker ( 2 : 55 ) `` Summer Breeze '' by Type O Negative ( 4 : 57 ) `` D.U.I. '' by The Offspring ( 2 : 26 ) `` Kid '' by Green Apple Quick Step ( 3 : 17 ) `` This Ai n't the Summer of Love '' by L7 ( 3 : 09 ) `` Losin ' It '' by Soul Asylum ( 3 : 01 ) `` Hey Bulldog '' by Toad the Wet Sprocket ( 2 : 31 ) `` My Baby 's Got the Strangest Ways '' by Southern Culture on the Skids ( 3 : 59 ) `` Waterfall '' by The Din Pedals ( 3 : 47 ) `` Clumsy '' by Our Lady Peace ( 4 : 27 ) `` One Hundred Days '' by Flick ( 3 : 40 ) `` Great Life '' by Goatboy ( 3 : 50 ) `` 2 Wicky '' by Hooverphonic ( 4 : 44 ) `` Do n't Mean Anything '' by Adam Cohen ( 3 : 43 ) `` Proud '' by Korn ( 3 : 17 ) Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the US on June 16 , 1998 . Special features included a theatrical trailer and filmmaker 's commentary . It was released on DVD & VHS in the UK by Entertainment in Video with no special features . The film was released on Blu - ray for the first time ever on July 22 , 2008 , with more special features including the director 's short film : `` Joyride '' with optional commentary , a featurette titled `` Now I Know What You Did Last Summer '' , a music video of Hush by Kula Shaker and also included the theatrical trailer and filmmaker 's commentary from the DVD . Though it was released in the US , it is available to be watched in regions A , B & C. The Blu - ray was re-released by Mill Creek Entertainment on September 30 , 2014 in the US . It contains no special features and is only available in Region A . Sequels and remake ( edit ) The film was followed by two sequels : I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) and I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) , which went direct - to - video . Both were critically panned . In the first sequel , Jennifer Love Hewitt , Freddie Prinze Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles . The second sequel has very little relation to the first two , other than the premise , the villain , and the producers . It featured new characters and a different setting . On September 14 , 2014 Sony reported that they have plans to remake the film ; Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard are writing a script . In a June 1 , 2016 Blumhouse.com `` Shockwaves '' podcast , writer Mike Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration and re-imagination of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel ( the antagonist being a central character ) nor the 1997 feature ( the fisherman Ben Willis and 4 primary protagonists Julie James , Helen Shivers , Barry Cox , and Ray Bronson ) . Further , the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15 -- 20 million . Sony also states that the film is a high priority and is set for a release somewhere between 2017 - 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office Calendar '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Wayans Brothers ' Comedy Style A Hit In ' Scary Movie ' '' . Jet. 98 : 58 . 14 August 2000 . Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) . `` FILM REVIEW -- ` Last Summer ' Offers Thrills But No ` Scream ' / Story starts strong but turns formulaic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Richard Harrington ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) . `` ' Summer ' Time : The Living is Deadly '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 = 07 - 05 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Derek Elley ( 1997 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Review : ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . Variety Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer , Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times ( review ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 24 October 1997 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' In Season Again At Sony '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : I Know What You Did Last Summer I Know What You Did Last Summer on IMDb I Know What You Did Last Summer at AllMovie I Know What You Did Last Summer at Box Office Mojo I Know What You Did Last Summer at Rotten Tomatoes I Know What You Did Last Summer by Lois Duncan Films I Know What You Did Last Summer I Still Know What You Did Last Summer I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer Other `` How Do I Deal '' Characters Films directed by Jim Gillespie I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) D - Tox ( 2002 ) Venom ( 2005 ) Billionaire Ransom ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer&oldid=808895884 '' Categories : 1997 films English - language films 1997 horror films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s serial killer films 1990s teen horror films American films American horror thriller films American slasher films American teen horror films Directorial debut films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films based on urban legends Films set in North Carolina Films shot in North Carolina Columbia Pictures films Film scores by John Debney I Know What You Did Last Summer Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 21 : 50 . 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7399364218256901396 | Battle of Tours | Battle of Tours - wikipedia Battle of Tours Jump to : navigation , search For the battle of 1356 between the English and the French , see Battle of Poitiers . Battle of Tours Part of the Umayyad invasion of Gaul Charles de Steuben 's Bataille de Poitiers en octobre 732 romantically depicts a triumphant Charles Martel ( mounted ) facing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi ( right ) at the Battle of Tours . Date 10 October 732 Location Between Tours and Poitiers , France . Result Decisive Frankish victory , withdrawal of the Umayyad army . Belligerents Kingdom of the Franks Forces from Austrasia Neustria Burgundy Swabia Aquitaine Lombard kingdom in Italy Pagan mercenaries from areas around the Rhine River Other forces from Europe Umayyad Caliphate Arabs Berbers Commanders and leaders Charles Martel Odo , Duke of Aquitaine Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi † Strength Varying estimates 15,000 -- 20,000 , although other estimates range from 30,000 to 80,000 20,000 -- 25,000 . Other estimates also range up to 80,000 , with 50,000 not an uncommon estimate . Arab sources : about 50,000 in the beginning of the campaign . Casualties and losses Estimated from 1,100 to 1,500 , although sources unclear Estimated 12,000 , although sources unclear . Most notably Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi . Umayyad invasion of Gaul Toulouse ( 721 ) River Garonne ( 732 ) Tours ( 732 ) Avignon ( 737 ) Narbonne ( 737 ) River Berre ( 737 ) Nîmes ( 737 ) Narbonne ( 752 -- 759 ) Campaigns of Charles Martel Cologne Amblève Vincy Soissons Tours Boarn Nîmes -- Avignon Narbonne River Berre The Battle of Tours ( 10 October 732 ) -- also called the Battle of Poitiers and , by Arab sources , the Battle of the Palace of the Martyrs ( Arabic : معركة بلاط الشهداء , translit . Ma'arakat Balāṭ ash - Shuhadā ' ) -- was fought by Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by ' Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi , Governor - General of al - Andalus . It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours , in the Aquitaine of west - central France , near the village of Moussais - la - Bataille , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of Poitiers . The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and the then - independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great . The Franks were victorious . ' Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed , and Charles subsequently extended his authority in the south . Details of the battle , including its exact location and the number of combatants , can not be determined from accounts that have survived . Notably , the Frankish troops won the battle without cavalry . Ninth - century chroniclers , who interpreted the outcome of the battle as divine judgment in his favour , gave Charles the nickname Martellus ( `` The Hammer '' ) . Later Christian chroniclers and pre-20th century historians praised Charles Martel as the champion of Christianity , characterizing the battle as the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam , a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe ; according to modern military historian Victor Davis Hanson , `` most of the 18th and 19th century historians , like Gibbon , saw Poitiers ( Tours ) , as a landmark battle that marked the high tide of the Muslim advance into Europe . '' Leopold von Ranke felt that `` Poitiers was the turning point of one of the most important epochs in the history of the world . '' There is little dispute that the battle helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire and Frankish domination of Europe for the next century . Most historians agree that `` the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped that continent 's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Moors 1.2 Franks 1.3 Muslim conquests from Hispania 1.4 Odo 's appeal to the Franks 1.5 Umayyad advance towards the Loire 2 Battle ( October 732 ) 2.1 Preparations and maneuver 2.2 Engagement 2.3 Turning point 2.4 Following day 2.5 Contemporary accounts 2.6 Strategic analysis 3 Aftermath 3.1 Umayyad retreat and second invasion 3.1. 1 Umayyad invasion ( 735 -- 39 ) 3.2 Advance to Narbonne 3.3 Carolingian dynasty 4 Historical and macrohistorical views 4.1 In Western history 4.2 Adolf Hitler on the Battle of Tours 4.3 In Muslim history 5 Current historical debate on macrohistorical impact of Battle of Tours 5.1 Supporting the significance of Tours as a world - altering event 5.2 Objecting to the significance of Tours as a world - altering event 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) The exoticism of Saracen invaders is stressed in this detail from The Saracen Army outside Paris , by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld , painted 1822 -- 27 , which actually depicts a fictional incident from Ludovico Ariosto ( Cassino Massimo , Rome ) The Battle of Tours followed two decades of Umayyad conquests in Europe which had begun with the invasion of the Visigothic Christian Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 . These were followed by military expeditions into the Frankish territories of Gaul , former provinces of the Roman Empire . Umayyad military campaigns had reached northward into Aquitaine and Burgundy , including a major engagement at Bordeaux and a raid on Autun . Charles 's victory is widely believed to have stopped the northward advance of Umayyad forces from the Iberian Peninsula , and to have preserved Christianity in Europe during a period when Muslim rule was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires . Most historians assume that the two armies met where the rivers Clain and Vienne join between Tours and Poitiers . The number of troops in each army is not known . The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , a Latin contemporary source which describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source , states that `` the people of Austrasia ( the Frankish forces ) , greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed , killed the king , Abd ar - Rahman '' , which agrees with many Arab and Muslim historians . However , virtually all Western sources disagree , and estimate the Franks at 30,000 , less than half the Muslim force . Some modern historians , using estimates of what the land was able to support , and what Martel could have raised from his realm and supported during the campaign , believe the total Muslim force , counting the outlying raiding parties , which rejoined the main body before Tours , outnumbered the Franks . Drawing on non-contemporary Muslim sources , Creasy describes the Umayyad forces as 80,000 strong or more . Writing in 1999 , Paul K. Davis estimates the Umayyad forces at 80,000 and the Franks at about 30,000 , while noting that modern historians have estimated the strength of the Umayyad army at Tours at between 20 -- 80,000 . However , Edward J. Schoenfeld , ( rejecting the older figures of 60 -- 400,000 Umayyad and 75,000 Franks ) , contends that `` estimates that the Umayyads had over fifty thousand troops ( and the Franks even more ) are logistically impossible . '' Similarly , historian Victor Davis Hanson believes both armies were roughly the same size , about 30,000 men . Contemporary historical analysis may be more accurate than the medieval sources as the modern figures are based on estimates of the logistical ability of the countryside to support these numbers of men and animals . Both Davis and Hanson point out that both armies had to live off the countryside , neither having a commissary system sufficient to provide supplies for a campaign . Other sources give the following estimates : `` Gore places the Frankish army at 15,000 -- 20,000 , although other estimates range from 30,000 to 80,000 . In spite of wildly varying estimates of the Muslim force , he places that army as around 20,000 -- 25,000 . Other estimates also range up to 80,000 , with 50,000 not an uncommon estimate . '' Losses during the battle are unknown but chroniclers later claimed that Charles Martel 's force lost about 1,500 while the Umayyad force was said to have suffered massive casualties of up to 375,000 men . However , these same casualty figures were recorded in the Liber Pontificalis for Duke Odo the Great 's victory at the Battle of Toulouse ( 721 ) . Paul the Deacon reported correctly in his History of the Lombards ( written around the year 785 ) that the Liber Pontificalis mentioned these casualty figures in relation to Odo 's victory at Toulouse ( though he claimed that Charles Martel fought in the battle alongside Odo ) , but later writers , probably `` influenced by the Continuations of Fredegar , attributed the Muslims casualties solely to Charles Martel , and the battle in which they fell became unequivocally that of Poitiers . '' The Vita Pardulfi , written in the middle of the eighth century , reports that after the battle ' Abd - al - Raḥmân 's forces burned and looted their way through the Limousin on their way back to Al - Andalus , which implies that they were not destroyed to the extent imagined in the Continuations of Fredegar . Moors ( edit ) Main articles : Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and Umayyad The invasion of Hispania , and then Gaul , was led by the Umayyad Dynasty ( Arabic : بنو أمية banū umayya / الأمويون al - umawiyyūn also `` Umawi '' ) , the first dynasty of Sunni caliphs of the Sunni Islamic empire after the reign ( or usurpation of the first three , per Shia Muslim belief ) of the Rashidun Caliphs ( Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman , and Ali ) ended . The Umayyad Caliphate , at the time of the Battle of Tours , was perhaps the world 's foremost military power . Great expansion of the Caliphate occurred under the reign of the Umayyads . Muslim armies pushed east across Persia and west across North Africa through the late 7th century . In 711 -- 18 , Tariq ibn Ziyad led forces across the Strait of Gibraltar to conquer the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania . The Muslim empire under the Umayyads was now a vast domain that ruled a diverse array of peoples . It had destroyed what were the two former foremost military powers , the Sasanian Empire , which it absorbed completely , and the greater part of the Byzantine Empire , including Syria , Armenia and North Africa , although Leo the Isaurian stemmed the tide when he defeated the Umayyads at the Battle of Akroinon ( 739 ) , their final campaign in Anatolia . Franks ( edit ) Main articles : Charles Martel and Francia The Frankish realm under Charles Martel was the foremost military power of Western Europe . During most of his tenure in office as commander - in - chief of the Franks , it consisted of north and eastern France ( Austrasia , Neustria and Burgundy ) , most of western Germany , and the Low Countries ( Luxembourg , Belgium and the Netherlands ) . The Frankish realm had begun to progress towards becoming the first real imperial power in western Europe since the fall of Rome . However , it continued to struggle against external forces such as the Saxons , Frisians , and other opponents such as the Basque - Aquitanians led by Odo the Great ( Old French : Eudes ) , Duke over Aquitaine and Vasconia . Muslim conquests from Hispania ( edit ) Main article : Umayyad conquest of Hispania The `` Age of the Caliphs '' , showing Umayyad dominance stretching from the Middle East to the Iberian Peninsula , including the port of Narbonne , c. 720 Tours Autun Narbonne Toulouse Modern - day French borders . Septimania runs along the Mediterranean ( southeast ) coast from the Spanish border , and Aquitaine is along the Atlantic ( west ) coast running north from Spain . The Umayyad troops , under Al - Samh ibn Malik al - Khawlani , the governor - general of al - Andalus , overran Septimania by 719 , following their sweep up the Iberian Peninsula . Al - Samh set up his capital from 720 at Narbonne , which the Moors called Arbūna . With the port of Narbonne secure , the Umayyads swiftly subdued the largely unresisting cities of Alet , Béziers , Agde , Lodève , Maguelonne , and Nîmes , still controlled by their Visigothic counts . The Umayyad campaign into Aquitaine suffered a temporary setback at the Battle of Toulouse . Duke Odo the Great broke the siege of Toulouse , taking Al - Samh ibn Malik 's forces by surprise . Al - Samh ibn Malik was mortally wounded . This defeat did not stop incursions into old Roman Gaul , as Moorish forces , soundly based in Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea , struck eastwards in the 720s , penetrating as far as Autun in Burgundy in 725 . Threatened by both the Umayyads in the south and by the Franks in the north , in 730 Odo allied himself with the Berber commander Uthman ibn Naissa , called `` Munuza '' by the Franks , the deputy governor of what would later become Catalonia . To seal the alliance , Uthman was given Odo 's daughter Lampagie in marriage , and Moorish raids across the Pyrenees , Odo 's southern border , ceased . However , the next year , the Berber leader killed the bishop of Urgell Nambaudus and detached from his Arabs masters in Cordova . Abdul Raḥman in turn sent an expedition to crush his revolt , and next directed his attention against Uthman 's ally Odo . The Aquitanian duke Odo collected his army at Bordeaux , but was defeated , and Bordeaux plundered . During the following Battle of the River Garonne , the Chronicle of 754 commented that `` God alone knows the number of the slain '' . The Chronicle of 754 continues , saying they `` pierced through the mountains , trampled over rough and level ground , plundered far into the country of the Franks , and smote all with the sword , insomuch that when Eudo came to battle with them at the River Garonne , he fled . '' Odo 's appeal to the Franks ( edit ) Odo , who despite the heavy losses was reorganizing his troops , gave the Frankish leader notice of the impending danger knocking on the heartland of his realm , and appealed to the Franks for assistance , which Charles Martel only granted after Odo agreed to submit to Frankish authority . It appears that the Umayyads were not aware of the true strength of the Franks . The Umayyad forces were not particularly concerned about any of the Germanic tribes , including the Franks , and the Arab chronicles of that age show that awareness of the Franks as a growing military power only came after the Battle of Tours . Further , the Umayyads appear not to have scouted northward for potential foes , for if they had , they surely would have noted Charles Martel as a force to be reckoned with in his own account , because of his growing domination of much of Europe from 717 : this might have alerted the Umayyads that a real power led by a gifted general was rising from the ashes of the Western Roman Empire . Umayyad advance towards the Loire ( edit ) In 732 , the Umayyad advance force was proceeding north towards the Loire river having outpaced their supply train and a large part of their army . Essentially , having easily destroyed all resistance in that part of Gaul , the invading army had split off into several raiding parties , while the main body advanced more slowly . The Umayyads delayed their attack to so late in the year probably because part of the army needed to live off the land as they advanced . They had to wait until the area 's wheat harvest was ready and then until a reasonable amount of the harvest was threshed ( slowly by hand with flails ) and stored . The reason why Odo was defeated so easily at Bordeaux and Garonne , but had won 11 years earlier at the Battle of Toulouse is simple . At Toulouse , Odo managed a surprise attack against an overconfident and unprepared foe . The Umayyad forces were mostly infantry , and what cavalry they did have never got a chance to mobilize . As Herman of Carinthia wrote in one of his translations of a history of al - Andalus , Odo managed a highly successful encircling envelopment which took the attackers totally by surprise -- the result was a chaotic slaughter of the Muslim forces . At Bordeaux and again at Garonne , the Umayyad forces were mostly cavalry , and had the chance to mobilize , which led to the devastation of Odo 's army . Odo 's forces , like other European troops of that era , lacked stirrups , possibly explaining why they had no heavy cavalry . Most of their troops were infantry . The Umayyad heavy cavalry broke the Frankish infantry in their first charge , and then slaughtered them as they broke and ran . The invading force went on to devastate southern Gaul . A possible motive , according to the second continuator of the Chronicle of Fredegar , was the riches of the Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours , the most prestigious and holiest shrine in Western Europe at the time . Upon hearing this Austrasia 's Mayor of the Palace , Charles Martel prepared his army and marched south , avoiding the old Roman roads hoping to take the Muslims by surprise . Battle ( October 732 ) ( edit ) Battle of Tours The location of the battle on modern - day France This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Preparations and maneuver ( edit ) By all accounts the invading forces were caught off guard to discover a large force sitting directly in their path to Tours . Charles achieved the total surprise he had hoped for . He then chose not to attack and rather began fighting in a defensive , phalanx - like formation . According to Arab sources , the Franks drew up in a large square , with hills and trees in their front to diminish or break up Muslim cavalry charges . For seven days , the two armies faced off with minor skirmishes . The Umayyads waited for their full strength to arrive . ' Abd - al - Raḥmân , despite being a proven commander , had been outmaneuvered ; he had allowed Charles to concentrate his forces and pick the field of battle . Furthermore , it was impossible for the Umayyads to judge the size of Martel 's army , since Charles had used the trees and forest to screen his true numbers . Martel 's infantry were his best hope for victory . Seasoned and battle - hardened , most of them had fought with him for years , some as far back as 717 . In addition to his army , he also had levies of militia which had not seen significant military use except for gathering food and harassing the Muslim army . While many historians through the centuries have believed that the Franks were outnumbered at the onset of battle by at least two to one , the most authentic source called the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , points to the contrary . Charles correctly assumed that ' Abd - al - Raḥmân would feel compelled to give battle , and move on and try to loot Tours . Neither side wanted to attack . Abd - al - Raḥmân felt he had to sack Tours , which meant he had to go through the Frankish army on the hill in front of him . Charles 's decision to wait and stay on the hills proved crucial , as it forced the Umayyad Cavalry to charge uphill and through trees , diminishing their lethality . Charles had been preparing for this confrontation since the Battle of Toulouse a decade earlier . Gibbon believes , as do most historians , that Charles had made the best of a bad situation . Though allegedly outnumbered and without any heavy cavalry , Charles had tough , battle - hardened infantrymen who believed in him implicitly . Moreover , as Davis points out , these infantrymen were heavily armed , each man carrying up to perhaps 75 pounds ( 34 kg ) of armour into battle . Formed into a phalanx formation , they were able to withstand a cavalry charge better than might be expected , especially as Charles had been able to secure the high ground -- with trees before him further to dilute any cavalry charges . The failure of Arab intelligence extended to the fact that they were totally unaware of how good Martel 's forces were ; Martel had trained them for a decade . And while he was well aware of the Caliphate 's strengths and weaknesses , they knew almost nothing about the Franks . It was a total failure of the Muslim intelligence services . The logistical failures of the Muslims included their attire . The Franks were dressed for the cold . The Arabs had very light clothing more suitable for the North African winters rather than the European winters . The battle eventually became a waiting game in which the Muslims did not want to attack an army that could possibly be numerically superior and wanted the Franks to come out into the open . The Franks formed up in a thick defensive formation and waited for them to charge uphill . The battle finally began on the seventh day , as ' Abd - al - Raḥmân did not want to wait any longer with winter approaching . Engagement ( edit ) Western knight fighting against an Arabian horseman . ( Illustration from the 19th century ) ' Abd - al - Raḥmân trusted the tactical superiority of his cavalry and had them charge repeatedly . In one of the few instances where medieval infantry stood up against cavalry charges , the disciplined Frankish soldiers withstood the assaults , though according to Arab sources , the Arab cavalry broke into the Frankish square several times . Despite this , the Franks did not break . The well - trained Frank soldiers accomplished what was not thought possible at that time : infantry withstanding a heavy cavalry charge . Paul Davis says the core of Charles 's army was a professional infantry which was both highly disciplined and well motivated , `` having campaigned with him all over Europe '' . The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 says : And in the shock of battle the men of the North seemed like a sea that can not be moved . Firmly they stood , one close to another , forming as it were a bulwark of ice ; and with great blows of their swords they hewed down the Arabs . Drawn up in a band around their chief , the people of the Austrasians carried all before them . Their tireless hands drove their swords down to the breasts ( of the foe ) . Turning point ( edit ) Umayyad troops who had broken into the square had tried to kill Charles , but his liege men surrounded him and would not be broken . The battle was still in flux when -- Frankish histories claim -- a rumour went through the Umayyad army that Frankish scouts threatened the booty that they had taken from Bordeaux . Some of the Umayyad troops at once broke off the battle and returned to camp to secure their loot . According to Muslim accounts of the battle , in the midst of the fighting on the second day ( Frankish accounts have the battle lasting one day only ) , scouts from the Franks sent by Charles began to raid the camp and supply train ( including slaves and other plunder ) . Charles supposedly had sent scouts to cause chaos in the Umayyad base camp , and free as many of the slaves as possible , hoping to draw off part of his foe . This succeeded , as many of the Umayyad cavalry returned to their camp . To the rest of the Muslim army , this appeared to be a full - scale retreat , and soon it became one . Both Western and Muslim histories agree that while trying to stop the retreat , ' Abd - al - Raḥmân became surrounded , which led to his death , and the Umayyad troops then withdrew altogether to their camp . `` All the host fled before the enemy '' , candidly wrote one Arabic source , `` and many died in the flight '' . The Franks resumed their phalanx , and rested in place through the night , believing the battle would resume at dawn the following morning . Following day ( edit ) The next day , when the Umayyad forces did not renew the battle , the Franks feared an ambush . Charles at first believed that the Umayyad forces were trying to lure him down the hill and into the open . This tactic he knew he had to resist at all costs ; he had in fact disciplined his troops for years to under no circumstances break formation and come out in the open . Only after extensive reconnaissance of the Umayyad camp by Frankish soldiers -- which by both historical accounts had been so hastily abandoned that even the tents remained , as the Umayyad forces headed back to Iberia with what loot remained that they could carry -- was it discovered that the Muslims had retreated during the night . Contemporary accounts ( edit ) The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 `` describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source '' . It says of the encounter that , While Abd ar - Rahman was pursuing Odo , he decided to despoil Tours by destroying its palaces and burning its churches . There he confronted the consul of Austrasia by the name of Charles , a man who , having proved himself to be a warrior from his youth and an expert in things military , had been summoned by Odo . After each side had tormented the other with raids for almost seven days , they finally prepared their battle lines and fought fiercely . The northern peoples remained as immobile as a wall , holding together like a glacier in the cold regions . In the blink of an eye , they annihilated the Arabs with the sword . The people of Austrasia , greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed , killed the king , Abd ar - Rahman , when they found him , striking him on the chest . But suddenly , within sight of the countless tents of the Arabs , the Franks despicably sheathed their swords postponing the fight until the next day since night had fallen during the battle . Rising from their own camp at dawn , the Europeans saw the tents and canopies of the Arabs all arranged just as they had appeared the day before . Not knowing that they were empty and thinking that inside them there were Saracen forces ready for battle , they sent officers to reconnoitre and discovered that all the Ishmaelite troops had left . They had indeed fled silently by night in tight formation , returning to their own country . -- Wolf ( trans ) , Chronicle of 754 , p. 145 Charles Martel 's family composed , for the fourth book of the Continuations of Fredegar 's Chronicle , a stylised summary of the battle : Prince Charles boldly drew up his battle lines against them ( the Arabs ) and the warrior rushed in against them . With Christ 's help he overturned their tents , and hastened to battle to grind them small in slaughter . The king Abdirama having been killed , he destroyed ( them ) , driving forth the army , he fought and won . Thus did the victor triumph over his enemies . -- Fouracre , Continuations of Fredegar , p. 149 This source details further that `` he ( Charles Martel ) came down upon them like a great man of battle '' . It goes on to say Charles `` scattered them like the stubble '' . The Latin word used for `` warrior '' , belligerator , `` is from the Book of Maccabees , chapters 15 and 16 , which describe huge battles . It is thought that Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People ( Book V , Chapter XXIV ) includes a reference to the Battle of Poitiers : `` ... a dreadful plague of Saracens ravaged France with miserable slaughter , but they not long after in that country received the punishment due to their wickedness '' . Strategic analysis ( edit ) Gibbon makes the point that ' Abd - al - Raḥmân did not move at once against Charles Martel , and was surprised by him at Tours as Charles had marched over the mountains avoiding the roads to surprise the Muslim invaders . Thus , Charles selected the time and place they would collide . ' Abd - al - Raḥmân was a good general , but failed to do two things he should have done before the battle : He either assumed that the Franks would not come to the aid of their Aquitanian rivals , or did not care , and he thus failed to assess their strength before invasion . He failed to scout the movements of the Frankish army . These failures disadvantaged the Muslim army in the following ways : The invaders were burdened with booty that played a role in the battle . They had casualties before they fought the battle . Weaker opponents such as Odo were not bypassed , whom they could have picked off at will later , while moving at once to force battle with the real power in Europe , and at least partially picked the battlefield . While some military historians point out that leaving enemies in your rear is not generally wise , the Mongols proved that indirect attack , and bypassing weaker foes to eliminate the strongest first , can be a devastatingly effective mode of invasion . In this case , those enemies were virtually no danger , given the ease with which the Muslims destroyed them . The real danger was Charles , and the failure to scout Gaul adequately was disastrous . According to Creasy , both western and Muslim histories agree the battle was hard fought , and that the Umayyad heavy cavalry had broken into the square , but agreed that the Franks were in formation still strongly resisting . Charles could not afford to stand idly by while Frankish territories were threatened . He would have to face the Umayyad armies sooner or later , and his men were enraged by the utter devastation of the Aquitanians and wanted to fight . But Sir Edward Creasy noted that , when we remember that Charles had no standing army , and the independent spirit of the Frank warriors who followed his standard , it seems most probable that it was not in his power to adopt the cautious policy of watching the invaders , and wearing out their strength by delay . So dreadful and so widespread were the ravages of the Saracenic light cavalry throughout Gaul , that it must have been impossible to restrain for any length of time the indignant ardor of the Franks . And , even if Charles could have persuaded his men to look tamely on while the Arabs stormed more towns and desolated more districts , he could not have kept an army together when the usual period of a military expedition had expired . Both Hallam and Watson argue that had Charles failed , there was no remaining force to protect Western Europe . Hallam perhaps said it best : `` It may justly be reckoned among those few battles of which a contrary event would have essentially varied the drama of the world in all its subsequent scenes : with Marathon , Arbela , the Metaurus , Châlons and Leipzig . '' Strategically , and tactically , Charles probably made the best decision he could in waiting until his enemies least expected him to intervene , and then marching by stealth to catch them by surprise at a battlefield of his choosing . Probably he and his own men did not realize the seriousness of the battle they had fought , as one historian put it : `` few battles are remembered over 1,000 years after they are fought , but the Battle of Poitiers is an exception ( ... ) Charles Martel turned back a Muslim raid that had it been allowed to continue , might have conquered Gaul . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Umayyad retreat and second invasion ( edit ) The Umayyad army retreated south over the Pyrenees . Charles continued to drive the Umayyad forces from France in subsequent years . After the death ( c. 735 ) of Odo , who had reluctantly acknowledged Charles ' suzerainty in 719 , Charles wished to unite Odo 's Duchy to himself , and went there to elicit the proper homage of the Aquitainians . But the nobility proclaimed Hunold , Odo 's son , as the Duke , and Charles recognized his legitimacy when the Umayyads entered Provence as part of an alliance with Duke Maurontus the next year . Hunold , who originally resisted acknowledging Charles as overlord , soon had little choice . He acknowledged Charles as his overlord , albeit not for long , and Charles confirmed his Duchy . Umayyad invasion ( 735 -- 39 ) ( edit ) In 735 , the new governor of al - Andalus again invaded Gaul . Antonio Santosuosso and other historians detail how the new governor of Al - Andalus , ' Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj , again moved into France to avenge the defeat at Poitiers and to spread Islam . Santosuosso notes that ' Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj converted about 2,000 Christians he captured over his career . In the last major attempt at forcible invasion of Gaul through Iberia , a sizable invasion force was assembled at Saragossa and entered what is now French territory in 735 , crossed the River Rhone and captured and looted Arles . From there , he struck into the heart of Provence , ending with the capture of Avignon , despite strong resistance . Uqba b . Al - Hajjaj 's forces remained in French territory for about four years , carrying raids to Lyons , Burgundy , and Piedmont . Charles Martel invaded Septimania in two campaigns in 736 and 739 , but was forced back again to Frankish territory under his control . Alessandro Santosuosso strongly argues that the second ( Umayyad ) expedition was probably more dangerous than the first . The second expedition 's failure put an end to any serious Muslim expedition across the Pyrenees , although raids continued . Plans for further large - scale attempts were hindered by internal turmoil in the Umayyad lands which often made enemies out of their own kind . Advance to Narbonne ( edit ) Despite the defeat at Tours , the Umayyads remained in control of Narbonne and Septimania for another 27 years , though they could not expand further . The treaties reached earlier with the local population stood firm and were further consolidated in 734 when the governor of Narbonne , Yusuf ibn ' Abd al - Rahman al - Fihri , concluded agreements with several towns on common defense arrangements against the encroachments of Charles Martel , who had systematically brought the south to heel as he extended his domains . He destroyed Umayyad armies and fortresses at the Battle of Avignon and the Battle of Nîmes . The army attempting to relieve Narbonne met Charles in open battle at the Battle of the River Berre and was destroyed . However , Charles failed in his attempt to take Narbonne by siege in 737 , when the city was jointly defended by its Muslim Arab and Berber , and its Christian Visigothic citizens . Carolingian dynasty ( edit ) Main articles : Francia , Carolingian Empire , Pepin the Short , and Charlemagne Reluctant to tie down his army for a siege that could last years , and believing he could not afford the losses of an all - out frontal assault such as he had used at Arles , Charles was content to isolate the few remaining invaders in Narbonne and Septimania . The threat of invasion was diminished after the Umayyad defeat at Narbonne , and the unified Caliphate would collapse into civil war in 750 at the Battle of the Zab . It was left to Charles ' son , Pepin the Short , to force Narbonne 's surrender in 759 , thus bringing Narbonne into the Frankish domains . The Umayyad dynasty was expelled , driven back to Al - Andalus where Abd al - Rahman I established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad . Charles 's grandson , Charlemagne , became the first Christian ruler to begin what would be called the Reconquista from Europe . In the northeast of Spain the Frankish emperors established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in part of what today is Catalonia , reconquering Girona in 785 and Barcelona in 801 . This formed a buffer zone against Muslim lands across the Pyrenees . Historian J.M. Roberts said in 1993 of the Carolingian Dynasty : `` It produced Charles Martel , the soldier who turned the Arabs back at Tours , and the supporter of Saint Boniface the Evangelizer of Germany . This is a considerable double mark to have left on the history of Europe . '' Before the Battle of Tours , stirrups may have been unknown in the west . Lynn Townsend White Jr. argues that the adoption of the stirrup for cavalry was the direct cause for the development of feudalism in the Frankish realm by Charles Martel and his heirs . Historical and macrohistorical views ( edit ) The historical views of this battle fall into three great phases , both in the East and especially in the West . Western historians , beginning with the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754 , stressed the macrohistorical impact of the battle , as did the Continuations of Fredegar . This became a claim that Charles had saved Christianity , as Gibbon and his generation of historians agreed that the Battle of Tours was unquestionably decisive in world history . Modern historians have essentially fallen into two camps on the issue . The first camp essentially agrees with Gibbon , and the other argues that the Battle has been massively overstated -- turned from a raid in force to an invasion , and from a mere annoyance to the Caliph to a shattering defeat that helped end the Islamic Expansion Era . It is essential however , to note that within the first group , those who agree the Battle was of macrohistorical importance , there are a number of historians who take a more moderate and nuanced view of the significance of the battle , in contrast to the more dramatic and rhetorical approach of Gibbon . The best example of this school is William E. Watson , who does believe the battle has such importance , as will be discussed below , but analyzes it militarily , culturally and politically , rather than seeing it as a classic `` Muslim versus Christian '' confrontation . In the East , Arab histories followed a similar path . First , the battle was regarded as a disastrous defeat ; then , it largely faded from Arab histories , leading to a modern dispute which regards it as either a secondary loss to the great defeat of the Second Siege of Constantinople , where the Bulgarian Emperor Tervel played a crucial role , or a part of a series of great macrohistorical defeats which together brought about the fall of the first Caliphate . With the Byzantines and Bulgarians together with the Franks both successfully blocking further expansion , internal social troubles came to a head , starting with the Great Berber Revolt of 740 , and ending with the Battle of the Zab , and the destruction of the Umayyad Caliphate . In Western history ( edit ) The first wave of real `` modern '' historians , especially scholars on Rome and the medieval period , such as Edward Gibbon , contended that had Charles fallen , the Umayyad Caliphate would have easily conquered a divided Europe . Gibbon famously observed : A victorious line of march had been prolonged above a thousand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to the banks of the Loire ; the repetition of an equal space would have carried the Saracens to the confines of Poland and the Highlands of Scotland ; the Rhine is not more impassable than the Nile or Euphrates , and the Arabian fleet might have sailed without a naval combat into the mouth of the Thames . Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the schools of Oxford , and her pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the revelation of Mahomet . Nor was Gibbon alone in lavishing praise on Charles as the savior of Christendom and western civilization . H.G. Wells in his A Short History of the World said in Chapter XLV `` The Development of Latin Christendom '' : `` The Moslim when they crossed the Pyrenees in 720 found this Frankish kingdom under the practical rule of Charles Martel , the Mayor of the Palace of a degenerate descendant of Clovis , and experienced the decisive defeat of Poitiers ( 732 ) at his hands . This Charles Martel was practically overlord of Europe north of the Alps from the Pyrenees to Hungary . He ruled over a multitude of subordinate lords speaking French - Latin , and High and Low German languages . '' Gibbon was echoed a century later by the Belgian historian Godefroid Kurth , who wrote that the Battle of Poitiers `` must ever remain one of the great events in the history of the world , as upon its issue depended whether Christian Civilization should continue or Islam prevail throughout Europe . '' German historians were especially ardent in their praise of Charles Martel ; Schlegel speaks of this `` mighty victory '' , and tells how `` the arm of Charles Martel saved and delivered the Christian nations of the West from the deadly grasp of all - destroying Islam . '' Creasy quotes Leopold von Ranke 's opinion that this period was `` one of the most important epochs in the history of the world , the commencement of the eighth century , when on the one side Mohammedanism threatened to overspread Italy and Gaul , and on the other the ancient idolatry of Saxony and Friesland once more forced its way across the Rhine . In this peril of Christian institutions , a youthful prince of Germanic race , Karl Martell , arose as their champion , maintained them with all the energy which the necessity for self - defence calls forth , and finally extended them into new regions . '' The German military historian Hans Delbrück said of this battle `` there was no more important battle in the history of the world . '' ( The Barbarian Invasions , p. 441 . ) Had Charles Martel failed , Henry Hallam argued , there would have been no Charlemagne , no Holy Roman Empire or Papal States ; all these depended upon Charles 's containment of Islam from expanding into Europe while the Caliphate was unified and able to mount such a conquest . Another great mid era historian , Thomas Arnold , ranked the victory of Charles Martel even higher than the victory of Arminius in its impact on all of modern history : `` Charles Martel 's victory at Tours was among those signal deliverances which have affected for centuries the happiness of mankind . '' Louis Gustave and Charles Strauss in Moslem and Frank ; or , Charles Martel and the rescue of Europe said `` The victory gained was decisive and final , The torrent of Arab conquest was rolled back and Europe was rescued from the threatened yoke of the Saracens . '' ( p. 122 ) Charles Oman , in his History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages , concludes that `` At Poitiers the Franks fought as they had done two hundred years before at Casilinum , in one solid mass , without breaking rank or attempting to maneuver . Their victory was won by the purely defensive tactics of the infantry square ; the fanatical Arabs , dashing against them time after time , were shattered to pieces , and at last fled under shelter of night . But there was no pursuit , for Charles had determined not to allow his men to stir a step from the line to chase the broken foe . ( I , 58 ) '' John Bagnell Bury , writing at the beginning of the 20th century , said `` The Battle of Tours ... has often been represented as an event of the first magnitude for the world 's history , because after this , the penetration of Islam into Europe was finally brought to a standstill . '' Modern Western historians are clearly divided on the importance of the battle , and where it should rank in military history ; see below . Adolf Hitler on the battle of Tours ( edit ) Albert Speer , Hitler 's Armaments Minister , described how Hitler expressed approval of Islam , saying that Hitler had been particularly impressed by what he had heard from a delegation of Arabs . When the Muslims had tried to penetrate Central Europe in the 8th century , they had been driven back at the Battle of Tours ; if they had won that battle , the world would have become Muslim . Theirs was a religion , Hitler said , that believed in spreading the faith by the sword and subjugating all nations to that faith . Hitler considered that Islam was perfectly suited to the `` Germanic '' temperament and would have been more compatible to the Germans than Christianity . In Muslim history ( edit ) Eastern historians , like their Western counterparts , have not always agreed on the importance of the battle . According to Bernard Lewis , `` The Arab historians , if they mention this engagement ( the Battle of Tours ) at all , present it as a minor skirmish , '' and Gustave von Grunebaum writes : `` This setback may have been important from the European point of view , but for Muslims at the time , who saw no master plan imperilled thereby , it had no further significance . '' Contemporary Arab and Muslim historians and chroniclers were much more interested in the second Umayyad siege of Constantinople in 718 , which ended in a disastrous defeat . However , Creasy has claimed : `` The enduring importance of the battle of Tours in the eyes of the Moslems is attested not only by the expressions of ' the deadly battle ' and ' the disgraceful overthrow ' which their writers constantly employ when referring to it , but also by the fact that no more serious attempts at conquest beyond the Pyrenees were made by the Saracens . '' Thirteenth - century Moroccan author Ibn Idhari al - Marrakushi , mentioned the battle in his history of the Maghrib , `` al - Bayan al - Mughrib fi Akhbar al - Maghrib . '' According to Ibn Idhari , `` Abd ar - Rahman and many of his men found martyrdom on the balat ash - Shuhada'i ( '' the path of the martyrs ) . '' Antonio Santosuosso points that `` they ( the Muslims ) called the battle 's location , the road between Poitiers and Tours , `` the pavement of Martyrs '' . '' However , as Henry Coppée pointed out , `` The same name was given to the battle of Toulouse and is applied to many other fields on which the Moslemah were defeated : they were always martyrs for the faith . '' Khalid Yahya Blankinship argued that the military defeat at Tours was one of the failures that contributed to the decline of the Umayyad caliphate : `` Stretching from Morocco to China , the Umayyad caliphate based its expansion and success on the doctrine of jihad -- armed struggle to claim the whole earth for God 's rule , a struggle that had brought much material success for a century but suddenly ground to a halt followed by the collapse of the ruling Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD . The End of the Jihad State demonstrates for the first time that the cause of this collapse came not just from internal conflict , as has been claimed , but from a number of external and concurrent factors that exceeded the caliphate 's capacity to respond . These external factors began with crushing military defeats at Byzantium , Toulouse and Tours , which led to the Berber Revolt of 740 in Iberia and Northern Africa . '' Current historical debate on macrohistorical impact of battle of Tours ( edit ) Some modern historians argue that the Battle of Tours was of no great historical significance while others continue to contend that Charles Martel 's victory was important in European or even world history . Supporting the significance of Tours as a world - altering event ( edit ) William E. Watson strongly supports Tours as a macrohistorical event , but distances himself from the rhetoric of Gibbon and Drubeck , writing , for example , of the battle 's importance in Frankish , and world , history in 1993 : There is clearly some justification for ranking Tours - Poitiers among the most significant events in Frankish history when one considers the result of the battle in light of the remarkable record of the successful establishment by Muslims of Islamic political and cultural dominance along the entire eastern and southern rim of the former Christian , Roman world . The rapid Muslim conquest of Palestine , Syria , Egypt and the North African coast all the way to Morocco in the seventh century resulted in the permanent imposition by force of Islamic culture onto a previously Christian and largely non-Arab base . The Visigothic kingdom fell to Muslim conquerors in a single battle on the Rio Barbate in 711 , and the Hispanic Christian population took seven long centuries to regain control of the Iberian Peninsula . The Reconquista , of course , was completed in 1492 , only months before Columbus received official backing for his fateful voyage across the Atlantic Ocean . Had Charles Martel suffered at Tours - Poitiers the fate of King Roderic at the Rio Barbate , it is doubtful that a `` do - nothing '' sovereign of the Merovingian realm could have later succeeded where his talented major domus had failed . Indeed , as Charles was the progenitor of the Carolingian line of Frankish rulers and grandfather of Charlemagne , one can even say with a degree of certainty that the subsequent history of the West would have proceeded along vastly different currents had ' Abd ar - Rahman been victorious at Tours - Poitiers in 732 . Watson adds , `` After examining the motives for the Muslim drive north of the Pyrenees , one can attach a macrohistorical significance to the encounter between the Franks and Andalusi Muslims at Tours - Poitiers , especially when one considers the attention paid to the Franks in Arabic literature and the successful expansion of Muslims elsewhere in the medieval period . '' Victorian writer John Henry Haaren says in Famous Men of the Middle Ages , `` The battle of Tours , or Poitiers , as it should be called , is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the world . It decided that Christians , and not Moslems , should be the ruling power in Europe . '' Bernard Grun delivers this assessment in his `` Timetables of History '' , reissued in 2004 : `` In 732 Charles Martel 's victory over the Arabs at the Battle of Tours stems the tide of their westward advance . '' Historian and humanist Michael Grant lists the battle of Tours in the macrohistorical dates of the Roman era . Historian Norman Cantor who specialized in the medieval period , teaching and writing at Columbia and New York University , says in 1993 : `` It may be true that the Arabs had now fully extended their resources and they would not have conquered France , but their defeat ( at Tours ) in 732 put a stop to their advance to the north . '' Military historian Robert W. Martin considers Tours `` one of the most decisive battles in all of history . '' Additionally , historian Hugh Kennedy says `` it was clearly significant in establishing the power of Charles Martel and the Carolingians in France , but it also had profound consequences in Muslim Spain . It signaled the end of the ghanima ( booty ) economy . '' Military Historian Paul Davis argued in 1999 , `` had the Muslims been victorious at Tours , it is difficult to suppose what population in Europe could have organized to resist them . '' Likewise , George Bruce in his update of Harbottle 's classic military history Dictionary of Battles maintains that `` Charles Martel defeated the Moslem army effectively ending Moslem attempts to conquer western Europe . '' History professor Antonio Santosuosso puts forth an opinion on Charles , Tours , and the subsequent campaigns against Rahman 's son in 736 -- 737 , presenting that these later defeats of invading Muslim armies were at least as important as Tours in their defense of Western Christendom and the preservation of Western monasticism , the monasteries of which were the centers of learning which ultimately led Europe out of her Middle Ages . He also makes an argument , after studying the Arab histories of the period , that these were clearly armies of invasion , sent by the Caliph not just to avenge Tours , but to begin the end of Christian Europe and bring it into the Caliphate . Professor of religion Huston Smith says in The World 's Religions : Our Great Wisdom Traditions `` But for their defeat by Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours in 733 , the entire Western world might today be Muslim . '' Historian Robert Payne on page 142 in `` The History of Islam '' said `` The more powerful Muslims and the spread of Islam were knocking on Europe 's door . And the spread of Islam was stopped along the road between the towns of Tours and Poitiers , France , with just its head in Europe . '' Victor Davis Hanson has commented that `` Recent scholars have suggested Poitiers , so poorly recorded in contemporary sources , was a mere raid and thus a construct of western mythmaking or that a Muslim victory might have been preferable to continued Frankish dominance . What is clear is that Poitiers marked a general continuance of the successful defense of Europe , ( from the Muslims ) . Flush from the victory at Tours , Charles Martel went on to clear southern France from Islamic attackers for decades , unify the warring kingdoms into the foundations of the Carolingian Empire , and ensure ready and reliable troops from local estates . '' Paul Davis , another modern historian , says `` whether Charles Martel saved Europe for Christianity is a matter of some debate . What is sure , however , is that his victory ensured that the Franks would dominate Gaul for more than a century . '' Davis writes , `` Moslem defeat ended the Moslems ' threat to western Europe , and Frankish victory established the Franks as the dominant population in western Europe , establishing the dynasty that led to Charlemagne . '' Objecting to the significance of Tours as a world - altering event ( edit ) Other historians disagree with this assessment . Alessandro Barbero writes , `` Today , historians tend to play down the significance of the battle of Poitiers , pointing out that the purpose of the Muslim force defeated by Charles Martel was not to conquer the Frankish kingdom , but simply to pillage the wealthy monastery of St - Martin of Tours '' . Similarly , Tomaž Mastnak writes : Modern historians have constructed a myth presenting this victory as having saved Christian Europe from the Muslims . Edward Gibbon , for example , called Charles Martel the savior of Christendom and the battle near Poitiers an encounter that changed the history of the world ... This myth has survived well into our own times ... Contemporaries of the battle , however , did not overstate its significance . The continuators of Fredegar 's chronicle , who probably wrote in the mid-eighth century , pictured the battle as just one of many military encounters between Christians and Saracens -- moreover , as only one in a series of wars fought by Frankish princes for booty and territory ... One of Fredegar 's continuators presented the battle of Poitiers as what it really was : an episode in the struggle between Christian princes as the Carolingians strove to bring Aquitaine under their rule . The historian Philip Khuri Hitti believes that `` In reality nothing was decided on the battlefield of Tours . The Moslem wave , already a thousand miles from its starting point in Gibraltar -- to say nothing about its base in al - Qayrawan -- had already spent itself and reached a natural limit . '' The view that the battle has no great significance is perhaps best summarized by Franco Cardini says in Europe and Islam : `` Although prudence needs to be exercised in minimizing or ' demythologizing ' the significance of the event , it is no longer thought by anyone to have been crucial . The ' myth ' of that particular military engagement survives today as a media cliché , than which nothing is harder to eradicate . It is well known how the propaganda put about by the Franks and the papacy glorified the victory that took place on the road between Tours and Poitiers ... '' In their introduction to The Reader 's Companion to Military History Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker summarise this side of the modern view of the Battle of Tours by saying `` The study of military history has undergone drastic changes in recent years . The old drums - and - bugles approach will no longer do . Factors such as economics , logistics , intelligence , and technology receive the attention once accorded solely to battles and campaigns and casualty counts . Words like `` strategy '' and `` operations '' have acquired meanings that might not have been recognizable a generation ago . Changing attitudes and new research have altered our views of what once seemed to matter most . For example , several of the battles that Edward Shepherd Creasy listed in his famous 1851 book The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World rate hardly a mention here , and the confrontation between Muslims and Christians at Poitiers - Tours in 732 , once considered a watershed event , has been downgraded to a raid in force . '' See also ( edit ) Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula Battle of Lepanto Battle of Navarino References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The state of Islam in Al Andalus '' , written by Mohammed Abdullah Annan , ( ( The first era - The first section , from the conquest until the beginning of the era of Al - Nasir ) ) . Fourth edition , published by Khanji library in Cairo . p. 96 Jump up ^ Dawn of Al - Andalus , by DR . Hussain Mones , a study of the history of Muslim Spain from the Arab conquest in 711 C.E. till the rise of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordova in 756 C.E. , published in Dar Al - Manahel and Al - Asr Al - Hadith , Beirut , Lebanon. `` First Edition '' . p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Balat Al - Shuhada , led by Abd Ar - Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Balat Al - Shuhada battle , in Islamic and European history , by DR . Abd Al - Fattah Muqallid Al - Ghunaymi , published in Alam Alkotob , Cairo , Egypt . `` First Edition '' . ISBN 977 - 232 - 081 - 9 . p. 128 Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada , Led by Abd Ar - Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 202 Jump up ^ Primary Islamic sources used the name `` Franks '' to refer to all the nations of Europe except Goths and Romans Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada , led by Abdul Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 25 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 193 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . p. 194 Jump up ^ The Andalusian History , from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92 -- 897 A.H. ( 711 -- 1492 C.E. ) , by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El - Hajji , a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University , published in Dar Al - Qalam , in Damascus , and in Beirut . `` Second Edition '' . pp. 198 -- 99 Jump up ^ Balat Al - Shuhada battle , in Islamic and European history , by Dr. Abd Al - Fattah Muqallid Al - Ghunaymi , published in Alam Alkotob , Cairo , Egypt . `` First Edition '' . ISBN 977 - 232 - 081 - 9 . p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Tom oberhofer . `` battle of poitiers 729 battle of Moussais , battle of Tours , Charles Martel Eudes of Aquitaine , Abd . er - Rahman , medieval warfare '' . Home.eckerd.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Poitiers / Tours 10th October 732 '' . Military Times . Jump up ^ Hanson , 2001 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Oman , 1960 , p. 167 , gives the traditional date of October 10 , 732 . White 1962 , p. 3 , note 3 , citing Baudot 1955 , goes with October 17 , 733 . Collins 1989 , pp. 90 -- 91 , concludes `` late ( October ? ) 733 '' based on the `` likely '' appointment date of the successor of Abdul Rahman , who was killed in the battle . Watson 1993 , p. 52 , cites problems with Baudot , saying Baudot 's incorrect dating of the battle as 733 A.D. has been employed to this day by those unfamiliar with the sources . Jump up ^ Arabic language dictionaries : Al - Ghani Dictionary , Al - Ra - ed Dictionary , and Al - Waseit Dictionary mentions that the meaning of `` Balat '' is the Palace of a king Jump up ^ the origin of the Arabic word Balat is the same of the Latin word Palatium , and the English word Palace Jump up ^ Balat AL - Shuhada , led by General Abdul Rahman Al - Ghafiqi , by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil , published in Dar Al - Fekr , Damascus , Syria , and Dar Al - Fekr Al - Mo - aser , Beirut , Lebanon . `` Third Edition '' . ISBN 1 - 57547 - 503 - 0 . p. 32 : the word `` Balat '' means the Palace of a king Jump up ^ Bachrach , 2001 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2002 , p. 87 citing the Vita Eucherii , ed . W. Levison , Monumenta Germaniæ Historica , Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum VII , pp. 46 -- 53 , ch. 8 , pp. 49 -- 50 ; Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium , extracts ed . G. Waitz , Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Scriptores XIII , pp. 394 -- 400 , ch. 27 , p. 394 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenfeld 2001 , p. 366 Jump up ^ Hanson , 2001 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Ranke , Leopold von . `` History of the Reformation '' , vol. 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 106 Jump up ^ The patriotic and religious fresco project and its cultural implications are discussed by Albert Boime , A Social History of Modern Art 2004 , pp. 62ff . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Tours ( European history ) '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wolf 2000 , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Davis 1999 , p. unk ^ Jump up to : Davis 1999 , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Victor Davis . `` Culture and Carnage : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power '' Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 85 citing U. Nonn , ' Das Bild Karl Martells in Mittelalterliche Quellen ' , in Jarnut , Nonn and Richeter ( eds ) , Karl Martel in Seiner Zeit , pp. 9 -- 21 , at pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Eggenberger 1985 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Ian Meadows , `` The Arabs in Occitania '' , Arab and Islamic Culture and Connections , Saudi Aramco World Jump up ^ Collins 1989 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Previously attributed to Isidorus Pacensis , Bishop of Beja -- see , O'Callaghan , 1983 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Solus Deus numerum morientium vel pereuntium recognoscat Wolf 2000 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Riche , 1993 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Collins 1989 , pp. 81 , 90 ^ Jump up to : Watson 1993 Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Bede , 1847 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 163 Jump up ^ quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. viii Jump up ^ Bennett et al. 2013 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Fouracre , 2000 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Santosuosso 2004 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Roberts , J.M. The New History of the World Jump up ^ White 1962 , pp. 1 -- 38 . However White denied the importance of Tours in Charles Martel 's reforms , both because they began the year before the battle ( White accepted 733 as the battle year ) and because Claudio Sanchez - Albornoz `` has shown that even twenty years after Martel 's death the Spanish Muslims used cavalry only in small numbers '' ( p. 12 ) . Jump up ^ The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon , Chapter LII . Jump up ^ quoted in Frank D. Gilliard , `` The Senators of Sixth - Century Gaul , '' Speculum , Vol. 54 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1979 ) , pp. 685 -- 97 ^ Jump up to : quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ History of the later Roman Commonwealth , vol ii . p. 317 , quoted in Creasy & Speed 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Cambridge Medieval History p. 374 . Jump up ^ Inside the Third Reich , Albert Speer ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson ) 1995 , pp. 149 -- 50 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 8421 - 2735 - 3 Jump up ^ Lewis , 1994 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ von Grunebaum , 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Coppée 2002 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Famous Men of The Middle Ages by John H. Haaren , LL. D. and A.B. Poland , Ph. D. Project Gutenberg Etext . Jump up ^ The Timetables of History p. 275 . Jump up ^ Civilization of the Middle Ages p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Tours ( 732 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Muslim Spain and Portugal : Political History of Al - Andalus , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders and Battles : Tours '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Victor Davis , 2001 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Davis 1999 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Barbero , 2004 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Mastnak , 2002 , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Hitti , 2002 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Cardini , 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Editors ' Note ' , Cowley and Parker , 2001 , p. xiii . Bibliography ( edit ) Arabs , Franks , and the Battle of Tours , 732 : Three Accounts from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Bachrach , Bernard S. ( 2001 ) . Early Carolingian Warfare : Prelude to Empire . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3533 - 9 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2004 ) . Charlemagne : Father of a Continent . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23943 - 1 Baudot , Marcel ( 1955 ) . `` Localisation et datation de la première victoire remportée par Charles Martel contre les Musulmans '' . Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société de l'École des Charles ( in French ) . XII ( 1 ) : 91 -- 105 . Bede , Giles , John Allen , Stevens , John , Gurney , Anna and Petrie , Henry ( 1847 ) . The Venerable Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of England . H.G. Bohn . Bennett , Matthew ; Bradsbury , Jim ; DeVries , Kelly ; Dickie , Iain ; Jestice , Phyllis G. ( 2013 ) . Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World , AD 500 -- AD 1500 : Equipment , combat skills , and tactics . London : Amber Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909160 - 47 - 7 . Collins , Roger ( 1989 ) . The Arab Conquest of Spain : 710 -- 797 . Oxford , England : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15923 - 0 . Coppée , Henry ( 2002 ) ( 1881 ) . History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors , With a Sketch of the Civilization Which They Achieved , and Imparted to Europe . Vol II . Gorgias Press . ISBN 1 - 931956 - 94 - 4 . Cowley , Robert and Parker , Geoffrey ( Eds . ) . ( 2001 ) . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 12742 - 9 Creasy , Edward Shepherd ; Speed , John Gilmer ( 2001 ) . Decisive Battles of the World ( revised ed . ) . Safety Harbor , Florida : Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931541 - 81 - 7 . ; originally published in 1851 as Decisive Battles of the World from Marathon to Waterloo ; revised edition with John Gilmer Speed originally published in 1899 by Colonial Press . Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 075 - 8 . Eggenberger , David , ed. ( 1985 ) . `` Acroinum ( Moslem - Byzantine Wars ) , 739 & Tours ( Moslem Invasion of France ) , 732 '' . An Encyclopedia of Battles : Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present . Courier ( Dover Publications ) . pp. 3 , 441 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24913 - 1 . ; a revised edition of Dictionary of Battles published in 1967 by Thomas Y . Crowell . Fouracre , Paul ( 2000 ) . The Age of Charles Martel . Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 582 - 06476 - 7 Gibbon , Edward The Battle of Tours , The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Grant , Michael History of Rome Grunebaum , Gustave von ( 2005 ) . Classical Islam : A History , 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D. Aldine Transaction . ISBN 0 - 202 - 30767 - 0 Hanson , Victor Davis . Carnage and Culture : Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power . Anchor Books , 2001 . Published in the UK as Why the West has Won . Faber and Faber , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21640 - 4 Hitti , Philip Khuri ( 2002 ) . History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine . Gorgias Press LLC . ISBN 1 - 931956 - 61 - 8 Hooker , Richard `` Civil War and the Umayyads '' Lewis , Bernard ( 1994 ) . Islam and the West . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509061 - 6 Martin , Robert W . `` The Battle of Tours is still felt today '' , from about.com Mastnak , Tomaž ( 2002 ) . Crusading Peace : Christendom , the Muslim World , and Western Political Order . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22635 - 6 Oman , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378 -- 1515 . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9062 - 6 Poke , The Battle of Tours , from the book Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World From Marathon to Waterloo by Sir Edward Creasy , MA Reagan , Geoffrey , The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles , Canopy Books , New York ( 1992 ) ISBN 1 - 55859 - 431 - 0 Riche , Paul ( 1993 ) . The Carolingians : A Family Who Forged Europe . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1342 - 4 Roberts , J.M. ( 2003 ) The New History of the World Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521927 - 9 Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2004 ) . Barbarians , Marauders , and Infidels . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 9153 - 9 . Schoenfeld , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . `` Battle of Poitiers '' . In Cowley , Robert ; Parker , Geoffrey . The Reader 's Companion to Military History . New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 12742 - 9 . Torrey , Charles Cutler ( 1922 ) . The History of the Conquest of Egypt , North Africa and Spain : Known as the Futūh Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al - Ḥakam . Yale University Press . The Battle of Tours 732 , from the Jewish Virtual Library . Tours , Poiters , from `` Leaders and Battles Database '' online . Watson , William E. ( 1993 ) . `` The Battle of Tours - Poitiers Revisited '' . Providence : studies in western civilization . 2 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 68 . White , Lynn Townsend , Jr. ( 1962 ) . Medieval Technology and Social Change . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 500266 - 9 . Wolf , Kenneth Baxter ( 1990 ) . Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain . Liverpool , England : Liverpool University Press . doi : 10.3828 / 978 - 0 - 85323 - 554 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 554 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Tours . Poke 's edition of Creasy 's 15 Most Important Battles Ever Fought According to Edward Shepherd Creasy Chapter VII . The Battle Of Tours , A.D. 732 . Medieval Sourcebook : Arabs , Franks , and the Battle of Tours , 732 : Three Accounts Medieval Sourcebook : Anon Arab Chronicler : The Battle of Poitiers , 732 History of Europe : The Battle of Tours BBC In Our Time : The Battle of Tours . ( Radio programme discussing the battle ) Coordinates : 47 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 41 ′ 21 '' E / 47.3936 ° N 0.6892 ° E / 47.3936 ; 0.6892 GND : 4428752 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tours&oldid=815952536 '' Categories : 8th - century conflicts Battles involving the Franks Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate Islam in France Matter of France Carolingian period History of Tours 732 in Europe 8th century in France 8th century in Francia Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Pages incorrectly using the quote template Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 08 : 07 . 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"The Battle of Tours (10 October 732)[16] – also called the Battle of Poitiers and, by Arab sources, the Battle of the Palace of the Martyrs (Arabic: معركة بلاط الشهداء, translit. Ma'arakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā’)[17][18][19] – was fought by Frankish and Burgundian[20][21] forces under Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by 'Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Governor-General of al-Andalus. It was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in the Aquitaine of west-central France, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Poitiers. The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and the then-independent Duchy of Aquitaine under Odo the Great."
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"Charles Martel"
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Milan Milano Comune Comune di Milano Clockwise from top : Porta Nuova , Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II , La Scala , Sforza Castle , CityLife project , Arch of Peace , and Milan Cathedral Flag Coat of arms Milan Location of Milan in Italy Milan Milan ( Lombardy ) Milan Milan ( Europe ) Show map of Italy Show map of Lombardy Show map of Europe Show all Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ N 09 ° 11 ′ E / 45.467 ° N 9.183 ° E / 45.467 ; 9.183 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ N 09 ° 11 ′ E / 45.467 ° N 9.183 ° E / 45.467 ; 9.183 Country Italy Region Lombardy Metropolitan city Milan ( MI ) Government Mayor Giuseppe Sala ( PD ) Area Total 181.76 km ( 70.18 sq mi ) Elevation 120 m ( 390 ft ) Population ( 31 October 2017 ) Total 1,365,156 Density 7,500 / km ( 19,000 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Milanese ( plural : `` Milanesi '' ) Meneghino ( plural : `` Meneghini '' ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 20121 -- 20162 Dialing code 0039 02 ISTAT code 015146 Patron saint Ambrose Saint day 7 December Website http://www.comune.milano.it/wps/portal/ist/en Milan ( English : / mɪˈlæn / or / mɪˈlɑːn / ; Italian : Milano ( miˈlaːno ) ( listen ) ; Lombard : Milan ( miˈlãː ) ( Milanese variant ) ) is the capital of Lombardy and the second most populous city in Italy after Rome , with the city proper having a population of 1,365,156 while its province - level municipality has a population of 3,234,000 . Its continuously built - up urban area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Milan ) has a population estimated to be about 5,270,000 over 1,891 square kilometres ( 730 square miles ) , ranking 4th in the European Union . The wider Milan metropolitan area , known as Greater Milan , is a polycentric metropolitan region that extends over central Lombardy and eastern Piedmont and which counts an estimated total population of 7.5 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy . Milan served as capital of the Western Roman Empire from 286 to 402 and the Duchy of Milan during the middle and early modern age . Milan is considered a leading Alpha Global City , with strengths in the arts , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research , and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the third largest economy among European cities and the wealthiest among European non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the `` Four Motors for Europe . '' The city has long been named fashion capital of the world and the world 's design capital , thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11 % of the national total enrolled students . Milan is the destination of 8 million overseas visitors every year , attracted by its museums and art galleries that boast some of the most important collections in the world , including major works by Leonardo da Vinci . The city is served by a large number of luxury hotels and is the fifth most starred in the world by Michelin Guide . The city is home to two of Europe 's most successful football teams , A.C. Milan and F.C. Internazionale , and one of Italy 's main basketball teams , Olimpia Milano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Toponymy 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and Roman times 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Early modern 2.4 Late modern and contemporary 3 Geography 3.1 Topography 4 Climate 5 Government 5.1 Municipal government 5.2 Metropolitan city and regional government 6 Cityscape 6.1 Skyline 6.2 Architecture 6.3 Parks and gardens 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Religion 8 Economy 9 Culture 9.1 Museums and art galleries 9.2 Music 9.3 Fashion and design 9.4 Languages and literature 9.5 Media 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Sport 10 Education 11 Transport 12 International relations 12.1 Twin towns -- sister cities 12.2 Other relations 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links Toponymy ( edit ) The etymology of the name Milan ( Lombard : Milan ( miˈlã ) ) remains uncertain . One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio ( in the middle ) and planus ( plain ) . However , some scholars believe that lanum comes from the Celtic root lan , meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory ( source of the Welsh word llan , meaning `` a sanctuary or church '' , ultimately cognate to English / German Land ) in which Celtic communities used to build shrines . Hence Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe . Indeed , about sixty Gallo - Roman sites in France bore the name `` Mediolanum '' , for example : Saintes ( Mediolanum Santonum ) and Évreux ( Mediolanum Aulercorum ) . In addition , another theory links the name to the boar sow ( the Scrofa semilanuta ) an ancient emblem of the city , fancifully accounted for in Andrea Alciato 's Emblemata ( 1584 ) , beneath a woodcut of the first raising of the city walls , where a boar is seen lifted from the excavation , and the etymology of Mediolanum given as `` half - wool '' , explained in Latin and in French . The foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples , the Bituriges and the Aedui , having as their emblems a ram and a boar ; therefore `` The city 's symbol is a wool - bearing boar , an animal of double form , here with sharp bristles , there with sleek wool . '' Alciato credits Ambrose for his account . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Milan and Timeline of Milan Prehistory and Roman times ( edit ) Roman ruins in Milan : the Columns of San Lorenzo . Milan appears to have been founded around 600 BC by the Celtic Insubres , after whom this region of northern Italy was called Insubria . According to the legend reported by Livy , the Gaulish king Ambicatus sent his nephew Bellovesus into northern Italy at the head of a party drawn from various Gaulish tribes ; this Bellovesus was said to have founded Mediolanum ( in the time of Tarquinius Priscus , according to this legend ) . The Romans , led by consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus , fought the Insubres and captured the city in 222 BC ; the chief of the Insubres submitted to Rome , giving the Romans control of the city . They eventually conquered the entirety of the region , calling the new province Cisalpine Gaul -- `` Gaul this side of the Alps '' -- and may have given the site its Latinized Celtic name of Mediolanum : in Gaulish * medio - meant `` middle , center '' and the name element - lanon is the Celtic equivalent of Latin - planum `` plain '' , thus * Mediolanon ( Latinized as Mediolānum ) meant `` ( settlement ) in the midst of the plain '' . In 286 Diocletian moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum . He chose to reside at Nicomedia in the Eastern Empire , leaving his colleague Maximian at Milan . Maximian built several gigantic monuments , the large circus ( 470 x 85 metres ) , the thermae or `` Baths of Hercules '' , a large complex of imperial palaces and other services and buildings of which fewer visible traces remain . Maximian increased the city area surrounded by a new , larger stone wall ( about 4.5 km long ) encompassing an area of 375 acres with many 24 - sided towers . The monumental area had twin towers ; one that was included in the convent of San Maurizio Maggiore remains 16 , 60 m high . It was from Milan that the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD , granting tolerance to all religions within the Empire , thus paving the way for Christianity to become the dominant religion of the Empire . Constantine was in Milan to celebrate the wedding of his sister to the Eastern Emperor , Licinius . In 402 , the city was besieged by the Goths and the Imperial residence was moved to Ravenna . In 452 , it was besieged again by Attila , but the real break with its Imperial past came in 538 , during the Gothic War , when Mediolanum was laid to waste by Uraia , a nephew of Witiges , King of the Goths , with great loss of life . The Lombards took Ticinum as their capital ( renaming it ' Papia ' , hence the modern Pavia ) , and Early Medieval Milan was left to be governed by its archbishops . Middle Ages ( edit ) Milan as it appeared in 1493 , woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle . The beginning of the 5th century was the start of a tortuous period of barbarian invasions for Milan . After the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402 , the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna . An age of decadence began which worsened when Attila , King of the Huns , sacked and devastated the city in 452 AD . In 539 , the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569 , a Teutonic tribe , the Lombards ( from which the name of the Italian region Lombardy derives ) , conquered Milan , overpowering the small Byzantine army left for its defence . Some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule . Milan surrendered to Charlemagne and the Franks in 774 . The biscione eating a child on the Visconti coat of arms . The 11th century saw a reaction against the control of the German emperors . The city - state was born , an expression of the new political power of the city and its will to fight against all feudal powers . Milan was no exception . It did not take long , however , for the City States to begin fighting each other to try to limit neighbouring powers . The Milanese destroyed Lodi and continuously warred with Pavia , Cremona and Como , who in turn asked the Emperor of Germany , Frederick I Barbarossa for help . This brought the destruction of much of Milan in 1162 . A fire destroyed the storehouses containing the entire food supply , and within just a few days Milan was forced to surrender . A period of peace followed and Milan prospered as a centre of trade due to its position . As a result of the independence that the Lombard cities gained in the Peace of Constance in 1183 , Milan became a duchy . In 1447 Filippo Maria Visconti , Duke of Milan , died without a male heir ; following the end of the Visconti line , the Ambrosian Republic was established ; it took its name from St. Ambrose , the popular patron saint of the city . Both the Guelph and the Ghibelline factions worked together to bring about the Ambrosian Republic in Milan . Nonetheless , the Republic collapsed when , in 1450 , Milan was conquered by Francesco I of the House of Sforza , which made Milan one of the leading cities of the Italian Renaissance . Early modern ( edit ) The late 16th - century city encircled by the Spanish walls . Milan 's last independent ruler , Lodovico il Moro , called French king Charles VIII into Italy in the expectation that France might be an ally against other Italian statlets . The future king of France , Louis of Orléans , took part in the expedition and realised Italy was virtually defenceless . This prompted him to come back a few years later in 1500 , and claim the Duchy of Milan for himself , his grandmother having been a member of the ruling Visconti family . At that time , Milan was also defended by Swiss mercenaries . After the victory of Louis 's successor François I over the Swiss at the Battle of Marignan , the duchy was promised to the French king François I. When the Spanish Habsburg Emperor Charles V defeated François I at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 , northern Italy , including Milan , passed to Habsburg Spain . In 1556 , Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. Charles 's Italian possessions , including Milan , passed to Philip II and remained with the Spanish line of Habsburgs , while Ferdinand 's Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire . The Great Plague of Milan in 1629 -- 31 killed an estimated 60,000 people out of a population of 130,000 . This episode is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries - long pandemic of plague that began with the Black Death . In 1700 the Spanish line of Habsburgs was extinguished with the death of Charles II . After his death , the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1701 with the occupation of all Spanish possessions by French troops backing the claim of the French Philippe of Anjou to the Spanish throne . In 1706 , the French were defeated in Ramillies and Turin and were forced to yield northern Italy to the Austrian Habsburgs . In 1713 -- 1714 the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt formally confirmed Austrian sovereignty over most of Spain 's Italian possessions including Lombardy and its capital , Milan . Late modern and contemporary ( edit ) Popular print depicting the `` Five Days '' uprising against Austrian rule . Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II destroyed by Allied bombings , 1943 . CityLife district , part of the city 's radical renewal of the early 21st century . On 18 March 1848 , the Milanese rebelled against Austrian rule , during the so - called `` Five Days '' ( Italian : Le Cinque Giornate ) , and Field Marshal Radetzky was forced to withdraw from the city temporarily . The Kingdom of Sardinia stepped in to help the insurgents ; a plebiscite held in Lombardy decided in favour of unification with Sardinia . However , after defeating the Sardinian forces at Custoza on 24 July , Radetzky was able to reassert Austrian control over Milan and northern Italy . A few years on , however , Italian nationalists again called for the removal of Austria and Italian unification . Sardinia and France formed an alliance and defeated Austria at the Battle of Solferino in 1859 . Following this battle , Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Sardinia , which soon gained control of most of Italy and in 1861 was rechristened as the Kingdom of Italy . The political unification of Italy cemented Milan 's commercial dominance over northern Italy . It also led to a flurry of railway construction that had started under Austrian patronage ( Venice -- Milan ; Milan -- Monza ) that made Milan the rail hub of northern Italy . Thereafter with the opening of the Gotthard ( 1881 ) and Simplon ( 1906 ) railway tunnels , Milan became the major South European rail focus for business and passenger movements e.g. the Simplon Orient Express . Rapid industrialization and market expansion put Milan at the centre of Italy 's leading industrial region , including extensive stone quarries that have led to much of the air pollution we see today in the region . In the 1890s Milan was shaken by the Bava - Beccaris massacre , a riot related to a high inflation rate . Meanwhile , as Milanese banks dominated Italy 's financial sphere , the city became the country 's leading financial centre . In 1919 , Benito Mussolini 's Blackshirts rallied for the first time in Piazza San Sepolcro and later began their March on Rome in Milan . During the Second World War Milan suffered extensive damage from Allied bombings . When Italy surrendered in 1943 , German forces occupied most of Northern Italy until 1945 . As a result , resistance groups formed . As the war came to an end , the American 1st Armored Division advanced on Milan -- but before they arrived , the resistance seized control of the city and executed Mussolini along with several members of his government . On 29 April 1945 , the corpses of Mussolini , his mistress Clara Petacci and other Fascist leaders were hanged in Piazzale Loreto . During the post-war economic boom , a large wave of internal migration ( especially from rural areas of Southern Italy ) moved to Milan . The population grew from 1.3 million in 1951 to 1.7 million in 1967 . During this period , Milan was largely reconstructed , with the building of several innovative and modernist skyscrapers , such as the Torre Velasca and the Pirelli Tower . The economic prosperity was however overshadowed in the late 1960s and early 1970s during the so - called Years of Lead , when Milan witnessed an unprecedented wave of street violence , labour strikes and political terrorism . The apex of this period of turmoil occurred on 12 December 1969 , when a bomb exploded at the National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana , killing seventeen people and injuring eighty - eight . In the 1980s , with the international success of Milanese houses ( like Armani , Versace and Dolce & Gabbana ) , Milan became one of the world 's fashion capitals . The city saw also a marked rise in international tourism , notably from America and Japan , while the stock exchange increased its market capitalisation more than five-fold . This period led the mass media to nickname the metropolis `` Milano da bere '' , literally `` Milan to drink '' . However , in the 1990s , Milan was badly affected by Tangentopoli , a political scandal in which many politicians and businessmen were tried for corruption . The city was also affected by a severe financial crisis and a steady decline in textiles , automobile and steel production . In the early 21st century , Milan underwent a series of sweeping redevelopments . Its exhibition centre moved to a much larger site in Rho . New business districts such as Porta Nuova and CityLife were constructed . With the decline in manufacturing , the city has sought to develop on its other sources of revenue , including publishing , finance , banking , fashion design , information technology , logistics , transport and tourism . In addition , the city 's decades - long population decline seems to have come to an end in recent years , with signs of recovery as it grew by seven percent since the last census . Geography ( edit ) Topography ( edit ) Aerial view of the city Milan is located in the north - western section of the Po Valley , approximately halfway between the river Po to the south and the foothills of the Alps with the great lakes ( Lake Como , Lake Maggiore , Lake Lugano ) to the north , the Ticino river to the west and the Adda to the east . The city 's land is flat , the highest point being at 122 m ( 400.26 ft ) above sea level . The administrative commune covers an area of about 181 square kilometres ( 70 sq mi ) , with a population , in 2013 , of 1,324,169 and a population density of 7,315 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 18,950 / sq mi ) . The Metropolitan City of Milan covers 1,575 square kilometres ( 608 sq mi ) and in 2015 had a population estimated at 3,196,825 , with a resulting density of 2,029 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 5,260 / sq mi ) . A larger urban area , comprising parts of the provinces of Milan , Monza e Brianza , Como , Lecco and Varese is 1,891 square kilometres ( 730 sq mi ) wide and has a population of 5,270,000 with a density of 2,783 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 7,210 / sq mi ) . The concentric layout of the city centre reflects the Navigli , an ancient system of navigable and interconnected canals , now mostly covered . The suburbs of the city have expanded mainly to the north , swallowing up many communes to reach Varese , Como , Lecco and Bergamo . Climate ( edit ) A typical foggy day in central Milan . Milan has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , according to the Köppen climate classification , or a temperate oceanic climate ( Do ) , according to the Trewartha climate classification . Milan 's climate is similar to much of Northern Italy 's inland plains , with hot , sultry summers and cold , foggy winters . However , the mean number of days with precipitation per year is one of the lowest in Europe . The Alps and Apennines mountains form a natural barrier that protects the city from the major circulations coming from northern Europe and the sea . During winter , daily average temperatures can fall below freezing ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ) and accumulations of snow can occur : the historic average of Milan 's area is 25 centimetres ( 10 in ) in the period between 1961 and 1990 , with a record of 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) in January 1985 . In the suburbs the average can reach 36 centimetres ( 14 in ) . The city receives on average seven days of snow per year . The city is often shrouded in heavy fog , although the removal of rice paddies from the southern neighbourhoods and the urban heat island effect have reduced this occurrence in recent decades . Occasionally , the Foehn winds cause the temperatures to rise unexpectedly : on 22 January 2012 the daily high reached 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) while on 22 February 2012 it reached 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . Air pollution levels rise significantly in wintertime when cold air clings to the soil , causing Milan to be one of Europe 's most polluted cities . In summer , humidity levels are high and peak temperatures can reach temperatures above 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . Usually this season enjoys clearer skies with an average of more than 13 hours of daylight : when precipitations occur though , there is a higher likelihood of them being thunderstorms and hailstorms . Springs and autumns are generally pleasant , with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 ° C ( 50 and 68 ° F ) ; these seasons are characterised by higher rainfall , especially in April and May . Relative humidity typically ranges between 45 % ( comfortable ) and 95 % ( very humid ) throughout the year , rarely dropping below 27 % ( dry ) and reaching as high as 100 % Wind is generally absent : over the course of the year typical wind speeds vary from 0 to 14 km / h ( 0 to 9 mph ) ( calm to gentle breeze ) , rarely exceeding 29 km / h ( 18 mph ) ( fresh breeze ) , except during summer thunderstorms when winds can blow strong . In the spring , gale - force windstorms may happen , generated either by Tramontane blowing from the Alps or by Bora - like winds from the north . ( hide ) Climate data for Milan ( Linate Airport , 1971 -- 2000 , Extremes 1946 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 35.5 ( 95.9 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 4.7 ( 40.5 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 0.1 ( 32.2 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) − 7.4 ( 18.7 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 2.3 ( 27.9 ) − 6.2 ( 20.8 ) − 13.6 ( 7.5 ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 58.7 ( 2.311 ) 49.2 ( 1.937 ) 65.0 ( 2.559 ) 75.5 ( 2.972 ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 66.8 ( 2.63 ) 88.8 ( 3.496 ) 93.1 ( 3.665 ) 122.4 ( 4.819 ) 76.7 ( 3.02 ) 61.7 ( 2.429 ) 920.1 ( 36.224 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 6.7 5.3 6.7 8.1 8.9 7.7 5.4 7.1 6.1 8.3 6.4 6.3 83.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 86 78 71 75 72 71 71 72 74 81 85 86 77 Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.9 96.1 151.9 177.0 210.8 243.0 285.2 251.1 186.0 130.2 66.0 58.9 1,915.1 Source : Servizio Meteorologico Government ( edit ) Municipal government ( edit ) See also : Mayor of Milan , City Council of Milan , and Boroughs of Milan Palazzo Marino , Milan City Hall Giuseppe Sala , mayor since 2016 The city 's nine boroughs The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) , which in cities with more than one million population is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system , contextually to the mayoral elections . The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale ) , composed by 12 assessors , that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor . The current mayor of Milan is Giuseppe Sala , a left - wing independent leading a progressive alliance composed by Democratic Party and Italian Left . The municipality of Milan is subdivided into nine administrative Borough Councils ( Consigli di Municipio ) , down from the former twenty districts before the 1999 administrative reform . Each Borough Council is governed by a Council ( Consiglio ) and a President , elected contextually to the city Mayor . The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution ( art . 114 ) , the Municipal Statute and several laws , notably the Legislative Decree 267 / 2000 or Unified Text on Local Administration ( Testo Unico degli Enti Locali ) . After the 2016 administrative reform , the Borough Councils have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics and are responsible for running most local services , such as schools , social services , waste collection , roads , parks , libraries and local commerce ; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities . Metropolitan city and regional government ( edit ) Palazzo Lombardia , seat of the regional government of Lombardy . Milan is the capital of the eponymous Metropolitan city and of Lombardy , one of the twenty regions of Italy . While the Metropolitan city of Milan has a population of 3,277,524 , making it the second most populated metropolitan city of Italy after Rome , Lombardy is by far the most populated region of Italy , with more than ten million inhabitants , almost one sixth of the national total . The seat of the regional government is Palazzo Lombardia that , standing at 161.3 metres ( 529 feet ) , is the fifth tallest building in Milan . According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation , the urban area of Milan is one of the 15 Metropolitan municipalities ( città metropolitane ) , new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015 . The new Metro municipalities , giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province , are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co-ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services ( including transport , school and social programs ) and environment protection . In this policy framework , the Mayor of Milan is designated to exercise the functions of Metropolitan mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) , presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 24 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality . The Metropolitan City of Milan is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor ( Sindaco metropolitano ) and by the Metropolitan Council ( Consiglio metropolitano ) . Since 21 June 2016 Giuseppe Sala , as mayor of the capital city , has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City . Cityscape ( edit ) Skyline ( edit ) Skyline of Porta Nuova from the roof of the Duomo There are two main areas which dominate Milan 's skyline : the Porta Nuova area in the north - east ( boroughs n ° 9 and 2 ) and the CityLife area ( borough n ° 8 ) . The tallest buildings include the Unicredit Tower at 231m ( though only 162m without the tower ) , and the 209m Allianz Tower which has 50 floors . Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of buildings in Milan and Villas and palaces in Milan Milan Cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in the world . Courtyard of Sforza Castle , a historic medieval fortress . View of the Navigli . Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte , one of the finest examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy . There are only few remains of the ancient Roman colony , notably the well - preserved Colonne di San Lorenzo . During the second half of the 4th century , Saint Ambrose , as bishop of Milan , had a strong influence on the layout of the city , reshaping the centre ( although the cathedral and baptistery built in Roman times are now lost ) and building the great basilicas at the city gates : Sant'Ambrogio , San Nazaro in Brolo , San Simpliciano and Sant'Eustorgio , which still stand , refurbished over the centuries , as some of the finest and most important churches in Milan . Milan 's Cathedral , built between 1386 and 1577 , is the fifth largest cathedral in the world and the most important example of Gothic architecture in Italy . The gilt bronze statue of the Virgin Mary , placed in 1774 on the highest pinnacle of the Duomo , soon became one of the most enduring symbols of Milan . In the 15th century , when the Sforza ruled the city , an old Viscontean fortress was enlarged and embellished to become the Castello Sforzesco , the seat of an elegant Renaissance court surrounded by a walled hunting park . Notable architects involved in the project included the Florentine Filarete , who was commissioned to build the high central entrance tower , and the military specialist Bartolomeo Gadio . The alliance between Francesco Sforza and Florence 's Cosimo de ' Medici bore to Milan Tuscan models of Renaissance architecture , apparent in the Ospedale Maggiore and Bramante 's work in the city , which includes Santa Maria presso San Satiro ( a reconstruction of a small 9th - century church ) , the tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant'Ambrogio . The Counter-Reformation in the 16th -- 17th century was also the period of Spanish domination and was marked by two powerful figures : Saint Charles Borromeo and his cousin , Cardinal Federico Borromeo . Not only did they impose themselves as moral guides to the people of Milan , but they also gave a great impulse to culture , with the creation of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana , in a building designed by Francesco Maria Ricchino , and the nearby Pinacoteca Ambrosiana . Many notable churches and Baroque mansions were built in the city during this period by the architects , Pellegrino Tibaldi , Galeazzo Alessi and Ricchino himself . Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was responsible for the significant renovations carried out in Milan during the 18th century . This profound urban and artistic renewal included the establishment of Teatro alla Scala , inaugurated in 1778 and today one of the world 's most famous opera houses , and the renovation of the Royal Palace . The late 1700s Palazzo Belgioioso by Giuseppe Piermarini and Royal Villa of Milan by Leopoldo Pollack , later the official residence of Austrian vice-roys , are often regarded among the best examples of Neoclassical architecture in Lombardy . The Napoleonic rule of the city in 1805 -- 1814 , having established Milan as the capital of a satellite Kingdom of Italy , took steps in order to reshape it accordingly to its new status , with the construction of large boulevards , new squares ( Porta Ticinese by Luigi Cagnola and Foro Bonaparte by Giovanni Antonio Antolini ) and cultural institutions ( Art Gallery and the Academy of Fine Arts ) . The massive Arch of Peace , situated at the bottom of Corso Sempione , is often compared to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . In the second half of the 19th century , Milan quickly became the main industrial centre in of the new Italian nation , drawing inspiration from the great European capitals that were hubs of the second industrial revolution . The great Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II , realised by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877 to celebrate Vittorio Emanuele II , is a covered passage with a glass and cast iron roof , inspired by the Burlington Arcade in London . Another late 19th century eclectic monument in the city is the Cimitero Monumentale graveyard , built in a Neo-Romanesque style between 1863 and 1866 . The tumultuous period of early 20th century brought several , radical innovations in Milanese architecture . Art Nouveau , also known as Liberty in Italy , is recognisable in Palazzo Castiglioni , built by architect Giuseppe Sommaruga between 1901 and 1904 . Other remarkable examples include Hotel Corso and Berri - Meregalli house , the latter built in a traditional Milanese Art Nouveau style combined with elements of neo-Romanesque and Gothic revival architecture , regarded as one of the last such types of architecture in the city . A new , more eclectic form of architecture can be seen in buildings such as Castello Cova , built the 1910s in a distinctly neo-medieval style , evoking the architectural trends of the past . An important example of Art Deco , which blended such styles with Fascist architecture , is the huge Central railway station inaugurated in 1931 . The post -- World War II period saw rapid reconstruction and fast economic growth , accompanied by a nearly two-fold increase in population . In the 1950s and 1960s , a strong demand for new residential and commercial areas drove to extreme urban expansion , that has produced some of the major milestones in the city 's architectural history , including Gio Ponti 's Pirelli Tower ( 1956 -- 60 ) , Velasca Tower ( 1956 -- 58 ) , and the creation of brand new residential satellite towns , as well as huge amounts of low quality public housings . In recent years , de-industrialization , urban decay and gentrification led to a vast urban renewal of former industrial areas , that have been transformed into modern residential and financial districts , notably Porta Nuova in downtown Milan and FieraMilano in the suburb of Rho . In addition , the old exhibition area is being completely reshaped according to the Citylife regeneration project , featuring residencial areas , museums , an urban park and three skyscrapers designed by international architects , and after whom they are named : the 202 - metre ( 663 - foot ) Isozaki Tower -- when completed , the tallest building in Italy , the twisted Hadid Tower , and the curved Libeskind Tower . Parks and gardens ( edit ) The Arch of Peace at the gates of Sempione Park . The largest parks in the central area of Milan are Sempione Park , at the north - western edge , and Montanelli Gardens , situated northeast of the city . English - style Sempione Park , built in 1890 , contains a Napoleonic Arena , the Milan City Aquarium , a steel lattice panoramic tower , an art exhibition centre , a Japanese garden and a public library . The Montanelli gardens , created in the 18th century , hosts the Natural History Museum of Milan and a planetarium . Slightly away from the city centre , heading east , Forlanini Park is characterised by a large pond and a few preserved shacks which remind of the area 's agricultural past . In addition , even though Milan is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Italy , it 's surrounded by a belt of green areas and features numerous gardens even in its very centre . Since 1990 , the farmlands and woodlands north ( Parco Nord Milano ) and south ( Parco Agricolo Sud Milano ) of the urban area have been protected as regional parks . West of the city , the Parco delle Cave ( Sand pit park , ) has been established on a neglected site where gravel and sand used to be extracted , featuring artificial lakes and woods . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 200 40,000 -- 1200 90,000 + 125.0 % 1500 100,000 + 11.1 % 1861 267,618 + 167.6 % 1871 290,514 + 8.6 % 1881 354,041 + 21.9 % 1901 538,478 + 52.1 % 1911 701,401 + 30.3 % 1921 818,148 + 16.6 % 1931 960,660 + 17.4 % 1936 1,115,768 + 16.1 % 1951 1,274,154 + 14.2 % 1961 1,582,421 + 24.2 % 1971 1,732,000 + 9.5 % 1981 1,604,773 − 7.3 % 1991 1,369,231 − 14.7 % 2001 1,256,211 − 8.3 % 2011 1,242,123 − 1.1 % 2016 1,368,590 + 10.2 % Istat historical data 1861 - 2011 2016 Estimates Antiquity With rapid industrialisation in post-war years , the population of Milan peaked at 1,743,427 in 1973 . Thereafter , during the following thirty years , almost one third of the population moved to the outer belt of new suburbs and satellite settlements that grew around the city proper . There were an estimated 1,368,590 official residents in the municipality of Milan at the end of 2016 and 3,218,201 in its province - level municipality . However , Milan 's urban area extends well beyond the limits of its administrative commune and was home to 5,270,000 people in 2015 , while its wider , polycentric metropolitan area is estimated to have a population exceeding 8 million . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Top 10 nationalities of foreign residents ( 2017 ) Country of birth Population Romania 45,766 Egypt 40,276 Philippines 37,760 Peru 29,236 Ecuador 28,782 Albania 27,183 Morocco 23,834 China 23,556 As of 2016 , some 260,421 foreign - born residents lived in the municipality of Milan , representing almost 20 % of the total resident population . These figures suggest that the immigrant population has more than doubled in the last 15 years . After World War II , Milan experienced two main waves of immigration : the first , dating from the 1950s to the early 1970s , saw a large influx of migrants from poorer and rural areas within Italy ; the second , starting from the late 1980s , has been characterised by the preponderance of foreign - born immigrants . The early period coincided with the so - called Italian economic miracle of postwar years , an era of extraordinary growth based on rapid industrial expansion and great public works , that brought to the city a large influx of over 400,000 people , mainly from rural and overpopulated Southern Italy . In the last three decades , the foreign born share of the population soared . Immigrants came mainly from Africa ( in particular Eritrean , Egyptian , Moroccans , Senegalese , and Nigerian ) , and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe ( notably Albania , Romania , Ukraine , Macedonia , Moldova ) , in addition to a growing number of Asians ( in particular Chinese , Sri Lankans and Filipinos ) and Latin Americans ( Mainly South Americans ) . At the beginning of the 1990s , Milan already had a population of foreign - born residents of approximately 58,000 ( or 4 % of the then population ) , that rose rapidly to over 117,000 by the end of the decade ( about 9 % of the total ) . Decades of continuing high immigration have made the city the most cosmopolitan and multicultural in Italy . Milan notably hosts the oldest and largest Chinese community in Italy , with almost 21,000 people in 2011 . Situated in the 9th district , and centred on Via Paolo Sarpi , an important commercial avenue , the Milanese Chinatown was originally established in the 1920s by immigrants from Wencheng County , in the Zhejiang province , and used to operate small textile and leather workshops . Milan has also a substantial English - speaking community ( more than 3,000 American , British and Australian expatriates ) , and several English schools and language publications , such as Hello Milano , Where Milano and Easy Milano . Religion ( edit ) Milan 's population , like that of Italy as a whole , is mostly Catholic . It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan . The city is also home to sizeable Orthodox , Buddhist , Jewish , Muslim , and Protestant communities . Milan has its own historic Catholic rite known as the Ambrosian Rite ( Italian : Rito ambrosiano ) . It varies slightly from the typical Catholic rite ( the Roman , used in all other western regions ) , with some differences in the liturgy and mass celebrations , in the Canons are Easter and Lent , in the colour of liturgical vestments , peculiar use of incense , marriage form , office for the dead , baptism by immersion , and in the calendar ( for example , the date for the beginning of lent is celebrated some days after the common date , so the carnival has different date ) . The season of Advent is of six weeks duration and starts on the Sunday after the feast of Saint Martin ( 11 November ) . The Ambrosian rite is also practised in other surrounding locations in Lombardy , parts of Piedmont and in the Swiss canton of Ticino . The sounding of church bells uses a peculiar technique . Another important difference concerns the liturgical music . The Gregorian chant was completely unused in Milan and surrounding areas , because the official one was its own Ambrosian chant , definitively established by the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) and earlier than the Gregorian . To preserve this music there has developed the unique schola cantorum , a college , and an Institute called PIAMS ( Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music ) , in partnership with the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music ( PIMS ) in Rome . The Milan Synagogue was designed by Luca Beltrami in 1892 . The Anglican Episcopal Church of All Saints Milan was built in 1896 . In 2014 the City Council agreed on the construction of a mosque next to the area of the former sport venue Palatrussardi . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Milan The skyscrapers of Porta Nuova business district . Milan Stock Exchange , Italy 's main . While Rome is Italy 's political capital , Milan is the country 's industrial and financial heart . With a 2014 GDP estimated at € 158.9 billion , the province of Milan generates approximately 10 % of the national GDP ; while the economy of the Lombardy region generates approximately 22 % of Italy 's GDP ( or an estimated € 357 billion in 2015 , roughly the size of Belgium ) . The province of Milan is home to about 45 % of businesses in the Lombardy region and more than 8 percent of all businesses in Italy , including three Fortune 500 companies . Milan also contains Via Monte Napoleone ( Monte Napoleone Street ) , Europe 's most expensive street . Milan is , since the late 1800s , an important industrial and manufacturing centre , especially for the automotive industry , with companies such as Alfa Romeo , Pirelli and Techint having a significant presence in the city . Other important products manufactured in Milan include chemicals , machinery , pharmaceuticals and plastics , health and biotechnologie and food & beverage . The city is home to a large number of media and advertising agencies , national newspapers and telecommunication companies , including both the public service broadcaster RAI and private television companies like Mediaset , La7 and Sky Italia . The city hosts the headquarters of the largest Italian publishing companies , such as Feltrinelli , Mondadori , RCS Media Group , Messaggerie Italiane , and Giunti Editore . Milan has also seen a rapid increase in internet companies with both domestic and international companies such as Altavista , Google , Lycos , Virgilio and Yahoo ! establishing their Italian operations in the city . As Italy 's financial hub numerous headquarters of insurance companies as ( Alleanza Assicurazioni , Vittoria Assicurazioni ) as well as many banking groups ( 198 companies ) , including Banca Popolare di Milano , Mediobanca , Banca Mediolanum and UniCredit and over forty foreign banks are located in the city . Also , most asset management companies are based in Milan , including Anima Holding , Azimut Holding , ARCA SGR , and Eurizon Capital . The Associazione Bancaria Italiana representing the Italian banking system and Milan Stock Exchange ( 225 companies listed on the stock exchange ) are both located in the city . Milan is a major world fashion centre , where the sector can count on 12,000 companies , 800 show rooms , and 6,000 sales outlets ( with brands such as Armani , Prada , Versace , Valentino and Luxottica ) , while four weeks a year are dedicated to top shows and other fashion events . The city is also a global hub for trade and design . The city successfully hosted Expo 2015 . FieraMilano , the historical city trade fair operator , operates one of the largest expo areas in the world and the second in Europe ( after Hannover ) in the northern suburb of Rho , responsible for fairs such as Milan Furniture Fair , EICMA , EMO on 0.7 mln m2 of exhibition areas with about 4.5 million visitors every year . Porta Nuova is the main business district of Milan , and one of the most important in Italy . Accenture , AXA , Bank of America , BNP Paribas , Celgene , China Construction Bank , Finanza & Futuro Banca , FinecoBank , FM Global , Google , Herbalife , HSBC , KPMG , Maire Tecnimont , Microsoft , Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group , Samsung , Shire , Telecom Italia , UniCredit , UnipolSai and many other companies have their main Italian headquarters located there . Tourism is an increasingly important part of the city 's economy : with 7.65 million registered international arrivals in 2016 ( up 1.8 % on the previous year ) , Milan ranked as the world 's 14th most visited city . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Milan Museums and art galleries ( edit ) Main articles : Tourism in Milan and List of museums in Milan Leonardo da Vinci 's The Last Supper , together with the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Museo del Novecento displays the world 's largest collection of Futurist art . The Pinacoteca di Brera . Milan is home to many cultural institutions , museums and art galleries , that account for about a tenth of the national total of visitors and receipts . The Pinacoteca di Brera is one of Milan 's most important art galleries . It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian painting , including masterpieces such as the Brera Madonna by Piero della Francesca . The Castello Sforzesco hosts numerous art collections and exhibitions , especially statues , ancient arms and furnitures , as well as the Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco , with an art collection including Michelangelo 's last sculpture , the Rondanini Pietà , Andrea Mantegna 's Trivulzio Madonna and Leonardo da Vinci 's Codex Trivulzianus manuscript . The Castello complex also includes The Museum of Ancient Art , The Furniture Museum , The Museum of Musical Instruments and the Applied Arts Collection , The Egyptian and Prehistoric sections of the Archaeological Museum and the Achille Bertarelli Print Collection . Milan 's figurative art flourished in the Middle - Ages , and with the Visconti family being major patrons of the arts , the city became an important centre of Gothic art and architecture ( Milan Cathedral being the city 's most formidable work of Gothic architecture ) . Leonardo worked in Milan from 1482 until 1499 . He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie . The city was affected by the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries , and hosted numerous formidable artists , architects and painters of that period , such as Caravaggio and Francesco Hayez , which several important works are hosted in Brera Academy . The Museum of Risorgimento is specialised on the history of Italian unification Its collections include iconic paintings like Baldassare Verazzi 's Episode from the Five Days and Francesco Hayez 's 1840 Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria . The Triennale is a design museum and events venue located in Palazzo dell'Arte , in Sempione Park . It hosts exhibitions and events highlighting contemporary Italian design , urban planning , architecture , music , and media arts , emphasising the relationship between art and industry . Milan in the 20th century was the epicentre of the Futurist artistic movement . Filippo Marinetti , the founder of Italian Futurism wrote in his 1909 `` Futurist Manifesto '' ( in Italian , Manifesto Futuristico ) , that Milan was `` grande ... tradizionale e futurista '' ( `` grand ... traditional and futuristic '' , in English ) . Umberto Boccioni was also an important Futurism artist who worked in the city . Today , Milan remains a major international hub of modern and contemporary art , with numerous modern art galleries . The Modern Art Gallery , situated in the Royal Villa , hosts collections of Italian and European painting from the 18th to the early 20th centuries . The Museo del Novecento , situated in the Palazzo dell'Arengario , is one of the most important art galleries in Italy about 20th - century art ; of particular relevance are the sections dedicated to Futurism , Spatialism and Arte povera . In the early 1990s architect David Chipperfield was invited to convert the premises of the former Ansaldo Factory into a Museum . Museo delle Culture ( MUDEC ) opened in April 2015 . The Gallerie di Piazza Scala , a modern and contemporary museum located in Piazza della Scala in the Palazzo Brentani and the Palazzo Anguissola , hosts 195 artworks from the collections of Fondazione Cariplo with a strong representation of nineteenth century Lombard painters and sculptors , including Antonio Canova and Umberto Boccioni . A new section was opened in the Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana in 2012 . Other private ventures dedicated to contemporary art include the exhibiting spaces of the Prada Foundation and HangarBicocca . The Nicola Trussardi Foundation is renewed for organising temporary exhibition in venues around the city . Milan is also home to many public art projects , with a variety of works that range from sculptures to murals to pieces by internationally renowned artists , including Arman , Kengiro Azuma , Francesco Barzaghi , Alberto Burri , Pietro Cascella , Maurizio Cattelan , Leonardo Da Vinci , Giorgio de Chirico , Kris Ruhs , Emilio Isgrò , Fausto Melotti , Joan Miró , Carlo Mo , Claes Oldenburg , Igor Mitoraj , Gianfranco Pardi , Michelangelo Pistoletto , Arnaldo Pomodoro , Carlo Ramous , Aldo Rossi , Aligi Sassu , Giuseppe Spagnulo and Domenico Trentacoste . Music ( edit ) See also : Music of Milan Founded in 1778 , La Scala is the world 's most famous opera house . Milan is a major national and international centre of the performing arts , most notably opera . The city hosts La Scala operahouse , considered one of the world 's most prestigious , having throughout history witnessed the premieres of numerous operas , such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842 , La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli , Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904 , Turandot by Giacomo Puccini in 1926 , and more recently Teneke , by Fabio Vacchi in 2007 . Other major theatres in Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi , Teatro Dal Verme , Teatro Lirico and formerly the Teatro Regio Ducal . The city is also the seat of a renowned symphony orchestra and musical conservatory , and has been , throughout history , a major centre for musical composition : numerous famous composers and musicians such as Gioseppe Caimo , Simon Boyleau , Hoste da Reggio , Verdi , Giulio Gatti - Casazza , Paolo Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan . The city is also the birthplace of many modern ensembles and bands , including Camaleonti , Camerata Mediolanense , Gli Spioni , Dynamis Ensemble , Elio e le Storie Tese , Krisma , Premiata Forneria Marconi , Quartetto Cetra , Stormy Six and Le Vibrazioni . Fashion and design ( edit ) Main article : Fashion in Milan Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is one of the city 's largest shopping centres . Milan is widely regarded as a global capital in industrial design , fashion and architecture . In the 1950s and 60s , as the main industrial centre of Italy and one of Europe 's most dynamic cities , Milan became a world capital of design and architecture . There was such a revolutionary change that Milan 's fashion exports accounted for million ( US currency ) in 1952 , and by 1955 that number grew to billion . Modern skyscrapers , such as the Pirelli Tower and the Torre Velasca were built , and artists such as Bruno Munari , Lucio Fontana , Enrico Castellani and Piero Manzoni gathered in the city . Today , Milan is still particularly well known for its high - quality furniture and interior design industry . The city is home to FieraMilano , Europe 's largest permanent trade exhibition , and Salone Internazionale del Mobile , one of the most prestigious international furniture and design fairs . Milan is also regarded as one of the fashion capitals of the world , along with New York City , Paris , and London . Milan is synonymous with the Italian prêt - à - porter industry , as many of the most famous Italian fashion brands , such as Valentino , Gucci , Versace , Prada , Armani and Dolce & Gabbana , are headquartered in the city . Numerous international fashion labels also operate shops in Milan . Furthermore , the city hosts the Milan Fashion Week twice a year , one of the most important events in the international fashion system . Milan 's main upscale fashion district , quadrilatero della moda , is home to the city 's most prestigious shopping streets ( Via Monte Napoleone , Via della Spiga , Via Sant'Andrea , Via Manzoni and Corso Venezia ) , in addition to Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II , one of the world 's oldest shopping malls . Languages and literature ( edit ) Main article : Milanese literature Monument to Alessandro Manzoni . In the late 18th century , and throughout the 19th , Milan was an important centre for intellectual discussion and literary creativity . The Enlightenment found here a fertile ground . Cesare , Marquis of Beccaria , with his famous Dei delitti e delle pene , and Count Pietro Verri , with the periodical Il Caffè were able to exert a considerable influence over the new middle - class culture , thanks also to an open - minded Austrian administration . In the first years of the 19th century , the ideals of the Romantic movement made their impact on the cultural life of the city and its major writers debated the primacy of Classical versus Romantic poetry . Here , too , Giuseppe Parini , and Ugo Foscolo published their most important works , and were admired by younger poets as masters of ethics , as well as of literary craftsmanship . Foscolo 's poem Dei sepolcri was inspired by a Napoleonic law that -- against the will of many of its inhabitants -- was being extended to the city . In the third decade of the 19th century , Alessandro Manzoni wrote his novel I Promessi Sposi , considered the manifesto of Italian Romanticism , which found in Milan its centre ; in the same period Carlo Porta , reputed the most renowned local vernacular poet , wrote his poems in Lombard Language . The periodical Il Conciliatore published articles by Silvio Pellico , Giovanni Berchet , Ludovico di Breme , who were both Romantic in poetry and patriotic in politics . After the Unification of Italy in 1861 , Milan lost its political importance ; nevertheless it retained a sort of central position in cultural debates . New ideas and movements from other countries of Europe were accepted and discussed : thus Realism and Naturalism gave birth to an Italian movement , Verismo . The greatest verista novelist , Giovanni Verga , was born in Sicily but wrote his most important books in Milan . In addition to Italian , approximately 2 million people in the Milan metropolitan area can speak the Milanese dialect or one of its Western Lombard variations . Media ( edit ) View of Milan from the Branca Radio tower . Milan is an important national and international media centre . Corriere della Sera , founded in 1876 , is one of the oldest Italian newspapers , and it is published by Rizzoli , as well as La Gazzetta dello Sport , a daily dedicated to coverage of various sports and currently considered the most widely read daily newspaper in Italy . Other popular local dailies are the general broadsheets Il Giorno , Il Giornale , the Roman Catholic Church - owned Avvenire , and Il Sole 24 Ore , a daily business newspaper owned by Confindustria ( the Italian employers ' federation ) . Free daily newspapers include Leggo and Metro . Milan is also home to many architecture , art , and fashion periodicals , including Abitare , Casabella , Domus , Flash Art , Gioia , Grazia , and Vogue Italia . Panorama and Oggi , two of Italy 's most important weekly news magazines , are also published in Milan . Several commercial broadcast television networks have their national headquarters in the Milan conurbation , including Mediaset Group ( owner of Canale 5 , Italia 1 , Iris and Rete 4 ) , Telelombardia and MTV Italy . National radio stations based in Milan include Radio Deejay , Radio 105 Network , R101 ( Italy ) , Radio Popolare , RTL 102.5 , Radio Capital and Virgin Radio Italia . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Lombard cuisine Panettone is Milan 's traditional Christmas cake . Like most cities in Italy , Milan has developed its own local culinary tradition , which , as it is typical for North Italian cuisines , uses more frequently rice than pasta , butter than vegetable oil and features almost no tomato or fish . Milanese traditional dishes includes cotoletta alla milanese , a breaded veal ( pork and turkey can be used ) cutlet pan-fried in butter ( similar to Viennese Wiener Schnitzel ) . Other typical dishes are cassoeula ( stewed pork rib chops and sausage with Savoy cabbage ) , ossobuco ( braised veal shank served with a condiment called gremolata ) , risotto alla milanese ( with saffron and beef marrow ) , busecca ( stewed tripe with beans ) , and brasato ( stewed beef or pork with wine and potatoes ) . Season - related pastries include chiacchiere ( flat fritters dusted with sugar ) and tortelli ( fried spherical cookies ) for Carnival , colomba ( glazed cake shaped as a dove ) for Easter , pane dei morti ( `` bread of the ( Day of the ) Dead '' , cookies flavoured with cinnamon ) for All Souls ' Day and panettone for Christmas . The salame Milano , a salami with a very fine grain , is widespread throughout Italy . Renowned Milanese cheeses are gorgonzola ( from the namesake village nearby ) , mascarpone , used in pastry - making , taleggio and quartirolo . Milan is well known for its world - class restaurants and cafés , characterised by innovative cuisine and design . As of 2014 , Milan has 157 Michelin - selected places , including three 2 - Michelin - starred restaurants ; these include Cracco , Sadler and il Luogo di Aimo e Nadia . Many historical restaurants and bars are found in the historic centre , the Brera and Navigli districts . One of the city 's oldest surviving cafés , Caffè Cova , was established in 1817 . In total , Milan has 15 cafés , bars and restaurants registered among the Historical Places of Italy , continuously operating for at least 70 years . Sport ( edit ) San Siro Stadium , home of A.C. Milan and Inter Milan , has a 80,000 capacity . It is Italy 's biggest stadium . Milan hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990 , the UEFA European Football Championship in 1980 and most recently the 2003 World Rowing Championships , the 2009 World Boxing Championships , and some games of the Men 's Volleyball World Championship in 2010 and the final games of the Women 's Volleyball World Championship in 2014 . In 2018 , it will host World Figure Skating Championships . Milan is the only city in Europe that is home to two European Cup / Champions League winning teams -- Serie A renewed football clubs Milan and Inter . Both teams have also won the Intercontinental Cup ( now FIFA Club World Cup ) . With a combined ten Champions League titles , Milan is second after Madrid as city that have won the most European Cups . They are the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies . Both teams play at the UEFA 5 - star rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium , more commonly known as the San Siro , that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe , with a seating capacity of over 80,000 . The Meazza Stadium hosted the 2016 UEFA Champions League Final , in which Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5 - 3 in a penalty shoot out . A third team , Brera Calcio F.C. plays in Promozione . Another team , Bustese Milano City F.C. ( formerly of ASD Bustese ) plays in Serie D . There are currently four professional Lega Basket clubs in Milan : Olimpia Milano , Pallacanestro Milano 1958 , Società Canottieri Milano and A.S.S.I. Milano . Olimpia is the most titled basketball club in Italy , having won 27 Italian League championships , 6 Italian National Cups , 1 Italian Super Cup , 3 European Champions Cups , 1 FIBA Intercontinental Cup , 3 FIBA Saporta Cups , 2 FIBA Korać Cups and many junior titles . The team play at the Mediolanum Forum , with a capacity of 12,700 where it has been hosted the final of the 2013 - 14 Euroleague . In some cases the team play also at the PalaDesio , with a capacity of 6,700 . Milan is also home to Italy 's oldest American football team : Rhinos Milano , that won 4 Italian Super Bowls . The team play at the Velodromo Vigorelli , with a capacity of 8,000 . Milan has also two cricket teams , Milano Fiori ( currently competing in the second division ) and Kingsgrove Milan , who won the Serie A championship in 2014 . Amatori Rugby Milano , the most titled rugby team in Italy , was founded in Milan in 1927 . The world - famous Monza Formula One circuit is located near the city , inside a suburban park . It is one of the world 's oldest car racing circuits . The capacity for the F1 races is currently of over 113,000 . It has hosted an F1 race nearly every year since the first year of competition , with the exception of 1980 . In road cycling , Milan hosts the start of the annual Milan -- San Remo classic one - day race and the annual Milano -- Torino one day race . Education ( edit ) The Polytechnic University of Milan ranks as the best university in Italy . Bocconi University is a leading institution for economics , management and related disciplines in Europe . Milan is home to some of Italy 's most prominent educational institutions . Milan 's higher education system includes 7 universities , 48 faculties and 142 departments , with 185,000 university students in 2011 ( approximately 11 percent of the national total ) and the largest number of university graduates and postgraduate students ( 34,000 and more than 5,000 , respectively ) in Italy . Founded in 1863 , the Polytechnic University of Milan is the city 's oldest university . The `` Politecnico '' is organised in 16 departments and a network of 9 Schools of engineering , architecture and industrial design spread over 7 campuses in the Lombardy region . The number of students enrolled in all campuses is approximately 38,000 , which makes Politecnico the largest technical university in Italy . The State University of Milan , founded in 1923 , is the largest public teaching and research university in the city , with 9 faculties , 58 departments , 48 institutes and a teaching staff of 2,500 professors . A leading institute in Italy and Europe in scientific publication , the State University of Milan is the sixth largest university in Italy , with approximately 60,000 enrolled students . Other prominent tertiary education institutions in Milan include : the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , a private institute founded in 1921 and located in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio , famous for its law and economics teaching , currently the largest Catholic university in the world with 42,000 enrolled students ; the Bocconi University , a private management and finance school established in 1902 , ranking as the seventh best business school in Europe ; the University of Milan Bicocca , a multidisciplinary public university with more than 30,000 enrolled students ; the IULM University of Milan , specialising in marketing , information and communications technology , tourism and fashion ; the Università Vita Salute San Raffaele , linked to the San Raffaele hospital , is home to research laboratories in neurology , neurosurgery , diabetology , molecular biology , AIDS studies and cognitive science . Milan is also well known for its fine arts and music schools . The Milan Academy of Fine Arts ( Brera Academy ) is a public academic institution founded in 1776 by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ; the New Academy of Fine Arts is the largest private art and design university in Italy ; the European Institute of Design is a private university specialised in fashion , industrial and interior design , audio / visual design including photography , advertising and marketing and business communication ; the Marangoni Institute , is a fashion institute with campuses in Milan , London , and Paris ; the Domus Academy is a private postgraduate institution of design , fashion , architecture , interior design and management ; the Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music , a college of music founded in 1931 by the blessed cardinal A.I. Schuster , archbishop of Milan , and raised according to the rules by the Holy See in 1940 , is -- similarly to the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music in Rome , which is consociated with -- an Institute `` ad instar facultatis '' and is authorised to confer university qualifications with canonical validity and the Milan Conservatory , a college of music established in 1807 , currently Italy 's largest with more than 1,700 students and 240 music teachers . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Milan A typical tramcar operated by ATM . Milan Metro is Italy 's longest rapid transit system Malpensa , one of the three airports that serve the city , is the second busiest in Italy . Milan is one of southern Europe 's key transport nodes and one of Italy 's most important railway hubs . Its five major railway stations , such as the Milan Central station , are among Italy 's busiest . Since the end of 2009 , two high speed train lines link Milan to Rome , Naples and Turin , considerably shortening travel times with other major cities in Italy . Further high speed lines are under construction towards Genoa and Verona . Milan is served by direct international trains to Nice , Marseille , Lyon , Paris , Geneva , Bern , Basel , Zurich and Frankfurt , and by overnight sleeper services to Paris and Dijon ( Thello ) , Munich and Vienna ( ÖBB ) . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi ( ATM ) is the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Milan ; it operates 4 metro lines ( Milan Metro ) , 18 tram lines , 67 urban bus lines , 4 trolleybus lines , and 52 interurban bus lines , carrying over 734 million passengers in 2010 . Overall the network covers nearly 1,500 km ( 932 mi ) reaching 46 municipalities . Besides public transport , ATM manages the interchange parking lots and other transportation services including bike sharing and car sharing systems . Trenord , responsible for the Milan suburban railway service , is the main regional railway operator in Lombardy , carrying 650,000 passengers on more than 50 routes every day . Local rail and underground Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving the city and surrounding municipalities . The network consists of 4 lines ( plus 1 under construction ) , with a total network length of 101 kilometres ( 63 mi ) , and a total of 113 stations , mostly underground . It has a daily ridership of 1.15 million . one of the largest in Europe . The Milan suburban railway service , operated by Trenord , comprises 12 lines and connects the metropolitan area with the city centre through the Milan Passerby underground railway . Commonly referred to as `` il Passante '' , it has a train running every 6 minutes , functioning as a subway line with full transferability to the Milan Metro . Buses and trams The city tram network consists of approximately 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) of track and 17 lines , and is Europe 's most advanced light rail system . Bus lines cover over 1,070 km ( 665 mi ) . Milan has also taxi services operated by private companies and licensed by the City council of Milan . The city is also a key node for the national road network , being served by all the major highways of Northern Italy . Numerous long - distance bus lines link Milan with many other cities and towns in Lombardy and throughout Italy . Aviation The Milan metropolitan area is served by three international airports , with a grand total of about 40 million passengers served in 2016 . Linate , the oldest and the only airport lying within the city limits , is mainly used for domestic and short - haul international flights , and served 9.7 million passengers in 2016 . Malpensa International Airport , the second busiest airport in Italy ( about 19 million passengers served in 2016 ) , is 45 km ( 28 mi ) from downtown Milan and is connected to the city by the Malpensa Express railway service . Orio al Serio airport serves mainly the low - cost traffic of Milan ( 11.2 million passengers served in 2016 ) . Finally Bresso Airfield , operated by Aero Club Milano , is a general aviation airport . International Relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Milan has fifteen official sister cities as reported on the city 's website . The date column indicates the year in which the relationship was established . São Paulo was Milan 's first sister city . City Country Date São Paulo Brazil 1961 Chicago United States 1962 Lyon France 1967 Frankfurt Germany 1969 Birmingham United Kingdom Dakar Senegal Shanghai China 1979 Osaka Japan 1981 Tel Aviv Israel Bethlehem Palestine 2000 Toronto Canada 2003 Kraków Poland 2003 Melbourne Australia Daegu South Korea 2015 The partnership with the city of St. Petersburg , Russia , that started in 1967 , was suspended in 2012 ( a decision taken by the city of Milan ) , because of the prohibition of the Russian government on `` homosexual propaganda '' . Other Relations ( edit ) Milan has the following collaborations : Algiers , Algeria Amsterdam , The Netherlands Astana , Kazakhstan Barcelona , Spain Bilbao , Spain Chengdu , China Copenhagen , Denmark Guangzhou , China Dubai , United Arab Emirates Moscow , Russia New York City , United States Tegucigalpa , Honduras Tehran , Iran See also ( edit ) Milan portal Italy portal European Union portal Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits Outline of Italy References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Resident population by age , nationality and borough '' . City of Milan -- Statistical Department . Jump up ^ In reference to the homonimous mask . Jump up ^ `` Milan : definition of Milan in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dizionario di toponomastica . Storia e significato dei nomi geografici italiani . Torino : UTET. 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Milan map '' . explo-re.com. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiche demografiche ISTAT '' . demo.istat.it . Istat . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiche demografiche ISTAT '' . istat.it . ^ Jump up to : Demographia : World Urban Areas . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Le aree metropolitane in Italia occupano il 9 per cento del territorio - Università degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca '' . www.old.unimib.it ( in Italian ) . 6 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` OECD Territorial Reviews : Milan , Italy '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campagna , Michele ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Planning Support Tools : Policy Analysis , Implementation and Evaluation . Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Informatics and Urban and Regional Planning INPUT2012 . Milan : FrancoAngeli . pp. 1853 -- 1856 . ISBN 9788856875973 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Osservatorio sulla città metropolitana di Milano . Rapporto 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Polytechnic University of Milan . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salet , Willem ; Thornley , Andy ; Kreukels , Anton ( 2003 ) . Metropolitan governance and spatial planning : comparative case studies of European city - regions . New York : Spon Press . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0415274494 . Jump up ^ `` GaWC -- The World According to GaWC 2010 '' . Lboro.ac.uk. 14 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Gert - Jan Hospers ( 2002 ) . `` Beyond the Blue Banana ? Structural Change in Europe 's Geo - Economy '' ( PDF ) . 42nd EUROPEAN CONGRESS of the Regional Science Association Young Scientist Session -- Submission for EPAINOS Award 27 -- 31 August 2002 -- Dortmund , Germany . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Global city GDP 2013 -- 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Catherine ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` Milan , the ' world 's design capital ' , takes steps to attract visitors year - round '' . South China Morning Post . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Language Monitor '' Fashion `` . Languagemonitor.com . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milan , Italy frog '' . Frogdesign.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milan Furniture Fair ( Monocle ) '' . Monocle.com. 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` University and research in Milan '' . Province of Milan . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guida Michelin 2016 : ristoranti stellati in Lombardia '' . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrogio , Renzo ( 2009 ) . Nomi d'Italia : origine e significato dei nomi geografici e di tutti i comuni . Novara : Istituto geografico De Agostini . p. 385 . ISBN 8851114129 . Jump up ^ Wise , Hilary ( 1997 ) . The vocabulary of modern French origins , structure and function . London : Routledge . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 42979 - 6 . Jump up ^ Michell , John ( 2009 ) . The sacred center : the ancient art of locating sanctuaries . Rochester , Vt. : Inner Traditions . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59477 - 284 - 9 . Jump up ^ medius + lanum ; Alciato 's `` etymology '' is intentionally far - fetched . Jump up ^ Bituricis vervex , Heduis dat sucula signum . Jump up ^ Laniger huic signum sus est , animálque biforme , Acribus hinc setis , lanitio inde levi . Jump up ^ `` Alciato , Emblemata , Emblema II '' . Emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Livius , Ab Urbe condita 5.34 - 35.3 . Jump up ^ Polybius , Histories Jump up ^ Delamarre , Xavier ( 2003 ) . Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise ( in French ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Paris : Errance . pp. 221 -- 222 . ISBN 2 - 87772 - 237 - 6 . Jump up ^ Compare G. Quintela and V. Marco ' `` Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times '' e-Keltoi : Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies , 2005 , referring to `` a toponym , clearly in the second part of the composite Medio - lanum ( = Milan ) , meaning ' plain ' or flat area ... '' Jump up ^ According to Procopius , the losses at Milan amounted to 300,000 men . Jump up ^ See the Laudes Mediolanensis civitatis . Jump up ^ `` Milan : a history of greatness , from its origins to the twentieth century '' . Portale per il Turismo del Comune di Milano . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henry S. Lucas , The Renaissance and the Reformation p. 268 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Milan -- Relazioni Internazionali -- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore '' . internationalrelations.unicatt.it . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley , The Rise of the Dutch Republic Vol. II ( Harper Bros. : New York , 1855 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Cipolla , Carlo M. Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1981 . Jump up ^ Graham J. Morris . `` Solferino '' . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip ( 2008 ) . The fall of Mussolini : Italy , the Italians , and the Second World War ( Reprint . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0199219346 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Philip ( 1997 ) . Italian resistance writing : an anthology . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5172 - X . Jump up ^ Ginsborg , Paul ( 2003 ) . A history of contemporary Italy : society and politics , 1943 -- 1988 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 220 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6153 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : John Foot ( 2001 ) . Milan since the miracle : city , culture , and identity . New York : Berg . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 545 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Stock Exchange -- Main Indicators 1975 -- 2012 '' . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L'uomo che inventò la Milano da bere '' . Lastampa.It. 4 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Milan Exhibition System official website '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Milano Porta Nuova official website '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ni , Pengfei ( 2012 ) . The global urban competitiveness report 2011 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar . p. 127 . ISBN 9780857934215 . Jump up ^ `` Metropoli Milano 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Service of the Metropolitan City of Mialn . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Raffaele Pugliese , Marco Lucchini ( 2009 ) . Milano città d'acqua : nuovi paesaggi urbani per la tutela dei navigli . Florence : Alinea . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 6055 - 469 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Russell ( 1985 ) . The industrial geography of Italy . London : Croom Helm . pp. 250 -- 254 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 1501 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The ENVIBASE - Project -- Climate of Milan '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.aineva.it/pubblica/neve60/6_fazzini/immagini/fazzini_fig1G.gif ( archive ) Jump up ^ `` Weather Overview for Milan '' . Holyday-Weather.com . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recorded temperatures , Milan '' . Accuweather . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smog in Northern Italy '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Historical temperatures , Milan '' . Accuweather . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Average weather in Milan '' . WeatherSpark . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average monthly precipitation over the year ( rainfall , snow ) '' . World weather and climate information . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Milano / Linate ( MI ) '' ( PDF ) . Servizio Meteorologico . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stazione 080 Milano - Linate : Medie Mensili Periodo 1961 -- 90 '' . Servizio Meteorologico . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Milano Linate : Record mensili dal 1946 '' ( in Italian ) . Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Borough Councils of Milan '' . Municipality of Milan . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Municipal Statute of Milan '' . Municipality of Milan . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Local self - government authority system under the Italian legislation '' . Italian Ministry of Internal Affairs . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat '' . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spending Review Act '' . Italian Government . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vittorio Ferri ( 2009 ) . `` Metropolitan cities in Italy . An institution of federalism '' ( PDF ) . University of Milan - Bicocca . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferrari - Bravo , Anna ( 1985 ) . Milano ( 9a ed . ) . Milano : Touring club italiano . p. 130 . ISBN 88 - 365 - 0004 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Sharon ( 2011 ) . A perfect trip to Italy in the golden years . Bloomington , IN : iUniverse Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4502 - 8443 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Castle Reconstructed by the Sforza '' . Castello Sforzesco website . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Murray , Peter ( 1986 ) . `` Milan : Filarete , Leonardo Bramante '' . The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance . Thames and Hudson . pp. 105 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Wittkower , Rudolf ( 1993 ) . `` Art and Architecture Italy , 1600 -- 1750 '' . Pelican History of Art . 1980 . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ ed , Ellen Judy Wilson , principal author . Peter Hanns Reill , consulting ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the enlightenment ( Rev. ed . ) . New York , NY : Facts On File . p. 392 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5335 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mazzocca , Fernando ( 2007 ) . La Galleria d'Arte Moderna e la Villa Reale di Milano . Cinisello Balsamo ( Milano ) : Silvana . p. 21 . ISBN 9788836610037 . Jump up ^ De Finetti , Giuseppe ( 2002 ) . Milano : costruzione di una città . Milano : U. Hoepli . p. 324 . ISBN 88 - 203 - 3092 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Storia di Milano : : : Palazzi e case liberty '' . Storiadimilano.it . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verso Una Conclusione : Casa Berri Meregalli '' . 100milano.com . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Castello Cova -- info2015expo '' . Info2015expo.it . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Birmingham , Brenda ( 2011 ) . DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Milan & the Lakes . London : Dorling Kindersley Limited . ISBN 9781405367479 . OCLC 828734755 . Jump up ^ `` Isozaki Tower -- CityLife '' . City-life.it . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torre Hadid -- CityLife -- CityLife '' . City-life.it . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liebskind Tower -- CityLife '' . City-life.it . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sempione Park '' . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indro Montanelli Gardens '' . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forlanini Park '' . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Historical population , 1861 - 2014 '' . Istat . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Popolazione residente al 31 dicembre 2016 '' . Municipality of Milan . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Farnese : Pomp , Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy , p. 9 , at Google Books Jump up ^ European Cities and Towns : 400 -- 2000 , p. 30 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Metropolis and Hinterland : The City of Rome and the Italian Economy , 200 BC - AD 200 , p. 182 , at Google Books Jump up ^ The Sovereign State and Its Competitors : An Analysis of Systems Change , p. 132 , at Google Books Jump up ^ A Companion to Latin Studies , p. 356 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Northern Italy , from Alps to Florence at Google Books Jump up ^ The City - State in Europe , 1000 -- 1600 : Hinterland , Territory , Region , p. 17 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Malfreda , Germano ; Pizzorni , Geoffry John ; Ricciardi , Ferruccio ; Romano , Roberto ( 2006 ) . Lavoro e società nella Milano del Novecento . Milano : Angeli . p. 331 . ISBN 9788846480316 . Jump up ^ `` Popolazione residente Italia , Lombardia e Città metropolitana di Milano '' . Metropolitan City of Milan . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 nationalities of foreign residents in the municipality of Milan '' . City of Milan . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popolazione straniera residente nel Comune di Milano al 31 / 12 / 2016 per sesso e nazionalità '' . Municipality of Milan . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Popolazione anagrafica straniera residente nel Comune di Milano Anno Sesso Totale in serie storica dal 1999 al 2016 '' . Municipality of Milan . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Foot , John . `` Mapping Diversity in Milan . Using the administrative division of the Milanese territory in the functional areas some important aspects of the spatial distribution of demographic phenomena can be captured . As well as the aggregated data on the stocks , the individual information ( also geographically referenced ) by the population register are considered for this purpose . The stocks at the 1st on January of the years from 2005 to 2009 are available . The totals for individuals and family are consistent with the totals published by ISTAT ( National Institute of Statistics ) by means of appropriate scaling coefficients , since some differences can occur between the two sources . Historical Approaches to Urban Immigration '' ( PDF ) . Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica della Lombardia ( 1999 ) . Lombardia , politiche e regole per il territorio . Florence : Alinea Editrice . p. 139 . ISBN 88 - 8125 - 332 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` COMUNE DI MILANO -- Stranieri : dati statistici '' . Comune.milano.it . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Antonella Ceccagno ( 1997 ) . ll caso delle comunità cinesi : comunicazione interculturale ed istituzioni . Rome : Armando Editore . pp. 29 -- 35 . ISBN 88 - 7144 - 718 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` chiesa ortodossa milano -- Google Maps '' . Maps.google.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lankarama Buddhist Temple -- Milan , Italy '' . Lankaramaya.com . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Community of Milan '' . Mosaico-cem.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Islam in Italy '' Inter-Religious Dialogue `` OrthodoxEurope.org '' . OrthodoxEurope.org. 4 December 2002 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Milan : The Center for Radical Islam in Europe '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Cini . `` Centro Culturale Protestante -- Protestanti a Milano delle Chiese Battiste Metodiste Valdesi '' ( in Italian ) . Protestantiamilano.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiesa Evangelica Valdese -- Milano '' . Milanovaldese.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Ambrosian Chant '' . Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Emanuele Vecchio . `` PIAMS : : Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music '' . Unipiams.org . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ di ZITA DAZZI ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Moschea a Milano , ecco le due aree e l'edificio individuati da Palazzo Marino per il progetto '' . Repubblica.it . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product ( GDP ) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product ( GDP ) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions '' . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 -- 2011 ranking by location '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Montenapoleone ha un primato : scontrino medio 1.800 euro , via più cara d'Europa `` '' . MilanoToday . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milan : city profile '' . Municipality of Milan . Jump up ^ `` Who we are '' . FieraMilano . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milan city - region : Is it still competitive and charming ? Pathways to creative and knowledge - based regions '' ( PDF ) . University of Amsterdam . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Destination Cities Index by Mastercard , 2016 edition '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Milan & Italian Lakes . Greenville , SC : Michelin Travel Publications . 2013 . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 067182 - 00 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` STATE MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES . NUMBER OF VISITORS AND RECEIPTS BY TYPE OF ADMISSION AND TYPE OF INSTITUTE , 2011 '' . Province of Milan . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Martin ( 2004 ) . Leonardo . Jump up ^ `` Galleria d'Arte moderna di Milano '' . GAM Milano . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Le città d'arte : Milano , Guide brevi Skira , ed. 2008 , autori vari ( Italian language ) . Jump up ^ Milan , Lonely Planet Encounter Guides , 1st Edition , January 2009 ( English language ) . Jump up ^ `` Museum of Cultures Completes in Milan '' . archdaily.com. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Clive ( 2007 ) . Opera ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : Collins . p. 172 . ISBN 0061241822 . Jump up ^ Willey , David ( 12 November 2005 ) . `` Europe La Scala faces uncertain future '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Knox , Paul L. ( 2010 ) . Cities and design . London : Routledge . pp. 228 -- 235 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 84855 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge Journals Online -- Business History Review -- Abstract -- Turning Fashion into Business : The Emergence of Milan as an International Fashion Hub '' . cambridge.org . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frieze Magazine Archive Milan and Turin '' . Frieze.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salone Internazionale del Mobile official website '' . Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Takes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London , edging past Paris '' . Languagemonitor.com . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bye , Elizabeth ( 2010 ) . Fashion design ( English ed . ) . Oxford : Berg . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 1847882668 . Jump up ^ `` Milan Fashion Week -- Home of the best '' . Mojeh Magazine . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Klaffke , Pamela ( 2003 ) . Spree : a cultural history of shopping . Vancouver , B.C. : Arsenal Pulp Press . p. 46 . ISBN 1551521431 . Jump up ^ Coluzzi , Paolo ( 2007 ) . Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy : an analysis of the situation of Friulian , Cimbrian and Western Lombard with reference to Spanish minority languages . Oxford : New York . p. 260 . ISBN 978 - 3039110414 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are the World 's Best Shopping and Dining Destinations ? '' . Four Seasons Magazine . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` best restaurant in milan '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide restaurants -- Milan '' . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cova Pasticceria Confetteria -- dal 1817 '' . Pasticceriacova.com . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historic places of Lombardy '' . Associazione Locali Storici d'Italia . Archived from the original on 14 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Struttura '' . SanSiro.net . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brera Calcio F.C. '' Breracalcio.it . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Milano City FC '' . Milano City FC ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings 2018 '' . QS World University Rankings . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global MBA Ranking 2017 '' . Rankings.ft.com . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Congress of the European Society on Family Relations ( ESFR ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facts at a Glance '' . www.english.polimi.it . Politecnico di Milano . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . University of Milan . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Largest universities in Italy '' . Italian Ministry of Education , Universities and Research . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UCSC in figures '' . Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` European Business School Rankings 2011 '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Enrolled students -- figures '' . Milan Bicocca University . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libera Università di Lingue e Comunicazione IULM '' . Crui.it . Archived from the original on 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vita - Salute San Raffaele University -- Università Vita - Salute San Raffaele '' . Unisr.it . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano . Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pontificio Istituto Ambrosiano di Musica Sacra : What is it ? '' . Unipiams.org . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conservatorio di musica `` G. Verdi '' di Milano : Introduzione `` . Consmilano.it . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of major railway stations in Italy with passenger figures '' . Ferrovie dello Stato . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milano Centrale station official page on Ferrovie dello stato website '' . Ferrovie dello Stato . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carta della Mobilità 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ATM in Figures '' . www.atm.it . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carta della Mobilità 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Azienda Trasporti Milanesi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lombardia regional operator Trenord launched with € 250m train tender '' . Railway Gazette International . 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L'opera che ha fatto di Milano una grande metropoli '' ( The work that has made a great metropolis of Milan ) ( in Italian ) . Metropolitane Milanesi SpA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Atm , un piano da 524 milioni per 500mila passeggeri un più '' . la Repubblica. 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lines ▶ Regional & Suburban Railway '' . Trenord . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` world.nycsubway.org/Europe/Italy/Milan ( Urban Trams ) '' . World.nycsubway.org. 8 December 2003 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Long - Distance Buses '' . City of Milan . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The airport : technical information '' . Aero Club Milano . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Città gemellate : Milano è gemellata con 14 città '' ( in Italian ) . Milan , Italy : Comune di Milano . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kraków -- Miasta Bliźniacze '' ( Kraków -- Twin Cities ) . Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków ( in Polish ) . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milano si è gemellata con la città sudcoreana di Daegu '' ( in Italian ) . Rome , Italy : Askanews. 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia banned `` gay propaganda '' . Milan ends twinning `` . Ilfattoquotidiano.it . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Accordi di collaborazione '' ( in Italian ) . Milan , Italy : Comune di Milano . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Acts of international convention `` Milan Capital '' , Convegno archeologico internazionale Milano capitale dell'impero romano 1990 ; Milano Altri autori : Sena Chiesa , Gemma Arslan , Ermanno A . Agostino a Milano : il battesimo -- Agostino nelle terre di Ambrogio : 22 -- 24 aprile 1987 / ( relazioni di ) Marta Sordi ( et al . ) Augustinus publ . Anselmo , Conte di Rosate : istoria milanese al tempo del Barbarossa / Pietro Beneventi , Europia publ . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire ( Edward Gibbon ) The later Roman empire ( Jones ) , Blackwell and Mott , Oxford Milano romana / Mario Mirabella Roberti ( Rusconi publisher ) 1984 Marchesi , i percorsi della Storia Minerva Italica ( It ) Milano tra l'eta repubblicana e l'eta augustea : atti del Convegno di studi , 26 -- 27 marzo 1999 , Milano Milano capitale dell'impero romano : 286 -- 402 d.c. ( Milano ) : Silvana ( 1990 ) . -- 533 p. : ill. ; 28 cm ( 11 in ) . Milano capitale dell'Impero romano : 286 -- 402 d.c. -- album storico archeologico . -- Milano : Cariplo : ET , 1991. -- 111 p. : ill ; 47 cm ( 19 in ) . ( Pubbl. in occasione della Mostra tenuta a Milano nel ) 1990 . Torri , Monica ( 23 January 2007 ) . Milan & The Lakes . DK Publishing ( Dorling Kindersley ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2443 - 9 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Welch , Evelyn S ( 1995 ) . Art and authority in Renaissance Milan . Yale University Press , New Haven , Connecticut . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06351 - 6 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milan . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Milan . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Milan . City of Milan ATM -- Milan 's Transportation Company Rete Metropolitana di Milano ( in Italian ) Videotour in Milan Articles relating to Milan Zones and quarters of Milan Zone 1 Brera Centro Storico Conca del Naviglio Guastalla Porta Sempione Porta Tenaglia Zone 2 Adriano Crescenzago Gorla Greco Loreto Maggiolina Mandello Mirabello Ponte Seveso Porta Nuova Precotto Stazione Centrale Turro Villaggio dei Giornalisti Zone 3 Casoretto Cimiano Città Studi Dosso Lambrate Ortica Porta Monforte Porta Venezia Quartiere Feltre Rottole Zone 4 Acquabella Calvairate Castagnedo Cavriano Forlanini Gamboloita La Trecca Monluè Morsenchio Nosedo Omero Ponte Lambro Porta Vittoria Porta Romana Rogoredo San Luigi Santa Giulia Taliedo Triulzo Superiore Zone 5 Basmetto Cantalupa Case Nuove Chiaravalle Chiesa Rossa Conca Fallata Fatima Gratosoglio Le Terrazze Macconago Missaglia Morivione Porta Lodovica Porta Vigentina Quintosole Ronchetto delle Rane San Gottardo Selvanesco Stadera Torretta Vaiano Valle Vigentino Zone 6 Arzaga Barona Boffalora Cascina Bianca Conchetta Creta Foppette Giambellino - Lorenteggio Lodovico il Moro Moncucco Porta Genova Porta Ticinese Ronchetto sul Naviglio San Cristoforo Sant'Ambrogio Teramo Villa Magentino Villaggio dei Fiori Zone 7 Assiano Baggio Figino Fopponino Forze Armate Harar La Maddalena Muggiano Porta Magenta Quartiere degli Olmi Quarto Cagnino Quinto Romano San Siro Valsesia Vercellese Zone 8 Boldinasco Bullona Cagnola Campo dei Fiori Cascina Triulza Comina Fiera Gallaratese Garegnano Ghisolfa Lampugnano Musocco Porta Volta Portello Quarto Oggiaro QT8 Roserio San Leonardo Trenno Varesina Vialba Villapizzone Zone 9 Affori Bicocca Bovisa Bovisasca Bruzzano Ca ' Granda Centro Direzionale Comasina Dergano Fulvio Testi Isola La Fontana Montalbino Niguarda Porta Garibaldi Porta Nuova Prato Centenaro Segnano Regional capitals of Italy L'Aquila , Abruzzo Aosta , Aosta Valley Bari , Apulia Potenza , Basilicata Catanzaro , Calabria Naples , Campania Bologna , Emilia - Romagna Trieste , Friuli - Venezia Giulia Rome , Lazio Genoa , Liguria Milan , Lombardy Ancona , Marche Campobasso , Molise Turin , Piedmont Cagliari , Sardinia Palermo , Sicily Trento , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol Florence , Tuscany Perugia , Umbria Venice , Veneto Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Milan Abbiategrasso Albairate Arconate Arese Arluno Assago Baranzate Bareggio Basiano Basiglio Bellinzago Lombardo Bernate Ticino Besate Binasco Boffalora sopra Ticino Bollate Bresso Bubbiano Buccinasco Buscate Bussero Busto Garolfo Calvignasco Cambiago Canegrate Carpiano Carugate Casarile Casorezzo Cassano d'Adda Cassina de ' Pecchi Cassinetta di Lugagnano Castano Primo Cernusco sul Naviglio Cerro Maggiore Cerro al Lambro Cesano Boscone Cesate Cinisello Balsamo Cisliano Cologno Monzese Colturano Corbetta Cormano Cornaredo Corsico Cuggiono Cusago Cusano Milanino Dairago Dresano Gaggiano Garbagnate Milanese Gessate Gorgonzola Grezzago Gudo Visconti Inveruno Inzago Lacchiarella Lainate Legnano Liscate Locate di Triulzi Magenta Magnago Marcallo con Casone Masate Mediglia Melegnano Melzo Mesero Milan Morimondo Motta Visconti Nerviano Nosate Novate Milanese Noviglio Opera Ossona Ozzero Paderno Dugnano Pantigliate Parabiago Paullo Pero Peschiera Borromeo Pessano con Bornago Pieve Emanuele Pioltello Pogliano Milanese Pozzo d'Adda Pozzuolo Martesana Pregnana Milanese Rescaldina Rho Robecchetto con Induno Robecco sul Naviglio Rodano Rosate Rozzano San Colombano al Lambro San Donato Milanese San Giorgio su Legnano San Giuliano Milanese San Vittore Olona San Zenone al Lambro Santo Stefano Ticino Sedriano Segrate Senago Sesto San Giovanni Settala Settimo Milanese Solaro Trezzano Rosa Trezzano sul Naviglio Trezzo sull'Adda Tribiano Truccazzano Turbigo Vanzaghello Vanzago Vaprio d'Adda Vermezzo Vernate Vignate Villa Cortese Vimodrone Vittuone Vizzolo Predabissi Zelo Surrigone Zibido San Giacomo European Capitals of Sport 2001 Madrid 2002 Stockholm 2003 Glasgow 2004 Alicante 2005 Rotterdam 2006 Copenhagen 2007 Stuttgart 2008 Warsaw 2009 Milan 2010 Dublin 2011 Valencia 2012 Istanbul 2013 Antwerp 2014 Cardiff 2015 Turin 2016 Prague 2017 Marseille 2018 Sofia 2019 Budapest 2020 Málaga 2021 Lisboa 2022 The Hague Cities in Italy by population 1,000,000 + Rome Milan 500,000 + Naples Turin Palermo Genoa 200,000 + Bari Bologna Catania Florence Messina Padua Trieste Venice Verona 100,000 + Ancona Andria Arezzo Bergamo Bolzano Brescia Cagliari Ferrara Foggia Forlì Giugliano Latina Livorno Modena Monza Novara Parma Perugia Pescara Piacenza Prato Ravenna Reggio Calabria Reggio Emilia Rimini Salerno Sassari Syracuse Taranto Terni Trento Udine Vicenza Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. Eustorgio Portinari Chapel S. Lorenzo S. Marco S. Maria delle Grazie The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) S. Maria della Passione S. Nazaro in Brolo S. Simpliciano S. Stefano Maggiore S. Vincenzo in Prato S. Vittore al Corpo Churches Sant'Angelo S. Antonio Abate S. Barnaba S. Bernardino alle Ossa S. Cristoforo sul Naviglio S. Fedele S. Giorgio al Palazzo S. Giovanni in Conca S. Gottardo S. Maria del Carmine S. Maria della Pace S Maria Incoronata S. Maria presso San Celso S. Maria presso San Satiro S. Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore S. Pietro in Gessate S. Sebastiano S. Sepolcro Oratorio di San Protaso Rotonda della Besana Other Chiaravalle Abbey Garegnano Charterhouse Mirasole Abbey Museums and galleries Alfa Romeo Museum Armani / Silos Bagatti Valsecchi Museum Civic Aquarium Galleria d'Arte Moderna Gallerie di Piazza Scala Art collection of Fondazione Cariplo Palazzo Anguissola Palazzo Brentani Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano Museo del Novecento Museo del Risorgimento Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia `` Leonardo da Vinci '' Museo Diocesano Museo Poldi Pezzoli Museo Teatrale alla Scala Contemporary Art Pavilion Pinacoteca di Brera Sforza Castle Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum Applied Arts Collection Archaeological Museum Egyptian Museum Museum of Musical Instruments Museo d'Arte Antica Pinacoteca Villas and palaces Casa Campanini Casa degli Omenoni Casa di Riposo per Musicisti Casa Manzoni Casa Panigarola Castello Cova Palazzo dell'Arengario Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana Palazzo Belgioioso Palazzo Borromeo Palazzo Carminati Palazzo Castiglioni Palazzo dei Giureconsulti Palazzo Mezzanotte Palazzo della Ragione Palazzo delle Scuole Palatine Palazzo del Senato Royal Palace of Milan Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte Libraries Biblioteca Ambrosiana Biblioteca di Brera Theatres La Scala Piccolo Teatro Teatro degli Arcimboldi Teatro Dal Verme Teatro Lirico Squares and public spaces Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Piazza Cordusio Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Scala Piazza Mercanti Piazza Gae Aulenti Streets and canals Corso Buenos Aires Navigli Quadrilatero della moda Via della Spiga Via Monte Napoleone Gardens and parks Basilicas Park Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli Orto Botanico di Brera Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa Parco Sempione Villa Litta Modignani Events and traditions EICMA Expo 2015 Milan Fashion Week Milan Furniture Fair Milan International ( 1906 ) Oh bej ! Oh bej ! Triennale Districts of Milan Trams in Milan VIAF : 157818740 LCCN : n80060867 GND : 4037100 - 1 SUDOC : 026392763 BNF : cb11864886n ( data ) HDS : 6598 NDL : 00629314 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan&oldid=828242603 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Lombardy Communes of the Metropolitan City of Milan Tourist attractions in Milan Milan Communes of the Province of Milan 1st - millennium BC establishments in Italy Former capitals of Italy Populated places established in the 6th century BC University towns in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1672998023330793600 | List of U.S. states and territories by area | List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed 2007 - 07 - 10 ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=833885391 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States Lists of states of the United States Lists by area Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 21 : 36 . 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"\n\n\nTotal area[2]\nLand area[2]\nWater[2]\n\nState/territory\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n% land\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n% water\n\n\n\n Alaska\n7000100000000000000♠1\n665,384.04\n1,723,337\n7000100000000000000♠1\n570,640.95\n1,477,953\n7001857600000000000♠85.76%\n7000100000000000000♠1\n94,743.10\n245,384\n7001142400000000000♠14.24%\n\n\n Texas\n7000200000000000000♠2\n268,596.46\n695,662\n7000200000000000000♠2\n261,231.71\n676,587\n7001972600000000000♠97.26%\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7,364.75\n19,075\n7000274000000000000♠2.74%\n\n\n California\n7000300000000000000♠3\n163,696.32\n423,972\n7000300000000000000♠3\n155,779.22\n403,466\n7001951600000000000♠95.16%\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7,915.52\n20,501\n7000484000000000000♠4.84%\n\n\n Montana\n7000400000000000000♠4\n147,039.71\n380,831\n7000400000000000000♠4\n145,545.80\n376,962\n7001989800000000000♠98.98%\n7001260000000000000♠26\n1,493.91\n3,869\n7000102000000000000♠1.02%\n\n\n New Mexico\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,590.30\n314,917\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,298.15\n314,161\n7001997600000000000♠99.76%\n7001490000000000000♠49\n292.15\n757\n6999240000000000000♠0.24%\n\n\n Arizona\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,990.30\n295,234\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,594.08\n294,207\n7001996500000000000♠99.65%\n7001480000000000000♠48\n396.22\n1,026\n6999350000000000000♠0.35%\n\n\n Nevada\n7000700000000000000♠7\n110,571.82\n286,380\n7000700000000000000♠7\n109,781.18\n284,332\n7001992800000000000♠99.28%\n7001360000000000000♠36\n790.65\n2,048\n6999720000000000000♠0.72%\n\n\n Colorado\n7000800000000000000♠8\n104,093.67\n269,601\n7000800000000000000♠8\n103,641.89\n268,431\n7001995700000099999♠99.57%\n7001440000000000000♠44\n451.78\n1,170\n6999430000000000000♠0.43%\n\n\n Oregon\n7000900000000000000♠9\n98,378.54\n254,799\n7001100000000000000♠10\n95,988.01\n248,608\n7001975700000099999♠97.57%\n7001200000000000000♠20\n2,390.53\n6,191\n7000243000000000000♠2.43%\n\n\n Wyoming\n7001100000000000000♠10\n97,813.01\n253,335\n7000900000000000000♠9\n97,093.14\n251,470\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001370000000000000♠37\n719.87\n1,864\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n Michigan\n7001110000000000000♠11\n96,713.51\n250,487\n7001220000000000000♠22\n56,538.90\n146,435\n7001584600000000000♠58.46%\n7000200000000000000♠2\n40,174.61\n104,052\n7001415400000000000♠41.54%\n\n\n Minnesota\n7001120000000000000♠12\n86,935.83\n225,163\n7001140000000000000♠14\n79,626.74\n206,232\n7001915900000000000♠91.59%\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7,309.09\n18,930\n7000841000000000000♠8.41%\n\n\n Utah\n7001130000000000000♠13\n84,896.88\n219,882\n7001120000000000000♠12\n82,169.62\n212,818\n7001967900000000000♠96.79%\n7001170000000000000♠17\n2,727.26\n7,064\n7000321000000000000♠3.21%\n\n\n Idaho\n7001140000000000000♠14\n83,568.95\n216,443\n7001110000000000000♠11\n82,643.12\n214,045\n7001988900000000000♠98.89%\n7001330000000000000♠33\n925.83\n2,398\n7000111000000000000♠1.11%\n\n\n Kansas\n7001150000000000000♠15\n82,278.36\n213,100\n7001130000000000000♠13\n81,758.72\n211,754\n7001993700000000000♠99.37%\n7001420000000000000♠42\n519.64\n1,346\n6999630000000000000♠0.63%\n\n\n Nebraska\n7001160000000000000♠16\n77,347.81\n200,330\n7001150000000000000♠15\n76,824.17\n198,974\n7001993200000099999♠99.32%\n7001410000000000000♠41\n523.64\n1,356\n6999680000000000000♠0.68%\n\n\n South Dakota\n7001170000000000000♠17\n77,115.68\n199,729\n7001160000000000000♠16\n75,811.00\n196,350\n7001983100000000000♠98.31%\n7001290000000000000♠29\n1,304.68\n3,379\n7000169000000000000♠1.69%\n\n\n Washington\n7001180000000000000♠18\n71,297.95\n184,661\n7001200000000000000♠20\n66,455.52\n172,119\n7001932100000099999♠93.21%\n7001110000000000000♠11\n4,842.43\n12,542\n7000679000000000000♠6.79%\n\n\n North Dakota\n7001190000000000000♠19\n70,698.32\n183,108\n7001170000000000000♠17\n69,000.80\n178,711\n7001976000000000000♠97.60%\n7001240000000000000♠24\n1,697.52\n4,397\n7000240000000000000♠2.40%\n\n\n Oklahoma\n7001200000000000000♠20\n69,898.87\n181,037\n7001190000000000000♠19\n68,594.92\n177,660\n7001981300000000000♠98.13%\n7001300000000000000♠30\n1,303.95\n3,377\n7000187000000000000♠1.87%\n\n\n Missouri\n7001210000000000000♠21\n69,706.99\n180,540\n7001180000000000000♠18\n68,741.52\n178,040\n7001986100000000000♠98.61%\n7001320000000000000♠32\n965.47\n2,501\n7000138990000099999♠1.39%\n\n\n Florida\n7001220000000000000♠22\n65,757.70\n170,312\n7001260000000000000♠26\n53,624.76\n138,887\n7001815500000000000♠81.55%\n7000300000000000000♠3\n12,132.94\n31,424\n7001184500000000000♠18.45%\n\n\n Wisconsin\n7001230000000000000♠23\n65,496.38\n169,635\n7001250000000000000♠25\n54,157.80\n140,268\n7001826900000000000♠82.69%\n7000400000000000000♠4\n11,338.57\n29,367\n7001173109999900000♠17.31%\n\n\n Georgia\n7001240000000000000♠24\n59,425.15\n153,910\n7001210000000000000♠21\n57,513.49\n148,959\n7001967800000000000♠96.78%\n7001220000000000000♠22\n1,911.66\n4,951\n7000322000000000000♠3.22%\n\n\n Illinois\n7001250000000000000♠25\n57,913.55\n149,995\n7001240000000000000♠24\n55,518.93\n143,793\n7001958700000000000♠95.87%\n7001190000000000000♠19\n2,394.62\n6,202\n7000413000000000000♠4.13%\n\n\n Iowa\n7001260000000000000♠26\n56,272.81\n145,746\n7001230000000000000♠23\n55,857.13\n144,669\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001450000000000000♠45\n415.68\n1,077\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n New York\n7001270000000000000♠27\n54,554.98\n141,297\n7001300000000000000♠30\n47,126.40\n122,057\n7001863800000000000♠86.38%\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7,428.58\n19,240\n7001136200000099999♠13.62%\n\n\n North Carolina\n7001280000000000000♠28\n53,819.16\n139,391\n7001290000000000000♠29\n48,617.91\n125,920\n7001903400000000000♠90.34%\n7001100000000000000♠10\n5,201.25\n13,471\n7000966000000000000♠9.66%\n\n\n Arkansas\n7001290000000000000♠29\n53,178.55\n137,732\n7001270000000000000♠27\n52,035.48\n134,771\n7001978500000000000♠97.85%\n7001310000000000000♠31\n1,143.07\n2,961\n7000215000000000000♠2.15%\n\n\n Alabama\n7001300000000000000♠30\n52,420.07\n135,767\n7001280000000000000♠28\n50,645.33\n131,171\n7001966100000000000♠96.61%\n7001230000000000000♠23\n1,774.74\n4,597\n7000339000000000000♠3.39%\n\n\n Louisiana\n7001310000000000000♠31\n52,378.13\n135,659\n7001330000000000000♠33\n43,203.90\n111,898\n7001824800000000000♠82.48%\n7000500000000000000♠5\n9,174.23\n23,761\n7001175200000000000♠17.52%\n\n\n Mississippi\n7001320000000000000♠32\n48,431.78\n125,438\n7001310000000000000♠31\n46,923.27\n121,531\n7001968900000000000♠96.89%\n7001250000000000000♠25\n1,508.51\n3,907\n7000311000000000000♠3.11%\n\n\n Pennsylvania\n7001330000000000000♠33\n46,054.35\n119,280\n7001320000000000000♠32\n44,742.70\n115,883\n7001971500000000000♠97.15%\n7001280000000000000♠28\n1,311.64\n3,397\n7000285000000000000♠2.85%\n\n\n Ohio\n7001340000000000000♠34\n44,825.58\n116,098\n7001350000000000000♠35\n40,860.69\n105,829\n7001911500000000000♠91.15%\n7001140000000000000♠14\n3,964.89\n10,269\n7000885000000000000♠8.85%\n\n\n Virginia\n7001350000000000000♠35\n42,774.93\n110,787\n7001360000000000000♠36\n39,490.09\n102,279\n7001923200000099999♠92.32%\n7001150000000000000♠15\n3,284.84\n8,508\n7000768000000000000♠7.68%\n\n\n Tennessee\n7001360000000000000♠36\n42,144.25\n109,153\n7001340000000000000♠34\n41,234.90\n106,798\n7001978400000000000♠97.84%\n7001350000000000000♠35\n909.36\n2,355\n7000216000000000000♠2.16%\n\n\n Kentucky\n7001370000000000000♠37\n40,407.80\n104,656\n7001370000000000000♠37\n39,486.34\n102,269\n7001977200000000000♠97.72%\n7001340000000000000♠34\n921.46\n2,387\n7000227990000099999♠2.28%\n\n\n Indiana\n7001380000000000000♠38\n36,419.55\n94,326\n7001380000000000000♠38\n35,826.11\n92,789\n7001983700000000000♠98.37%\n7001390000000000000♠39\n593.44\n1,537\n7000162990000000000♠1.63%\n\n\n Maine\n7001390000000000000♠39\n35,379.74\n91,633\n7001390000000000000♠39\n30,842.92\n79,883\n7001871800000000000♠87.18%\n7001120000000000000♠12\n4,536.82\n11,750\n7001128200000000000♠12.82%\n\n\n South Carolina\n7001400000000000000♠40\n32,020.49\n82,933\n7001400000000000000♠40\n30,060.70\n77,857\n7001938800000000000♠93.88%\n7001210000000000000♠21\n1,959.79\n5,076\n7000612000000000000♠6.12%\n\n\n West Virginia\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,230.04\n62,756\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,038.21\n62,259\n7001992100000099999♠99.21%\n7001500000000000000♠50\n191.83\n497\n6999790000000000000♠0.79%\n\n\n Maryland\n7001420000000000000♠42\n12,405.93\n32,131\n7001420000000000000♠42\n9,707.24\n25,142\n7001782500000000000♠78.25%\n7001180000000000000♠18\n2,698.69\n6,990\n7001217500000000000♠21.75%\n\n\n Hawaii\n7001430000000000000♠43\n10,931.72\n28,313\n7001470000000000000♠47\n6,422.63\n16,635\n7001587500000000000♠58.75%\n7001130000000000000♠13\n4,509.09\n11,678\n7001412500000000000♠41.25%\n\n\n Massachusetts\n7001440000000000000♠44\n10,554.39\n27,336\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7,800.06\n20,202\n7001739000000000000♠73.90%\n7001160000000000000♠16\n2,754.33\n7,134\n7001261000000000000♠26.10%\n\n\n Vermont\n7001450000000000000♠45\n9,616.36\n24,906\n7001430000000000000♠43\n9,216.66\n23,871\n7001958400000000000♠95.84%\n7001460000000000000♠46\n399.71\n1,035\n7000416000000000000♠4.16%\n\n\n New Hampshire\n7001460000000000000♠46\n9,349.16\n24,214\n7001440000000000000♠44\n8,952.65\n23,187\n7001957600000000000♠95.76%\n7001470000000000000♠47\n396.51\n1,027\n7000424000000000000♠4.24%\n\n\n New Jersey\n7001470000000000000♠47\n8,722.58\n22,591\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7,354.22\n19,047\n7001843100000000000♠84.31%\n7001270000000000000♠27\n1,368.36\n3,544\n7001156900000000000♠15.69%\n\n\n Connecticut\n7001480000000000000♠48\n5,543.41\n14,357\n7001480000000000000♠48\n4,842.36\n12,542\n7001873500000000000♠87.35%\n7001380000000000000♠38\n701.06\n1,816\n7001126500000000000♠12.65%\n\n\n Delaware\n7001490000000000000♠49\n2,488.72\n6,446\n7001490000000000000♠49\n1,948.54\n5,047\n7001782900000000000♠78.29%\n7001400000000000000♠40\n540.18\n1,399\n7001217100000000000♠21.71%\n\n\n Rhode Island\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,544.89\n4,001\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,033.81\n2,678\n7001669200000000000♠66.92%\n7001430000000000000♠43\n511.07\n1,324\n7001330800000000000♠33.08%\n\n\n District of Columbia\n7002100000000000000♠\n68.34\n177\n7002100000000000000♠\n61.05\n158\n7001893300000000000♠89.33%\n7002100000000000000♠\n7.29\n19\n7001106700000000000♠10.67%\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n7002100000000000000♠\n5,324.84\n13,791\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,423.78\n8,868\n7001643000000000000♠64.30%\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,901.07\n4,924\n7001357000000000000♠35.70%\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,975.57\n5,117\n7002100000000000000♠\n182.33\n472\n7000923000000000000♠9.23%\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,793.24\n4,644\n7001907700000000000♠90.77%\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands\n7002100000000000000♠\n732.93\n1,898\n7002100000000000000♠\n134.32\n348\n7001183309999999999♠18.33%\n7002100000000000000♠\n598.61\n1,550\n7001816700000000000♠81.67%\n\n\n American Samoa\n7002100000000000000♠\n581.05\n1,505\n7002100000000000000♠\n76.46\n198\n7001131600000000000♠13.16%\n7002100000000000000♠\n504.60\n1,307\n7001868400000000000♠86.84%\n\n\n Guam\n7002100000000000000♠\n570.62\n1,478\n7002100000000000000♠\n209.80\n543\n7001367700000000000♠36.77%\n7002100000000000000♠\n360.82\n935\n7001632300000000000♠63.23%\n\n\n Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]\n7002100000000000000♠\n16.00\n41\n7002100000000000000♠\n16.00\n41\n—\n7002100000000000000♠\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n Contiguous United States\nTotal\n3,120,426.47\n8,081,867\n7002100000000000000♠\n2,954,841.42\n7,653,004\n7001946900000000000♠94.69%\n7002100000000000000♠\n165,584.6\n428,862\n7000530990000099999♠5.31%\n\n\n 50 states and D.C.\nTotal\n3,796,742.23\n9,833,517\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,531,905.43\n9,147,593\n7001930200000000000♠93.02%\n7002100000000000000♠\n264,836.79\n685,924\n7000698000000000000♠6.98%\n\n\n All U.S. territory\nTotal\n3,805,943.26\n9,857,348\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,535,948.12\n9,158,064\n7001929100000000000♠92.91%\n7002100000000000000♠\n269,995.13\n699,284\n7000709000000000000♠7.09%\n\n"
] | [
"Alaska"
] |
-5335685054679426113 | Sean Hayes (actor) | Sean Hayes ( Actor ) - wikipedia Sean Hayes ( Actor ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Sean Hayes , see Sean Hayes ( disambiguation ) . Sean Hayes Hayes in 2010 Sean Patrick Hayes ( 1970 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian , producer Years active 1996 -- present Spouse ( s ) Scott Icenogle ( m . 2014 ) Sean Patrick Hayes ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American actor , comedian , and producer . He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace , for which he won an Emmy Award , four SAG Awards , and one American Comedy Award , and earned six Golden Globe nominations . He also runs a television production company called Hazy Mills Productions , which produces shows such as Grimm , Hot in Cleveland , The Soul Man , and Hollywood Game Night . He is known for his film work in movies such as Cats & Dogs , Pieces of April , The Cat in the Hat , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , The Bucket List , and The Three Stooges . He is also known for his work on Broadway such as An Act of God and Promises , Promises , where he played Chuck Baxter and received a nomination for Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hayes was born in Chicago , the youngest child of Mary Hayes , the director of a non-profit food bank , and Ronald Hayes , a lithographer . He is of Irish descent and was raised as a Roman Catholic in the Chicago suburb of Glen Ellyn , Illinois . His father left when Hayes was five years old , and he and his siblings were raised by their mother . He has not spoken to his father in many years . After graduating from Glenbard West High School , Hayes attended Illinois State University , where he studied piano performance . He left `` two or three classes short '' of graduation when he became music director at the Pheasant Run Theater in St. Charles , Illinois . Hayes worked as a classical pianist . He practiced improv at The Second City in Chicago . He also composed original music for a production of Antigone at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago . He moved to Los Angeles in 1995 , where he found work as a stand - up comedian and an actor on stage and on television , including a commercial for Doritos which aired during Super Bowl XXXII in 1998 . Career ( edit ) As a teenager , Hayes was an extra in the film Lucas ( 1986 ) , which was filmed at his high school . He made his professional debut in the independent film Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss ( 1998 ) , which brought him wide attention . The same year , he was cast as Jack McFarland , a flamboyantly gay and frequently unemployed actor , in the NBC comedy series Will & Grace . The show became a long - running hit and Hayes ' performance earned him seven consecutive Emmy Award nominations as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series . He won the award for his first nomination . He was also nominated for six Golden Globe Awards for his performance . Hayes also made film appearances in Cats & Dogs ( 2001 ) , as Jerry Lewis in Martin and Lewis ( 2002 ) , Wayne in Pieces of April ( 2003 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) , and Win a Date With Tad Hamilton ! ( 2004 ) . He was also the voice of Brain in the 2008 film Igor , and has guest starred in television shows such as Scrubs and 30 Rock . In 2005 , he was executive producer for Bravo 's Situation : Comedy , a reality television series about sitcoms . He also executive produced The Sperm Donor and Stephen 's Life , the two winning scripts that were chosen by NBC . He guest - starred in 2006 in the Adult Swim cameo - filled show Tom Goes to the Mayor . Hayes appeared as Thomas in the film The Bucket List ( 2007 ) . On July 5 , 2008 , he made his New York stage debut as Mr. Applegate / Devil in New York City Center 's Encores ! production of Damn Yankees . He also appeared as Mr. Hank Hummerfloob and the voice of `` The Fish '' in The Cat in the Hat . In a 2008 New York Times interview , Hayes talked about a television project , BiCoastal , about `` a guy with a wife and kids in California and a boyfriend in New York '' for Showtime . He made his Broadway debut in the April 2010 Broadway revival of the musical Promises , Promises . He received a nomination for the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance , and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Hayes was host of the 64th Annual Tony Awards on June 13 , 2010 on CBS . In 2010 , he reprised the role of Mr. Tinkles , the evil white Persian cat , in Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . On November 15 , 2010 , he appeared in a satirical PSA for the repeal of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . He played Larry Fine in the film The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) . Aware that his role in Will & Grace `` would n't go on forever '' , Hayes teamed up with his friend Todd Milliner , whom he met at Illinois State University , to create the television production company Hazy Mills Productions in 2004 . The company has produced multiple American television series , including Hot in Cleveland , Grimm , The Soul Man , Hollywood Game Night and Sean Saves the World . Hayes is co-executive producer of the TV Land original comedy series Hot in Cleveland , which premiered in June 2010 . He is also a co-executive producer of the NBC series Grimm , as well as creator and executive producer on another NBC series , Hollywood Game Night . Hayes and his husband , Scott Icenogle , produce lip - sync videos under their YouTube channel , The Kitchen Sync . They lip - synced to songs such as Trouble & Burnitup ! He was the host of An All Star Tribute to James Burrows . Hayes starred in the Broadway play An Act of God , which ran from June 6 , 2016 to September 4 , 2016 . In 2017 , Hayes played the role of Steven , the devil emoji in The Emoji Movie . Personal Life ( edit ) Hayes refused to discuss his sexual orientation for many years , saying he believed that audiences would therefore be more open - minded about his characters . In a 2010 interview with The Advocate , he appeared to imply that he is gay , stating : `` Really ? You 're gon na shoot the gay guy down ? I never have had a problem saying who I am . I am who I am . '' He also indicated that he was in a relationship . He states that he feels like he has `` contributed monumentally to the success of the gay movement in America , and if anyone wants to argue that , I 'm open to it '' . He received an honorary PhD from Illinois State University in February 2013 . In November 2014 Hayes announced that he had married his partner of eight years , Scott Icenogle . In October 2017 , while appearing on an episode of Ellen , Hayes revealed that he had a rare condition that made his small intestine burst open . After spending time in the hospital , Hayes got his intestine fixed . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A&P Sammy 1998 Billy 's Hollywood Screen Kiss Billy Collier 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins Brain Pod # 13 Voice 2001 Cats & Dogs Mr. Tinkles Voice 2003 Pieces of April Wayne 2003 The Cat in the Hat Mr. Hank Humberfloob / Voice of the Fish Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Richard Levy 2005 Roberto the Insect Architect Narrator 2007 The Bucket List Matthew 2008 Man Stroke Woman Various 2008 Soul Men Danny Epstein 2008 Igor Brain Voice Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Mr. Tinkles Voice 2012 The Three Stooges Larry Fine 2012 Hit and Run Sandy Osterman 2013 Monsters University Terri Perry Voice 2014 How Murray Saved Christmas Edison Elf Voice 2017 The Emoji Movie Steven Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Silk Stalkings Roger Episode : `` Services Rendered '' 1998 - 2006 , 2017 - Will & Grace Jack McFarland 188 episodes American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Television Series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated -- American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Television Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Nominated -- Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Nominated -- Viewers for Quality Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Quality Comedy Series 2001 Scrubs Nick Murdoch Episode : `` My Super Ego '' 2001 Saturday Night Live Himself / Host Episode : `` Sean Hayes / Shaggy '' 2002 Martin and Lewis Jerry Lewis Television film Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie 2006 Tom Goes to the Mayor Tour Guide Episode : `` Bass Fest '' 2006 Lovespring International Victor Episode : `` A Rear Window '' 2006 Will & Grace : Say Goodnight Gracie Jack McFarland Television film 2006 -- 2007 Campus Ladies Marshall 2 episodes 2007 30 Rock Jesse Parcell Episode : `` Hiatus '' 64th Tony Awards Host Television special Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program 2010 -- 2015 Hot in Cleveland Chad Episode : `` One Thing or a Mother '' Also executive producer ; 124 episodes 2011 -- 2017 Grimm Executive producer ; 108 episodes 2012 -- 2016 The Soul Man Executive producer ; 11 episodes 2012 Portlandia Sean Episode : `` Cops Redesign '' 2012 Parks and Recreation Buddy Wood Episode : `` Lucky '' 2012 Up All Night Walter 4 episodes 2013 Smash Terrence Falls 3 episodes 2013 American Dad ! Foster ( voice ) Episode : `` Lost in Space '' 2013 -- 2014 Sean Saves the World Sean Harrison 15 episodes Also executive producer ; 15 episodes 2013 -- present Hollywood Game Night Himself 2 episodes Also creator , executive producer ; 6 episodes 2014 The Millers Kip Finkle 11 episodes 2014 The Comeback Himself Episode : `` Valerie Gets What She Really Wants '' 2015 The Late Late Show Himself / Guest Host 3 episodes 2016 Crowded Executive producer ; 13 episodes 2016 Maya & Marty Himself / various 2 episodes 2016 An All Star Tribute to James Burrows Himself / Host Television special Also executive producer 2016 Hairspray Live ! Mr. Pinky Television special 2017 Tangled : The Series Pete the Guard ( voice ) Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Damn Yankees Applegate Off - Broadway 2010 -- 2011 Promises , Promises Chuck Baxter Broadway Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Nominated -- Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical 2015 An Act of God God US Tour 2016 Broadway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sean Hayes Biography '' . filmreference. 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McGee , Celia ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` Selling His Soul for the Part '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Not Easy Being Jack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2000 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sotonoff , Jamie ; Gire , Dann ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Sean Hayes , suburban pal team up for TV success '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , Illinois . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sobota , Lenore ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Actor Sean Hayes , former Fairleigh Dickinson president receive honorary degrees '' . Pantagraph.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Corinne ( 2008 ) . The Q Guide to Will and Grace : Stuff You Did n't Even Know You Wanted to Know ... About Will , Grace , Jack , Karen , and Lots of Guest Stars . Alyson Publications . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59350 - 083 - 2 . In the early days of his career , he supported himself as a classical pianist . ^ Jump up to : Karpel , Ari ( April 2010 ) . `` Sean Hayes : I Am Who I Am '' . The Advocate . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Magazine , People ( 2002 ) . People : Almanac 2003 . Cader Books . p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929049 - 96 - 7 . Composed original music for a Steppenwolf production of Antigone . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` New deal for CBS swinger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Sean Hayes to Host the Tonys '' . TVGuide . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Filming at 5 Points Sports Building -- Downtown Atlanta / Fairlie Poplar District '' ( PDF ) . atlantadowntown.com. April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Bridget ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` Oh curses , it 's hard : ' Will & Grace ' stars try to beat odds '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff writers ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Development Update : Eight Days a Week ( The CW , New ! ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Company '' . Hazy Mills Productions . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey . `` When Did Sean Hayes and Todd Milliner Take Over TV ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . inbaseline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Orders Brothers Grimm - Themed Drama From Buffy Scribe '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Bold New Game Show ' Hollywood Game Night ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Kitchen Sync '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean Hayes ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Will And Grace ' Star Sean Hayes Steps To Broadway '' . Fresh Air ( Interview : audio / transcript ) . Interview with Terry Gross . NPR / WHYY . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ( November 2014 ) . `` Sean Hayes Marries Longtime Partner Scott Icenogle '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Hayes Was Hospitalized After His Small Intestine Burst '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Beltran , Mary C. ; Fojas , Camilla ( 1 August 2008 ) . Mixed Race Hollywood . NYU Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9989 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Ronald ; Hornberger , Francine ( 2006 ) . So You Think You Know about Cats ? : An All - in - one Guide for Felines and Their Humans . Citadel . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2749 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Terry . World War II Goes to the Movies & Television Guide Volume II L-Z . Lulu.com . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 105 - 46543 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Must See TV : An All - Star Tribute to James Burrows '' . NBC . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sean Hayes Theatre Credits '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Sean Hayes . Biography Resource Center Online . Gale Group . 1999 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sean Hayes ( actor ) . Sean Hayes on IMDb Sean Hayes at the Internet Broadway Database Hosts of the Tony Awards ceremonies 1947 -- 1960 Brock Pemberton ( 1947 ) Bert Lytell / Hiram Sherman / Harry Hirshfield ( 1948 ) Brock Pemberton / James Sauter ( 1949 ) None ( 1950 ) James Sauter ( 1951 ) Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) Faye Emerson ( 1953 ) James Sauter ( 1954 ) Helen Hayes ( 1955 ) Jack Carter ( 1956 ) Bud Collyer ( 1957 ) Bud Collyer ( 1958 ) Bud Collyer ( 1959 ) Eddie Albert ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Phil Silvers ( 1961 ) Ray Bolger / Robert Preston ( 1962 ) Abe Burrows / Robert Morse ( 1963 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1964 ) Tom Bosley / José Ferrer / Van Johnson ( 1965 ) George Abbott / Ginger Rogers ( 1966 ) Mary Martin / Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury / Peter Ustinov ( 1968 ) Diahann Carroll / Alan King ( 1969 ) Julie Andrews / Shirley MacLaine / Walter Matthau ( 1970 ) Lauren Bacall / Angela Lansbury / Anthony Quayle / Anthony Quinn ( 1971 ) Deborah Kerr / Henry Fonda / Peter Ustinov ( 1972 ) Rex Harrison / Celeste Holm ( 1973 ) Peter Falk / Florence Henderson / Robert Preston / Cicely Tyson ( 1974 ) Larry Blyden / George S. Irving / Larry Kert / Carol Lawrence / Michele Lee / Bernadette Peters / Bobby Van ( 1975 ) Eddie Albert / Richard Burton / Jane Fonda / Diana Rigg / George C. Scott / Trish Van Devere ( 1976 ) Jack Albertson / Bea Arthur / Buddy Ebsen / Damon Evans / Jean Stapleton / Leslie Uggams ( 1977 ) None ( 1978 ) Jane Alexander / Henry Fonda / Liv Ullmann ( 1979 ) Mary Tyler Moore / Jason Robards ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Ellen Burstyn / Richard Chamberlain ( 1981 ) Tony Randall ( 1982 ) Richard Burton / Lena Horne / Jack Lemmon ( 1983 ) Julie Andrews / Robert Preston ( 1984 ) None ( 1985 ) None ( 1986 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1987 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1988 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1990 ) Julie Andrews / Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins / Amy Irving ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane / Glenn Close / Gregory Hines ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1997 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 1998 ) None ( 1999 ) Rosie O'Donnell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2020 Nathan Lane / Matthew Broderick ( 2001 ) Bernadette Peters / Gregory Hines ( 2002 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) None ( 2006 ) None ( 2007 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2008 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Sean Hayes ( 2010 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2012 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2013 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth / Alan Cumming ( 2015 ) James Corden ( 2016 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2017 ) Awards for Sean Hayes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Art Carney ( 1954 ) Art Carney ( 1955 ) Art Carney ( 1956 ) Carl Reiner ( 1957 ) Carl Reiner ( 1958 ) Tom Poston ( 1959 ) Don Knotts ( 1961 ) Don Knotts ( 1962 ) Don Knotts ( 1963 ) Don Knotts ( 1966 ) Don Knotts ( 1967 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1968 ) Werner Klemperer ( 1969 ) Michael Constantine ( 1970 ) Edward Asner ( 1971 ) Edward Asner ( 1972 ) Ted Knight ( 1973 ) Rob Reiner ( 1974 ) Edward Asner ( 1975 ) Ted Knight ( 1976 ) Gary Burghoff ( 1977 ) Rob Reiner ( 1978 ) Robert Guillaume ( 1979 ) Harry Morgan ( 1980 ) Danny DeVito ( 1981 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1982 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1983 ) Pat Harrington , Jr. ( 1984 ) John Larroquette ( 1985 ) John Larroquette ( 1986 ) John Larroquette ( 1987 ) John Larroquette ( 1988 ) Woody Harrelson ( 1989 ) Alex Rocco ( 1990 ) Jonathan Winters ( 1991 ) Michael Jeter ( 1992 ) Michael Richards ( 1993 ) Michael Richards ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) Rip Torn ( 1996 ) Michael Richards ( 1997 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1998 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1999 ) Sean Hayes ( 2000 ) Peter MacNicol ( 2001 ) Brad Garrett ( 2002 ) Brad Garrett ( 2003 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2004 ) Brad Garrett ( 2005 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2008 ) Jon Cryer ( 2009 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2010 ) Ty Burrell ( 2011 ) Eric Stonestreet ( 2012 ) Tony Hale ( 2013 ) Ty Burrell ( 2014 ) Tony Hale ( 2015 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Jason Alexander ( 1994 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 1995 ) John Lithgow ( 1996 ) John Lithgow ( 1997 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1998 ) Michael J. Fox ( 1999 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2000 ) Sean Hayes ( 2001 ) Sean Hayes ( 2002 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2003 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2004 ) Sean Hayes ( 2005 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2006 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2007 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2008 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2010 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2011 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2012 ) Ty Burrell ( 2013 ) William H. Macy ( 2014 ) Jeffrey Tambor ( 2015 ) William H. Macy ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 42050644 LCCN : no2002032593 ISNI : 0000 0000 8121 0456 GND : 141944056 SUDOC : 150961804 BNF : cb14186017q ( data ) MusicBrainz : 6fd5cc27 - a9e6 - 4f33 - a510 - bb51fc97dca2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Hayes_(actor)&oldid=807113795 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Male actors from Chicago American male comedians American male film actors American people of Irish descent American male television actors American television producers American male voice actors Gay actors LGBT comedians LGBT producers LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Illinois Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Illinois State University alumni People from Glen Ellyn , Illinois 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Comedians from Illinois Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2015 Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | actor who plays jack in will and grace | [
"Sean Patrick Hayes[2] (born June 26, 1970)[1] is an American actor, comedian, and producer. He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace, for which he won an Emmy Award, four SAG Awards, and one American Comedy Award, and earned six Golden Globe nominations.[3][verification needed] He also runs a television production company called Hazy Mills Productions, which produces shows such as Grimm, Hot in Cleveland, The Soul Man, and Hollywood Game Night."
] | [
"Sean Patrick Hayes"
] |
295581702830387778 | NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament bids by school and conference | NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school and conference - wikipedia NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament bids by school and conference Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament bids by school ( divided by their current conference affiliation ) . Schools whose names are listed in the last table are no longer in NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball , and can no longer be included in the tournament . The years listed are the last tournament year a school has reached a certain round of the NCAA Tournament . Because earlier tournaments took place with fewer teams , the years listed are only those in which the school advanced ( or received a bye ) from an earlier round . For instance , no team is judged to have reached the Elite 8 until the 1951 Tournament because the NCAA tournament started with 8 teams from 1939 -- 50 . Similarly , no team is judged to have reached the Sweet 16 until the 1953 Tournament because the tournament started with 16 or fewer teams before 1953 . Note also that some schools have NCAA tournament appearances under previous names . For example , UTEP was known as Texas Western when it won its NCAA title in 1966 . Additional notes : Opening round wins count as a win in the NCAA tournament . Appearances by a school that has forfeited its appearances after the fact are still shown here . Teams listed in competing in the 2017 Tournament have received an automatic or at - large bid . The tournament bids by conference total is based on the number of tournament appearances by current members of the conference ; not on the actual number of appearances by a conference irrespective of changes in membership . While the bids by conference depicted amount is a good reflection on historic performance by the current membership , the amount does not accurately depict a conference 's historical performance in the tournament . The lists are updated through the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . They also reflect changes for the 2017 -- 18 & 2018 -- 19 seasons . Wichita State to join the American Athletic Conference . Valparaiso to join the Missouri Valley Conference . IUPUI to join the Horizon League . North Alabama is joining the Atlantic Sun in 2018 . Cal Baptist joining the WAC in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bids by conference 1.1 American Athletic Conference 1.2 America East Conference 1.3 Atlantic 10 Conference 1.4 Atlantic Coast Conference 1.5 Atlantic Sun Conference 1.6 Big 12 Conference 1.7 Big East Conference 1.8 Big Sky Conference 1.9 Big South Conference 1.10 Big Ten Conference 1.11 Big West Conference 1.12 Colonial Athletic Association 1.13 Conference USA 1.14 Horizon League 1.15 Ivy League 1.16 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference 1.17 Mid-American Conference 1.18 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference 1.19 Missouri Valley Conference 1.20 Mountain West Conference 1.21 Northeast Conference 1.22 Ohio Valley Conference 1.23 Pac - 12 Conference 1.24 Patriot League 1.25 Southeastern Conference 1.26 Southern Conference 1.27 Southland Conference 1.28 Southwestern Athletic Conference 1.29 Sun Belt Conference 1.30 The Summit League 1.31 West Coast Conference 1.32 Western Athletic Conference 1.33 Non Division I teams 2 Schools yet to receive bids 3 See also 4 References Bids by conference ( edit ) Note that these figures represent the total bids received by each current member of the conference , and does not necessarily reflect the number of years that a conference was represented in the tournament . Rank Conference All - time bids ACC 381 Big Ten 298 SEC 269 Pac - 12 248 5 Big 12 246 6 Big East 242 7 The American 195 8 Atlantic 10 148 9 Mountain West 118 9 West Coast 118 11 Conference USA 112 12 Ivy 74 13 Mid-American 72 14 Missouri Valley 65 15 Patriot 54 16 Big Sky 53 17 Ohio Valley 52 18 MAAC 48 18 Sun Belt 48 20 Southern 42 21 Colonial 38 22 SWAC 37 23 MEAC 36 24 WAC 35 25 Northeast 29 26 Southland 27 26 Horizon 27 28 Big West 26 29 Big South 21 30 America East 14 31 Summit 12 32 Atlantic Sun 9 American Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 33 Connecticut 2016 2016 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 ( 4 ) 32 Temple 2016 2013 2001 2001 1958 31 Cincinnati 2017 2017 2012 1992 1963 1962 ( 2 ) 26 Memphis 2014 2014 2009 2008 ( vacated ) 2008 ( vacated ) 2008 ( vacated ) 19 Houston 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 16 Tulsa 2016 2003 2000 2000 14 Wichita State 2017 2017 2015 2013 2013 12 SMU 2017 1988 1967 1967 1956 UCF 2005 South Florida 2012 2012 Tulane 1995 1995 East Carolina 1993 Total : 195 America East Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 6 Vermont 2017 2012 5 Albany 2015 2014 Stony Brook 2016 Binghamton 2009 UMBC 2008 Total : 14 Atlantic 10 Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 21 Saint Joseph 's 2016 2016 1961 ( * Vacated ) 18 Dayton 2017 2015 2014 2014 1967 1967 16 VCU 2017 2016 2011 2011 2011 13 Davidson 2015 2008 2008 2008 12 La Salle 2013 2013 2013 1955 1955 1955 1954 ( 1 ) 11 George Washington 2014 2006 1993 9 Rhode Island 2017 2017 1998 1998 9 Massachusetts 2014 1996 ( * Vacated ) 1996 ( * Vacated ) 1996 ( * Vacated ) 1996 ( * Vacated ) 9 Saint Louis 2014 2014 1957 1952 9 Richmond 2011 2011 2011 6 St. Bonaventure 2012 1970 1970 1970 1970 6 George Mason 2011 2011 2006 2006 2006 5 Duquesne 1977 1969 1969 1952 1940 Fordham 1992 1971 1971 Total : 148 Atlantic Coast Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 48 North Carolina 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 ( 6 ) 42 Louisville 2017 2017 2015 2015 2013 2013 2013 ( 3 ) 41 Duke 2017 2017 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 ( 5 ) 38 Syracuse 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2003 2003 ( 1 ) 36 Notre Dame 2017 2017 2016 2016 1978 26 Pittsburgh 2016 2014 2009 2009 1941 26 North Carolina State 2015 2015 2015 1986 1983 ( 2 ) 23 Wake Forest 2017 1962 21 Virginia 2017 2017 2016 2016 1984 18 Boston College 2009 2007 2006 1994 17 Florida State 2017 2017 2011 1993 1972 1972 16 Georgia Tech 11 Clemson 2011 2011 1997 1980 9 Miami ( FL ) 2017 2016 2016 9 Virginia Tech 2017 2007 1967 1967 Total : 381 Atlantic Sun Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 5 Jacksonville 1986 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 Florida Gulf Coast 2017 2016 2013 North Florida 2015 Total : 9 Big 12 Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 46 Kansas 2017 2017 2017 2017 2012 2012 2008 ( 3 ) 33 Texas 2016 2014 2008 2008 2003 30 Oklahoma 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 1988 29 Kansas State 2017 2017 1964 1951 28 Oklahoma State 2017 2009 2005 1949 1946 ( 2 ) 28 West Virginia 2017 2017 2017 1959 19 Iowa State 2017 2017 2016 2000 1944 15 Texas Tech 2016 2005 2005 11 Baylor 2017 2017 2017 2012 1950 1948 7 TCU 1998 1968 1968 Total : 246 Big East Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 37 Villanova 2017 2017 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 ( 2 ) 32 Marquette 2017 2013 2013 2013 2003 1977 1977 ( 1 ) 30 Georgetown 2015 2015 2007 2007 2007 1985 1984 ( 1 ) 29 St. John 's 2015 2000 1999 1999 1985 1952 27 Xavier 2017 2017 2017 2017 22 DePaul 1979 1979 20 Creighton 2017 2014 19 Providence 2017 2016 1997 1997 15 Butler 2017 2017 2017 2011 2011 2011 11 Seton Hall 2017 2000 1991 1989 1989 Total : 242 Big Sky Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 16 Weber State 2016 1999 1972 11 Idaho State 1977 1977 1977 10 Montana 2013 2006 Idaho 1990 1982 1982 Montana State Eastern Washington 2015 Portland State 2009 Northern Arizona 2000 North Dakota 2017 Northern Colorado 2011 Southern Utah 2001 Total : 53 Big South Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 10 Winthrop 2017 2007 UNC Asheville 2016 2011 Liberty 2013 Radford 2009 Charleston Southern 1997 Campbell 1992 Total : 21 Big Ten Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 39 Indiana 2016 2016 2016 2002 2002 2002 1987 ( 5 ) 31 Michigan State 2017 2017 2015 2015 2015 2009 2000 ( 2 ) 31 Ohio State 2015 2015 2013 2013 2012 2007 1960 ( 1 ) 30 Illinois 2013 2013 2005 2005 2005 2005 29 Purdue 2017 2017 2017 2000 1980 1969 27 Maryland 2017 2016 2016 2002 2002 2002 2002 ( 1 ) 27 Michigan 2017 2017 2017 2014 2013 2013 1989 ( 1 ) 25 Iowa 2016 2016 1999 1980 1956 23 Wisconsin 2017 2017 2017 2015 2015 2015 1941 ( 1 ) 13 Minnesota 2017 2013 1997 1997 1997 9 Penn State 2011 2001 2001 1954 1954 7 Nebraska 2014 6 Rutgers 1991 1979 1976 1976 Northwestern 2017 2017 Total : 298 Big West Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 9 Long Beach State 2012 1973 1973 1972 5 Hawaii 2016 2016 5 UC Santa Barbara 2011 1990 Cal State Fullerton 2008 1978 1978 1978 Cal State Northridge 2009 UC Davis 2017 2017 UC Irvine 2015 Cal Poly 2014 2014 Total : 26 Colonial Athletic Association ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 8 Northeastern 2015 1984 6 UNC Wilmington 2017 2002 5 James Madison 2013 2013 5 Delaware 2014 College of Charleston 1999 1997 Drexel Hofstra 2001 Towson 1991 Total : 38 Conference USA ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 23 Western Kentucky 2013 2012 2008 1971 ( vacated ) 1971 ( vacated ) 17 UTEP 1992 1992 1966 1966 1966 1966 ( 1 ) 15 UAB 2015 2015 1982 11 Charlotte 2005 2001 1977 1977 1977 11 Old Dominion 2011 9 Middle Tennessee 2017 2017 5 Louisiana Tech 1991 1989 1985 5 Marshall Rice 1970 1954 1954 UTSA 2011 2011 Southern Miss 2012 North Texas Florida Atlantic 2002 FIU 1995 Total : 112 Horizon League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 6 Detroit 2012 1999 1977 5 Green Bay 2016 1994 Milwaukee 2014 2006 2005 Oakland 2011 2005 UIC Cleveland State 2009 2009 1986 Wright State 2007 Northern Kentucky 2017 IUPUI 2003 Total : 27 Ivy League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 25 Princeton 2017 1998 1967 1965 1965 23 Pennsylvania 2007 1994 1979 1979 1979 7 Dartmouth 1959 1958 1958 1958 1944 1944 5 Cornell 5 Harvard 2015 2014 Yale 2016 2016 Columbia 1968 1968 1968 Brown 1986 Total : 74 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 12 Iona 2017 1980 ( vacated ) 8 Manhattan 2015 1958 6 Siena 2009 Canisius 1957 1957 1956 Monmouth 2006 2006 Niagara 2007 2007 1970 Saint Peter 's 2011 Fairfield 1997 Rider 1994 Marist Total : 48 Mid-American Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 17 Miami ( OH ) 2007 1999 1999 13 Ohio 2012 2012 2012 1964 7 Ball State 2000 1990 1990 6 Kent State 2017 2002 2002 2002 Western Michigan 2014 1998 1976 Central Michigan 2003 2003 Eastern Michigan 1998 1991 Toledo 1980 1979 1979 Bowling Green 1968 1963 1963 Akron 2013 Northern Illinois Buffalo 2016 Total : 72 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 10 North Carolina A&T 2013 2013 6 Hampton 2016 2015 5 South Carolina State 2003 Coppin State 2008 1997 Florida A&M 2007 North Carolina Central 2017 Morgan State Howard 1992 Norfolk State 2012 2012 Delaware State 2005 Total : 36 Missouri Valley Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 10 Southern Illinois 2007 2007 2007 9 Valparaiso 2015 1998 1998 8 Northern Iowa 2016 2016 8 Bradley 2006 2006 2006 1955 1954 1954 6 Missouri State 1999 1999 1999 6 Illinois State 1998 1998 5 Loyola -- Chicago 1985 1985 1985 1963 1963 1963 1963 ( 1 ) 5 Evansville 1999 1989 Indiana State 2011 2001 1979 1979 1979 1979 Drake 2008 1971 1971 1971 1969 Total : 65 Mountain West Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 20 UNLV 2013 2008 2007 1991 1991 1990 1990 ( 1 ) 20 Utah State 2011 2001 1970 1970 15 Wyoming 2015 2002 1952 1943 1943 1943 ( 1 ) 15 New Mexico 2014 2012 11 San Diego State 2015 2015 2014 10 Colorado State 2013 2013 1969 1969 7 Nevada 2017 2007 7 Boise State 2015 6 Fresno State 2016 2001 1982 Air Force 2006 San Jose State Total : 118 Northeast Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 8 Robert Morris 2015 2015 6 LIU Brooklyn 2013 5 Mount Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 5 Fairleigh Dickinson 2016 Central Connecticut 2007 Wagner 2003 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1991 Total : 29 Ohio Valley Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 15 Murray State 2012 2012 8 Eastern Kentucky 2014 7 Austin Peay 2016 1973 7 Morehead State 2011 2011 1961 7 Belmont 2015 Eastern Illinois 2001 Tennessee State 1994 Tennessee Tech 1963 Jacksonville State 2017 Southeast Missouri State 2000 Total : 52 Pac - 12 Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 49 UCLA 2017 2017 2017 2008 2008 2006 1995 ( 11 ) 34 Arizona 2017 2017 2017 2015 2001 2001 1997 ( 1 ) 29 Utah 2016 2016 2015 1998 1998 1998 1944 ( 1 ) 19 California 2016 2013 1997 1960 1960 1960 1959 ( 1 ) 18 Southern California 2017 2017 2007 2001 1954 17 Oregon State 2016 1982 1982 1982 1963 17 Stanford 2014 2014 2014 2001 1998 1942 1942 ( 1 ) 16 Washington 2011 2011 1953 1953 15 Oregon 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 1939 1939 ( 1 ) 14 Arizona State 2014 2009 1995 14 Colorado 2016 2012 1969 1963 1955 6 Washington State 2008 2008 2008 1941 1941 1941 Total : 248 Patriot League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 13 Holy Cross 2016 2016 1953 1953 1948 1947 1947 ( 1 ) 11 Navy 1998 1986 1986 1986 7 Bucknell 2017 2006 7 Boston University 2011 1959 1959 1959 5 Lehigh 2012 2012 Lafayette 2015 1957 American 2014 Loyola ( MD ) 2012 Colgate Total : 54 Southeastern Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 56 Kentucky 2017 2017 2017 2017 2015 2014 2012 ( 8 ) 31 Arkansas 2017 2017 1995 1995 1995 1994 ( 1 ) 26 Missouri 2013 2009 2009 21 LSU 2015 2009 2006 2006 2006 20 Tennessee 2014 2014 2014 20 Alabama 2012 2006 20 Florida 2017 2017 2017 2017 2014 2007 2007 ( 2 ) 15 Vanderbilt 2017 2012 2007 1965 13 Texas A&M 2016 2016 2016 12 Georgia 2015 2002 10 Mississippi State 2009 2008 9 South Carolina 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 8 Auburn 2003 2003 2003 1986 8 Mississippi 2015 2015 2001 Total : 269 Southern Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 11 Chattanooga 2016 1997 1997 10 East Tennessee State 2017 1992 1968 6 Furman 1980 Wofford 2015 VMI 1977 1977 1977 1976 Mercer 2014 2014 UNC Greensboro 2001 Samford 2000 Western Carolina Total : 42 Southland Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 6 Lamar 2012 1980 5 New Orleans 2017 Stephen F. Austin 2016 2016 Northwestern State 2013 2006 Sam Houston State McNeese State 2002 Nicholls State 1998 Texas A&M -- Corpus Christi 2007 Southeastern Louisiana 2005 Houston Baptist 1984 Total : 27 Southwestern Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 9 Southern 2016 1993 7 Texas Southern 2017 6 Alcorn State 2002 1984 5 Mississippi Valley State 2012 Alabama State 2011 Jackson State 2007 Arkansas -- Pine Bluff Alabama A&M 2005 Prairie View A&M 1998 Total : 37 Sun Belt Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 10 Louisiana -- Lafayette 2014 1992 1973 ( vacated ) 8 South Alabama 2008 1989 7 Louisiana -- Monroe 5 Little Rock 2016 2016 Coastal Carolina 2015 Georgia State 2015 2015 Georgia Southern 1992 Troy 2017 Appalachian State 2000 Texas State 1997 Texas -- Arlington 2008 Arkansas State 1999 Total : 48 The Summit League ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 5 Oral Roberts 2008 South Dakota State 2017 North Dakota State 2015 2014 Total : 12 West Coast Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) 29 BYU 2015 2012 2011 1981 20 Gonzaga 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 16 San Francisco 1998 1979 1979 1957 1956 1956 ( 2 ) 13 Pepperdine 2002 2000 1976 11 Santa Clara 1970 1969 1952 9 Saint Mary 's 2017 2017 1959 9 Pacific 2013 2005 1971 1967 5 Loyola Marymount 1990 1990 1990 1990 San Diego 2008 2008 Portland Total : 118 Western Athletic Conference ( edit ) Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship 23 New Mexico State 2017 1993 1992 1970 1970 11 Seattle 1969 1964 1964 1958 1958 1958 Cal State Bakersfield 2016 Total : 35 Non Division I teams ( edit ) These are schools which were once Division I programs but which have since either discontinued sponsorship of basketball or dropped to a lower level of competition . Bids School Last bid Last win Last Sweet 16 Last Elite 8 Last Final 4 Last final Last Championship ( Titles ) Current status 11 Oklahoma City 1973 1973 1965 1957 NAIA Division I 6 NYU 1963 1963 1963 1960 1960 1945 NCAA Division III Loyola ( LA ) 1958 NAIA Division I CCNY 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 ( 1 ) NCAA Division III Hardin - Simmons 1957 NCAA Division III Wayne State ( MI ) 1956 1956 1956 NCAA Division II Lebanon Valley 1953 1953 1953 NCAA Division III Cal State LA NCAA Division II Trinity ( TX ) 1969 NCAA Division III West Texas A&M 1955 NCAA Division II Williams 1955 NCAA Division III Tufts 1945 NCAA Division III Catholic 1944 NCAA Division III Springfield 1940 NCAA Division III Schools yet to receive bids ( edit ) America East Conference -- Hartford , Maine , New Hampshire UMass Lowell will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2018 . Atlantic Sun Conference -- Kennesaw State , Lipscomb , NJIT , South Carolina Upstate , Stetson North Alabama will join the Atlantic Sun Conference for the 2018 -- 19 season and will be eligible for an NCAA Tournament bid for the first time in 2024 . Big Sky Conference -- Sacramento State Big South Conference -- Gardner - Webb , High Point , Longwood , Presbyterian Big West Conference -- UC Riverside Colonial Athletic Association -- Elon , William & Mary Horizon League -- Youngstown State Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference -- Quinnipiac Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference -- Bethune - Cookman , Savannah State , UMES Northeast Conference -- Bryant , Sacred Heart , St. Francis Brooklyn Ohio Valley Conference -- SIU Edwardsville , Tennessee - Martin Patriot League -- Army Southern Conference -- The Citadel Southland Conference -- Central Arkansas Abilene Christian and Incarnate Word will be eligible for NCAA tournament bids for the 1st time in 2018 . Southwestern Athletic Conference -- Grambling Summit League -- Denver , Fort Wayne , Omaha , South Dakota , Western Illinois Western Athletic Conference -- Chicago State , UMKC , Utah Valley , UTRGV Grand Canyon will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2018 . California Baptist will join the WAC for the 2018 -- 19 season and will be eligible for an NCAA tournament bid for the 1st time in 2023 . See also ( edit ) NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament bids by school References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.lipscombsports.com/fanzone/news/2016-17/11730/north-alabama-to-join-asun-in-2017-18/ Jump up ^ http://www.pe.com/2017/01/14/cal-baptist-moving-to-ncaa-division-i/ ( hide ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Structure Selection process Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Venues Venues Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament_bids_by_school_and_conference&oldid=795790334 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship College men 's basketball records and statistics in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | college basketball teams that have never made the ncaa tournament | [] | [] |
441658759958091200 | Mercutio | Mercutio - wikipedia Mercutio Jump to : navigation , search Mercutio Romeo and Juliet character Romeo and Juliet Act III Scene I The Death of Romeo 's Friend , Mercutio . Edwin Austin Abbey , 1904 . Created by William Shakespeare Information Family Valentine ( brother ) , the Prince , and Count Paris Associate ( s ) Romeo , Benvolio Mercutio ( / mərˈkjuːʃioʊ / mər - KEW - shee - oh ) is a fictional character in William Shakespeare 's 1597 tragedy , Romeo and Juliet . He is a close friend to Romeo and a blood relative to Prince Escalus and Count Paris . As such , being neither a Montague nor a Capulet , Mercutio is one of the few in Verona with the ability to mingle around those of both houses . The invitation to Capulet 's party states that he has a brother named Valentine . Though often fun - loving and witty , the latter demonstrated in his Queen Mab speech in the first act , Mercutio 's sense of humor can at times be facetious or even coarse , much to his friends ' annoyance . Moreover , he is moody and given to sudden outbursts of temper , one of which sets a key plot development in motion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the play 2 Name origins 3 Mercutio 's death 4 Performers 4.1 Stage 4.2 Film 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Role in the play ( edit ) One of Romeo 's closest friends , Mercutio , entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet 's estate , through use of his Queen Mab speech . There , Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party , but Romeo steals away to Juliet , Capulet 's daughter , with whom he has fallen in love , and he falls out of love with Rosaline . When Mercutio sees Romeo the next day , he is glad to see that his friend is his old self again , and he encourages Romeo , all the while making bawdy jokes at the expense of Juliet 's Nurse . After Romeo receives a death threat from Juliet 's cousin Tybalt , Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel . However , Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt , because Romeo now considers Tybalt to be kin due to his secret marriage to Juliet . Mercutio is incensed at his friend 's `` calm , dishonorable , vile submission '' , and decides to fight Tybalt himself , right before which , Mercutio refers to his sword as his `` fiddlestick . '' Romeo , not wanting his friend or his relative to get hurt , attempts to intervene . He fails , however , as Mercutio gets stabbed under Romeo 's arm and dies . Before he dies , Mercutio curses both the Montagues and Capulets , crying several times , `` A plague o ' both your houses ! '' ( Act III , Sc. 1 , often quoted as `` A pox on both your houses '' ) . He makes one final pun before he dies : `` Ask for me to - morrow , and you shall find me a grave man . '' A grief - stricken and enraged Romeo kills Tybalt , resulting in his banishment from Verona and beginning the tragic turn of events that make up the rest of the play . Name origins ( edit ) The name Mercutio was present in Shakespeare 's sources for Romeo and Juliet , though his character was not well developed and he was presented as a romantic rival for Juliet . The name is first used in Luigi Da Porto 's 1530 `` Giulietta e Romeo '' . Da Porto briefly introduces a character named Marcuccio Guertio , a noble youth `` with very cold hands , in July as in January '' , who makes Giulietta Cappelletti appreciate the warm hands of Romeo Montecchi . Mercutio 's death ( edit ) Earlier versions of the story described a different chain of events leading to Tybalt 's death , omitting Mercutio completely . Arthur Brooke 's The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet and William Painter 's 1567 versions of the story both left the entire episode solely to Romeo and Tybalt . In both stories , Tybaltio attacks the pacifist Romeo with such force that Romeo is forced to take up the sword to defend himself . He is then banished rather than executed because the killing was provoked . In 1672 , English poet John Dryden wrote , `` Shakespeare show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forced to murder him in the third Act , to being killed by him . '' The addition of Mercutio into the fray increases the tension , and Tybalt is seen as a slightly more peaceful character than in previous versions , as Mercutio is disgusted by the fact that Tybalt continues to search for a quarrel with Romeo , when Romeo is trying to bring peace between them . Mercutio hurls insults and taunts at Tybalt , and draws the sword first , in reaction to Tybalt 's insults , which are directed to Romeo . Mercutio 's death in Act III , scene I is the pivotal point of the play , which up to this point is relatively light - hearted . Mercutio 's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters , causing a domino effect of tragic fate that leads ultimately to the tragic climax . Performers ( edit ) A number of famous actors have played the role of Mercutio . A small sampling follows . Stage ( edit ) Orson Welles performed the role of Mercutio in repertory during the 36 - week US tour of the Katharine Cornell company ( 1933 -- 34 ) In 1933 -- 34 , Orson Welles played the role of Mercutio in the Katharine Cornell company 's seven - month nationwide tour In 1935 , Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio in a London stage production directed by Gielgud . In 1945 , Ralph Richardson made his Broadway debut as Mercutio opposite the Romeo of Maurice Evans and the Juliet of Katharine Cornell . In 1947 , Paul Scofield played Mercutio in a production directed by Peter Brook . In 1958 , Alec McCowen enjoyed a major success as Mercutio in London . In 2006 , Benjamin Walker portrayed Mercutio during the Williamstown Theater Festival with Emmy Rossum as Juliet and Greg Hildreth as Benvolio . Mickey Calin portrayed Riff Lorton , the Mercutio and Lord Montague character , in the stage musical of West Side Story . In 2013 , Luca Giacomelli Ferrarini played Mercutio in the stage musical of the Italian production `` Romeo e Giulietta - Ama e cambia il mondo '' , directed by Giuliano Peparini . In 2017 , Eli Wilcox played Mercutio in the hit play , Romeo and Juliet , directed by Robert McDunnough & starring Christopher Ely as Romeo and Zachary Pringel as Juliet . Film ( edit ) In 1936 , John Barrymore portrayed Mercutio in George Cukor 's film Romeo and Juliet opposite Leslie Howard as Romeo . In 1961 , Russ Tamblyn played the Mercutio character , Riff Lorton , in the film adaptation of West Side Story , the musical modernised version of Romeo and Juliet . In 1968 , John McEnery portrayed Mercutio in Franco Zeffirelli 's film Romeo and Juliet . In 1976 , Robin Nedwell played Mercutio in the Thames Television production directed by Joan Kemp - Welch , with Christopher Neame as Romeo and Ann Hasson as Juliet . In 1996 , Harold Perrineau Jr. portrayed Mercutio in Baz Luhrmann 's modernised version , William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet . In 1998 , Ben Affleck portrayed actor Edward Alleyn in the romantic comedy Shakespeare in Love . In the film , Alleyn serves as history 's first Mercutio . In 2007 , Tetsuya Kakihara and Christopher Bevins voice Mercutio in the anime series Romeo x Juliet . In 2011 , Hale Appleman portrayed Mercutio in Alan Brown 's Private Romeo , a modern - day adaptation set at an all - male military academy . In 2013 , Christian Cooke played Mercutio in the film adaption directed by Carlo Carlei , starring Douglas Booth as Romeo and Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet . In 2013 , Ricky McLennan played Mercutio in the film adaption `` Romeo and Juliet : A Love Song '' , directed by Tim Van Dammen , starring Christopher Landon as Romeo and Derya Parlak as Juliet . See also ( edit ) William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet Complete list of Shakespearean characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of Literature . Springfield , Massachusetts : Merriam Webster , Incorporated. 1995 . p. 753 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 042 - 6 . ( The pronunciation mər - ˈkyü - shē - ō was transcribed to IPA per Pronunciation respelling for English . ) Jump up ^ Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . The Review of English Studies . 15 ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . JSTOR 509718 . Jump up ^ Harold Bloom , Introduction to Romeo and Juliet , Chelsea House Publishers , 2005 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bullough , Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare : Early Comedies , Poems , Romeo and Juliet , Routledge and Kegan Paul Lt , London , 1957 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Scott , Mark W. ; Schoenbaum , S. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research Inc. p. 415 . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 6129 - 9 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Jennifer . The Catalytic Function of Mercutio . Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( doc ) Jump up ^ HERself External links ( edit ) Complete listing of all of Mercutio 's lines Mercutio Character Analysis William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercutio&oldid=838457526 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Male Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Fictional nobility Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 55 . 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"Mercutio's death in Act III, scene I is the pivotal point of the play, which up to this point is relatively light-hearted.[6] Mercutio's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters, causing a domino effect of tragic fate that leads ultimately to the tragic climax."
] | [
"Mercutio"
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-849999308978824062 | Color television | Color television - wikipedia Color television Jump to : navigation , search A color television test at the Mount Kaukau transmitting station , New Zealand , in 1970 . A test pattern with color bars is sometimes used when no program material is available . Color television is a television transmission technology that includes information on the color of the picture , so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set . It is an improvement on the earliest television technology , monochrome or black and white television , in which the image is displayed in shades of gray ( grayscale ) . Television broadcasting stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black and white to color transmission in the 1960s and 1970s . The invention of color television standards is an important part of the history of television , and it is described in the technology of television article . Transmission of color images using mechanical scanners had been conceived as early as the 1880s . A practical demonstration of mechanically - scanned color television was given by John Logie Baird in 1928 , but the limitations of a mechanical system were apparent even then . Development of electronic scanning and display made an all - electronic system possible . Early monochrome transmission standards were developed prior to the Second World War , but civilian electronics developments were frozen during much of the war . In August 1944 , Baird gave the world 's first demonstration of a practical fully electronic color television display . In the United States , commercially competing color standards were developed , finally resulting in the NTSC standard for color that retained compatibility with the prior monochrome system . Although the NTSC color standard was proclaimed in 1953 and limited programming became available , it was not until the early 1970 's that color television in North America outsold black and white or monochrome units . Color broadcasting in Europe was not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s . Around 2006 countries began to switch from analog color television technology to digital television . This changeover is now complete in many developed countries , but analog television is still the standard in many developing countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Early television 1.2 All - mechanical color 1.3 Hybrid systems 1.4 Fully electronic 1.4. 1 FCC color 1.4. 2 Compatible color 1.4. 3 Second NTSC 2 Adoption 2.1 North America 2.1. 1 Canada 2.1. 2 Cuba 2.1. 3 Mexico 2.1. 4 United States 2.2 Europe 2.3 Asia and the Pacific 2.3. 1 Middle East 2.4 Africa 2.5 South America 3 Color standards 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Development ( edit ) The human eye 's detection system in the retina consists primarily of two types of light detectors , rod cells that capture light , dark , and shapes / figures , and the cone cells that detect color . A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones , which are divided among three groups that are sensitive to red , green , and blue light . This means that the eye has far more resolution in brightness , or `` luminance '' , than in color . However , post-processing in the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high - resolution color image . The eye has limited bandwidth to the rest of the visual system , estimated at just under 8 Mbit / s . This manifests itself in a number of ways , but the most important in terms of producing moving images is the way that a series of still images displayed in quick succession will appear to be continuous smooth motion . This illusion starts to work at about 16 frame / s , and common motion pictures use 24 frame / s . Television , using power from the electrical grid , tunes its rate in order to avoid interference with the alternating current being supplied -- in North America , some Central and South American countries , Taiwan , Korea , part of Japan , the Philippines , and a few other countries , this is 60 video fields per second to match the 60 Hz power , while in most other countries it is 50 fields per second to match the 50 Hz power . In its most basic form , a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images , one each in the three colors of red , green , and blue ( RGB ) . When displayed together or in rapid succession , these images will blend together to produce a full - color image as seen by the viewer . One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth , potentially three times that of the existing black - and - white standards , and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum . In the United States , after considerable research , the National Television Systems Committee approved an all - electronic system developed by RCA which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth . The brightness image remained compatible with existing black - and - white television sets at slightly reduced resolution , while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited - resolution color display . The higher resolution black - and - white and lower resolution color images combine in the eye to produce a seemingly high - resolution color image . The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement . Early television ( edit ) Experiments in television systems using radio broadcasts date to the 19th century , but it was not until the 20th century that advances in electronics and light detectors made development practical . A key problem was the need to convert a 2D image into a `` 1D '' radio signal ; some form of image scanning was needed to make this work . Early systems generally used a device known as a `` Nipkow disk '' , which was a spinning disk with a series of holes punched in it that caused a spot to scan across and down the image . A single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot , which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast . A similar disk was used at the receiver side , with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector . A number of such systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s . The best - known was John Logie Baird 's , which was actually used for regular public broadcasting in Britain for several years . Indeed , Baird 's system was demonstrated to members of the Royal Society in London in 1926 in what is generally recognized as the first demonstration of a true , working television system . In spite of these early successes , all mechanical television systems shared a number of serious problems . Being mechanically driven , perfect synchronization of the sending and receiving discs was not easy to ensure , and irregularities could result in major image distortion . Another problem was that the image was scanned within a small , roughly rectangular area of the disk 's surface , so that larger , higher - resolution displays required increasingly unwieldy disks and smaller holes that produced increasingly dim images . Rotating drums bearing small mirrors set at progressively greater angles proved more practical than Nipkow discs for high - resolution mechanical scanning , allowing images of 240 lines and more to be produced , but such delicate , high - precision optical components were not commercially practical for home receivers . It was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning system would be superior , and that the scanning could be achieved in a vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means . Converting this concept into a usable system took years of development and several independent advances . The two key advances were Philo Farnsworth 's electronic scanning system , and Vladimir Zworykin 's Iconoscope camera . The Iconoscope , based on Kálmán Tihanyi 's early patents , superseded the Farnsworth - system . With these systems , the BBC began regularly scheduled black - and - white television broadcasts in 1936 , but these were shut down again with the start of World War II in 1939 . In this time thousands of television sets had been sold . The receivers developed for this program , notably those from Pye Ltd. , played a key role in the development of radar . By 22 March 1935 , 180 - line black - and - white television programs were being broadcast from the Paul Nipkow TV station in Berlin . In 1936 , under the guidance of `` Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda '' Joseph Goebbels , direct transmissions from fifteen mobile units at the Olympic Games in Berlin were transmitted to selected small television houses ( Fernsehstuben ) in Berlin and Hamburg . In 1941 the first NTSC meetings produced a single standard for US broadcasts . US television broadcasts began in earnest in the immediate post-war era , and by 1950 there were 6 million televisions in the United States . All - mechanical color ( edit ) The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black - and - white televisions had first been built . Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system , including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning , although he gave no practical details . Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897 , using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver . But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end , and could not have worked as he described it . An Armenian inventor , Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907 . The first color television project is claimed by him , and was patented in Germany on March 31 , 1908 , patent No 197183 , then in Britain , on April 1 , 1908 , patent No 7219 , in France ( patent No 390326 ) and in Russia in 1910 ( patent No 17912 ) . Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world 's first color transmission on July 3 , 1928 , using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures , each spiral with filters of a different primary color ; and three light sources , controlled by the signal , at the receiving end , with a commutator to alternate their illumination . The demonstration was of a young girl wearing different colored hats . Noele Gordon went on to become a successful TV actress , famous for the soap opera Crossroads . Baird also made the world 's first color broadcast on February 4 , 1938 , sending a mechanically scanned 120 - line image from Baird 's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London 's Dominion Theatre . Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers , glow - tubes , and color filters , with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red , green , and blue images into one full color image . Hybrid systems ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As was the case with black - and - white television , an electronic means of scanning would be superior to the mechanical systems like Baird 's . The obvious solution on the broadcast end would be to use three conventional Iconoscopes with colored filters in front of them to produce an RGB signal . Using three separate tubes each looking at the same scene would produce slight differences in parallax between the frames , so in practice a single lens was used with a mirror or prism system to separate the colors for the separate tubes . Each tube captured a complete frame and the signal was converted into radio in a fashion essentially identical to the existing black - and - white systems . The problem with this approach was there was no simple way to recombine them on the receiver end . If each image was sent at the same time on different frequencies , the images would have to be `` stacked '' somehow on the display , in real time . The simplest way to do this would be to reverse the system used in the camera ; arrange three separate black - and - white displays behind colored filters and then optically combine their images using mirrors or prisms onto a suitable screen , like frosted glass . RCA built just such a system in order to present the first electronically scanned color television demonstration on February 5 , 1940 , privately shown to members of the US Federal Communications Commission at the RCA plant in Camden , New Jersey . This system , however , suffered from the twin problems of costing at least three times as much as a conventional black - and - white set , as well as having very dim pictures , the result of the fairly low illumination given off by tubes of the era . Projection systems of this sort would become common decades later , however , with improvements in technology . Another solution would be to use a single screen , but break it up into a pattern of closely spaced colored phosphors instead of an even coating of white . Three receivers would be used , each sending its output to a separate electron gun , aimed at its colored phosphor . Although obvious , this solution was not practical . The electron guns used in monochrome televisions had limited resolution , and if one wanted to retain the resolution of existing monochrome displays , the guns would have to focus on individual dots three times smaller . This was beyond the state of the art at the time . Instead , a number of hybrid solutions were developed that combined a conventional monochrome display with a colored disk or mirror . In these systems the three colored images were sent one after each other , in either complete frames in the `` field - sequential color system '' , or for each line in the `` line - sequential '' system . In both cases a colored filter was rotated in front of the display in sync with the broadcast . Since three separate images were being sent in sequence , if they used existing monochrome radio signaling standards they would have an effective refresh rate of only 20 fields , or 10 frames , a second , well into the region where flicker would become visible . In order to avoid this , these systems increased the frame rate considerably , making the signal incompatible with existing monochrome standards . The first practical example of this sort of system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird . In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black - and - white display with a rotating colored disk . This device was very `` deep '' , but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console . However , Baird was not happy with the design , and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better . In 1939 , Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro - mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor . The CBS field - sequential color system was partly mechanical , with a disc made of red , blue , and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm , and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set . The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) on August 29 , 1940 , and shown to the press on September 4 . CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as August 28 , 1940 , and live cameras by November 12 . NBC ( owned by RCA ) made its first field test of color television on February 20 , 1941 . CBS began daily color field tests on June 1 , 1941 . These color systems were not compatible with existing black - and - white television sets , and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time , viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press . The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 22 , 1942 to August 20 , 1945 , limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public . Fully electronic ( edit ) This live image of Paddy Naismith was used to demonstrate John Logie Baird 's first all - electronic color television system , which used two projection CRTs . The two - color image would be similar to the basic telechrome system . As early as 1940 , Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the `` Telechrome '' . Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate . The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other . Using cyan and magenta phosphors , a reasonable limited - color image could be obtained . He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image ( called `` stereoscopic '' at the time ) . Baird 's demonstration on August 16 , 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system . Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three - gun version for full color . However , Baird 's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system . Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 50s , differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns . The Geer tube was similar to Baird 's concept , but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces , instead of Baird 's 3D patterning on a flat surface . The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors . The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube . FCC color ( edit ) In the immediate post-war era the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) was inundated with requests to set up new television stations . Worrying about congestion of the limited number of channels available , the FCC put a moratorium on all new licenses in 1948 while considering the problem . A solution was immediately forthcoming ; rapid development of radio receiver electronics during the war had opened a wide band of higher frequencies to practical use , and the FCC set aside a large section of these new UHF bands for television broadcast . At the time , black and white television broadcasting was still in its infancy in the U.S. , and the FCC started to look at ways of using this newly available bandwidth for color broadcasts . Since no existing television would be able to tune in these stations , they were free to pick an incompatible system and allow the older VHF channels to die off over time . The FCC called for technical demonstrations of color systems in 1948 , and the Joint Technical Advisory Committee ( JTAC ) was formed to study them . CBS displayed improved versions of its original design , now using a single 6 MHz channel ( like the existing black - and - white signals ) at 144 fields per second and 405 lines of resolution . Color Television Inc. demonstrated its line - sequential system , while Philco demonstrated a dot - sequential system based on its beam - index tube - based `` Apple '' tube technology . Of the entrants , the CBS system was by far the best - developed , and won head - to - head testing every time . While the meetings were taking place it was widely known within the industry that RCA was working on a dot - sequential system that was compatible with existing black - and - white broadcasts , but RCA declined to demonstrate it during the first series of meetings . Just before the JTAC presented its findings , on August 25 , 1949 , RCA broke its silence and introduced its system as well . The JTAC still recommended the CBS system , and after the resolution of an ensuing RCA lawsuit , color broadcasts using the CBS system started on June 25 , 1951 . By this point the market had changed dramatically ; when color was first being considered in 1948 there were fewer than a million television sets in the U.S. , but by 1951 there were well over 10 million . The idea that the VHF band could be allowed to `` die '' was no longer practical . During its campaign for FCC approval , CBS gave the first demonstrations of color television to the general public , showing an hour of color programs daily Mondays through Saturdays , beginning January 12 , 1950 , and running for the remainder of the month , over WOIC in Washington , D.C. , where the programs could be viewed on eight 16 - inch color receivers in a public building . Due to high public demand , the broadcasts were resumed February 13 -- 21 , with several evening programs added . CBS initiated a limited schedule of color broadcasts from its New York station WCBS - TV Mondays to Saturdays beginning November 14 , 1950 , making ten color receivers available for the viewing public . All were broadcast using the single color camera that CBS owned . The New York broadcasts were extended by coaxial cable to Philadelphia 's WCAU - TV beginning December 13 , and to Chicago on January 10 , making them the first network color broadcasts . After a series of hearings beginning in September 1949 , the FCC found the RCA and CTI systems fraught with technical problems , inaccurate color reproduction , and expensive equipment , and so formally approved the CBS system as the U.S. color broadcasting standard on October 11 , 1950 . An unsuccessful lawsuit by RCA delayed the first commercial network broadcast in color until June 25 , 1951 , when a musical variety special titled simply Premiere was shown over a network of five East Coast CBS affiliates . Viewing was again restricted : the program could not be seen on black - and - white sets , and Variety estimated that only thirty prototype color receivers were available in the New York area . Regular color broadcasts began that same week with the daytime series The World Is Yours and Modern Homemakers . While the CBS color broadcasting schedule gradually expanded to twelve hours per week ( but never into prime time ) , and the color network expanded to eleven affiliates as far west as Chicago , its commercial success was doomed by the lack of color receivers necessary to watch the programs , the refusal of television manufacturers to create adapter mechanisms for their existing black - and - white sets , and the unwillingness of advertisers to sponsor broadcasts seen by almost no one . CBS had bought a television manufacturer in April , and in September 1951 , production began on the only CBS - Columbia color television model , with the first color sets reaching retail stores on September 28 . But it was too little , too late . Only 200 sets had been shipped , and only 100 sold , when CBS discontinued its color television system on October 20 , 1951 , ostensibly by request of the National Production Authority for the duration of the Korean War , and bought back all the CBS color sets it could to prevent lawsuits by disappointed customers . RCA chairman David Sarnoff later charged that the NPA 's order had come `` out of a situation artificially created by one company to solve its own perplexing problems '' because CBS had been unsuccessful in its color venture . Compatible color ( edit ) While the FCC was holding its JTAC meetings , development was taking place on a number of systems allowing true simultaneous color broadcasts , `` dot - sequential color systems '' . Unlike the hybrid systems , dot - sequential televisions used a signal very similar to existing black - and - white broadcasts , with the intensity of every dot on the screen being sent in succession . In 1938 Georges Valensi demonstrated an encoding scheme that would allow color broadcasts to be encoded so they could be picked up on existing black - and - white sets as well . In his system the output of the three camera tubes were re-combined to produce a single `` luminance '' value that was very similar to a monochrome signal and could be broadcast on the existing VHF frequencies . The color information was encoded in a separate `` chrominance '' signal , consisting of two separate signals , the original blue signal minus the luminance ( B ' -- Y ' ) , and red - luma ( R ' -- Y ' ) . These signals could then be broadcast separately on a different frequency ; a monochrome set would tune in only the luminance signal on the VHF band , while color televisions would tune in both the luminance and chrominance on two different frequencies , and apply the reverse transforms to retrieve the original RGB signal . The downside to this approach is that it required a major boost in bandwidth use , something the FCC was interested in avoiding . RCA used Valensi 's concept as the basis of all of its developments , believing it to be the only proper solution to the broadcast problem . However , RCA 's early sets using mirrors and other projection systems all suffered from image and color quality problems , and were easily bested by CBS 's hybrid system . But solutions to these problems were in the pipeline , and RCA in particular was investing massive sums ( later estimated at $100 million ) to develop a usable dot - sequential tube . RCA was beaten to the punch by the Geer tube , which used three B&W tubes aimed at different faces of colored pyramids to produce a color image . All - electronic systems included the Chromatron , Penetron and beam - index tube that were being developed by various companies . While investigating all of these , RCA 's teams quickly started focusing on the shadow mask system . In July 1938 the shadow mask color television was patented by Werner Flechsig ( 1900 -- 1981 ) in Germany , and was demonstrated at the International radio exhibition Berlin in 1939 . Most CRT color televisions used today are based on this technology . His solution to the problem of focusing the electron guns on the tiny colored dots was one of brute - force ; a metal sheet with holes punched in it allowed the beams to reach the screen only when they were properly aligned over the dots . Three separate guns were aimed at the holes from slightly different angles , and when their beams passed through the holes the angles caused them to separate again and hit the individual spots a short distance away on the back of the screen . The downside to this approach was that the mask cut off the vast majority of the beam energy , allowing it to hit the screen only 15 % of the time , requiring a massive increase in beam power to produce acceptable image brightness . In spite of these problems in both the broadcast and display systems , RCA pressed ahead with development and was ready for a second assault on the standards by 1950 . Second NTSC ( edit ) The possibility of a compatible color broadcast system was so compelling that the NTSC decided to re-form , and held a second series of meetings starting in January 1950 . Having only recently selected the CBS system , the FCC heavily opposed the NTSC 's efforts . One of the FCC Commissioners , R.F. Jones , went so far as to assert that the engineers testifying in favor of a compatible system were `` in a conspiracy against the public interest '' . Unlike the FCC approach where a standard was simply selected from the existing candidates , the NTSC would produce a board that was considerably more pro-active in development . Starting before CBS color even got on the air , the U.S. television industry , represented by the National Television System Committee , worked in 1950 -- 1953 to develop a color system that was compatible with existing black - and - white sets and would pass FCC quality standards , with RCA developing the hardware elements . ( `` Compatible color , '' a phrase from advertisements for early sets , appears in the song `` America '' of West Side Story , 1957 . ) RCA first made publicly announced field tests of the dot sequential color system over its New York station WNBT in July 1951 . When CBS testified before Congress in March 1953 that it had no further plans for its own color system , the National Production Authority dropped its ban on the manufacture of color television receivers , and the path was open for the NTSC to submit its petition for FCC approval in July 1953 , which was granted on December 17 . The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using the NTSC `` compatible color '' system was an episode of NBC 's Kukla , Fran and Ollie on August 30 , 1953 , although it was viewable in color only at the network 's headquarters . The first network broadcast to go out over the air in NTSC color was a performance of the opera Carmen on October 31 , 1953 . Adoption ( edit ) See also : Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Color broadcasts from the United States were available to Canadian population centers near the border since the mid-1950s . At the time that NTSC color broadcasting was officially introduced into Canada in 1966 , less than one percent of Canadian households had a color television set . Color television in Canada was launched on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's ( CBC ) English language TV service on September 1 , 1966 . Private television broadcaster CTV also started colorcasts in early September 1966 . Full - time color transmissions started in 1974 on the CBC , with other private sector broadcasters doing so by the end of the 1970s . Cuba ( edit ) Cuba in 1958 became the second country in the world to introduce color television broadcasting , with Havana 's Channel 12 using standards established by the NTSC Committee of United States Federal Communications Commission in 1940 , and American technology patented by the American electronics company RCA , or Radio Corporation of America . But the color transmissions ended when broadcasting stations were seized in the Cuban Revolution in 1959 , and did not return until 1975 , using equipment acquired from Japan 's NEC Corporation , and SECAM equipment from the Soviet Union , adapted for the American NTSC standard . México ( edit ) Guillermo González Camarena independently invented and developed a field - sequential tricolor disk system in México in the late 1930s , for which he requested a patent in México on August 19 of 1940 and in the USA in 1941 . González Camarena produced his color television system in his laboratory Gon - Cam for the Mexican market and exported it to the Columbia College of Chicago , who regarded it as the best system in the world . Goldmark actually applied patent for the same field - sequential tricolor system in USA on September 7 of 1940 ; while González Camarena made his application in México nineteen days before , on August 19 of 1940 . On August 31 , 1946 González Camarena sent his first color transmission from his lab in the offices of The Mexican League of Radio Experiments at Lucerna St. No. 1 , in Mexico City . The video signal was transmitted at a frequency of 115 MHz. and the audio in the 40 metre band . He obtained authorization to make the first publicly announced color broadcast in Mexico , on February 8 , 1963 , of the program Paraíso Infantil on Mexico City 's XHGC - TV , using the NTSC system which had by now been adopted as the standard for color programming . González Camarena also invented the Simplified Mexican Color TV system as a much more simpler and cheaper alternative to the NTSC system . Due to its simplicity , NASA used a modified version of the Simplified Mexican Color TV system in his Voyager mission of 1979 , to take pictures and video of Jupiter . United States ( edit ) CT - 100 at the SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention playing Superman . Although all - electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953 , high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace . The first national color broadcast ( the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on January 1 , 1954 , but over the next dozen years most network broadcasts , and nearly all local programming , continued to be in black - and - white . In 1956 NBC 's The Perry Como Show became the first live network television series to present a majority of episodes in color . CBS 's The Big Record , starring pop vocalist Patti Page , was the first television show broadcast in color for the entire 1957 - 1958 season ; its production costs were greater than most movies were at the time not only because of all the stars featured on the hour - long extravaganza but the extremely high - intensity lighting and electronics required for the new RCA TK - 41 cameras . It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers , due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime - time programming would be broadcast in color that autumn . The first all - color prime - time season came just one year later . NBC made the first coast - to - coast color broadcast when it telecast the Tournament of Roses Parade on January 1 , 1954 , with public demonstrations given across the United States on prototype color receivers by manufacturers RCA , General Electric , Philco , Raytheon , Hallicrafters , Hoffman , Pacific Mercury , and others . A color model from Westinghouse H840CK15 ( $1,295 , or equivalent to $11,549 in 2016 ) became available in the New York area on February 28 , 1954 and is generally agreed to be the first production receiver using NTSC color offered to the public ; a less expensive color model from RCA ( CT - 100 ) reached dealers in April 1954 . Television 's first prime time network color series was The Marriage , a situation comedy broadcast live by NBC in the summer of 1954 . NBC 's anthology series Ford Theatre became the first network color filmed series that October . Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black - and - white kinescope process introduced in 1947 . It was not until September 1956 that NBC began using color film to time - delay and preserve some of its live color telecasts . Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 , which NBC used to tape An Evening With Fred Astaire , the oldest surviving network color videotape . This system was also used to unveil a demonstration of color television for the press . On May 22 , 1958 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the WRC - TV NBC studios in Washington , D.C. and gave a speech touting the new technology 's merits . His speech was recorded in color , and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress for posterity . Several syndicated shows had episodes filmed in color during the 1950s , including The Cisco Kid , The Lone Ranger , My Friend Flicka , and Adventures of Superman . The first two were carried by some stations equipped for color telecasts well before NBC began its regular weekly color dramas in 1959 , beginning with the Western series Bonanza . NBC was at the forefront of color programming because its parent company RCA manufactured the most successful line of color sets in the 1950s , and by 1959 RCA was the only remaining major manufacturer of color sets . CBS and ABC , which were not affiliated with set manufacturers and were not eager to promote their competitor 's product , dragged their feet into color . CBS broadcast color specials and sometimes aired its big weekly variety shows in color , but it offered no regularly scheduled color programming until the fall of 1965 . At least one CBS show , The Lucy Show , was filmed in color beginning in 1963 but continued to be telecast in black and white through the end of the 1964 -- 65 season . ABC delayed its first color programs until 1962 , but these were initially only broadcasts of the cartoon shows The Flintstones , The Jetsons and Beany and Cecil . The DuMont network , although it did have a television - manufacturing parent company , was in financial decline by 1954 and was dissolved two years later . The relatively small amount of network color programming , combined with the high cost of color television sets , meant that as late as 1964 only 3.1 percent of television households in the U.S. had a color set . But by the mid-1960s , the subject of color programming turned into a ratings war . A 1965 ARB study that proposed an emerging trend in color television set sales convinced NBC that a full shift to color would gain a ratings advantage over its two competitors . As a result , NBC provided the catalyst for rapid color expansion by announcing that its prime time schedule for fall 1965 would be almost entirely in color . ABC and CBS followed suit and over half of their combined prime - time programming also was in color that season , but they were still reluctant to telecast all their programming in color due to production costs . All three broadcast networks were airing full color prime time schedules by the 1966 -- 67 broadcast season , and ABC aired its last new black - and - white daytime programming in December 1967 . Public broadcasting networks like NET , however , did not use color for a majority of their programming until 1968 . The number of color television sets sold in the U.S. did not exceed black - and - white sales until 1972 , which was also the first year that more than fifty percent of television households in the U.S. had a color set . This was also the year that `` in color '' notices before color television programs ended , due to the rise in color television set sales , and color programming having become the norm . In a display of foresight , Disney had filmed many of its earlier shows in color so they were able to be repeated on NBC , and since most of Disney 's feature - length films were also made in color , they could now also be telecast in that format . To emphasize the new feature , the series was re-dubbed Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color , which premiered in September 1961 , and retained that moniker until 1969 . By the mid-1970s the only stations broadcasting in black - and - white were a few high - numbered UHF stations in small markets , and a handful of low - power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots . By 1979 , even the last of these had converted to color and by the early 1980s , B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets , notably low - power uses , small portable sets , or use as video monitor screens in lower - cost consumer equipment . By the late 1980s , even those areas switched to color sets . Color broadcasting in Hawaii started in September 1965 , and in Alaska a year later . One of the last television stations in North America to convert to color , WQEX ( now WINP - TV ) in Pittsburgh , started broadcasting in color on October 16 , 1986 after its black - and - white transmitter , which dated from the 1950s , broke down in February 1985 and the parts required to fix it were no longer available . The then - owner of WQEX , PBS member station WQED , diverted some of its pledge money into getting a color transmitter for WQEX . Early color sets were either floor - standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy , so in practice , they remained firmly anchored in one place . The introduction of GE 's relatively compact and lightweight Porta - Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition . In 1972 , sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black - and - white sets . Also in 1972 , the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color , resulting in the first completely all - color network season . Europe ( edit ) The first regular color broadcasts in Europe were by the United Kingdom 's BBC2 beginning on July 1 , 1967 ( PAL ) . West Germany 's first broadcast occurred in August ( PAL ) , followed by the Netherlands in September ( PAL ) , and by France in October ( SECAM ) . Norway , Sweden , Finland , Austria , East Germany , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary all started regular color broadcasts before the end of 1969 . Ireland 's national TV station RTÉ began using color in 1968 for recorded programmes ; the first outside broadcast made in color for RTÉ Television was when Ireland hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin in 1971 . The PAL system spread through most of Western Europe . More European countries introduced color television using the PAL system in the 1970s and early 1980s ; examples include Denmark ( 1970 ) , Belgium ( 1971 ) , Yugoslavia / Serbia ( 1971 ) , Spain ( 1972 , but not fully implemented until 1978 ) , Iceland ( 1973 ) , Portugal ( 1976 , but not fully implemented until 1980 ) , Albania ( 1981 ) , and Turkey ( 1981 ) and Romania ( 1983 , but not fully implemented until 1990 ) . In Italy there were debates to adopt a national color television system , the ISA , developed by Indesit , but that idea was scrapped . As a result , Italy was one of the last European countries to officially adopt the PAL system in 1977 . France , Luxembourg , and most of the Eastern Bloc along with their overseas territories opted for SECAM . SECAM was a popular choice in countries with a lot of hilly terrain , and technologically backward countries with a very large installed base of monochrome equipment , since the greater ruggedness of the SECAM signal could cope much better with poorly maintained equipment . However , for many countries the decision was more down to politics than technical merit . A drawback of SECAM for production is that , unlike PAL or NTSC , certain post-production operations of encoded SECAM signals are not really possible without a significant drop in quality . As an example , a simple fade to black is trivial in NTSC and PAL : you just reduce the signal level until it is zero . However , in SECAM the color difference signals , which are frequency modulated , need first to be decoded to e.g. RGB , then the fade - to - black is applied , and finally the resulting signal is re-encoded into SECAM . Because of this , much SECAM video editing was actually done using PAL equipment , then the resultant signal was converted to SECAM . Another drawback of SECAM is that comb filtering , allowing better color separation , is not possible in TV receivers . This was not , however , much of a drawback in the early days of SECAM as such filters did not become readily available in high - end TV sets before the 1990s . The first regular color broadcasts in SECAM were started on October 1 , 1967 , on France 's Second Channel ( ORTF 2e chaîne ) . In France and the UK color broadcasts were made on UHF frequencies , the VHF band being used for legacy black and white , 405 lines in UK or 819 lines in France , until the beginning of the 1980s . Countries elsewhere that were already broadcasting 625 - line monochrome on VHF and UHF , simply transmitted color programs on the same channels . Some British television programs , particularly those made by or for ITC Entertainment , were shot on color film before the introduction of color television to the UK , for the purpose of sales to U.S. networks . The first British show to be made in color was the drama series The Adventures of Sir Lancelot ( 1956 -- 57 ) , which was initially made in black and white but later shot in color for sale to the NBC network in the United States . Other British color television programs include Stingray ( 1964 -- 1965 ) , which was the first British TV show to be filmed entirely in color , Thunderbirds ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons ( 1967 -- 1968 ) . However , most UK series predominantly made using videotape , such as Doctor Who ( 1963 -- 89 ; 2005 -- present ) did not begin color production until later , with the first color Doctor Who episodes not airing until 1970 . Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) In Japan , NHK and NTV introduced color television , using a variation of the NTSC system ( called NTSC - J ) on September 10 , 1960 , making it the first country in Asia to introduce color television . The Philippines ( 1960 ) and Taiwan ( 1969 ) also adopted the NTSC system . Other countries in the region instead used the PAL system , starting with Australia ( 1967 , but not fully implemented until 1975 ) , and then Thailand ( 1969 ; this country converted from a 525 - line system to 625 lines ) , Hong Kong ( 1970 ) , the People 's Republic of China ( 1971 ) , New Zealand ( 1973 ) , North Korea ( 1974 ) , Singapore ( 1974 ) , Pakistan ( 1976 , but not fully implemented until 1982 ) , Kazakhstan ( 1978 ) , Vietnam ( 1978 ) , Malaysia ( 1978 , but not fully implemented until 1980 ) , Indonesia ( 1979 ) , India ( 1979 , but not fully implemented until 1982 ) , and Bangladesh ( 1980 ) . South Korea did not introduce color television ( using NTSC ) until 1980 ( full - time color transmissions began in 1981 ) , although it was already manufacturing color television sets for export . Cambodia was the last country in Asia to introduce color television , officially introduced in 1981 using the PAL system , with full - time color transmissions since 1985 . Middle East ( edit ) Nearly all of the countries in the Middle East use PAL . The first country in the Middle East to introduce color television was Iraq in 1967 . Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Qatar followed in the mid-1970s , but Israel , Lebanon , and Cyprus continued to broadcast in black and white until the early 1980s . Israeli television even erased the color signals using a device called the mekhikon . Africa ( edit ) The first color television service in Africa was introduced on the Tanzanian island of Zanzibar , in 1973 , using PAL . In 1973 also , MBC of Mauritius broadcast the OCAMM Conference , in color , using SECAM . At the time , South Africa did not have a television service at all , owing to opposition from the apartheid regime , but in 1976 , one was finally launched . Nigeria adopted PAL for color transmissions in 1974 in the then Benue Plateau state in the north central region of the country , but countries such as Ghana and Zimbabwe continued with black and white until 1984 . The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service ( SLBS ) started television broadcasting in 1963 as a cooperation between the SLBS and commercial interests ; coverage was extended to all districts in 1978 when the service was also upgraded to color . South America ( edit ) In contrast to most other countries in the Americas , which had adopted NTSC , Brazil began broadcasting in color using PAL - M. Its first color transmission was on February 19 , 1972 . However Ecuador was the first South American country to use NTSC color . Its first color transmission was on November 5 , 1974 . In 1978 , Argentina started broadcasting in color using PAL - N in connection with the country 's hosting of the FIFA World Cup . Some countries in South America , including Bolivia , Chile , Paraguay , Peru , and Uruguay , continued to broadcast in black and white until the early 1980s . Cor Dillen , director and later CEO of the South American branch of Philips , was responsible for bringing color television to South America . Color standards ( edit ) There are three main analog broadcast television systems in use around the world , PAL ( Phase Alternating Line ) , NTSC ( National Television System Committee ) , and SECAM ( Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire -- Sequential Color with Memory ) . The system used in The Americas and much of the Far East is NTSC . Western Europe , Australia , Africa , and Eastern South America use PAL ( though Brazil uses a hybrid PAL - M system ) . Eastern Europe and France uses SECAM . Generally , a device ( such as a television ) can only read or display video encoded to a standard which the device is designed to support ; otherwise , the source must be converted ( such as when European programs are broadcast in North America or vice versa ) . This table illustrates the differences : NTSC M PAL B , G , H PAL I PAL N PAL M SECAM B , G , H SECAM D , K , K ' , L Lines / Fields 525 / 60 625 / 50 625 / 50 625 / 50 525 / 60 625 / 50 625 / 50 Horizontal Frequency 15.734 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.750 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.625 kHz Vertical Frequency 60 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz Color Subcarrier Frequency 3.579545 MHz 4.43361875 MHz 4.43361875 MHz 3.582056 MHz 3.575611 MHz Video Bandwidth 4.2 MHz 5.0 MHz 5.5 MHz 4.2 MHz 4.2 MHz 5.0 MHz 6.0 MHz Sound Carrier 4.5 MHz 5.5 MHz 5.9996 MHz 4.5 MHz 4.5 MHz 5.5 MHz 6.5 MHz Digital television broadcasting standards , such as ATSC , DVB - T , DVB - T2 , and ISDB , have superseded these analog transmission standards in many countries . See also ( edit ) Triniscope Beam - index tube Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Reilly , `` Calculating the speed of sight '' , New Scientist , July 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ National Television System Committee ( 1951 -- 1953 ) , ( Report and Reports of Panel No. 11 , 11 - A , 12 -- 19 , with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports , and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission , n.p. , 1953 ) , 17 v. illus. , diagrams. , tables . 28 cm . LC Control No. : 54021386 Library of Congress Online Catalog Jump up ^ `` Television '' , The World Book Encyclopedia 2003 : 119 Jump up ^ M. Le Blanc , `` Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses '' , La Lumière Electrique , vol. 11 , December 1 , 1880 , p. 477 -- 481 . Jump up ^ R.W. Burns , Television : An International History of the Formative Years , IET , 1998 , p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 914 - 7 . Jump up ^ Western technology and Soviet economic development : 1945 to 1965 , by Antony C. Sutton , Business & Economics - 1973 , p. 330 Jump up ^ The History of Television , 1880 - 1941 , by Albert Abramson , 1987 , p. 27 Jump up ^ A. Rokhlin , Tak rozhdalos ' dal'novidenie ( in Russian ) Archived April 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Logie Baird , Television Apparatus and the Like , U.S. patent , filed in U.K. in 1928 . Jump up ^ Baird Television : Crystal Palace Television Studios . Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit . Jump up ^ Kenyon Kilbon , Pioneering in Electronics : A Short History of the Origins and Growth of RCA Laboratories , Radio Corporation of America , 1919 to 1964 , Chapter Nine -- Television : Monochrome to Color , 1964 . V.K. Zworykin with Frederick Olessi , Iconoscope : An Autobiography of Vladimir Zworykin , Chapter 10 -- Television Becomes a Reality , 1945 -- 1954 , 1971 . `` The system used two color filters in combination with photocells and a flying spot scanner for pickup . '' Alfred V. Roman , The Historical Development of Color Television Systems , doctoral dissertation , New York University , 1967 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's First High Definition Colour Television System '' ^ Jump up to : Peter C. Goldmark , assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System , `` Color Television '' , U.S. Patent 2,480,571 , filed September 7 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Current Broadcasting 1940 Jump up ^ `` Color Television Success in Test '' , The New York Times , August 30 , 1940 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Color Television Achieves Realism '' , The New York Times , September 5 , 1940 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color '' , Popular Science , December 1940 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Color Television Success in Test , '' New York Times , August 30 , 1940 , p. 21 . `` CBS Demonstrates Full Color Television , '' Wall Street Journal , September 5 , 1940 , p. 1 . `` Television Hearing Set , '' New York Times , November 13 , 1940 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Ed Reitan , RCA - NBC Color Firsts in Television ( commented ) . Jump up ^ `` Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22 , '' New York Times , March 8 , 1942 , p. 1 . `` Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations , '' Wall Street Journal , June 3 , 1942 , p. 4 . `` WPB Cancels 210 Controls ; Radios , Trucks in Full Output , '' New York Times , August 21 , 1945 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Bob Cooper , `` Television : The Technology That Changed Our Lives '' , Early Television Foundation . Jump up ^ Hempstead , Colin ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of 20th - Century Technology . Routledge . p. 824 . Jump up ^ Albert Abramson , The History of Television , 1942 to 2000 , McFarland & Company , 2003 , pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1220 - 8 Jump up ^ Baird Television : The World 's First High Definition Colour Television System . Jump up ^ `` Washington Chosen for First Color Showing ; From Ages 4 to 90 , Audience Amazed '' , The Washington Post , January 13 , 1950 , p . B2 . Jump up ^ `` Color TV Tests To Be Resumed In Washington '' , The Washington Post , February 12 , 1950 , p . M5 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Color Television To Make Public Debut In N.Y. Next Week '' , The Wall Street Journal , November 9 , 1950 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ CBS Announces Color Television ( advertisement ) , New York Daily News , November 13 , 1950 , p ... Jump up ^ `` You Can See The Blood on Color Video , '' The Washington Post , January 15 , 1950 , p . L1 . `` Video Color Test Begins on C.B.S. , '' New York Times , November 14 , 1950 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Color Preview Seen By 2,000 in Philadelphia '' , The Wall Street Journal , December 16 , 1950 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` CBS to Display Color Video in City Next Week '' , Chicago Tribune , January 6 , 1951 , television and radio section , p . C4 . Jump up ^ `` Preview of CBS Color TV Wins City 's Acclaim '' , Chicago Tribune , January 10 , 1951 , p . A8 . Jump up ^ `` C.B.S. Color Video Presents a ' First ' , '' New York Times , June 26 , 1951 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Four - hundred guests watched the premiere commercial broadcast on eight color receivers at a CBS studio in New York , as no color receivers were available to the general public . `` C.B.S. Color Video Presents a ' First '' `` , New York Times , June 26 , 1951 , p. 31 . A total of about 40 color receivers was available in the five cities on the color network . The CBS affiliate in Washington had three receivers and a monitor . `` First Sponsored TV in Color Praised by WTOP Audience '' , The Washington Post , June 26 , 1951 , p. 1 . Most of the remainder of the prototype color receivers were given to advertisers sponsoring the color broadcasts . `` Today , June 25 , 1951 , is a turning point in broadcasting history '' ( WTOP - TV advertisement ) , The Washington Post , June 25 , 1951 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ed Reitan , `` Progress of CBS Colorcasting '' , Programming for the CBS Color System . Jump up ^ `` CBS Color System Network Affiliates '' , Programming for the CBS Color System . Jump up ^ `` CBS Color System Makes Television Set Makers See Red '' , Wall Street Journal , October 17 , 1950 , p. 1 . Three exceptions among the major television manufacturers were Philco , which offered 11 models that could show CBS color broadcasts in black - and - white ; and Westinghouse and Admiral , which offered adapters to receive color broadcasts in black and white . `` Philco Offers 11 TV Sets To Receive CBS Color TV in Black and White '' , Wall Street Journal , June 4 , 1951 , p. 9 . `` Westinghouse to Sell Adapter for CBS Color TV Signals '' , Wall Street Journal , August 7 , 1951 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hytron 's Deal With CBS Seen TV Color Aid '' , The Washington Post , April 12 , 1951 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Subsidiary Starts Mass Production of Color Television Sets , '' Wall Street Journal , September 13 , 1951 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Para-TV Color Sets To Go On Sale Soon '' , Billboard , October 6 , 1951 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Note to CBS Asking Color Set Halt '' , Billboard , October 27 , 1951 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Color TV Shelved As a Defense Step , '' New York Times , October 20 , 1951 , p. 1 . `` Action of Defense Mobilizer in Postponing Color TV Poses Many Question for the Industry , '' New York Times , October 22 , 1951 , p. 23 . Ed Reitan , CBS Field Sequential Color System Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1997 Jump up ^ `` NPA Refs Verbal Slugfest in M - 90 Revamp Study ; Color TV Future Dim '' , Billboard , February 16 , 1952 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` RCA to Test Color TV System On Three Shows Daily Beginning Today '' , The Wall Street Journal , July 9 , 1951 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Says Confusion Now Bars Color TV , '' Washington Post , March 26 , 1953 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` N.P.A. Decides to End Restrictions on Output Of Color TV Sets '' , The Wall Street Journal , March 21 , 1953 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once , '' New York Times , December 19 , 1953 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Launches First Publicly - Announced Color Television Show , '' Wall Street Journal , August 31 , 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Ed Reitan , RCA - NBC Firsts in Television . Jump up ^ Jack Gould , `` Television in Review : Further Thoughts on Color '' , The New York Times , November 2 , 1953 , p. 34 . Prototype color TV sets had been distributed to RCA and NBC executives , advertisers , TV retailers , and journalists in the New York City area . ^ Jump up to : CBC Staff ( September 5 , 1991 ) . `` CBC in Living Colour '' . CBC News . Ottawa . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Color It Expensive '' . The Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . 1966 - 09 - 01 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roberto Diaz - Martin , `` The Recent History of Satellite Communications in Cuba '' , Selection of a Color Standard , in Beyond the Ionosphere : Fifty Years of Satellite Communication ( NASA SP - 4217 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ González Camarena , Guillermo ( filed in Mexico August 19 , 1940 , filed in USA 1941 , patented 1942 ) . `` Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment '' . Patent No . US 2,296,019 . United States Patent Office . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television , second edition . 1 A-C . Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 1484 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X . Jump up ^ `` Historia de la televisión en México '' . Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística . Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística. 97 - 99 : 287 . 1964 . Jump up ^ Leslie Solomon ( July 1964 ) . `` Simplified Mexican Color TV '' ( PDF ) . Electronics World . 72 ( 1 ) : 48 and 71 . Jump up ^ ^ * Enrique Krauze -- Guillermo Gonzalez - Camarena Jr. `` 50 años de la televisión mexicana '' ( 50th anniversary of Mexican T.V. ) -- Year 1999 Mexican T.V. Documentary produced by Editorial Clío & Televisa , broadcast on 2000 Jump up ^ Butler , Jeremy G. ( 2006 ) . Television : Critical Methods and Applications . Psychology Press . p. 290 . ISBN 9781410614742 . Jump up ^ `` Television in Review : N.B.C. Color , '' New York Times , January 5 , 1954 , p. 28 . Two days earlier Admiral demonstrated to their distributors the prototype of Admiral 's first color television set planned for consumer sale using the NTSC standards , priced at $1,175 ( equivalent to $10,479 in 2016 ) . It is not known when the later commercial version of this receiver was first sold . Production was extremely limited , and no advertisements for it were published in New York or Washington newspapers . `` First Admiral Color TV , '' New York Times , December 31 , 1953 , p. 22 . `` Admiral 's First Color TV Set , '' Wall Street Journal , December 31 , 1953 , p. 5 . `` TV Firm Moves to Golden Triangle '' , The Pittsburgh Press , February 23 , 1954 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Westinghouse display ad , New York Times , February 28 , 1954 , p. 57 . Only 30 sets were sold in its first month . `` Color TV Reduced by Westinghouse , '' April 2 , 1954 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ RCA 's manufacture of color sets started March 25 , 1954 , and 5,000 Model CT - 100 's were produced . Initially $1,000 , its price was cut to $495 in August 1954 ( $4.42 thousand in today 's dollars ) . `` R.C.A. Halves Cost of Color TV Sets , '' New York Times , August 10 , 1954 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` News of TV and Radio , '' New York Times , June 20 , 1954 , p . X11 . Jump up ^ After 15 episodes in color , Ford reduced costs by making only every third episode in color . `` Ford Cuts Back on Color Film '' , Billboard , October 30 , 1954 , p. 6 . The syndicated Cisco Kid had been filmed in color since 1949 in anticipation of color broadcasting . `` ' Cisco Kid ' for TV Via Pact With Ziv '' , Billboard , September 24 , 1949 , p. 47 . `` Ziv to Shoot All New Series in B & W and Color Versions '' , Billboard , April 4 , 1953 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Albert Abramson , The History of Television , 1942 to 2000 , McFarland , 2003 , p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1220 - 4 . Jump up ^ RCA made about 95 percent of the color television sets sold in the U.S. in 1960 . Peter Bart , `` Advertising : Color TV Set Output Spurred , '' New York Times , July 31 , 1961 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` ABC to Go Tint at First Sponsor Nibble '' , Billboard , September 4 , 1954 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Chasing the Rainbow , '' Time , June 30 , 1958 . Jump up ^ The Flintstones , The Jetsons , and Beany and Cecil . `` A.B.C. - TV To Start Color Programs , '' New York Times , April 1 , 1962 , p. 84 . `` More Color , '' New York Times , September 23 , 1962 , p. 145 . Ed Reitan , RCA - NBC Firsts in Television Archived December 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jack Gould , `` Tinted TV Shows Its Colors , '' New York Times , November 29 , 1964 , p . X17 . Jump up ^ Clarke Ingram , The DuMont Television Network , Chapter Seven : Finale Archived August 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... The small amount of color programming that DuMont broadcast in 1954 -- 1955 ( mostly its show Sunday Supplement ) was all from color films . ^ Jump up to : http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/color60s/ Jump up ^ The exceptions being I Dream of Jeannie and Convoy . Jump up ^ The game show Everybody 's Talking . CBS 's daytime soap opera The Secret Storm was the last network show to switch to color after airing its last black - and - white performance on March 11 , 1968 , making it the last black - and - white series on commercial network television . The last black - and - white series on network television was MisteRogers ' Neighborhood on the non-commercial NET . Production of this series switched over to color in August 1968 . Jump up ^ Television Facts and Statistics -- 1939 to 2000 , Television History -- The First 75 Years . Jump up ^ Walt Disney anthology television series Jump up ^ `` THE ADVENT OF COLOUR TELEVISION : 1971 '' . RTÉ Archives . 18 April 2006 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The adoption of color television in Italy ( Italian ) . Jump up ^ Mass Media , Towards the Millennium : The South African Handbook of Mass Communication , Arrie De Beer , J.L. van Schaik , 1998 , page 56 Jump up ^ TV in South Africa marks its 40th anniversary , channel24 , 5 January 2016 Jump up ^ A Concise Encyclopedia of Zimbabwe , Donatus Bonde , Mambo Press , 1988 , page 410 Jump up ^ World Broadcasting : A Comparative View , Alan Wells , Greenwood Publishing Group , 1996 , page 173 Jump up ^ http://www.paradiso-design.net/TVsystems_worldwide.html World TV standards . Further reading ( edit ) Block diagram of color television sets Wells , Alan ( 1997 ) , World Broadcasting : a comparative view , Greenwood Publishing Group , p. 173 , ISBN 1 - 56750 - 245 - 8 External links ( edit ) Television in Color , April 1944 one of the earliest magazine articles detailing the new technology of color television TV Color Controversy , LIFE February 27 , 1950 Article about FCC debating which color television system to approve for US broadcasts . Analog television broadcasting topics Systems 180 - line 405 - line ( System A ) 441 - line 525 - line ( System J , System M ) 625 - line ( System B , System C , System D , System G , System H , System I , System K , System L , System N ) 819 - line ( System E , System F ) Color systems NTSC PAL PAL - M PAL - S PALplus SECAM Video Back porch and front porch Black level Blanking level Chrominance Chrominance subcarrier Colorburst Color killer Color TV Composite video Frame ( video ) Horizontal scan rate Horizontal blanking interval Luma Nominal analogue blanking Overscan Raster scan Safe area Television lines Vertical blanking interval White clipper Sound Multichannel television sound NICAM Sound - in - Syncs Zweikanalton Modulation Frequency modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation Vestigial sideband modulation ( VSB ) Transmission Amplifiers Antenna ( radio ) Broadcast transmitter / Transmitter station Cavity amplifier Differential gain Differential phase Diplexer Dipole antenna Dummy load Frequency mixer Intercarrier method Intermediate frequency Output power of an analog TV transmitter Pre-emphasis Residual carrier Split sound system Superheterodyne transmitter Television receive - only Direct - broadcast satellite television Television transmitter Terrestrial television Transposer Frequencies & Bands Frequency offset Microwave transmission Television channel frequencies UHF VHF Propagation Beam tilt Distortion Earth bulge Field strength in free space Knife - edge effect Noise ( electronics ) Null fill Path loss Radiation pattern Skew Television interference Testing Distortionmeter Field strength meter Vectorscope VIT signals Zero reference pulse Artifacts Dot crawl Ghosting Hanover bars Sparklies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_television&oldid=815647761 '' Categories : Film and video technology History of television Color Television technology Telecommunications - related introductions in 1940 Display technology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 04 : 14 . 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5940265242441765243 | Chris Griffin | Chris Griffin - wikipedia Chris Griffin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Family Guy character . For other uses , see Chris Griffin ( disambiguation ) . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris Griffin Family Guy character First appearance `` Death Has a Shadow '' Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Seth Green Information Full name Christopher Cross Griffin Occupation High school student Former paperboy Family Peter Griffin ( father ) Lois Griffin ( mother ) Meg Griffin ( sister ) Stewie Griffin ( brother ) Brian Griffin ( dog ) Adam West ( Uncle ) Carol West ( aunt ) Nationality American Christopher Cross `` Chris '' Griffin is a fictional character from the American animated television series Family Guy . He is the elder son and middle child of Peter and Lois Griffin and brother of Stewie and Meg Griffin . He is voiced by Seth Green and first appeared on television , along with the rest of the family , in a 15 - minute short on December 20 , 1998 . Chris was created and designed by MacFarlane himself . MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company , based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve , two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle - aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog , Steve . After the pilot was given the green light , the Griffin family appeared in the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . Originally designed as a somewhat gregarious , yet still unintelligent teenager , Chris became more awkward and even more idiotic over the course of the show . Running gags in the series involving Chris include the existence of an ' Evil Monkey ' in his closet ( though it is later revealed that the monkey is not evil ) , him masturbating frequently , and his pedophile admirer Herbert . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character origins 2 Personality 3 Evil Monkey 4 Identification with Seth Green 5 Appearance 6 References 7 External links Character origins ( edit ) Chris ' character resembles that of Milt 's , the son of the main character Larry Cummings in The Life of Larry , one of the animated short films created by Seth MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design in 1995 that led to the development of Family Guy . Chris was originally given a `` punk '' image , according to creator Seth MacFarlane 's DVD commentary tracks . During the first three seasons , he wore gold earrings , and his painful awkwardness was not as emphasized as it was supposed to be in the series , as he has now slowly become more gregarious . Personality ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chris is an overweight , idealistic , outgoing , and good - hearted teenage boy . But aside from that , Chris deals with problems that any other pubescent boy would face : acne , girls , and school . On the Volume 1 DVD Boxset TV guides special Family Guy edition , it stated that Chris `` would n't hurt a fly , unless it landed on his hot dog '' . Due to Chris ' weight , he was referred to as an `` Elephant Child '' when he was born . In one episode as Chris runs away from his pedophile admirer , Herbert , Herbert murmers to himself , `` Get your fat ass back here ! '' Chris is more often than not willing to take drastic measures to get what he wants or needs , particularly when it comes to keeping up with his grades in school . He once believed that he got a bad grade on a mathematics test when he tickled his brain by sticking an army man 's rifle into his nose and accidentally puncturing a lobe . Fortunately , he is more well - endowed than Peter is , as he has a variety of talents , such as drawing , filmmaking , video editing , playing sports at school , etc . He also has an encyclopedic knowledge of pop culture , as well as films , television series , actors and actresses , tropes , making a film good or bad , etc . Generally , Chris is a fast learner ; in `` Patriot Games '' , when the family moved to London , Chris was the only member of the family who learned how to speak cockney English in a matter of seconds . Despite this , Chris can be naive , often to the point of having a tendency to get away with things . In `` Lethal Weapons '' , when Peter and Lois were having a fist fight , Chris cheered for Peter , telling him to `` kick her ass ! '' ; earlier in the episode , after Chris breaks a vase with his basketball and Lois tells Peter to punish him , Peter tells him to `` punish himself '' and subsequently spanks himself . Also , in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , when the children watch Lois and Peter are trying to make out , Chris mistakes it for a fight and says , `` I do n't know what they 're fighting about , Meg , but I think Dad 's winning . Go Dad ! '' In the episode `` Trading Places '' , after Chris accidentally damages Peter 's dirt bike , Peter `` punishes '' him by making him start smoking . For most of the series , Chris is more socially active at school than Meg is , having various friends , both of which are boys and girls , whilst attending Buddy Cianci Junior High School ( later James Woods Regional High School ) . Not surprisingly , as the series progressed and Meg became more often seen with her group of friends , Chris ' social status was boosted to the point of being friends with everyone at James Woods Regional High School . In Stew - Roids , the school 's queen bee Connie D'Amico dates Chris , at first to be more popular because of `` dating a loser '' , but begins to see Chris as he really is after he says he likes her as well . Later in the episode however , she dumps him after making out with two other boys at a house party , but everyone takes pity on Chris and shuns Connie . Angry at Chris for usurping her place on the school 's `` social ladder '' , she attempts to humiliate Chris by tricking Neil Goldman into showing the students a video of him re-enacting a scene from the Silence of the Lambs where Buffalo Bill dances nude in front of a mirror , but Meg and Chris 's friends manage to stop her . Afterwards , Chris makes a speech over the PA system about what it is like to be popular , and then says `` man , it 's hard work being this shallow '' . In `` Once Bitten '' , Chris becomes friends with Neil Goldman , the resident nerd who is Meg 's self - proclaimed love interest . Although their friendship was initially a ploy for Neil to get closer to Meg , Neil feels bad for using Chris and returns to him to resume their newfound friendship . Evil monkey ( edit ) In a running gag , starting in the episode `` Dammit Janet ! , '' Chris is regularly tormented by an evil monkey who lives in his closet , though whenever he complains about it to anyone , they ( a reference to the iconic tale of the Boy Who Cried Wolf ) often laugh along with him instead thinking it is a joke , after which the monkey appears with a malevolent grimace and points at Chris in a threatening manner . In `` Hannah Banana '' , Chris proves the monkey 's part in the show to the family , and even ends up becoming friends with him after the monkey ( who appears not to be evil at all , but just a poor creature who was depressed after his ex-wife cheated on him with another monkey ) helps him write out a book report and pass . The simian explains his frightening mannerisms as a result of various conditions and unintended actions . Chris introduces him to his friends , hang out with each other in fun places , and the monkey helps Chris in his studies in school , which Peter does not do . This , however , causes a rift between Chris and Peter when Chris realizes that the monkey cares more for him than his father . Eventually the monkey helps the two patch things up , especially after Peter saves the monkey from Miley Cyrus ( who is depicted as an android ) who had kidnapped him à la King Kong . After that , the monkey happily moves out of Chris ' closet to live in the closet of Tom Tucker 's son Jake , where the cycle will start in a new beginning , as Jake himself experiences difficulty with his father . In a 2003 interview , Seth MacFarlane stated that the writers thought it would be funny to give Chris a childhood fear that is actually real , since he has `` a childlike mind '' . The monkey 's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker . Identification with Seth Green ( edit ) Another running gag , starting in the Star Wars remake episode `` Blue Harvest '' , has Chris defending Robot Chicken , a show created by portrayer Seth Green which is broadcast on the Adult Swim block on the Cartoon Network cable network . When Peter ( Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane ) denigrates that show in `` Blue Harvest '' , Chris loses his temper and storms off . Carried on in `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' , though Chris attempts to keep a cool head , he storms off again when Peter offers to tell the story of Without a Paddle , a critically panned film that features Seth Green . Both these scenes happen in the framing device of the episode and not in the interior Star Wars narrative , in which Green portrays Chris as Star Wars hero Luke Skywalker . In the final Star Wars parody , `` It 's a Trap ! '' , mocking Green 's career provokes further anger in Chris ; Chris tries to defend Green by citing Buffy the Vampire Slayer as an example of a success in Green 's career , but Carter Pewterschmidt suggests that the popularity of Buffy had been largely over-stated by Entertainment Weekly . These taunts give Chris -- in character as Skywalker -- the conviction to fight back against Stewie / Darth Vader and Carter / Darth Sidious ( both played by MacFarlane ) . In the closing scenes of the episode 's framing device , Chris gets to reverse the joke by poking fun at Seth MacFarlane 's career , going so far as to suggest that Family Guy is a rip - off of The Simpsons ; MacFarlane is , however , defended by the characters whom he voices ( Peter , Brian and Stewie ) . Outside of the Star Wars - themed episodes , `` Road to the Multiverse '' plays on the running gag , but with Stewie ( MacFarlane once more ) provoking the Robot Chicken Universe counterpart of Chris by asking `` How does it feel to be on a major network for thirty seconds ? '' which prompts Chris to say `` Fuck you ! '' . Appearance ( edit ) Chris is the only Griffin family member to have blond hair , which is odd considering that Peter has brown hair and Lois has orange hair . He , like Meg , wears a signature hat , an orange and black baseball cap , and dresses in a blue T - shirt , black pants , and white hi - top sneakers with red stripes . In several of the early episodes , he , along with Lois , has had his ears pierced and wore gold earrings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brian the Bachelor '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 7 . June 26 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2003 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Chris Griffin at Fox.com ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Griffin&oldid=818275514 '' Categories : Family Guy characters Child characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional cartoonists Teenage characters in television Male characters in animation Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 17 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does chris griffin's voice on family guy | [
"Christopher Cross \"Chris\" Griffin[1] is a fictional character from the American animated television series Family Guy. He is the elder son and middle child of Peter and Lois Griffin and brother of Stewie and Meg Griffin. He is voiced by Seth Green and first appeared on television, along with the rest of the family, in a 15-minute short on December 20, 1998. Chris was created and designed by MacFarlane himself. MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company, based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve. After the pilot was given the green light, the Griffin family appeared in the episode \"Death Has a Shadow\"."
] | [
"Seth Green"
] |
-6378513022733673487 | List of highest-grossing films | List of highest - grossing films - wikipedia List of highest - grossing films Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind held the record of highest - grossing film for twenty - five years and , adjusted for inflation , has earned more than any other film . Films generate income from several revenue streams , including theatrical exhibition , home video , television broadcast rights and merchandising . However , theatrical box office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assessing the success of a film , mostly because of the availability of the data compared to sales figures for home video and broadcast rights , but also because of historical practice . Included on the list are charts of the top box office earners ( ranked by both the nominal and real value of their revenue ) , a chart of high - grossing films by calendar year , a timeline showing the transition of the highest - grossing film record , and a chart of the highest - grossing film franchises and series . All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible , excluding income derived from home video , broadcasting rights and merchandise . Traditionally , war films , musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres , but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century . Seven Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart , while the Star Wars and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently . There is also continued interest in the superhero genre : Batman and Superman from DC Comics and films based on the Marvel Comics brand , such as Spider - Man , X-Men and films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , have generally done well . The only films in the top ten that are not adapted from a pre-existing property or a sequel are the top two , Avatar and Titanic , both directed by James Cameron . Animated family films have performed consistently well , with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home - video era . Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen ( the highest - grossing animated film ) , Zootopia and The Lion King , as well as with its Pixar brand , of which the Toy Story and Finding Nemo films have been the best performers . Beyond Disney and Pixar animation , the Shrek , Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success . While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s , there are franchises originating from that period that are still active . Besides the Star Wars and Superman franchises , James Bond and Star Trek films are still being released periodically ; all four are among the highest - grossing franchises . Some of the older films that held the record of highest - grossing film still have respectable grosses by today 's standards , but no longer compete numerically against today 's top - earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices . When properly adjusted for inflation , however , on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind -- which was the highest - grossing film outright for twenty - five years -- is still the highest - grossing film of all time . All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value , except where stated otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest - grossing films 2 Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation 3 High - grossing films by year 4 Timeline of highest - grossing films 5 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 6 References 6.1 Box office sources 6.2 Franchise and series sources 6.3 Bibliography 7 External links Highest - grossing films The two highest - grossing films have both been directed and written by James Cameron . With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion , Avatar is often proclaimed to be the `` highest - grossing '' film , but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income , which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings . Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful . Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals , in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters . While complete sales data are not available for Avatar , it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America , and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide . After home video income is accounted for , both films have earned over $3 billion . Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings , with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues ; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights , equating to about 9 % of its North American gross . When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property , its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales . The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box - office and home video sales , but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation . Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too : The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise , while Pixar 's Cars -- which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films -- generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release . Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3 , which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office . On this chart , films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value , along with the highest positions they attained . Thirty - one films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide , of which three have grossed over $2 billion , with Avatar ranked in the top position . All of the films have had a theatrical run ( including re-releases ) in the 21st century , and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket - price inflation , population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 06 October 2017 in theaters around the world . Highest - grossing films Rank Peak Title Worldwide gross Year Reference ( s ) Avatar $2,787,965,087 2009 Titanic $2,186,772,302 1997 Star Wars : The Force Awakens $2,068,223,624 2015 Jurassic World $1,671,713,208 2015 5 The Avengers $1,518,812,988 2012 6 Furious 7 $1,516,045,911 2015 7 5 Avengers : Age of Ultron $1,405,403,694 2015 8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $1,341,511,219 2011 9 5 Frozen $1,287,000,000 2013 10 10 Beauty and the Beast $1,263,418,671 2017 11 11 The Fate of the Furious $1,238,764,765 2017 12 5 Iron Man 3 $1,214,811,252 2013 13 10 Minions $1,159,398,397 2015 14 12 Captain America : Civil War $1,153,304,495 2016 15 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $1,123,794,079 2011 16 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $1,120,237,002 2003 17 7 Skyfall $1,108,561,013 2012 18 10 Transformers : Age of Extinction $1,104,054,072 2014 19 7 The Dark Knight Rises $1,084,939,099 2012 20 Toy Story 3 $1,066,969,703 21 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $1,066,179,725 2006 22 20 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $1,056,057,273 2016 23 6 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides $1,045,713,802 2011 24 Jurassic Park $1,029,939,903 1993 25 22 Finding Dory $1,028,570,889 2016 26 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace $1,027,044,677 1999 27 5 Alice in Wonderland $1,025,467,110 28 28 Despicable Me 3 $1,025,331,491 2017 29 24 Zootopia $1,023,784,195 2016 30 14 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey $1,021,103,568 2012 31 The Dark Knight $1,004,558,444 2008 32 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone $974,755,371 2001 33 19 Despicable Me 2 $970,761,885 2013 34 The Lion King $968,483,777 1994 35 30 The Jungle Book $966,550,600 2016 36 5 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End $963,420,425 2007 37 10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 $960,283,305 38 24 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug $958,366,855 2013 39 26 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies $956,019,788 2014 40 8 Finding Nemo $940,335,536 2003 41 6 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix $939,885,929 2007 42 8 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince $934,416,487 2009 43 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers $926,349,708 2002 44 6 Shrek 2 $919,838,758 45 8 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire $896,911,078 2005 46 10 Spider - Man 3 $890,871,626 2007 47 15 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs $886,686,817 2009 48 40 Spectre $880,674,609 2015 49 49 Spider - Man : Homecoming $879,136,102 2017 50 6 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets $878,979,634 2002 Box Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014 , while it was still in release . The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan , Nigeria , Spain , the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey , Iceland , Brazil , and Australia ( 2016 ) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars . The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy . The gross for Toy Story 3 has been corrected to $1,066,969,703 , meaning that it finished one place higher at the end of its release . Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King , correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million . This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release . Finding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release , after taking corrections into account . Its total now stands at $940.3 million , which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million . Meanwhile , the total gross for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring has been corrected to $871.5 million , which would rank below Finding Nemo 's first run once its 2011 reissue gross is deducted . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation Inflation rates around the world vary , complicating inflation adjustment . Because of the long - term effects of inflation , notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices , the list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later films . The unadjusted list , while commonly found in the press , is therefore largely meaningless for comparing films widely separated in time , as many films from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list , despite achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases . To compensate for the devaluation of the currency , some charts make adjustments for inflation , but not even this practice fully addresses the issue since ticket prices and inflation do not necessarily parallel one another . For example , in 1970 , tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars ; by 1980 , prices had risen to about $2.69 , a drop to $5.50 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars . Ticket prices have also risen at different rates of inflation around the world , further complicating the process of adjusting worldwide grosses . Another complication is release in multiple formats for which different ticket prices are charged . One notable example of this phenomenon is Avatar , which was also released in 3D and IMAX : almost two - thirds of tickets for that film were for 3D showings with an average price of $10 , and about one - sixth were for IMAX showings with an average price over $14.50 , compared to a 2010 average price of $7.61 for 2D films . Social and economic factors such as population change and the growth of international markets also impact on the number of people purchasing theater tickets , along with audience demographics where some films sell a much higher proportion of discounted children 's tickets , or perform better in big cities where tickets cost more . The measuring system for gauging a film 's success is based on unadjusted grosses , mainly because historically this is the way it has always been done because of the practices of the film industry : the box office receipts are compiled by theaters and relayed to the distributor , which in turn releases them to the media . Converting to a more representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals . As the motion picture industry is highly oriented towards marketing currently released films , unadjusted figures are always used in marketing campaigns so that new blockbuster films can much more easily achieve a high sales ranking , and thus be promoted as a `` top film of all time '' , so there is little incentive to switch to a more robust analysis from a marketing or even newsworthy point of view . Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation , several attempts have been made . Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses , and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations , both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list . Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film , with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion . Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially : its owner , Turner Entertainment , estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007 , a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate ; other estimates fall either side of this amount , with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010 , while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006 . Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used : Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion , while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices . The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars ; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels , while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation as of 2014 Rank Title Worldwide gross ( 2014 $ ) Year Gone with the Wind $3,440,000,000 1939 Avatar $3,020,000,000 2009 Star Wars $2,825,000,000 1977 Titanic $2,516,000,000 $2,516,000,000 1997 5 The Sound of Music $2,366,000,000 1965 6 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $2,310,000,000 1982 7 The Ten Commandments $2,187,000,000 1956 8 Doctor Zhivago $2,073,000,000 1965 9 Jaws $2,027,000,000 10 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs $1,819,000,000 $1,819,000,000 1937 Even though the nominal gross for Star Wars : The Force Awakens surpasses the inflation - adjusted gross for both Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Jaws , inflation has occurred in the interim so it is not possible to rank it until Guinness World Records provide an updated chart of adjusted grosses . The figure for Titanic is most likely based on the gross from its 1997 theatrical release , and does not incorporate earnings from the 2012 reissue . According to the 2012 edition of Guinness World Records , the adjusted total for Titanic as of 2011 stood at $2,413,800,000 , and a re-release in 2012 added a further $343,550,770 to the total . However , the 2015 edition put the adjusted total at $2,516,000,000 -- an increase of just $102,000,000 ; this is a rise of 4.2 % since 2011 , an increase shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart . The 2015 edition of Guinness World Records does not provide an explicit figure for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . However , it does state that it is one of only two pre-1955 films -- the other being Gone with the Wind -- that are among the adjusted top ten . It placed tenth in the 2012 edition , and the eleventh highest - grossing film according to the 2015 edition is The Exorcist , which has grossed $1.794 billion adjusted to 2014 prices . The adjusted grosses for the other films on the chart increased by 4.2 percent between 2011 and 2014 according to Guinness , and using this apparent rate of inflation would take the adjusted gross for Snow White from $1.746 billion at 2011 prices to $1.819 billion at 2014 prices . High - grossing films by year Glossary : Distributor rentals Box - office figures are reported in the form of gross or distributor rentals , the latter being especially true of older films . Commonly mistaken for home video revenue , the rentals are the distributor 's share of the film 's theatrical revenue i.e. the box office gross less the exhibitor 's cut . Historically , the rental price averaged at 35 -- 40 % when the distributors owned the theater chains , equating to just over a third of the gross being paid to the distributor of the film . In the modern marketplace , rental fees can vary greatly -- depending on a number of factors -- although the films from the major studios average out at 43 % . Audience tastes were fairly eclectic during the 20th century , but several trends did emerge . During the silent era , films with war themes were popular with audiences , with The Birth of a Nation ( American Civil War ) , The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The Big Parade and Wings ( all World War I ) becoming the most successful films in their respective years of release , with the trend coming to an end with All Quiet on the Western Front in 1930 . With the advent of sound in 1927 , the musical -- the genre best placed to showcase the new technology -- took over as the most popular type of film with audiences , with 1928 and 1929 both being topped by musical films . The genre continued to perform strongly in the 1930s , but the outbreak of World War II saw war themed films dominate again during this period , starting with Gone with the Wind ( American Civil War ) in 1939 , and finishing with The Best Years of Our Lives ( World War II ) in 1946 . Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) saw the beginning of a trend of increasingly expensive historical dramas set during Ancient Rome / biblical times throughout the 1950s as cinema competed with television for audiences , with Quo Vadis , The Robe , The Ten Commandments , Ben - Hur and Spartacus all becoming the highest - grossing film of the year during initial release , before the genre started to wane after several high - profile failures . The success of White Christmas and South Pacific in the 1950s foreshadowed the comeback of the musical in the 1960s with West Side Story , Mary Poppins , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music and Funny Girl all among the top films of the decade . The 1970s saw a shift in audience tastes to high concept films , with six such films made by either George Lucas or Steven Spielberg topping the chart during the 1980s . The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations , with the box office dominance of films based on pre-existing intellectual property at record levels . Films directed by Steven Spielberg have been the highest - grossing film of the year on six occasions , and on three occasions have been the highest - grossing film of all time . Steven Spielberg is the most represented director on the chart with six films to his credit , occupying the top spot in 1975 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1989 and 1993 . Cecil B. DeMille ( 1932 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1956 ) and William Wyler ( 1942 , 1946 , 1959 and 1968 ) are in second and third place with five and four films respectively , while D.W. Griffith ( 1915 , 1916 and 1920 ) , George Roy Hill ( 1966 , 1969 and 1973 ) and James Cameron ( 1991 , 1997 and 2009 ) all feature heavily with three films apiece . George Lucas directed two chart - toppers in 1977 and 1999 , but also served in a strong creative capacity as a producer and writer in 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 and 1989 as well . The following directors have also all directed two films on the chart : Frank Lloyd , King Vidor , Frank Capra , Michael Curtiz , Leo McCarey , Alfred Hitchcock , David Lean , Stanley Kubrick , Guy Hamilton , Mike Nichols , William Friedkin , Peter Jackson , Gore Verbinski and Michael Bay ; Mervyn LeRoy , Ken Annakin and Robert Wise are each represented by one solo credit and one shared credit , and John Ford co-directed two films . Disney films are usually co-directed and some directors have served on several winning teams : Wilfred Jackson , Hamilton Luske , Clyde Geronimi , David Hand , Ben Sharpsteen , Wolfgang Reitherman and Bill Roberts have all co-directed at least two films on the list . Only five directors have topped the chart in consecutive years : McCarey ( 1944 and 1945 ) , Nichols ( 1966 and 1967 ) , Spielberg ( 1981 and 1982 ) , Jackson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Verbinski ( 2006 and 2007 ) . Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world , many films can do business in two or more calendar years ; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release . Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either , with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release ; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it , but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most . In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded , and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained . At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967 , and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film . indicates films still playing in theaters around the world in the week commencing 06 October 2017 . High - grossing films by year of release Year Title Worldwide gross Budget Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 + ( 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ $110,000 1916 Intolerance 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005489653000000000 ♠ $489,653 1917 Cleopatra 7005500000000000000 ♠ $500,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ $300,000 1918 Mickey 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 1919 The Miracle Man 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005120000000000000 ♠ $120,000 1920 Way Down East 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1921 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 -- 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 1922 Robin Hood 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 7005930042780000000 ♠ $930,042.78 1923 The Covered Wagon 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1924 The Sea Hawk 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ $700,000 1925 The Big Parade 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 ( 7006613100000000000 ♠ $6,131,000 ) 7005382000000000000 ♠ $382,000 Ben - Hur 7006938600000000000 ♠ $9,386,000 7006396700000000000 ♠ $3,967,000 1926 For Heaven 's Sake 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150,000 1927 Wings 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1928 The Singing Fool 7006590000000000000 ♠ $5,900,000 7005388000000000000 ♠ $388,000 1929 The Broadway Melody 7006440000000000000 ♠ $4,400,000 -- 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4,800,000 7005379000000000000 ♠ $379,000 Sunny Side Up 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7006125000000000000 ♠ $1,250,000 1931 Frankenstein 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ( 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 City Lights 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006160735100000000 ♠ $1,607,351 1932 The Sign of the Cross 7006273899300000000 ♠ $2,738,993 7005694065000000000 ♠ $694,065 1933 King Kong 7006534700000000000 ♠ $5,347,000 ( 7006185600000000000 ♠ $1,856,000 ) 7005672255750000000 ♠ $672,255.75 I 'm No Angel 7006325000000000000 ♠ $3,250,000 + 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200,000 Cavalcade 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006111600000000000 ♠ $1,116,000 She Done Him Wrong 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 + 7005274076000000000 ♠ $274,076 1934 The Merry Widow 7006260800000000000 ♠ $2,608,000 7006160500000000000 ♠ $1,605,000 It Happened One Night 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ $325,000 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty 7006446000000000000 ♠ $4,460,000 7006190500000000000 ♠ $1,905,000 1936 San Francisco 7006604400000000000 ♠ $6,044,000 + ( 7006527300000000000 ♠ $5,273,000 ) 7006130000000000000 ♠ $1,300,000 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 7008418000000000000 ♠ $418,000,000 + ( 7006850000000000000 ♠ $8,500,000 ) 7006148842300000000 ♠ $1,488,423 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ $1,200,000 1939 Gone with the Wind 7008390525192000000 ♠ $390,525,192 -- 7008401776459000000 ♠ 401,776,459 ( 7007320000000000000 ♠ $32,000,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006425000000000000 ♠ 4,250,000 1940 Pinocchio 7007870008620000000 ♠ $87,000,862 ( 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 ) 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Boom Town 7006460000000000000 ♠ $4,600,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 1941 Sergeant York 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1942 Bambi 7008267997843000000 ♠ $267,997,843 ( 7006344935300000000 ♠ $3,449,353 ) 7006170000000000000 ♠ $1,700,000 -- 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 Mrs. Miniver 7006887800000000000 ♠ $8,878,000 7006134400000000000 ♠ $1,344,000 1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls 7007110000000000000 ♠ $11,000,000 7006268129800000000 ♠ $2,681,298 This Is the Army 7006955558644000000 ♠ $9,555,586.44 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 1944 Going My Way 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 1945 Mom and Dad 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 / 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ $65,000 The Bells of St. Mary 's 7007112000000000000 ♠ $11,200,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1946 Song of the South 7007650000000000000 ♠ $65,000,000 ( 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 ) 7006212500000000000 ♠ $2,125,000 The Best Years of Our Lives 7007147500000000000 ♠ $14,750,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 Duel in the Sun 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 7006525500000000000 ♠ $5,255,000 1947 Forever Amber 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7006637500000000000 ♠ $6,375,000 Unconquered 7006750000000000000 ♠ $7,500,000 7006420000000000000 ♠ $4,200,000 1948 Easter Parade 7006591813400000000 ♠ $5,918,134 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 The Red Shoes 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 7005505581000000000 ♠ £ 505,581 ( 7006200000000000000 ♠ ~ $2,000,000 ) The Snake Pit 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 1949 Samson and Delilah 7007142092500000000 ♠ $14,209,250 7006309756300000000 ♠ $3,097,563 1950 Cinderella 7008263591415000000 ♠ $263,591,415 ( 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 / 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 ) 7006220000000000000 ♠ $2,200,000 King Solomon 's Mines 7007100500000000000 ♠ $10,050,000 7006225800000000000 ♠ $2,258,000 1951 Quo Vadis 7007210370000000000 ♠ $21,037,000 -- 7007267000000000000 ♠ 26,700,000 7006762300000000000 ♠ $7,623,000 1952 This Is Cinerama 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 The Greatest Show on Earth 7007183500000000000 ♠ $18,350,000 7006387394600000000 ♠ $3,873,946 1953 Peter Pan 7008145000000000000 ♠ $145,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Robe 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25,000,000 -- 7007261000000000000 ♠ 26,100,000 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 1954 Rear Window 7007245000000000000 ♠ $24,500,000 ( 7006530000000000000 ♠ $5,300,000 ) 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 White Christmas 7007260000500000000 ♠ $26,000,050 ( 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ) 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 7007250001340000000 ♠ $25,000,134 ( 7006680000000000000 ♠ $6,800,000 -- 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 ) 7006450000000000000 ♠ $4,500,000 -- 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 1955 Lady and the Tramp 7007883002000000000 ♠ $88,300,200 ( 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 ) 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Cinerama Holiday 7007210000000000000 ♠ $21,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 Mister Roberts 7006990000000000000 ♠ $9,900,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ $2,400,000 1956 The Ten Commandments 7007900662300000000 ♠ $90,066,230 ( 7008122700000000000 ♠ $122,700,000 / 7007552000000000000 ♠ $55,200,000 ) 7007132700000000000 ♠ $13,270,000 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai 7007306000000000000 ♠ $30,600,000 7006284000000000000 ♠ $2,840,000 1958 South Pacific 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006561000000000000 ♠ $5,610,000 1959 Ben - Hur 7007900000000000000 ♠ $90,000,000 ( 7008146900000000000 ♠ $146,900,000 / 7007661000000000000 ♠ $66,100,000 ) 7007159000000000000 ♠ $15,900,000 1960 Swiss Family Robinson 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Spartacus 7007600000000000000 ♠ $60,000,000 ( 7007221052250000000 ♠ $22,105,225 ) 7007102840140000000 ♠ $10,284,014 Psycho 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 + ( 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 7008215880212000000 ♠ $215,880,212 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 West Side Story 7008105000000000000 ♠ $105,000,000 ( 7007318000000000000 ♠ $31,800,000 ) 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1962 Lawrence of Arabia 7007773248520000000 ♠ $77,324,852 ( 7007699953850000000 ♠ $69,995,385 ) 7007138000000000000 ♠ $13,800,000 How the West Was Won 7007350000000000000 ♠ $35,000,000 7007144830000000000 ♠ $14,483,000 The Longest Day 7007332000000000000 ♠ $33,200,000 7006860000000000000 ♠ $8,600,000 1963 Cleopatra 7007403000000000000 ♠ $40,300,000 7007311150000000000 ♠ $31,115,000 From Russia with Love 7007789000000000000 ♠ $78,900,000 / 7007294000000000000 ♠ $29,400,000 ( 7007125000000000000 ♠ $12,500,000 ) 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1964 My Fair Lady 7007550000000000000 ♠ $55,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ $17,000,000 Goldfinger 7008124900000000000 ♠ $124,900,000 ( 7007460000000000000 ♠ $46,000,000 ) 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 Mary Poppins 7007440000000000000 ♠ $44,000,000 -- 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 1965 The Sound of Music 7008286214076000000 ♠ $286,214,076 ( 7008114600000000000 ♠ $114,600,000 ) 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 1966 The Bible : In the Beginning 7007253000000000000 ♠ $25,300,000 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 Hawaii 7007345622220000000 ♠ $34,562,222 ( 7007156000000000000 ♠ $15,600,000 ) 7007150000000000000 ♠ $15,000,000 Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 ( 7007145000000000000 ♠ $14,500,000 ) 7006761300000000000 ♠ $7,613,000 1967 The Jungle Book 7008170800000000000 ♠ $170,800,000 -- 7008199475744000000 ♠ 199,475,744 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Graduate 7007850000000000000 ♠ $85,000,000 7006310000000000000 ♠ $3,100,000 1968 2001 : A Space Odyssey 7008138000000000000 ♠ $138,000,000 -- 7008190000000000000 ♠ 190,000,000 ( 7007219000000000000 ♠ $21,900,000 ) 7007103000000000000 ♠ $10,300,000 Funny Girl 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7006880000000000000 ♠ $8,800,000 1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 7008152308525000000 ♠ $152,308,525 ( 7007371000000000000 ♠ $37,100,000 ) 7006660000000000000 ♠ $6,600,000 1970 Love Story 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 7006226000000000000 ♠ $2,260,000 Airport 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 1971 The French Connection 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 Fiddler on the Roof 7007494000000000000 ♠ $49,400,000 ( 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 / 7007451000000000000 ♠ $45,100,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 Diamonds Are Forever 7008116000000000000 ♠ $116,000,000 ( 7007457000000000000 ♠ $45,700,000 ) 7006720000000000000 ♠ $7,200,000 1972 The Godfather 7008245066044000000 ♠ $245,066,044 -- 7008286000000000000 ♠ 286,000,000 ( 7008127600000000000 ♠ $127,600,000 -- 7008142000000000000 ♠ 142,000,000 ) 7006620000000000000 ♠ $6,200,000 1973 The Exorcist 7008413071948000000 ♠ $413,071,948 ( 7008110000000000000 ♠ $110,000,000 ) 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 The Sting 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 7006550000000000000 ♠ $5,500,000 The Towering Inferno 7008139700000000000 ♠ $139,700,000 / 7007886500000000000 ♠ $88,650,000 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 Blazing Saddles 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 + 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Jaws 7008470653591000000 ♠ $470,653,591 ( 7008193700000000000 ♠ $193,700,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 1976 Rocky 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 ( 7007771000000000000 ♠ $77,100,000 ) 7006107500000000000 ♠ $1,075,000 1977 Star Wars 7008775398007000000 ♠ $775,398,007 ( 7008530000000000000 ♠ $530,000,000 / 7008268500000000000 ♠ $268,500,000 ) 7007112931510000000 ♠ $11,293,151 1978 Grease 7008394954752000000 ♠ $394,954,752 ( 7008341000000000000 ♠ $341,000,000 ) 7006600000000000000 ♠ $6,000,000 1979 Moonraker 7008210300000000000 ♠ $210,300,000 7007310000000000000 ♠ $31,000,000 Rocky II 7008200182289000000 ♠ $200,182,289 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 7008547969004000000 ♠ $547,969,004 ( 7008413562607000000 ♠ $413,562,607 ) 7007230000000000000 ♠ $23,000,000 -- 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32,000,000 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 7008389925971000000 ♠ $389,925,971 ( 7008321866000000000 ♠ $321,866,000 -- 7008353988025000000 ♠ 353,988,025 ) 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007228000000000000 ♠ 22,800,000 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 7008792910554000000 ♠ $792,910,554 ( 7008619000000000000 ♠ $619,000,000 -- 7008664000000000000 ♠ 664,000,000 ) 7007105000000000000 ♠ $10,500,000 -- 7007122000000000000 ♠ 12,200,000 Return of the Jedi 7008475106177000000 ♠ $475,106,177 ( 7008385845197000000 ♠ $385,845,197 ) 7007325000000000000 ♠ $32,500,000 -- 7007427000000000000 ♠ 42,700,000 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 7008333107271000000 ♠ $333,107,271 7007270000000000000 ♠ $27,000,000 -- 7007282000000000000 ♠ 28,200,000 1985 Back to the Future 7008389053797000000 ♠ $389,053,797 ( 7008381109762000000 ♠ $381,109,762 ) 7007190000000000000 ♠ $19,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 1986 Top Gun 7008356830601000000 ♠ $356,830,601 ( 7008345000000000000 ♠ $345,000,000 ) 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 Fatal Attraction 7008320145905000000 ♠ $320,145,905 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 1988 Rain Man 7008354825476000000 ♠ $354,825,476 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 7008474171806000000 ♠ $474,171,806 -- 7008494000000000000 ♠ 494,000,000 7007360000000000000 ♠ $36,000,000 -- 7007554000000000000 ♠ 55,400,000 1990 Ghost 7008505702423000000 ♠ $505,702,423 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 1991 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 7008522123387000000 ♠ $522,123,387 ( $519,843,345 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 1992 Aladdin 7008504050045000000 ♠ $504,050,045 7007280000000000000 ♠ $28,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park 7009102993990300000 ♠ $1,029,939,903 ( 7008914691118000000 ♠ $914,691,118 ) 7007630000000000000 ♠ $63,000,000 -- 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 1994 The Lion King 7008968483777000000 ♠ $968,483,777 ( 7008763455561000000 ♠ $763,455,561 ) 7007450000000000000 ♠ $45,000,000 -- 7007793000000000000 ♠ 79,300,000 1995 Toy Story 7008373554033000000 ♠ $373,554,033 ( 7008364873776000000 ♠ $364,873,776 ) 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 Die Hard with a Vengeance 7008366101666000000 ♠ $366,101,666 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70,000,000 Independence Day 7008817400891000000 ♠ $817,400,891 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 1997 Titanic 7009218677230200000 ♠ $2,186,772,302 ( 7009184320126800000 ♠ $1,843,201,268 ) 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 1998 Armageddon 7008553709626000000 ♠ $553,709,626 7008140000000000000 ♠ $140,000,000 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 7009102704467700000 ♠ $1,027,044,677 ( 7008924317558000000 ♠ $924,317,558 ) 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 -- 7008127500000000000 ♠ 127,500,000 2000 Mission : Impossible 2 7008546388105000000 ♠ $546,388,105 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 -- 7008125000000000000 ♠ 125,000,000 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 7008974755371000000 ♠ $974,755,371 7008125000000000000 ♠ $125,000,000 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers 7008926349708000000 ♠ $926,349,708 ( 7008921780457000000 ♠ $921,780,457 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 7009112023700200000 ♠ $1,120,237,002 ( 7009111911094100000 ♠ $1,119,110,941 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 Shrek 2 7008919838758000000 ♠ $919,838,758 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 7008896911078000000 ♠ $896,911,078 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 7009106617972500000 ♠ $1,066,179,725 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 7008963420425000000 ♠ $963,420,425 7008300000000000000 ♠ $300,000,000 2008 The Dark Knight 7009100455844400000 ♠ $1,004,558,444 ( 7008997039412000000 ♠ $997,039,412 ) 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185,000,000 2009 Avatar 7009278796508700000 ♠ $2,787,965,087 ( 7009274906432800000 ♠ $2,749,064,328 ) 7008237000000000000 ♠ $237,000,000 Toy Story 3 7009106696970300000 ♠ $1,066,969,703 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 7009134151121900000 ♠ $1,341,511,219 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2012 The Avengers 7009151881298800000 ♠ $1,518,812,988 7008220000000000000 ♠ $220,000,000 2013 Frozen 7009128700000000000 ♠ $1,287,000,000 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction 7009110403907600000 ♠ $1,104,039,076 7008210000000000000 ♠ $210,000,000 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 7009206822362400000 ♠ $2,068,223,624 7008245000000000000 ♠ $245,000,000 2016 Captain America : Civil War 7009115330449500000 ♠ $1,153,304,495 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2017 Beauty and the Beast 7009126341867100000 ♠ $1,263,418,671 7008160000000000000 ♠ $160,000,000 ( ... ) Since grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs , a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . To be ascertained . No contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross . However , it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals . Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year , earning $3 million . However , no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas , so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to . If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year , but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era , and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists . It is not clear if the figure for Sunny Side Up is for North America or worldwide . Other sources put its earnings at $2 million , which may suggest the higher figure is the worldwide rental , given the confusion over international figures during this period . The figure for It Happened One Night is not truly representative of its success : it was distributed as a package deal along with more than two dozen other Columbia films , and the total earnings were averaged out ; the true gross would have been much higher . Snow White 's $418 million global cume omits earnings outside of North America from 1987 onwards . It is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release . Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim ; however , it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure . Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves , who were keen to promote a successful film , or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate . Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful , while estimates were limited to performance in North America ; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up . Following the outbreak of World War II , many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box - office performance . In keeping with this new approach , the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ( $11 million lower than the previous figure ) , and as of 1953 -- following the 1947 re-release -- Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million . Through 1956 , MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000 , from three releases . Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures : they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release , and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956 . Mom and Dad does not generally feature in ' high - gross ' lists such as those published by Variety due to its independent distribution . Essentially belonging to the exploitation genre , it was marketed as an educational sex hygiene film in an effort to circumvent censorship laws . Falling foul of the Motion Picture Production Code , Mom and Dad was prevented from obtaining mainstream distribution and restricted to independent and drive - in theaters . It was the biggest hit of its kind , and remained in continual distribution until the 1970s when hardcore pornography eventually took over . At the end of 1947 it had earned $2 million , and by 1949 , $8 million ; by 1956 it had earned $22 million in rentals , representing a gross of $80 million , and would have easily placed in the top ten films in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Estimates of its total earnings are as high as $100 million . Chopra - Gant stipulates that the figure given for Unconquered is for North American box - office , but as was common at the time , the chart confuses worldwide and North American grosses . Other sources state that the takings for Forever Amber ( $8 million ) and Life with Father ( $6.5 million ) were in fact worldwide rental grosses , so it is possible this is also true of Unconquered . The Cinerama figures represent gross amounts . Since the Cinerama corporation owned the theaters there were no rental fees for the films , meaning the studio received 100 % of the box - office gross , unlike the case with most other films where the distributor typically receives less than half the gross . Since Variety at the time ranked films by their US rental , they constructed a hypothetical rental figure for the Cinerama films to provide a basis for comparison to other films in their chart : in the case of This Is Cinerama , the $50 million worldwide gross was reconfigured as a $12.5 million US rental gross ; this is exactly 25 % of the amount reported by Cinerama , so Variety 's formula seemingly halved the gross to obtain an estimate for the US share , and halved it again to simulate a rental fee . Variety 's ' rental ' amounts are often repeated , but have no basis in the reality of what the films actually earned -- they are hypothetical figures conceived for comparative analysis . All five Cinerama features collectively generated $120 million in worldwide box office receipts . Variety put the worldwide rental for The Greatest Show on Earth at around $18.35 million ( with $12.8 million coming from the United States ) a year after its release ; however , Birchard puts its earnings at just over $15 million up to 1962 . It is likely that Birchard 's figure is just the North American gross rental , and includes revenue from the 1954 and 1960 reissues . The `` first run '' Star Wars grosses do not include revenue from the 1997 special - edition releases ; however , the figure does include revenue from the re-releases prior to the special editions . Production costs were shared with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Timeline of highest - grossing films The Birth of a Nation pioneered many of the techniques used in filmmaking today , becoming the most successful film ever made at the time of its release . At least ten films have held the record of ' highest - grossing film ' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915 . Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty - five consecutive years apiece as the highest - grosser , with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron -- the current holder -- twice . Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T. , and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic . Some sources claim that The Big Parade superseded The Birth of a Nation as highest - grossing film , eventually being replaced by Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which in turn was quickly usurped by Gone with the Wind . Exact figures are not known for The Birth of a Nation , but contemporary records put its worldwide earnings at $5.2 million as of 1919 . Its international release was delayed by World War I , and it was not released in many foreign territories until the 1920s ; coupled with further re-releases in the United States , its $10 million earnings as reported by Variety in 1932 are consistent with the earlier figure . At this time , Variety still had The Birth of a Nation ahead of The Big Parade ( $6,400,000 ) on distributor rentals and -- if its estimate is correct -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( $8,500,000 ) would not have earned enough on its first theatrical run to take the record ; although it would have been the highest - grossing ' talkie ' , displacing The Singing Fool ( $5,900,000 ) . Although received wisdom holds that it is unlikely The Birth of a Nation was ever overtaken by a silent - era film , the record would fall to 1925 's Ben - Hur ( $9,386,000 ) if The Birth of a Nation earned significantly less than its estimated gross . In addition to its gross rental earnings through public exhibition , The Birth of a Nation played at a large number of private , club and organizational engagements which figures are unavailable for . It was hugely popular with the Ku Klux Klan who used it to drive recruitment , and at one point Variety estimated its total earnings to stand at around $50 million . Despite later retracting the claim , the sum has been widely reported even though it has never been substantiated . While it is generally accepted that Gone with the Wind took over the record of highest - grossing film on its initial release -- which is true in terms of public exhibition -- it is likely it did not overtake The Birth of a Nation in total revenue until a much later date , with it still being reported as the highest earner up until the 1960s . Gone with the Wind itself may have been briefly overtaken by The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , which closed at the end of 1960 with worldwide rentals of $58 -- 60 million compared to Gone with the Wind 's $59 million ; if it did claim the top spot its tenure there was short - lived , since Gone with the Wind was re-released the following year and increased its earnings to $67 million . Depending on how accurate the estimates are , the 1959 remake of Ben - Hur may also have captured the record from Gone with the Wind : as of the end of 1961 it had earned $47 million worldwide , and by 1963 it was trailing Gone with the Wind by just $2 million with international takings of $65 million , ultimately earning $66 million from its initial release . The 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat reportedly earned as much as $600 million , a figure that may have been inflated by gangsters in money laundering schemes . Another film purported to have been the highest - grosser is the 1972 pornographic film , Deep Throat . In 1984 , Linda Lovelace testified to a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on juvenile justice that the film had earned $600 million ; this figure has been the subject of much speculation , since if it is accurate then the film would have made more money than Star Wars , and finished the 1970s as the highest - grossing film . The main argument against this figure is that it simply did not have a wide enough release to sustain the sort of sums that would be required for it to ultimately gross this amount . Exact figures are not known , but testimony in a federal trial in 1976 -- about four years into the film 's release -- showed the film had grossed over $25 million . Roger Ebert has reasoned it possibly did earn as much as $600 million on paper , since mobsters owned most of the adult movie theaters during this period and would launder income from drugs and prostitution through them , so probably inflated the box office receipts for the film . The Birth of a Nation , Gone with the Wind , The Godfather , Jaws , Star Wars , E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases . The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record ; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940 ; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition ; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002 ; the total for Avatar -- as the current record - holder -- includes all its earnings at the present time . Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart : the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939 -- 1942 release ( roadshow / general release / second - run ) along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966 ; its 1971 entry -- after it took back the record -- includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases . The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards , and Jaws was released again in 1976 , and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases . The Sound of Music , The Godfather , Jaws , Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973 , 1997 , 1979 , 2013 and 2012 respectively , but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released . Timeline of the highest - grossing film record Established Title Record setting gross Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation $5,200,000 1940 $15,000,000 1940 Gone with the Wind $32,000,000 1963 $67,000,000 1966 The Sound of Music $114,600,000 1971 Gone with the Wind $116,000,000 1972 The Godfather $127,600,000 -- 142,000,000 1976 Jaws $193,700,000 1978 Star Wars $410,000,000 / $268,500,000 1982 $530,000,000 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $619,000,000 -- 664,000,000 1993 $701,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park $914,691,118 1998 Titanic $1,843,201,268 Avatar $2,749,064,328 $2,787,965,087 Distributor rental . Includes revenue from re-releases . If a film increased its gross through re-releases while holding the record , the year in which it recorded its highest gross is also noted in italics . Highest - grossing franchises and film series See also : List of the highest - grossing media franchises The James Bond series was the first to gross over $1 billion . Prior to 2000 , only seven film series had grossed over $1 billion at the box office : James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones , Rocky , Batman , Jurassic Park and Star Trek . Since the turn of the century that number has increased to over fifty ( not including one - off hits such as Avatar , Titanic and Frozen ) . This is partly due to inflation and market growth , but also to Hollywood 's adoption of the franchise model : films that have built - in brand recognition , such as being based on a well known literary source or an established character . The methodology is based on the concept that films associated with things audiences are already familiar with can be more effectively marketed to them , and as such are known as `` pre-sold '' films within the industry . The films in the cross-franchise Marvel Cinematic Universe have collectively grossed the most , amassing over $12 billion at the box office , although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices . The Harry Potter films are the highest - grossing series based on a single property , earning nearly $8 billion at the box office ; Harry Potter has also generated at least $3.5 billion in home video revenue , taking total consumer spending on the films to over $11 billion . If ancillary income from merchandise is included , then Star Wars is the most lucrative property ; it holds the Guinness world record for the `` most successful film merchandising franchise '' and was valued at £ 19.51 billion in 2012 ( approximately $30 billion ) . With four billion - dollar grossers , the Marvel Cinematic Universe is the only series where more than three films have grossed in excess of $1 billion ( Star Wars is the only franchise with three such films ) , and the two Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion . Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film , although the Star Wars , Pirates of the Caribbean , Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises , Harry Potter films , and Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptation also average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 06 October 2017 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Series Total worldwide gross No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $12,656,649,978 16 $791,040,624 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) ( show ) Phase Two $5,271,691,209 6 $878,615,202 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $1,405,403,694 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $773,328,629 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $644,571,402 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $519,311,965 ( show ) Phase One $3,811,244,484 6 $635,207,414 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 Thor ( 2011 ) $449,326,618 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $263,427,551 ( show ) Phase Three $3,573,714,285 $893,428,571 Captain America : Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $879,136,102 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $863,555,293 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $677,718,395 ( show ) J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World $8,539,253,704 9 $948,805,967 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) ( show ) Harry Potter series $7,725,216,129 8 $965,652,016 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $1,341,511,219 Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) $974,755,371 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $960,283,305 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $939,885,929 5 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $934,416,487 6 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $896,911,078 7 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $878,979,634 8 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $796,688,549 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,784,557 ( show ) Fantastic Beasts series $814,037,575 $814,037,575 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( $814,037,575 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $814,037,575 ( show ) Star Wars $7,516,234,702 9 $835,137,189 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) ( show ) Prequel trilogy $2,525,197,773 $841,732,591 The Phantom Menace ( $1,027,044,677 ) I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $1,027,044,677 III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $848,754,768 II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $649,398,328 ( show ) Sequel trilogy $2,068,223,624 $2,068,223,624 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $2,068,223,624 ( show ) Original trilogy $1,798,473,188 $599,491,063 A New Hope ( $775,398,007 ) IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) $775,398,007 V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $547,969,004 VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $475,106,177 ( show ) Anthology films $1,056,057,273 $1,056,057,273 Rogue One ( $1,056,057,273 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $1,056,057,273 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $68,282,844 ( show ) James Bond $7,040,275,645 26 $270,779,833 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Eon series $6,838,530,927 24 $284,938,789 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Daniel Craig 's Bond $3,174,372,309 $793,593,077 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $1,108,561,013 Spectre ( 2015 ) $880,674,609 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $599,045,960 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $586,090,727 ( show ) Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $1,479,008,618 $369,752,155 Die Another Day ( $431,971,116 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $431,971,116 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $361,832,400 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $352,194,034 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $333,011,068 ( show ) Roger Moore 's Bond $1,151,600,000 7 $164,514,286 Moonraker ( $210,300,000 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $210,300,000 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $194,900,000 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $185,400,000 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $183,700,000 5 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $152,400,000 6 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $126,400,000 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $98,500,000 ( show ) Sean Connery 's Bond $621,500,000 6 $103,583,333 Thunderball ( $141,200,000 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $141,200,000 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $124,900,000 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $116,000,000 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $101,000,000 5 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $78,900,000 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $59,500,000 ( show ) Timothy Dalton 's Bond $347,400,000 $173,700,000 The Living Daylights ( $191,200,000 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $191,200,000 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $156,200,000 ( show ) George Lazenby 's Bond $64,600,000 $64,600,000 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $64,600,000 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $64,600,000 Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $160,000,000 Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $41,744,718 5 ( show ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $5,884,488,087 7 $840,641,155 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) Jackson series $5,853,780,255 6 $975,630,043 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) The Hobbit $2,935,490,211 $978,496,737 An Unexpected Journey ( $1,021,103,568 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $1,021,103,568 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $958,366,855 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $956,019,788 ( show ) The Lord of the Rings $2,918,526,456 $972,842,152 The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $1,120,237,002 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $926,349,708 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $871,939,746 The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $30,471,420 6 ( show ) The Fast and the Furious $5,134,895,344 8 $641,861,918 Furious 7 ( $1,516,045,911 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $1,516,045,911 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $1,238,764,765 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $788,679,850 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $626,137,675 5 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $363,164,265 6 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $236,350,661 7 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $207,283,925 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $158,468,292 7 ( show ) X-Men $4,996,632,006 10 $499,663,201 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) ( show ) Main series $2,808,832,317 6 $468,138,720 Days of Future Past ( $747,862,775 ) Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $747,862,775 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $543,934,787 The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $459,359,555 X2 ( 2003 ) $407,711,549 5 First Class ( 2011 ) $353,624,124 6 X-Men ( 2000 ) $296,339,527 ( show ) Wolverine series $1,404,686,710 $468,228,903 Logan ( $616,795,600 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $616,795,600 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $414,828,246 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $373,062,864 ( show ) Deadpool series $783,112,979 $783,112,979 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $783,112,979 8 ( show ) Batman $4,995,812,576 15 $333,054,172 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) ( show ) Nolan series $2,463,716,216 $821,238,739 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $1,084,939,099 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $1,004,558,444 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $374,218,673 ( show ) Burton / Schumacher series $1,335,009,923 5 $267,001,985 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) ( show ) Main series $1,252,907,544 $313,226,886 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $411,348,924 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $336,529,144 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $266,822,354 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $238,207,122 Catwoman ( 2004 ) $82,102,379 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $873,260,194 $873,260,194 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $311,950,384 Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $5,617,391 ( show ) DC Universe Animated Original Movies $4,501,125 $2,250,563 The Killing Joke ( $4,462,034 ) The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $4,462,034 Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) $39,091 ( show ) 1960s TV series $1,757,343 $878,672 Batman : The Movie ( $1,700,000 ) Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $1,700,000 Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) $57,343 9 ( show ) Spider - Man $4,842,395,606 6 $807,065,934 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) ( show ) Raimi series $2,496,346,518 $832,115,506 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $890,871,626 Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $821,708,551 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $783,766,341 ( show ) Webb series $1,466,912,986 $733,456,493 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $757,930,663 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $757,930,663 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $708,982,323 ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $879,136,102 $879,136,102 Homecoming ( $879,136,102 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $879,136,102 10 ( show ) Pirates of the Caribbean $4,524,252,241 5 $904,850,448 Dead Man 's Chest ( $1,066,179,725 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $1,066,179,725 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $1,045,713,802 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $963,420,425 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $794,674,274 5 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $654,264,015 11 ( show ) Transformers $4,385,136,428 6 $730,856,071 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) ( show ) Bay series $4,379,286,781 5 $875,857,356 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $1,123,794,079 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $1,104,054,072 Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $836,303,693 Transformers ( 2007 ) $709,709,780 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $605,425,157 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $5,849,647 12 ( show ) Despicable Me $3,698,674,863 $924,668,716 Minions ( $1,159,398,397 ) ( show ) Main series $2,539,276,466 $846,425,489 Despicable Me 3 ( $1,025,400,596 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) $1,025,400,596 Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) $970,761,885 Despicable Me ( 2010 ) $543,113,985 Minions ( 2015 ) $1,159,398,397 13 ( show ) Jurassic Park $3,689,072,919 $922,268,230 Jurassic World ( $1,671,713,208 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $1,671,713,208 Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $1,029,939,903 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $618,638,999 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $368,780,809 14 ( show ) Shrek $3,510,794,482 5 $702,158,896 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) ( show ) Main series $2,955,807,005 $738,951,751 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $919,838,758 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $798,958,162 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $752,600,867 Shrek ( 2001 ) $484,409,218 Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $554,987,477 15 ( show ) The Twilight Saga $3,346,157,056 5 $669,231,411 Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( $829,746,820 ) Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) $829,746,820 Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) $712,205,856 New Moon ( 2009 ) $709,711,008 Eclipse ( 2010 ) $698,491,347 5 Twilight ( 2008 ) $393,616,788 6 Twilight / New Moon ( Combo ) $2,385,237 16 ( show ) Ice Age $3,217,251,681 5 $643,450,336 Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $886,686,817 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) $886,686,817 Continental Drift ( 2012 ) $877,244,782 The Meltdown ( 2006 ) $661,483,908 Collision Course ( 2016 ) $408,579,038 5 Ice Age ( 2002 ) $383,257,136 17 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $3,108,118,297 $777,029,574 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $821,212,531 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $745,600,054 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 18 ( show ) The Hunger Games $2,968,191,442 $742,047,861 Catching Fire ( $865,011,746 ) Catching Fire ( 2013 ) $865,011,746 Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) $755,356,711 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) $694,394,724 Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) $653,428,261 19 ( show ) Avengers $2,924,216,682 $1,462,108,341 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 20 ( show ) Mission : Impossible $2,778,977,995 5 $555,795,599 Ghost Protocol ( $694,713,380 ) Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) $694,713,380 Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) $682,330,139 Mission : Impossible II ( 2000 ) $546,388,105 Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) $457,696,359 5 Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) $397,850,012 21 ( show ) Superman $2,554,201,360 8 $319,275,170 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) ( show ) DC Extended Universe $1,541,305,712 $770,652,856 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 ( show ) Original series $621,814,456 5 $124,362,891 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) ( show ) Christopher Reeve films $607,518,018 $151,879,505 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $300,218,018 Superman II ( 1980 ) $190,400,000 Superman III ( 1983 ) $80,200,000 Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $36,700,000 Supergirl ( 1984 ) $14,296,438 Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $391,081,192 22 ( show ) Iron Man $2,423,918,805 $807,972,935 Iron Man 3 ( $1,214,811,252 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 23 ( show ) Star Trek $2,266,723,196 13 $174,363,323 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) ( show ) Kelvin Timeline $1,189,710,370 $396,570,123 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $467,381,584 Star Trek ( 2009 ) $385,680,446 Beyond ( 2016 ) $336,648,340 ( show ) The Original Series $621,900,000 6 $103,650,000 The Motion Picture ( $139,000,000 ) The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $139,000,000 IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $133,000,000 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $96,900,000 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $95,800,000 5 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $87,000,000 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $70,200,000 ( show ) The Next Generation $455,112,826 $113,778,207 First Contact ( $150,000,000 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $150,000,000 Generations ( 1994 ) $120,000,000 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $117,800,000 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $67,312,826 24 ( show ) Madagascar $2,256,517,920 $564,129,480 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) ( show ) Main series $1,883,502,299 $627,834,100 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) $746,921,274 Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) $603,900,354 Madagascar ( 2005 ) $532,680,671 Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) $373,015,621 25 ( show ) Captain America $2,238,138,536 $746,046,179 Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . References ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Producers claim prod'n has grossed over $3.2 bil at the B.O. worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar -- Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unkind unwind '' . The Economist . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . Entertainment Industry Economics : A Guide for Financial Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00309 - 5 . Most pictures would likely receive 20 % to 25 % of theatrical box office gross for two prime - time network runs . Jump up ^ Clark , Emma ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` How films make money '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Movies are n't the only B.O. monsters '' . Variety . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' Earns Record Box Office '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Entertainment Glut '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . February 15 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney : ' Cars ' Has Crossed $8 Billion in Global Retail Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Keegan , Rebecca ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Merchandise sales drive Pixar 's ' Cars ' franchise '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Sakoui , Anousha ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` More Disney Fun and Games With ' Toy Story 4 ' in 2017 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` How Hollywood Box - Office Records Are Made '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Best Weekend Never '' . Slate . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , S. Eric ; Albertson , Stewart ; Shavlick , David ( March 2004 ) . How the motion picture industry miscalculates box office receipts . Proceedings of the Midwest Business Economics Association . Loma Linda University . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon . `` ' Avatar ' Claims Highest Gross of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` What It Takes for a Movie to Be No. 1 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolesnikov - Jessop , Sonia ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood Presses Its Global Agenda '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoad , Phil ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` The rise of the international box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Why the Foreign Box Office Leads : ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Open Overseas First '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Box - Office Records Are the Stuff of ' Legend ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhardt , David ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Is Not the Top - Grossing Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars 2010 : How James Cameron took on the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , George F. ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` Gone With The Wind , Indeed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Economist online ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 60 ( 2015 ed . ) . 2014 . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781908843708 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды ( Guinness World Records ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by Andrianov , P.I. ; Palova , I.V. ( 2012 ed . ) . Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . North America : $57,884,114 ; Overseas : $285,666,656 ^ Jump up to : Cones , John W. ( 1997 ) . The feature film distribution deal : a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2082 - 0 . Distributor rentals : It is also important to know and recognize the difference between the distributor 's gross receipts and the gross rentals . The term `` rentals '' refers to the aggregate amount of the film distributor 's share of monies paid at theatre box offices computed on the basis of negotiated agreements between the distributor and the exhibitor . Note that gross receipts refers to amounts actually received and from all markets and media , whereas gross rentals refers to amounts earned from theatrical exhibition only , regardless of whether received by the distributor . Thus , gross receipts is the much broader term and includes distributor rentals . The issue of film rentals ( i.e. , what percentage of a film 's box office gross comes back to the distributor ) is of key importance ... More current numbers suggest that distributor rentals for the major studio / distributor released films average in the neighborhood of 43 % of box office gross . Again , however , such an average is based on widely divergent distributor rental ratios on individual films . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2009 ) ( 1st . pub . Focal Press : 2005 ) . Marketing to moviegoers : a handbook of strategies used by major studios and independents ( 2 ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 9780809328840 . Rentals are the distributors ' share of the box office gross and typically set by a complex , two - part contract . Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 2005 ) . The American film industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 09874 - 2 . Film Rentals as Percent of Volume of Business ( 1939 ) : 36.4 Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 1987 ) . United Artists : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11440 - 4 . To rekindle interest in the movies , Hollywood not only had to compete with television but also with other leisure - time activities ... Movies made a comeback by 1955 , but audiences had changed . Moviegoing became a special event for most people , creating the phenomenon of the big picture . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . `` Later epics proved far more disastrous for the backers . Samuel Bronston 's The Fall of the Roman Empire , filmed in Spain , cost $17,816,876 and grossed only $1.9 million in America . George Stevens 's long - gestating life of Christ , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , which had been in planning since 1954 and in production since 1962 , earned domestic rentals of $6,962,715 on a $21,481,745 negative cost , the largest amount yet spent on a production made entirely within the United States . The Bible -- in the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's latest ' Alien ' announcement drives Hollywood 's sequel problem '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Index By Year '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` All - Time Box - Office Hits By Decade and Year '' . Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Magazine . 32 . 2007 . The year 's top -- grossing movie , Aloma made $3 million in the first three months and brought Gray back to Milwaukee for its opening at the Wisconsin Theatre . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Parkinson , David ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film Musicals . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 9781843536505 . But they had previously succeeded in showing how musicals could centre on ordinary people with Sunny Side Up ( 1929 ) , which had grossed $2 million at the box office and demonstrated a new maturity and ingenuity in the staging of story and dance . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 6 -- 7 . `` For similar reasons of accountability , Variety has typically used figures for domestic ( U.S. and Canadian ) rather than worldwide revenue . This became its standard policy in 1940 , when the advent of war in Europe persuaded the American film industry ( temporarily , as it turned out ) that it should be wholly reliant on the home market for profitability . Where specific rentals data are reported in Variety before this ( which tended to be only sporadically ) they were often for worldwide rather domestic performance . This was also the case with other trade sources , such as Quigley 's annual Motion Picture Almanac , which published its own all - time hits lists from the early 1930s onward . The subsequent confusion of domestic and worldwide figures , and of rental and box - office figures , has plagued many published accounts of Hollywood history ( sometimes including those in Variety itself ) , and we have attempted to be diligant in clarifying the differences between them . '' Jump up ^ Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The Big Grossers '' . Time . February 2 , 1953 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 129 . `` Domestic Rentals : $30,015,000 ( 61 % ) ; Foreign Rentals : $18,964,000 ( 39 % ) ... Gone with the Wind includes initial release plus four rereleases ( 1941 , 1942 , 1947 and 1954 ) since foreign rental revenues were available only cumulative through 1956 . '' Jump up ^ McDermott , Christine ( 2010 ) , Life with Father , p. 307 , No matter what the billing , the movie became a worldwide hit with $6.5 million in worldwide rentals , from Pappa och vi in Sweden to Vita col padre in Italy , although it booked a net loss of $350,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 145 . `` The commercial success of the five Cinerama travelogues , which earned an aggregate worldwide box - office gross of $120 million by 1962 ( including $82 million in the United States and Canada ) , nevertheless demonstrated to the mainstream industry the market value of special screen formats . '' ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Pan ' flies again '' . Daily Record . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . July 21 , 1989 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 47 . `` Walt Disney took a big risk when he decided to invest $1.5 million in his first feature - length animated film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It became the biggest hit of the sound era and the largest - grossing movie since The Birth of a Nation -- until the release of independent producer David O. Selznick 's Gone with the Wind just two years later . '' Jump up ^ Barrios , Richard ( 1995 ) . A Song in the Dark : The Birth of the Musical Film . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195088113 . Since it 's rarely seen today , The Singing Fool is frequently confused with The Jazz Singer ; although besides Jolson and a pervasively maudlin air the two have little in common . In the earlier film Jolson was inordinately attached to his mother and sang `` Mammy '' ; here the fixation was on his young son , and `` Sonny Boy '' became an enormous hit . So did the film , which amassed a stunning world - wide gross of $5.9 million ... Some sources give it as the highest gross of any film in its initial release prior to Gone with the Wind . This is probably overstating it -- MGM 's records show that Ben - Hur and The Big Parade grossed more , and no one knows just how much The Birth of a Nation brought in . Still , by the standards of the time it 's an amazing amount . Jump up ^ Everson , William K. ( 1998 ) ( First published 1978 ) . American silent film . Da Capo Press . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80876 - 0 . Putting The Birth of a Nation in fifth place is open to question , since it is generally conceded to be the top - grossing film of all time . However , it has always been difficult to obtain reliable box - office figures for this film , and it may have been even more difficult in the mid-1930's . After listing it until the mid-1970's as the top - grosser , though finding it impossible to quote exact figures , Variety , the trade journal , suddenly repudiated the claim but without giving specific details or reasons . On the basis of the number of paid admissions , and continuous exhibition , its number one position seems justified . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . '' ^ Jump up to : du Brow , Rick ( September 22 , 1965 ) . `` Documentary On The Klan Made Quite An Impact On Du Brow '' . The Columbus Dispatch . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will ( April 12 , 2004 ) . `` Culture quake : The Birth of a Nation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 18 , 1963 ) . `` ' West Side Story ' Earned $19 Million Last Year '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Klopsch , Louis ; Sandison , George Henry ; Talmage , Thomas De Witt ( 1965 ) . `` Christian Herald '' . 88 : 68 . Yet `` The Ten Commandments '' has earned 58 million dollars in film rentals and is expected to bring in 10 to 15 million each year it is reissued . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 160 -- 161 . `` General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' Jump up ^ Oviatt , Ray ( April 16 , 1961 ) . `` The Memory Is n't Gone With The Wind '' . Toledo Blade . p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ( initial release ) '' Jump up ^ Washington ( AP ) ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' star against pornography '' . The Free Lance -- Star . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Numbers Just Do n't Add Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memphis ( UPI ) ( May 1 , 1976 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Defendant Found Guilty of Conspiring '' . The Palm Beach Post . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` Inside Deep Throat '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . At the end of the 1941 general release , MGM decided to withdraw GWTW again . The prints were battered , but the studio believed one final fling for GWTW was possible . The film returned to movie theaters for the third time in the spring of 1942 and stayed in release until late 1943 ... When MGM finally pulled the film from exhibition , all worn - out prints were destroyed , and GWTW was at last declared out of circulation . MGM , which by then had sole ownership of the film , announced that GWTW had grossed over $32 million . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 1997 ) . City of Dreams : The Making and Remaking of Universal Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . p. 168 . ISBN 9780813120164 . Jaws ( 1975 ) saved the day , grossing $104 million domestically and $132 million worldwide by January 1976 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Pat C. ( January 16 , 1978 ) . `` Independent Action '' . Evening Independent . p. 11 - A . Jump up ^ Cook , David A. ( 2002 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 . Volume 9 of History of the American Cinema , Charles Harpole . University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520232655 . The industry was stunned when Star Wars earned nearly $3 million in its first week and by the end of August had grossed $100 million ; it played continuously throughout 1977 -- 1978 , and was officially re-released in 1978 and 1979 , by the end of which it had earned $262 million in rentals worldwide to become the top - grossing film of all time -- a position it would maintain until surpassed by Universal 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial in January 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . BBC . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` He Doth Surpass Himself : ' Avatar ' Outperforms ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' breaks ' Titanic ' worldwide record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Wars Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Bayonne Bleeder Throws a Punch at the Italian Stallion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Stallone Settles With The ' Real ' Rocky '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poller , Kenneth G. ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Charles Wepner v. Sylvester Stallone '' ( PDF ) . Mango & Iacoviello . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012 , the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices ; after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre , the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Analysis : Harry Potter and the Big Pile of Money '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar 's $6 billion playthings '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listings -- Exchange Rates '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory vs. Finding Nemo '' ( North American `` domestic '' grosses adjusted to 2016 prices ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Box Office sources ^ Jump up to : Avatar Total : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $2,787,965,087 Total as of 2013 : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . $2,782,275,172 Special edition : `` Avatar ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $10,741,486 ; Overseas : $22,469,358 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Titanic Total : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $2,185,372,302 Original release : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . $1,843,201,268 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frozen `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Worldwide -- $1,274,219,009 ( total as of August 8 , 2014 ; including Japanese gross up to August 3 , Spain gross up to July 27 and omitting Nigerian gross ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 3 , 2014 : $247,650,477 Total as of August 31 , 2014 : $249,036,646 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Nigeria '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 17 , 2014 : $167,333 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Spain '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Total as of July 27 , 2014 : $21,668,593 Total as of November 2 , 2014 : $22,492,845 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : United Kingdom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of June 8 , 2014 : £ 39,090,985 Total as of November 30 , 2014 : £ 40,960,083 ( $1 = £ 0.63866 ) Total as of December 7 , 2014 : £ 41,087,765 ( $1 = £ 0.64136 ) Total as of December 14 , 2014 : £ 41,170,608 ( $1 = £ 0.636 ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Germany '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of March 30 , 2014 : € 35,098,170 Total as of October 18 , 2015 : € 42,526,744 nb . the exact euro to dollar conversion rate is unknown for earnings since April 2014 , but the euro never fell below parity with the dollar during 2014 and 2015 ( as can be verified by comparing the exchange rate on the individual date entries at the provided reference ) so an approximate conversion rate of € 1 : $1 is used here to give a lower - bound . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minions ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $1,119,929,521 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $818,580 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $307,481 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jurassic Park Total : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Worldwide : $1,029,153,882 ; Production Budget : $63 million Original release : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . $914,691,118 2011 re-release : `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 756 -- 757 . `` Production Cost : $70.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Jurassic Park was a smash at the box office , bringing in $920 million in worldwide box office and spawning two sequels . '' ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Women First : Titanic , Action - Aventure Films , and Hollywood 's Female Audience '' . In Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Rutgers University Press . pp. 108 -- 131 . ISBN 9780813526690 . p. 130 : The list has Jurassic Park at number one with $913 million , followed by The Lion King ... Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Total : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . $1,027,044,677 Original release : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $924,317,558 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Knight Total : `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Total : $1,004,558,444 Original release ( excluding 2009 IMAX reissue ) : `` The Dark Knight '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . North America : $531,039,412 ( as of January 22 , 2009 ) ; Overseas : $466,000,000 ; IMAX re-release : January 23 , 2009 2009 IMAX re-release : `` Warner Bros. Entertainment Wraps Record - Breaking Year '' . Warner Bros. January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . With worldwide receipts of $997 million , `` The Dark Knight '' is currently fourth on the all - time box office gross list , and the film is being re-released theatrically on January 23 . First - run gross and IMAX reissue : Gray , Brandon ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Billion Dollar Batman '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . The Dark Knight had been hovering just shy of $1 billion for several months and reportedly sat at $997 million when Warner Bros. modestly relaunched it on Jan. 23 , timed to take advantage of the announcement of the Academy Awards nominations on Jan. 22 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( February 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Moves Into No. 2 Position '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lion King Total : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide : $968,483,777 ; Production Budget : $45 million Lifetime grosses ( US & Canada ) : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Initial : $312,855,561 ; IMAX : $15,686,215 ; 3D : $94,242,001 Lifetime grosses ( outside US & Canada ) : Brevert , Brad ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 ... the original release of The Lion King made $450.6 million internationally , an additional $3.8 million with the 2002 IMAX reissue , and another $91.3 million from 2011 's 3D reissue for an international total of $545.7 million . As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 764 . `` Production Cost : $79.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $926,047,111 Re-release ( 2003 ) : `` The Two Towers ( Re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $1,996,877 ; Overseas : $1,505,170 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $764,607 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $302,597 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spectre ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Monaco , James ( 2009 ) . How to Read a Film : Movies , Media , and Beyond . Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199755790 . The Birth of a Nation , costing an unprecedented and , many believed , thoroughly foolhardy $110,000 , eventually returned $20 million and more . The actual figure is hard to calculate because the film was distributed on a `` states ' rights '' basis in which licenses to show the film were sold outright . The actual cash generated by The Birth of a Nation may have been as much as $50 million to $100 million , an almost inconceivable amount for such an early film . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ Lang , Robert , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Birth of a nation : D.W. Griffith , director . Rutgers University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2027 - 8 . The film eventually cost $110,000 and was twelve reels long . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 26 . Intolerance : `` Domestic Rentals : $1.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $0.5 ; Production Cost : $0.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , Intolerance , p. 45 , Intolerance was the most expensive American film made up until that point , costing a total of $489,653 , and its performance at the box ... but it did recoup its cost and end with respectable overall numbers . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Coons , Robin ( June 30 , 1939 ) . `` Hollywood Chatter '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Shipman , David ( 1970 ) . The great movie stars : the golden years . Crown Publishing Group . p. 98 . It was a low budgeter -- $120,000 -- but it grossed world - wide over $3 million and made stars of Chaney and his fellow - players , Betty Compson and Thomas Meighan . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2011 ) . The Fox Film Corporation , 1915 -- 1935 : A History and Filmography . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786462865 . Way Down East : p. 52 . `` D.W. Griffith 's Way Down East ( 1920 ) was projected to return rentals of $4,000,000 on an $800,000 negative . This figure was based on the amounts earned from its roadshow run , coupled with its playoff in the rest of the country 's theaters . Griffith had originally placed the potential film rental at $3,000,000 but , because of the success of the various roadshows that were running the $4,000,000 total was expected . The film showed a profit of $615,736 after just 23 weeks of release on a gross of $2,179,613 . '' What Price Glory ? : p. 112 . `` What Price Glory hit the jackpot with massive world rentals of $2,429,000 , the highest figure in the history of the company . Since it was also the most expensive production of the year at $817,000 the profit was still a healthy $796,000 ... '' Cavalcade : p. 170 . `` The actual cost of Cavalcade was $1,116,000 and it was most definitely not guaranteed a success . In fact , if its foreign grosses followed the usual 40 percent of domestic returns , the film would have lost money . In a turnaround , the foreign gross was almost double the $1,000,000 domestic take to reach total world rentals of $3,000,000 and Fox 's largest profit of the year at $664,000 . '' State Fair : p. 170 . `` State Fair did turn out to be a substantial hit with the help of Janet Gaynor boosting Will Rogers back to the level of money - making star . Its prestige engagements helped raked in a total $1,208,000 in domestic rentals . Surprisingly , in foreign countries unfamiliar with state fairs , it still earned a respectable $429,000 . With its total rentals , the film ended up showing a $398,000 profit . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 53 . `` The Four Forsemen of the Apocalypse was to become Metro 's most expensive production and one of the decade 's biggest box - office hits . Its production costs have been estimated at `` something between $600,000 and $800,000 . '' Variety estimated its worldwide gross at $4 million in 1925 and at $5 million in 1944 ; in 1991 , it estimated its cumulative domestic rentals at $3,800,000 . '' Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The parade 's gone by ... University of California Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03068 - 8 . The negative cost was about $986,000 , which did not include Fairbanks ' own salary . Once the exploitation and release prints were taken into account , Robin Hood cost about $1,400,000 -- exceeding both Intolerance ( $700,000 ) and the celebrated `` million dollar movie '' Foolish Wives . But it earned $2,500,000 . Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . Douglas Fairbanks . University of California Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9780520256675 . The film had a production cost of $930,042.78 -- more than the cost of D.W. Griffith 's Intolerance and nearly as much as Erich von Stroheim 's Foolish Wives ( 1922 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Business : Film Exports '' . Time . July 6 , 1925 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Birchard , Robert S. ( 2009 ) . Cecil B. DeMille 's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813138299 . ch. 45 . The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) . `` Cost : $1,475,836.93 ; Gross : $4,169,798.38 '' ch. 56 . The Sign of the Cross . `` Cost : $694,064.67 ; Gross : $2,738,993.35 ( to 1937 ) '' ch. 68 . Samson and Delilah . `` Cost : $3,097,563.05 '' ch. 69 . The Greatest Show on Earth . `` Cost : $3,873,946.50 ; Gross receipts : $15,797,396.36 ( to December 29 , 1962 ) '' ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) . `` Cost : $13,272,381.87 ; Gross receipts : $90,066,230.00 ( to June 23 , 1979 ) '' Jump up ^ May , Richard P. ( Fall 2005 ) , `` Restoring The Big Parade '' , The Moving Image , 5 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 146 , ISSN 1532 - 3978 , doi : 10.1353 / mov. 2005.0033 , ... earning somewhere between $18 and $22 million , depending on the figures consulted Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( 1991 ) . Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats ( 4 ed . ) . Abbeville Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 9781558592360 . The top grossing silent film was King Vidor 's The Big Parade ( US 25 ) , with worldwide rentals of $22 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . `` Even then , at a time when the budget for a feature averaged at around $300,000 , no more than $382,000 was spent on production ... According to the Eddie Mannix Ledger at MGM , it grossed $4,990,000 domestically and $1,141,000 abroad . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . ( At a negative cost of $3,967,000 , it was also the most expensive . ) '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` For Heaven 's Sake ( 1926 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` At a cost of $2 million Wings was the studio 's most expensive movie of the decade , and though it did well it was not good enough to earn a profit . '' ^ Jump up to : The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , The Jazz Singer , p. 113 , The film brought in $2.6 million in worldwide rentals and made a net profit of $1,196,750 . Jolson 's follow - up Warner Bros. film , The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) , brought in over two times as much , with $5.9 in worldwide rentals and a profit of $3,649,000 , making them two of the most profitable films in the 1920s . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Crafton , Donald ( 1999 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . University of California Press . pp. 549 -- 552 . ISBN 9780520221284 . The Singing Fool : Negative Cost ( $1000 s ) : 388 Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , The Broadway Melody , p. 121 , It earned $4.4 million in worldwide rentals and was the first movie to spawn sequels ( there were several until 1940 ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub. 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786420292 . The Singing Fool : p. 12 . `` Ego aside , Jolson was at the top of his powers in The Singing Fool . The $150,000 Warner Bros. paid him to make it , and the $388,000 it took to produce the film , were drops in the hat next to the film 's world gross of $5.9 million . Its $3.8 - million gross in this country set a box - office record that would not be surpassed until Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . '' The Broadway Melody : p. 24 . `` The Broadway Melody with a negative cost of $379,000 , grossed $2.8 million in the United States , $4.8 million worldwide , and made a recorded profit of $1.6 million for MGM . '' Gold Diggers of Broadway : p. 58 . `` It grossed an impressive $2.5 million domestically and nearly $4 million worldwide . '' ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) ( First published 1988 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : a corporate and financial history . Filmmakers series . 20 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810842441 . Sunny Side Up : p. 10 . `` Sunny Side Up , a musical starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell , showed domestic rentals of $3.5 million , a record for the company . '' Forever Amber : p. 66 . `` On the surface , with world rentals of $8 million , Forever Amber was considered a hit at distribution level . '' The French Connection p. 167 . `` The Planet of the Apes motion pictures were all moneymakers and Zanuck 's record would have immediately improved had he stayed through the release of The French Connection , which took in rentals of approximately $75 million worldwide . '' p. 256 . `` $3,300 , 00 '' . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 46 . `` Production Cost : $0.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Cormack , Mike ( 1993 ) . Ideology and Cinematography in Hollywood , 1930 -- 1939 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 28 . ISBN 9780312100674 . Although costing $1250000 -- a huge sum for any studio in 1929 -- the film was a financial success . Karl Thiede gives the domestic box - office at $1500000 , and the same figure for the foreign gross . ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 1996 ) . Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 . Volume 5 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520203341 . Cavalcade : p. 182 . `` Produced by Winfield Sheehan at a cost of $1.25 million , Cavalcade won Academy Awards for best picture , director , art direction and grossed close to $4 million during its first release , much of which came from Great Britain and the Empire . '' Whoopee : p. 212 . `` Produced by Sam Goldwyn at a cost of $1 million , the picture was an adaptation of a smash musical comedy built around Eddie Cantor ... A personality - centered musical , Whoopee ! made little attempt to integrate the comedy routines , songs , and story . Nonetheless , Cantor 's feature - film debut grossed over $2.6 million worldwide and started a popular series that included Palmy Days ( 1931 ) , The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , and Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) . '' Jump up ^ Hell 's Angels Balio , Tino ( 1976 ) . United Artists : The Company Built by the Stars . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 110 . Hughes did not have the `` Midas touch '' the trade press so often attributed to him . Variety , for example , reported that Hell 's Angels cost $3.2 million to make , and by July , 1931 , eight months after its release , the production cost had nearly been paid off . Keats claimed the picture cost $4 million to make and that it earned twice that much within twenty years . The production cost estimate is probably correct . Hughes worked on the picture for over two years , shooting it first as a silent and then as a talkie . Lewis Milestone said that in between Hughes experimented with shooting it in color as well . But Variety 's earnings report must be the fabrication of a delirious publicity agent , and Keats ' the working of a myth maker . During the seven years it was in United Artists distribution , Hell 's Angels grossed $1.6 million in the domestic market , of which Hughes ' share was $1.2 million . Whatever the foreign gross was , it seems unlikely that it was great enough to earn a profit for the picture . Jump up ^ Feaster , Felicia . `` Frankenstein ( 1931 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 163 . `` It drew $1.4 million in worldwide rentals in its first run versus $1.2 million for Dracula , which had opened in February 1931 . '' Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) . Chaplin : genius of the cinema . Abrams Books . p. 208 . Chaplin 's negative cost for City Lights was $1,607,351 . The film eventually earned him a worldwide profit of $5 million ( $2 million domestically and $3 million in foreign distribution ) , an enormous sum of money for the time . Jump up ^ Ramsaye , Terry , ed. ( 1937 ) . `` The All - Time Best Sellers -- Motion Pictures '' . International Motion Picture Almanac 1937 -- 38 . New York : The Quigley Publishing Company : 942 -- 943 . Kid from Spain : $2,621,000 ( data supplied by Eddie Cantor ) ^ Jump up to : Sedgwick , John ( 2000 ) . Popular Filmgoing In 1930s Britain : A Choice of Pleasures . University of Exeter Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 9780859896603 . Sources : Eddie Mannix Ledger , made available to the author by Mark Glancy ... Grand Hotel : Production Cost $000 s : 700 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 947 ; US box - office $000 s : 1,235 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,359 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,594 ; Profit $000 s : 947 . The Merry Widow : Production Cost $000 s : 1,605 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,116 ; US box - office $000 s : 861 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,747 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,608 ; Profit $000 s : - 113 . Viva Villa : Production Cost $000 s : 1,022 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 766 ; US box - office $000 s : 941 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 934 ; Total box - office $000 s : 1,875 ; Profit $000 s : 87 . Mutiny on the Bounty : Production Cost $000 s : 1,905 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,646 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,250 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,210 ; Total box - office $000 s : 4,460 ; Profit $000 s : 909 . San Francisco : Production Cost $000 s : 1,300 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,736 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,868 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,405 ; Total box - office $000 s : 5,273 ; Profit $000 s : 2,237 . Jump up ^ Shanghai Express Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 165 . `` Shanghai Express was Dietrich 's biggest hit in America , bringing in $1.5 million in worldwide rentals . '' Jump up ^ King Kong Jewel , Richard ( 1994 ) . `` RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 '' . Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 . 1933 release : $1,856,000 ; 1938 release : $306,000 ; 1944 release : $685,000 `` King Kong ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . 1952 release : $2,500,000 ; budget : $672,254.75 Jump up ^ `` I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . According to a modern source , it had a gross earning of $2,250,000 on the North American continent , with over a million more earned internationally . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` The studio released its most profitable pictures of the decade in 1933 , She Done Him Wrong and I 'm No Angel , written by and starring Mae West . Produced at a rock - bottom cost of $200,000 each , they undoubtedly helped Paramount through the worst patch in its history ... '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , She Done Him Wrong , p. 173 , The worldwide rentals of over $3 million keep the lights on at Paramount , which did not shy away from selling the movie 's sex appeal . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kendall R. ( 2008 ) . Controversial Cinema : The Films That Outraged America . ABC - CLIO . p. 26 . ISBN 9781567207248 . The reaction to West 's first major film , however , was not exclusively negative . Made for a mere $200,000 , the film would rake in a healthy $2 million in the United States and an additional million in overseas markets . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 135 . `` Total production cost : $274,076 ( Unadjusted $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Turk , Edward Baron ( 2000 ) ( 1st . pub. 1998 ) . Hollywood Diva : A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520222533 . The Merry Widow : p. 361 Cost : $1,605,000 . Earnings : domestic $861,000 ; foreign $1,747,000 ; total $2,608,000 . Loss : $113,000 . San Francisco : p. 364 Cost : $1,300,000 . Earnings : domestic $2,868,000 ; foreign $2,405,000 ; total $5,273,000 . Profit : $2,237,000 . ( Reissues in 1938 -- 39 and 1948 -- 49 brought profits of $124,000 and $647,000 respectively . ) Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . University Press of Mississippi . p. 309 . ISBN 9781604738384 . According to the studio 's books It Happened One Night brought in $1 million in film rentals during its initial release , but as Joe Walker pointed out , the figure would have been much larger if the film had not been sold to theaters on a block - booking basis in a package with more than two dozen lesser Columbia films , and the total rentals of the package spread among them all , as was customary in that era , since it minimized the risk and allowed the major studios to dominate the marketplace . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 2008 ) . Claudette Colbert : She Walked in Beauty . University Press of Mississippi . p. 79 . ISBN 9781604730876 . Although Columbia 's president , Harry Cohn , had strong reservations about It Happened One Night , he also knew that it would not bankrupt the studio ; the rights were only $5,000 , and the budget was set at $325,000 , including the performers ' salaries . Jump up ^ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - By - Film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780810874343 . Considered a highly risky gamble when the movie was in production in the mid-1930s , by the fiftieth anniversary of its 1937 premiere Snow White 's earnings exceeded $330 million . Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0911515008 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1987 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $46,594,719 `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1993 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $41,634,791 ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio Block & Wilson 2010 p. 207 . `` When the budget rose from $250,000 to $1,488,423 he even mortgaged his own home and automobile . Disney had bet more than his company on the success of Snow White . '' p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . p. 255 . `` On its initial release Pinocchio brought in only $1.6 million in domestic rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.2 million ) and $1.9 million in foreign rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.3 million ) . '' Jump up ^ 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You : `` You Ca n't Take It With You Premieres '' . Focus Features . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . You Ca n't Take It With You received excellent reviews , won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1938 Academy Awards , and earned over $5 million worldwide . Boys Town : Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Boys Town , p. 215 , The film quickly became a smash nationwide , making a profit of over $2 million on worldwide rentals of $4 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . The Adventures of Robin Hood : Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : the William Schaefer ledger '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 1 ( 15 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439689500260031 . $3.981 million . Alexander 's Ragtime Band : Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Alexander 's Ragtime Band , p. 213 , Once the confusion cleared , however , the film blossomed into a commercial success , with a profit of $978,000 on worldwide rentals of $3.6 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Chartier , Roy ( September 6 , 1938 ) . `` You Ca n't Take It With You '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 283 . `` The final negative cost of Gone with the Wind ( GWTW ) has been variously reported between $3.9 million and $4.25 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio ( 1940 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780199839223 . The film 's negative cost was $2.6 million , more than $1 million higher than Snow White 's . Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . p. 466 . ISBN 9780520221307 . Boom Town ( $4.6 million ) . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 258 -- 259 . `` Production Cost : $2.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Boom Town was the biggest moneymaker of 1940 and one of the top films of the decade . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 267 . `` With worldwide rentals of $7.8 million in its initial release , the movie made a net profit of over $3 million . '' Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 301 . `` The studio did particularly well with its war - related pictures , such as Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , which cost $1.6 million but was the studio 's biggest hit of the decade aside from This is the Army ( 1943 ) , the Irving Berlin musical for which the profits were donated to the Army Emergency Relief fund . '' Jump up ^ `` Bambi '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 281 . `` Worldwide rentals of $3,449,353 barely recouped the film 's nearly $2 million production cost . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Bambi : `` Worldwide Box Office : $266.8 ; Production Cost : $1.7 ( Millions of $ s ) '' 101 Dalmatians : `` Worldwide Box Office : $215.0 ; Production Cost : $3.6 ( Millions of $ s ) '' The Jungle Book : `` Worldwide Box Office : $170.8 '' ; Production Cost : $3.9 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Aladdin : `` Worldwide Box Office : $505.1 '' ; Production Cost : $28.0 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Glancy , Mark ( 1999 ) . When Hollywood Loved Britain : The Hollywood ' British ' Film 1939 -- 1945 . Manchester University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780719048531 . Mrs Miniver was a phenomenon . It was the most popular film of the year ( from any studio ) in both North America and Britain , and its foreign earnings were three times higher than those of any other MGM film released in the 1941 -- 42 season . The production cost ( $1,344,000 ) was one of the highest of the season , indicating the studio never thought of the film as a potential loss - maker . When the film earned a worldwide gross of $8,878,000 , MGM had the highest profit ( $4,831,000 ) in its history . Random Harvest nearly matched the success of Mrs Miniver with worldwide earnings of $8,147,000 yielding the second - highest profit in MGM 's history ( $4,384,000 ) . Random Harvest was also the most popular film of the year in Britain , where it proved to be even more popular than Britain 's most acclaimed war film , In Which We Serve . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 Mrs. Miniver : Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mrs. Miniver , p. 279 , Mrs. Miniver 's galvanizing effect on Americans spawned a record - breaking ten - week run at Radio City Music Hall and garnered a $5.4 million take in domestic rentals ( making Mrs. Miniver 1942 's top grosser ) , with a $4.8 million profit on worldwide rentals of $8.9 million . Yankee Doodle Dandy : p. 275 . `` It became the second biggest box - office hit of 1942 ( after Mrs. Miniver ) and was praised by critics , making a profit of $3.4 million on worldwide rentals of $6.5 million . '' Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , For Whom the Bell Tolls , p. 287 , Despite the early furor over the novel being `` pro-red and immoral , '' the film opened to strong and favorable reviews and brought in $11 million in worldwide rentals in its initial release . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guy Named Joe ( 1944 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . According to M-G-M studio records at the AMPAS Library , the film had a negative cost of $2,627,000 and took in $5,363,000 at the box office . When the picture was re-issued for the 1955 -- 56 season , it took in an additional $150,000 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Irving Berlin : This Is the Army '' . Prologue. 28 ( 2 ) . Part 3 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Army ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 356 -- 363 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` ( Unadjusted $ s ) in Millions of $ s -- Production Cost : $1.0 '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 232 . Mrs. Miniver : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,358,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $3,520,000 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Meet Me in St. Louis : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,016,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,623,630 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Easter Parade : `` Domestic Rentals : $4,144,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,774,134 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Schaefer , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Bold ! Daring ! Shocking ! True ! '' : A History of Exploitation Films , 1919 -- 1959 . Duke University Press . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 9780822323747 . Leading the pack of postwar sex hygiene films was Mom and Dad ( 1944 ) , which would become not only the most successful sex hygiene film in history but the biggest pre-1960 exploitation film of any kind . At the end of 1947 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Mom and Dad had grossed $2 million . By 1949 Time had estimated that Mom and Dad had taken in $8 million from twenty million moviegoers . And publicity issuing from Mom and Dad 's production company indicated that by the end of 1956 it had grossed over $80 million worldwide . Net rentals of around $22 million by 1956 would easily place it in the top ten films of the late 1940s and early 1950s had it appeared on conventional lists . Some estimates have placed its total gross over the years at up to $100 million , and it was still playing drive - in dates into 1975 ... The film was made for around $65,000 with a crew of Hollywood veterans including director William `` One Shot '' Beaudine , cinematographer Marcel LePicard , and a cast that sported old stalwarts Hardie Albright , Francis Ford , and John Hamilton . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 296 . `` Production Cost : $1.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Wasson , Sam ( 2010 ) , The Bells of St. Mary 's , p. 297 , This was that rare sequel that did even better at the box office than the original , bringing in a $3.7 million profit on $11.2 million in worldwide rentals . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2007 ) . Walt Disney : the biography . Aurum Press . pp. 438 . Still , the film wound up grossing $3.3 million ... Jump up ^ `` Song of the South ( 1946 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 p. 132. `` Best Years was considerably cheaper , costing only $2.1 million , and therefore vastly more profitable . '' p. 286 ( note 6.70 ) . `` Worldwide rentals for The Best Years of Our Lives amounted to $14,750,000 . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Best years of Our Lives , p. 301 , The film made a $5 million profit on worldwide rentals of $14.8 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 285 ( note 6.56 ) . `` The cost of Duel in the Sun has been reported as both $5,255,000 ( Haver , David O'Selznick's Hollywood , 361 ) and $6,480,000 ( Thomson , Showman : The Life of David O'Selznick , 472 ) ; the latter figure may include distribution expenses . Forever Amber cost $6,375,000 ( Solomon , Twentieth Century - Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , 243 ) . '' Jump up ^ Chopra - Gant , Mike ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Genres and Post-war America : Masculinity , Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir . I.B. Tauris . p. 18 . ISBN 9781850438151 . Forever Amber : $8 million ; Unconquered : $7.5 million ; Life with Father : $6.25 million Jump up ^ `` Unconquered ( 1947 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` Easter Parade ( 1948 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Street , Sarah ( 2002 ) . Transatlantic Crossings : British Feature Films in the United States . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9780826413956 . Although both films had higher than average budgets ( The Red Shoes cost £ 505,581 and Hamlet cost £ 572,530 , while the average cost of the other thirty films for which Rank supplied information was £ 233,000 ) , they resulted in high takings at home and abroad . Jump up ^ Officer , Lawrence H. ( 2011 ) . `` Dollar - Pound Exchange Rate From 1791 '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . 1947 -- 1948 : $4.03 ( per British pound ) Jump up ^ `` The Snake Pit '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snake Pit ' Seen No Problem After All '' . Variety . January 19 , 1949 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 136 -- 139 Samson and Delilah : `` ... the film became the highest grosser in the studio 's history to date , with domestic rentals of $7,976,730 by 1955 and a further $6,232,520 overseas ... For all their spectacle , Samson and David were quite economically produced , costing $3,097,563 and $2,170,000 respectively . '' Quo Vadis : `` Production costs totaled a record $7,623,000 ... Worldwide rentals totaled $21,037,000 , almost half of which came from the foreign market . '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 1950 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Michael D. ; Schwartz , Tony ( 2009 ) . Work in Progress . Pennsylvania State University . p. 178 . ISBN 9780786885077 . Cinderella revived its fortunes . Re-released in February 1950 , it cost nearly $3 million to make but earned more than $20 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 401 . ISBN 9780195167290 . It cost around $2.2 million , little more than each of the two package features , Melody Time and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( as Tluo Fabulous Characters had ultimately been named ) , that just preceded it , but its gross rentals -- an amount shared by Disney and RKO -- were $7.8 million , almost twice as much as the two package features combined . Jump up ^ The E.J. Mannix ledger . Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences : Howard Strickling Collection . 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Lev , Peter ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Screen , 1950 -- 1959 . Volume 7 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520249660 . Quo Vadis : p. 15 . `` MGM 's most expensive film of the period , Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) also did extremely well . The cost was $7,623,000 , earnings were an estimated $21.2 million ( with foreign earnings almost 50 percent of this total ) , and profit was estimated at $5,562,000 . '' Rear Window : pp. 203 -- 204 . `` Rear Window ( 1954 ) was an excellent commercial success , with a cost of $1 million and North American rentals of $5.3 million . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 335 . The Robe : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.7 ; Foreign Rentals : $9.4 ; Production Cost : $4.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Quo Vadis : `` Domestic Rentals : $11.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zone , Ray ( 2012 ) . 3 - D Revolution : The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema . University Press of Kentucky . p. 71 . ISBN 9780813136110 . Produced at a cost of $1 million , This is Cinerama ran 122 weeks , earning $4.7 million in its initial New York run alone and eventually grossed over $32 million . It was obvious to Hollywood that the public was ready for a new form of motion picture entertainment . The first five Cinerama feature - length travelogues , though they only played in twenty - two theaters , pulled in a combined gross of $82 million . Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Greatest Show on Earth , pp. 354 -- 355 , By May 1953 , Variety was reporting that the Best Picture winner had amassed $18.35 million in worldwide rentals . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 1953 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 147 -- 148 . `` To take full advantage of CinemaScope 's panoramic possibilities , shooting was delayed for the sets to be redesigned and rebuilt , adding $500,000 to the eventual $4.1 million budget ... It ultimately returned domestic rentals of $17.5 million and $25 million worldwide , placing it second only to Gone with the Wind in Variety 's annually updated chart . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 367 . `` It brought in $16.7 million in domestic rentals , $9.4 million in foreign rentals , and made a net profit of $8.1 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Rear Window '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` Domestic Box Office : $19.6 million ; Production Cost : $3.8 million . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 149 . `` VistaVision was first used for the musical White Christmas ( 1954 ) , which Variety named the top grosser of its year with anticipated domestic rentals of $12 million . '' Jump up ^ `` 20000 Leagues Under The Sea '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John M. `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ( 1954 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 320 . `` It was up and running in time to handle Disney 's most elaborate expensive feature , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , based on the book by Jules Verne , starring James Mason and Kirk Douglas and directed by Richard Fleischer at a cost of $4.5 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minego , Pete ( May 21 , 1956 ) . `` Pete 's Pungent Patter '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Portsmouth , Ohio . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 382 . `` Production Cost : $2.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mister Roberts , p. 383 , Mister Roberts sailed onto movie screens buoyed by enthusiastic reviews and receptive audiences . For pr , Fonda , Cagney , and lemmon reenacted several scenes on ed sullivan 's popular Toast of the Town television variety show . It returned a net profit of $4.5 million on worldwide rentals of $9.9 million , putting it in the top 5 domestic films of 1955 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 327 . `` Production cost : $13.3 million ; Domestic Film Rental : $31.3 ; Foreign Film Rental : $23.9 ; Worldwide Box office ( estimated ) : $122.7 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 159 -- 161 The Ten Commandments : `` No film did more to entrench roadshow policy than The Ten Commandments . While the success of This Is Cinerama , The Robe , and even Eighty Days could be attributed , at least in part , to their respective photographic and projection formats , that of DeMille 's film ( which cost a record $13,266,491 ) could not ... General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' The Bridge on the River Kwai : Columbia 's Anglo - American war film The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) opened on a roadshow basis in selected U.S. cities ( including New York , Chicago , Boston , and Los Angeles ) and in London . Costing only $2,840,000 to produce , it grossed $30.6 million worldwide on first release . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 153 . `` South Pacific also became for a time the most successful film ever released in the United Kingdom , where it earned a box - office gross three times its negative cost of $5,610,000 . Anticipated global rentals after three years were $30 million . '' Jump up ^ Ross , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Hollywood Left and Right : How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics . Oxford University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 9780199911431 . Costing $15 million to produce , the film earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide by January 1989 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide box office : $146.9 million ; Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ; Production cost : $15.9 million . ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Reid , John Howard ( 2006 ) . America 's Best , Britain 's Finest : A Survey of Mixed Movies . Volume 14 of Hollywood classics . Lulu . p. 243 -- 245 . ISBN 9781411678774 . Negative cost : around $4 million ; Worldwide film rentals gross ( including 1968 American reissue ) to 1970 : $30 million . Jump up ^ Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland & Company . pp. 298 ( note 2.23 ) . ISBN 9780786459162 . Spartacus cost $12 million and grossed some $60 million at the box office , figures Kubrick rarely again matched . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . Spartacus : `` In the case of Spartacus , overseas earnings to 1969 amounted to $12,462,044 , while U.S. and Canadian rentals ( even including a million - dollar TV sale ) were only $10,643,181 . But the film failed to show a profit on production costs of $10,284,014 because of the distribution charges and expenses amounting to an additional $15,308,083 . '' The Bible : `` The Bible -- In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` Psycho ( 1960 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . Variety . December 31 , 1960 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , West Side Story , p. 449 , With its three rereleases , it took in over $105 million in worldwide box office ( $720 million in 2005 dollars ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 434 . The Sound of Music : `` Domestic Rentals : $68.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $46.2 ; Production Cost : $8.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Dirty Dozen : `` Domestic Rentals : $20.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.2 ; Production Cost : $5.4 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' 2001 : A Space Odyssey : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $5.5 ; Production Cost : $10.3 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $22.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $18.2 ; Production Cost : $44.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' West Side Story : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Longest Day : `` Domestic Rentals : $13.9 ; Foreign Rentals : $19.3 ; Production Cost : $8.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` Domestic Rentals : $29.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $7.9 ; Production Cost : $6.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawrence of Arabia 1962 release : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Worldwide Box Office : $69,995,385 ; International Box Office : $32,500,000 US total ( including reissues ) : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $44,824,852 ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 165 -- 166 Lawrence of Arabia : Columbia released the $13.8 million Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , filmed in Super Panavision 70 , exclusively on a hard - ticket basis , but opened Barabbas ( 1962 ) , The Cardinal ( 1963 ) , and the $12 million Joseph Conrad adaptation Lord Jim ( 1965 ) as 70mm roadshows in selected territories only . '' The Longest Day : `` Darryl 's most ambitious independent production was The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , a three - hour reconstruction of D - Day filmed in black - and - white CinemaScope at a cost of $8 million . It grossed over $30 million worldwide as a roadshow followed by general release , thereby helping the studio regain stability during its period of reorganization . '' Cleopatra : `` With top tickets set at an all - time high of $5.50 , Cleopatra had amassed as much as $20 million in such guarantees from exhibitors even before its premiere . Fox claimed the film had cost in total $44 million , of which $31,115,000 represented the direct negative cost and the rest distribution , print and advertising expenses . ( These figures excluded the more than $5 million spent on the production 's abortive British shoot in 1960 -- 61 , prior to its relocation to Italy . ) By 1966 worldwide rentals had reached $38,042,000 including $23.5 million from the United States . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 164 . `` West cost $14,483,000 ; although it earned $35 million worldwide in just under three years , with ultimate domestic rentals totaling $20,932,883 , high distribution costs severely limited its profitability . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 From Russia With Love : `` Worldwide Box Office : 78.9 ; Production Cost : 2.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Goldfinger : `` Worldwide Box Office : 124.9 ; Production Cost : 3.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Worldwide Box Office : 116 ; Production Cost : 7.2 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Moonraker : `` Worldwide Box Office : 210.3 ; Production Cost : 34.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' ^ Jump up to : Chapman , James ( 2007 ) . Licence to thrill : a cultural history of the James Bond films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 515 - 9 . From Russia With Love : `` The American release of From Russia With Love again followed on some six months after it had been shown in Britain . North American rentals of $9.9 million were an improvement on its predecessor , helped by a slightly wider release , though they were still only half the $19.5 million of foreign rentals ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Diamonds Are Forever marked a return to the box - office heights of the Bond films of the mid-1960s . Its worldwide rentals were $45.7 million ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Moonraker : `` These figures were surpassed by Moonraker , which earned total worldwide rentals of $87.7 million , of which $33 million came from North America . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 2009 ) . United Artists , Volume 2 , 1951 -- 1978 : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23014 - 2 . From Russia With Love : `` The picture grossed twice as much as Dr. No , both domestic and foreign -- $12.5 million worldwide ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Goldfinger : `` Produced on a budget of around $3 million , Goldfinger grossed a phenomenal $46 million worldwide the first time around . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 184 My Fair Lady : `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) cost Warners $17 million to make , including a record $5.5 million just for the film rights to the Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe stage show and a million - dollar fee for star Audrey Hepburn . By 1967 it was reported to have grossed $55 million from roadshowing worldwide . '' Mary Poppins : `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , which cost $5.2 million , was neither a stage adaptation nor a roadshow . But by the end of its first release , it had grossed nearly $50 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mary Poppins , p. 469 , In its initial run , Poppins garnered an astounding $44 million in worldwide rentals and became the company 's first Best Picture Oscar contender . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 188 . `` The negative cost of Warners ' adaptation of Edward Albee 's play Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) -- filmed in widescreen and black - and - white , largely set in domestic interiors and with a cast of only four principal actors -- amounted to $7,613,000 , in part because stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton received up - front fees of $1 million and $750,000 respectively , against 10 percent of the gross apiece . ( Their participation was presumably added to the budget ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Variety . December 31 , 1966 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 1991 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9780887388439 . The Graduate : p. 167 . `` World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971 . '' Grease : p. 236 . `` The film was produced for $6 million and Paramount reportedly spent another $3 million on promotion . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 191 -- 192 The Graduate : `` The Graduate eventually earned U.S. rentals of $44,090,729 on a production cost of $3.1 million to become the most lucrative non-roadshow picture ( and independent release ) to date . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` None of these films was roadshown in the United States ; most were set in contemporary America or had a contemporary `` take '' on the past ( the casting of genuine teenagers to play Romeo and Juliet , the urbane sophistication of the dialogue in Butch Cassidy , the antiauthoritarianism of Bonnie and Clyde and MASH ) ; most were produced on modest or medium - sized budgets ( as low as $450,000 for Easy Rider and no higher than $6,825,000 for Butch Cassidy ) ; and all grossed upward of $10 million domestically . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , R. Barton ( 2006 ) . `` 2001 : The Critical Reception and the Generation Gap '' . In Kolker , Robert Phillip . Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : a Space Odyssey : New Essays . Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780195174526 . With its initial and subsequent releases , domestic and worldwide , Kubrick 's arty , intellectual film earned nearly $138 million , which was , at that time , an astounding figure . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haber , Joyces ( March 27 , 1969 ) . `` ' Funny Girl ' a Box Office Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 ... `` Funny Girl '' will gross an estimated $80 to $100 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Welles , Chris ( September 7 , 1970 ) . `` Behind the Silence at Columbia Pictures -- No Moguls , No Minions , Just Profits '' . New York . 3 ( 36 ) . New York Media . pp. 42 -- 47 . While Columbia , battling Ray Stark over every dollar , did Funny Girl for around $8.8 million , a million or so over budget , Fox spent nearly $24 million on Hello , Dolly ! , more than twice the initial budget , and the film will thus have to gross three times as much to break even . Jump up ^ Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid United States and Canada : `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $102,308,525 Outside North America : Vanity Fair . 2008 . p. 388 . Butch Cassidy went on to be a huge hit -- by the spring of 1970 it had taken in $46 million in North America and grossed another $50 million abroad . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Story ' II : Ryan Redux ? '' . New York . 9 . New York Media . 1976 . p. 389 . Bring those handkerchiefs out of retirement ... After all , the first movie made around $80 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Love Story , p. 545 , The final cost came in at $2,260,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( June 30 , 1979 ) . `` '' Airports '' Flourish `` . The Bryan Times . United Press International . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 541 . `` Screenwriter and director George Seaton was given a then - whopping production budget of $10 million to make what would be his last big movie after a long career as an actor in radio , a screenwriter , and a director . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 549 . `` Fiddler had the highest domestic box office of 1971 ( it was second in worldwide box office after Diamonds Are Forever ) , with more than $100 million in unadjusted worldwide box office on its initial release . The soundtrack album was also a huge seller . The 1979 rerelease was not as successful , with the $3.8 million print and ad costs almost as high as the $4.3 million in worldwide rentals . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 527 . Star Wars : `` Domestic Rentals : $127.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $141.5 ; Production Cost : $13.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Godfather : `` Domestic Rentals : $85.6 ; Foreign Rentals : $42.0 ; Production Cost : $7.2 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Fiddler on the Roof : `` Domestic Rentals : $34.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.1 ; Production Cost : $9.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Rocky : `` Domestic Rentals : $56.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $21.1 ; Production Cost : $1.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ The Godfather 1974 : Newsweek. 84 . 1974 . p. 74 . The original Godfather has grossed a mind - boggling $285 million ... 1991 : Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg , and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . p. 36 . ISBN 9780899506180 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North America : $1,267,249 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 246 . `` Domestic Box Office : $135.0 ; Foreign Box Office : $110.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,044 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Diane ( 1980 ) . Hollywood Renaissance . Dell Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 9780440533825 . The Godfather catapulted Coppola to overnight celebrity , earning three Academy Awards and a then record - breaking $142 million in worldwide sales . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robert Henry ; Steinberg , Charles Side ( 1976 ) . The media environment : mass communications in American society . Hastings House . p. 76 . ISBN 9780803846814 ... further reflected by the phenomenal successes of The Sting , Chinatown and The Exorcist . The latter film , which cost about $10 million to produce , has grossed over $110 million worldwide . Jump up ^ New York , 8 , New York Media , 1975 , ... Jaws should outstrip another MCA hit , The Sting , which had world - wide revenues of $115 million . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 560 . `` Production Cost : $5.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 206 -- 208 . `` The most successful entry in the disaster cycle was the $15 million The Towering Inferno which earned over $48,650,000 in domestic rentals and about $40 million foreign . '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Mel ( 2004 ) . `` My Movies : The Collisions of Art and Money '' . In Squire , Jason E. The movie business book ( 3 ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1937 - 2 . To their credit , Blazing saddles , opened wide in June to tremendous business around the country . It 's done over $80 million in rentals worldwide in 1974 dollars . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 564 . `` Production Cost : $2.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ Priggé , Steven ( 2004 ) . Movie Moguls Speak : Interviews With Top Film Producers . McFarland & Company . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786419296 . The budget for the first Jaws was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 214 . `` Rocky was the `` sleeper of the decade '' . Produced by UA and costing just under $1 million , it went on to earn a box - office gross of $117,235,247 in the United States and $225 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Rocky , p. 583 , The budget was $1,075,000 plus producer 's fees of $100,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T. '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Its worldwide box - office gross was $619 million , toppling the record of $530 million set by Star Wars . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 218 . `` Eventually costing $11,293,151 , Star Wars was previewed at the Northpoint Theatre in San Francisco on May 1 , 1977 . '' Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' N ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 145 . ISBN 9781459600072 . Despite the fact that Grease was well on its way to becoming the highest - grossing movie musical in the world , and eventually grossed over $341 million ... ^ Jump up to : Kramer vs. Kramer United & Babson Investment Report . 72 . Babson - United , Inc. 1980 . p. 262 . Columbia Pictures Industries is continuing to rake in the box office dollars from its Oscar - winning Kramer vs. Kramer , which has topped $100 million in domestic grosses and $70 million overseas . Kramer , which cost less than $8 million to make , is now the second ... Prince , Stephen ( 2002 ) . A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 -- 1989 . University of California Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23266 - 2 . Much of this was attributable to the performance of its hit film , Kramer vs. Kramer ( $94 million worldwide and the number two film in the domestic market ) . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Greg ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Rules of the Game '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 119 ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back Total up to 2014 : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $538,375,067 Special edition : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $67,597,694 ; Overseas : $57,214,766 2015 re-release : `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $9,593,937 ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 519 . The Empire Strikes Back : `` Production Cost : $32.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Return of the Jedi : `` Production Cost : $42.7 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Phantom Menace : `` Production Cost : $127.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Total : $389,925,971 ; North America : $212,222,025 ( original run ) ; Overseas : $141,766,000 Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 625 . Domestic Box office : $180.1 ; `` Production Cost : $22.8 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 609 . `` Steven Spielberg , by far the most successful director of the decade , had the highest - grossing movie with 1982 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial , which grossed over $664 million in worldwide box office on initial release . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 652 . `` Production Cost : $12.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi Total : `` Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $475,106,177 Special edition : `` Return of the Jedi ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $45,470,437 ; Overseas : $43,790,543 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 664 . `` Production Cost : $28.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Back to the Future Original release : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Worldwide : $381,109,762 ; Production Budget : $19 million 2010 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2010 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $2,315,159 2014 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2014 re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . United Kingdom : $5,628,876 Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 268 . `` The studio had a record operating income of $212 million in 1982 , the year of Spielberg 's E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial ( which had cost only slightly over $10 million ) and $150 million in 1985 , mainly due to another Spielberg production , the $22 million Back to the Future , which became the top box office hit of the year . '' Jump up ^ `` Top Gun '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , Top Gun , pp. 678 -- 679 , Production Cost : $19.0 ( Millions of $ s ) ... Despite mixed reviews , it played in the top 10 for an extended period and was a huge hit , grossing almost $345 million in worldwide box office . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Fatal Attraction `` Fatal Attraction '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Scott , Vernon ( June 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Three Men and Baby ' Sequel Adds Cazenove to Original Cast '' . The Daily Gazette . New York . Hollywood ( UPI ) . p. 9 ( TV Plus -- The Daily Gazette Supplement ) . That legacy is the $167,780,960 domestic box - office and $75 million foreign gross achieved by the original ... Jump up ^ `` Rain Man '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 244 . `` Rain Man : 30.0 ( cost in million $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 694 -- 695 . `` Production Cost : $55.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... The film went on to haul in over $494 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terminator 2 Original release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . $519,843,345 3D re-release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 8 July 1991 ) . `` Conan The Humanitarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toy Story Total : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Worldwide : $373,554,033 3D release : `` Toy Story in 3D ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $8,680,257 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 776 . `` Production Cost : $30.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Die Hard : With A Vengeance '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armageddon '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 509 . `` Production Cost : $140.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . 1973 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ New Times . 2 . 1974 . Coppola is King Midas , the most individually powerful U.S. filmmaker . '' His credits include directing the first Godfather ( worldwide earnings : $142 million , ahead of Gone with the Wind , The Sound of Music and The Exorcist ) ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( May 18 , 1980 ) . `` The Saga Beyond ' Star Wars ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . `` Star Wars '' has brought 20th Century - Fox approximately $250 million in film rentals ... `` Star Wars '' grossed $410 million , and his share was enough to allow him to finance its sequel , `` The Empire Strikes Back , '' himself . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) -- Miscellaneous notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Franchise and series sources `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Avengers `` Avengers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Batman `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' . Variety . January 4 , 1967 . p. 8 . Batman : $1.7 million `` Catwoman ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . `` Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Captain America `` Captain America ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . DC Extended Universe `` DC Extended Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Despicable Me `` Despicable Me ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . The Fast and the Furious `` The Fast and the Furious -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . The Hunger Games `` The Hunger Games -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Ice Age `` Ice Age -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . `` Ice Age : The Meltdown 3D ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $6,095,750 Iron Man `` Iron Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World `` J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . James Bond `` James Bond -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ( Brosnan and Craig ) Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 . `` James Bond Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office . '' ( Connery , Lazenby , Moore and Dalton ) `` Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jurassic Park `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 Madagascar `` Madagascar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Marvel Cinematic Universe `` Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Middle - earth `` Middle Earth -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Mission : Impossible `` Mission : Impossible -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Pirates of the Caribbean `` Pirates of the Caribbean -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Shrek `` Shrek -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Spider - Man `` Spider - Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Star Trek `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Star Wars `` A New Hope '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . `` Return of the Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Phantom Menace '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Attack of the Clones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` Revenge of the Sith '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Clone Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Force Awakens '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Superman Superman , Superman Returns , Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : `` Superman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Superman II , Superman III and Superman IV : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 534 . `` Superman Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office Revenues vs. Production Costs -- Equivalent 2005 $ s . '' Block & Wilson 2010 , p. xii . `` Notes on Adjusting Dollars and Making Estimates -- Adjusting Revenues . '' `` Adjusting for Ticket Price Inflation '' ( Source : MPAA ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . `` Supergirl ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Transformers `` Transformers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . The Twilight Saga `` Twilight -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . `` Twilight / New Moon Combo ( one - night - only ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . X-Men `` X-Men -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Bibliography Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061778896 . Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . External links Film portal All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses at Box Office Mojo All Time Highest Grossing Movies Worldwide at The Numbers All - Time Worldwide Box Office at Internet Movie Database Box - Office Top 100 Films of All - Time at Filmsite.org Lists of box office number - one films Americas Argentina 2016 Brazil 2007 2008 2009 Canada 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Chile 2007 2008 2009 Colombia 2011 Ecuador 2011 Mexico 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 United States ( Records ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venezuela 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Asia - Pacific Australia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 China 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Japan ( Anime ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Philippines ( Filipino ) 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South Korea 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Taiwan 2014 2016 2017 Taipei 2016 2017 Thailand 2015 2016 2017 Europe , the Middle East , and Africa ( EMEA ) Belgium 2007 2008 2009 France 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Greece 2013 Ireland 2011 Italy 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 Netherlands 2009 See also Crystal Films Golden Films Platinum Films Diamond Films Poland 2011 2013 Romania 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Spain 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Turkey 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 United Kingdom 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Highest - grossing Films animated Bangladesh Hong Kong India domestic overseas Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Portugal Singapore Soviet Union Openings animated Related topics Box office Box office bomb list animated Fastest - grossing films Second weekend box office list Highest - grossing directors Highest - grossing media franchises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-grossing_films&oldid=804932825 '' Categories : Lists of highest - grossing films Record progressions Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 00 : 44 . 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-8573744013098648520 | Medical classification | Medical Classification - wikipedia Medical Classification This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Some sections are written like frequently asked questions . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Medical classification , or medical coding , is the process of transforming descriptions of medical diagnoses and procedures into universal medical code numbers . The diagnoses and procedures are usually taken from a variety of sources within the health care record , such as the transcription of the physician 's notes , laboratory results , radiologic results , and other sources . Diagnosis codes track diseases and other health conditions , inclusive of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease , and infectious diseases such as norovirus , the flu , and athlete 's foot . Procedure codes track interventions performed . These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by health care providers , government health programs , private health insurance companies , workers ' compensation carriers , software developers , and others for a variety of applications in medicine , public health and medical informatics , including : statistical analysis of diseases and therapeutic actions reimbursement ( e.g. , to process claims in medical billing based on diagnosis - related groups ) knowledge - based and decision support systems direct surveillance of epidemic or pandemic outbreaks There are country specific standards and international classification systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification types 2 WHO Family of International Classifications 2.1 Reference classifications 2.2 Derived classifications 2.3 Related classifications 2.4 Historic FIC classifications 3 Other medical classifications 3.1 Diagnosis 3.2 Procedure 3.3 Drugs 3.3. 1 National Drug File - Reference Terminology 3.3. 2 Medication Reference Terminology 3.4 Other 3.4. 1 Library classification that have medical components 4 ICD , SNOMED and Electronic Health Record ( EHR ) 4.1 SNOMED 4.2 ICD 4.3 Comparison 4.4 Data Mapping 5 Clinical Coding in Australia 5.1 Clinical coding 5.2 Uses 6 Veterinary medical coding 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Classification types ( edit ) Many different medical classifications exist , though they occur into two main groupings : Statistical classifications and Nomenclatures . A statistical classification brings together similar clinical concepts and groups them into categories . The number of categories is limited so that the classification does not become too big . An example of this is used by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( known as ICD ) . ICD groups diseases of the circulatory system into one `` chapter , '' known as Chapter IX , covering codes I00 -- I99 . One of the codes in this chapter ( I47. 1 ) has the code title ( rubric ) Supraventricular tachycardia . However , there are several other clinical concepts that are also classified here . Among them are paroxysmal atrial tachycardia , paroxysmal junctional tachycardia , auricular tachycardia and nodal tachycardia . Another feature of statistical classifications is the provision of residual categories for `` other '' and `` unspecified '' conditions that do not have a specific category in the particular classification . In a nomenclature there is a separate listing and code for every clinical concept . So , in the previous example , each of the tachycardia listed would have its own code . This makes nomenclatures unwieldy for compiling health statistics . Types of coding systems specific to health care include : Diagnostic codes Are used to determine diseases , disorders , and symptoms Can be used to measure morbidity and mortality Examples : ICD - 9 - CM , ICD - 10 Procedural codes They are numbers or alphanumeric codes used to identify specific health interventions taken by medical professionals . Examples : ICPM , ICHI Pharmaceutical codes Are used to identify medications Examples : ATC , NDC Topographical codes Are codes that indicate a specific location in the body Examples : ICD - O , SNOMED WHO Family of International classifications ( edit ) The World Health Organization ( WHO ) maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data . This `` Family of International Classifications '' ( FIC ) include three main ( or reference ) classifications on basic parameters of health prepared by the organization and approved by the World Health Assembly for international use , as well as a number of derived and related classifications providing additional details . Some of these international standards have been revised and adapted by various countries for national use . Reference classifications ( edit ) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD ) ICD - 10 ( 10th revision , in use by WHO since 1994 ) ICD - 10 - CM ( Clinical Modification , used in the US since October 2015 ) ICD - 10 - CA ( used for morbidity classification in Canada ) . ICD - 10 - AM ( used in Australia and New Zealand ) International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health ( ICF ) International Classification of Health Interventions ( ICHI ) ( in development ) Derived classifications ( edit ) Derived classifications are based on the WHO reference classifications ( i.e. ICD and ICF ) . They include the following : International Classification of Diseases for Oncology , Third Edition ( ICD - O - 3 ) ICD - 10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders - This publication deals exclusively with Chapter V of ICD - 10 , and is available as two variants ; the clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines , and the diagnostic criteria for research ( also known as the `` blue book '' and `` green book '' respectively ) . Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology , 3rd Edition ( ICD - DA ) Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Neurology ( ICD - 10 - NA ) EUROCAT is an extension of the ICD - 10 Q chapter for congenital disorders Related classifications ( edit ) Related classifications in the WHO - FIC are those that partially refer to the reference classifications , e.g. only at specific levels . They include : International Classification of Primary Care ( ICPC ) ICPC - 2 PLUS International Classification of External Causes of Injury ( ICECI ) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses ( ATC / DDD ) Technical aids for persons with disabilities : Classification and terminology ( ISO9999 ) International Classification for Nursing Practice ( ICNP ) Historic FIC classifications ( edit ) ICD versions before ICD - 9 are not in use anywhere . ICD - 9 was published in 1977 , and was superseded by ICD - 10 . ICD - 9 - CM ( Clinical Modification ) , the last national variant of ICD - 9 still maintained , was used in the US until September 2015 . Starting on October 1 , 2015 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMMS ) granted a one - year grace period to physicians who did n't use ICD - 10 coding or they would be denied Medicare Part B claims . The International Classification of Procedures in Medicine ( ICPM ) is a procedural classification that has not updated since 1989 , and will be replaced by ICHI . National versions of the ICPM include OPS , which is the official German procedural classification . Other medical classifications ( edit ) Diagnosis ( edit ) The categories in a diagnosis classification classify diseases , disorders , symptoms and medical signs . In addition to the ICD and its national variants , they include : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) DSM - IV Codes DSM - 5 International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition ( ICHD - II ) International Classification of Sleep Disorders ( ICSD ) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man , database of genetic codes Read codes SNOMED CT Procedure ( edit ) The categories in a procedure classification classify specific health interventions undertaken by health professionals . In addition to the ICHI and ICPC , they include : Australian Classification of Health Interventions ( ACHI ) Canadian Classification of Health Interventions ( CCI ) Chinese Classification of Health Interventions ( CCHI ) Current Procedural Terminology ( CPT ) Health Care Procedure Coding System ( HCPCS ) ICD - 10 Procedure Coding System ( ICD - 10 - PCS ) OPCS Classification of Interventions and Procedures ( OPCS - 4 ) Drugs ( edit ) Drugs are often grouped into drug classes . Such classifications include : RxNorm Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Medical Reference Terminology National Pharmaceutical Product Index National drug File - reference terminology ( edit ) National Drug File - Reference Terminology was a terminology maintained by the Veterans Health Administration ( VHA ) . It groups drug concepts into classes . It was part of RxNorm until March 2018 . Medication reference terminology ( edit ) Medication Reference Terminology ( MED - RT ) is a terminology created and maintained by Veterans Health Administration in the United States . It replaces NDF - RT . It not included in RxNorm but is included in National Library of Medicine 's UMLS Metathesaurus . The first release of MED - RT was in the spring of 2018 . Other ( edit ) Classification of Pharmaco - Therapeutic Referrals ( CPR ) Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes ( LOINC ) , standard for identifying medical laboratory observations MEDCIN , point - of - care terminology , intended for use in Electronic Health Record ( EHR ) systems Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities ( MedDRA ) Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) List of MeSH codes Nursing Interventions Classification ( NIC ) Nursing Outcomes Classification ( NOC ) TIME - ITEM , ontology of topics in medical education TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors Unified Medical Language System ( UMLS ) Victoria Ambulatory Coding System ( VACS ) / Queensland Ambulatory Coding System ( QACS ) , Australia Library classification that have medical components ( edit ) Dewey Decimal Classification and Universal Decimal Classification ( section 610 -- 620 ) National Library of Medicine classification ICD , SNOMED and electronic Health record ( EHR ) ( edit ) SNOMED ( edit ) The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine ( SNOMED ) is the most widely recognised nomenclature in healthcare . Its current version , SNOMED Clinical Terms ( SNOMED CT ) , is intended to provide a set of concepts and relationships that offers a common reference point for comparison and aggregation of data about the health care process . SNOMED CT is often described as a reference terminology . SNOMED CT contains more than 311,000 active concepts with unique meanings and formal logic - based definitions organised into hierarchies . SNOMED CT can be used by anyone with an Affiliate License , 40 low income countries defined by the World Bank or qualifying research , humanitarian and charitable projects . SNOMED - CT is designed to be managed by computer , and it is a complex relationship concepts . ICD ( edit ) The International Classification of Disease ( ICD ) is the most widely recognized medical classification maintained by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Its primary purpose is to categorise diseases for morbidity and mortality reporting . The United States has used a clinical modification of ICD ( ICD - 9 - CM ) for the additional purposes of reimbursement . ICD - 10 was endorsed by WHO in 1990 , and WHO Member states began using the classification system in 1994 for both morbidity and mortality reporting . In the US , however , it has only been used for reporting mortality since 1999 . Because of the US delay in adopting its version of ICD - 10 , it is currently unable to compare morbidity data with the rest of the world . ICD has a hierarchical structure , and coding in this context , is the term applied when representations are assigned to the words they represent . Coding diagnoses and procedures is the assignment of codes from a code set that follows the rules of the underlying classification or other coding guidelines . Comparison ( edit ) SNOMED CT and ICD are designed for different purposes and each should be used for the purposes for which they were designed . As a core terminology for the EHR , SNOMED CT provides a common language that enables a consistent language that enables a consistent way of capturing , sharing , and aggregating health data across specialties and sites of care . It is highly detailed terminology designed for input not reporting . Classification systems such as ICD - 9 - CM , ICD - 10 - CM , and ICD - 10 - PCS group together similar diseases and procedures and organise related entities for easy retrieval . They are typically used for external reporting requirements or other uses where data aggregation is advantageous , such as measuring the quality of care monitoring resource utilisation , or processing claims for reimbursement . SNOMED is clinically - based , documents whatever is needed for patient care and has better clinical coverage than ICD . ICD 's focus is statistical with less common diseases get lumped together in `` catch - all '' categories , which result in loss of information . SNOMED CT is used directly by healthcare providers during the process of care , whereas ICD is used by coding professionals after the episode of care . SNOMED CT has multiple hierarchy , whereas there is single hierarchy for ICD . SNOMED CT concepts are defined logically by their attributes , whereas only textual rules and definitions in ICD . Data Mapping ( edit ) SNOMED and ICD can be coordinated . The National Library of Medicine ( NLM ) maps ICD - 9 - CM , ICD - 10 - CM , ICD - 10 - PCS , and other classification systems to SNOMED . Data Mapping is the process of identifying relationships between two distinct data models . The full value of the health information contained in an EHR system will only be realised if both systems involved in the map are up to date and accurately reflect the current practice of medicine . Clinical coding in Australia ( edit ) This section contains close paraphrasing of a non-free copyrighted source , http://www.clinicalcoding.health.wa.gov.au/about/ ( Duplication Detector report ) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Medical coding and classification systems are expected to become increasingly important in the health care sector . Together with and as an integrated part of the electronic health information systems , the coding and classification systems will be used to improve the quality and effectiveness of the medical services . Clinical coding ( edit ) Clinical coding is the translation of written , scanned and / or electronic clinical documentation about patient care into code format . For example , hypertension is represented by the code ' I10 ' ; general anaethesia is represented by the code'92514 - XX ( 1910 ) ' . A standardised classification system , The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems , 10th Revision , Australian Modification ( ICD - 10 - AM ) , is applied in all Australian acute health facilities . It is based on the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ICD - 10 system , updated with the Australian Classification of Health Interventions ( ACHI ) , Australian Coding Standards ( ACS ) . Clinical coding is a specialised skill requiring excellent knowledge of medical terminology and disease processes , attention to detail , and analytical skills . A clinical coder is responsible for abstracting relevant information from the medical record and deciding which diagnoses and procedures meet criteria for coding as per Australian and State Coding Standards . The coder then assigns codes for these diagnoses and procedures based on ICD - 10 - AM conventions and standards . Uses ( edit ) The assigned codes and other patient data are processed by grouper software to determine a diagnosis - related group ( DRG ) for the episode of care , which is used for funding and reimbursement . This process allows hospital episodes to be grouped into meaningful categories , helping us to better match patient needs to health care resources . The coded information is used for clinical governance , clinical audit and outcome and effectiveness of patient 's care and treatment . Statistically this information is used to keep a track of payment by results , cost analysis , commissioning , etiology studies , health trends , epidemiology studies , clinical indicators and case - mix planning . Veterinary medical coding ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Veterinary medical codes include the VeNom Coding Group , the U.S. Animal Hospital Codes , and the Veterinary Extension to SNOMED CT ( VetSCT ) . See also ( edit ) Acronyms in healthcare Ambulatory Payment Classification , US billing system for outpatient services Biological database Classification of mental disorders Clinical coder German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information Health information management Health informatics Human resources for health information system List of international common standards Medical dictionary North American Nursing Diagnosis Association ( professional organization ) Nosology Pathology Messaging Implementation Project References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization . Family of International Classifications . Accessed 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization . International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ) . Jump up ^ Canadian Institute for Health Information . ICD - 10 - CA . Archived 2015 - 05 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Health Information Service . ICD - 10 - AM . Accessed 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Health Organization Family of International Classifications : definition , scope and purpose '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization - Family of International Classifications . World Health Organization . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Classification of Health Interventions ( ICHI ) '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization ICD Blue book Jump up ^ World Health Organization ICD Greenbook Jump up ^ `` ICD - 10 - CM Release for 2014 now available '' . Dx Revision Watch . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bezroukov V ( February 1979 ) . `` The application of the International Classification of Diseases to dentistry and stomatology '' . Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 7 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 4 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0528.1979. tb01180. x . PMID 282953 . Jump up ^ van Drimmelen - Krabbe JJ , Bradley WG , Orgogozo JM , Sartorius N ( November 1998 ) . `` The application of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases to neurology : ICD - 10 NA '' . J. Neurol . Sci. 161 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 510X ( 98 ) 00217 - 2 . PMID 9879674 . Jump up ^ WHO . ICPC - 2 . Jump up ^ WHO . ICECI . Jump up ^ WHO . Technical aids for persons with disabilities : Classification and terminology ( ISO9999 ) . Jump up ^ WHO . International Classification for Nursing Practice ( ICNP ) . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for the end of ICD - 10 ' flexibilities ' '' . Modern Healthcare . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.dimdi.de/static/en/klassi/ops/index.htm . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Olesen , Jes ( 2004 ) . `` The International Classification of Headache Disorders : 2nd edition '' . Cephalalgia. 24 ( Suppl 1 ) : 9 -- 160 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2982.2003. 00824. x . PMID 14979299 . Jump up ^ Canadian Classification of Health Interventions . CCI . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/NDF-RT/Introduction%20to%20MED-RT.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` SNOMED International '' . ihtsdo.org . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs : Inclusion of SNOMED CT in the UMLS '' . nih.gov . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Office , Publications . `` SNOMED CT - Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine '' . sydney.edu.au . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Margret K. Amatayakul , MBA , RHIA , CHPS , CPHIT , CPEHR&FHIMSS. ( 2009 ). Electronic Health Records : A Practical Guide for Professionals and Organizations. Chicago , America : AHIMA Jump up ^ `` Why SNOMED can not replace the ICD - 10 - CM / PCS code sets '' . icd10watch.com . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WHO - SNOMED CT to ICD - 10 Cross-Map Technology Preview Release '' . who.int . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Medical coding and classification systems ) '' . Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 114 ( 6 ) : 694 -- 6 . Feb 1994 . PMID 8191453 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clinical coding in Western Australia '' . health.wa.gov.au . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.health.vic.gov.au External links ( edit ) WHO Family of International Classifications official site Medical terminologies at the National Library of Medicine The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation - SNOMED CT Medical classification Topographical codes Terminologia TA TH TE SNOMED T axis MeSH A axis Diagnostic codes general : ICD 11 ( not yet released ; in development ) 10 9 ICPC - 2 DRC NANDA Read codes SNOMED D axis specialized : ICD - O ICSD ICHD ILDS DSM IV 5 BPA CCMD - 3 Procedural codes HCPCS ( CPT , Level 2 ) ICD 10 PCS 9 - CM Volume 3 ICHI NIC SNOMED P axis OPS - 301 Read codes / OPCS - 4 CCAM LOINC Pharmaceutical codes ATC NDC SNOMED C axis DIN Outcomes codes NOC Health informatics Health information management Clinic management system Computerized physician order entry DICOM Electronic health record Health information technology Hospital information system Personal health record Regional Health Information Organization Subdisciplines Bioinformatics Computational biology Consumer health informatics Public health informatics Translational medicine Translational bioinformatics Medical classification Continuity of Care Record HRHIS ICD ISO 27799 LOINC Professional organizations American Association Australasian College Brazilian Society European Federation Indian Association International Association Other concepts Health Level 7 List of medical and health informatics journals openEHR Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_classification&oldid=849620484 '' Categories : Medical classification Nursing classification Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with close paraphrasing from September 2016 All articles with close paraphrasing Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 07 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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931888359515969005 | Federal law | Federal law - wikipedia Federal law Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Federal law ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country . A federal government is formed when a group of political units , such as states or provinces join together in a federation , delegating their individual sovereignty and many powers to the central government while retaining or reserving other limited powers . As a result , two or more levels of government exist within an established geographic territory . The body of law of the common central government is the federal law . Examples of federal governments include those of Australia , Brazil , Canada , Germany , Malaysia , Pakistan , Republic of India , Russia , the former Soviet Union and the United States . United States ( edit ) Main article : Law of the United States The United States Constitution provides for a federal government that is superior to state governments with regard to its enumerated powers . These powers include the authority to govern international affairs , interstate commerce , the currency and national defense . After the American Civil War , the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Constitution 's Bill of Rights to state governments . Legislation passed by Congress , an Executive Order of the President , or a decision of federal courts pursuant to the Constitution are federal law . Through the system of checks and balances , it is the Supreme Court makes final decisions regarding federal laws regarding specific cases brought before them . United States federal laws are codified in the United States Code . Russia ( edit ) Main articles : Federal Constitutional Law ( Russia ) and Federal Law ( Russia ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_law&oldid=820924993 '' Categories : Public law Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who makes the federal laws in the united states | [] | [] |
-1361044712482742145 | United States Senate elections, 2018 | United States Senate elections , 2018 - wikipedia United States Senate elections , 2018 Jump to : navigation , search United States Senate elections , 2018 ← 2016 November 6 , 2018 2020 → Class 1 ( 33 of the 100 ) seats in the United States Senate ( and 2 special elections ) 51 seats needed for a majority Leader Mitch McConnell Chuck Schumer Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3 , 2007 January 3 , 2017 Leader 's seat Kentucky New York Current seats 51 47 Seats needed Seats up 9 24 Party Independent Current seats Seats up Seats up for election ( general & special ) : Democratic incumbent running Democratic incumbent retiring Republican incumbent running Republican incumbent retiring Independent incumbent running Independent incumbent retiring No election Inset rectangle signifies a special election . Incumbent Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Republican Elections to the United States Senate will be held November 6 , 2018 , with 33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections and two seats being contested in special elections . The winners will serve six - year terms from January 3 , 2019 , to January 3 , 2025 . Currently , Democrats have 24 seats up for election , as well as the seats of two independents who caucus with them . Republicans have nine seats up for election . The seats up for regular election in 2018 were last up for election in 2012 ; in addition , special elections will be scheduled if vacancies occur , as has already happened in Minnesota and Mississippi . After the 2016 elections , some state election officials are trying to upgrade voting systems in time for this election . The U.S. House of Representatives elections , 39 gubernatorial elections , and many other state and local elections will also be held on this date . Republicans can only afford to lose one Senate seat and still have a working majority with the Vice President breaking the tie in their favor . Four of the Republican seats are open as a result of retirements in Tennessee , Utah , Arizona , and Mississippi . Democrats are defending ten seats in states won by Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , while Republicans are only defending one seat in a state won by Hillary Clinton in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Focus on competitive races 2 Partisan composition 3 Change in composition 3.1 Before the elections 3.2 After the elections 4 Most recent election predictions 5 Election dates 6 Race summary 6.1 Special elections during the preceding Congress 6.2 Elections leading to the next Congress 7 Arizona 8 California 9 Connecticut 10 Delaware 11 Florida 12 Hawaii 13 Indiana 14 Maine 15 Maryland 16 Massachusetts 17 Michigan 18 Minnesota 19 Minnesota ( Special ) 20 Mississippi 21 Mississippi ( Special ) 22 Missouri 23 Montana 24 Nebraska 25 Nevada 26 New Jersey 27 New Mexico 28 New York 29 North Dakota 30 Ohio 31 Pennsylvania 32 Rhode Island 33 Tennessee 34 Texas 35 Utah 36 Vermont 37 Virginia 38 Washington 39 West Virginia 40 Wisconsin 41 Wyoming 42 See also 43 Notes 44 References Focus on competitive races ( edit ) Democrats are expected to target the Republican - held Senate seats in Arizona ( open seat ) and Nevada . Democrats could also target seats in Texas , Mississippi ( At least one of the two seats ) and Tennessee 's open - seat . Republicans are expected to target Democratic - held seats in Indiana , Missouri , Montana , North Dakota , and West Virginia , all of which voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election and Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election , as well as seats in Florida , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and Michigan , all of which voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election . Republicans could also target seats in Minnesota ( at least one of the two seats ) , Virginia , Maine , and New Jersey . Other races may also become competitive . Partisan composition ( edit ) Among the 33 Class 1 Senate seats up for regular election in 2018 are 23 currently held by Democrats , two by independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats , and eight by Republicans . The Class 2 seats in Minnesota and Mississippi held by interim appointees are also up for election . Parties Total Democratic Republican Independent Last election ( 2016 ) 46 52 100 Before this election 47 51 100 Not up 23 42 0 65 Class 2 ( 2014 → 2020 ) 11 20 0 31 Class 3 ( 2016 → 2022 ) 12 22 0 34 Up 24 9 35 Class 1 ( 2012 → 2018 ) 23 8 33 Special : Class 2 0 Incumbent retiring 0 0 Incumbent running 24 6 32 Change in composition ( edit ) Before the elections ( edit ) Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring Majority → Retiring Running Running Running Running Running Running Retiring After the elections ( edit ) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Majority → TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Key : D Democratic Republican Independent , caucusing with Democrats Most recent election predictions ( edit ) Most election predictors use : `` tossup '' : no advantage `` tilt '' ( used sometimes ) : advantage that is not quite as strong as `` lean '' `` lean '' : slight advantage `` likely '' or `` favored '' : significant , but surmountable , advantage `` safe '' or `` solid '' : near - certain chance of victory . State PVI Incumbent Most recent result Cook Apr 9 , 2018 I.E. Apr 20 , 2018 Sabato May 30 , 2018 NYT May 25 , 2018 CNN Apr 9 , 2018 RCP Apr 18 , 2018 Arizona R + 5 Jeff Flake ( R ) ( Retiring ) 49 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup California D + 12 Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Connecticut D + 6 Chris Murphy ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Delaware D + 6 Tom Carper ( D ) 66 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Florida R + 2 Bill Nelson ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Hawaii D + 18 Mazie Hirono ( D ) 63 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Indiana R + 9 Joe Donnelly ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Maine D + 3 Angus King ( I ) 53 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Likely D / I Safe D / I Maryland D + 12 Ben Cardin ( D ) 55 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Massachusetts D + 12 Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 54 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Michigan D + 1 Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Minnesota D + 1 Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 65 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Minnesota ( Special ) D + 1 Tina Smith ( D ) 53 % D Lean D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Mississippi R + 9 Roger Wicker ( R ) 57 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Mississippi ( Special ) R + 9 Cindy Hyde - Smith ( R ) 60 % R Likely R Safe R Likely R Likely R Safe R Likely R Missouri R + 9 Claire McCaskill ( D ) 55 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Montana R + 11 Jon Tester ( D ) 49 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Nebraska R + 14 Deb Fischer ( R ) 56 % R Likely R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Nevada D + 1 Dean Heller ( R ) 46 % R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup New Jersey D + 7 Bob Menendez ( D ) 59 % D Likely D Safe D Likely D Likely D Safe D Likely D New Mexico D + 3 Martin Heinrich ( D ) 51 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D New York D + 11 Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 72 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D North Dakota R + 16 Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 50 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Ohio R + 3 Sherrod Brown ( D ) 51 % D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Pennsylvania EVEN Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 54 % D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Likely D Rhode Island D + 10 Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 64 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Tennessee R + 14 Bob Corker ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Tossup Lean R Lean R Lean R Lean R Tossup Texas R + 8 Ted Cruz ( R ) 57 % R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Utah R + 20 Orrin Hatch ( R ) ( Retiring ) 65 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Vermont D + 15 Bernie Sanders ( I ) 71 % I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Safe D / I Virginia D + 1 Tim Kaine ( D ) 53 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Likely D Likely D Washington D + 7 Maria Cantwell ( D ) 61 % D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D Safe D West Virginia R + 20 Joe Manchin ( D ) 61 % D Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Wisconsin EVEN Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 51 % D Likely D Tilt D Lean D Lean D Lean D Likely D Wyoming R + 25 John Barrasso ( R ) 76 % R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Safe R Election dates ( edit ) For the regularly scheduled general elections . Shading added for future events . State Filing deadline Primary election Primary runoff ( if necessary ) General election Poll closing ( Eastern Time ) Arizona May 30 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm California March 9 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Connecticut June 12 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Delaware July 10 , 2018 September 6 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Florida May 4 , 2018 August 28 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm & 8pm Hawaii June 5 , 2018 August 11 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm Indiana February 9 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 6pm & 7pm Maine March 15 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Maryland February 27 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Massachusetts June 5 , 2018 September 4 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Michigan April 24 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Minnesota June 5 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Mississippi March 1 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 8pm Mississippi ( Special ) March 26 , 2018 November 6 , 2018 N / A November 27 , 2018 8pm Missouri March 27 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Montana March 12 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Nebraska March 1 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Nevada March 16 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm New Jersey April 2 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm New Mexico March 13 , 2018 June 5 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm New York April 12 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm North Dakota April 9 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm & 11pm Ohio February 7 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Pennsylvania March 20 , 2018 May 15 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Rhode Island June 27 , 2018 September 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Tennessee April 5 , 2018 August 2 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 8pm Texas December 11 , 2017 March 6 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 ( Unnecessary ) November 6 , 2018 8pm & 9pm Utah March 15 , 2018 June 26 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 10pm Vermont May 31 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Virginia March 29 , 2018 June 12 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7pm Washington May 18 , 2018 August 7 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 11pm West Virginia January 27 , 2018 May 8 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 7 : 30pm Wisconsin June 1 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Wyoming June 1 , 2018 August 21 , 2018 N / A November 6 , 2018 9pm Race summary ( edit ) Special elections during the preceding Congress ( edit ) In these special elections , the winners will be elected coincidingly with the other races of the 2018 Senate elections , but will be seated before January 3 , 2019 . Ordered by election date , then by state , then by class . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Minnesota ( Class 2 ) Tina Smith Democratic 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Bob Anderson ( Republican ) Karin Housley ( Republican ) Nick Leonard ( Democratic ) Richard Painter ( Democratic ) Tina Smith ( Democratic ) Mississippi ( Class 2 ) Cindy Hyde - Smith Republican 2018 ( Appointed ) Special election scheduled for November 6 , 2018 . If no candidate receives a majority , a runoff will be held on November 27 , 2018 . Interim appointee running . Tobey Bartee ( Democratic ) Mike Espy ( Democratic ) Cindy Hyde - Smith ( Republican ) Chris McDaniel ( Republican ) Elections leading to the next Congress ( edit ) In these general elections , the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3 , 2019 . All of the elections involve the Class 1 seats ; ordered by state . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Arizona Jeff Flake Republican 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Deedra Abboud ( Democratic ) Eve Reyes Aguirre ( Green ) Joe Arpaio ( Republican ) Bob Bishop ( Democratic ) Craig Brittain ( Republican ) Christian `` C.J. '' Diegel ( Republican ) Michelle Griffin ( Republican ) Matt Jette ( Democratic ) Doug Marks ( Libertarian ) Martha McSally ( Republican ) Shawn Redd ( Republican ) David Alan Ruben ( Democratic ) Chris Russell ( Democratic ) Richard Sherzan ( Democratic ) Kyrsten Sinema ( Democratic ) Nicolas Tutora ( Republican ) Kelli Ward ( Republican ) California Dianne Feinstein Democratic 1992 ( Special ) 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Arun Bhumitra ( Republican ) James Bradley ( Republican ) Jack Crew ( Republican ) Erin Cruz ( Republican ) Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Kevin de León ( Democratic ) Adrienne Edwards ( Democratic ) Dianne Feinstein ( Democratic ) Colleen Fernald ( No party preference ) Rash Ghosh ( No party preference ) Tim Gildersleeve ( No party preference ) Michael Girgis ( No party preference ) Don Grundmann ( No party preference ) Jason Hanania ( No party preference ) Pat Harris ( Democratic ) Alison Hartson ( Democratic ) David Hildebrand ( Democratic ) Jerry Laws ( Republican ) Patrick Little ( Republican ) David Moore ( No party preference ) Kevin Mottus ( Republican ) Mario Nabliba ( Republican ) Lee Olson ( No party preference ) Tom Palzer ( Republican ) John Parker ( Peace and Freedom ) Herbert Peters ( Democratic ) Douglas Pierce ( Democratic ) Gerald Plummer ( Democratic ) Seelam Prabhakar Reddy ( Write - in ) Derrick Reid ( Libertarian ) Ursula M. Schilling ( Write - in ) Ling Ling Shi ( No party preference ) Paul Taylor ( Republican ) Donnie Turner ( Democratic ) Michael V. Ziesing ( Write - in ) Connecticut Chris Murphy Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Ann - Marie Adams ( Democratic ) Matthew Corey ( Republican ) Chris Murphy ( Democratic ) Dominic Rapini ( Republican ) Delaware Tom Carper Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Arlett ( Republican ) Tom Carper ( Democratic ) Kerri Evelyn Harris ( Democratic ) Gene Truono ( Republican ) Florida Bill Nelson Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Lateresa Ann Jones ( Write - in ) Howard Knepper ( Write - in ) Michael Levinson ( Write - in ) Bill Nelson ( Democratic ) Rick Scott ( Republican ) Charles Frederick Tolbert ( Write - in ) David Weeks ( Write - in ) Hawaii Mazie Hirono Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Mazie Hirono ( Democratic ) Thomas Edward White ( Republican ) Indiana Joe Donnelly Democratic 2012 Incumbent renominated . Mike Braun ( Republican ) Joe Donnelly ( Democratic ) James Johnson ( Independent ) Maine Angus King Independent 2012 Incumbent running . Eric Brakey ( Republican ) Angus King ( Independent ) Max Linn ( Republican ) Zak Ringelstein ( Democratic ) Maryland Ben Cardin Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Tony Campbell ( Republican ) Ben Cardin ( Democratic ) Chris Chaffee ( Republican ) Evan Cronhardt ( Republican ) Nnabu Eze ( Republican ) John Graziani ( Republican ) Christina Grigorian ( Republican ) Albert Howard ( Republican ) Erik Jetmir ( Democratic ) Bill Krehnbrink ( Republican ) Chelsea Manning ( Democratic ) Marcia Morgan ( Democratic ) Jerry Segal ( Democratic ) Neal Simon ( Independent ) Edward Shlikas ( Independent ) Gerald Smith ( Republican ) Blaine Taylor ( Republican ) Brian Charles Vaeth ( Republican ) Rikki Vaughn ( Democratic ) Arvin Vohra ( Libertarian ) Rica Wilson ( Democratic ) Lih Young ( Democratic ) Massachusetts Elizabeth Warren Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Shiva Ayyadurai ( Independent ) Geoff Diehl ( Republican ) James Devine ( Independent ) Joshua Ford ( Independent ) John Kingston ( Republican ) Beth Lindstrom ( Republican ) Darius Mitchell ( Republican ) Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) Allen Waters ( Republican ) Heidi Wellman ( Republican ) Michigan Debbie Stabenow Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . John James ( Republican ) Sandy Pensler ( Republican ) Marcia Squier ( Independent ) Debbie Stabenow ( Democratic ) Minnesota Amy Klobuchar Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Bamheiser ( Republican ) Amy Klobuchar ( Democratic ) Jim Newberger ( Republican ) Paula Overby ( Green ) Jack Shepard ( Republican ) Mississippi Roger Wicker Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . David Baria ( Democratic ) Danny Bedwell ( Libertarian ) Jensen Bohren ( Democratic ) Richard Boyanton ( Republican ) Jerone Garland ( Democratic ) Victor Maurice , Jr . ( Democratic ) Shawn O'Hara ( Reform ) Omeria Scott ( Democratic ) Howard Sherman ( Democratic ) Roger Wicker ( Republican ) Missouri Claire McCaskill Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Jerome Bauer ( Green ) Japheth Campbell ( Libertarian ) Jo Crain ( Green ) Angelica Earl ( Democratic ) David Faust ( Democratic ) Travis Gonzalez ( Democratic ) Brian Hagg ( Republican ) Josh Hawley ( Republican ) John Hogan ( Democratic ) Bradley Krembs ( Republican ) Claire McCaskill ( Democratic ) Tony Monetti ( Republican ) Kristi Nichols ( Republican ) Ken Patterson ( Republican ) Austin Petersen ( Republican ) Peter Pfeifer ( Republican ) Fred Ryman ( Republican ) Christina Smith ( Republican ) Courtland Sykes ( Republican ) Leonard Steinman ( Democratic ) Carla Wright ( Democratic ) Montana Jon Tester Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Timothy Adams ( Green ) Rick Breckenridge ( Libertarian ) Troy Downing ( Republican ) Steve Kelly ( Green ) Russell Fagg ( Republican ) Albert Olszewski ( Republican ) Matthew Rosendale ( Republican ) Jon Tester ( Democratic ) Nebraska Deb Fischer Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Deb Fischer ( Republican ) Jane Raybould ( Democratic ) Jim Schultz ( Libertarian ) Nevada Dean Heller Republican 2011 ( Appointed ) 2012 Incumbent running . Kamau Bakari ( Independent American ) Sherry Brooks ( Republican ) Danny Burleigh ( Democratic ) Sarah Gazala ( Republican ) Tim Hagan ( Libertarian ) Vic Harrell ( Republican ) Tom Heck ( Republican ) Dean Heller ( Republican ) David Knight ( Democratic ) Barry Michaels ( Independent ) Allen Rheinhart ( Democratic ) Jacky Rosen ( Democratic ) Jesse Sbaih ( Democratic ) New Jersey Bob Menendez Democratic 2006 ( Appointed ) 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Brian Goldberg ( Republican ) Bob Hugin ( Republican ) Lisa McCormick ( Democratic ) Bob Menendez ( Democratic ) New Mexico Martin Heinrich Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Aubrey Dunn Jr . ( Libertarian ) Martin Heinrich ( Democratic ) Mick Rich ( Republican ) New York Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic 2009 ( Appointed ) 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . Chele Chiavacci Farley ( Republican ) Kirsten Gillibrand ( Democratic ) Scott Noren ( Democratic ) North Dakota Heidi Heitkamp Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Kevin Cramer ( Republican ) Heidi Heitkamp ( Democratic ) Thomas O'Neill ( Republican ) Ohio Sherrod Brown Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Sherrod Brown ( Democratic ) Philena Irene Farley ( Green , write - in ) Jim Renacci ( Republican ) Pennsylvania Bob Casey Jr . Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent renominated . Lou Barletta ( Republican ) Bob Casey Jr . ( Democratic ) Rhode Island Sheldon Whitehouse Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Robert Flanders ( Republican ) Robert Nardolillo ( Republican ) Sheldon Whitehouse ( Democratic ) Tennessee Bob Corker Republican 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . David Anderson ( Republican ) Trudy Austin ( Independent ) Phil Bredesen ( Democratic ) Marsha Blackburn ( Republican ) John Carico ( Independent ) Larry Crim ( Republican ) Gary Davis ( Democratic ) `` Mr. Jim '' Elkins ( Republican ) Tommy Hay ( Republican ) Terri Honeycutt ( Republican ) Dean Hill ( Independent ) J. Darrell Lynn ( Republican ) Kevin McCants ( Independent ) Aaron Pettigrew ( Republican ) Breton Philips ( Independent ) Kris Todd ( Independent ) Rolando Toyos ( Republican ) John Wolfe ( Democratic ) Texas Ted Cruz Republican 2012 Incumbent renominated . Carl Bible ( Independent ) Ted Cruz ( Republican ) Neal Dikeman ( Libertarian ) Bob McNeil ( Independent ) Beto O'Rourke ( Democratic ) Utah Orrin Hatch Republican 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent retiring . New senator to be elected . Tim Aalders ( Constitution ) Craig Bowden ( Libertarian ) Jeff Dranfield ( Democratic ) Ryan Daniel Jackson ( Write - in ) Mike Kennedy ( Republican ) Abe Korb ( Write - in ) Joshua Lee ( Republican ) Larry Livingston ( Democratic ) Reed McCandless ( Independent American ) Caleb Dan Reeve ( Write - in ) Mitt Romney ( Republican ) Mitchell Vice ( Democratic ) Jenny Wilson ( Democratic ) Vermont Bernie Sanders Independent 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Folasade Adeluola ( Democratic ) Jasdeep Pannu ( Republican ) Bernie Sanders ( Democratic ) Virginia Tim Kaine Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Nicholas Freitas ( Republican ) E.W. Jackson ( Republican ) Tim Kaine ( Democratic ) Corey Stewart ( Republican ) Matt Waters ( Libertarian ) Washington Maria Cantwell Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running . Thor Amundson ( Independent ) Dave Bryant ( Republican ) Jon Butler ( Independent ) Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) Brad Chase ( FDFR ) Art Coday ( Republican ) Jimmie Deal ( Green ) Rocky De La Fuente ( Republican ) Jennifer Ferguson ( Democratic ) Joey Gibson ( Republican ) Matt Hawkins ( Republican ) Matthew Heines ( Republican ) Steve Hoffman ( FreedomSocialist ) Susan Hutchison ( Republican ) Charlie Jackson ( Independent ) George Kalberer ( Democratic ) Mike Luke ( Libertarian ) John Orlinski ( Republican ) Tim Owen ( Republican ) Don Rivers ( Democratic ) Mohammad Said ( Democratic ) RC Smith ( Republican ) Glen Stockwell ( Republican ) Dave Strider ( Independent ) Keith Swank ( Republican ) Clint Tannehill ( Democratic ) Alex Tsimerman ( StandupAmerica ) Sam Wright ( The Human Rights ) West Virginia Joe Manchin Democratic 2010 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent renominated . Joe Manchin ( Democratic ) Patrick Morrisey ( Republican ) Wisconsin Tammy Baldwin Democratic 2012 Incumbent running . Tammy Baldwin ( Democratic ) Charles Barman ( Republican ) Scott Harbach ( Republican ) George Lucia ( Repblican ) Griffin Jones ( Republican ) Jeff Mather ( Republican ) Kevin Nicholson ( Republican ) John Schiess ( Independent ) Joseph Schnering ( Veteran 's Party ) Leah Vukmir ( Republican ) Mary Jo Walters ( Independent ) Wyoming John Barrasso Republican 2007 ( Appointed ) 2008 ( Special ) 2012 Incumbent running . John Barrasso ( Republican ) Dave Dodson ( Independent ) Charlie Hardy ( Republican ) John Holtz ( Republican ) Anthony Risseghem ( Republican ) Gary Trauner ( Democratic ) Arizona ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Arizona One - term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 55 years old in 2018 . He has declared he will retire at the end of his term . In 2016 , Republican John McCain was re-elected to a sixth term in the Senate . However , Senator McCain has been diagnosed with an aggressive brain tumor . If Senator McCain 's seat becomes vacant , Arizona law requires that the vacancy be filled at the next general election . If this were to occur in 2018 , then both Senate seats in Arizona would be up for election simultaneously . U.S. Representative Martha McSally , former state senator Kelli Ward , owner , co-founder of IsAnybodyDown ? Craig Brittain , Christian `` C.J. '' Diegel , pharmacist Nicolas Tutora , former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio , and Michelle Griffin will contest the Republican primary . U.S. Rep. Kyrsten Sinema , Deedra Abboud , airshow pilot Bob Bishop , Chris Russell , and former Member of the Iowa House of Representatives Richard Sherzan are running for the Democratic nomination . Eve Reyes Aguirre is running as a Green Party Candidate . California ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in California , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from California Four - term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994 , 2000 , 2006 , and 2012 . She will be 85 years old in 2018 . She is running for re-election . Democratic candidates aside from Feinstein include President pro tempore of the California State Senate Kevin de León , community advocate Adrienne Nicole Edwards , Eugene Patterson Harris , David Hildebrand , Douglas Howard Pierce , and Alison Hartson . Republican candidates include Paul Allen Taylor . Derrick Michael Reid is running with the Libertarian Party . Independent candidates include biologist Tim Gildersleeve , Lee W. Olson , and evangelist Ling Ling Shi . Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Connecticut , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Connecticut One - term Democrat Chris Murphy was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 45 years old in 2018 . He is running for re-election . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Ann - Marie Adams . Businessmen Matthew Corey and Dominic Rapini are seeking the Republican nomination . Delaware ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Delaware Three - term Democrat Tom Carper won re-election with 66 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . He announced he was running for re-election during an interview on MSNBC on July 24 , 2017 . He will be challenged by Kerri Evelyn Harris for the Democratic nomination . Sussex County Councilman Robert Arlett and Businessman Gene Truono are running for the Republican nomination . Florida ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Florida , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Florida Three - term Democrat Bill Nelson was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . Nelson will be 76 years old in 2018 . He will seek re-election to a fourth term in office . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Tamika Lyles . Florida Governor Rick Scott has announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Scott will be 65 years old in 2018 . First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 , Scott 's term as Governor of Florida is set to end by January 2019 , due to term limits . Lateresa Ann Jones , Howard Knepper , and Joe Smith , are also running for the Republican nomination . Edward Janowski is running as independents . Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Hawaii , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Hawaii One - term Democrat Mazie Hirono was elected with 63 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 71 years old in 2018 . Republican Thomas Edward White is running . Indiana ( edit ) Indiana election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Donnelly Mike Braun Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Donnelly Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Indiana One - term Democrat Joe Donnelly was elected with 50.04 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . He won the Democratic primary unopposed . State Representative Mike Braun won the May 8 Republican primary . Congressmen Luke Messer and Todd Rokita also ran for the Republican nomination . James Johnson is running as an independent . Maine ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maine , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maine One - term Independent Senator Angus King was elected in a three - way race with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . King has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2013 , but he has left open the possibility of caucusing with the Republican Party in the future . King has indicated he will seek re-election . He will be 74 years old in 2018 . State Senator Eric Brakey is running for the Republican nomination . Public school teacher and founder of UClass Zak Ringelstein is seeking the Democratic nomination . Maryland ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maryland , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Maryland Two - term Democrat Ben Cardin was re-elected with 56 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 75 years old in 2018 . He is running , He is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Chelsea Manning , Marcia Morgan , Jerry Segal , Richard `` Rikki '' Vaughn , Debbie `` Rica '' Wilson , and Lih Young . Tony Campbell , Evan Cronhardt , Nnabu Eze , Gerald Smith , and Blaine Taylor are seeking the Republican nomination . Arvin Vohra , vice chairman of the Libertarian National Committee , is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination . Independents Neal Simon and Edward Shlikas are running . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Massachusetts , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Massachusetts One - term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 69 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Geoff Diehl , attorney and founder of Better for America , John Kingston , former Romney aide Beth Lindstrom , Darius Mitchell , Allen Waters , and Heidi Wellman are running for the Republican nomination . Shiva Ayyadurai is running as an independent . Shiva started as in early 2017 as the first Republican in the race but went independent in late 2017 . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Michigan , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Michigan Three - term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . When she runs in 2018 she will be 68 years old . She is the only Democrat from the state of Michigan running for Senate . On the Republican side , businessman John James , and businessman Sandy Pensler are running . Independent candidate Marcia Squier is also running . Marcia Squier ran as a Green Party candidate for District 14 of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2016 . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 58 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Jim Newberger , Robert Bahmheiser , and Physician Jack Shepard are running for the Republican nomination . Minnesota ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Minnesota and United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democrat Al Franken announced that he would resign in December 2017 , following allegations of sexual harassment . Mark Dayton , Governor of Minnesota , appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2 , 2018 , as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election . Democratic incumbent Tina Smith , Nick Leonard , Republican Karin Housley , and Republican Bob Anderson are running . Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 One - term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott 's term . He will be 67 years old in 2018 . He is running . Jensen Bohren , David Baria , and Howard Sherman are seeking the Democratic nomination . Mississippi ( special ) ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Mississippi and United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 Seven - term Republican Thad Cochran , who won re-election with 59.9 % of the vote in 2014 , announced that he would resign April 1 , 2018 due to health reasons . Phil Bryant , Governor of Mississippi , announced on March 21 , 2018 , that he would appoint Mississippi Agriculture Commissioner Cindy Hyde - Smith to fill the vacancy . She will be running in the special election . Former United States Secretary of Agriculture and member of the U.S. House of Representatives Mike Espy and Toby Bartee are running as Democratic candidates . Republican Chris McDaniel is also running . Missouri ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Missouri , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Missouri Two - term Democrat Claire McCaskill was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 65 years old in 2018 . She is running . She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Angelica Earl . Attorney General Josh Hawley , Libertarian presidential candidate in 2016 Austin Petersen , assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri Tony Monetti , and Courtland Sykes , are running for the Republican nomination . Japeth Campbell has declared his candidacy for the Libertarian nomination . Montana ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Montana , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Montana Two - term Democrat Jon Tester was re-elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 62 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Auditor Matthew Rosendale , State Senator Albert Olszewski , former judge Russell Fagg , and Troy Downing are running for the Republican nomination . Green Party candidate Steve Kelly is running . Nebraska ( edit ) Nebraska election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Deb Fischer Jane Raybould Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Deb Fischer Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Nebraska , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nebraska One - term Republican Deb Fischer was elected with 58 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 67 years old in 2018 . She ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Republicans who ran include retired professor Jack Heidel , Todd Watson , and Dennis Frank Macek . Lincoln Councilwoman Jane Raybould ran for and won the Democratic nomination in the May 15 primary . Other Democrats who ran include Frank Svoboda , Chris Janicek , and Larry Marvin , who was a candidate in 2008 , 2012 , and 2014 . Jim Schultz is running for the Libertarian nomination . Nevada ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Nevada , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Nevada One - term Republican Dean Heller was elected with 46 % of the vote in 2012 . He had been appointed to the seat in 2011 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . Heller considered running for governor , but has since chosen to seek re-election . Representative Jacky Rosen and Jesse Sbaih are running for the Democratic nomination . New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Jersey Two - term Democrat Bob Menendez was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . Menendez was originally appointed to the seat in January 2006 . He will be 64 years old in 2018 . He is running . Democrats Lisa McCormick Republicans Brian D. Goldberg and Bob Hugin are running . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Mexico , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New Mexico One - term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 47 years old in 2018 . He is running . Mick Rich is seeking the Republican nomination . Aubrey Dunn Jr. , New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history , has announced his run for the seat . New York ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New York , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from New York One - term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72 % of the vote in 2012 . She had previously been appointed to the seat in 2009 , and won a special election to remain in office in 2010 . She will be 51 years old in 2018 . She is running . Private equity executive Chele Chiavacci Farley has been nominated for U.S. Senate by the Republican and Conservative Parties . North Dakota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in North Dakota , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota One - term Democrat Heidi Heitkamp was elected with 50 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 63 years old in 2018 . She is running . Congressman Kevin Cramer and former Niagara , North Dakota Mayor Thomas O'Neill are running for the Republican nomination . Ohio ( edit ) Ohio election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Sherrod Brown Jim Renacci Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Ohio , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Ohio Two - term Democrat Sherrod Brown was re-elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 65 years old in 2018 . He is running , and was unopposed in Democratic primary . U.S. Representative Jim Renacci ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Other Republicans who ran include investment banker Michael Gibbons , businesswoman Melissa Ackison , Dan Kiley , and Don Elijah Eckhart . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Bob Casey Jr . Lou Barletta Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Bob Casey Jr . Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Pennsylvania , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania Two - term Democrat Bob Casey Jr. was re-elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . He is running , and won the Democratic primary unopposed . U.S. Representative Lou Barletta ran for and won the Republican nomination in the May 15 primary . Jim Christiana also ran for the Republican nomination . Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Rhode Island , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Rhode Island Two - term Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse was re-elected with 64 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Representative Robert Nardolillo and former Rhode Island Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Flanders are running for the Republican nomination . Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Tennessee , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Tennessee Two - term Republican Bob Corker was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . Senator Corker filed his Statement of Candidacy with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate to run for re-election , but on September 26 , 2017 , Senator Corker announced his intent to retire . Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn are running for the Republican nomination . Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen is seeking the Democratic nomination . Texas ( edit ) Texas election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Ted Cruz Beto O'Rourke Party Republican Democratic Incumbent U.S. Senator Ted Cruz Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Texas , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Texas One - term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 48 years old in 2018 . He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6 , 2018 . Television producer Bruce Jacobson , Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano , former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam , Mary Miller , and Thomas Dillingham were Cruz 's opponents . U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6 , 2018 . Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough . Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent . Bob McNeil ran with the American Citizen Party . Utah ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Utah , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Utah Seven - term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , as well as the second most - senior Senator . He will be 84 years old in 2018 . Before the 2012 election , Hatch said that he would retire at the end of his seventh term if he was re-elected . Hatch initially announced his re-election campaign on March 9 , 2017 , but later announced his plans to retire on January 2 , 2018 . 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney is running for the seat . Attorney Larry Meyers is also running for the Republican nomination . Professor James Singer was running for the Democratic nomination , but he dropped out and endorsed Salt Lake County Councilwoman Jenny Wilson , who made her Senate bid official on July 17 , 2017 . Danny Drew also was running but dropped out and endorsed Jenny Wilson . Mitchell Kent Vice is also running for the Democratic nomination . Vermont ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Vermont , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Vermont Two - term Independent Senator Bernie Sanders was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2012 . Sanders , one of two independent members of Congress , has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2007 . In November 2015 , Sanders announced his plans to run as a Democrat , rather than an Independent , in all future elections . He will be 77 years old in 2018 . On July 28 , 2016 , Sanders announced he would return to the Senate as an Independent , and two days later , in an interview on Real Time with Bill Maher , he said that he would run for re-election . In 2016 , activist and journalist Al Giordano stated his intention to challenge Sanders for the Democratic nomination to protest Sanders 's 2016 presidential campaign , which Giordano claims has divided the Democratic Party . In 2017 , however , Giordano announced he would not run for the seat . Folasade Adeluola are running for the Democratic nomination . Virginia ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Virginia One - term Democrat Tim Kaine was elected with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 60 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Delegate Nick Freitas , past Senate candidate and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 E.W. Jackson , and Prince William County Supervisor Corey Stewart are seeking the Republican nomination . Washington ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Washington , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Washington Three - term Democrat Maria Cantwell was re-elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 60 years old in 2018 . She is running . Former state Republican Party chair Susan Hutchison is running . Jennifer Gigi Ferguson is running . Dave Strider is running as independents . Mike Luke is running with the Libertarian Party . West Virginia ( edit ) West Virginia election ← 2012 2024 → Nominee Joe Manchin Patrick Morrisey Party Democratic Republican Incumbent U.S. Senator Joe Manchin Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in West Virginia , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from West Virginia One - term Democrat Joe Manchin was elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . He originally won the seat in a 2010 special election . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . Manchin is running for re-election , and won the May 8 Democratic primary . Environmental activist Paula Jean Swearengin , also ran for the Democratic nomination . West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey received the Republican nomination in the May 8 primary . Representative Evan Jenkins , coal miner Bo Copley , Jack Newbrough , Don Blankenship , and Tom Willis ran for the Republican nomination . Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wisconsin , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wisconsin One - term Democrat Tammy Baldwin was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 56 years old in 2018 . She is running . Mary Jo Walters , a Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in the 2014 primary , and later that year a write - in candidate for Governor is running as an independent . State Senator Leah Vukmir , businessman and member of Wisconsin Board of Veterans Affairs Kevin Nicholson and John Schiess are running for the Republican nomination . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wyoming , 2018 See also : List of United States Senators from Wyoming One - term Republican John Barrasso was elected with 76 % of the vote in 2012 . Barrasso was appointed to the seat in 2007 , and won a special election in 2008 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . He is running . 58 year old Gary Trauner , a Jackson Hole businessman and US House candidate in 2006 and 2008 , is running for the Democratic nomination . Businessman Dave Dodson is running as an independent . See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mississippi will hold runoff for special election on November 27 , 2018 , in which no one candidate wins a majority of the vote in the November 6 , 2018 jungle primary . ^ Jump up to : Constitution Party and Socialist Equality Party do not have ballot access in California . Don Grundmann ( C ) and David Moore ( SEP ) appear on ballot as `` No party preference . '' Jump up ^ American Citizen Party does not have ballot access in Texas . Bob McNeil appears on ballot as `` Independent . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Mississippi , 2018 Jump up ^ Including the United States Senate special election in Minnesota , 2018 Jump up ^ Michael Wines ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Wary of Hackers , States Move to Upgrade Voting Systems '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Jason ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Democrats , 2018 Math Is Not Your Friend '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Beto O'Rourke `` very likely '' to run for Sen. Ted Cruz 's seat in 2018 `` . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pramuk , Jacob ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee will not seek re-election , long - shot opportunity for Democrats '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondik , Kyle ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Senate 2014 and Beyond '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fram , Alan ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Several Democrats facing 2018 re-election are from states Trump carried '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bobic , Igor ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Independent Angus King Will Continue To Caucus With Senate Democrats '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gaudiano , Nicole ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Bernie Sanders to caucus with GOP ? Fat chance , he says '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 State PVI Changes -- Decision Desk HQ '' . decisiondeskhq.com . December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings '' . Cook Political Report . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Ratings '' . Inside Elections . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 2018 Crystal Ball Senate race ratings map '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Election Calendar and Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Key Races : Democrats ' tough Senate map '' . CNN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Senate 2018 '' . RCP . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 Primary Calendar '' . Daily Kos Elections . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary and Runoff Elections for Statewide offices and Congress Chronologically with Filing Deadlines '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Poll Closing Times for Statewide office and Congress General Election Chronologically '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Potter , Kyle ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Governor Picks Lt. Governor Tina Smith to Replace Al Franken in the U.S. Senate '' . Time . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , MPR News . `` Replacing Franken : Who 's in , who 's out , who 's being talked about '' . Jump up ^ Orrick , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Washington County Republican Karin Housley wants Al Franken 's Senate seat '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Magan , Christopher ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Fellow Democrat Nick Leonard to challenge Tina Smith for Senate seat '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Painter For Minnesota '' . painterminnesota.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Mississippi Candidate Qualifying List '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Election '' . Arizona Secretary of State . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airshow Pilot Bob Bishop Launches U.S. Senate Campaign '' . Aero - News Network . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , R ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Former `` Revenge Porn Website '' Mastermind Declares Run For Arizona Senate `` . Arizona Daily Independent . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DIEGEL , CHRISTIAN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRIFFIN , MICHELLE MARIE DR PHD - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ JETTE , MATT DR . Jump up ^ `` MARKS , DOUG - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` REDD , SHAWN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RUBEN , DAVID ALAN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` RUSSELL , DALE CHRISTOPHER - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Dan ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` How much re-election trouble is Sen. Jeff Flake really in ? '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TUTORA , NICHOLAS - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` California Candidate List '' ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates for Public Office '' . Constitutionpartyofcalifornia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Socialist Equality Party announces California candidates in midterm elections '' . Wsws.org. 2018 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Bass , Paul ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Murphy Navigates A Changed World '' . New Haven Independent . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ADAMS , ANN MARIE DR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Altimari , Danielle ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Planning U.S. Senate Run Against Murphy '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGuiness , Dylan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Branford Republican Announces Campaign for U.S. Senate '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kailani Koenig on Twitter '' . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Sarah . `` Kerri Harris challenges Carper in September primary '' . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Listing for 2018 General Election '' . Florida Department of State . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Chad ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Warren Makes Pitch For Hirono '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHITE , THOMAS EDWARD MR - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Secretary of State Official Candidates '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Secretary of State . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senator King Responds to LePage 's Possible Senate Run in 2018 WABI TV5 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maine Candidates Lists '' . Leuitenant Governor Election . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Elections , Maryland State Board of . `` 2018 Candidate Listing '' . elections.state.md.us . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Independent to launch bid for Senate in Maryland '' . POLITICO . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shlikas will fix it ! '' . Shlikas for Senate . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hagan , Lisa ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Warren says she will run for reelection '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai on Twitter : `` Today Shiva 4 Senate dumped the MA GOP Establishment and Declared Our Independence '' . Twitter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Geoff Diehl sets stage to challenge Elizabeth Warren '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DEVINE , JOHN P - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Gallerani , Katheryn ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Joshua Ford declares for U.S. Senate '' . Kingston Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dezenski , Lauren ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Kingston makes it official '' . Politico . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Beth Lindstrom to launch challenge to Elizabeth Warren in 2018 '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MITCHELL , DARIUS - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Frank ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Senate candidate readies for ' street fight ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WELLMAN , HEIDI M - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Michigan Candidate Listing '' . Michigan Secretary of State . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's running for Congress in Michigan ? Here 's what we know '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ruth ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` State of Michigan Political Party Status '' ( PDF ) . State of Michigan . ^ Jump up to : Sherry , Allison ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Klobuchar will run again for Senate , rules herself out for governor 's race '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARNHEISER , ROBERT BRUCE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stassen - Berger , Rachel ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Challenger emerges to run against U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar - GOP state Representative Jim Newberger '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transgender candidate announces U.S. Senate campaign in Minn. , ... '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Trump Please Endorse Jack Shepard For The Gop Nomination For The U.S. Senate From The State Of Minnesota '' . Jackshepard.net . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This state 's election has a primary run - off election under certain conditions . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Candidates Lists '' . Missouri Secretary of State . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montana Primary Candidates Lists '' . Montana Secretary of state . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Nebraska Candidate Lists '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Secretary of State . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nevada Candidates Lists '' . Nevada Secretary of state . ^ Jump up to : `` Unofficial List Candidates of US Senate '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Election . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Major Parties Candidates '' . KRWG.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Filed Report '' . New York State Board of Election . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Contest Candidate List '' . North Dakota Secretary of State . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretary of State Jon Husted Receives Statewide Candidate Petitions for May Primary '' . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FARLEY , PHILENA IRENE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania Candidates Lists '' . Pennsylvania Secretary of State . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg , Katherine ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Whitehouse : ' Plenty of opportunity for us to have fights with the president ' '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLANDERS , ROBERT MR - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` NARDOLILLO , ROBERT ANTHONY III - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Tennessee candidates Lists '' ( PDF ) . Tennessee Secretary of State . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIBLE , CARL ALEXANDER - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Sean ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz files to run for reelection to the Senate in 2018 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DIKEMAN , NEAL MONROE - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz Leads O'Rourke in New Senate Poll '' . amarillopioneer.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob McNeil - Ballotpedia '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` AmericanCitizenParty.us '' . americancitizenparty.us . Jump up ^ Tracy , Abigail ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Kennedyesque Democrat trying to beat Ted Cruz '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Candidats Lists '' . Utah Lieutenant Governor Election . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidates listing '' . Vermont Secretary of State . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Candidates and Ballot Order for June 12 , 2018 Primary Elections '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Elections . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Waters For U.S. Senate -- The Virginian '' . Matt Waters for US Senate . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidates Who Have Filed '' . Washington Secretary of State . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` West Virginia Candidates Lists '' ( PDF ) . West Virginia Secretary of State . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Tracking by Office '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Election Commission . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Primary Election Candidate Roster '' ( PDF ) . Wyoming Secretary of State . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wealthy independent enters Wyoming US Senate race '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeff Flake ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Flake Announces Senate Future '' . United States Senator Jeff Flake . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caplan , David . `` Sen. John McCain diagnosed with brain tumor after blood clot removed '' , ABC News ( July 19 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Arizona State Legislature . `` Vacancy in the office of United States senator or representative '' , Arizona State Legislature ( January 14 , 2018 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate List - 2018 Primary Election '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Secretary of State . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Angus King and Joe Manchin are sticking with the Democrats . Because , of course '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LePage says comment about Senate run a joke '' . WMTW - TV . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` GOP state senator Eric Brakey kicks off underdog 2018 bid to unseat Angus King '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Educator Ringlestein declares candidacy for U.S. Senate seat '' . WGME . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 's 14th Congressional District election , 2016 - Ballotpedia '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CERTIFICATE OF APPOINTMENT OF UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA '' ( PDF ) . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Lt. Gov. Tina Smith Will Replace Al Franken in U.S. Senate '' . NPR . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Mississippi Senator Thad Cochran announces he is stepping down '' . the Guardian . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupelo Mayor Jason Shelton pulls out of U.S. senate race '' . wcbi.com . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Crim Announces U.S. Senate 2018 Race For Seat Held By Corker '' . chattanoogan.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corker to end Senate career with this term '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz plans to run for re-election in 2018 '' . CNN . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Jackie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Christian TV producer challenging Sen. Ted Cruz in GOP primary '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Organization '' ( PDF ) . FEC Form 1 . June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna M. ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Election : First day of filing begins with a rush of candidates '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILLER , MARY ANN - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Former Birdville schools employee joins GOP race to unseat Sen. Ted Cruz '' . Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas democrat Beto O'Rourke announces bid to unseat Ted Cruz '' . Business Insider . Associated Press . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HERNANDEZ , IRASEMA RAMIREZ - Candidate overview '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Tinsley , Anna ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadline for 2018 primary ballot : Monday . Here 's who is already in the race '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lederman , Josh ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` Hatch will retire in 2018 if he wins reelection '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Raju , Manu ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` First on CNN : After lobbying from Trump , Orrin Hatch plans to run again '' . CNN . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennis Romboy ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sen. Orrin Hatch leaves door ajar for run in 2018 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Courtney ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo candidate announces bid as Democrat for Hatch 's seat '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breiner , Andrew ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo Candidate Drops Out of Race Against Hatch '' . Roll Call . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schott , Bryan ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Another Democrat looking to knock off Hatch in 2008 '' . Utah Policy . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thank You '' . Danny Drew For U.S. Senate . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blomquist , Dan and Way , Robert . `` Bernie Sanders files for Democratic ballot in N.H. primary '' , Boston Globe ( November 5 , 2015 ) : `` When a reporter asked Sanders his party allegiance after he filed , Sanders responded , ' I 'm a Democrat . ' He then called on Buckley , the Democratic chairman , who confirmed the senator 's party allegiance . Sanders added that he would run as a Democrat in any future elections . '' Jump up ^ `` No , Sanders did NOT file for re-election as an independent in 2018 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joy - Ann Reid ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Al Giordano , the Man Who Wants to Take Bernie Down '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noah Berlatsky ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Could this political gadfly steal Bernie Sanders ' Senate seat ? '' . The Week . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clauss , Kyle Scott ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Former Boston Phoenix Reporter Wants to Take Bernie Sanders ' Senate Seat '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giordano , Al ( April 18 , 2017 ) `` @ algiordano : I have said many times I am not a candidate for office . I am fighting cancer . Please make room for someone else to run by not mentioning me . 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"\nUnited States Senate elections, 2018\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2016\nNovember 6, 2018\n2020 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClass 1 (33 of the 100) seats in the United States Senate\n(and 2 special elections)\n51 seats needed for a majority\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nLeader\nMitch McConnell\nChuck Schumer\n\n\nParty\nRepublican\nDemocratic\n\n\nLeader since\nJanuary 3, 2007\nJanuary 3, 2017\n\n\nLeader's seat\nKentucky\nNew York\n\n\nCurrent seats\n51\n47\n\n\nSeats needed\n\n 2\n\n\nSeats up\n9[1]\n24[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nParty\nIndependent\n\n\n\nCurrent seats\n2\n\n\n\nSeats up\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeats up for election (general & special):\n Democratic incumbent running Democratic incumbent retiring\n Republican incumbent running Republican incumbent retiring\n Independent incumbent running Independent incumbent retiring\n No election\nInset rectangle signifies a special election.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Majority Leader\nMitch McConnell\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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-4175758800254578169 | Skeletal muscle | Skeletal muscle - wikipedia Skeletal muscle This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Barkaat Ahmad ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 32 , 16 August 2017 ( → Arrangement of muscle fibres ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 32 , 16 August 2017 by Barkaat Ahmad ( talk contribs ) ( → Arrangement of muscle fibres ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Skeletal striated muscle / Striated voluntary muscle A top - down view of skeletal muscle Details Latin muscularis striatus skeletalis TH H2. 00.05. 2.00002 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types , the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle . It is a form of striated muscle tissue which is under the ' voluntary ' control of the somatic nervous system . Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons . A skeletal muscle refers to multiple bundles of cells called muscle fibers ( fascicles ) . The fibres and muscles are surrounded by connective tissue layers called fasciae . Muscle fibres , or muscle cells , are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts in a process known as myogenesis . Muscle fibres are cylindrical , and have more than one nucleus . It has multiple mitochondria to meet energy needs . Muscle fibers are in turn composed of myofibrils . The myofibrils are composed of actin and myosin filaments , repeated in units called sarcomeres , which are the basic functional units of the muscle fiber . The sarcomere is responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle , and forms the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Skeletal muscles 1.1 Muscle fibers 1.2 Arrangement of muscle fibres 2 Function 2.1 Cellular physiology and contraction 2.2 Physics 2.3 Signal transduction pathways 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Research 4 See also 5 References Skeletal muscles ( edit ) Connective tissue is present in all muscles as fascia . Enclosing each muscle is a layer of connective tissue known as the epimysium ; enclosing each fascicle is a layer called the perimysium , and enclosing each muscle fiber is a layer of connective tissue called the endomysium . Muscle fibers ( edit ) 3D rendering of a skeletal muscle fiber . Skeletal muscle fibers show sarcomeres clearly Main article : Myocyte Muscle fibres are the individual contractile units within muscle . A single muscle such as the biceps brachii contains many muscle fibres . Another group of cells , the myosatellite cells are found between the basement membrane and the sarcolemma of muscle fibers . These cells are normally quiescent but can be activated by exercise or pathology to provide additional myonuclei for muscle growth or repair . Development Individual muscle fibers are formed during development from the fusion of several undifferentiated immature cells known as myoblasts into long , cylindrical , multi-nucleated cells . Differentiation into this state is primarily completed before birth with the cells continuing to grow in size thereafter . Microanatomy Skeletal muscle exhibits a distinctive banding pattern when viewed under the microscope due to the arrangement of cytoskeletal elements in the cytoplasm of the muscle fibers . The principal cytoplasmic proteins are myosin and actin ( also known as `` thick '' and `` thin '' filaments , respectively ) which are arranged in a repeating unit called a sarcomere . The interaction of myosin and actin is responsible for muscle contraction . Every single organelle and macromolecule of a muscle fiber is arranged to ensure form meets function . The cell membrane is called the sarcolemma with the cytoplasm known as the sarcoplasm . In the sarcoplasm are the myofibrils . The myofibrils are long protein bundles about 1 micrometer in diameter each containing myofilaments . Pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma are the unusual flattened myonuclei . Between the myofibrils are the mitochondria . While the muscle fiber does not have a smooth endoplasmic reticulum , it contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum . The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the myofibrils and holds a reserve of the calcium ions needed to cause a muscle contraction . Periodically , it has dilated end sacs known as terminal cisternae . These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other . In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule ( T tubule ) . T tubules are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium , causing a muscle contraction . Together , two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a triad . Arrangement of muscle fibres ( edit ) Main article : Muscle architecture Muscle architecture refers to the arrangement of muscle fibers relative to the axis of force generation of the muscle . This axis is a hypothetical line from the muscle 's origin to insertion . For some longitudinal muscles , such as the biceps brachii , this is a relatively simple concept . For others , such as the rectus femoris or deltoid muscle , it becomes more complicated . While the muscle fibers of a fascicle lie parallel to one another , the fascicles themselves can vary in their relationship to one another and to their tendons . The different fiber arrangements produce broad categories of skeletal muscle architectures including longitudinal , pennate , unipennate , bipennate , and multipennate . Because of these different architectures , the tension a muscle can create between its tendons varies by more than simply its size and fiber - type makeup . Longitudinal architecture The fascicles of longitudinally arranged , parallel , or fusiform muscles run parallel to the axis of force generation , thus these muscles on a whole function similarly to a single , large muscle fiber . Variations exist , and the different terms are often used more specifically . For instance , fusiform refers to a longitudinal architecture with a widened muscle belly ( biceps ) , while parallel may refer to a more ribon - shaped longitudinal architecture ( rectus abdominis ) . A less common example would be a circular muscle such as the orbicularis oris , in which the fibers are longitudinally arranged , but create a circle from origin to insertion . Unipennate architecture The fibers in unipennate muscles are all oriented at the same ( but non-zero ) angle relative to the axis of force generation . This angle reduces the effective force of any individual fiber , as it is effectively pulling off - axis . However , because of this angle , more fibers can be packed into the same muscle volume , increasing the Physiological cross-sectional area ( PCSA ) . This effect is known as fiber packing , and -- in terms of force generation -- it more than overcomes the efficiency loss of the off - axis orientation . The trade - off comes in overall speed of muscle shortening and in total excursion . Overall muscle shortening speed is reduced compared to fiber shortening speed , as is the total distance of shortening . All of these effects scale with pennation angle ; greater angles lead to greater force due to increased fiber packing and PCSA , but with greater losses in shortening speed and excursion . The vastus lateralis is an example of unipennate architecture . Multipennate architectures The fibers in multipennate muscles are arranged at multiple angles in relation to the axis of force generation , and are the most general and most common architecture . Several fiber orientations fall into this category ; bipennate , convergent , and multipennate . While the determination of PCSA becomes more difficult in these muscle architectures , the same tradeoffs as listed above apply . Bipennate arrangements are essentially `` V '' s of fibers stacked on top of each other , such as in the rectus femoris . Convergent arrangements are triangle or fan shaped , with wide origins and more narrow insertions . The wide variation of pennation angles in this architecture can actually allow for multiple functions . For instance , the trapezius , a prototypical convergent muscle , can aid in both shoulder elevation and depression . Multipennate arrangements are not limited to a particular arrangement , but -- when used specifically -- commonly refer to what is essentially a combination of bipennate or unipennate arrangements with convergent arrangements . An example of this architecture would be the human deltoid muscle . Function ( edit ) Cellular Physiology and contraction ( edit ) In addition to the actin and myosin components that constitute the sarcomere , skeletal muscle fibers also contain two other important regulatory proteins , troponin and tropomyosin , that are necessary for muscle contraction to occur . These proteins are associated with actin and cooperate to prevent its interaction with myosin . Skeletal muscle cells are excitable and are subject to depolarization by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , released at the neuromuscular junction by motor neurons . Once a cell is sufficiently stimulated , the cell 's sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ionic calcium ( Ca2+ ) , which then interacts with the regulatory protein troponin . Calcium - bound troponin undergoes a conformational change that leads to the movement of tropomyosin , subsequently exposing the myosin - binding sites on actin . This allows for myosin and actin ATP - dependent cross-bridge cycling and shortening of the muscle . Physics ( edit ) Muscle force is proportional to physiologic cross-sectional area ( PCSA ) , and muscle velocity is proportional to muscle fiber length . The torque around a joint , however , is determined by a number of biomechanical parameters , including the distance between muscle insertions and pivot points , muscle size and Architectural gear ratio . Muscles are normally arranged in opposition so that when one group of muscles contracts , another group relaxes or lengthens . Antagonism in the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles means that it is impossible to fully stimulate the contraction of two antagonistic muscles at any one time . During ballistic motions such as throwing , the antagonist muscles act to ' brake ' the agonist muscles throughout the contraction , particularly at the end of the motion . In the example of throwing , the chest and front of the shoulder ( anterior Deltoid ) contract to pull the arm forward , while the muscles in the back and rear of the shoulder ( posterior Deltoid ) also contract and undergo eccentric contraction to slow the motion down to avoid injury . Part of the training process is learning to relax the antagonist muscles to increase the force input of the chest and anterior shoulder . Contracting muscles produce vibration and sound . Slow twitch fibers produce 10 to 30 contractions per second ( 10 to 30 Hz ) . Fast twitch fibers produce 30 to 70 contractions per second ( 30 to 70 Hz ) . The vibration can be witnessed and felt by highly tensing one 's muscles , as when making a firm fist . The sound can be heard by pressing a highly tensed muscle against the ear , again a firm fist is a good example . The sound is usually described as a rumbling sound . Some individuals can voluntarily produce this rumbling sound by contracting the tensor tympani muscle of the middle ear . The rumbling sound can also be heard when the neck or jaw muscles are highly tensed . Signal transduction pathways ( edit ) Skeletal muscle fiber - type phenotype in adult animals is regulated by several independent signaling pathways . These include pathways involved with the Ras / mitogen - activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway , calcineurin , calcium / calmodulin - dependent protein kinase IV , and the peroxisome proliferator γ coactivator 1 ( PGC - 1 ) . The Ras / MAPK signaling pathway links the motor neurons and signaling systems , coupling excitation and transcription regulation to promote the nerve - dependent induction of the slow program in regenerating muscle . Calcineurin , a Ca2+ / calmodulin - activated phosphatase implicated in nerve activity - dependent fiber - type specification in skeletal muscle , directly controls the phosphorylation state of the transcription factor NFAT , allowing for its translocation to the nucleus and leading to the activation of slow - type muscle proteins in cooperation with myocyte enhancer factor 2 ( MEF2 ) proteins and other regulatory proteins . Ca2+ / calmodulin - dependent protein kinase activity is also upregulated by slow motor neuron activity , possibly because it amplifies the slow - type calcineurin - generated responses by promoting MEF2 transactivator functions and enhancing oxidative capacity through stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis . Contraction - induced changes in intracellular calcium or reactive oxygen species provide signals to diverse pathways that include the MAPKs , calcineurin and calcium / calmodulin - dependent protein kinase IV to activate transcription factors that regulate gene expression and enzyme activity in skeletal muscle . Exercise - Included Signaling Pathways in Skeletal Muscle That Determine Specialized Characteristics of slow twitch and fast twitch Muscle Fibers PGC1 - α ( PPARGC1A ) , a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors important to the regulation of a number of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative metabolism , directly interacts with MEF2 to synergistically activate selective slow twitch ( ST ) muscle genes and also serves as a target for calcineurin signaling . A peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor δ ( PPARδ ) - mediated transcriptional pathway is involved in the regulation of the skeletal muscle fiber phenotype . Mice that harbor an activated form of PPARd display an `` endurance '' phenotype , with a coordinated increase in oxidative enzymes and mitochondrial biogenesis and an increased proportion of ST fibers . Thus -- through functional genomics -- calcineurin , calmodulin - dependent kinase , PGC - 1α , and activated PPARδ form the basis of a signaling network that controls skeletal muscle fiber - type transformation and metabolic profiles that protect against insulin resistance and obesity . The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during intense work requires that several systems are rapidly activated to ensure a constant supply of ATP for the working muscles . These include a switch from fat - based to carbohydrate - based fuels , a redistribution of blood flow from nonworking to exercising muscles , and the removal of several of the by - products of anaerobic metabolism , such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid . Some of these responses are governed by transcriptional control of the fast twtich ( FT ) glycolytic phenotype . For example , skeletal muscle reprogramming from an ST glycolytic phenotype to an FT glycolytic phenotype involves the Six1 / Eya1 complex , composed of members of the Six protein family . Moreover , the hypoxia - inducible factor 1 - α ( HIF1A ) has been identified as a master regulator for the expression of genes involved in essential hypoxic responses that maintain ATP levels in cells . Ablation of HIF - 1α in skeletal muscle was associated with an increase in the activity of rate - limiting enzymes of the mitochondria , indicating that the citric acid cycle and increased fatty acid oxidation may be compensating for decreased flow through the glycolytic pathway in these animals . However , hypoxia - mediated HIF - 1α responses are also linked to the regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction through the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species in mitochondria . Other pathways also influence adult muscle character . For example , physical force inside a muscle fiber may release the transcription factor serum response factor ( SRF ) from the structural protein titin , leading to altered muscle growth . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Neuromuscular disease Diseases of skeletal muscle are termed Myopathies , while diseases of nerves are called Neuropathies . Both can affect muscle function and / or cause muscle pain , and fall under the umbrella of Neuromuscular disease . Myopathies have been modeled with cell culture systems of muscle from healthy or diseased tissue biopsies . Another source of skeletal muscle and progenitors is provided by the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells . Research ( edit ) Research on skeletal muscle properties uses many techniques . Electrical muscle stimulation is used to determine force and contraction speed at different stimulation frequencies , which are related to fiber - type composition and mix within an individual muscle group . In vitro muscle testing is used for more complete characterization of muscle properties . The electrical activity associated with muscle contraction are measured via electromyography ( EMG ) . EMG is a common technique used in many disciplines within the Exercise and Rehab Sciences . Skeletal muscle has two physiological responses : relaxation and contraction . The mechanisms for which these responses occur generate electrical activity measured by EMG . Specifically , EMG can measure the action potential of a skeletal muscle , which occurs from the hyperpolarization of the motor axons from nerve impulses sent to the muscle ( 1 ) . EMG is used in research for determining if the skeletal muscle of interest is being activated , the amount of force generated , and an indicator of muscle fatigue . The two types of EMG are intra-muscular EMG and the most common , surface EMG . The EMG signals are much greater when a skeletal muscle is contracting verses relaxing . However , for smaller and deeper skeletal muscles the EMG signals are reduced and therefore are viewed as a less valued technique for measuring the activation . In research using EMG , a maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) is commonly performed on the skeletal muscle of interest , to have reference data for the rest of the EMG recordings during the main experimental testing for that same skeletal muscle . B.K. Pedersen and her colleagues have conducted research showing that skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ by secreting cytokines and other peptides , now referred to as myokines . Myokines in turn are believed to mediate the health benefits of exercise . See also ( edit ) Hill 's muscle model In vitro muscle testing Muscle atrophy Musculoskeletal injury Myopathy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birbrair , Alexander ; Zhang , Tan ; Wang , Zhong - Min ; Messi , Maria Laura ; Enikolopov , Grigori N. ; Mintz , Akiva ; Delbono , Osvaldo ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Role of Pericytes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Fat Accumulation '' . Stem Cells and Development . 22 ( 16 ) : 2298 -- 2314 . ISSN 1547 - 3287 . PMC 3730538 . PMID 23517218 . doi : 10.1089 / scd. 2012.0647 . Jump up ^ Zammit , PS ; Partridge , TA ; Yablonka - Reuveni , Z ( November 2006 ) . `` The skeletal muscle satellite cell : the stem cell that came in from the cold . '' . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 54 ( 11 ) : 1177 -- 91 . PMID 16899758 . doi : 10.1369 / jhc. 6r6995. 2006 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2010 ) . Anatomy and Physiology ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Watnick . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 9780072943689 . ^ Jump up to : Martini , Frederic H. ; Timmons , Michael J. ; Tallitsch , Robert B. ( 2008 ) . Human Anatomy ( 6 ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . pp. 251 -- 252 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 50042 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lieber , Richard L. ( 2002 ) Skeletal muscle structure , function , and plasticity . Wolters Kluwer Health . Jump up ^ Costanzo , Linda S. ( 2002 ) . Physiology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 9549 - 3 . Jump up ^ Quoted from National Skeletal Muscle Research Center ; UCSD , Muscle Physiology Home Page -- Skeletal Muscle Architecture , Effect of Muscle Architecture on Muscle Function Jump up ^ Barry , D.T. ( 1992 ) . `` Vibrations and sounds from evoked muscle twitches '' . Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 32 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 35 -- 40 . PMID 1541245 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Peak Performance -- Endurance training : understanding your slow twitch muscle fibres will boost performance Jump up ^ Chal J , Oginuma M , Al Tanoury Z , Gobert B , Sumara O , Hick A , Bousson F , Zidouni Y , Mursch C , Moncuquet P , Tassy O , Vincent S , Miyanari A , Bera A , Garnier JM , Guevara G , Hestin M , Kennedy L , Hayashi S , Drayton B , Cherrier T , Gayraud - Morel B , Gussoni E , Relaix F , Tajbakhsh S , Pourquié O ( August 2015 ) . `` Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to muscle fiber to model Duchenne muscular dystrophy '' . Nature Biotechnology . 33 : 962 -- 9 . PMID 26237517 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt. 3297 . Jump up ^ The electrical activity associated with muscle contraction are measured via electromyography ( EMG ) Jump up ^ Cè , E ; Rampichini , S ; Limonta , E ; Esposito , F ( Dec 10 , 2013 ) . `` Fatigue effects on the electromechanical delay components during the relaxation phase after isometric contraction . '' . Acta physiologica ( Oxford , England ) . 211 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 96 . PMID 24319999 . doi : 10.1111 / apha. 12212 . Jump up ^ Xu , Q ; Quan , Y ; Yang , L ; He , J ( Jan 2013 ) . `` An adaptive algorithm for the determination of the onset and offset of muscle contraction by EMG signal processing . '' . IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society . 21 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 73 . PMID 23193462 . doi : 10.1109 / TNSRE. 2012.2226916 . Jump up ^ Milder , DA ; Sutherland , EJ ; Gandevia , SC ; McNulty , PA ( 2014 ) . `` Sustained maximal voluntary contraction produces independent changes in human motor axons and the muscle they innervate '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 3 ) : e91754 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 991754M . PMC 3951451 . PMID 24622330 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0091754 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , B.K. ( 2013 ) . `` Muscle as a Secretory Organ '' . Comprehensive Physiology . Comprehensive Physiology. 3 . pp. 1337 -- 62 . ISBN 9780470650714 . PMID 23897689 . doi : 10.1002 / cphy. c120033 . ( show ) Muscular system Tissue Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Fascia Superficial Deep Visceral Fascial compartment Tendon / Aponeurosis Shape Fusiform Pennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate Other Anatomical terms of muscle Origin Insertion List of muscles of the human body Composite muscle ( show ) Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Calmodulin Vascular smooth muscle Striated muscle Skeletal muscle Costamere / DAPC Membrane / extracellular DAP : Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan Sarcospan Laminin , alpha 2 Intracellular Dystrophin Dystrobrevin A B Syntrophin A B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin / desmuslin related : NOS1 Caveolin 3 Sarcomere / ( a , i , and h bands ; z and m lines ) Myofilament thin filament / actin thick filament / myosin elastic filament / titin nebulin Tropomyosin Troponin T C I Connective tissue Epimysium Fascicle Perimysium Endomysium Connective tissue in skeletal muscle General Neuromuscular junction Motor unit Muscle spindle Excitation -- contraction coupling Sliding filament mechanism Cardiac muscle Myocardium Intercalated disc Nebulette Both Fiber Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament / Myofilament Sarcomere Cells Myoblast / Myocyte Myosatellite cell Other Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T - tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Other / ungrouped Myotilin Telethonin Dysferlin Fukutin Fukutin - related protein Authority control NDL : 001143838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeletal_muscle&oldid=795781711 '' Categories : Muscular system Somatic motor system Muscle tissue Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 12 : 32 . 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-4892448329211727225 | Category:Writers from Haryana | Category : writers from Haryana - wikipedia Help Category : writers from Haryana Jump to : navigation , search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Writers from Haryana . This category has the following 6 subcategories , out of 6 total . ► Women writers from Haryana ( 1 C , 7 P ) ► Dramatists and playwrights from Haryana ( 1 C , 1 P ) J ► Journalists from Haryana ( 7 P ) ► Novelists from Haryana ( 6 P ) ► Poets from Haryana ( 11 P ) ► Scholars from Haryana ( 1 C , 8 P ) Pages in category `` writers from Haryana '' The following 7 pages are in this category , out of 7 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Urvashi Butalia J Hari Krishan Jain Vishnu Prabhakar Z.A. Suleri Y B.D. Yadav J.N. Singh Yadav Z Kashmiri Lal Zakir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Writers_from_Haryana&oldid=738587017 '' Categories : Indian writers by state People from Haryana by occupation Haryana academics Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Help About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2016 , at 21 : 29 . About Wikipedia | who is the writer of first haryana novel | [] | [] |
-1448524641308572783 | The Lord of the Rings (film series) | The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) This article is about the film series released between 2001 and 2003 . For other films based on The Lord of the Rings , see Middle - earth in film . The Lord of the Rings The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring See list below Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Running time 558 minutes ( Cumulative of 3 films ) Language English Budget $281,000,000 Box office $2,917,506,956 The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country , resulting in 1 in every 160 New Zealanders being part of the production of the trilogy . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Additional crew & production details 6 Post-production 6.1 Editing 6.2 Music 6.3 Sound 6.4 Special effects 7 Releases 7.1 Theatrical 7.2 Home media 8 Reception 8.1 Box office performance 8.2 Public and critical response 8.3 Academy Awards 8.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 8.5 Legacy 9 Video games 10 Prequel series 10.1 Films 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriters Producers The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring December 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) Peter Jackson Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens & Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne , Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh and Tim Sanders The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers December 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson & Stephen Sinclair Barrie M. Osborne , Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King December 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens & Peter Jackson Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , as occurs in the original novel . In the final treatment Sam , Merry , and Pippin infer the existence of One Ring and voluntarily go along after confronting Frodo about it . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . hide Character Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins Elijah Wood Aragorn Viggo Mortensen Boromir Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee Sean Astin Gandalf Ian McKellen Gimli John Rhys - Davies Legolas Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Billy Boyd The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes Old Noakes Bill Johnson Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a. Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel Cate Blanchett Haldir Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod Alistair Browning Denethor John Noble Éomer Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn Miranda Otto Faramir David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling Bruce Hopkins Grimbold Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas Ian Hughes King of the Dead Paul Norell Madril John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum Andy Serkis Gorbag Stephen Ure Gothmog Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol Thomas Robins ( hand only ) Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie Gil - galad Mark Ferguson Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Additional crew & production details ( edit ) Film Crew / Detail Composer ( s ) Cinematographer Editor ( s ) Production Companies Distributing Company Running time The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Howard Shore Andrew Lesnie John Gilbert WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company New Line Cinema 2hr 58min Extended Edition : 3hr 28min The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Michael Horton & Jabez Olssen 3hr 13min Extended Edition : 3hr 44min The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Jamie Selkirk 3hr 13min Extended Edition : 4hr 11min Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films . Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing Schindler 's List , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The first two films were released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 19 December 2001 $315,544,750 $555,985,574 $871,530,324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93,000,000 The Two Towers 18 December 2002 $342,551,365 $583,495,746 $926,047,111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94,000,000 The Return of the King 17 December 2003 $377,845,905 $742,083,616 $1,119,929,521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94,000,000 Total $1,035,942,020 $1,881,564,936 $2,917,506,956 $281,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 95 % , and 93 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 87 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 227 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 95 % ( 8.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 250 reviews ) 87 ( 39 reviews ) The Return of the King 93 % ( 8.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 269 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Middle - earth : Shadow of War . Prequel series ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles . Films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriters Producers The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey December 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 14 ) Peter Jackson Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Peter Jackson & Guillermo del Toro Carolynne Cunningham , Zane Weiner , Fran Walsh and Peter Jackson The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films List of films featuring miniature people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . 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Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings ( movies ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Official site of the films The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo 's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=846425215 '' Categories : English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Films released in separate parts American fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 18 : 10 . 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-4964359952847202128 | Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might | Dragon Ball Z : the Tree of Might - wikipedia Dragon Ball Z : the Tree of Might Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z : The Tree Of Might Japanese box art Directed by Daisuke Nishio Produced by Chiaki Imada Tamio Kojima Screenplay by Takao Koyama Based on Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Starring See below Music by Shunsuke Kikuchi Cinematography Motoaki Ikegami Edited by Shinichi Fukumitsu Production company Toei Animation Distributed by Toei Company Release date July 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 07 ) ( Japan ) Running time 65 minutes Box office ¥ 1.25 billion ( US $8.4 million ) Dragon Ball Z : The Tree of Might , also known by its Japanese title Dragon Ball Z : The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール Z 地球 まるごと 超 決戦 , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto : Chikyū Marugoto Chōkessen ) or Toei 's own English title Super Battle in the World , is a Japanese animated science fantasy adventure film and the third Dragon Ball Z feature film . It was originally released in Japan on July 7 , 1990 , between episodes 54 and 55 of DBZ , at the `` Toei Anime Fair '' film festival , where it was shown as part of an Akira Toriyama - themed triple feature titled Toriyama Akira : The World ( the other two films were anime versions of his one - shot stories Kennosuke - sama and Pink ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot ( Funimation version ) 2 Turles 3 Cast 4 Music 4.1 English dub soundtracks 4.1. 1 1997 4.1. 2 2006 5 English releases 5.1 Content edits 6 References 7 External links Plot ( Funimation version ) ( edit ) Gohan , Krillin , Bulma , and Oolong are spending a peaceful day camping , but that night , a huge fire breaks out in the nearby forest . Using their strength , Krillin and Gohan put out the fire and save the animals . The next day , the group find the Dragon Balls using the Dragon Radar , and summon the wish - granting Eternal Dragon , Shenron , to restore the forest . Afterwards , Gohan befriends a purple dragon which he and Krillin rescued from the forest 's destruction by the fire and names him Icarus . Unbeknownst to the group , the fire was started by a space probe landing . The next morning , the space pod begins scouting the area and it is soon revealed that it was sent by a Saiyan , Turles , who has chosen the Earth to plant the Tree of Might . The Tree of Might absorbs the world 's energy , storing it in its fruit , and whoever eats it is granted godlike power . Turles ' minions land and create a fissure in the earth to plant the seed . In the Other World , King Kai recognizes the Tree of Might and warns the Z Warriors of the Earth 's imminent devastation if they do n't destroy it immediately . The Z Warriors head out and find the Tree of Might . They fired their energy attacks at it , but they do n't even leave a scratch on the Tree of Might . To make matters worse , Turles ' minions soon appear and a battle breaks out as their master watches on from their space ship . The Z Warriors attack with all they have , but it soon become apparent they are no match . Gohan , arriving on Icarus , also joins in to help his friends out . Noticing Gohan in the battle , Turles learns that the young boy is a Saiyan and appears before him . After claiming his knowledge of Goku whom he calls by his real name `` Kakarot '' , he attempts to convince Gohan to join him and help him conquer the universe . Gohan refuses and tries to attack Turles , but he blocked his punch and prepared to kill him as an endeavor to change his mind . Luckily , Piccolo intervenes to confront Turles in an effort to save Gohan . Unfortunately , Turles tricks Piccolo into catching Gohan , and appearing from behind him , the evil Saiyan blasted the mighty Namekian away , leaving Gohan right where Turles had him . When he saw Gohan 's tail grew back , Turles decides to have a little fun and creates an artificial moon ( Power Ball ) , forcing Gohan to look at it and change into a Great Ape . Goku notices this and comes to help , only to be attacked by the now - transformed Gohan . Just as the Great Ape begins to crush Goku , Icarus appears and calms Gohan . But after seeing this , Turles shoots Icarus , causing Gohan to go into a frenzy , and this time , quickly turns on Turles . Dodging Gohan , Turles then fires a massive energy attack at the Great Ape , but Goku severs his tail with a Destructo Disk , returning him to normal just in time so that the attack misses Gohan . Enraged at Turles for treating Gohan like this , Goku quickly defeats Turles ' minions and heads off to take on his foe . The two Saiyans ' one - on - one showdown begins and Goku has Turles on the ropes . However , the fruit of the Tree of Might has finally developed and Turles grabs one , taking a bite . With the sudden surge of power , Turles quickly turns the tables on Goku , but the Z Warriors ( except Gohan who is exhausted after his Great Ape transformation ) come to his aid . As they take on Turles , Goku begins to form a Spirit Bomb , but the Earth barely has any energy left . While Turles defeat the remaining Z Warriors , Goku then fires his Spirit Bomb at him , but Turtles shoots another energy blast that blocked the bomb and then knocked out Goku . Surprisingly , the energy from the Tree of Might suddenly flows into Goku and the Spirit Bomb is recreated . Goku confronts Turles and each unleashes their final attack , but Goku 's Spirit Bomb overwhelms Turles ' attack and hits him head on , sending him flying through the Tree of Might and destroying them both . Now that the Tree of Might is gone , the stolen energy is returned to Earth . With peace returned , the group enjoy another camping trip . Turles ( edit ) Turles , the movie 's main villain . Turles ( ターレス , Tāresu , `` Tullece '' ) is the featured supervillain in this film . He is a low class Saiyan with somewhat grey skin and bears a striking resemblance to Goku , and can be considered an alternate version of Goku if he had never found peace on Earth , however , his in - universe story has varied from dub to dub . In some dubs their resemblance to each other is because when it came to identifying the lower class breed of saiyans many of them would look alike ( Not all , as Bardock 's team did not look the same , and Gohan does not have the same look as Goku , although his brother , Goten , does ) , yet , on other dubs , Turles is simply the long lost twin brother of Goku sent on a mission like Goku was before the fall of the Saiyan planet by the hands of Frieza . In the German dub of Bardock -- The Father of Goku , Bardock mentions Turles is his brother . Rather than Turles being Goku 's brother , and he is his uncle instead . He roamed the universe under the planet trade organization , but went defunct after discovering the Tree of Might seeds , which are capable of taking away the planets energy to supply power to the fruit it grows , able to enhance one 's own strength exponentially . He quickly assembled the Turles Crusher Corps , a band of rebels who had terrorized several planets before , and began to conquer planets for himself before along with his squad of henchmen , make their way toward Earth to check up on the Saiyan , Kakarot ( Goku ) . Upon arriving on Earth , he planned to plant the seed of the Tree of Might , but finds resistance from the Z Fighters . While fighting Goku , Turles eats one of the fruits and he greatly overpowers him gaining the upper hand , even able to destroy a Spirit Bomb . With the planets energy slowly deteriorating , Goku creates another Spirit Bomb from the immense energy of the Tree of Might and uses this to kill Turles and destroy the tree . In Budokai Tenkaichi 2 and 3 he is given an exclusive Oozaru form for the game . Cast ( edit ) Character Name Japanese voice actor English voice actor ( Saban / Funimation / Ocean Studios , 1997 ) English voice actor ( Pioneer / Funimation / Ocean Studios , 1998 ) English voice actor ( AB Groupe , c. 2003 ) English voice actor ( Funimation , 2006 ) Goku Masako Nozawa Ian James Corlett Peter Kelamis David Gasman Sean Schemmel Gohan Masako Nozawa Saffron Henderson Saffron Henderson Jodi Forrest Stephanie Nadolny Shane Ray ( Great Ape form ) Kuririn Mayumi Tanaka Terry Klassen as Krillin Terry Klassen as Krillin Sharon Mann as Clearin Sonny Strait as Krillin Yamcha Toru Furuya Ted Cole Ted Cole Doug Rand Christopher R. Sabat Tenshinhan Hirotaka Suzuoki Matt Smith as Tien Shinhan Matt Smith as Tien Shinhan Doug Rand as Tenshin John Burgmeier as Tien Shinhan Chaozu Hiroko Emori Cathy Weseluck as Chiaotzu Cathy Weseluck as Chiaotzu Jodi Forrest Ed Marcus ( some grunts ) Monika Antonelli as Chiaotzu Piccolo Toshio Furukawa Scott McNeil Scott McNeil Paul Bandey as Big Green Christopher R. Sabat Bulma Hiromi Tsuru Lalainia Lindbjerg Lalainia Lindbjerg Sharon Mann as Blooma Tiffany Vollmer Chichi Mayumi Shō Laara Sadiq Laara Sadiq Sharon Mann Cynthia Cranz Oolong Naoki Tatsuta Alec Willows Scott McNeil David Gasman Bradford Jackson Pu - erh Naoko Watanabe Cathy Weseluck as Puar Cathy Weseluck as Puar Jodi Forrest Monika Antonelli as Puar Kame - sen'nin ( Turtle Hermit ) Kōhei Miyauchi Ian James Corlett as Master Roshi Don Brown as Master Roshi Ed Marcus Mike McFarland as Master Roshi Kaiō Jōji Yanami Don Brown as King Kai Don Brown as King Kai Paul Bandey Sean Schemmel as King Kai Shenron Kenji Utsumi Don Brown Don Brown Ed Marcus Christopher R. Sabat Raisin ( レズン , Rezun ) Kenji Utsumi Don Brown as Rasin Scott McNeil as Rasin Jodi Forrest as The Twilight Twins Robert McCollum as Rasin Rakasei ( ラカセイ ) Masaharu Satō Alec Willows as Lakasei Don Brown as Lakasei Sharon Mann as The Twilight Twins Robert McCollum as Lakasei Daiz ( ダイーズ , Daīzu ) Yūji Machi Scott McNeil Scott McNeil Ed Marcus Mark Lancaster Cacao ( カカオ , Kakao ) Shinobu Satouchi Alvin Sanders Alvin Sanders Paul Bandey Jeff Johnson Amond ( アモンド , Amondo ) Banjō Ginga Paul Dobson Paul Dobson Paul Bandey Paul Slavens Tullece Masako Nozawa Ward Perry as Turles Ward Perry as Turles Ed Marcus as Talece Chris Patton as Turles A fifth English version , produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video , features an unknown voice cast . Music ( edit ) OP ( Opening Theme ) : `` CHA - LA HEAD - CHA - LA '' Lyrics by Yukinojō Mori Music by Chiho Kiyooka Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto Performed by Hironobu Kageyama ED ( Ending Theme ) : Marugoto ( まるごと , `` The Whole World '' ) Lyrics by Dai Satō Music by Chiho Kiyooka Arranged by Kenji Yamamoto Performed by Hironobu Kageyama ft . Ammy English dub soundtracks ( edit ) 1997 ( edit ) OP ( Opening Theme ) : `` Rock the Dragon '' Performed by Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet ED ( Ending Theme ) : `` End Title '' Performed by Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet The score for the 1997 Saban TV version was composed by Ron Wasserman ( although credited to Kussa Mahehi and Shuki Levy for contractual reasons ) . The background music and opening theme `` Rock the Dragon '' were recycled from his Saiyan / Namek Saga dub soundtrack . 2006 ( edit ) OP ( Opening Theme ) : `` Dragon Ball Z Movie Theme '' Performed by Mark Menza ED ( Ending Theme ) : `` Dragon Ball Z Movie Theme '' Performed by Mark Menza Funimation 's 2006 in - house dub featured a new score by Nathan M. Johnson . However , remastered releases contain both English audio tracks with the Johnson soundtrack and original Japanese score . The 1998 Pioneer release , 2003 AB Groupe dub and Speedy Video dub all kept the original Japanese songs and background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi . English releases ( edit ) The title card used for Saban 's three `` The Tree of Might '' TV episodes from 1997 . It was first dubbed in English by Funimation Entertainment in association with Saban Entertainment and Ocean Productions . This dub edited the film into a three - part television episode , which first aired in North American countries during November 1997 as part of the show 's second season . Funimation later sub-licensed the home video rights for the movie to Pioneer Home Entertainment who , also in association with Ocean Productions , re-dubbed the movie , and released it uncut on VHS and DVD on March 17 , 1998 , featuring the then - current English voice cast from the TV series , dialogue more accurately translated from the original Japanese script , and the original Japanese background music . On November 14 , 2006 , the movie was re-released on DVD , re-dubbed by Funimation 's in - house voice cast as part of a movie box set titled `` First Strike , '' also containing Dead Zone and The World 's Strongest ; this dubbed version of Tree Of Might was based on the less accurate , censored script from the 1997 Saban version , rather than the more accurate , uncensored one from the 1998 Pioneer version , and had a new replacement score composed for it . The movie , with this dub , was later re-released on a Double Feature set in a cropped widescreen format with Lord Slug on Blu - Ray and DVD on May 27 , 2008 with the original Japanese soundtrack reinstated into the dub . The film was released to DVD again on November 1 , 2011 in another widescreen cropped box set containing the first five Dragon Ball Z movies , once again using Funimation 's dub with the Japanese soundtrack . The edited 1997 dub finally made it to DVD in Funimation 's Rock The Dragon Edition collection . On this release , the 1997 dub was not presented in the episodic format in which it originally aired , but rather as a stand - alone movie on the final disc of the set , alongside the TV edits of the uncut dubs of The World 's Strongest and Dead Zone . Other English dubs were also made by French company AB Groupe and Malaysian company Speedy Video . These dubs , which are notorious for poor voice acting , were never released in North America . While the Malaysian dub 's cast remains unknown , it has recently been discovered that English - speaking actors living in France were involved in the AB Groupe dub ( see above ) . Some of these voice actors were also speculated to have dubbed animated shows produced in France , such as Code Lyoko and Chris Colorado . Other actors such as Christine Flowers , Matthew Géczy , Mirabelle Kirkland , Barbara Scaff and Allan Wenger were also thought to have taken part in this particular dub , but they have since been ruled out . Content edits ( edit ) Funimation 's first dub of The Tree of Might done in association with Saban Entertainment and Ocean was heavily edited for content and length , just like their dub of Dragon Ball Z . In order to spread time for the movie to be a three - part episode , several scenes from the series were added , such as when the Eternal Dragon is summoned , when Turles , his henchmen , and Piccolo make their first appearances in the film , and most of King Kai 's scenes . Blood was completely edited out in the movie and the violence was toned down as well . For example , scenes where a character was punched or kicked hard were blocked by flashes of light . The scene where Turles forces Gohan to transform into a Great Ape by holding his face and forcing him to keep his eyes open at the power ball was edited , but Turles held him by his shoulders instead . At the same time when Gohan looks at the power ball , absorbing its Blutz Waves through his eyes and beginning to transform into a Great Ape , no heartbeat sound effect were heard in the Japanese and English uncut versions , but were digitally edited in background in the English edited version . During that same scene , when Gohan 's tail grows out of his pants after he was pinned to the ground by Turles , the sound effect of it ripping through his pants were also edited . The scene where Turles has his foot on top of Goku was edited , but Goku 's face under Turles ' foot was n't shown . The scenes where Gohan is nude , after he reverts from his Great Ape form , were edited , but he was covered up by some means , such as adding extended lighting to the scene where Goku catches Gohan after cutting off his tail or adding a digital bush in front of him during the scene where he is awakened by Icarus . They did , however , forget to remove or censor a shot when Gohan is lying naked in Goku 's arms , but it is barely noticeable . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Z : Big Green Dub Cast - Behind The Voice Actors '' . www.behindthevoiceactors.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z end credits ( FUNimation / Saban dub , 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 interview with Ron Wasserman '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.daizex.com/guides/movie_guide/dbz_m03/ Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z : Movie Pack Collection One ( Movies 1 - 5 ) : Christopher R. Sabat , Sean Schemmel , Stephanie Nadolny , Sonny Strait , Chuck Huber : Movies & TV '' . amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : Review of the Saban dub 's censorship at Moviecensorship.com Retrieved 15 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official anime website of Toei Animation Dragon Ball Z : The Tree of Might on IMDb Dragon Ball Z : The Tree of Might ( three - part television episode ) on IMDb Dragon Ball Z : The Tree of Might ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia ( hide ) Dragon Ball films and TV specials Animated ( Dragon Ball ) Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Animated ( Dragon Ball Z ) Dead Zone The World 's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler 's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13 ! Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly -- Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection ' F ' TV specials Bardock -- The Father of Goku The History of Trunks A Hero 's Legacy OVAs Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Festival Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! Episode of Bardock Live action Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku The Magic Begins Evolution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Ball_Z:_The_Tree_of_Might&oldid=815642334 '' Categories : 1990 films 1990 anime films Dragon Ball films Films directed by Daisuke Nishio Funimation Geneon USA Japanese films Saban Entertainment films Toei Animation films Films scored by Shunsuke Kikuchi Japanese animated fantasy films Japanese fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-4206090595548806465 | Days of Our Lives | Days of Our Lives - wikipedia Days of Our Lives Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Days of Our Lives ( disambiguation ) . Days of Our Lives Genre Soap opera Created by Ted Corday Betty Corday Written by Ron Carlivati Directed by Herb Stein Phil Sogard Albert Alarr Grant Johnson Steven Williford Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 13,236 ( as of December 15 , 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng Producer ( s ) See below Location ( s ) The Burbank Studios , Burbank , California Running time 30 minutes ( 1965 -- 75 ) 60 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Corday Productions Screen Gems ( 1965 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2001 -- 02 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1965 -- 2010 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2010 -- present ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release November 8 , 1965 ( 1965 - 11 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Another World External links Website www.nbc.com/days-of-our-lives/ Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on the NBC television network . It is one of the longest - running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . It has since been syndicated to many countries around the world . Until the network 's closure in 2013 , Soapnet rebroadcast episodes of Days on a same - day basis each weeknight at 8 : 00 and 10 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern and Pacific Time ) . The series was created by husband - and - wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . Irna Phillips was a story editor for Days of Our Lives and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell . Due to the series ' success , it was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 . The series focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 . Suzanne Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 , appearing on the show more or less since her first appearance in 1973 . Susan Seaforth Hayes is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all five decades it has been on air . Days of Our Lives aired its 10,000 th episode on February 21 , 2005 , and its 12,000 th episode aired on January 11 , 2013 . The soap was given the title of most daring drama in the seventies due to covering topics other soaps would not dare to do . The show 's executive producer is Ken Corday , and co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Albert Alarr . Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States . The show has been parodied by SCTV ( as `` The Days of the Week '' ) and the television sitcom Friends , with some cast members making crossover appearances on the show , including Kristian Alfonso , Roark Critchlow , Matthew Ashford , Kyle Lowder , and Alison Sweeney . The show has had high - profile fans such as actress Julia Roberts , and the Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Storyline 2.1 Best - remembered stories 3 Cast 4 Executive producing and head writing team 5 Domestic broadcast 5.1 Local scheduling variations 5.2 Nielsen ratings history 6 International broadcast 6.1 Americas 6.2 Oceania 6.3 Europe 6.4 African / Eastern 7 Opening title sequences and theme song 8 Parodies 9 Fans 10 Awards and nominations 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History The Horton Family in 1973 : Back Row : Edward Mallory ( Bill ) , John Clarke ( Mickey ) , Marie Cheatham ( Marie ) , John Lupton ( Tommy ) . Front Row : Frances Reid ( Alice ) , Macdonald Carey ( Tom ) , Patricia Barry ( Addie ) . The Cordays and Bell combined the `` hospital soap '' idea with the tradition of centering a series on a family , by making the show about a family of doctors , including one who worked in a mental hospital . Storylines in the show follow the lives of middle - and upper - class professionals in Salem , a middle - America town , with the usual threads of love , marriage , divorce , and family life , plus the medical story lines and character studies of individuals with psychological problems . Former executive producer Al Rabin took pride in the characters ' passion , saying that the characters were not shy about `` sharing what 's in their gut . '' Critics originally praised the show for its non-reliance on nostalgia ( in contrast to shows such as As the World Turns ) and its portrayal of `` real American contemporary families . '' By the 1970s , critics deemed Days of Our Lives to be the most daring daytime drama , leading the way in using themes other shows of the period would not dare touch , such as artificial insemination and interracial romance . The January 12 , 1976 cover of Time magazine featured Days of Our Lives ' Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes , the only daytime actors ever to appear on its cover . The Hayeses themselves were a couple whose on - screen and real - life romance ( they met on the series in 1970 and married in 1974 ) was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press . In the 1990s , the show branched out into supernatural story lines , which critics immediately panned , as it was seen as a departure from more realistic storylines for which the show had originally become known . However , these storylines did have the desired effect , making Days of Our Lives the most - watched daytime soap among young and middle - aged women , also becoming one of NBC 's five most profitable shows in any time slot . In 2006 , when asked about his character , Jack Deveraux , `` coming back from the dead '' -- for the third time -- actor Matthew Ashford responded , `` It is hard to play that because at a certain point it becomes too unreal ... actors look at that and think , ' What is this -- the Cartoon Network ' ? '' In addition to receiving critical acclaim in print journalism , the series has won a number of awards , including a Daytime Emmy for Best Drama in 1978 and 2013 and a Writers Guild of America , East Award for Best Drama in 2000 and 2013 . Days of Our lives actors have also won awards : Macdonald Carey ( Dr. Tom Horton ) won Best Actor in 1974 and 1975 . Susan Flannery ( Laura Horton ) and Eileen Davidson ( Kristen DiMera ) won Best Actress in 1975 and 2014 , respectively . Suzanne Rogers ( Maggie Horton ) , Leann Hunley ( Anna DiMera ) , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won Best Supporting Actress for , respectively , 1979 , 1986 , and 2009 and Billy Warlock ( Frankie Brady ) won Best Younger Actor for 1988 . In 2009 , Darin Brooks ( Max Brady ) took home the Emmy for Best Younger Actor `` , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won for Best Supporting Actress , the show 's first acting victories in over 21 and 23 years , respectively As with all other network programming , Days of Our Lives ' ratings have declined somewhat since the 1990s . In January 2007 it was suggested by NBC that the show `` is unlikely to continue ( on NBC ) past 2009 . '' In November 2008 , in an eleventh - hour decision , it was announced the show had been renewed through September 2010 . The 18 - month renewal was down from its previous renewal , which was for five years . The show made somewhat of a comeback in 2009 , with ratings increasing as the year progressed . In March 2010 , the show was renewed once again through September 2011 ; then again on November 8 , 2010 , its 45th anniversary , the show was renewed for two more years through September 2013 , with an option for an additional year which would keep the soap on through 2014 , its 49th year on the air . The series received a two - year renewal in January 2014 that is set to last until September 2016 . Beginning on November 8 , 2010 , which marked Days of Our Lives ' 45th anniversary , the show began airing in high definition . The show was officially `` rebooted '' on September 26 , 2011 , in an effort to gain back its lapsed audience , appeal to long - term loyal fans , begin new stories , and boost ratings . Former fan favorite characters were reintroduced as part of the reboot . These included Jack Deveraux ( Matthew Ashford ) , Carrie Brady ( Christie Clark ) , and Austin Reed ( Patrick Muldoon ) . All three , including actress Sarah Brown , were fired from the show in an effort to lower production costs . The reboot was met with mixed reviews from critics . Head writers hired to handle the reboot , Marlene McPherson , and Darrell Ray Thomas Junior were subsequently fired due to declining ratings . Chris Whitesell , and former Days executive producer Gary Tomlin were rehired after being fired as part of the show 's revamp . Daytime Emmy award winner Lorraine Broderick was hired as a member of the breakdown writing team in April 2012 . Days of Our Lives is noted as the fourth longest running soap opera in the United States . On November 30 , 2014 , NBC launched a new logo for Days of Our Lives at the 2014 Hollywood Christmas Parade , in celebration of the series ' fiftieth anniversary On February 11 , 2016 , NBC renewed Days of Our Lives for one - year , with the option of an additional year . In January 2017 , while discussion the potential of a renewal for the soap , NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt stated : `` We do n't make a decision for another couple months . ( ... ) But I do n't think it 's over yet . '' In February 2017 , NBC officially renewed Days of Our Lives for an additional year . Jennifer Salke , President of NBC Entertainment , said in a statement : `` We feel so privileged to be able to continue the remarkable legacy of Days of our Lives . ( ... ) We thank ( exec producer ) Ken Corday and his team for their incredible accomplishments and look forward to all the stories from Salem that will continue to unfold . '' Storyline Long - time actors Deidre Hall and Drake Hogestyn , who portray Marlena Evans and John Black , are known for being featured in some of the show 's most famous storylines . When Days of Our Lives premiered in 1965 , the show revolved around the tragedies and triumphs of the suburban Horton family . Over time , additional families were brought to the show to interact with the Hortons and serve as springboards for more dramatic storylines . Originally led by patriarch Dr. Tom Horton and his wife , homemaker Alice , the Hortons remain a prominent fixture in current continuity . One of the longest - running story lines involved the rape of Mickey Horton 's wife Laura by Mickey 's brother Bill . Laura confides in her father - in - law Dr. Tom , and the two agree that her husband Mickey should never know . The secret , involving the true parentage of Michael Horton ( a product of the rape ) and Mickey 's subsequent health issues as a result of the revelation , spanned episodes from 1968 to 1975 . This plotline was made even more complex with the presence of Linda Patterson ( originally Margaret Mason for many years , later Elaine Princi ) who claimed that her daughter Melissa had been fathered by Mickey . When Mickey married the lovely Maggie Simmons ( Suzanne Rogers ) , Linda became even more involved in the story line as the show 's main villainess , marrying the wealthy Bob Anderson ( Mark Tapscott ) and taking over the running of Anderson Manufacturing when he became ill . The story line involving Mickey , Laura and Bill was the first to bring the show to prominence , and put it near the top of the Nielsen daytime ratings . Another love triangle , between lounge singer Doug Williams , Tom and Alice 's daughter Addie , and Addie 's own daughter , Julie , proved to be very popular around the same time . The storyline culminated in the death of Addie in 1974 and the marriage of Doug and Julie in 1976 . In the early 1980s , the Brady and DiMera families were introduced , and their rivalry quickly cemented their places as core families in Salem beside the Hortons . Around the same time , with the help of head writers Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , action / adventure story lines and supercouples such as Bo and Hope , Shane and Kimberly , and Patch and Kayla reinvigorated the show , previously focused primarily on the domestic troubles of the Hortons . Since the 1990s , with the introduction of writer James E. Reilly , Days of Our Lives has moved from traditional plots to some supernatural and science - fiction - themed stories , in conjunction with the rivalry of good vs. evil , in a Hatfield / McCoy feud style the Bradys versus the DiMeras . Under the tenure of Reilly , ratings rose to number two , and stayed there until he left in 1999 to start his own creation of Passions . Despite the introduction of new head writer Hogan Sheffer in 2006 , ratings failed to revive , which led the show 's producers to hire a few past fan favorites to stop the ratings hemorrhage . Best - remembered stories In addition to the love triangles of Bill / Laura / Mickey and Addie / Doug / Julie , other memorable storylines include the 1968 story of amnesiac Tom Horton , Jr. , who returns from Korea believing he is someone else and then proceeds to romance his younger sister Marie ; the 20 - year tragic love triangle when John Black has an affair with Marlena Brady , who is married to Roman ; the 1982 `` Salem Strangler '' ( Jake Kositchek , who was nicknamed `` Jake the Ripper '' ) who stalks and murders women ; the 1984 Gone with the Wind story line in which Hope Williams Brady and Bo Brady hide out on a Southern plantation and dress up as Scarlett O'Hara and Rhett Butler ( devised to keep viewers tuned in while rival network ABC 's soaps were preempted due to the 1984 Summer Olympics ) ; and `` The Cruise of Deception '' in 1990 , when madman Ernesto Toscano invites all his enemies aboard a ship , the S.S. Loretta , and holds them captive . In 1992 , the show received a reboot with additions such as refurbished sets , the debut of the Brady Pub , the addition of new characters such as Vivian Alamain , Lisanne Gardner , Billie Reed , and Kate Roberts . Later that same year , Days of Our Lives introduced its highly popular teen scene with new characters such as a SORASed Sami Brady , played by Alison Sweeney , Carrie Brady , played by Tracy Middendorf , and then back to Christie Clark again , Austin Reed portrayed by Patrick Muldoon , Lucas Roberts played by Bryan Dattilo , Abe Carver 's younger brother Jonah Carver , played by Thyme Lewis , Jamie Caldwell , played by Miriam Parish , and Wendy Reardon played by Tammy Townsend to appeal to younger viewers . However , by 1997 , the characters of Jonah , Jamie , and Wendy had been written out or faded into the background , proving to be unsuccessful and the Carrie / Austin / Sami / Mike love triangle and the Will Horton paternity issue / custody battle storyline had now been taking most of the series ' air time . The shocking and ratings - grabbing 1993 plot when Vivian Alamain buried Dr. Carly Manning alive ( the first controversial storyline from head writer Reilly ) ; and the 1994 -- 1995 story line in which the town 's Christmas tree burns down and Marlena becomes possessed in Exorcist fashion . Also from 1993 to 1998 , the soap saw a lot of actress Eileen Davidson . Her character , Kristen DiMera suffers a miscarriage in secret , and in a panic to keep John Black away from Marlena , pretends to still be pregnant with John 's child . Stefano hires a doppelganger , Susan Banks to conceive and bear a child for her ( which resulted in the birth of EJ DiMera ) . Eileen Davidson portrayed the entire Banks family clan , four in total ( including one male ) , as well as her main character . 2000 saw the departures of front - and - center cast members , Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain and Jensen Ackles as Eric Brady . Ackles and the character of Eric had been one of the main focus of the series for the past three years prior , in which the void would be hard to fill . Ken Corday and NBC announced plans to re-introduced a SORAS Brady Black , immediately following the conclusion of Eric 's storyline . That spring , Kyle Lowder was cast as the new Brady Black , whom would now be aged to his early 20 's , first appearing on August 21 , 2000 , a month following Eric 's exit . Lowder 's Brady did prove to win over the majority of viewers , as his pairing with Chloe Lane proved highly popular . The pair married and left town in 2005 when Lowder 's contract was not renewed . 2003 -- 2004 's `` Melaswen '' , saw several characters purportedly die at the hands of a masked psychopath ; they are later revealed to have been kidnapped to the secret island of Melaswen ( New Salem spelled backwards ) . 2007 's `` Bradys and DiMeras : The Reveal '' , told the story regarding how the Brady / DiMera feud started . Past characters returned in June 2010 to honor the passing of matriarch Alice Horton , whose character died on June 23 , 2010 . On June 23 , 2011 , Days of Our Lives introduced Sonny Kiriakis , the show 's first contract gay character onto the canvas to be featured in the show 's first gay story line . Freddie Smith ( Sonny ) said in an interview , `` He 's very confident and mature , he 's traveled the world and is very open - minded . I 'm very excited to portray him . '' Subsequent to Sonny 's arrival , Will Horton investigates his own sexuality , and reveals himself to be gay . He later starts a romantic relationship with Sonny . They eventually marry . On January 26 , 2012 , episode 11765 was a tribute to soldiers who have served in Afghanistan and previous wars with a PTSD therapy group for Jack Deveraux to talk over his time held captive there . This was also when the inline ' ' Next On ' ' promos were discontinued in favor of an external weekly promo . Cast See also : Days of Our Lives cast members Veteran actors Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso , who portray supercouple Bo and Hope Brady , have played both characters on and off since their first appearances in 1983 . When Days of Our Lives debuted the cast consisted of seven main characters ( Tom Horton , Alice Horton , Mickey Horton , Marie Horton , Julie Olson , Tony Merritt , and Craig Merritt ) . When the show expanded to one hour in April 1975 , the cast increased to 27 actors . By the 25th anniversary in 1990 , 40 actors appeared on the show in contract or recurring roles , which is the approximate number of actors the show has used since then . Original cast member Frances Reid , who played Alice Horton , remained on contract with Days of Our Lives until her death on February 3 , 2010 , though she last appeared on the show in December 2007 . Original cast member John Clarke , who played Mickey Horton , left the series in 2004 . Suzanne Rogers , who plays Maggie Horton has been on the show since 1973 , and Susan Seaforth Hayes has played Julie Olson Williams since 1968 with a few breaks in between , and also her husband Bill Hayes , who has played Doug Williams since 1970 , though neither Seaforth Hayes nor Hayes is employed with the serial on contract . In recent years , Days of Our Lives has hired back many former cast members . Twenty of the current contract cast members have been with the show , off - and - on , since at least 1999 . Since 2005 , cast members from the 1980s and 1990s , such as Christie Clark ( Carrie Brady ) , Stephen Nichols ( Steve Johnson ) , Austin Peck ( Austin Reed ) , Mary Beth Evans ( Kayla Brady ) , Joseph Mascolo ( Stefano DiMera ) , and Thaao Penghlis ( Tony DiMera ) have been brought back to Days of Our Lives . More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell ( Dr. Carly Manning ) , and Louise Sorel ( Vivian Alamain ) . In June 2010 , characters such as Jennifer Horton , Bill Horton , Shane Donovan , and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton . Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley . In late 2012 , the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake DiMera after a fourteen - year absence . In mid 2013 , the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers . In celebration of the soap 's fiftieth anniversary in 2015 , several cast members returned to the soap , including Peter Reckell , Stephen Nichols and Penghlis . Executive producing and head writing team Main article : Days of Our Lives producers and writers The co-creator and original executive producer , Ted Corday , was only at the helm for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966 . His widow , Betty , was named executive producer upon his death . She continued in that role , with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers , before she semi-retired in 1985 . When Mrs. Corday semi-retired in 1985 , and later died in 1987 , her son , Ken , became executive producer and took over the full - time , day - to - day running of the show , a title he still holds today . The series ' current co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Lisa de Cazotte . In March 2015 , it was reported that de Cazotte would no longer serve as a co-executive producer for the series . Albert Alarr was announced as de Cazotte 's replacement as a co-executive producer . The first long - term head writer , William J. Bell , started writing for Days of Our Lives in 1966 and continued until 1975 , a few years after he had created his own successful soap , The Young and the Restless . He stayed with the show as a story line consultant until 1978 . During the late 1970s and early 1980s , many writing changes occurred . In the early 1980s , Margaret DePriest helped stabilize the show with her serial killer story line . Later head writers , such as Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , built on that stability and crafted story lines of their own , temporarily bringing up ratings . Many writing changes occurred after Laiman left the series in 1989 and would not become stable again until James E. Reilly started with the show in 1993 . His tenure , which lasted for four - and - a-half years , was credited with bringing ratings up to the second place spot in the Nielsens . Other writers who succeeded him , such as Sally Sussman Morina and Tom Langan , failed to keep the ratings success , and another writer turnover continued until Reilly returned to the series in 2003 . Five - time Daytime Emmy winner Hogan Sheffer was named head writer with great fanfare in October 2006 , but lasted less than 16 months with the show , with his last episode airing in January 2008 . Former head writer Dena Higley 's first episode aired on April 23 , 2008 . Her co-head writer was Christopher Whitesell until February 2011 . On May 18 , 2011 , Dena Higley was fired . The new head writers were Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr . In April 2012 , it was confirmed that McPherson and Thomas Jr. were fired from their positions as co-head writers . Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell were hired for the position . It was later confirmed that former All My Children headwriter Lorraine Broderick would join Tomlin and Whitesell as a breakdown writer on the series . In February 2015 , Soap Opera Digest confirmed that both Tomlin and Whitesell had been ousted in their roles as head - writers ; they further confirmed that former head writer Higley would return , alongside former The Young and the Restless head writer Josh Griffith . The change took effect on February 16 , 2015 . In August 2015 , reports stated that Higley would be taking a leave of absence from the show . In her place , Sony would be sending a writer from The Young and the Restless to help Griffith with the transition . The writer was later revealed to be former head writer Beth Milstein . In February 2016 , several days after the show was renewed for another year , Soap Opera Digest exclusively reported that Griffith has departed the show as head writer with Higley remaining ; they further revealed that script writer Ryan Quan has been promoted to replace Griffith . On January 23 , 2017 , Soap Opera Digest broke news that both Higley and Quan had been let go from their positions as co-head writers . According to the report , Quan was given a new title of Creative Consultant , while Higley was let go all - together . Former One Life to Live and General Hospital head writer Ron Carlivati was named as Higley 's replacement , `` effective immediately '' . In addition to Carlivati 's appointment , it was also announced that Anderson would return to the soap , sharing the role of Creative Consultant with Quan . Carlivati will receive his first episodic credit as head writer on July 19 , 2017 . Days of Our Lives won the Daytime Emmy Award in June 2012 for Outstanding Drama Writing Team and also won the Daytime Emmy Award in June 2013 for Outstanding Drama Series . Domestic broadcast According to Variety , Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States , with episodes not just broadcast via NBC , but also via cable ( SOAPnet ) , and as of June 2007 , episodes are offered via iTunes . For the first three years on the air , Days of Our Lives was near the bottom of the Nielsen ratings , and close to cancellation . However , its ascent to the top was rapid ; as the 1969 TV season ended , it became an effective tool of NBC , which attempted to dethrone daytime leader CBS . By 1973 the show , pitted against CBS ' popular Guiding Light and ABC 's The Newlywed Game at 2 p.m. ( ET ) / 1 p.m. ( CT ) , had matched the first - place ratings of As the World Turns and sister NBC soap Another World . Due to the success of the program , it expanded from a half - hour to one hour on April 21 , 1975 . This expansion had followed the lead of Another World , which became TV 's first - ever hour - long soap on January 6 , three - and - a-half months earlier . Further , Days of Our Lives ' new starting time of 1 : 30 p.m. / 12 : 30 finally solved a scheduling problem that began in 1968 when NBC lost the game Let 's Make a Deal to ABC , and in its wake , eight different shows were placed into the slot ( Hidden Faces , You 're Putting Me On , Life with Linkletter , Words & Music , Memory Game , Three on a Match , Jeopardy ! , and How to Survive a Marriage ) . However , this first golden period for NBC daytime proved to be short - lived , as Days of Our Lives ' ratings began to decline in 1977 . Much of the decline was due to ABC 's expansion of its increasingly popular soap All My Children to a full hour , the last half of which overlapped with the first half of Days of Our Lives By January 1979 , the network , in a mode of desperation more than anything else , decided to jump headlong against AMC and moved the show ahead to the same 1 : 00 p.m. / 12 Noon time slot . In exchange to its affiliates for taking away the old half - hour access slot at 1 : 00 / Noon , NBC gave them the 4 p.m. / 3 slot , which many ( if not most ) stations had been preempting for years anyway . By 1986 , ABC and CBS followed suit , under the intense pressure of lucrative ( and cheap ) syndicated programming offered to affiliates . By 1980 , Days of Our Lives had displaced Another World as NBC 's highest - rated soap . However , the entire NBC soap lineup was in ratings trouble . In fact , by 1982 , all of its shows were rated above only one ABC soap ( The Edge of Night ) and below all four CBS soaps . The `` supercouple '' era of the 1980s , however , helped bring about a ratings revival , and the 1983 -- 1984 season saw Days of Our Lives experience a surge in ratings . It held onto its strong numbers for most of the 1980s , only to decline again by 1990 , eventually falling back into eighth place . In the mid-1990s , however , the show experienced a resurgence in popularity and the show reached number two in the ratings , where it remained for several years before experiencing another ratings decline beginning in 1999 , the year that Days of Our Lives became NBC 's longest - running daytime program ( upon the cancellation of Another World ) . Throughout the 2000s ( decade ) , Days of Our Lives and all the other remaining network daytime serials have witnessed a steady erosion of viewers , mainly due to vastly altered viewing habits induced by cable networks and alternative genres such as reality and talk shows on minor network affiliates . On January 17 , 2007 , NBC Universal Television president Jeff Zucker remarked that Days of Our Lives would most likely not `` continue past 2009 . '' This contributed to an immediate ratings decline for Days of Our Lives . The show was averaging a 2.4 rating prior to the announcement , dropped to a 2.2 average household rating in the months after . In an April 2007 interview with Soap Opera Digest , executive producer Ken Corday commented on the ratings decline of the previous months , `` If I do n't pay attention to the ratings and what the viewers are saying , I 'm an ostrich . I have not seen a decline in the ratings on the show this precipitous -- ever . I 've never seen this much of a percentage decline . '' Days of Our Lives had finished the 2008 - 2009 television season with a substantial increase in viewers ( 3.0 million vs. 2.8 million ) and had risen to the # 3 spot behind The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful , respectively . It was the # 2 daytime program behind The Young and the Restless in the much coveted 18 - 49 demographic . During the first few months of the 2009 - 2010 season , Days of Our Lives increased its average household rating to 2.4 , and averaged consistently over 3,000,000 viewers . It was only one point behind the # 2 daytime drama The Bold and the Beautiful , and has beat that soap on several days during the season . In 2010 , Days of Our Lives continued to increase viewership , reaching as high as 3.6 million viewers on several days . A substantial increase in viewership such as Days of Our Lives has had lately also bucks the viewership trend in daytime dramas , which had declined since the 1990s for all other daytime drama series . Days of Our Lives was the only daytime drama series to increase in viewers between 2008 and 2010 and had reduced its operating budget , making it a profitable asset to NBC 's broadcast line - up . However starting in 2011 , Days of Our Lives started to lose ground significantly to the point that it sometimes occupied the last position among all soaps for both total viewership and the 18 - 49 women demographic . The ending of All My Children on ABC combined with the return of several cast members allowed a brief resurgence of Days of Our Lives in October 2011 , but ratings soon declined again . In December 2011 , Days of Our Lives recorded three consecutive weeks of new lows in the 18 - 49 women key demo category. , and again another consecutive three weeks of low ratings in the same demographic during March -- April 2012 As of 2012 , Days of Our Lives generally ranks # 3 among the four daytime soap operas on the air when it comes to the total number of viewers ( surpassing only General Hospital ) . However , Days of Our Lives is last among all soap operas for the numbers of viewers in the targeted demographic of women aged between 18 and 49 years old . Local scheduling variations Since January 1993 after the cancellation of Santa Barbara , WPXI - TV in Pittsburgh airs Days weekdays during its 3 : 00 p.m. time slot while some stations such as WJAC - TV in Johnstown , Pennsylvania air the program during the 2 : 00 p.m. timeslot , but most stations continue to air Days at its 1 p.m. time slot . Some Central Time Zone affiliates carry it at noon with the main Eastern feed , such as Green Bay , Wisconsin 's WGBA - TV , which uses it as an alternative to programming what would likely be a low - rated local newscast against long - established local competition . However , the program received schedule and station shifts with the start of the 2013 - 14 television season . One NBC station , KSNV - DT in Las Vegas , stopped carrying the show on August 19 , 2013 due to a long - term move to an all - news schedule outside of network news and primetime programming ; the program moved to the market 's CW affiliate KVCW , where it aired at its traditional 1 : 00 p.m. time slot until an ownership change saw the show return to KSNV in late December 2014 as part of a change in the all - news plans . With the cancellation of Passions , Days is now NBC 's last remaining daytime soap opera , as well as the network 's last remaining daytime program . Salt Lake City 's KSL - TV moved the show to the late night 1 : 05 a.m. slot three weeks later on September 9 for unknown reasons , though a romantic plot line between two gay characters was theorized as a reason for the move ; the station is owned by the broadcasting arm of the LDS Church . Nielsen ratings History End of season number of metered viewers ( listed as a Nielsen share in millions ) and ranking ( against other soap operas ) from the first broadcast to the reporting week of August 24 to August 28 , 2015 . Main article : List of US daytime soap opera ratings § 1960s Season Share Ranking 1 ( 1965 ) 5.3 10 / 17 2 ( 1966 ) 6.9 10 / 13 3 ( 1967 ) 8.7 10 / 13 4 ( 1968 ) 9.3 5 / 14 5 ( 1969 ) 8.8 7 / 19 6 ( 1970 ) 9.4 4 / 18 7 ( 1971 ) 9.9 3 / 17 8 ( 1972 ) 9.9 2 / 17 9 ( 1973 ) 9.7 1 / 16 10 ( 1974 ) 9.7 2 / 14 11 ( 1975 ) 8.3 4 / 14 12 ( 1976 ) 7.8 7 / 15 13 ( 1977 ) 6.9 10 / 14 14 ( 1978 ) 6.8 10 / 14 15 ( 1979 ) 6.6 10 / 13 16 ( 1980 ) 5.6 9 / 13 17 ( 1981 ) 5.5 10 / 15 18 ( 1982 ) 5.7 8 / 14 19 ( 1983 ) 7.1 7 / 14 20 ( 1984 ) 7.1 6 / 14 Season Share Ranking 21 ( 1985 ) 7.2 5 / 13 22 ( 1986 ) 7.0 4 / 14 23 ( 1987 ) 7.1 5 / 12 24 ( 1988 ) 6.5 5 / 13 25 ( 1989 ) 5.4 7 / 12 26 ( 1990 ) 5.2 7 / 12 27 ( 1991 ) 5.4 7 / 11 28 ( 1992 ) 4.9 8 / 11 29 ( 1993 ) 5.6 6 / 10 30 ( 1994 ) 5.3 6 / 10 31 ( 1995 ) 5.8 2 / 11 32 ( 1996 ) 5.8 2 / 12 33 ( 1997 ) 5.1 2 / 11 34 ( 1998 ) 5.8 2 / 12 35 ( 1999 ) 4.2 3 / 11 36 ( 2000 ) 3.8 3 / 10 37 ( 2001 ) 3.6 3 / 10 38 ( 2002 ) 3.1 4 / 10 39 ( 2003 ) 3.1 4 / 10 40 ( 2004 ) 2.7 5 / 9 Season Share Ranking 41 ( 2005 ) 2.6 4 / 9 42 ( 2006 ) 2.3 6 / 9 43 ( 2007 ) 2.1 5 / 8 44 ( 2008 ) 2.2 3 / 8 45 ( 2009 ) 2.2 3 / 7 46 ( 2010 ) 2.0 4 / 6 47 ( 2011 ) 2.0 5 / 5 48 ( 2012 ) 2.1 4 / 4 49 ( 2013 ) 1.85 4 / 4 50 ( current ) 2.05 4 / 4 Primetime Episode Share Ranking `` One Stormy Night '' ( 1992 ) 10.5 64 / 92 `` Night Sins '' ( 1993 ) 7.9 72 / 87 `` Winter Heat '' ( 1994 ) 8.0 78 / 94 # 7315 ( 1994 ) 6.3 64 / 91 # 7316 ( 1994 ) 6.1 68 / 91 International broadcast Americas Throughout Canada , Days of Our Lives currently airs either at 1 : 00 PM or 2 : 00 PM depending on location on Global Television Network . Episodes are aired in sync with the NBC broadcast to take advantage of simultaneous substitution regulations . In Barbados the show was very popular , though it ran several years behind the U.S. ( the series began in Barbados in 1980 from the very first episode ) , and was aired on the island 's lone television broadcaster , CBC TV 8 . In 2014 , the channel dropped the series . Belize 's Tropical Vision Limited features Days of Our Lives as an afternoon staple . Currently it airs at 3 : 00 pm UTC - 6 Central Time , though it previously aired as early as 1 : 00 pm or as late as 5 : 30 pm as a lead - in to the news . Oceania See also : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , Days of Our Lives was initially broadcast on the Nine Network from March 25 , 1968 , until April 26 , 2013 , when the network axed the show based on a commercial decision . During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s , episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States , due to the network 's coverage of cricket each summer . In an attempt to get viewers up to date with the US , Nine aired a one - hour special on September 13 , 2004 , titled , Days of Our Lives : A New Day , which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US . However , the show ended up being behind the US again , and by April 2013 , episodes were airing at a delay of 16 months . On June 17 , 2013 , Days of Our Lives resumed to Australian viewers free and on - demand through Sony 's Crackle service , as well as across Crackle 's web apps on mobile devices , connected TVs and game consoles . Crackle picked up where the Nine Network left off with 10 new episodes in its first week and seven new episodes every Monday thereafter . From January 20 , 2014 , Crackle began releasing five episodes each week . Days of Our Lives returned to Australian television on Foxtel 's channel Arena in April 2014 . It airs weekdays after The Young and the Restless at 12 : 50 pm AEST . In order to bring TV viewers up to date , Arena screened ten catch up episodes , each presented by Days of Our Lives cast members , from April 1 to April 14 , 2014 , featuring key story lines missed during the 11 - month Australian television hiatus . Then on April 15 , 2014 , Arena began airing episodes at the same pace as the US . Arena also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday around 7 : 00 am AEST . New Zealand has aired Days of Our Lives along with The Young and the Restless since 1975 , debuting on Television New Zealand ( TVNZ ) . Originally airing weekdays on TV2 was shifted to TV One in 2003 , where it was put in a 2pm time slot . The soap was approximately five seasons behind the NBC season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . During October 2009 , TVNZ announced that they were ending their exclusive contract with Sony Pictures . Despite a national petition from fans Days of Our Lives ended on May 19 , 2010 . On February 27 , 2013 , nearly three years the series ' final broadcast on TVNZ , ChoiceTV announced their decision to pick up the series ; the series began broadcasting on March 11 , 2013 , weekdays at 1 : 30pm . Broadcasting began with the series ' 46th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) , meaning the show would be only 18 months behind the current NBC season in the US . ChoiceTV also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday , beginning at 9 AM NZST , when due to government broadcasting restrictions are shown without advertisements . By December 20 , 2013 , ChoiceTV had removed the show from their schedule for summer hiatus . However , the series resumed airing on February 10 , 2014 from episode 11,880 . As of April 25 , 2014 , New Zealand viewers are up to episode 11,933 , as ChoiceTV decides on if they will renew the show . Europe Channel 5 aired episodes of Days of our Lives in the United Kingdom from March 2000 to April 2001 , eventually pulling it off the air ; network executives deemed its audience of 200,000 viewers as too low a figure . Days had previously aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on the Sky Soap channel between 1994 and 1999 ; episodes were three years behind U.S. telecasts . Days of Our Lives became available to viewers again in the United Kingdom in 2007 - 2010 ; CBS Drama ended the run after relegating the show from daytime to 1.00 am . African / Eastern In South Africa , the soap aired on SABC 1 for ten years , from 1996 until March 2006 , weekdays at 17 : 10 to 18 : 00 local standard time . As of April 2005 , the soap airs on SABC 3 , each weekday from 17 : 00 to 17 : 50 . Beginning September 4 , 2017 , the show moves to ETV at 17 : 30pm according to promos posted online . Opening title sequences and theme song Original main title ; the registered trademark next to the title was later removed . Almost unmodified since the show 's debut in 1965 , the title sequence of Days of Our Lives features an hourglass , with sand slowly trickling to the bottom against the backdrop of a partly cloudy sky , as well as the trademark voiceover , `` Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Days of Our Lives . '' From the show 's debut in 1965 until March 1966 , announcer Ed Prentiss spoke the phrase , adding `` Days of Our Lives , a new dramatic serial starring Macdonald Carey . '' Since April 1966 , the voice has been that of Macdonald Carey , who played Dr. Thomas Horton from the show 's premiere until the actor 's 1994 death from lung cancer . From 1966 to 1994 , he would add `` This is Macdonald Carey , and these are the Days of Our Lives . '' After Carey 's death in 1994 , this second part was removed out of respect for Carey and his family . At each intermission , his voice also says `` We will return for the second half of Days of Our Lives in just a moment '' . Days of Our Lives opening theme ( 1973 ) Narrated by Macdonald Carey Problems playing this file ? See media help . The only major visual change to the title sequence was in 1993 when the show began using a CGI animated hourglass and backdrop . The theme that regularly accompanies each sequence was composed by Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart . The theme has only been modified a few times since Days of Our Lives premiered : in 1972 ; in 1993 , when the opening titles were changed to computerized visuals ( designed by Wayne Fitzgerald and Judy Loren ) ; in 2004 , with an orchestral arrangement that was only used in eight episodes , after which time the theme was reverted to the 1993 arrangement ; and in 2009 , when the theme was edited for time and shortened . Beginning with the November 8 , 2010 episode , there were slight changes to the coloring of the sky background in the sequence now being displayed in 16 : 9 widescreen . However , there was very little change in the sequence 's appearance from the 1993 version . Parodies SCTV had a recurring soap opera sketch called `` Days of the Week '' which featured Martin Short and Andrea Martin . Days of Our Lives was somewhat satirized ( or perhaps merely referenced ) on the hit NBC sitcom Friends when series regular Joey Tribbiani ( Matt LeBlanc ) was cast as `` Dr. Drake Ramoray '' on the show , despite Joey living in New York when Days of Our Lives is shot in California . Subsequent episodes featured pseudo-Days of Our Lives storylines invented for the sitcom , and included some guest appearances by real - life cast members from the soap opera . Joey 's stint on the show ended when he angered the show 's writers ; his character was killed after falling down an elevator shaft . Later , his character was brought back to life thanks to a brain transplant from the character Jessica Lockhart , played by Susan Sarandon . Alison Sweeney ( Sami Brady ) appeared on Friends as faux Days character `` Jessica Ashley '' , Kristian Alfonso as Hope Brady , and Roark Critchlow as Mike Horton . In an episode in which Joey hosts a `` soap opera party '' on the roof , Matthew Ashford and Kyle Lowder make appearances as his co-stars . In the spin - off sitcom Joey , Joey is nominated for `` best death scene '' after his character is stabbed while performing surgery . The show was also parodied as `` Light of Our Love '' , or `` LOOL '' , in the Nancy Drew video game Stay Tuned for Danger . The Simpsons episode `` Pygmoelion '' features a fictional soap opera , `` It Never Ends '' , based on Days of Our Lives . Days of our Mornings is a long - running radio parody , broadcast weekday mornings on 5FM in South Africa . The Fairly OddParents episode `` Add A Dad '' features a parody name as `` Dads of our Lives '' . House M.D. episode `` Gut Check '' features House hiring a kid who plays a fictional character of the fictionalized version of the show . Blue Collar TV featured a sketch as a parody of the show called `` White Trash Days of Our Lives '' with the opening epitaph slightly changed . `` Like beer through a redneck , so are the white trash days of our lives . '' Gilmore Girls : Just after Emily goes to walk after her and Richard 's fight , Lorelai says Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Gilmores of Our Lives . This happened at season 2 in episode 10 ( `` The Bracebridge Dinner '' ) . Fans The show has had many high - profile fans . In 1976 , TIME magazine reported that then - Justice of the Supreme Court , Thurgood Marshall , would call a recess around the 1 p.m. hour to watch Days of Our Lives . Actress Julia Roberts admitted at the 2002 People 's Choice Awards that she was a fan of Days of Our Lives , asked to be seated near the cast , and upon winning her award stated , `` I 'm very nervous because the cast of Days of Our Lives is here . '' In 2004 , during the show 's Melaswen storyline , Roberts ' interest was considered notable enough that Entertainment Weekly quoted her saying that `` the show has gotten a little wacko . '' A 1998 TIME article mentioned that Monica Lewinsky was a passionate fan of Days of Our Lives , so much so that she wrote a poem about the series in her high school yearbook . The article compared her whirlwind experiences in the White House to a story on Days of Our Lives . Best - selling novelist Brian Keene has stated in interviews that he has watched the show since 1983 , and pauses from writing each day during the hour it is on . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Days of Our Lives See also List of Days of Our Lives cast members List of Days of Our Lives characters Minor characters of Days of Our Lives References ^ Jump up to : `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Matriarch Frances Reid Has Died '' . ET. 2010 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Episode Schedule '' . United States : NBCUniversal . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' . Time . 1965 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` A new day for Nine '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ Schedules '' . TVNZ . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days Yanked in UK '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Days Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Frances Reid -- Days of our Lives -- Bio -- DAYS -- ALice '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Suzanne Rogers Interview '' . Daily Radar.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Seaforth Hayes Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Season 40 , Ep # 10,000 '' . OVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Celebration '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TIME Rates the Soaps '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Soap Opera Digest article , issue of 10 February 1998 , page 42 ^ Jump up to : Josef Adalian ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` iTunes plays Days '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One That Could Have Been , Part I '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One After the Super Bowl '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One With Joey 's Award '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Fonseca , Nicholas ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Daytime 's Secret Weapon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Walter ( 1987 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Move Over , Sam Ervin '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Soap Star Stats : Susan Seaforth Hayes ( Julie , DAYS ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Schemering , Christopher ( September 1985 ) . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . pp. 66 -- 73 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32459 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . Time . Time.com . January 12 , 1976 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waggett , Gerard J. ( November 1997 ) . `` One Life to Live '' . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia . Harper Paperbacks . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 101157 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( 1995 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Soap Operas : The Old and the Desperate '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 1999 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Love , Money , Witches and Beach Grass '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What you did n't see at the Daytime Emmys '' . USA Today . 2006 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1977 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 52nd Annual Writers Guild Awards '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1973 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys - 1974 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Academy Of Arts & Sciences Announces The Winners For The 41st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards '' . NATAS . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1978 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1985 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1987 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Darin Brooks Wins Younger Actor '' . Daytime Confidential . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tamara Braun Bags The `` Best Supporting Actress Award '' At The Emmy 's `` . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Published : August 30 , 2009 10 : 59 PM By The Associated Press ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) . `` The Long Island and New York City News Source '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) . `` No surprises at NBC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ ' Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season '' . Nbc.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mar 19 , 2010 12 : 14 PM ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` NBC renews ' Days of our Lives ' - The Live Feed THR '' . Livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official -- Days Renewed ! '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Days of Our Lives ' Renewed for 2 More Years '' . Mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS RENEWED FOR TWO YEARS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. `` DAYS News : DAYS to broadcast in high - definition Days of our Lives at '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` OPINION : DAYS OF OUR LIVES Reboot Day One - Does It Get The Boot ? '' . We Love Soaps. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Deanna , Deanna ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Casting Cuts Have Started on ' Days of Our Lives ' '' . MSN Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ungrey , Steve ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) . `` DAYS OF OUR LIVES : MY THOUGHTS ON THE REBOOT '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Deep Soap : ' Days of Our Lives ' Fires Its Head writers , Replaces Them With Their Predecessors '' . Xfinity . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nobles , Omar ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` * Update * ' Days of our Lives ' Adds Emmy Winner Lorraine Broderick To Writing Team '' . TV Source Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rose , Violet . `` The Five Longest Running Soap Operas in the United States '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' DAYS ' Kicks Off 50th Anniversary Celebration With Reveal of New Logo During the Hollywood Christmas Parade ! '' . United States : Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed By NBC '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Is Days of Our Lives Cancelled ? NBC Boss Says : ' I Do n't Think It 's Over Yet ' '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the 52nd renewal of Days of Our Lives : SOD ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Renews DAYS OF OUR LIVES '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed For Season 52 By NBC '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Ausiello , Michael ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed at NBC '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mascolo Brings Stefano Back to Salem '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard ( 1984 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Where 's the Soaps ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Buried Alive Carly vs. Sheridan '' . DaytimeConfidential. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Banks Crumb Played by Brynn Thayer on Days of Our Lives - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 26 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Suzanne says : ( 2010 - 03 - 17 ) . `` DAYS brings back fan favorites for Alice Horton Memorial ! Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps Daytime Soap Interviews , News , Updates and Previews , Video and Audio Interviews '' . Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lynette Rice ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Official : ' Days of Our Lives ' begins gay story line -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Greg Hernandez ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Will Horton to come out on April 4 ! And Neil , the guy Will kissed last month , returns for at least three episodes ! '' . GreginHollywood.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ GaysofDays.com ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) . `` The Gays of Days Episode # 156 - September 24 , 2012 '' . GaysofDays.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Days of Our Lives : A Complete History of the Long - Running Soap Opera . McFarland . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol . `` Casey Moss Joins ' Days of our Lives ' as JJ Devereaux '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauro , Janet . `` Theresa Donovan Quick Profile '' . About.com Days of our Lives Fans . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Rings in 50th Anniversary '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' DAYS '' Lisa de Cazotte OUT ! Albert Alarr Upped to Co-Executive Producer `` . Soap Opera Network . United States : Manti , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Powers that be '' . EW.com. 2008 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Writers OUT '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : DAYS Names New Writing Team '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! MAJOR WRITER SWITCH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` REPORT : Dena Higley Takes Leave of Absence From Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! BEHIND THE SCENES CHANGE AT DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking News : Higley Out , Carlivati In At DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati IN as Head Writer At Days of our Lives ; Dena Higley OUT ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati Announces First DAYS Airdate '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 06 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards : ' Days of our Lives Wins Best Drama ; Georgle Lucas Nabs First Emmy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . `` Curt Alliaume 's Utterly Irrelevant Web Site '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest . `` Crisis at DAYS ! The Secret Plan to Save It '' . April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No surprises at NBC - Days of our Lives Renewed '' . NBC . January 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Ratings : New Lows For DAYS & Y&R in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits Lows For Third Straight Week '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits New Low in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` ' The Revolution ' Hits New Series Low , Bringing Down ' General Hospital ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ratings : New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps Soap Opera Network ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol . `` Ratings '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Revolution ' Renewal In Doubt - ' General Hospital ' Could Benefit From New ABC Show 's Weak Ratings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Weekly Nielsen Ratings Charts '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` KSL wo n't be airing ' Days of Our Lives ' during day '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ratings : Great Week for GH / Y&R / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings : Good Week for Y&R / DAYS / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives - GlobalTV.com : Global Television Official Site '' . GlobalTV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Those were the Days of our Lives '' . GNationnews . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Nine axes Days of Our Lives after 45 years '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Days of our Lives episodes to resume online for Aussie fans '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Days of Our Lives Online Free '' . Crackle.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Foxtel to fast - track Days of Our Lives '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : B , Alicia ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Days of Our Lives is Coming Back -- EXPRESS ! '' . Throng Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting Act 1989 - Section 81 '' . Legislation.govt.nz. 2013 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . ChoiceTV . January 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Digital Developments . `` TV Guide '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening and Closing Credits '' . Beth 's Days Page . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : MacDonald Carey obituary '' . TIME magazine . 1994 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hart Biography '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Increasingly , TV Shows Are Talking About Themselves '' . Brandweek . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' . TBS . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One With Joey 's New Brain '' . TBS . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Joey : Joey and the Wrong Name '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Ingeborg ( 1998 ) . A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1774 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ratnesar , Romesh ( 1998 - 02 - 02 ) . `` The Days of Her Life '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Days of our Lives . Wikinews has related news : Two veteran actors to depart beleaguered soap ' Days of our Lives ' Official website Days of Our Lives on IMDb Days of Our Lives - SoapCentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Links to related articles Daytime television soap operas in the United States Current The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1940s debuts Faraway Hill ( 1946 ) Highway to the Stars ( 1947 ) These Are My Children ( 1949 ) A Woman to Remember ( 1949 ) 1950s debuts As the World Turns ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Brighter Day ( 1954 -- 1962 ) The Edge of Night ( 1956 -- 1984 ) The First Hundred Years ( 1950 -- 1952 ) First Love ( 1954 -- 1955 ) From These Roots ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Golden Windows ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Guiding Light ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Hawkins Falls ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Love of Life ( 1951 -- 1980 ) Miss Susan ( 1951 ) One Man 's Family ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1954 -- 1955 ) The Secret Storm ( 1954 -- 1974 ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 1986 ) Three Steps to Heaven ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1958 -- 1963 ) 1960s debuts Another World ( 1964 -- 1999 ) Bright Promise ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The Clear Horizon ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Dark Shadows ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) The Doctors ( 1963 -- 1982 ) A Flame in the Wind ( 1964 -- 1966 ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) Hidden 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5741202517007463443 | Journey (band) | Journey ( band ) - wikipedia Journey ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search Journey Journey in 2013 Background information Origin San Francisco , California , United States Genres Arena rock hard rock progressive rock ( early ) jazz - rock ( early ) soft rock Years active 1973 -- present Labels Columbia Frontiers Sanctuary Nomota LLC Associated acts Abraxas Pool Bad English Frumious Bandersnatch Hardline Santana Schon & Hammer Soul SirkUS The Storm Vital Information Website journeymusic.com Members Neal Schon Ross Valory Steve Smith Jonathan Cain Arnel Pineda Past members George Tickner Robert Fleischman Aynsley Dunbar Gregg Rolie Steve Perry Randy Jackson Steve Augeri Jeff Scott Soto Deen Castronovo Journey is an American rock band that formed in San Francisco in 1973 , composed of former members of Santana and Frumious Bandersnatch . The band has gone through several phases ; its strongest commercial success occurred between 1978 and 1987 . During that period , the band released a series of hit songs , including `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( 1981 ) , which in 2009 became the top - selling track in iTunes history among songs not released in the 21st century . Its parent studio album , Escape , the band 's eighth and most successful , reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and yielded another of their most popular singles , `` Open Arms '' . Its 1983 follow - up album , Frontiers , was almost as successful in the United States , reaching No. 2 and spawning several successful singles ; it broadened the band 's appeal in the United Kingdom , where it reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart . Journey enjoyed a successful reunion in the mid-1990s and later regrouped with a series of lead singers . Sales have resulted in two Gold albums , eight multi-platinum albums , and two diamond albums ( including seven consecutive multi-platinum albums between 1978 and 1987 ) . They have had eighteen Top 40 singles in the U.S. ( the second most without a Billboard Hot 100 number one single behind Electric Light Orchestra with 20 ) , six of which reached the Top 10 of the US chart and two of which reached No. 1 on other Billboard charts , and a No. 6 hit on the UK Singles Chart in `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . In 2005 , `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' reached No. 3 on iTunes downloads . Originally a progressive rock band , Journey was described by AllMusic as having cemented a reputation as `` one of America 's most beloved ( and sometimes hated ) commercial rock / pop bands '' by 1978 , when they redefined their sound by embracing pop arrangements on their fourth album , Infinity . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Journey has sold 48 million albums in the U.S. , making them the 25th best - selling band . Their worldwide sales have reached 75 million records , making them one of the world 's best - selling bands of all time . A 2005 USA Today opinion poll named Journey the fifth - best American rock band in history . Their songs have become arena rock staples and are still played on rock radio stations across the world . Journey ranks No. 96 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . Journey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the class of 2017 . Inductees included lead singer Steve Perry , guitarist Neal Schon , keyboardists Jonathan Cain and Gregg Rolie , bassist Ross Valory , and drummers Aynsley Dunbar and Steve Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1973 -- 1976 : Formation 1.2 1977 -- 1980 : New musical direction 1.3 1981 -- 1983 : Height of popularity 1.4 1983 -- 1987 : Solo projects and more personnel changes 1.5 1987 -- 1995 : Hiatus 1.6 1995 -- 1997 : Reunion 1.7 1998 -- 2007 : A new Steve 1.8 2007 -- present : Lead singer replaced again 2 Logo 3 Band members 3.1 Current members 3.2 Former members 3.3 Touring musicians 3.4 Studio musicians 3.5 Managers 3.6 Timeline 4 In popular culture 5 Discography 5.1 Studio albums 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) 1973 -- 1976 : formation ( edit ) The original members of Journey came together in San Francisco in 1973 under the auspices of former Santana manager Herbie Herbert . Originally called the Golden Gate Rhythm Section and intended to serve as a backup group for established Bay Area artists , the band included Santana alumni Neal Schon on lead guitar and Gregg Rolie on keyboards and lead vocals . Bassist Ross Valory and rhythm guitarist George Tickner , both of Frumious Bandersnatch , rounded out the group . Prairie Prince of The Tubes served as drummer . The band quickly abandoned the `` backup group '' concept and developed a distinctive jazz fusion style . After an unsuccessful radio contest to name the group , roadie John Villanueva suggested the name `` Journey '' . The band 's first public appearance came at the Winterland Ballroom on New Year 's Eve , 1973 . Prairie Prince rejoined The Tubes shortly thereafter , and the band hired British drummer Aynsley Dunbar , who had recently worked with John Lennon and Frank Zappa . On February 5 , 1974 , the new line - up made their debut at the Great American Music Hall and secured a recording contract with Columbia Records . Journey released their eponymous debut album in 1975 , and rhythm guitarist Tickner left the band before they cut their second album , Look into the Future ( 1976 ) . Neither album achieved significant sales , so Schon , Valory , and Dunbar took singing lessons in an attempt to add vocal harmonies to Rolie 's lead . The following year 's Next contained shorter tracks with more vocals , and featured Neal Schon as lead singer on two of the songs . 1977 -- 1980 : new musical direction ( edit ) Journey 's album sales did not improve and Columbia Records requested that they change their musical style and add a frontman , with whom keyboardist Gregg Rolie could share lead vocal duties . The band hired Robert Fleischman and transitioned to a more popular style , akin to that of Foreigner and Boston . Journey went on tour with Fleischman in 1977 and together the new incarnation of the band wrote the hit `` Wheel in the Sky '' ; however , management differences resulted in Fleischman leaving within the year . In late 1977 , Journey hired Steve Perry as their new lead singer . Herbie Herbert , the band 's manager , also hired Roy Thomas Baker as a producer to add a layered sound approach as Baker had done with his previous band , Queen . With their new lead singer and talented new producer , Journey released their fourth album , Infinity ( 1978 ) . This album set Journey on their road to stardom with their first RIAA - certified platinum album . This album , with their hit song `` Wheel in the Sky '' ( # 57 U.S. ) , set Journey on a new path with a more mainstream sound to make their highest chart success to date . In late 1978 , manager Herbie Herbert fired drummer Aynsley Dunbar , who joined Bay Area rivals Jefferson Starship shortly thereafter . He was replaced by Berklee - trained jazz drummer Steve Smith . Perry , Schon , Rolie , Smith and Valory recorded Evolution ( 1979 ) , which gave the band their first Billboard Hot 100 Top 20 single , `` Lovin ' , Touchin ' , Squeezin ' '' ( # 16 ) ; and Departure ( 1980 ) , which reached No. 8 on the album charts . Journey 's newfound success brought the band an almost entirely new fan base . During the 1980 Departure world tour , the band recorded a live album , Captured . Keyboardist Gregg Rolie then left the band , the second time in his career he left a successful act . Keyboardist Stevie `` Keys '' Roseman was brought in to record the lone studio track for Captured , `` The Party 's Over ( Hopelessly in Love ) , '' but Rolie recommended pianist Jonathan Cain of The Babys as the permanent replacement . With Cain 's replacement of Rolie 's Hammond B - 3 organ with his own synthesizers , the band was poised for a new decade in which they would achieve their greatest musical success . 1981 -- 1983 : height of popularity ( edit ) With Cain on board , the band began writing material that would eventually lead up to Journey 's biggest studio album , `` Escape '' . Recording sessions began in April 1981 , and lasted until the middle of June . Escape was released on July 31 , 1981 , and immediately the album became a mainstream success . The album , which has thus far sold nine times platinum , went to number one on the album charts later that year , and included three top - ten hits : `` Who 's Cryin ' Now '' , `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' and `` Open Arms '' . The last is Journey 's highest - charting single to date , staying at No. 2 for six consecutive weeks and ranking at No. 34 on Billboard 's 1982 year - end Hot 100 . MTV videotaped one of their two sold - out shows in Houston on November 6 , 1981 , in front of over 20,000 fans . Capitalizing on their success , the band recorded radio commercials for Budweiser and sold rights to their likenesses and music for use in two video games : the Journey arcade game by Bally / Midway and Journey Escape by Data Age for the Atari 2600 . This success was met with criticism . The 1983 Rolling Stone Record Guide gave each of the band 's albums only one star , with Dave Marsh writing that `` Journey was a dead end for San Francisco area rock . '' Marsh later would anoint Escape as one of the worst number - one albums of all time . Journey 's next album , Frontiers ( 1983 ) , continued their commercial success , reaching No. 2 on the album charts , selling nearly six million copies . The album generated four Top 40 hits , `` Separate Ways ( Worlds Apart ) '' , which reached No. 8 , `` Faithfully '' , which reached No. 12 , `` Send Her My Love '' and `` After the Fall '' , both of which reached No. 23 . By this time , Journey had become one of the top touring and recording bands in the world . During the subsequent stadium tour , the band contracted with NFL Films to record a video documentary of their life on the road , Frontiers and Beyond . Scenes from the documentary were shot at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania with more than 80,000 fans in attendance . 1983 -- 1987 : solo projects and more personnel changes ( edit ) After the Frontiers stadium tour , Journey decided to take some time off . Lead singer Steve Perry and guitarist Neal Schon both pursued solo projects between 1982 and 1985 . The band released two songs previously intended for Frontiers : `` Ask the Lonely '' , on the soundtrack to the movie Two of a Kind ( 1983 ) ; and `` Only the Young '' , on the soundtrack to the movie Vision Quest ( 1985 ) . `` Only the Young '' reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . When Journey finally returned to record their album Raised on Radio ( 1986 ) , bass player Ross Valory and drummer Steve Smith were fired from the band for musical and professional differences . Bassist and future American Idol judge Randy Jackson , bassist Bob Glaub , and established drummer Larrie Londin handled the two vacant slots . The album went multiplatinum , selling over two million copies . It also produced four top 20 singles , `` Be Good to Yourself '' ( # 9 ) , `` I 'll Be Alright Without You '' ( # 14 ) , `` Girl Ca n't Help It '' and `` Suzanne '' , both of which reached No. 17 . The tour featured Jackson on bass and Mike Baird on drums , and was videotaped by MTV and made into a documentary , which included interviews with the band members . But with Perry unable or unwilling to remain actively involved , the band cancelled the rest of the tour and went on an extended , indefinite hiatus . 1987 -- 1995 : hiatus ( edit ) Schon and Cain spent the rest of 1987 collaborating with artists such as Jimmy Barnes and Michael Bolton before teaming up with Cain 's ex-Babys bandmates John Waite and Ricky Phillips to form the supergroup Bad English with drummer Deen Castronovo in 1988 . Steve Smith devoted his time to his jazz bands , Vital Information and Steps Ahead , and teamed up with Ross Valory and original Journey keyboardist Gregg Rolie to create The Storm with singer Kevin Chalfant and guitarist Josh Ramos . After the collapse of Bad English in 1991 , Schon and Castronovo formed the glam metal band Hardline with brothers Johnny and Joey Gioeli , before joining Paul Rodgers ' backing band in 1994 . Cain spent the next few years focusing on his solo career . Between 1987 and 1995 , Columbia Records released three Journey compilations , including the 1988 greatest hits album , which remains the band 's best - selling record . It continues to sell 500,000 to 1,000,000 copies per year . By December 2008 , it was the sixth best - selling greatest hits package in the United States , and by 2014 had spent 300 weeks on the Billboard 200 ( one of only five albums to do so ) . 1995 -- 1997 : reunion ( edit ) In 1995 , the Escape and Frontiers lineup ( Perry , Schon , Cain , Valory and Smith ) reunited under new management , signing with Irving Azoff , longtime Eagles manager . Trial by Fire , released in 1996 , included the hit single `` When You Love a Woman '' , which reached No. 12 on the Billboard charts , ranked at No. 36 on the 1996 year - end Hot 100 , and was nominated in 1997 for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . The album also produced three top 40 mainstream rock tracks , `` Message of Love '' reaching No. 18 , `` Ca n't Tame the Lion '' reaching No. 33 , and `` If He Should Break Your Heart '' reaching No. 38 . Plans for a subsequent tour ended when Perry injured his hip while hiking in Hawaii in the summer of 1997 , and could not perform without hip replacement surgery -- which for some time he refused to undergo . In 1998 , Schon and Cain decided to seek a new lead singer , at which point drummer Steve Smith left the band as well . 1998 -- 2007 : a new Steve ( edit ) Journey in 2002 : Steve Augeri , Jonathan Cain , Ross Valory , Deen Castronovo and Neal Schon In 1998 , Journey replaced Steve Perry with Steve Augeri , formerly of Tyketto and Tall Stories . The band hired drummer Deen Castronovo , Schon 's and Cain 's Bad English bandmate and drummer for Hardline , to replace Steve Smith . The band released their next studio album , Arrival ( 2001 ) . `` All the Way '' became a minor adult contemporary hit from the album . In 2002 , the band released a four - track CD titled Red 13 , with an album cover design chosen through a fan contest . In 2005 , the band was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame , embarked on their 30th anniversary tour , and released their twelfth full - length studio album , Generations , in which each band member performed lead vocals on at least one song . In July 2006 , Steve Augeri was dropped from the band while they toured with Def Leppard , the official site referring to a `` chronic throat infection '' . Augeri had been suffering from vocal attrition problems since 2003 and Journey had been accused of using pre-recorded lead vocals . For nearly a year , Jeff Scott Soto from Talisman filled in , with the band for several months referring to him as their official lead singer , but in June 2007 , the band announced that Soto was no longer with them . That spring , HBO aired the finale of the series The Sopranos , concluding with Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' emanating from a diner jukebox . Without a lead singer , the band found itself unable to tour to capitalize on the heightened nostalgia for 1980s music demonstrated by the series . 2007 -- present : lead singer replaced again ( edit ) In the summer of 2007 , Jonathan Cain and Neal Schon began searching YouTube for a new lead singer . They auditioned Jeremey Hunsicker of the Journey tribute band Frontiers , with whom they co-wrote `` Never Walk Away '' , for their next album . Ultimately the band hired another YouTube find , Filipino singer Arnel Pineda of the cover band The Zoo . Although Pineda was not the first foreign national to become a member of Journey ( former drummer Aynsley Dunbar is British ) , nor even the first non-Caucasian ( former bass player Randy Jackson is African - American ) , the transition resulted in what Marin Independent Journal writer Paul Liberatore called `` an undercurrent of racism among some Journey fans '' . Keyboardist Jonathan Cain responded to such sentiments : `` We 've become a world band . We 're international now . We 're not about one color . '' Journey 's first album with Pineda , Revelation , debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard charts , selling more than 196,000 units in its first two weeks and staying in the top 20 for six weeks . As a multi-disc set ( 2 - CD ) each unit within that set counts as one sale . Journey also found success on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart where the single `` After All These Years '' spent over 23 weeks , peaking at No. 9 . Receipts from the 2008 tour made Journey one of the top - grossing concert tours of the year , bringing in over $35,000,000 . On December 18 , 2008 , Revelation was certified platinum by RIAA . The band 's second album with Pineda , Eclipse , was released on May 24 , 2011 , and debuted at No. 13 on the Billboard 200 chart . In November 2011 , Journey released Greatest Hits 2 . In 2013 , Journey co-headlined ( along with Rascal Flatts ) the Super Bowl XLVII concert series , a promotional event held the night before the game , that was aired live from the New Orleans Sugar Mill as part of CMT Crossroads . During the summer tour of 2015 , after Deen Castronovo 's indictment for assault by a Marion County grand jury , the longtime drummer was replaced on tour by drummer Omar Hakim . In 2016 , Steve Smith again returned as Journey 's drummer , reuniting all of the members of the Escape - Frontiers - Trial by Fire lineup except lead singer Steve Perry . Logo ( edit ) After featuring the members of the band in various poses for the first three studio albums , in 1980 Journey adopted the logo of the scarab beetle , a symbol borrowed from Egyptian hieroglyphs . Band members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) Neal Schon -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1973 -- present ) Ross Valory -- bass , backing vocals ( 1973 -- 1985 , 1995 -- present ) Steve Smith -- drums , percussion ( 1978 -- 1985 , 1995 -- 1998 , 2015 -- present ) Jonathan Cain -- keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1980 -- present ) Arnel Pineda -- lead vocals ( 2007 -- present ) Former members ( edit ) Gregg Rolie -- keyboards , backing and lead vocals ( 1973 -- 1980 ) George Tickner -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Aynsley Dunbar -- drums , percussion ( 1974 -- 1978 ) Robert Fleischman -- lead vocals ( 1977 ) Steve Perry -- lead vocals ( 1977 -- 1998 ) Randy Jackson -- bass , backing vocals ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Steve Augeri -- lead vocals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Deen Castronovo -- drums , percussion , backing and lead vocals ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Touring musicians ( edit ) Prairie Prince -- drums , percussion ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Mike Baird -- drums , percussion ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Jeff Scott Soto -- lead vocals ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Omar Hakim -- drums , percussion ( 2015 ) Travis Thibodaux - keyboards , backing vocals ( 2016 -- present ) Studio musicians ( edit ) Stevie `` Keys '' Roseman -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1980 / Captured studio track ) Larrie Londin -- drums , percussion ( 1985 -- 86 / Raised on Radio ) Bob Glaub -- bass , backing vocals ( 1986 / Raised on Radio ) Managers ( edit ) Walter Herbert ( 1973 -- 1994 ) Irving Azoff ( 1995 -- present ) Timeline ( edit ) In popular culture ( edit ) Over the years , Journey songs have been heard or referred to in numerous films , television series , video games , and even on Broadway . The band 's songs have been covered by multiple artists and adopted by sports teams . In particular , `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' was heard in the final episode of The Sopranos , adapted by the television series Glee , sung by the Family Guy cast , adopted as the unofficial anthem of the 2005 and 2010 World Series champion baseball teams , performed by The Chipmunks in their album Undeniable ( 2008 ) , and sung by the cast of the Broadway musical Rock of Ages . On March 8 , 2013 , a documentary , Do n't Stop Believin ' : Everyman 's Journey , was released . The movie , directed by Ramona S. Diaz , chronicles the discovery of Arnel Pineda and his first year with Journey . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Journey discography Studio albums ( edit ) Year Title Billboard peak Label Journey 138 Columbia 1976 Look into the Future 100 1977 Next 85 1978 Infinity 21 1979 Evolution 20 1980 Departure 8 1981 Escape Frontiers 1986 Raised on Radio Trial by Fire 2001 Arrival 56 2002 Red 13 - Journey Music 2005 Generations 170 Sanctuary 2008 Revelation 5 Nomota LLC 2011 Eclipse 13 See also ( edit ) Book : Journey Best selling music artists List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Journey - Music biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bashe , Philip ( 1985 ) . Heavy Metal Thunder : The Music , Its History , Its Heroes . Doubleday . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3851 - 9797 - 7 . Jump up ^ George - Warren , Holly ; Romanowski , Patricia , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll ( 3rd ed . ) . Fireside . p. 511 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9201 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lynskey , Dorian ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' : the power ballad that refused to die '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Rock ( 3rd ed . ) . Rough Guides . p. 550 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 105 - 4 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` The greatest American rock band of all time ? Surely not Guns N ' Roses '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sony Music Journey Home The Sony Music Journey Site '' . Journeyband.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Journey : Infinity . AllMusic . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bolle , Kali ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Still believin ' '' . The Tullahoma News . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` For The Record : Quick News On Nelly , Destiny 's Child , U2 , B - 52 's , Arcade Fire , Ramones & More '' . MTV . December 17 , 2004 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum Data '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` And the greatest American rock band ever is '' . USA Today . July 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Journey : Frontiers and Beyond video , NFL Films , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Journey FAQ at Steve Lake 's Journey Tribute Page '' . Journey-tribute.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interviews : '' . Melodicrock.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Fleischman interview at The Journey Zone '' . Journey-zone.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ According to Robyn Flans , Journey ( NY : Cherry Lane Music , 1985 ) , ISBN 0 - 89524 - 229 - X ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 89524 - 229 - 7 , Dunbar did not approve of the new musical direction . However , Herbert contends that it was a band decision based on Dunbar 's unprofessional activities offstage . Matt Carty 's Herbie Herbert Interview , p. 6 . Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Smith interview at The Journey Zone '' . Journey-zone.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flans , `` Journey ; '' Matt Carty 's Herbie Herbert Interview , p. 7 . Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Captured re-issue ( 2006 ) liner notes , p. 15 , lines 8 -- 9 ; Time ( Cubed ) liner notes pp. 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Flans , `` Journey . '' Jump up ^ Journey : Live in Houston DVD , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . Journeymusic.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Herbie Herbert Interview with Matt Carty , pp. 13 -- 14 '' . Members.cox.net . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Q : GQ '' . Men.style.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- August 3 , 2009 '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Grammy Award Winners and Nominees for 1997 '' . Rock on the Net . February 26 , 1997 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Billboard.com Journey 's Trial by Fire singles Jump up ^ `` Behind the Music : Journey '' . Vh1 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pappademas , Alex ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` Foolish , Foolish Throat : A Q&A with Steve Perry '' . Men.style.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Personal Journey Chapters Six , Seven , and Eight '' . Journey-zone.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Journey names Jeff Scott Soto official new lead singer ' at '' . Punktv.ca . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Journey announces departure of Jeff Scott Soto ' reprinted from journeymusic.com at The Journey Zone '' . Journey-zone.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Tad ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` His new Journey leads to old Frontiers '' . Roanoke Times . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremey Hunsicker - Different Guy , Same Ol ' Sound ... '' . Yahoo Voices. April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liberatore , Paul ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` An incredible journey for band 's new frontman '' . Marinij.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Three Lions ( Frontiers , 2014 ) '' . Melodicrock.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Criteria '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journey - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Tours - Billboard Year In Music 2008 '' . Billboard . November 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna still tops the list of the top - grossing concert tours '' . Jam ! . December 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard 200 for the 6 / 11 / 2011 issue '' . Reuters . June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Thompson ( 2013 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Super Bowl 2013 brings Journey , Rascal Flatts show to the Sugar Mill '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Deen Castronovo Confirms Journey Firing , Opens Up About Addiction : Exclusive Interview '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Journey Welcome Back Drummer Steve Smith , Announce 2016 Tour With Doobie Brothers '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A new journey : Lockport native to go on tour with famous rock band '' . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Journey Members Reflect on Importance of ' Sopranos ' and ' Glee , ' Talk PBS Doc '' . hollywoodreporter.com. 2013 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 8 great pop - culture spins on Journey 's Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . Alabama Media Group . 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ www.nadesignlab.com , Andy Owens , . `` Do n't Stop Believin ' : Everyman 's Journey '' . www.everymansjourney.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Do n't Stop Believin ' : Everyman 's Journey ( 2012 ) , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Journey ( band ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journey . Official website Journey 's Official Site @ Legacy Records Journey at DMOZ The Journey Zone Castles Burning Interview with Herbie Herbert re-published Journey Neal Schon Ross Valory Steve Smith Jonathan Cain Arnel Pineda Gregg Rolie George Tickner Aynsley Dunbar Robert Fleischman Steve Perry Randy Jackson Steve Augeri Deen Castronovo Prairie Prince Stevie `` Keys '' Roseman Larrie Londin Bob Glaub Mike Baird Jeff Scott Soto Omar Hakim Studio albums Journey Look into the Future Next Infinity Evolution Departure Escape Frontiers Raised on Radio Trial by Fire Arrival Generations Revelation Eclipse EPs Red 13 Live albums Captured Greatest Hits Live Live in Houston 1981 : The Escape Tour Soundtrack albums Dream , After Dream Compilation albums In the Beginning Greatest Hits The Ballade Time The Essential Journey Greatest Hits 2 Videos Journey 2001 Greatest Hits 1978 -- 1997 Live in Houston 1981 : The Escape Tour Revelation Live in Manila Documentaries Do n't Stop Believin ' : Everyman 's Journey Tours Departure Tour Escape Tour Frontiers Tour Raised on Radio Tour Revelation Tour Eclipse Tour Games Journey Escape Journey Related Articles Discography Bands Santana Frumious Bandersnatch Bad English The Storm Vital Information Hardline Abraxas Pool Planet Us Soul SirkUS Revolution Saints People Walter `` Herbie '' Herbert Irving Azoff Kevin Chalfant Jimmy Barnes Michael Bolton Jeremey Hunsicker Book Category Journey singles discography 1970s `` To Play Some Music '' `` Of a Lifetime '' `` In My Lonely Feeling '' `` Mystery Mountain '' 1976 `` Midnight Dreamer '' `` On a Saturday Nite '' `` I 'm Gonna Leave You '' `` She Makes Me ( Feel Alright ) '' `` Anyway '' `` You 're on Your Own '' 1977 `` Look into the Future '' `` Spaceman '' `` People '' `` Nickel and Dime '' `` I Would Find You '' 1978 `` Wheel in the Sky '' `` Feeling That Way '' / `` Anytime '' `` Lights '' 1979 `` Just the Same Way '' `` Lovin ' , Touchin ' , Squeezin ' '' `` Lovin ' You is Easy '' 1980s 1980 `` Too Late '' `` Any Way You Want It '' `` Walks Like a Lady '' `` Good Morning Girl '' / `` Stay Awhile '' 1981 `` The Party 's Over ( Hopelessly in Love ) '' `` Dixie Highway '' `` Who 's Crying Now '' `` Stone in Love '' `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' 1982 `` Open Arms '' `` Still They Ride '' `` Only Solutions '' `` Separate Ways ( Worlds Apart ) '' `` Faithfully '' `` After the Fall '' `` Send Her My Love '' `` Ask the Lonely '' 1984 `` Chain Reaction '' 1985 `` Only the Young '' 1986 `` Be Good to Yourself '' `` Suzanne '' `` Girl Ca n't Help It '' `` Raised on Radio '' `` I 'll Be Alright Without You '' `` Why Ca n't This Night Go on Forever '' `` Who 's Crying Now '' ( re-issue ) 1990s `` Lights '' ( live ) `` Natural Thing '' `` When You Love a Woman '' `` Message of Love '' `` Ca n't Tame the Lion '' `` If He Should Break Your Heart '' 2000s 2001 `` Higher Place '' `` All the Way '' `` With Your Love '' 2005 `` The Place in Your Heart '' 2008 `` After All These Years '' `` Never Walk Away '' `` Where Did I Lose Your Love '' Book Category Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2017 Performers Joan Baez Electric Light Orchestra Journey Pearl Jam Tupac Shakur Yes Award for Musical Excellence Nile Rodgers VIAF : 142145970109132251045 LCCN : n84123273 ISNI : 0000 0001 1551 1100 GND : 1217812 - 3 SUDOC : 077721543 BNF : cb139043091 ( data ) BIBSYS : 6054435 MusicBrainz : abd506e1 - 6f2b - 4d6f - b937 - 92c267f6f88b NLA : 35328652 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_(band)&oldid=804522080 '' Categories : Journey ( band ) Columbia Records artists Hard rock musical groups from California Musical groups established in 1973 Musical groups from San Francisco Musical quintets Progressive rock musical groups from California Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees American soft rock music groups Jazz fusion ensembles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 15 : 40 . 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1694153525032549117 | 2016 NBA Finals | 2016 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2016 NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search 2016 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue Golden State Warriors Steve Kerr Dates June 2 -- 19 MVP LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Television United States : English : ABC and ESPN3 Spanish : ESPN Deportes Canada : ( all ABC simulcasts ) TSN ( Games 1 , 2 , 5 , 7 ) Sportsnet ( Games 3 , 4 , 6 ) Announcers ABC : Mike Breen ( play - by - play ) Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( analysts ) Doris Burke ( sideline reporter ) Craig Sager ( sideline reporter in Game 6 ) ESPN Deportes : Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , and Carlos Morales ( analyst ) Radio network ESPN Radio ( National ) Cleveland Cavaliers Radio Network ( Cleveland ) Golden State Warriors Radio Network ( Golden State Warriors Announcers Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown ( ESPN Radio ) John Michael and Jim Chones ( Cleveland ) Tim Roye , Jim Barnett and Tom Tolbert ( Golden State ) Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Game 2 : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Game 3 : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Game 4 : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Game 5 : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Derrick Stafford Game 6 : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer , Jason Phillips Game 7 Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Raptors , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Warriors defeated Thunder , 4 -- 3 < 2015 NBA Finals 2017 > The 2016 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 2015 -- 16 season and conclusion of the 2016 playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors 4 -- 3 in a rematch of the 2015 NBA Finals . It was the 14th rematch of the previous NBA Finals in history , and the first Finals since 2008 in which the number one seed in each conference met . It was the second straight rematch in back - to - back years , as the Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs played each other in 2013 and 2014 . Golden State , which earned home - court advantage with setting the NBA regular season wins record ( 73 -- 9 ) , jumped to a 2 -- 0 lead in the series while recording the largest combined margin of victory ( 48 ) through two games in NBA Finals history . Cleveland returned home and responded with a 120 -- 90 win in Game 3 , but the Warriors won Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Cavaliers won the next three games to become the first team in Finals history to successfully overcome a 3 -- 1 deficit . It also marked the first time since 1978 that Game 7 was won by the road team . The win by the Cavaliers was the first major professional sports championship won by a team based in Cleveland since 1964 , and the first - ever championship won by the Cavaliers franchise . NBA Finals MVP winner LeBron James propelled the Cavaliers to the historic comeback . For the first time since 2004 , a new scheduling format was instituted for the Finals . In previous years , the Finals were played in a Thursday -- Sunday -- Tuesday scheme . However , the league changed its scheduling to ensure an extra day off for both teams , which have to travel from one city to another during the series . This , along with the designated travel day , took place after Games 2 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 1.2 Golden State Warriors 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 Series summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 4 Rosters 4.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 4.2 Golden State Warriors 5 Player statistics 6 Broadcast 6.1 Television ratings 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers season This was Cleveland 's second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals , and third overall , seeking to win their first ever NBA championship . This would also be the sixth consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James , the most for any player not part of the 1960s Boston Celtics , and the fifth for James Jones ( who technically qualified for the 2011 NBA Finals along with James , but did not play ) . Despite holding the best record in the Eastern Conference at 30 -- 11 midway through the season on January 22 , 2016 , the Cavaliers fired head coach David Blatt . Associate head coach Tyronn Lue was then promoted to replace Blatt . General Manager David Griffin cited `` a lack of fit with our personnel and our vision '' as the reason for Blatt 's firing . Cleveland finished the regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , capturing the Central Division title and the top playoff seed in the Eastern Conference . They then advanced to the Finals after sweeping both the Detroit Pistons in the first round and the Atlanta Hawks in the second round , and defeating the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals in six games . The Cavaliers were the first team in history to go to two consecutive NBA Finals with rookie head coaches . Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season This was the defending NBA Champions Golden State Warriors ' second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals and eighth overall . The Warriors broke the record set by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls by finishing the regular season with a 73 -- 9 record . In addition , the Warriors broke numerous other NBA records , including most road wins ( 34 ) , best start to a season ( 24 -- 0 ) and longest regular - season home win streak ( 54 dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season ) . They also became the first team to make over 1,000 three - pointers in the regular - season with 1,077 , eclipsing the previous record of 933 set by the 2014 -- 15 Houston Rockets . The Warriors were led by Stephen Curry , who was named the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . The Splash Brothers twosome of Curry and Klay Thompson were the highest scoring duo in the league , combining to average 52.2 points per game . Head coach Steve Kerr missed the first 43 regular season games because of a back injury . Assistant coach Luke Walton served as interim head coach during Kerr 's absence and he led the Warriors to a 39 -- 4 start . In the playoffs , the Warriors defeated the Houston Rockets in the first round and the Portland Trail Blazers in the conference semifinals in five games each . In Game 7 of the Western Conference Finals , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder , 96 -- 88 , becoming only the 10th team in NBA history to overcome a 3 -- 1 series deficit , and advancing to a second straight NBA Finals for the first time since 1947 and 1948 . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NBA Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference Champion ) Golden State Warriors ( Western Conference Champion ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 57 25 . 695 -- 82 y -- Toronto Raptors * 56 26 . 683 1.0 82 y -- Miami Heat * 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 x -- Atlanta Hawks 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 5 x -- Boston Celtics 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 6 x -- Charlotte Hornets 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 7 x -- Indiana Pacers 45 37 . 549 12.0 82 8 x -- Detroit Pistons 44 38 . 537 13.0 82 9 Chicago Bulls 42 40 . 512 15.0 82 10 Washington Wizards 41 41 . 500 16.0 82 11 Orlando Magic 35 47 . 427 22.0 82 12 Milwaukee Bucks 33 49 . 402 24.0 82 13 New York Knicks 32 50 . 390 25.0 82 14 Brooklyn Nets 21 61 . 256 36.0 82 15 Philadelphia 76ers 10 72 . 122 47.0 82 1st seed in the East , 3rd best league record Regular season Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Golden State Warriors * 73 9 . 890 -- 82 y -- San Antonio Spurs * 67 15 . 817 6.0 82 y -- Oklahoma City Thunder * 55 27 . 671 18.0 82 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 53 29 . 646 20.0 82 5 x -- Portland Trail Blazers 44 38 . 537 29.0 82 6 x -- Dallas Mavericks 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 7 x -- Memphis Grizzlies 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 8 x -- Houston Rockets 41 41 . 500 32.0 82 9 Utah Jazz 40 42 . 488 33.0 82 10 Sacramento Kings 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 11 Denver Nuggets 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 12 New Orleans Pelicans 30 52 . 366 43.0 82 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 29 53 . 354 44.0 82 14 Phoenix Suns 23 59 . 280 50.0 82 15 Los Angeles Lakers 17 65 . 207 56.0 82 1st seed in the West , best league record Defeated the 8th seeded Detroit Pistons , 4 -- 0 First round Defeated the 8th seeded Houston Rockets , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 4th seeded Atlanta Hawks , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 5th seeded Portland Trail Blazers , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Toronto Raptors , 4 -- 2 Conference Finals Defeated the 3rd seeded Oklahoma City Thunder , 4 -- 3 Regular season series ( edit ) The Warriors won the regular season series 2 -- 0 . December 25 , 2015 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 83 , Golden State Warriors 89 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 18 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 132 , Cleveland Cavaliers 98 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , June 2 Golden State Warriors 104 -- 89 ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 5 Golden State Warriors 110 -- 77 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Wednesday , June 8 Cleveland Cavaliers 120 -- 90 ( 1 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Game 4 Friday , June 10 Cleveland Cavaliers 97 -- 108 ( 1 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 5 Monday , June 13 Golden State Warriors 97 -- 112 ( 3 -- 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 6 Thursday , June 16 Cleveland Cavaliers 115 -- 101 ( 3 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 7 Sunday , June 19 Golden State Warriors 89 -- 93 ( 3 -- 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game summaries ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) ( in Cleveland ) Game 1 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 104 -- 89 in Game 1 to take a 1 -- 0 series lead . The Cavaliers led 68 -- 67 before the Warriors broke the game open with a 29 -- 8 run spanning the third and fourth quarters to take a 96 -- 76 lead . Cleveland got the deficit within eleven points at 98 -- 87 after an 11 -- 2 run , but Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson nailed back - to - back three - pointers to essentially seal the victory for Golden State . While Curry and Thompson had a rough night combining for 20 points , the Warriors got a lift from its bench , outscoring the Cavaliers ' bench 45 -- 10 . Shaun Livingston scored his playoff - career high 20 points to lead Golden State , while Kyrie Irving led all scorers with 26 points . LeBron James fell one assist shy of a triple - double ( 23 points , 12 rebounds , 9 assists ) . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 2 Cleveland Cavaliers 89 -- 104 ( Series : 0 -- 1 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 28 , 19 -- 24 , 25 -- 22 , 21 -- 30 ABC Pts : Kyrie Irving 26 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Shaun Livingston 20 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 26 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 23 12 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 17 13 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 12 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 11 5 6 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 9 5 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 13 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 16 11 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 10 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 12 7 6 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 20 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 11 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 2 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 110 -- 77 in Game 2 to take a 2 -- 0 series lead . Cleveland took a 28 -- 22 lead about two minutes into the second quarter , but Golden State answered with a 20 -- 2 run while outscoring the Cavs 30 -- 16 the rest of the period . During the run , the Cavaliers ' Kevin Love suffered a head injury while attempting to grab a defensive rebound . Love stayed throughout the remainder of the period but did not play the second half . The Warriors continued to dominate Cleveland from there , outscoring the Cavaliers 58 -- 33 in the final two quarters . Draymond Green led all scorers with 28 points , including 5 of 8 from three - point range . Curry and Klay Thompson added 18 and 17 points , respectively , while drilling four threes each . With their victory , the Warriors posted the highest winning margin in the first two Finals games with a 48 - point differential . James led the Cavs with 19 points , 8 rebounds , and 9 assists , but he committed 7 turnovers . James added 4 steals while surpassing John Stockton for fourth on the all - time playoff steals list . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 5 Cleveland Cavaliers 77 -- 110 ( Series : 0 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 23 -- 33 , 18 -- 30 , 15 -- 28 ABC Pts : LeBron James 19 Rebs : LeBron James 8 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 28 Rebs : Stephen Curry 9 Asts : Green , Livingston , Thompson 5 each Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 10 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 5 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 19 8 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 5 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 8 5 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 12 5 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 5 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 7 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 18 9 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 17 5 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 28 7 5 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 6 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 7 5 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 5 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 10 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 7 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 6 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 3 ( edit ) The Cavaliers avenged their lopsided defeat to Golden State by routing the Warriors 120 -- 90 in Game 3 to trail the series 2 -- 1 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first nine points en route to outscoring the Warriors 33 -- 16 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as seven points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 51 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and outscored Golden State 69 -- 47 . Love did not play due to a concussion . James led all scorers with 32 points . Irving added 30 points for the Cavs . Curry led the Warriors with 19 points , while drilling four threes . Harrison Barnes also contributed 18 points in 33 minutes of play . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 8 Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 ( Series : 2 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 33 , 27 -- 18 , 26 -- 38 , 21 -- 31 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 19 Rebs : Harrison Barnes 8 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : Kyrie Irving 8 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 19 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 18 8 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 6 7 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 11 0 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 5 6 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 8 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 5 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 30 8 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 20 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 32 11 6 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 9 8 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 14 13 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 5 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 1.5 ! G 12 Jordan McRae 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 4 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 108 -- 97 in Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . After averaging just 16 points in the first three games of the series , Curry scored 38 and was 7 of 13 on three - pointers . The Warriors made 17 three - pointers , then an NBA record for a single Finals game . They made only 16 two - point field goals , the first time in Finals history a team made more shots from three - point range . Klay Thompson added 25 points and four three - pointers for Golden State . It was the Warriors ' 88th win of the season , which broke the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls record of 87 for most wins in an NBA season ( regular - season and postseason combined ) . Green and James had to be separated in the closing minutes of the game , when Green fell to the ground and James stepped over him . Feeling disrespected , Green swung his arm and appeared to make contact with James ' groin . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 10 Golden State Warriors 108 -- 97 ( Series : 3 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 28 , 21 -- 27 , 29 -- 22 , 29 -- 20 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 38 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Andre Iguodala 7 Boxscore Pts : Kyrie Irving 34 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 38 6 7 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 14 8 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 9 12 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 10 6 7 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 34 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 25 13 9 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 6 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 7 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 0 Kevin Love 11 5 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 5 ( edit ) The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 112 -- 97 in Game 5 to trail the series 3 -- 2 . James and Irving each scored 41 points to become the first teammates in Finals history to score 40 or more in the same game . James also added 16 rebounds . After Game 4 , Green was assessed a Flagrant Foul 1 for his contact with James that was ruled `` unnecessary '' and `` retaliatory '' , and James was given a technical foul for taunting . Having accumulated his fourth flagrant foul point in the playoffs , Green was suspended for Game 5 , becoming the first player to be suspended from playing in a Finals game since Jerry Stackhouse in 2006 . Green watched the game from a luxury box in the nearby Oakland Alameda Coliseum , where the Oakland Athletics were also playing a game at the same time , hosting the Texas Rangers . Warriors center Andrew Bogut suffered a season - ending injury to his left knee in the second half when he jumped to block a layup attempt by Cavs guard J.R. Smith and came down awkwardly on Smith . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 112 -- 97 ( Series : 2 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 32 -- 29 , 32 -- 23 , 19 -- 13 ABC Pts : Irving , James 41 each Rebs : LeBron James 16 Asts : LeBron James 7 Boxscore Pts : Klay Thompson 37 Rebs : Andre Iguodala 11 Asts : Andre Iguodala 6 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis and Derrick Stafford Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 41 6 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 16 7 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 6 15 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 8 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 25 7 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 37 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 15 11 6 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 0 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 0 0 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo 0 0 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 6 ( edit ) LeBron James charging at Stephen Curry during game six . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 115 -- 101 in Game 6 to even the series 3 -- 3 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first eight points en route to outscoring the Warriors 31 -- 11 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as eight points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 59 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and tied the series . LeBron James led all scorers with 41 points with 11 assists . Kyrie Irving added 23 points for the Cavs , while Tristan Thompson had 16 rebounds for the Cavaliers . Stephen Curry led the Warriors with 30 points , while drilling six threes . Klay Thompson added 25 points for the Warriors . Back from suspension , Green was held to eight points on 3 -- 7 shooting . James scored 18 straight points for Cleveland from the end of the third quarter to the 7 : 00 mark of the fourth . Late in the game with the Cavaliers up by 13 , he blocked a Curry shot from behind , and afterward had some words for him . With 4 : 22 left , Curry received his sixth foul and fouled out of the game . He then threw his mouthpiece into the stands in frustration , resulting in a technical foul and his ejection from the game . Curry was the first MVP to foul out of an NBA Finals game since Shaquille O'Neal in 2000 . The Cavaliers became the third team to fall behind 3 -- 1 and force Game 7 ( and the first in 50 years ) . James was the first player to have consecutive 40 - point games in the finals since , coincidentally , Shaquille O'Neal in the 2000 Finals . Following the game , Curry and Warriors head coach Steve Kerr were fined $25,000 each for their actions and public officiating criticism . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 16 Golden State Warriors 101 -- 115 ( Series : 3 -- 3 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 11 -- 31 , 32 -- 28 , 28 -- 21 , 30 -- 35 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 30 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 6 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 16 Asts : LeBron James 11 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer and Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 30 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 0 0 4.5 ! PF 9 Andre Iguodala 5 6.0 ! C 23 Draymond Green 8 10 6 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 6 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 14 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 5.5 ! F / C 20 James Michael McAdoo 0 1.5 ! G Brandon Rush 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 23 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 14 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 8 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 7 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 15 16 Reserves : 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 6 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 0 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 5 0 2.5 ! G / F James Jones 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 7 ( edit ) This season 's Finals marked the first time in NBA history in which both teams entered game 7 after accumulating exactly the same total points scored after game 6 ( 610 points each ) . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 93 -- 89 in Game 7 to win the series 4 -- 3 . Game 7 was a close game , with 20 lead changes and 11 ties . This was the only game in the entire series to have a final margin of fewer than 10 points . At halftime , the Warriors were ahead 49 -- 42 . In the second half , the Cavaliers outscored the Warriors 51 -- 40 as the Warriors failed to score a basket during the last 4 : 39 of the game . In the closing minutes of the 4th quarter LeBron James delivered what became known as `` The Block '' on a layup attempt by Andre Iguodala with the score tied at 89 and 01 : 50 remaining in the game . Kyrie Irving made a go - ahead 3 - point field goal over the NBA 's first unanimous regular season MVP Stephen Curry to give Cleveland a 92 -- 89 lead with 0 : 53 remaining in the game . Before Kyrie Irving 's 3 - point field goal both teams were tied at 699 points scored apiece in this series . Immediately after Irving 's three , Golden State brought the ball up - court , opting not to call a timeout , and although Golden State got a preferred switch and matchup of Curry on Kevin Love , Love made arguably `` the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' , and forced Curry into a contested 3 - pointer , which he missed . After LeBron hurt his right wrist being fouled on a dunk attempt , he nearly clinched the title for the Cavaliers by making one of two free throws , bringing the clock down to 10.6 seconds left . After the Cavaliers fouled Draymond Green with 6.5 seconds remaining , Stephen Curry received the inbounds pass , pump faked and shot a three pointer over Cavaliers guard Iman Shumpert . The attempt missed , and was rebounded by Marreese Speights of the Warriors who attempted a three pointer as time expired and missed . Love immediately hugged the Finals MVP LeBron James . Draymond Green led all scorers with 32 points , including 6 of 8 from three - point range to go along with 15 rebounds and 9 assists . Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson added 17 and 14 points , respectively . LeBron James led all Cavaliers with 27 points and became only the 3rd player ever in NBA history to record a triple double in an NBA Finals Game 7 by adding 11 assists and 11 rebounds . Kyrie Irving added 26 points for Cleveland . The Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to win the NBA Finals . They became the first NBA Champion to clinch all their playoff series on the road since the 1999 San Antonio Spurs , as well as the first road team to win a Finals Game 7 since the 1978 Washington Bullets . The Cavaliers won their first championship in franchise history , ending a nearly 52 - year pro sports championship drought for the city of Cleveland . LeBron James was named the unanimous Finals MVP , becoming the only the fifth player in NBA history to earn the award at least thrice . He also was the overall leader in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks during the series , a feat that had never before been accomplished in any NBA playoff series . Tyronn Lue became the 14th coach to win an NBA championship as a head coach and player . After 13 years , James had finally brought a championship to the city of Cleveland . On July 13 , 2016 , Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals received the 2016 ESPY award for Best Game . This loss led the Warriors to pursue Kevin Durant when he became a free agent that summer signing him on July 4 . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 19 Cleveland Cavaliers 93 -- 89 ( Series : 4 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 22 , 19 -- 27 , 33 -- 27 , 18 -- 13 ABC Pts : LeBron James 27 Rebs : Kevin Love 14 Asts : LeBron James 11 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 32 Rebs : Draymond Green 15 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG Kyrie Irving 26 6 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 12 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 27 11 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 9 14 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 9 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 9 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 1.5 ! G Iman Shumpert 6 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones DNP 2.5 ! G / F James Jones DNP 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 17 5 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 14 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 10 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 32 15 9 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 9 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo DNP 2.5 ! G / F Brandon Rush DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Rosters ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Dellavedova , Matthew 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1990 -- 09 -- 08 Saint Mary 's 5.5 ! F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Frye , Channing 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 17 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Irving , Kyrie ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Jefferson , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 233 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 06 -- 21 Arizona 2.5 ! G / F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Jones , Dahntay 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 27 Duke 2.5 ! G / F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones , James 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 04 Miami ( FL ) 6.0 ! C 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kaun , Sasha 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 08 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Love , Kevin 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 07 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 McRae , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 28 Tennessee 6.0 ! C 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Mozgov , Timofey 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1986 -- 07 -- 16 Russia 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Shumpert , Iman 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1990 -- 06 -- 26 Georgia Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Smith , J.R. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 09 St. Benedict 's Prep ( NJ ) 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Thompson , Tristan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 13 Texas 1.5 ! G 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Williams , Mo 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1982 -- 12 -- 19 Alabama Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coach ( es ) Jim Boylan Bret Brielmaier Larry Drew Damon Jones Mike Longabardi James Posey Phil Handy ( player development ) Vitaly Potapenko ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 04 -- 13 Golden State Warriors ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Barbosa , Leandro 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1982 -- 11 -- 28 Brazil 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Barnes , Harrison 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 30 North Carolina 6.0 ! C 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Bogut , Andrew 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 28 Utah 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Clark , Ian 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Ezeli , Festus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1989 -- 10 -- 21 Vanderbilt 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 McAdoo , James Michael 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 04 North Carolina 2.5 ! G / F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Rush , Brandon 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1985 -- 07 -- 07 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Speights , Marreese 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1987 -- 08 -- 04 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 5.5 ! F / C 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Varejão , Anderson 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 273 lb ( 124 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Brazil Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Luke Walton Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 06 -- 14 Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Dellavedova , Matthew Matthew Dellavedova 6 0 7.6 . 263 . 167 . 833 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 Frye , Channing Channing Frye 0 8.3 . 000 . 000 1.000 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving 7 7 39.0 . 468 . 405 . 939 3.9 3.9 0.7 27.1 James , LeBron LeBron James 7 7 41.7 . 494 . 371 . 721 11.3 8.9 2.6 2.3 29.7 Jefferson , Richard Richard Jefferson 7 24.0 . 516 . 167 . 636 5.3 0.4 1.3 0.1 5.7 Jones , Dahntay Dahntay Jones 6 0 3.0 . 500 . 000 . 800 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 Jones , James James Jones 5 0 4.0 . 000 . 000 . 250 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 Love , Kevin Kevin Love 6 5 26.3 . 362 . 263 . 706 6.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 8.5 McRae , Jordan Jordan McRae 0 3.0 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 Mozgov , Timofey Timofey Mozgov 5 0 5.0 . 333 . 000 . 750 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.4 Shumpert , Iman Iman Shumpert 7 0 18.3 . 304 . 267 1.000 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.0 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith 7 7 37.3 . 400 . 356 . 667 2.7 1.6 1.4 0.3 10.6 Thompson , Tristan Tristan Thompson 7 7 32.3 . 636 . 000 . 533 10.1 0.7 0.3 0.9 10.3 Williams , Mo Mo Williams 6 0 4.8 . 333 . 200 . 000 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.5 Golden State Warriors Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Barbosa , Leandro Leandro Barbosa 6 0 13.1 . 643 . 500 . 727 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 8.2 Barnes , Harrison Harrison Barnes 7 7 31.7 . 352 . 310 . 600 4.4 1.4 0.7 0.4 9.3 Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 5 5 12.0 . 471 . 000 . 000 3.0 0.6 0.4 2.0 3.2 Clark , Ian Ian Clark 0 4.8 . 625 . 600 . 000 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.3 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry 7 7 35.1 . 403 . 400 . 929 4.9 3.7 0.9 0.7 22.6 Ezeli , Festus Festus Ezeli 7 8.6 . 300 . 000 . 500 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green 6 6 40.0 . 486 . 406 . 783 10.3 6.3 1.7 1.0 16.5 Iguodala , Andre Andre Iguodala 7 34.1 . 466 . 304 . 333 6.3 4.1 0.9 0.7 9.1 Livingston , Shaun Shaun Livingston 7 0 21.1 . 511 . 000 . 857 3.4 2.9 0.3 0.3 8.3 McAdoo , James Michael James Michael McAdoo 0 6.1 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 Rush , Brandon Brandon Rush 0 5.5 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 Speights , Marreese Marreese Speights 7 0 4.7 . 222 . 400 1.000 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 2.0 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson 7 7 35.3 . 427 . 350 . 786 3.0 1.9 1.0 0.6 19.6 Varejão , Anderson Anderson Varejão 6 0 6.9 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play - by - play commentator , and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators . ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown as commentators . ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish - language coverage of The Finals , with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales . Television ratings ( edit ) Game Ratings ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 11.1 19.20 9.8 17.49 9.7 16.47 9.8 16.57 5 11.8 20.53 6 11.8 20.70 7 15.8 31.02 Avg 11.4 20.28 See also ( edit ) Big Three ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Death lineup Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CANADIAN TV SCHEDULE -- 2015 -- 16 '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , P.J ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Curse broken : Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship '' . FOX 8 Cleveland . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim . `` Cavaliers vs. Raptors 2016 results : LeBron James advances to 6th straight NBA Finals with Game 6 win '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fedor , Chris ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` David Blatt fired by Cleveland Cavaliers ; Tyronn Lue elevated to head coach '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Blatt fired as Cavaliers coach ; Tyronn Lue to take over team '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Epic history : Stephen Curry , Warriors surpass Bulls ' win record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Move Over , Warriors . Cavs Can Shoot 3s , Too . '' . NY Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Durant , Westbrook power Thunder past Warriors 108 -- 102 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Kerr battles lingering spinal - fluid issues , but coaches through pain '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Silence the Thunder in Game 7 , Series '' . NBA . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors up 1 -- 0 as Draymond Green , supporting cast key win '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA finals , Game 1 : Golden State Warriors beat Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors whip Cavaliers 110 -- 77 to take 2 -- 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Resilient at Home , Cruise Against the Cavaliers '' . New York Times . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Warriors are setting NBA Finals records by crushing the Cavs '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors humiliate Cleveland Cavaliers in NBA finals Game 2 '' . Guardian . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 32 as Cavs wallop Warriors , pull to 2 -- 1 '' . ESPN.com . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Love not medically cleared , will not play in Game 3 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers roar back to crush Warriors as Steph Curry 's struggles continue '' . Guardian . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Splish , splash : Curry , Thompson lead Warriors to Game 4 win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three charts on a record - setting night for Curry and the Warriors '' . ESPN.com . June 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors '' ( PDF ) . nba.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . New York Times . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors defeat Cleveland Cavaliers : NBA finals Game 4 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sources : Ruling on Green - LeBron incident could come Sunday '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , John ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Stave Off Elimination in N.B.A. Finals '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leung , Diamond ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals : Warriors ' Draymond Green suspended for Game 5 by NBA '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 5 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland Athletics stadium '' . The Sports Xchange. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland A 's Coliseum , Declines 1st Pitch Offer '' . Lee Bailey 's EURWeb. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch at A 's Game '' . SI Wire. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Andrew Bogut will miss remainder of NBA Finals with left knee injury '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron goes for 41 as Cavs drop Warriors , force Game 7 of Finals '' . ESPN.com . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers thrash Warriors to force winner - take - all Game 7 in NBA finals '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers defeat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals , Game 6 -- as it happened ! '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` With Swat of Stephen Curry , LeBron James Jolted a Debate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim . `` Curry gets ejected late in Warriors ' Game 6 loss '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , Monte . `` Curry flips out in Game 6 of finals , takes first NBA ejection '' . csnbayarea.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike . `` Stephen Curry , Steve Kerr Fined for Game 6 Incidents in NBA Finals '' . bleacherreport.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Curry voted NBA 's first unanimous MVP '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love came up with the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Stop Of Kevin Love 's Life ? It Was n't This One '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers vs. Warriors - Game Recap - June 19 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Greatest Game 7 Performances In NBA Finals History '' . 2016 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Dave ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland Cavaliers to NBA title and ends 52 - year drought '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers become first team to rally from 3 -- 1 series deficit in NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` The End : Cleveland rocks as title drought ends in Finals '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins NBA Finals MVP for 3rd time '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named unanimous Finals MVP after Cavs ' Game 7 win '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Nunzio ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` This unbelievable stat illustrates just how great LeBron James was in the Finals '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Brandon ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Reads : Tryonn '' . Hail Varsity . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers 93 - 89 Golden State Warriors : LeBron James helps end 52 - year drought to win first NBA championship in their history after completing remarkable comeback from 3 - 1 down '' . Daily Mail . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Defeat Warriors to Win Their First N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carafdo , Ben . `` 2016 NBA Finals Tip Off June 2 Exclusively on ABC : Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teri Couch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Was Most - Watched & Highest - Rated Game 1 Ever on ABC '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals tops 2015 's Game 1 , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up , ' American Grit ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game 2 of NBA Finals Holds Up Well Despite Blowout '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Miss USA adjusts up , plus final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stinkers Sinking NBA Finals , But Numbers Still Big '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : NBA Finals adjust up but lowest of series so far '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Closer Game , But No Cigar For NBA Finals '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : Final NBA and Copa America numbers , ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Has Another Viewership Dip , But Nears Post-Jordan High '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' adjusts up , ' Reign ' and ' Whose Line ' ajdust down , final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Despite Fifth Straight Decline , NBA Finals Strong Entering Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals hits a high for 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron , Cleveland 's Game 7 Triumph Tops 30 Million Viewers '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : NBA Finals Game 7 adjusts up a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official website 2016 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.com NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. 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"The 2016 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association (NBA) 2015–16 season and conclusion of the 2016 playoffs. The Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors 4–3 in a rematch of the 2015 NBA Finals. It was the 14th rematch of the previous NBA Finals in history, and the first Finals since 2008 in which the number one seed in each conference met. It was the second straight rematch in back-to-back years, as the Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs played each other in 2013 and 2014."
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4439752785381124753 | Joint Commission | Joint Commission - wikipedia Joint Commission Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Joint Commission ( disambiguation ) . The Joint Commission Type Non-profit organization Industry Health care Founded 1951 Headquarters Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois , United States Area served World wide Website www.jointcommission.org The Joint Commission is a United States - based nonprofit tax - exempt 501 ( c ) organization that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs . The international branch accredits medical services from around the world . A majority of US state governments recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure for the receipt of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements . The Joint Commission is based in the Chicago suburb of Oakbrook Terrace , Illinois . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operation 3 Alternatives in the United States 4 Goals and initiatives 5 International healthcare accreditation 6 Cost of accreditation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) The Joint Commission was formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO ) and previous to that the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals ( JCAH ) . The Joint Commission was renamed The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals in 1951 , but it was not until 1965 , when the federal government decided that a hospital meeting Joint Commission accreditation met the Medicare Conditions of Participation , that accreditation had any official impact . However , Section 125 of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 ( MIPPA ) removed the Joint Commission 's statutorily - guaranteed accreditation authority for hospitals , effective July 15 , 2010 . At that time , the Joint Commission 's hospital accreditation program would be subject to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) requirements for organizations seeking accrediting authority . To avoid a lapse in accrediting authority , the Joint Commission would have to submit an application for hospital accrediting authority consistent with these requirements and within a time frame that would enable CMS to review and evaluate their submission . CMS would make the decision to grant deeming authority and determine the term . The Joint Commission 's predecessor organization grew from the efforts of Ernest Codman to promote hospital reform based on outcomes management in patient care . Codman 's efforts led to the founding of the American College of Surgeons Hospital Standardization Program . In 1951 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals was created by merging the Hospital Standardization Program with similar programs run by the American College of Physicians , the American Hospital Association , the American Medical Association , and the Canadian Medical Association . In 1987 the company was renamed the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations ( JCAHO , pronounced `` Jay - co '' ) . In 2007 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations underwent a major rebranding and simplified its name to The Joint Commission . The rebranding included the name , logo , and tag line change to `` Helping Health Care Organizations Help Patients . '' The change was part of an effort to make the name more memorable and to assist the commission in its continued responsiveness to the needs of organizations seeking fee - based accreditation . The Joint Commission advocates the use of patient safety measures , the spread of information , the measurement of performance , and the introduction of public policy recommendations . Joint Commission International ( JCI ) was established in 1998 as a division of Joint Commission Resources , Inc . ( JCR ) , a not - for - profit , private affiliate of the Joint Commission . Through international accreditation , consultation , publications , and education programs , JCI extends the Joint Commission 's mission worldwide by helping to improve the quality of patient care ; assisting international health care organizations , public health agencies , health ministries , and others in evaluating , improving , and demonstrating the quality of patient care ; and enhancing patient safety in more than 60 countries . International hospitals may seek accreditation to demonstrate quality , and JCI accreditation may be considered a seal of approval by medical travelers from the U.S. Operation ( edit ) All member health care organizations are subject to a three - year accreditation cycle , and laboratories are surveyed every two years . The organization does not make its hospital survey findings public . However , it does provide the organization 's accreditation decision , the date that accreditation was awarded , and any standards that were cited for improvement . Organizations deemed to be in compliance with all or most of the applicable standards are awarded the decision of Accreditation . The unannounced full survey is a key component of The Joint Commission accreditation process . `` Unannounced '' means the organization does not receive advanced notice of its survey date . The Joint Commission began conducting unannounced surveys on January 1 , 2006 . Surveys occur 18 to 39 months after the organization 's previous unannounced survey . There has been criticism in the past within the U.S. about how the Joint Commission operates . The Commission 's practice had been to notify hospitals in advance of the timing of inspections . A 2007 article in the Washington Post noted that about 99 % of inspected hospitals are accredited , and serious problems in the delivery of care are sometimes overlooked or missed . Similar concerns have been expressed by the Boston Globe who stated `` The Joint Commission , whose governing board has long been dominated by representatives of the industries it inspects , has been the target of criticism about the validity of its evaluations . '' The Joint Commission over time has responded to these criticisms . However , when it comes to the international dimension , surveys undertaken by JCI still take place at a time known in advance by the hospitals being surveyed , often after considerable preparation by those hospitals . Preparing for a Joint Commission survey can be a challenging process for any healthcare provider . At a minimum , a hospital must be completely familiar with the current standards ; examine current processes , policies , and procedures relative to the standards ; and prepare to improve any areas that are not currently in compliance . The hospital must be in compliance with the standards for at least four months prior to the initial survey . The hospital should also be in compliance with applicable standards during the entire period of accreditation , which means that surveyors will look for a full three years of implementation for several standards - related issues . The Joint Commission and JCI employ salaried individuals as surveyors who generally work or have worked within health care services but are able to devote half or less of their time for the accrediting organization . The surveyors travel to health care organizations to evaluate their operational practices and facilities against established Joint Commission standards and elements of performance . Substantial time and resources are devoted by health care organizations ranging from medical equipment suppliers and staffing firms to tertiary care academic medical centers to prepare for and undergo Joint Commission surveys . There is growing concern , however , over the lack of verifiable progress towards meeting the organization 's stated goals . Although the Joint Commission increasingly cites and demands `` evidence - based medicine '' in its regulatory requirements , there is a relative paucity of evidence demonstrating any significant quality improvement due to its efforts , while there is a growing body of literature showing no improvement or actual deterioration in quality despite the increasingly stringent and expensive requirements . A facility requesting accreditation pays a substantial fee to the Joint Commission ( the `` accrediting '' agency ) and , upon receiving a `` passing '' grade , is able to purchase associated mementos of accomplishment to display to the public . No other entity certifies the Joint Commission . Alternatives in the United states ( edit ) The Joint Commission is not a complete monopoly , and while many states in the U.S. make use of their services , they are not used by all . Some states have set up their own alternative assessment procedures ; the Joint Commission is not recognized for state licensure in the states of Oklahoma ( except for hospital - based outpatient mental health services ) , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin . In California , The Joint Commission is part of a joint survey process with state authorities . There are also other healthcare accreditation organizations in the U.S. unrelated to the Joint Commission . These include Accreditation Commission for Health Care , Inc . ( ACHC ) , the American Osteopathic Association ( AOA ) , the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities ( CARF ) , the Community Health Accreditation Program ( CHAP ) , the `` Exemplary Provider Program '' of The Compliance Team , the Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program ( HFAP ) , the ( http://www.ncchc.org/health-service-accreditation National Commission on Correctional Health Care , Utilization Review Accreditation Commission ( URAC ) , and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation ( HQAA ) who are recognised in the state of Ohio . HFAP is actually older than the Joint Commission and has been in operation since 1945 . On September 26 , 2008 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) granted deeming authority for hospitals to DNV Healthcare Inc . ( DNVHC ) , an operating company of Det Norske Veritas ( DNV ) , a Norwegian international company that has been operating in the U.S. since 1898 . The Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality ( CIHQ ) , based in Round Rock , Texas , was granted deeming authority for hospitals by the CMS In July 2013 . Goals and initiatives ( edit ) The stated mission of The Joint Commission is : `` To continuously improve health care for the public , in collaboration with other stakeholders , by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value . '' The company updates its accreditation standards , expands patient safety goals on a yearly basis , and posts them on its web site for all interested persons to review making the information and process transparent to all stakeholders ranging from institutions and practitioners to patients and their advocates . The purpose of The Joint Commission 's National Patient Safety Goals ( NPSGs ) is to promote specific improvements in patient safety . The NPSGs highlight problematic areas in health care and describe evidence and expert - based solutions to these problems . Recognizing that sound system design is intrinsic to the delivery of safe , high quality health care . The Goals focus on system - wide solutions , wherever possible . The NPSGs have become a critical method by which The Joint Commission promotes and enforces major changes in patient safety for thousands of participating health care organizations in the United States and around the world . The 2009 NPSGs included regulations targeting the spread of infection due to multidrug - resistant organisms , catheter - related bloodstream infections ( CRBSI ) , and surgical site infections ( SSI ) . The new regulations for CRBSI and SSI prevention apply not only to hospitals , but also to ambulatory care and ambulatory surgery centers . Engaging patients in patient safety efforts is also a major new component of the NPSGs . The Universal Protocol to reduce surgical errors and existing regulations on medication reconciliation have been modified for 2009 , based on feedback received by The Joint Commission . International Healthcare Accreditation ( edit ) Gold Seal of Accreditation Joint Commission International , or JCI is one group that provides international health care accreditation services to hospitals around the world and brings income into the U.S. - based parent organization . This not - for - profit tax - exempt private corporation ( a 501 ( c ) organization ) currently accredits hospitals in Asia , Europe , the Middle East , Africa , and South America and is seeking to expand its business further . The JCI has a small staff which includes principal consultants and a number of other consultants from around the world . Cost of Accreditation ( edit ) JCI publishes an average fee of $46,000 for a full hospital survey . Reimbursement for surveyors ' travel , living expenses , and accommodations is required in addition to the survey fee . For hospital to be successful in the accreditation process , there may be additional costs related to consultancy work prior to accreditation . International accreditors incur different levels of costs with some costing less than JCI . See also ( edit ) Patient safety Patient safety organization URAC Hospital accreditation List of International Healthcare Accreditation Organizations Evidence - based medicine Medical ethics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission On Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations in Oakbrook Ter , Illinois ( IL ) '' . faqs.org . June 30 , 1975 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission - About page '' . Jump up ^ https://www.successfactors.com/en_us/lp/articles/joint-commission-compliance.html Jump up ^ About Us , Joint Commission . Jump up ^ A History of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals James S. Roberts , MD ; Jack G. Coale , MA ; Robert R. Redman , MA , JAMA. 1987 ; 258 ( 7 ) : 936 - 940 , Jump up ^ HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare - Associated Infections 06222009 Section 8 : Incentives and Oversight -- June 22 , 2009 Excerpt : pages 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ `` The Joint Commission Launches New Brand Identity '' . The Joint Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Commission Changes Its Name and Logo '' . American Association for Respiratory Care . February 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Patients Meet to Promote Mother and Child Health in the Americas '' . Paho.org . June 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` de beste bron van informatie over med trip info . Deze website is te koop ! '' . medtripinfo.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kowalczyk , Liz ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Surprise check faults MGH quality of care '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ian ( January 21 , 1998 ) . `` Public Advocate Says Hospital Accreditation System Is Faulty '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaul , Gilbert M. ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Accreditors Blamed for Overlooking Problems '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Healthcare Compliance 360 HIPAA Compliance Policy Management JCAHO Accreditation '' . Compliance360.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Account Suspended '' ( PDF ) . Competingbid.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medicare Deeming Authority for Home Health , Hospice , & DMEPOS '' . ACHC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CARF International , www.carf.org , Commission on the Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities , CCAC '' . Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAP -- Home Page '' . Chapinc.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMS approved Accreditation Organization for all DMEPOS providers '' . Exemplaryprovider.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HFAP '' . HFAP . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Correctional Health Care Standards - National Commission on Correctional Health Care '' . Jump up ^ `` Promoting Quality Health Care '' . URAC . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to HQAA -- Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation '' . HQAA.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Approval of Deeming Authority of Det Norske Veritas Healthcare , Inc. for Hospitals '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Approval of the Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality 's ( CIHQ ) Hospital Accreditation Program '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Patient Safety Goals '' . The Joint Commission . Jump up ^ `` AHRQ Patient Safety Network '' . Psnet.ahrq.gov . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About JCI '' . Joint Commission International . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Bio - Our Team - Joint Commission International '' . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Accreditation '' . Joint Commission International . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) The Joint Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Commission&oldid=827762189 '' Categories : Accreditation Healthcare quality Medical and health organizations based in Illinois Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) Organizations established in 1951 Quality assurance Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 15 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the joint commission and what do they do | [
"The Joint Commission is a United States-based nonprofit tax-exempt 501(c) organization[1] that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs.[2] The international branch accredits medical services from around the world. A majority of US state governments recognize Joint Commission accreditation as a condition of licensure for the receipt of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements.[3]"
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"a United States-based nonprofit tax-exempt 501(c) organization[1] that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs"
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-6879006244825744957 | Medieval university | Medieval University - wikipedia Medieval University Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Western European institutions . For other early centers of higher learning , see ancient higher - learning institutions . For an overview of medieval foundations , see List of medieval universities . For a broader coverage related to this topic , see History of universities . Illustration from a 14th - century manuscript showing a meeting of doctors at the University of Paris . A medieval university is a corporation organized during the Middle Ages for the purposes of higher learning . The first Western European institutions generally considered universities were established in the Kingdom of Italy , then part of the Holy Roman Empire , the Kingdom of England , the Kingdom of France , the Kingdom of Spain , and the Kingdom of Portugal between the 11th and 15th centuries for the study of the Arts and the higher disciplines of Theology , Law , and Medicine . These universities evolved from much older Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools , and it is difficult to define the exact date when they became true universities , though the lists of studia generalia for higher education in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide . The word universitas originally applied only to the scholastic guilds -- that is , the corporation of students and masters -- within the studium , and it was always modified , as universitas magistrorum , universitas scholarium , or universitas magistrorum et scholarium . Eventually , however , probably in the late 14th century , the term began to appear by itself to exclusively mean a self - regulating community of teachers and scholars recognized and sanctioned by civil or ecclesiastical authority . From the early modern period onwards , this Western - style organizational form gradually spread from the medieval Latin west across the globe , eventually replacing all other higher - learning institutions and becoming the preeminent model for higher education everywhere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antecedents 2 Establishment 3 Characteristics 4 The students 4.1 Course of study 4.2 Legal status 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Antecedents ( edit ) A map of medieval universities . The university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting . Prior to the establishment of universities , European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools ( scholae monasticae ) , in which monks and nuns taught classes . Evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD . With the increasing growth and urbanization of European society during the 12th and 13th centuries , a demand grew for professional clergy . Before the 12th century , the intellectual life of Western Europe had been largely relegated to monasteries , which were mostly concerned with performing the liturgy and prayer ; relatively few monasteries could boast true intellectuals . Following the Gregorian Reform 's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments , bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in Canon law , but also in the more secular aspects of religious administration , including logic and disputation for use in preaching and theological discussion , and accounting to more effectively control finances . Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern university as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities . Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy , and teachers also gained prestige . Demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools , each of which was essentially run by one teacher . In addition , tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and burghers in smaller towns . As a result , cathedral schools migrated to large cities , like Bologna , Rome and Paris . Some scholars such as Syed Farid Alatas have noted some parallels between Madrasahs and early European colleges and have thus inferred that the first universities in Europe were influenced by the Madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily . Other scholars such as George Makdisi , Toby Huff and Norman Daniel , however , have questioned this , citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure , methodologies , procedures , curricula and legal status of the `` Islamic college '' ( madrasa ) versus the European university . Establishment ( edit ) Teaching at Paris , in a late 14th - century Grandes Chroniques de France : the tonsured students sit on the floor . Hastings Rashdall set out the modern understanding of the medieval origins of the universities , noting that the earliest universities emerged spontaneously as `` a scholastic Guild , whether of Masters or Students ... without any express authorisation of King , Pope , Prince or Prelate . '' Among the earliest universities of this type were the University of Bologna ( 1088 ) , University of Paris ( teach . mid-11th century , recogn. 1150 ) , University of Oxford ( teach . 1096 , recogn. 1167 ) , University of Modena ( 1175 ) , University of Palencia ( 1208 ) , University of Cambridge ( 1209 ) , University of Salamanca ( 1218 ) , University of Montpellier ( 1220 ) , University of Padua ( 1222 ) , University of Toulouse ( 1229 ) , University of Orleans ( 1235 ) , University of Siena ( 1240 ) , University of Valladolid ( 1241 ) University of Northampton ( 1261 ) , University of Coimbra ( 1288 ) , University of Pisa ( 1343 ) , Charles University in Prague ( 1348 ) , Jagiellonian University ( 1364 ) , University of Vienna ( 1365 ) , Heidelberg University ( 1386 ) and the University of St Andrews ( 1413 ) begun as private corporations of teachers and their pupils . In many cases universities petitioned secular power for privileges and this became a model . Emperor Frederick I in Authentica Habita ( 1158 ) gave the first privileges to students in Bologna . Another step was when Pope Alexander III in 1179 `` forbidding masters of the church schools to take fees for granting the license to teach ( licentia docendi ) , and obliging them to give license to properly qualified teachers '' . Hastings Rashdall considered that the integrity of a university was only preserved in such an internally regulated corporation , which protected the scholars from external intervention . This independently evolving organization was absent in the universities of southern Italy and Spain , which served the bureaucratic needs of monarchs -- and were , according to Rashdall , their artificial creations . The University of Paris was formally recognized when Pope Gregory IX issued the bull Parens scientiarum ( 1231 ) . This was a revolutionary step : studium generale ( university ) and universitas ( corporation of students or teachers ) existed even before , but after the issuing of the bull , they attained autonomy . `` ( T ) he papal bull of 1233 , which stipulated that anyone admitted as a teacher in Toulouse had the right to teach everywhere without further examinations ( ius ubique docendi ) , in time , transformed this privilege into the single most important defining characteristic of the university and made it the symbol of its institutional autonomy ... By the year 1292 , even the two oldest universities , Bologna and Paris , felt the need to seek similar bulls from Pope Nicholas IV . '' Mob Quad , in Merton College , Oxford . This group of buildings was constructed in three phases and concluded in c. 1378 . By the 13th century , almost half of the highest offices in the Church were occupied by degreed masters ( abbots , archbishops , cardinals ) , and over one - third of the second - highest offices were occupied by masters . In addition , some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages , Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste , were products of the medieval university . The development of the medieval university coincided with the widespread reintroduction of Aristotle from Byzantine and Arab scholars . In fact , the European university put Aristotelian and other natural science texts at the center of its curriculum , with the result that the `` medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent . '' Although it has been assumed that the universities went into decline during the Renaissance due to the scholastic and Aristotelian emphasis of its curriculum being less popular than the cultural studies of Renaissance humanism , Toby Huff has noted the continued importance of the European universities , with their focus on Aristotle and other scientific and philosophical texts into the early modern period , arguing that they played a crucial role in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries . As he puts it `` Copernicus , Galileo , Tycho Brahe , Kepler , and Newton were all extraordinary products of the apparently procrustean and allegedly Scholastic universities of Europe ... Sociological and historical accounts of the role of the university as an institutional locus for science and as an incubator of scientific thought and arguments have been vastly understated . '' Characteristics ( edit ) Diagrams , in a volume of treatises on natural science , philosophy , and mathematics . This 1300 manuscript is typical of the sort of book owned by medieval university students . Initially medieval universities did not have physical facilities such as the campus of a modern university . Classes were taught wherever space was available , such as churches and homes . A university was not a physical space but a collection of individuals banded together as a universitas . Soon , however , universities began to rent , buy or construct buildings specifically for the purposes of teaching . Universities were generally structured along three types , depending on who paid the teachers . The first type was in Bologna , where students hired and paid for the teachers . The second type was in Paris , where teachers were paid by the church . Oxford and Cambridge were predominantly supported by the crown and the state , which helped them survive the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 and the subsequent removal of all principal Catholic institutions in England . These structural differences created other characteristics . At the Bologna university the students ran everything -- a fact that often put teachers under great pressure and disadvantage . In Paris , teachers ran the school ; thus Paris became the premiere spot for teachers from all over Europe . Also , in Paris the main subject matter was theology , so control of the qualifications awarded was in the hands of an external authority - the Chancellor of the diocese . In Bologna , where students chose more secular studies , the main subject was law . It was also characteristic of teachers and scholars to move around . Universities often competed to secure the best and most popular teachers , leading to the marketisation of teaching . Universities published their list of scholars to entice students to study at their institution . Students of Peter Abelard followed him to Melun , Corbeil , and Paris , showing that popular teachers brought students with them . The students ( edit ) Students attended the medieval university at different ages -- from 14 if they were attending Oxford or Paris to study the Arts , to their 30s if they were studying Law in Bologna . During this period of study , students often lived far from home and unsupervised , and as such developed a reputation , both among contemporary commentators and modern historians , for drunken debauchery . Students are frequently criticised in the Middle Ages for neglecting their studies for drinking , gambling and sleeping with prostitutes . Course of study ( edit ) Universitas Istropolitana ( A former university building in present - day Bratislava ) University studies took six years for a Master of Arts degree ( a Bachelor of Arts degree was awarded after completing the third or fourth year ) . Studies for this were organized by the faculty of arts , where the seven liberal arts were taught : arithmetic , geometry , astronomy , music theory , grammar , logic , and rhetoric . All instruction was given in Latin and students were expected to converse in that language . The trivium comprised the three subjects that were taught first : grammar , logic , and rhetoric . These three subjects were the most important of the seven liberal arts for medieval students . The curriculum came also to include the three Aristotelian philosophies : physics , metaphysics and moral philosophy . Much of medieval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching . Aelius Donatus ' Ars grammatica was the standard textbook for grammar ; also studied were the works of Priscian and Graecismus by Eberhard of Béthune . Cicero 's works were used for the study of rhetoric . Studied books on logic included Porphyry 's introduction to Aristotelian logic , Gilbert de la Porrée 's De sex principiis and Summulae Logicales by Petrus Hispanus ( later Pope John XXI ) . The standard work of astronomy was Tractatus de sphaera . Once a Master of Arts degree had been conferred , the student could leave the university or pursue further studies in one of the higher faculties , law , medicine , or theology , the last one being the most prestigious . A popular textbook for theological study was called the Sentences ( Quattuor libri sententiarum ) of Peter Lombard ; theology students as well as masters were required to write extensive commentaries on this text as part of their curriculum . Studies in the higher faculties could take up to twelve years for a master 's degree or doctorate ( initially the two were synonymous ) , though again a bachelor 's and a licentiate 's degree could be awarded along the way . Courses were offered according to books , not by subject or theme . For example , a course might be on a book by Aristotle , or a book from the Bible . Courses were not elective : the course offerings were set , and everyone had to take the same courses . There were , however , occasional choices as to which teacher to use . A university class , Bologna ( 1350s ) . Students often entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age , though many were older . Classes usually started at 5 : 00 or 6 : 00 AM . Legal status ( edit ) Further information : Tenure ( academic ) Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy . In this way no one was allowed to physically harm them ; they could only be tried for crimes in an ecclesiastical court , and were thus immune from any corporal punishment . This gave students free rein in urban environments to break secular laws with impunity , which led to many abuses : theft , rape and murder were not uncommon among students , who did not face serious consequences and students were known to engage in drunkenness . This led to uneasy tensions with secular authorities -- the demarcation between town and gown . Masters and students would sometimes `` strike '' by leaving a city and not returning for years . This happened at the University of Paris strike of 1229 after a riot left a number of students dead . The University went on strike and they did not return for two years . As students had the legal status of clerics , which Canon Law prohibited for women , women were not admitted into universities . Most universities in Europe were recognised by the Holy See as a Studium Generale , testified by a papal bull . Members of these institutions were encouraged to disseminate their knowledge across Europe , often lecturing at a different Studia Generales . Indeed , one of the privileges the papal bull confirmed was the right to confer the Ius ubique docendi , the right to teach everywhere . See also ( edit ) List of oldest universities in continuous operation Renaissance of the 12th century Studium Generale Ancient universities of Scotland Town and gown Nation ( university ) University Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ de Ridder - Symoens 1992 , pp. 47 -- 55 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : History of Education . The development of the universities . Jump up ^ Rüegg , Walter ( ed . ) : Geschichte der Universität in Europa , 3 vols. , C.H. Beck , München 1993 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 36956 - 1 Jump up ^ Rüegg , Walter : `` Foreword . The University as a European Institution '' , in : A History of the University in Europe . Vol. 1 : Universities in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 36105 - 2 , pp. XIX -- XX Jump up ^ Verger 1999 Jump up ^ Riché , Pierre ( 1978 ) : `` Education and Culture in the Barbarian West : From the Sixth through the Eighth Century '' , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press , ISBN 0 - 87249 - 376 - 8 , pp. 126 - 7 , 282 - 98 Jump up ^ Thomas Oestreich ( 1913 ) . `` Pope St. Gregory VII '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Alatas , S.F. ( 2006 ) , `` From Jami ` ah to University : Multiculturalism and Christian -- Muslim Dialogue '' , Current Sociology , 54 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 132 ( 123 -- 4 ) , doi : 10.1177 / 0011392106058837 Jump up ^ George Makdisi : `` Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages '' , in : Studia Islamica , Vol. 32 ( 1970 ) , S. 255 - 264 ( 264 ) : Thus the university , as a form of social organization , was peculiar to medieval Europe . Later , it was exported to all parts of the world , including the Muslim East ; and it has remained with us down to the present day . But back in the middle ages , outside of Europe , there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere . Jump up ^ The scholarship on these differences is summarized in Toby Huff , Rise of early modern science , 2nd ed. p. 149 - 159 ; p. 179 - 189 . Jump up ^ Norman Daniel : Review of `` The Rise of Colleges . Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 104 , No. 3 ( Jul . - Sep. , 1984 ) , pp. 586 - 588 ( 587 ) Jump up ^ Pryds , Darleen ( 2000 ) , `` Studia as Royal Offices : Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe '' , in Courtenay , William J. ; Miethke , Jürgen ; Priest , David B. , Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society , Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance , 10 , Leiden : Brill , p. 83 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 11351 - 7 , ISSN 0926 - 6070 , In his magisterial work on European universities , Hastings Rashdall ( considered that ) the integrity of a university is preserved only when the institution evolved into an internally regulated corporation of scholars , be they students or masters . Jump up ^ Rashdall , Hastings ( 1895 ) , The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages , 1 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , pp. 17 -- 18 , retrieved February 2012 , The University was originally a scholastic Guild , whether of Masters or Students . Such Guilds sprang into existence , like other Guilds , without any express authorisation of King , Pope , Prince , or Prelate . They were spontaneous products of the instinct of association that swept over the towns of Europe in the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 10 of the Oldest Universities in the World '' . Top Universities. 2016 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Seelinger , Lani . `` The 13 Oldest Universities In The World '' . Culture Trip . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kemal Gürüz , Quality Assurance in a Globalized Higher Education Environment : An Historical Perspective , Istanbul , 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Pryds , Darleen ( 2000 ) , `` Studia as Royal Offices : Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe '' , in Courtenay , William J. ; Miethke , Jürgen ; Priest , David B. , Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society , Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance , 10 , Leiden : Brill , pp. 83 -- 99 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 11351 - 7 , ISSN 0926 - 6070 Jump up ^ Toby Huff , Rise of early modern science 2nd ed. p. 180 - 181 Jump up ^ Edward Grant , `` Science in the Medieval University '' , in James M. Kittleson and Pamela J. Transue , ed. , Rebirth , Reform and Resilience : Universities in Transition , 1300 - 1700 , Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1984 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Toby Huff , Rise of Early Modern science , 2nd ed. , p. 344 . Jump up ^ A. Giesysztor , Part II , Chapter 4 , page 136 : University Buildings , in A History of the University In Europe , Volume I : Universities in the Middle Ages , W. Ruegg ( ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Jump up ^ James M. Kittleson , Rebirth , reform and resilience : Universities in transition 1300 - 1700 , ( Columbus , Ohio State University Press , 1984 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5022p3bhfmEC&lpg=PA150&dq=medieval%20universities%20nations&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q=false&f=false Jump up ^ H. Rashdall , The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages , 3 Volumes , F.M. Powicke , A.B. Emden ( Eds. of 2nd Edition ) , Oxford University Press , 1936 . Jump up ^ G. Leff and J. North , Chapter 10 : The Faculty of Arts , in A History of the University in Europe , Volume I : Universities in the Middle Ages , W. Ruegg ( ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Jump up ^ Rait , R.S. 1912 . Life in the Medieval University , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Rait , R.S. 1912 . Life in the Medieval University , p. 138 Jump up ^ Rait , R.S. 1912 . Life in the Medieval University , pp. 138 - 139 ^ Jump up to : Rait , R.S. 1912 . Life in the Medieval University , p. 139 Jump up ^ O. Pedersen , The First Universities - Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe , Cambridge University Press , 1997 Jump up ^ Pedersen , o.c. , Chapter 10 : Curricula and intellectual trends . Jump up ^ H. Rashdall , o.c. , Volume 3 , page 352 . Jump up ^ H. Rashdall , o.c. , Volume 3 , page 360 . Jump up ^ Rashdall , o.c. , Chapter I , page 8 . References ( edit ) Cobban , Alan B. English University Life in the Middle Ages Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0826 - 6 Ferruolo , Stephen : The Origins of the University : The Schools of Paris and their Critics , 1100 - 1215 Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1266 - 2 Haskins , Charles Homer : The Rise of Universities . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 87968 - 379 - 1 Rashdall , Hastings , rev . by F.M. Powicke , and A.B. Emden : The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages , 3 vols . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1895 ; 1987 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 821431 - 6 Ridder - Symoens , Hilde de ( ed . ) : A History of the University in Europe . Vol . I : Universities in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 36105 - 2 Rait , Robert S. : Life in the Medieval University , Cambridge University Press , 1931 , ISBN 0 - 527 - 73650 - 3 Pedersen , Olaf , The First Universities : Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe , Cambridge University Press , 1997 . Seybolt , Robert Francis , trans. : The Manuale Scholarium : An Original Account of Life in the Mediaeval University , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1921 Thorndike , Lynn , trans . and ed. : University Records and Life in the Middle Ages , New York : Columbia University Press , 1975 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 09216 - X Verger , Jacques ( 1999 ) , `` Universität '' , Lexikon des Mittelalters , 8 , Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler , cols : 1249 -- 1255 External links ( edit ) The Shift of Medical Education into the Universities The Educational Legacy of Mediaeval and Renaissance Traditions . From Manuscript to Print : Evolution of the Mediaeval Book . Life of the Students at Paris . Mediaeval History : A Mediaeval Atlas Cambridge , A Brief History : The Mediaeval University . Mediaeval Science , the Church , and Universities Quality Assurance In A Globalized Higher Education Environment : An Historical Perspective ( DOC file ) The Rise of Universities ( classic ) , Charles Homer Haskins , 1923 European Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Decline of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Decline of Hellenistic religion Christianization Rise of Islam First Bulgarian Empire Frankish Empire Kingdom of Croatia Anglo - Saxon England Viking Age Carolingian Empire Old Church Slavonic Civitas Schinesghe Kievan Rus ' Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire High Middle Ages Holy Roman Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Georgian Empire Kingdom of Poland Feudalism Great Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Scholasticism Monasticism Communalism Manorialism Medieval Warm Period Mongol invasion of Europe Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Wars of the Roses Hussite Wars Burgundy House of Habsburg Western Schism Fall of Constantinople Rise of the Ottoman Empire Swiss mercenaries Chivalry Renaissance Humanism Universities Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Little Ice Age Culture Architecture Art Church and State Cuisine Demography Household Literature Medicine Music Philosophy Poetry Science Slavery Technology Warfare See also Dark Ages Disability in the Middle Ages Basic topics list Medievalism Medieval reenactment Medieval studies Neo-medievalism Timeline Global history of same period of time School types By educational stage Early childhood Preschool Pre-kindergarten Kindergarten Primary Elementary school First school Infant school Junior school Primary school Secondary Adult high school Comprehensive school Cadet college Grammar school Gymnasium High school Lyceum Middle school Secondary school Sixth form college Studio school University - preparatory school University technical college Upper school Tertiary Continuing education Further education Professional school Vocational school Higher Academy College Community college Graduate school Institute of technology Junior college University Upper division college Vocational university Seminary By funding / eligibility Academy ( England ) Charter school Comprehensive school For - profit education Free education Free school ( England ) Independent school UK Independent school preparatory public Private school Selective school Separate school State or public school State - integrated school ( New Zealand ) By style of education Adult education Alternative school Boarding school Day school Folk high school Free skool Homeschool International school K - 12 Madrasa Magnet school Montessori school One - room schools Parochial school Ranch school Sink school Virtual school Vocal school Yeshiva By scope College preparatory Compulsory education Democratic education Gifted education Remedial education Vocational education Historical Ancient higher - learning institutions Platonic Academy Lyceum Monastic schools Cathedral schools Medieval universities Schools imposed on indigenous peoples in Canada in New Zealand in the United States in South Africa Informal or illegal in Ireland in Greece in South Tyrol Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_university&oldid=829178430 '' Categories : Medieval European education Academia School types Medieval organizations Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Sicilianu Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 02 : 58 . 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-2179305319378288751 | Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics | Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Olympics Flag of the United Kingdom IOC code GBR NOC British Olympic Association Website www.teamgb.com in Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 2018 Competitors 58 ( 34 men and 24 women ) in 11 sports Flag bearer ( opening ) Lizzy Yarnold Flag bearer ( closing ) Billy Morgan Medals Ranked 19th Gold Silver 0 Bronze Total 5 Winter Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Great Britain competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 58 competitors in 11 sports . They won five medals in total , one gold and four bronze , ranking 19th in the medal table . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medallists 2 Records 3 Competitors 4 Medal and performance targets 4.1 UK Sport funding 5 Alpine skiing 6 Biathlon 7 Bobsleigh 8 Cross-country skiing 9 Curling 9.1 Men 's tournament 9.2 Women 's tournament 10 Figure skating 11 Freestyle skiing 12 Luge 13 Short track speed skating 14 Skeleton 15 Snowboarding 16 Notes 17 References Medallists ( edit ) Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Skeleton 0 Freestyle skiing 0 0 Snowboarding 0 0 Total 0 5 Medals by date Day Date 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Day 1 10 February 0 0 0 0 Day 2 11 February 0 0 0 0 Day 3 12 February 0 0 0 0 Day 4 13 February 0 0 0 0 Day 5 14 February 0 0 0 0 Day 6 15 February 0 0 0 0 Day 7 16 February 0 0 Day 8 17 February 0 Day 9 18 February 0 0 0 0 Day 10 19 February 0 0 0 0 Day 11 20 February 0 0 0 0 Day 12 21 February 0 0 0 0 Day 13 22 February 0 0 0 0 Day 14 23 February 0 0 0 0 Day 15 24 February 0 0 Day 16 25 February 0 0 0 0 Total 0 5 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Male 0 0 Female 0 Mixed 0 0 0 0 Total 0 5 Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Yarnold , Lizzy Lizzy Yarnold Skeleton Women 's 17 February 03 ! Bronze Parsons , Dominic Dominic Parsons Skeleton Men 's 16 February 03 ! Bronze Atkin , Izzy Izzy Atkin Freestyle skiing Women 's Slopestyle 000000002018 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 03 ! Bronze Deas , Laura Laura Deas Skeleton Women 's 17 February 03 ! Bronze Morgan , Billy Billy Morgan Snowboarding Men 's Big Air 24 February There were a number of notable firsts for Great Britain at the Winter Olympics : Day 8 ( 17 February ) was the most successful day for Great Britain at any Winter Olympics , with three medals won . Lizzy Yarnold was the first British athlete to retain a Winter Olympic title and , in doing so , became Great Britain 's most successful Winter Olympic athlete by surpassing the single gold and bronze medals won by Jeannette Altwegg , Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill . Yarnold and Laura Deas were the first British athletes to win medals in the same event at a Winter games . Izzy Atkin won Great Britain 's first ever medal on skis . On Day 15 ( 24 February ) Great Britain won a fifth medal at a single Winter Olympics for the first time . Records ( edit ) Date Sport Event Round Athlete Time Record Ref 10 February Short track speed skating Women 's 500 metres Heat 4 Elise Christie 42.872 OR Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Alpine skiing Biathlon 0 Bobsleigh 8 10 Cross-country skiing Curling 5 5 10 Figure skating Freestyle skiing 6 5 11 Luge 0 Short track speed skating 5 Skeleton Snowboarding 5 Total 34 24 58 Medal and performance targets ( edit ) On 9 January 2018 , the funding body UK Sport announced their medal targets for Team GB at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang with the target to win at least five medals which if achieved would be a record - breaking haul for a Winter Olympic Games . Although the target was set at three medals the funding body predicted that Great Britain had the potential to win as many as ten medals , this total was not widely expected to be reached . Key N target missed Y target met Y Y target exceeded Sport Minimum target Reach target Medals or Best Result Performance relative to targets Bobsleigh Top five 8th Curling 4th Figure skating Top eight 11th Short track speed skating 4th Skeleton Top eight 01 ! Gold Yarnold , Lizzy Lizzy Yarnold 03 ! Bronze Deas , Laura Laura Deas 03 ! Bronze Parsons , Dominic Dominic Parsons Y Y Ski and snowboard 03 ! Bronze Atkin , Izzy Izzy Atkin 03 ! Bronze Morgan , Billy Billy Morgan Y Total 10 5 Y Total gold n / a n / a n / a UK Sport. funding ( edit ) In the Winter Olympic Cycle running from 2014 to 2018 the UK government body UK Sport allocated a record budget of over £ 28 million to fund Team GB for the individual athletes as well as the bobsleigh and curling teams for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang . The sports receiving the highest funding were bobsleigh , curling and skeleton , whilst speed skating , ski and snowboard , and figure skating also received funding , but all other winter sports where British athletes were competing did not receive any funding from the body . Sport Funding Bobsleigh £ 5,003,476 Curling £ 5,655,150 Figure skating £ 1,235,593 Short track speed skating £ 4,764,006 Skeleton £ 6,549,617 Ski and snowboard £ 5,145,293 Total £ 28,353,135 Alpine skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dave Ryding Men 's slalom 49.09 13 51.07 9 1 : 40.16 9 Laurie Taylor 51.08 27 52.33 25 1 : 43.41 26 Charlie Guest Women 's slalom 55.44 42 52.82 30 1 : 48.26 33 Alex Tilley Women 's giant slalom DNF Women 's slalom DNF Mixed Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Dave Ryding Laurie Taylor Charlie Guest Alex Tilley Team United States ( USA ) W 2 * -- 2 Norway ( NOR ) L 2 -- 2 * Did not advance * = decided on tie - break ( combined time ) Biathlon ( edit ) Main articles : Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification On 22 January 2018 , the British Olympic Association announced Amanda Lightfoot as the selection for their solitary representative in the Biathlon competitions . Lightfoot finished 67th in the sprint event , failing to qualify for the pursuit in which only the top 60 sprint athletes took part . Athlete Event Time Misses Rank Amanda Lightfoot Women 's sprint 24 : 15.3 3 ( 2 + 1 ) 67 Women 's individual 49 : 14.7 6 ( 2 + 1 + 0 + 3 ) 73 Bobsleigh ( edit ) Main articles : Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Based on their rankings in the 2017 - 18 World Cup , Great Britain qualified 4 sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Brad Hall * Joel Fearon Two - man 49.37 7 49.50 8 49.67 17 49.80 16 3 : 18.34 12 Brad Hall * Greg Cackett Joel Fearon Nick Gleeson Four - man 49.25 19 49.68 14 49.64 17 49.69 12 3 : 18.26 17 Lamin Deen * Andrew Matthews Toby Olubi Ben Simons 49.44 16 49.45 19 49.66 = 18 49.74 15 3 : 18.29 18 Mica McNeill * Mica Moore Two - woman 50.77 6 50.95 6 51.16 11 51.19 7 3 : 24.07 8 * -- Denotes the driver of each sled Sam Blanchet and Montell Douglas were travelling reserves Cross-country skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification Andrew Musgrave 's seventh place in the men 's 30 km skiathlon was the best performance by a Briton in an Olympic cross country event . Distance Athlete Event Classical Freestyle Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Deficit Rank Andrew Musgrave Men 's 15 km freestyle N / A 35 : 51.0 + 2 : 07.1 28 Callum Smith N / A 38 : 20.9 + 4 : 37.0 75 Andrew Young N / A 37 : 13.1 + 3 : 29.2 57 Andrew Musgrave Men 's 30 km skiathlon 40 : 34.9 12 35 : 38.9 9 1 : 16 : 45.7 + 25.7 7 Callum Smith 44 : 47.1 61 38 : 29.6 45 1 : 23 : 49.9 + 7 : 29.9 57 Andrew Musgrave Men 's 50 km classical N / A 2 : 20 : 57.9 + 12 : 35.8 37 Callum Smith N / A 2 : 27 : 56.3 + 19 : 34.2 54 Annika Taylor Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 30 : 52.9 + 5 : 52.4 75 Women 's 15 km skiathlon 25 : 08.0 60 22 : 29.6 59 48 : 09.1 + 7 : 24.2 60 Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Andrew Young Men 's sprint 3 : 21.50 45 Did not advance Andrew Musgrave Andrew Young Men 's team sprint N / A 16 : 30.62 15 Did not advance Curling ( edit ) Main articles : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Great Britain qualified a men 's and women 's team for a total of 10 athletes ( five of each gender ) . The teams were officially announced on 22 June 2017 . Outside of the Olympic Games , Great Britain competes under the flags of its constituent home nations , Scotland , England and Wales ( Northern Irish players compete for a combined Ireland ) ; Scotland results are treated as Great Britain for the purposes of Olympic qualification . Summary Team Event Group Stage Tiebreaker Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Kyle Smith Thomas Muirhead Kyle Waddell Cameron Smith Glen Muirhead Men 's tournament SUI W 6 -- 5 CAN L 4 -- 6 JPN W 6 -- 5 SWE L 6 -- 8 KOR L 5 -- 11 ITA W 7 -- 6 DEN W 7 -- 6 NOR W 10 -- 3 USA L 4 -- 10 4 TB SUI L 5 -- 9 Did not advance 5 Eve Muirhead Anna Sloan Vicki Adams Lauren Gray Kelly Schafer Women 's tournament OAR W 10 -- 3 USA L 4 -- 7 CHN W 8 -- 7 DEN W 7 -- 6 KOR L 4 -- 7 SWE L 6 -- 8 SUI W 8 -- 7 JPN W 8 -- 6 CAN W 6 -- 5 3 Q Bye SWE L 5 -- 10 JPN L 3 -- 5 Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Championships obtained by Scotland , Great Britain qualified a men 's team , consisting of five athletes , as one of the seven highest ranked nations . Team Position Curler Skip Kyle Smith Third Cammy Smith Second Thomas Muirhead Lead Kyle Waddell Alternate Glen Muirhead Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Teams to tiebreaker Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % Sweden Niklas Edin 7 62 43 34 28 13 8 87 % Canada Kevin Koe 6 56 46 36 34 14 8 87 % United States John Shuster 5 67 63 37 39 6 80 % Great Britain Kyle Smith 5 55 60 40 37 8 7 82 % Switzerland Peter de Cruz 5 60 55 39 37 10 6 83 % Norway Thomas Ulsrud 5 45 54 32 36 6 6 82 % South Korea Kim Chang - min 5 54 59 40 41 7 8 82 % Japan Yusuke Morozumi 5 48 56 33 35 13 5 81 % Italy Joël Retornaz 6 50 56 37 38 15 7 81 % Denmark Rasmus Stjerne 7 53 70 36 39 12 5 83 % Round - robin Great Britain had a bye in draws 4 , 7 and 11 Draw 1 Wednesday 14 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Switzerland ( de Cruz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 2 Wednesday 14 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Koe ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 3 Thursday 15 February , 14 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Japan ( Morozumi ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Draw 5 Friday 16 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Edin ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 Draw 6 Saturday 17 February , 14 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 X 11 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Draw 8 Sunday 18 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Italy ( Retornaz ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 9 Monday 19 February , 14 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Denmark ( Stjerne ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 10 Tuesday 20 February , 09 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 X X X 10 Norway ( Ulsrud ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Draw 12 Wednesday 21 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 X X United States ( Shuster ) 0 0 0 0 X X 10 Tiebreaker Having finished tied for fourth with the same record in the round robin stage the Great Britain men 's team faced a tiebreaker against Switzerland for a place in the semifinals . Thursday February 22 , 9 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Smith ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Switzerland ( de Cruz ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 X 9 Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament Based on results from the 2016 and 2017 World Women 's Curling Championships , Great Britain qualified a women 's team , consisting of five athletes , as one of the seven highest ranked nations . Team Position Curler Skip Eve Muirhead Third Anna Sloan Second Vicki Adams Lead Lauren Gray Alternate Kelly Schafer Final round robin standings Key Teams to playoffs Country Skip PF PA Ends won Ends lost Blank ends Stolen ends Shot % South Korea Kim Eun - jung 8 75 44 41 34 5 15 79 % Sweden Anna Hasselborg 7 64 48 42 34 14 13 83 % Great Britain Eve Muirhead 6 61 56 39 38 12 6 79 % Japan Satsuki Fujisawa 5 59 55 38 36 10 13 75 % China Wang Bingyu 5 57 65 35 38 12 5 78 % Canada Rachel Homan 5 68 59 40 36 10 12 81 % Switzerland Silvana Tirinzoni 5 60 55 34 37 12 7 78 % United States Nina Roth 5 56 65 38 39 7 6 78 % Olympic Athletes from Russia Victoria Moiseeva 7 45 76 34 40 8 6 76 % Denmark Madeleine Dupont 8 50 72 32 41 10 6 73 % Round - robin Great Britain had a bye in draws 4 , 8 and 12 Draw 1 Wednesday 14 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Olympic Athletes from Russia ( Moiseeva ) 0 0 0 0 0 X X X Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 X X X 10 Draw 2 Thursday 15 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 United States ( Roth ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 3 Thursday 15 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final China ( Wang ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 5 Saturday 17 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Denmark ( Dupont ) 0 0 0 0 6 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 6 Saturday 17 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final South Korea ( Kim ) 0 0 0 0 0 7 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Draw 7 Sunday 18 February , 14 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Draw 9 Monday 19 February , 20 : 05 Sheet A 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 8 Switzerland ( Tirinzoni ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Draw 10 Tuesday 20 February , 14 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 8 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Draw 11 Wednesday 21 February , 09 : 05 Sheet D 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada ( Homan ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Semifinal Friday 23 February , 20 : 05 Sheet C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Sweden ( Hasselborg ) 0 0 0 0 X 10 Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 Bronze Medal Game Saturday 24 February , 20 : 05 Sheet B 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Great Britain ( Muirhead ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Japan ( Fujisawa ) 0 0 0 0 0 5 Figure skating ( edit ) Main articles : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event SD FD Total Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Nicholas Buckland / Penny Coomes Ice dancing 68.36 10 Q 101.96 10 170.32 11 Freestyle skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Qualification Aerials Athlete Event Qualification Final Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 3 Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Lloyd Wallace Men 's aerials 73.06 24 100.03 14 Did not advance Halfpipe Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Murray Buchan Men 's halfpipe 66.00 65.40 66.00 14 Did not advance Alexander Glavatsky - Yeadon 10.80 15.00 15.00 26 Did not advance Peter Speight 3.80 64.60 64.60 15 Did not advance Rowan Cheshire Women 's halfpipe 74.00 71.40 74.00 9 75.40 17.80 13.60 75.40 7 Molly Summerhayes 60.80 66.00 66.00 17 Did not advance Ski cross Athlete Event Seeding Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Position Position Position Position Rank Emily Sarsfield Women 's ski cross 1 : 18.25 22 2 Q Did not advance Qualification legend : FA -- Qualify to medal round ; FB -- Qualify to consolation round Slopestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Tyler Harding Men 's slopestyle 20.00 21.00 21.00 29 Did not advance James Woods 90.20 19.60 90.20 8 29.20 91.00 90.00 91.00 Isabel Atkin Women 's slopestyle 13.20 86.80 86.80 68.40 79.40 84.60 84.60 03 ! Katie Summerhayes 75.80 77.60 77.60 10 61.40 71.40 23.20 71.40 7 Luge ( edit ) Main articles : Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification On 18 January 2018 , the British Olympic Association announced the selection of the athletes who will compete for Team GB in the luge in Pyeongchang . American - born Adam Rosen competed in the luge for Great Britain in his third Olympics . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Adam Rosen Men 's singles 48.477 25 48.410 23 48.280 23 Eliminated 2 : 25.167 22 Rupert Staudinger 49.626 33 49.259 35 48.957 32 Eliminated 2 : 27.842 33 Short track speed Skating ( edit ) Main articles : Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Great Britain qualified five short track speed skaters ( two male and three female ) based on results at the 2017 -- 18 ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup . Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Joshua Cheetham Men 's 1000 m 1 : 26.223 Did not advance Farrell Treacy Men 's 1000 m 1 : 26.762 2 Q 1 : 25.080 Did not advance Men 's 1500 m -- 6 N / A Did not advance Elise Christie Women 's 500 m 42.872 1 Q 42.703 OR 1 Q 43.184 2 FA 1 : 23.063 Women 's 1000 m PEN Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 29.316 1 Q N / A PEN 5 Did not advance Charlotte Gilmartin Women 's 500 m PEN Did not advance Women 's 1000 m 1 : 32.899 Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 29.005 3 Q N / A 3 : 00.691 5 Did not advance Kathryn Thomson Women 's 500 m 1 : 08.896 Did not advance Women 's 1000 m 1 : 32.150 Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 32.891 N / A Did not advance Qualification Legend : FA = Qualify to final ( medal ) ; Q = Qualify to next round ; OR = Olympic record Skeleton ( edit ) Main articles : Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Based on the world rankings , Great Britain qualified 4 sleds . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dominic Parsons Men 's 50.85 5 50.41 50.33 50.61 3 : 22.20 03 ! Jerry Rice 51.06 11 51.15 13 51.04 11 50.99 10 3 : 24.24 10 Laura Deas Women 's 52.00 6 52.03 51.96 5 51.91 5 3 : 27.90 03 ! Lizzy Yarnold 51.66 52.30 9 51.86 51.46 3 : 27.28 01 ! Snowboarding ( edit ) Main articles : Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Freestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Total / Best Rank Rowan Coultas Men 's big air 81.00 84.50 84.50 8 Did not advance Men 's slopestyle 23.20 23.58 23.58 18 Did not advance Billy Morgan Men 's big air 87.50 90.50 90.50 6 Q JNS 82.50 85.50 168.00 03 ! Men 's slopestyle 56.40 37.55 56.40 10 Did not advance Jamie Nicholls Men 's big air 30.00 81.25 81.25 11 Did not advance Men 's slopestyle 71.56 36.90 71.56 8 Did not advance Aimee Fuller Women 's big air 25.00 14.25 25.00 25 Did not advance Women 's slopestyle Cancelled 34.63 41.43 CAN 41.43 17 Snowboard cross Athlete Event Seeding Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Seed Time Rank Time Rank Position Position Position Rank Zoe Gillings - Brier Women 's snowboard cross 1 : 20.99 14 1 : 20.84 5 1 : 20.84 17 Did not advance Qualification legend : FA -- Qualify to medal round ; FB -- Qualify to consolation round NB : Katie Ormerod qualified for both the big air and slopestyle competitions , but was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training prior to the start of the games . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The GBR - 1 team in the Four - man bobsleigh at the 2014 Winter Olympics is expected to receive a bronze medal following disqualifications of two Russian crews , which would give Great Britain five medals from that Olympics . Jump up ^ The final team selected for the Games had numbered 59 , but snowboarder Katie Ormerod was forced to withdraw after suffering a broken heel in training the day before the opening ceremony . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the team : record number of athletes selected for PyeongChang 2018 '' . British Olympic Association . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Lizzy Yarnold defends skeleton gold as Laura Deas takes bronze '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lizzy Yarnold takes skeleton gold to make Winter Olympics history for Britain '' . Guardian . 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian doping : GB bobsleigh team could earn Sochi bronze medal '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Mark ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Elise Christie into 500m short - track quarter - finals after winning heat at Winter Olympics 2018 '' . London Evening Standard . Evening Standard Ltd . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics : Katie Ormerod ruled out of Games in Pyeongchang '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Sport targets best ever Winter Games in PyeongChang '' . UK Sport . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Biathlete Amanda Lightfoot '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lightfoot to push on after matching best Olympic finish for female biathlete '' . Eurosport. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 2 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - 4 - man Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women _́ s Bobsleigh - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : GB 's Andrew Musgrave finishes seventh in skiathlon '' . BBC Sport. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Muirhead and Smith to skipper Team GB 's curling rinks at PyeongChang 2018 '' . TeamGB.com . British Olympic Association . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics : GB men secure curling place '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight men 's teams set for 2018 Olympic Games as hosts complete round - robin undefeated '' . www.worldcurling.org/ . World Curling Federation . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics : GB men secure curling place '' . BBC Sport. 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Great Britain women into curling semi-finals ; men face tie - breaker '' . BBC Sport. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling : First Eight Women 's Curling Teams Set for 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . www.aroundtherings.com/ . Around the Rings. 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great Britain 's curling team seal 2018 Winter Olympics spot '' . Sky Sports . 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Team GB select two luge athletes for Pyeongchang '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Elise Christie will be on the plane to Korea for the 2018 Olympic Winter Games with Team GB '' . Nottingham Post . Nottingham , England . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five short track speed skaters selected for PyeonChang 2018 '' . British Olympic Association . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` XXI II Olympic Winter Games 2018 PyeongChang : Qualified quota places Short Track Speed Skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Men 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Allocation PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games 2018 - Women 's Skeleton - IBSF 14 January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . www.ibsf.org . International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation ( IBSF ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's slopestyle qualification canceled '' . Reuters. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Great Britain at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 Great Britain hosted the 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 Summer Olympics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britain_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=842113280 '' Categories : Great Britain at the Winter Olympics by year Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in British sport Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use British English from February 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 09 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many athletes does great britain have in the 2018 olympics | [
"Great Britain competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with 58 competitors in 11 sports. They won five medals in total, one gold and four bronze, ranking 19th in the medal table."
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-2010932789480515170 | 2017–18 Belgian First Division A | 2017 -- 18 Belgian First Division A - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 Belgian First Division A Belgian First Division A Season 2017 -- 18 Dates 28 July 2017 -- 20 May 2018 Champions Club Brugge Relegated KV Mechelen Champions League Club Brugge Standard Liège Europa League Anderlecht Gent Genk Matches played 240 Goals scored 687 ( 2.86 per match ) Top goalscorer Hamdi Harbaoui ( 22 goals ) Biggest home win Club Brugge KV 5 -- 0 RSC Anderlecht ( 17 December 2017 ) Biggest away win KAS Eupen 0 -- 5 SV Zulte Waregem ( 29 July 2017 ) Highest scoring Royal Antwerp FC 3 -- 5 KRC Genk ( 13 August 2017 ) Sint - Truiden 4 -- 4 KAS Eupen ( 4 November 2017 ) RSC Anderlecht 5 -- 3 Excel Mouscron ( 25 February 2018 ) Longest winning run 5 matches Club Brugge KV Sporting Charleroi Longest unbeaten run 11 matches Club Brugge KV Longest winless run 10 matches Excel Mouscron Longest losing run 6 matches KV Mechelen Highest attendance Regular season 27,531 Club Brugge KV 2 -- 2 KRC Genk ( 17 February 2018 ) Play - offs 27,531 Club Brugge KV 1 -- 0 KRC Genk ( 2 April 2018 ) Lowest attendance Regular season 2,100 KAS Eupen 0 -- 0 Sint - Truiden ( 16 December 2017 ) Play - offs 1,498 Lierse SK 0 -- 3 Excel Mouscron ( 31 March 2018 ) Average attendance Regular season 10,867 Play - offs 8,789 ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → All statistics correct as of 11 March 2018 . The 2017 -- 18 Belgian First Division A was the 115th season of top - tier football in Belgium . The season began on 28 July 2017 and concluded on 20 May 2018 . The fixtures were announced in early June 2017 . Anderlecht were the defending champions . Contents 1 Team changes 2 Teams 2.1 Stadiums and locations 2.2 Personnel and kits 2.3 Managerial changes 3 Regular season 3.1 League table 3.2 Results 4 Championship play - offs 4.1 League table 5 Europa League play - offs 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 5.3 Semi-final 5.4 Final 6 Number of teams by provinces 7 Season statistics 7.1 Top scorers 7.2 Hat - tricks ( + ) 7.3 Top assists 7.4 Clean sheets 8 Notes 9 References Team changes ( edit ) Westerlo was relegated after finishing last in the 2016 -- 17 Belgian First Division A . Antwerp was promoted after winning the promotion play - offs against Roeselare . Teams ( edit ) Stadiums and locations ( edit ) Anderlecht Antwerp Brugge Charleroi Genk Gent Kortrijk Standard Liège Eupen Lokeren Mechelen Oostende Mouscron Sint - Truiden Waasland - Beveren Zulte Waregem Locations of the 2017 -- 18 Belgian First Division A teams Matricule Club Location Venue Capacity 35 Anderlecht Anderlecht Constant Vanden Stock Stadium 21,500 Antwerp Antwerp Bosuilstadion 12,975 22 Charleroi Charleroi Stade du Pays de Charleroi 14,000 Club Brugge Bruges Jan Breydel Stadium 29,042 4276 Eupen Eupen Kehrweg Stadion 8,363 322 Genk Genk Luminus Arena 24,956 7 Gent Ghent Ghelamco Arena 20,000 19 Kortrijk Kortrijk Guldensporen Stadion 9,399 282 Lokeren Lokeren Daknamstadion 12,000 25 Mechelen Mechelen AFAS - stadion Achter de Kazerne 16,700 216 Excel Mouscron Mouscron Stade Le Canonnier 10,571 31 Oostende Ostend Versluys Arena 8,432 373 Sint - Truiden Sint - Truiden Stayen 14,600 16 Standard Liège Liège Stade Maurice Dufrasne 30,023 4068 Waasland - Beveren Beveren Freethiel Stadion 8,190 5381 Zulte Waregem Waregem Regenboogstadion 12,500 Personnel and kits ( edit ) Club Manager Captain Kit Manufacturer Sponsors Anderlecht Vanhaezebrouck Dendoncker Adidas BNP Paribas Fortis Antwerp Bölöni Haroun Jako Star Casino Charleroi Mazzu Martos Hungaria Proximus Club Brugge Leko Vormer Macron Daikin Eupen Makélélé Fernández Nike Aspire Academy Excel Mouscron Defays Mohamed Erima Star Casino Genk Clement Buffel Nike Beobank Gent Vanderhaeghe Asare Jartazi VDK Spaarbank Kortrijk De Boeck Van der Bruggen Jako AGO Jobs & HR Lokeren Maes Overmeire Jartazi QTeam Mechelen Van Wijk De Witte Jartazi Telenet Oostende Čustović Lombaerts Joma Willems Veranda 's Sint - Truiden De Roeck De Petter Kappa Golden Palace Standard Liège Ricardinho Pocognoli New Balance BASE Waasland - Beveren Geeraerd Camacho Kappa Circus Zulte - Waregem Dury De fauw Patrick Record Bank Managerial changes ( edit ) Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position Replaced by Date of appointment Waasland - Beveren Čedomir Janevski Mutual consent End of 2016 -- 17 season Pre-season Philippe Clement 24 May 2017 Club Brugge Michel Preud'homme Mutual consent End of 2016 -- 17 season Ivan Leko 8 June 2017 Kortrijk Karim Belhocine Replaced End of 2016 -- 17 season Yannis Anastasiou 20 May 2017 Standard Liège José Jeunechamps ( caretaker ) Caretaker replaced End of 2016 -- 17 season Ricardo Sá Pinto 11 June 2017 Sint - Truiden Ivan Leko Signed by Club Brugge 8 June 2017 Tintín Márquez 22 June 2017 Antwerp Wim De Decker Demoted to assistant coach 16 June 2017 László Bölöni 16 June 2017 Sint - Truiden Tintín Márquez Sacked 7 August 2017 8th Jonas De Roeck 10 August 2017 Lokeren Rúnar Kristinsson Sacked 9 August 2017 15th Peter Maes 9 August 2017 Anderlecht René Weiler Sacked 18 September 2017 9th Nicolás Frutos ( caretaker ) 18 September 2017 Oostende Yves Vanderhaeghe Sacked 19 September 2017 16th Adnan Čustović 19 September 2017 Gent Hein Vanhaezebrouck Mutual consent 27 September 2017 14th Yves Vanderhaeghe 4 October 2017 Anderlecht Nicolás Frutos Caretaker replaced 3 October 2017 7th Hein Vanhaezebrouck 3 October 2017 Mechelen Yannick Ferrera Sacked 23 October 2017 15th Tom Caluwé ( caretaker ) 23 October 2017 Mechelen Tom Caluwé ( caretaker ) Caretaker replaced 1 November 2017 16th Aleksandar Janković 1 November 2017 Eupen Jordi Condom Sacked 6 November 2017 16th Claude Makélélé 6 November 2017 Kortrijk Yannis Anastasiou Sacked 8 November 2017 15th Glen De Boeck 8 November 2017 Genk Albert Stuivenberg Sacked 10 December 2017 9th Philippe Clement 19 December 2017 Waasland - Beveren Philippe Clement Signed for Genk 19 December 2017 7th Sven Vermant 5 January 2018 Mechelen Aleksandar Janković Sacked 24 January 2018 15th Dennis van Wijk 24 January 2018 Excel Mouscron Mircea Rednic Sacked 14 February 2018 12th Frank Defays 14 February 2018 Waasland - Beveren Sven Vermant Sacked 9 May 2018 Regular season : 12th Europa League POs : 6th Dirk Geeraerd ( caretaker ) 9 May 2018 Regular season ( edit ) League table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation Club Brugge 30 20 7 68 33 + 35 67 Qualification for the championship play - offs Anderlecht 30 16 7 7 49 42 + 7 55 Charleroi 30 13 12 5 46 30 + 16 51 Gent 30 14 8 8 45 27 + 18 50 5 Genk 30 11 11 8 44 36 + 8 44 6 Standard Liège 30 11 11 8 43 41 + 2 44 7 Kortrijk 30 12 6 12 42 39 + 3 42 Qualification for the Europa League play - offs 8 Antwerp 30 10 11 9 38 40 − 2 41 9 Zulte Waregem 30 11 15 47 52 − 5 37 10 Sint - Truiden 30 9 10 11 29 41 − 12 37 11 Oostende 30 10 6 14 42 41 + 1 36 12 Waasland - Beveren 30 9 8 13 50 51 − 1 35 13 Lokeren 30 8 7 15 33 49 − 16 31 14 Excel Mouscron 30 8 6 16 40 59 − 19 30 15 Eupen 30 6 9 15 40 57 − 17 27 16 Mechelen ( R ) 30 6 9 15 31 49 − 18 27 Relegation to the First Division B Source : Belgian First Division A ( in Dutch ) , Soccerway Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Matches won ; 3 ) Goal difference ; 4 ) Goals scored ; 5 ) Away goals scored ; 6 ) Away matches won ; 7 ) Play - off . ( R ) Relegated . Results ( edit ) Home \ Away AND ANT BRU CHA EUP EXM GNK GNT KVK LOK KVM OOS STA STR W-B ZWA Anderlecht -- 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 5 -- 3 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Antwerp 0 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 5 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 Club Brugge 5 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 3 -- 3 3 -- 1 4 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 2 Charleroi 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 2 Eupen 2 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 3 -- 2 4 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 5 Excel Mouscron 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 5 3 -- 2 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Genk 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 3 -- 1 Gent 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 Kortrijk 2 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 4 -- 1 0 -- 1 Lokeren 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 Mechelen 3 -- 4 1 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 2 Oostende 2 -- 0 3 -- 4 2 -- 3 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 0 -- 3 4 -- 2 Standard Liège 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 4 -- 3 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 4 Sint - Truiden 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 4 -- 4 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 Waasland - Beveren 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 5 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 -- 2 -- 2 Zulte Waregem 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 0 -- 4 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 5 -- Source : Belgian Pro League ( in Dutch ) Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Jump up ^ The match between Oostende and Genk of 27 December was cancelled as a heavy storm caused parts of the roof to come down shortly before the start of the match . As safety to supporters and players could not be guaranteed , the match was postponed until 16 January . Championship play - offs ( edit ) The points obtained during the regular season were halved ( and rounded up ) before the start of the playoff . As a result , the teams started with the following points before the playoff : Club Brugge 34 points , Anderlecht 28 , Charleroi 26 , Gent 25 , Genk 22 and Standard Liège 22 . The points of Club Brugge , Anderlecht and Charleroi were rounded up , therefore in case of any ties on points at the end of the playoffs , the half point will be deducted for these teams . League table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification CLU STA AND GNT GNK CHA Club Brugge ( C ) 10 17 12 + 5 46 Qualification for the Champions League group stage -- 4 -- 4 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 -- 0 Standard Liège 10 6 20 9 + 11 43 Qualification for the Champions League third qualifying round 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 5 -- 0 1 -- 0 Anderlecht 10 0 6 12 15 − 3 40 Qualification for the Europa League group stage 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 -- 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 Gent 10 8 8 0 39 Qualification for the Europa League third qualifying round 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 5 Genk ( O ) 10 13 13 0 38 Qualification for the Europa League play - off final 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 4 -- 1 6 Charleroi 10 6 9 22 − 13 34 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- Source : Soccerway Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Points without ( possible ) half points added due to rounding ; 3 ) Position obtained during the Regular season ( C ) Champion ; ( O ) Play - off winner . Europa League play - offs ( edit ) Group A of the play - offs will consist of the teams finishing in positions 7 , 9 , 12 and 14 during the regular season and the first and third placed team in the qualifying positions in the 2017 -- 18 Belgian First Division B . The teams finishing in positions 8 , 10 , 11 , 13 and 15 will join the second placed qualifier from the 2017 -- 18 Belgian First Division B in group B . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification ZWA KVK EXM OHL W-B LIE Zulte Waregem 10 9 0 35 8 + 27 28 Qualification for the Europa League play - off semi-final -- 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 2 -- 2 8 -- 0 5 -- 0 FF Kortrijk 10 6 18 12 + 6 19 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 2 -- 1 Excel Mouscron 10 18 16 + 2 14 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 -- 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 OH Leuven 10 5 12 18 − 6 9 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 5 Waasland - Beveren 10 6 12 23 − 11 8 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 3 -- 2 0 -- 2 -- 0 -- 1 6 Lierse 10 7 7 25 − 18 7 1 -- 4 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 5 FF -- Source : Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Matches won ; 3 ) Goal difference ; 4 ) Goals scored ; 5 ) Away goals scored ; 6 ) Away matches won ; 7 ) Play - off . ^ Jump up to : Following the bankruptcy of Lierse , the team folded and forfeited its two remaining matches of the season . Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification LOK STR ANT OOS EUP B-W Lokeren 10 6 21 11 + 10 21 Qualification for the Europa League play - off semi-final -- 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 4 -- 2 Sint - Truiden 10 5 22 15 + 7 17 1 -- 1 -- 4 -- 0 4 -- 1 2 -- 3 3 -- 2 Antwerp 10 13 16 − 3 14 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 3 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 Oostende 10 5 21 18 + 3 14 1 -- 3 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 5 Eupen 10 6 11 21 − 10 8 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 4 -- 2 -- 2 6 Beerschot Wilrijk 10 5 14 21 − 7 7 2 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 3 -- 1 -- Source : Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Matches won ; 3 ) Goal difference ; 4 ) Goals scored ; 5 ) Away goals scored ; 6 ) Away matches won ; 7 ) Play - off . Semi-final ( edit ) The winners of both play - off groups competed in one match to play the fourth - placed or fifth - placed team of the championship play - offs for a spot in the final . Zulte Waregem received home advantage as they finished higher in the regular season . Despite going down twice with 10 men , Zulte Waregem won , which meant they advanced to the final to play for a spot in the second qualifying round of the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League . 23 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) 20 : 30 CEST Zulte Waregem 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Lokeren De fauw 90 + 3 ' Šaponjić 114 ' Sporza Cevallos 89 ' Mareček 96 ' Penalties Derijck De fauw Hämäläinen Šaponjić Harbaoui 4 -- 3 Skúlason Rassoul Mareček Söder Cevallos Regenboogstadion , Waregem Referee : Sébastien Delferière Final ( edit ) The winners of the Europa League play - off semi-final and the fifth - placed team of the championship play - offs played one match to determine the Europa League play - off winners . The winners qualified for the second qualifying round of the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League . 27 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) 18 : 00 CEST Genk 2 -- 0 Zulte - Waregem Samatta 17 ' Trossard 28 ' Report Luminus Arena , Genk Referee : Bart Vertenten Number of teams by provinces ( edit ) Number of teams Province or region Team ( s ) West Flanders Club Brugge , Kortrijk , Oostende and Zulte Waregem East Flanders Gent , Lokeren and Waasland - Beveren Antwerp Antwerp and Mechelen Hainaut Charleroi and Excel Mouscron Liège Eupen and Standard Liège Limburg Genk and Sint - Truiden Brussels Anderlecht Season statistics ( edit ) Top Scorers ( edit ) As of matches played on 23 May 2018 . Rank Player Club Goals Hamdi Harbaoui Zulte Waregem 22 Teddy Chevalier KV Kortrijk 21 Isaac Kiese Thelin Waasland - Beveren 19 Kaveh Rezaei Sporting Charleroi 16 5 Lukasz Teodorczyk RSC Anderlecht 15 Abdoulay Diaby Club Brugge 15 Hat - tricks ( + ) ( edit ) Rnd Player Club Goals Date Home Score Away 11 Isaac Kiese Thelin Waasland - Beveren 7 ' 20 ' 46 ' 87 ' 22 October 2017 Zulte Waregem 2 -- 5 Waasland - Beveren 12 Brecht Capon KV Oostende 23 ' 49 ' 71 ' 24 October 2017 KV Oostende 3 -- 0 Sporting Charleroi 24 Sofiane Hanni RSC Anderlecht 14 ' 41 ' 44 ' 28 January 2018 Standard Liège 3 -- 3 RSC Anderlecht 26 Teddy Chevalier KV Kortrijk 38 ' 69 ' 83 ' 10 February 2018 KV Kortrijk 4 -- 0 Royal Antwerp 28 Łukasz Teodorczyk RSC Anderlecht 45 + 2 ' ( p ) 57 ' 61 ' 25 February 2018 RSC Anderlecht 5 -- 3 Excel Mouscron 30 Yuta Toyokawa KAS Eupen 73 ' 80 ' 89 ' 11 March 2018 KAS Eupen 4 -- 0 Excel Mouscron 33 Hamdi Harbaoui S.V. Zulte Waregem 23 ' 61 ' 78 ' 85 ' 14 April 2018 S.V. Zulte Waregem 5 -- 1 Excel Mouscron 34 Hamdi Harbaoui S.V. Zulte Waregem 53 ' ( p ) 54 ' 76 ' 17 April 2018 Lierse S.K. 1 -- 4 S.V. Zulte Waregem Updated to match ( es ) played on 14 April 2018 . Top assists ( edit ) As of matches played on 30 April 2018 . Rank Player Club Assists Ruud Vormer Club Brugge KV 16 Ryota Morioka Waasland - Beveren / RSC Anderlecht 13 Hans Vanaken Club Brugge KV 11 Idir Ouali KV Kortrijk 8 Răzvan Marin Standard Liège 8 CLEAN sheets ( edit ) As of matches played on 30 April 2018 . Rank Player Club Clean sheets Sinan Bolat Royal Antwerp FC 14 Lovre Kalinić KAA Gent 13 Danny Vukovic KRC Genk 10 Matz Sels RSC Anderlecht 9 Nicolas Penneteau Sporting Charleroi 9 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anastasiou was announced as manager on 24 April 2017 but only replaced Karim Belhocine after the final match of the season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Belgian First Division A Top Scorers '' . Jupiler Pro League . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgian First Division A Summary '' . whoscored.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belgian First Division A statistics '' . Jupiler Pro League . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Waasland - Beveren gaat in zee met Philippe Clement '' ( Waasland - Beveren starts cooperation with Philippe Clement ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ivan Leko is de nieuwe coach van Club Brugge '' ( Ivan Leko new head coach at Club Brugge ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Anderlecht - spits Anastasiou traint volgend seizoen Kortrijk '' ( Former Anderlecht - striker Anastasiou to coach Kortrijk next season ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Rouche Ricardo Sa Pinto moet Standard weer op de rails krijgen '' ( Former - Red Ricardo Sa Pinto to get Standard back on track ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nieuwe trainer Marquez duikt op in Sint - Truiden voor eerste training '' ( New coach Marquez appears in Sint - Truiden for first training session ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laszlo Bölöni voorgesteld als nieuwe trainer van Antwerp '' ( Laszlo Bölöni presented as new head coach of Antwerp ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` STVV neemt na amper 2 speeldagen afscheid van coach Marquez Lopez '' ( STVV departs from coach Marquez Lopez already after two matchdays ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` De Roeck verlaat Berchem en wordt de nieuwe trainer van STVV '' ( De Roeck leaves Berchem and becomes new head coach of STVV ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Maes volgt Runar Kristinsson op bij Lokeren '' ( Peter Maes succeeds Runar Kristinsson at Lokeren ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wegen van Anderlecht en René Weiler scheiden '' ( Anderlecht and René Weiler part ways ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` KV Oostende ontslaat Vanderhaeghe : `` Met 1 op 21 konden we niet anders '' '' ( KV Oostende sacks Vanderhaeghe : `` 1 out of 21 left us no choice '' ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Vanhaezebrouck en AA Gent zetten samenwerking stop : `` Het doet pijn '' '' ( Vanhaezebrouck and AA Gent end cooperation : `` It hurts '' ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Vanderhaeghe volgt Vanhaezebrouck op bij AA Gent : `` Snel weer winnen '' '' ( Vanderhaeghe succeeds Vanhaezebrouck at AA Gent : `` Quickly win again '' ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanhaezebrouck tekent contract voor 3 jaar als Anderlecht - coach '' ( Vanhaezebrouck signs contract for 3 years as Anderlecht - coach ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` KV Mechelen ontslaat coach Yannick Ferrera : `` Het was op tussen trainer en spelers '' '' ( KV Mechelen relieves coach Yannick Ferrera : `` It was over between trainer and coach '' ) ( in Dutch ) . nieuwsblad.be. 2017 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jankovic keert terug als trainer van KV Mechelen : `` Hij wil iets goedmaken '' '' ( Jankovic returns as coach of KV Mechelen : `` He wants to make up for something '' ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Claude Makélélé ( ex-Chelsea en ex-Real ) is de nieuwe trainer van Eupen '' ( Claude Makélélé ( ex-Chelsea en ex-Real ) is de nieuwe trainer van Eupen ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` KV Kortrijk zet de samenwerking met Anastasiou stop '' ( KV Kortrijk ends cooperation with Anastasiou ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Glen De Boeck is de nieuwe coach van Kortrijk '' ( Glen De Boeck is the new manager of Kortrijk ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Genk ontslaat Stuivenberg : `` Dachten dat we met Albert PO I niet zouden halen '' '' ( Genk sacks Stuivenberg : `` Believe we will not reach PO I with Albert Stuivenberg '' ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clement neemt afscheid van spelers : `` Dit waren moeilijke dagen '' '' ( Clement says goodbye to players : `` Difficult few days '' ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sven Vermant volgt Philippe Clement op bij Waasland - Beveren '' ( Sven Vermant succeeds Philippe Clement at Waasland - Beveren ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` DENNIS VAN WIJK NIEUWE TRAINER KVM '' ( DENNIS VAN WIJK NEW TRAINER OF KVM ) ( in Dutch ) . kvmechelen.be. 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Moeskroen zet coach Mircea Rednic op de keien '' ( Mouscron kicks coach Mircea Rednic to the curb ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Charleroi - speler Defays krijgt zijn kans als coach bij Moeskroen '' ( Ex-Charleroi - player Defays gets his chance as coach with Mouscron ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kop van Vermant rolt bij Waasland - Beveren na 8 - 0 - pandoering '' ( Head of Vermant rolls at Waasland - Beveren following 8 - 0 - thrashing ) ( in Dutch ) . sporza.be. 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` First Division A 2016 / 2017 - Season rules '' . Scoresway . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Krachtige wind blaast KV Oostende - RC Genk weg '' ( Strong winds blow away KV Oostende - RC Genk ) ( in Dutch ) . Sporza.be. 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reglement 2017 - 2018 Boek B : De koepelorganisatie KBVB en haar deelorganisaties '' ( General Rules 2017 - 2018 Book B : The overall organisation KBVB and its subsidiaries ) ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Royal Belgian FA . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lierse is failliet , stamnummer 30 verdwijnt : `` Game over '' '' ( Lierse bankrupt , matricule 30 disappears : `` Game over '' ) ( in Dutch ) . Sporza.be. 9 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST DIVISION A 2017 / 2018 - Season rules '' . Scoresway . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST DIVISION A 2017 / 2018 - Season rules '' . Scoresway . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summary - First Division A - Belgium - Results , fixtures , tables and news - Soccerway '' . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiler Pro League ( Belgié ) - Wie zorgde voor de meeste goals en assists in 2016 - 2017 ? Voetbalkrant.com '' . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TEXACO CLEAN SHEET '' . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Belgian First Division A Seasons Championship Cup ( 1895 -- 1900 ) 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 Division of Honour ( 1900 -- 1952 ) 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 First Division ( 1952 -- 2016 ) 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 First Division A ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 teams Anderlecht Antwerp Cercle Brugge Charleroi Club Brugge Eupen Excel Mouscron Genk Gent Kortrijk Lokeren Oostende Sint - Truiden Standard Liège Waasland - Beveren Zulte Waregem Former Active Berchem Crossing Schaerbeek Dender EH Diest Eendracht Aalst Léopold Club Bruxelles RFC Liège KV Mechelen OH Leuven Olympic Charleroi Patro Eisden Racing Bruxelles Racing Gand Racing Jet Bruxelles Racing Mechelen Roeselare Tienen RUS Tournai Tubantia Tubize Turnhout Union SG Westerlo Defunct ASV Oostende Beerschot Beringen Beveren Boom Athletic Club Bruxelles Daring Bruxelles Excelsior Bruxelles FC Bruxelles Olympia Bruxelles Skill Bruxelles Sporting Bruxelles Edegem Germinal Beerschot Harelbeke Hasselt Heusden - Zolder Ixelles La Forestoise La Louvière Lierse Lommel Lyra Mons Montegnée Mouscron RWDM Seraing Sint - Niklaas Stade Leuven Tilleur Tongeren RRC Tournai Uccle Verbroedering Geel Verviétois Waregem Waterschei Statistics and awards Teams Champions Top scorers Current managers Professional footballer of the Year Golden Shoe Ebony Shoe 2017 -- 18 in Belgian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' League competitions First Division A First Division B First Amateur Division Second Amateur Division Third Amateur Division Cup competitions Belgian Cup ( Final ) Super Cup Transfers Summer 2017 Winter 2017 -- 18 Summer 2018 UEFA competitions Champions League Europa League Related to national team 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying ( Group H ) Roberto Martínez Club seasons First Division A Anderlecht Antwerp Charleroi Club Brugge Eupen Excel Mouscron Genk Gent Kortrijk Lokeren Mechelen Oostende Sint - Truiden Standard Liège Waasland - Beveren Zulte - Waregem First Division B Beerschot Wilrijk Cercle Brugge Lierse OH Leuven Roeselare Tubize Union SG Westerlo 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic & Slovakia England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_Belgian_First_Division_A&oldid = 862373283 '' Categories : Belgian First Division A seasons 2017 -- 18 in European association football leagues 2017 -- 18 in Belgian football Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with Dutch - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Русский Svenska Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 23 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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5548429617060959268 | A Million Ways to Die in the West | A Million Ways to Die in the West - wikipedia A Million Ways to Die in the West Jump to : navigation , search A Million Ways to Die in the West Theatrical release poster Directed by Seth MacFarlane Produced by Seth MacFarlane Scott Stuber Jason Clark Written by Seth MacFarlane Alec Sulkin Wellesley Wild Starring Seth MacFarlane Charlize Theron Amanda Seyfried Neil Patrick Harris Giovanni Ribisi Sarah Silverman Liam Neeson Narrated by Rex Linn Music by Joel McNeely Cinematography Michael Barrett Edited by Jeff Freeman Production company Media Rights Capital Fuzzy Door Productions Bluegrass Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $87.2 million A Million Ways to Die in the West is a 2014 American western comedy film directed , produced by and starring Seth MacFarlane , who wrote the screenplay along with Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild . The film features an ensemble cast , including Charlize Theron , Amanda Seyfried , Neil Patrick Harris , Giovanni Ribisi , Sarah Silverman and Liam Neeson . It was produced by Media Rights Capital and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film was released on May 30 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cameos 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Box office 4.4 Home media 4.5 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1882 , in the town of Old Stump , Arizona , a cowardly sheep farmer named Albert Stark ( Seth MacFarlane ) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise ( Amanda Seyfried ) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight . He prepares to leave for San Francisco , believing that the frontier offers nothing for him . Meanwhile , infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood ( Liam Neeson ) robs and kills an old prospector ( Matt Clark ) for a gold nugget . He orders his right - hand man Lewis ( Evan Jones ) to escort his wife Anna ( Charlize Theron ) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry . Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm , but Lewis is arrested after shooting the Pastor 's ( John Aylward ) son ( Dylan Kenin ) in a saloon . During the ensuing fight , Albert saves Anna from being crushed to death by two of the brawlers , and the two become close friends . They attend a county fair where Louise 's new boyfriend , the haughty Foy ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , challenges Albert to a shooting contest . Albert is defeated , but Anna steps in and defeats Foy . Foy mocks Albert , who angrily challenges Foy to a duel in a week 's time . Anna then spends the week teaching Albert how to shoot . During a barn dance the night before the duel , Anna slips Foy a Mickey . After leaving the dance , Albert and Anna kiss before heading home . Upon breaking out of jail and murdering the sheriff , Lewis witnesses the kiss and reports it to Clinch . On the day of the duel , Foy arrives late and goes into convulsions from the laxative he had unknowingly drunk . Albert , who has decided that Louise is not worth fighting for , once again forfeits the duel . He retires to the saloon , but Clinch arrives and demands to know who kissed his wife . When no one comes forward , Clinch shoots a nearby cowboy ( Ryan Reynolds ) . He reveals that Anna is his wife and threatens to continue killing unless his wife 's lover duels him at noon the next day . Clinch later forces Anna to reveal Albert 's name and then prepares to have sex with her , but she knocks him unconscious and escapes . Anna returns to Albert 's farm , where he angrily shouts at her for lying to him . Clinch pursues Anna to the farm ; Albert helps her escape , then escapes himself . While fleeing , he is captured by a tribe of Apache Indians , who threaten to burn him alive . The Indians spare him when he reveals that he can speak their language . They give him a bowl of peyote , which sends him flashing back to his birth and through painful events of his childhood before making him realize that he loves Anna . Meanwhile , Clinch recaptures Anna in town , in front of Edward 's ( Giovanni Ribisi ) house . Albert returns to Old Stump and confronts Clinch . He wounds Clinch with a bullet poisoned with rattlesnake venom before his own gun is shot out of his hand , but he manages to stall until Clinch fatally succumbs to the poison . Louise attempts to win back Albert , but he rejects her and instead happily enters a relationship with Anna . Albert also receives a bounty for killing Clinch and uses the money to buy more sheep . Later at the Fair , the proprietor of a racially charged shooting game called `` Runaway Slave '' asks who would like to take a shot . Django ( Jamie Foxx ) steps up and shoots the man while commenting that `` people die at the fair '' . Cast ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane as Albert Stark , a sheepherder . Mike Salazar as 6 - year - old Albert Charlize Theron as Anna Barnes - Leatherwood , Clinch Leatherwood 's wife who befriends Albert . Liam Neeson as Clinch Leatherwood , an infamous outlaw and Anna 's husband . Giovanni Ribisi as Edward , Albert 's best friend and Ruth 's boyfriend Neil Patrick Harris as Foy , an Old Stump inhabitant and Louise 's current boyfriend . Sarah Silverman as Ruth , Edward 's girlfriend and a prostitute . Amanda Seyfried as Louise , Albert 's ex-girlfriend . Christopher Hagen as George Stark , Albert 's cantankerous father . Wes Studi as Cochise Rex Linn as Sheriff / Narrator Alex Borstein as Millie , a madam at a local brothel which Ruth works at . Ralph Garman as Dan John Aylward as Pastor Wilson Amick Byram as Marcus Thornton Evan Jones as Lewis , an outlaw and Clinch Leatherwood 's right - hand man . Dylan Kenin as Pastor 's Son , the son of a pastor who is killed by Lewis in the bar . Cameos ( edit ) Tait Fletcher as Cowboy # 1 Gilbert Gottfried as Abraham Lincoln , he was seen during Albert 's drug trip . Mike Henry as smiling man in photograph Dennis Haskins as snake oil salesman John Michael Higgins as Dandy # 1 Christopher Lloyd as Doc Brown Bill Maher as comic Ewan McGregor as a cowboy who laughed with Foy at Albert 's expense at the fair . Alec Sulkin as guy at fair Rupert Boneham as guy in bar fight Kaley Cuoco ( uncredited , unrated version only ) as a woman that Albert tries to pick up in a store . Jamie Foxx ( uncredited ) as Django Freeman , he appears where he shoots the owner of the `` Runaway slave '' game . The scene featuring him was added after audiences in test screenings reacted poorly to the shooting gallery at the fair which features cartoon images of black slaves as targets . Ryan Reynolds ( uncredited ) as cowboy killed in bar Patrick Stewart ( uncredited voice ) as a sheep with long legs that was seen in Albert 's drug trip . Production ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West originated as an inside joke between MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild , while they were watching Hang ' Em High . The joke evolved into `` riffing on the idea of how dull , depressing , and dangerous it must have been to live in the Wild West . '' MacFarlane , a lifelong fan of westerns , began researching the topic , using Jeff Guinn 's nonfiction novel , The Last Gunfight : The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral -- And How It Changed the American West as an `` invaluable resource , '' and basis for many of the ways of dying in the film . Various aspects of the film were inspired by real westerns . The decision to make Albert a sheep herder was inspired by Montana ( 1950 ) and his average , non-confrontational demeanor by 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) . Other westerns that inspired MacFarlane and the crew during writing included Oklahoma ! ( 1955 ) , The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) , and El Dorado ( 1966 ) . The film was first announced on December 3 , 2012 , marking MacFarlane 's second foray into live - action directing , after 2012 's Ted . Principal photography began on May 6 , 2013 . Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque , New Mexico , also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe . Principal photography ended on August 9 , 2013 . The film shoot was difficult , as the cast and crew navigated rough weather : `` everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms . '' Neeson , who nearly always suppresses his Irish accent when acting , agreed to play the part of Clinch only on the condition that he could use his Irish accent . Neeson remarked on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that he made this demand because an episode of MacFarlane 's Family Guy had previously made a joke out of the juxtaposition of Neeson playing a cowboy with an Irish accent . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) On January 27 , 2014 , MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film 's script , which was released on March 4 , 2014 . An audio - book version was also made available , narrated by Jonathan Frakes . MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film , partially due to boredom . Critical response ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 33 % rating based on 192 reviews , with an average score of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` While it offers a few laughs and boasts a talented cast , Seth MacFarlane 's overlong , aimless A Million Ways to Die in the West is a disappointingly scattershot affair . '' Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , gave a score of 44 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Claudia Puig 's review in USA Today was largely positive , writing , `` A Western with a contemporary sensibility and dialogue that sounds markedly modern , A Million Ways to Die in the West is quintessential MacFarlane , at once silly and witty , juvenile and clever . '' Stephen Holden 's review in The New York Times was mainly neutral , calling the film `` a live - action spinoff of ( Family Guy ) , with different characters . '' `` While the whole thing feels weirdly miscalculated to me , A Million Ways to Die in the West tweaks the formula just enough , delivers a few laughs and keeps the guest stars coming , '' wrote Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir . Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film amusing , calling it `` another example of MacFarlane 's ability to mix poop jokes with romance , foul language with sweet sentiment , offensive humor with boyish charm . '' In a more negative review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes commended MacFarlane 's decision to make an unconventional western comedy , but summarized the film as `` just ambitious enough for that to be genuinely disappointing . '' Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post was mixed , deeming the film a `` broad , wildly hit - or - miss satire , '' remarking that he found few of the jokes in the film funny . `` Spiritually , it 's closer to a mid-range crowd - pleaser such as City Slickers than Blazing Saddles , too enamoured of genre convention to reach for the comic dynamite , '' wrote Mike McCahill at The Guardian . Much of the film 's criticism was directed towards its writing , running time , and MacFarlane 's debut live - action performance . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune criticized MacFarlane 's acting and direction as : `` A failure of craft . He ca n't direct action , or even handle scenery well . He ca n't set up a visual joke properly without resorting to head - butting and bone - crunching , and he does n't know how , or when , to move his camera . He 's not good enough as a romantic lead to anchor a picture . '' Richard Corliss of Time called the film a `` sagebrush comedy whose visual grandeur and appealing actors get polluted by some astonishingly lazy writing . '' Scott Foundas of Variety found the film `` overlong and uninspired , '' criticizing the film 's `` lazy writing , '' and MacFarlane 's `` surprisingly bland '' comic performance . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film one star , commenting , `` There are enough laughs scattered throughout A Million Ways to Die in the West that while you 're watching it , the movie seems like a passable comedy . By the time you get home , though , you can barely remember the jokes . '' John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film 's running time : `` Though the film is hardly laugh - free , its uneven jokes appear to have breezed through a very forgiving editing process . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal too found the film 's length `` exhausting , '' noting , `` Some of it sputters , settling for smiles instead of laughs , and much of it flounders while the slapdash script searches ( ... ) for ever more common denominators in toilet humor . '' Audiences surveyed during the opening weekend gave the film a CinemaScore `` B '' grade . The audience demographics were primarily male ( 55 % ) and over 25 years of age ( 72 % ) . Box Office ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West grossed $43.1 million in North America and $43.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $86.4 million , against its $40 million budget . The film grossed $16.8 million in its opening weekend , finishing in third place at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maleficent and the previous weekend 's opener X-Men : Days of Future Past . This was below expectations of $26 million . In its second weekend , the film dropped to number five , grossing an additional $7.3 million . In its third weekend , the film dropped to number eight , grossing $3.2 million . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number 11 , grossing $1.6 million . Home Media ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West was released via DVD and Blu - ray on October 7 , 2014 . The Blu - ray release contains an unrated version ( 135 minutes ) , along with the original theatrical cut ( 116 minutes ) . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) People 's Choice Award January 7 , 2015 Favorite Comedic Movie Actress Charlize Theron Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Award February 19 , 2015 Best Original Score for a Comedy Film Joel McNeely Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards February 21 , 2015 Worst Actor Seth MacFarlane Nominated Worst Actress Charlize Theron Nominated Worst Director Seth MacFarlane Nominated Worst Screen Combo Seth MacFarlane and Charlize Theron Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) A Million Ways to Die in the West Soundtrack album by Joel McNeely Released May 27 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 41 : 20 Label Back Lot Music Joel McNeely film scores chronology The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) The Pirate Fairy 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Home 2015 The score was composed by Joel McNeely . The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on May 27 , 2014 . The theme song `` A Million Ways to Die '' is performed by Alan Jackson . It was released as a single on April 29 , 2014 . A portion of the Back to the Future theme by Alan Silvestri is used during Christopher Lloyd 's cameo . Track listing All music composed by Joel McNeely , except as noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` A Million Ways to Die '' ( performed by Alan Jackson ) 2 : 27 2 . `` Main Title '' 2 : 33 3 . `` Missing Louise '' 2 : 08 4 . `` Old Stump '' 0 : 45 5 . `` Saloon Brawl '' 1 : 50 6 . `` Rattlesnake Ridge '' 1 : 28 7 . `` People Die at the Fair '' 2 : 11 8 . `` The Shooting Lesson '' 2 : 16 9 . `` The Barn Dance '' 2 : 29 10 . `` If You 've Only Got a Moustache '' ( composed by Stephen Foster , performed by Amick Byram ) 1 : 31 11 . `` Anna and Albert '' 4 : 19 12 . `` Clinch Hunts Albert '' 3 : 41 13 . `` Racing the Train '' 2 : 21 14 . `` Captured by Cochise '' 2 : 07 15 . `` Albert Takes a Trip '' 2 : 24 16 . `` The Showdown '' 2 : 20 17 . `` Sheep to the Horizon '' 2 : 00 18 . `` End Title Suite '' 2 : 30 Total length : 41 : 20 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Maleficent ' Set to Curse ' Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Media Rights Capital . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott . `` Sarah Silverman for MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' gets summer 2014 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox , Jesse David ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Joins Seth MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' Trailer Has a Whole Lot of Death '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liam Neeson & Giovanni Ribisi Join ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quinlan , Erin ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris taps ' stache of talent in ' Million Ways to Die ' '' . Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Rex Linn Joins Seth MacFarlane 's ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Studi to Be Second American Indian Inducted into ' Hall of Great Western Performers ' '' . Indian Country Today Media Network . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SethMacFarlane : Great day of filming with the hilarious Gilbert Gottfried @ RealGilbert on # AMillionWays '' . Twitter . February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Shows Off Fifty Shades of Grey , Lucy , A Million Ways to Die in the West and More at CinemaCon '' . IGN . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` @ billmaher brought the laughs today in A Million Ways To Die In The West '' . Twitter . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Maybelle ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ELLE reviews A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Elle . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Cheney ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane on ' Million Ways to Die ' and Taking Projects That ' Terrify ' Him '' . Variety . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ A Million Ways to Die in the West Biographies ^ Jump up to : David Fear ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Cowboy Flicks That Shaped Seth MacFarlane '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC ( 1210 ) : 18 . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Finds A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . ComingSoon.net . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 5 / 13 / 13 : Melissa McCarthy Co-Directing ' Tammy ' For New Line Cinema ... ' Low Down , ' Ghosts of the Pacific ' '' . Studio System News . May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisel , Angela ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` The New Mexico Film Office Announces `` A MILLION WAYS TO DIE IN THE WEST '' to film in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Film Office . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Filming A Million Ways to Die in the West . Fun being in a climate where you have to drink 9,000 glasses of water a day or you drop dead '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Star - studded N.M. offers TV series , movies new incentives '' . ABQjournal . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Last day of filming on A Million Ways to Die in the West -- thanks to a cast and crew as talented as they are tireless '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlCjly9ghR4 Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` For anyone who still reads '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Writes His First Novel '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Random House . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Million Ways to Die in the West Reviews '' . CBS Interactive Metacritic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Maleficent ' likely to curse ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . both be hampered by mixed reviews from critics Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Flixster Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die ' ( laughing ) in the West '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Holden ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` A Frontier Farce From the Guy Behind ' Family Guy ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew O'Hehir ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` '' A Million Ways to Die in the West `` : How Seth MacFarlane became the new Adam Sandler '' . Salon . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rafer Guzman ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' review : Crass but funny '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Seth MacFarlane 's ' A Million Ways To Die In The West ' Shoots Blanks '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' movie review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike McCahill ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` A Million Ways to Die in the West review -- more City Slickers than Blazing Saddles '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' 1 / 2 star '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : A Million Ways to Die in the West , but Few Ways to Laugh '' . Time . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rene Rodriguez ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John DeFore ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Morgensternn ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' We Are the Best ! ' : Delicious Discord in the Key of Life '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( June 1 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Maleficent ' Casts Box Office Spell , ' Million Ways ' Dies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast : ' Maleficent ' Set to Reign On Final Weekend of May '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Universal is expecting low $20 millions Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 6 - 8 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 13 - 15 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 20 - 22 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence , Shailene Woodley and Robert Downey Jr . Among People 's Choice Nominees , Plus Find Out Who 's Hosting ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA : the International Film Music Critics Association '' IFMCA Winners 2014 `` . Filmmusiccritics.org . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIES ® Celebrate 35 Years of Worst Achievements in Film with Inclusive Nominee List ... and New `` Redeemer '' Award `` . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's galloping theme song for ' A Million Ways to Die in the West ' : Hear the Alan Jackson tune -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Million Ways to Die in the West A Million Ways to Die in the West at Universal Studios website A Million Ways to Die in the West on IMDb A Million Ways to Die in the West at Box Office Mojo A Million Ways to Die in the West at Rotten Tomatoes A Million Ways to Die in the West at Metacritic Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Night of the Hurricane Films produced by Scott Stuber The Break - Up ( 2006 ) You , Me and Dupree ( 2006 ) The Kingdom ( 2007 ) Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins ( 2008 ) Role Models ( 2008 ) Love Happens ( 2009 ) Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Repo Men ( 2010 ) Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) Your Highness ( 2011 ) Safe House ( 2012 ) Battleship ( 2012 ) Ted ( 2012 ) Admission ( 2013 ) 47 Ronin ( 2013 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 ) Central Intelligence ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Million_Ways_to_Die_in_the_West&oldid=812326379 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s Western ( genre ) films American films American comedy films American Western ( genre ) films American satirical films Films directed by Seth MacFarlane Films set in Arizona Films set in 1882 Films shot in New Mexico Western ( genre ) comedy films Fuzzy Door Productions films Media Rights Capital films Universal Pictures films Films scored by Joel McNeely Films produced by Scott Stuber Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 06 : 57 . 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-9184677573517083336 | West Highland White Terrier | West Highland white Terrier - wikipedia West Highland white Terrier West Highland White Terrier Other names Poltalloch Terrier Roseneath Terrier White Roseneath Terrier Common nicknames Westie ( or Westy ) Origin Scotland hide Traits Weight 6.8 -- 9.1 kg ( 15 -- 20 lb ) Height 25 -- 28 cm ( 9.8 -- 11.0 in ) Coat Double Color White Litter size Three to five Life span 12 to 17 years hide Classification / standards FCI Group 3 , Section 2 Small Terriers # 085 standard AKC Terrier standard ANKC Group 2 ( terriers ) standard CKC Group 4 -- terriers standard KC ( UK ) Terrier standard NZKC Terrier standard UKC Terriers standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The West Highland White Terrier , commonly known as the Westie , is a breed of dog from Scotland with a distinctive white harsh coat with a somewhat soft white undercoat . It is a medium - sized terrier , although with longer legs than other Scottish breeds of terrier . It has a white double coat of fur which fills out the dog 's face , giving it a rounded appearance . The breed is intelligent , quick to learn , and can be good with children , but does not always tolerate rough handling . The Westie is an active and intelligent breed , and is social with a high prey drive , as they were once used to hunt rodents . The modern breed is descended from a number of breeding programs of white terriers in Scotland before the 20th century . Cousin to the Cairn Terrier , the Westie was bred to hunt small rodents at places such as farms . Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch , is credited with the creation of the modern breed from his Poltalloch Terrier , but did not want to be known as such . Other related breeds included George Campbell , 8th Duke of Argyll 's Roseneath Terrier and Dr Americ Edwin Flaxman 's Pittenweem Terriers . This breed of small white Scottish terriers was given its modern name for the first time in 1908 , with recognition by major kennel clubs occurring around the same time . The breed remains very popular in the UK , with multiple wins at Cruft 's . It is in the top third of all breeds in the US since the 1960s . It has been featured in television and film , including in Hamish Macbeth , and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and Scotch whisky Black & White . Several breed - specific and nonspecific health issues appear in the breed , including a condition in young dogs nicknamed `` westie jaw '' which causes an overgrowth of bone in the jaw of the dog . It can also be prone to skin disorders , with a breed - specific condition called hyperplastic dermatosis occurring . They are very energetic and need plenty of exercise . Contents 1 Appearance 2 Temperament 3 Health 4 History 5 In popular culture 5.1 In public life 5.2 In branding 5.3 In film 5.4 In television 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links Appearance ( edit ) Westies have dense , thick undercoat and a rough outer coat Commonly , Westies have bright , deep - set , almond - shaped eyes that are dark in colour . Their ears are pointed and erect . Members of the breed typically weigh between 15 and 20 pounds ( 6.8 and 9.1 kg ) , and the average height is between 10 -- 11 inches ( 25 -- 28 cm ) at the withers . The body should be shorter than the height of the dog at the shoulder . They also have a deep chest , muscular limbs , a black nose , and a short , closely fitted jaw with `` scissors '' bite ( lower canines locked in front of upper canines , upper incisors locked over lower incisors ) . The Westie 's paws are slightly turned out to give it better grip than flat - footed breeds when it climbs on rocky surfaces . In young puppies , the nose and footpads have pink markings , which slowly turn black as they age . Westies also have short and sturdy tails . Some sources suggest that due to their history as rodent catchers , their tails were bred to be thick so that a Westie trapped in a hole could be easily pulled out by the tail . They have a soft , dense , thick undercoat and a rough outer coat , which can grow to about 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) long . The fur fills out the face to give a rounded appearance . As puppies develop into adults , their coarse outer coat is normally removed by either `` hand - stripping '' , especially for dog - showing , or otherwise clipping . Temperament ( edit ) A Westie The temperament of the West Highland White Terrier can vary greatly , with some being friendly towards children , whilst others prefer solitude . It will not tolerate rough handling such as a child pulling on its ears , and can be both food - and toy - possessive . It is normally independent , assured , and self - confident , and can make a good watchdog . It is a loyal breed that bonds with its owner , but is often always on the move , requiring good exercise ( 15 -- 30 min ) . The Westie is highly social and is the most friendly and jolly of all the Scottish breeds of terriers . It is a hardy breed , and can be stubborn , leading to issues with training . A Westie may need to have its training refreshed on occasion during its lifetime . Having a typical terrier prey drive , it tends to be highly interested in toys , especially chasing balls . It does retain the instincts of an earth - dog , including inquisitive and investigative traits , as well as natural instincts to both bark and dig holes . It is ranked 47th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs . Health ( edit ) Two Westie puppies The American breed club puts the lifespan of the Westie at 12 to 16 years . A club survey puts the average lifespan at 11.4 years . Veterinary clinic data from the UK show a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years . The French Kennel Club database gives 8 to 16 years , with a median of 13 years . The typical litter size is between three and five puppies . The breed is predisposed to conditions found in many breeds , such as abdominal hernias . Westie puppies may be affected by craniomandibular osteopathy , a disease also known as `` lion jaw '' , and is sometimes also referred to as `` westie jaw '' . The disease is an autosomal recessive condition , so a puppy can only be affected by it if both its parents are carriers of the faulty gene . The condition appears across many breeds , including several different types of terriers , as well as other unrelated breeds such as the Great Dane . It typically appears in dogs under a year old , and can cause problems for the dog to chew or swallow food . Radiographic testing can be conducted to diagnose the condition , in which the bones around the jaw thicken ; additionally , the blood may show increased calcium levels and enzyme levels . The condition often stops progressing by the time the dog is a year old , and in some cases can recede . It is normally treated with anti-inflammatory medications , and the feeding of soft foods . In some cases , tube feeding may be necessary . However , if the animal still can not eat and is in uncontrolled pain , then euthanasia may be the only medical option remaining . The breed is prone to skin disorders . About a quarter of Westies surveyed are affected by atopic dermatitis , a heritable chronic allergic skin condition . A higher proportion of males are affected compared to females . An uncommon but severe breed - specific skin condition , hyperplastic dermatosis , may affect West Highland White Terriers , both juveniles and adults dogs . Affected dogs can suffer from red hyperpigmentation , lichenification , and hair loss . In the initial stages , this condition can be misdiagnosed as allergies or less serious forms of dermatitis . An inherited genetic problem that exists in the breed is globoid cell leukodystrophy . It is not breed - specific , and can appear in Cairn Terriers and other breeds including Beagles and Pomeranians . It is a neurological disease where the dog lacks an enzyme called galactosylceramidase . The symptoms are noticeable as the puppy develops , and can be identified by the age of 30 weeks . Affected dogs have tremors , muscle weakness , and trouble walking . Symptoms slowly increase until limb paralysis begins to occur . Due to it being a hereditary condition , owners should avoid breeding affected animals to eliminate it from the breed . Another genetic condition that affects the breed is `` white dog shaker syndrome '' . As this condition is most commonly found in Westies and Maltese , the condition was originally thought to be connected to the genes for white coats , but the same condition has since been found in other nonwhite breeds including the Yorkshire Terrier and the Dachshund . The condition typically develops over one to three days , resulting in tremors of the head and limbs , ataxia , and hypermetria . Affected males and females can be affected for different lengths of time , with symptoms in females lasting between four and six weeks , while males can be affected the rest of their lives . Other less common conditions which appear in the breed include hydroxyglutaric aciduria , which is where elevated levels of Alpha - Hydroxyglutaric acid are in the dog 's urine , blood plasma , and spinal fluid . It can cause seizures , muscle stiffness , and ataxia , but is more commonly found in Staffordshire Bull Terriers . A degeneration of the hip joint , known as Legg -- Calvé -- Perthes syndrome , also occurs in the breed . However , the chances of this condition occurring are much higher in some other breeds , such as the Australian Shepherd and the Miniature Pincher . The breed is also one of the least likely to be affected by a luxating patella , where the knee cap slips out of place . History ( edit ) Three Pittenweem Terriers , photographed in 1899 Scottish white terriers were recorded as early as during the reign of James VI of Scotland , who reigned between 1567 and 1625 . The king ordered that a dozen terriers be procured from Argyll to be presented to the Kingdom of France as a gift . Sandy - and brindle - coloured dogs were seen as hardier than those of other colours , and white dogs were seen as being weak . At various times during the breed 's existence , it has been considered a white offshoot of both the Scottish Terrier and the Cairn Terrier breeds . Reports of a ship from the Spanish Armada being wrecked on the island of Skye in 1588 indicated the ship carried white Spanish dogs , whose descendants were kept distinct from other breeds by Clan Donald , including the families of the Chiefs . Other families on Skye preserved both white and sandy - coloured dogs . One such family was the Clan MacLeod , and it was reported by their descendants that at least two Chiefs kept white terriers , including `` The Wicked Man '' Norman MacLeod , and his grandson Norman , who became Chief after his death . George Campbell , 8th Duke of Argyll , chief of Clan Campbell , bred a breed of white Scottish terriers known as the `` Roseneath Terrier '' . Another breed of white Scottish terriers also appeared at this point , with Dr. Americ Edwin Flaxman from Fife developing his line of `` Pittenweem Terriers '' out of a female Scottish Terrier which produced white offspring . The dog seemed to produce these white puppies regardless of the sire to which she was bred , and after drowning over 20 of these offspring , he came upon the theory that it was an ancient trait of the Scottish Terrier that was trying to reappear . He rededicated his breeding program to produce white Scottish Terriers with the aim of restoring it to the same stature as the dark - coloured breed . Flaxman is credited with classes being added to dog shows for white Scottish Terriers towards the end of the 19th century . A West Highland White Terrier , photographed in 1915 The person most closely associated with developing the modern breed of West Highland White Terrier is Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch . Malcolm owned terriers used to work game ; the story told is that a reddish - brown terrier was mistaken for a fox and shot . Following this , Malcolm decided to develop a white terrier breed , which became known as the `` Poltalloch Terrier '' . The first generation of Poltallochs had sandy - coloured coats , and had already developed prick ears , which is a trait seen later in the modern breed . It is unknown if the Poltalloch Terriers and Pittenweem Terriers were interbred . In 1903 , Malcolm declared that he did not want to be known as the creator of the breed and insisted that his breed of white terriers be renamed . The term `` West Highland White Terrier '' first appears in Otters and Otter Hunting by L.C.R. Cameron , published in 1908 . The first breed club was set up in 1904 ; Niall Campbell , 10th Duke of Argyll , was the society 's first president . A second club was subsequently set up , with the Countess of Aberdeen as chairman . Edward Malcolm succeeded the Countess as the club 's second chairman . Kennel Club recognition followed in 1907 , and the breed appeared at Crufts for the first time in the same year . The Westie was imported into the United States in 1907 -- 1908 , when Robert Goelet imported Ch . Kiltie and Ch . Rumpus Glenmohr . Initially , it was also known at the time as the Roseneath Terrier , and the Roseneath Terrier Club was recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1908 . The club was renamed during the following year to the West Highland White Terrier Club of America . The breed spent the period that immediately followed as being `` in vogue '' , becoming popular almost immediately upon its arrival in the US . Canadian Kennel Club recognition followed in 1909 . Until 1924 in the UK , Westie pedigrees were allowed to have Cairn and Scottish Terriers in them . By the time of Malcolm 's death in 1930 , a stable type had appeared with prick ears , a white coat , and a short back . A Westie in a modern show - cut In major conformation shows , the breed has been equally successful on both sides of the Atlantic . The first member of the breed to win a show championship was Ch . Morvan in 1905 , owned by Colin Young . The dog was registered at the time as a Scottish Terrier , and won the title at the Scottish Kennel Club show at the age of seven months . Because the breed was not yet recognised independently , the championship title was not retained when the dog was reregistered as a West Highland White Terrier . The first win at a major show came at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1942 when Constance Winant 's Ch . Wolvey Pattern of Edgerstoune won the title of Best in Show . The same title was taken by Barbara Worcester 's Ch . Elfinbrook Simon in 1962 . It took a further 14 years before the breed took its first Best in Show title at Crufts , the UK 's major dog show . Ch . Dianthus Buttons , owned by Kath Newstead and Dorothy Taylor , took the title for the breed in 1976 . A Westie also won Crufts in 1990 with the Best in Show title going to Derek Tattersall 's Ch . Olac Moon Pilot. , and in 2016. ( Burneze Geordie Girl ) The popularity of the breed during the early 20th century was such that dogs were being exchanged for hundreds of guineas . As of 2010 , the Westie is the third-most popular breed of terrier in the UK , with 5,361 puppies registered with the Kennel Club . However , this is a decrease in numbers since 2001 , when it was the most popular terrier breed , with 11,019 new dogs registered . The breed 's position in the United States is more stable with it remaining in the top third of all breeds since around 1960 . It was ranked 30th-most popular in 2001 , based on registrations with the American Kennel Club , which has varied around the 30s in the decade since , with it ranked 34th in 2010 . In popular culture ( edit ) West Highland White Terrier in the garden In public life ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah , founder of Pakistan , owned a Westie . John Green , novelist , co-founder of the VlogBrothers , is known to own a Westie , called Willie ( or Fireball Wilson Roberts ) . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , has a Westie named Brontë . In branding ( edit ) Black & White whisky have used both Scottish Terriers and Westies in their advertisements . The breed is used as the mascot of the `` Cesar '' brand of dog food . The Australian dog food manufacturer Mars Incorporated uses the West Highland White Terrier breed as the `` face '' of their `` My Dog '' brand . The Westie can be seen on `` My Dog '' packaging , their website and television and print advertisements . In film ( edit ) The film The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby , released in the UK in February 2006 , cast a West Highland White Terrier as Bobby . The appearance of a Westie caused protests from the Skye Terrier breed club , which complained about the filmmaker 's use of an incorrect dog breed for the part . In the film Lethal Weapon 3 , Carrie Murtaugh , played by Ebonie Smith , carried a Westie early in the movie when Martin Riggs ( played by Mel Gibson ) brings his laundry to the Murtaugh home . The 2018 film Game Night prominently features a West Highland Terrier . In television ( edit ) The titular character in the BBC Scotland -- produced television series Hamish Macbeth owned a Westie named `` Wee Jock '' . This dog later dies and is replaced by another Westie named Jock . In the Brazilian television animated series As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa ( The Adventures of Gui & Estopa ) , the main character Gui is the Terrier breed . In the TV show Jeeves and Wooster , Bertie 's Aunt Agatha owns a Westie named MacIntosh . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Palika , Liz ( 2007 ) . The Howell Book of Dogs . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 00921 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kern , Kerry V ( 1988 ) . The New Terrier Handbook . New York , NY : Barron 's . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 3951 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bruette ( 1921 ) : p. 191 Jump up ^ `` The West Highland White Terrier : A Spunky Scot '' . My Pet Reference. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Highland White Terrier Breed Profile '' . Your Dog . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is a Westie right for you ? '' . San Francisco Bay West Highland White Terrier Club . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rice ( 2002 ) : p. 6 Jump up ^ Coren , Stanley ( 2006 ) . The Intelligence of Dogs . London , UK : Pocket Books . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Westie FAQs '' . West Highland White Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report '' ( PDF ) . 20 February 2007 . West Highland White Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , D.G. ; Church , D.B. ; McGreevy , P.D. ; Thomson , P.C. ; Brodbelt , D.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England '' . The Veterinary Journal . 198 : 638 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2013.09. 020 . PMID 24206631 . Jump up ^ Leroy , G.G. ; Phocas , F. ; Hedan , B. ; Verrier , E. ; Rognon , X . ( 2015 ) . `` Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds '' . The Veterinary Journal . 203 : 74 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2014.11. 008 . PMID 25475165 . mean = 11.89 ± 3.92 median = 12.93 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 115 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Grayson , J. Kevin . `` 2007 West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Westie Foundation of America and the Health Committee of the WHWTCA . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gross , Thelma Lee ( 2005 ) . Skin diseases of the dog and cat . Ames , IO : Blackwell Science . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06452 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 105 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 155 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 108 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 125 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 126 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Smith ( 1921 ) : p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Rice ( 2002 ) : p. 5 Jump up ^ Dalziel , Hugh ( 1879 ) . British dogs ; their varieties , history , characteristics , breeding , management and exhibition . London , UK : The Bazaar Office . p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : Horter , Ria ( April 2009 ) . `` Col. Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch , and the West Highland White Terrier '' ( PDF ) . Dogs in Canada . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles Henry ( 1902 ) . Dog shows and doggy people . London , UK : Hutchinson . pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Ludovick Charles Richard Duncombe - Jewell ( 1908 ) . Otters and otter - hunting . New York , NY : C. Scribner 's Sons . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hochwell , A.F. ( 1925 ) . Dogs as home companions ; a book for all dog lovers . Cincinnati , OH : Sportsman 's Digest . pp. 26 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` She Asked For It '' . Time . 23 February 1942 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fads : The Poodle Dethroned '' . Time . 23 February 1962 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dogworld : Digital Crufts Edition ( 2010 ) : p. 84 Jump up ^ Dogworld : Digital Crufts Edition ( 2010 ) : p. 88 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1921 ) : p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Comparative Tables of Registrations for the Years 2001 -- 2010 Inclusive '' ( PDF ) . The Kennel Club . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AKC Dog Registration Statistics '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Oxford University Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 614 - 21694 - X . ( Jinnah ) had two dogs , one formidable black Doberman , the other a white West Highland Terrier . Jump up ^ Barrows , Sydney Biddle ; Kennedy , Dan S ( 2009 ) . Uncensored sales strategies . Irvine , CA : Entrepreneur Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59918 - 193 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Official Website '' . Cesar.ca . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MY DOG ® Premium Dog Food '' . Mars Incorporated . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ MyDog Dog Food 2010 Ad on YouTube Jump up ^ Cramb , Auslan ( 7 November 2002 ) . `` Casting row dogs the remake of Greyfriar 's Bobby '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bignell , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . Popular television drama : critical perspectives . Manchester , UK ; New York : Manchester University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6933 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Mande a foto do seu `` Iguinho '' '' ( in Portuguese ) . iG São Paulo - Redação. 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ackerman , Lowell J ( 2011 ) . Genetic Connection : A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs ( 2nd ed . ) . Lakewood , CO : American Animal Hospital Association Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58326 - 157 - 6 . Bruette , William A ( 1921 ) . The Complete Dog Book . Cincinnati , OH : Stewart Kidd Co . `` Digital Crufts Edition '' . Dogworld . The Dog World Ltd. 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 Oct 2011 . Rice , Dan ( 2002 ) . West Highland White Terriers . Hauppauge , NY : Barron 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1899 - 9 . Smith , Arthur Croxton ( 1910 ) . The Power of the Dog . London , UK : Hodder and Stoughton . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Highland White Terrier . West Highland White Terrier at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Terriers Working breeds Long legged Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Brazilian Terrier Enkarterriko Billanuko Fox Terrier ( Smooth ) Gos Rater Valencià Irish Terrier Jagdterrier Kaikadi Kerry Blue Terrier Lakeland Terrier Majorca Ratter Manchester Terrier Old English Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Ratonero Murciano de Huerta Soft - coated Wheaten Terrier Welsh Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Short legged Australian Terrier Cairn Terrier Cesky Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Glen of Imaal Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Japanese Terrier Miniature Fox Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Rat Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Tenterfield Terrier West Highland White Terrier Bull type breeds American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Boston Terrier Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Irish Bull Terrier Staffordshire Bull Terrier Toy breeds Australian Silky Terrier English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Russkiy Toy Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Miscellaneous American Hairless Terrier Russian Black Terrier Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Black and Tan Terrier Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Highland_White_Terrier&oldid=851140820 '' Categories : Terriers Dog breeds originating in Scotland Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 10 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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-7547632124281045088 | Highest-paid NBA players by season | Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=803417623 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . About Wikipedia | who got the highest paid contract in the nba | [
"The highest-paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty-million-dollar range. In this twelve-year span, Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000, which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player, during the 2003–04 season. Garnett has been the highest-paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons. Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season. During the 1997–98 season, Jordan earned $33,000,000. Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013–14 season began.[1] LeBron James became the third in the 2016–17 season. Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40-Million per year when he signed a record 5-year contract worth $201-Million in 2017."
] | [
"Stephen Curry"
] |
-340953932545119988 | Financial crisis of 2007–2008 | Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 - wikipedia Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the financial crisis that peaked in 2008 . For the global recession triggered by the financial crisis , see Great Recession . The TED spread ( in red ) increased significantly during the financial crisis , reflecting an increase in perceived credit risk World map showing real GDP growth rates for 2009 ( Countries in brown were in recession . ) Subprime mortgage crisis Major dimensions ( show ) Subprime crisis impact timeline 2000s energy crisis United States housing bubble United States housing market correction Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Great Recession of 2008 -- 09 Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Causes ( show ) Causes of the United States housing bubble Credit rating agencies and the subprime crisis Government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis Causes of the Great Recession Summit meetings ( show ) 34th G8 summit ( July 2008 ) G - 20 Washington summit ( November 2008 ) APEC Peru ( November 2008 ) China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit ( December 2008 ) G - 20 London Summit ( April 2009 ) Legislation and spending ( show ) 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Banking ( Special Provisions ) Act 2008 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis Government intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) Company bailouts ( show ) American International Group Chrysler Citigroup Fannie Mae Freddie Mac General Motors Royal Bank of Scotland Group UBS List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession The financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , also known as the global financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis , is considered by many economists to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s . It began in 2007 with a crisis in the subprime mortgage market in the US , and developed into a full - blown international banking crisis with the collapse of the investment bank Lehman Brothers on September 15 , 2008 . Excessive risk - taking by banks such as Lehman Brothers helped to magnify the financial impact globally . Massive bail - outs of financial institutions and other palliative monetary and fiscal policies were employed to prevent a possible collapse of the world financial system . The crisis was nonetheless followed by a global economic downturn , the Great Recession . The European debt crisis , a crisis in the banking system of the European countries using the euro , followed later . The Dodd -- Frank Act was enacted in the US in the aftermath of the crisis to `` promote the financial stability of the United States '' . The Basel III capital and liquidity standards were adopted by countries around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Subprime mortgage bubble 1.2 Banking crisis 1.3 Consequences 1.4 Background causes 2 Causes 2.1 Subprime lending 2.2 Growth of the housing bubble 2.3 Easy credit conditions 2.4 Weak and fraudulent underwriting practices 2.5 Predatory lending 2.6 Deregulation 2.7 Increased debt burden or overleveraging 2.8 Financial innovation and complexity 2.9 Incorrect pricing of risk 2.10 Boom and collapse of the shadow banking system 2.11 Commodities boom 2.12 Systemic crisis 2.13 Role of economic forecasting 3 Impact on financial markets 3.1 US stock market 3.2 Financial institutions 4 IndyMac 4.1 Collapse 4.2 Credit markets and the shadow banking system 4.3 Wealth effects 4.4 European contagion 5 Effects on the global economy ( as of 2009 ) 5.1 Global effects 5.2 US economic effects 5.2. 1 Real gross domestic product 5.2. 2 Distribution of wealth in the US 5.3 Official economic projections 6 Government responses 6.1 Emergency and short - term responses 6.2 Regulatory proposals and long - term responses 6.3 United States Congress response 6.4 Court proceedings 6.5 Continuation of the financial crisis in the US housing market 7 Stabilization 8 Media coverage 9 Emerging and developing economies drive global economic growth 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Summary ( edit ) Subprime mortgage bubble ( edit ) The precipitating factor was a high default rate in the United States subprime home mortgage sector . The expansion of this sector was encouraged by the following factors . Low interest rates . The Community Reinvestment Act ( CRA ) , a US federal law designed to help low - and moderate - income Americans get mortgage loans . Many of these subprime ( high risk ) loans were bundled and sold , finally accruing to quasi-government agencies ( Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ) . The implicit guarantee by the US federal government created a moral hazard and contributed to a glut of risky lending . Securitization . Many mortgages were bundled together and formed into new financial instruments called mortgage - backed securities , which could be sold as ( ostensibly ) low - risk securities partly because they were often backed by credit default swaps insurance . Because mortgage lenders could pass these mortgages ( and the associated risks ) on in this way , they could and did adopt loose underwriting criteria ( due in part to outdated and lax regulation ) . Lax regulation also led to predatory lending in the private sector , especially after the federal government overrode anti-predatory state laws in 2004 . The accumulation and subsequent high default rate of these subprime mortgages led to the financial crisis and the consequent damage to the world economy . Banking crisis ( edit ) High mortgage approval rates led to a large pool of homebuyers , which drove up housing prices . This appreciation in value led large numbers of homeowners ( subprime or not ) to borrow against their homes as an apparent windfall . This `` bubble '' would be burst by a rising single - family residential mortgages delinquency rate beginning in August 2006 and peaking in the first quarter , 2010 . The high delinquency rates led to a rapid devaluation of financial instruments ( mortgage - backed securities including bundled loan portfolios , derivatives and credit default swaps ) . As the value of these assets plummeted , the market ( buyers ) for these securities evaporated and banks who were heavily invested in these assets began to experience a liquidity crisis . Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae were taken over by the federal government on September 7 , 2008 . Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy on September 15 , 2008 . Merrill Lynch , AIG , HBOS , Royal Bank of Scotland , Bradford & Bingley , Fortis , Hypo Real Estate , and Alliance & Leicester were all expected to follow -- with a U.S. federal bailout announced the following day beginning with $85 billion to AIG . In spite of trillions paid out by the U.S. federal government , it became much more difficult to borrow money . The resulting decrease in buyers caused housing prices to plummet . Consequences ( edit ) While the collapse of large financial institutions was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments , stock markets still dropped worldwide . In many areas , the housing market also suffered , resulting in evictions , foreclosures , and prolonged unemployment . The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses , declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars , and a downturn in economic activity leading to the Great Recession of 2008 -- 2012 and contributing to the European sovereign - debt crisis . The active phase of the crisis , which manifested as a liquidity crisis , can be dated from August 9 , 2007 , when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing `` a complete evaporation of liquidity '' . The bursting of the US housing bubble , which peaked at the end of 2006 , caused the values of securities tied to US real estate pricing to plummet , damaging financial institutions globally . The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership , providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers , overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate , questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers , compensation structures that prioritize short - term deal flow over long - term value creation , and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making . Questions regarding bank solvency , declines in credit availability , and damaged investor confidence affected global stock markets , where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009 . Economies worldwide slowed during this period , as credit tightened and international trade declined . Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus , monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts . In the US , Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Background causes ( edit ) Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested , with varying weight assigned by experts . The US Senate 's Levin -- Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of `` high risk , complex financial products ; undisclosed conflicts of interest ; the failure of regulators , the credit rating agencies , and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street . '' The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by `` widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision '' , `` dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions '' , `` a combination of excessive borrowing , risky investments , and lack of transparency '' by financial institutions , ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that `` added to the uncertainty and panic '' , a `` systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics '' , `` collapsing mortgage - lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline '' , deregulation of over-the - counter derivatives , especially credit default swaps , and `` the failures of credit rating agencies '' to correctly price risk . The 1999 repeal of the Glass - Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States . Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage - related financial products , and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st - century financial markets . Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads . Fair value accounting was issued as US accounting standard SFAS 157 in 2006 by the privately run Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) -- delegated by the SEC with the task of establishing financial reporting standards . This required that tradable assets such as mortgage securities be valued according to their current market value rather than their historic cost or some future expected value . When the market for such securities became volatile and collapsed , the resulting loss of value had a major financial effect upon the institutions holding them even if they had no immediate plans to sell them . Causes ( edit ) Main article : Causes of the Great Recession The immediate cause or trigger of the crisis was the bursting of the US housing bubble , which peaked in 2006 / 2007 . Already - rising default rates on `` subprime '' and adjustable - rate mortgages ( ARM ) began to increase quickly thereafter . Easy availability of credit in the US , fueled by large inflows of foreign funds after the Russian debt crisis and Asian financial crisis of the 1997 -- 1998 period , led to a housing construction boom and facilitated debt - financed consumer spending . As banks began to give out more loans to potential home owners , housing prices began to rise . Lax lending standards and rising real estate prices also contributed to the real estate bubble . Loans of various types ( e.g. , mortgage , credit card , and auto ) were easy to obtain and consumers assumed an unprecedented debt load . As part of the housing and credit booms , the number of financial agreements called mortgage - backed securities ( MBS ) and collateralized debt obligations ( CDO ) , which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices , greatly increased . Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the US housing market . As housing prices declined , major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses . Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan , providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure . The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the US and only reduced to historical levels in early 2014 drained significant wealth from consumers , losing up to $4.2 trillion in wealth from home equity . Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy . Total losses are estimated in the trillions of US dollars globally . Share in GDP of US financial sector since 1860 While the housing and credit bubbles were building , a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile , a process called financialization . US Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business , which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions . Thus , policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds , also known as the shadow banking system . Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial ( depository ) banks in providing credit to the US economy , but they were not subject to the same regulations . These institutions , as well as certain regulated banks , had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses . These losses affected the ability of financial institutions to lend , slowing economic activity . Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets , which are integral to funding business operations . Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs , assuming significant additional financial commitments . The US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011 . It concluded that : ... the crisis was avoidable and was caused by : widespread failures in financial regulation , including the Federal Reserve 's failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages ; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk ; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis ; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis , lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw ; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels . -- Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission -- Press Release -- January 27 , 2011 Subprime lending ( edit ) Main article : Subprime mortgage crisis The 2000s were the decade of subprime borrowers ; no longer was this a segment left to fringe lenders . The relaxing of credit lending standards by investment banks and commercial banks drove this about - face . Subprime did not become magically less risky ; Wall Street just accepted this higher risk . During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share , and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited , mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers . In the view of some analysts , the relatively conservative government - sponsored enterprises ( GSEs ) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003 . However , as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power , mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated . The worst loans were originated in 2004 -- 2007 , the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs . US subprime lending expanded dramatically 2004 -- 2006 As well as easy credit conditions , there is evidence that competitive pressures contributed to an increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis . Major US investment banks and GSEs such as Fannie Mae played an important role in the expansion of lending , with GSEs eventually relaxing their standards to try to catch up with the private banks . A contrarian view is that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac led the way to relaxed underwriting standards , starting in 1995 , by advocating the use of easy - to - qualify automated underwriting and appraisal systems , by designing the no - downpayment products issued by lenders , by the promotion of thousands of small mortgage brokers , and by their close relationship to subprime loan aggregators such as Countrywide . Depending on how `` subprime '' mortgages are defined , they remained below 10 % of all mortgage originations until 2004 , when they rose to nearly 20 % and remained there through the 2005 -- 2006 peak of the United States housing bubble . The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , written by the six Democratic appointees , the minority report , written by three of the four Republican appointees , studies by Federal Reserve economists , and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis . Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis , they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks , and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios . In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government - sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . Later , based upon information in the SEC 's December 2011 securities fraud case against six former executives of Fannie and Freddie , Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that , in 2008 , Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion . In the early and mid-2000s , the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages . On September 10 , 2003 , the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight ( OFHEO ) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities . The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation . Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the US financial system that went unheeded . A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act ( CRA ) - covered lenders into low and mid level income ( LMI ) borrowers and neighborhoods , representing 10 % of all US mortgage lending during the period . The majority of these were prime loans . Sub-prime loans made by CRA - covered institutions constituted a 3 % market share of LMI loans in 1998 , but in the run - up to the crisis , fully 25 % of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA - covered institutions and another 25 % of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA . Furthermore , most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA , especially in the years 2005 -- 2006 leading up to the crisis , nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending . To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes ( in 1995 ) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising , and does not exonerate the CRA . They contend that there were two , connected causes to the crisis : the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11 , 2001 . Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place . Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive , totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007 . They also argue that the Federal Reserve 's classification of CRA loans as `` prime '' is based on the faulty and self - serving assumption that high - interest - rate loans ( 3 percentage points over average ) equal `` subprime '' loans . Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude . In an article in Portfolio Magazine , Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that `` There were n't enough Americans with ( bad ) credit taking out ( bad loans ) to satisfy investors ' appetite for the end product . '' Essentially , investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made , far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans , using derivatives called credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs . As of March 2011 , the FDIC had had to pay out $9 billion to cover losses on bad loans at 165 failed financial institutions . The Congressional Budget Office estimated , in June 2011 , that the bailout to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac exceeds $300 billion ( calculated by adding the fair value deficits of the entities to the direct bailout funds at the time ) . Economist Paul Krugman argued in January 2010 that the simultaneous growth of the residential and commercial real estate pricing bubbles and the global nature of the crisis undermines the case made by those who argue that Fannie Mae , Freddie Mac , CRA , or predatory lending were primary causes of the crisis . In other words , bubbles in both markets developed even though only the residential market was affected by these potential causes . Countering Krugman , Peter J. Wallison wrote : `` It is not true that every bubble -- even a large bubble -- has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates . '' Wallison notes that other developed countries had `` large bubbles during the 1997 -- 2007 period '' but `` the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997 -- 2007 ( bubble ) deflated . '' According to Wallison , the reason the US residential housing bubble ( as opposed to other types of bubbles ) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans -- generally with low or no downpayments . Krugman 's contention ( that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that US housing policy was not the cause of the crisis ) is challenged by additional analysis . After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis , Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported ( in December 2010 ) : `` We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS ( commercial mortgage - backed securities ) loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis . '' Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate . Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports : `` The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006 . Three years later , commercial real estate started feeling the effects . Denice A. Gierach , a real estate attorney and CPA , wrote : ... most of the commercial real estate loans were good loans destroyed by a really bad economy . In other words , the borrowers did not cause the loans to go bad , it was the economy . Growth of the housing bubble ( edit ) Main article : United States housing bubble A graph showing the median and average sales prices of new homes sold in the United States between 1963 and 2008 ( not adjusted for inflation ) Between 1998 and 2006 , the price of the typical American house increased by 124 % . During the two decades ending in 2001 , the national median home price ranged from 2.9 to 3.1 times median household income . This ratio rose to 4.0 in 2004 , and 4.6 in 2006 . This housing bubble resulted in many homeowners refinancing their homes at lower interest rates , or financing consumer spending by taking out second mortgages secured by the price appreciation . In a Peabody Award winning program , NPR correspondents argued that a `` Giant Pool of Money '' ( represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments ) sought higher yields than those offered by US Treasury bonds early in the decade . This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007 , yet the supply of relatively safe , income generating investments had not grown as fast . Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage - backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies . In effect , Wall Street connected this pool of money to the mortgage market in the US , with enormous fees accruing to those throughout the mortgage supply chain , from the mortgage broker selling the loans to small banks that funded the brokers and the large investment banks behind them . By approximately 2003 , the supply of mortgages originated at traditional lending standards had been exhausted , and continued strong demand began to drive down lending standards . The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending , extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees . This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority . Those securities first in line received investment - grade ratings from rating agencies . Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested . By September 2008 , average US housing prices had declined by over 20 % from their mid-2006 peak . As prices declined , borrowers with adjustable - rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default . During 2007 , lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties , a 79 % increase over 2006 . This increased to 2.3 million in 2008 , an 81 % increase vs. 2007 . By August 2008 , 9.2 % of all US mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure . By September 2009 , this had risen to 14.4 % . Easy credit conditions ( edit ) Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing . From 2000 to 2003 , the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5 % to 1.0 % . This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot - com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks , as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation . As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed `` needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble '' . Moreover , empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis . US current account deficit . Additional downward pressure on interest rates was created by the high and rising US current account deficit , which peaked along with the housing bubble in 2006 . Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke explained how trade deficits required the US to borrow money from abroad , in the process bidding up bond prices and lowering interest rates . Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004 , the US current account deficit increased by $650 billion , from 1.5 % to 5.8 % of GDP . Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad , much of it from countries running trade surpluses . These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil - exporting nations . The balance of payments identity requires that a country ( such as the US ) running a current account deficit also have a capital account ( investment ) surplus of the same amount . Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds ( capital ) flowed into the US to finance its imports . All of this created demand for various types of financial assets , raising the prices of those assets while lowering interest rates . Foreign investors had these funds to lend either because they had very high personal savings rates ( as high as 40 % in China ) or because of high oil prices . Ben Bernanke has referred to this as a `` saving glut '' . A flood of funds ( capital or liquidity ) reached the US financial markets . Foreign governments supplied funds by purchasing Treasury bonds and thus avoided much of the direct effect of the crisis . US households , on the other hand , used funds borrowed from foreigners to finance consumption or to bid up the prices of housing and financial assets . Financial institutions invested foreign funds in mortgage - backed securities . The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006 . This contributed to an increase in 1 - year and 5 - year adjustable - rate mortgage ( ARM ) rates , making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners . This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble , as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates , and it became riskier to speculate in housing . US housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst . Weak and fraudulent underwriting practices ( edit ) Subprime lending standards declined in the USA : in early 2000 , a subprime borrower had a FICO score of 660 or less . By 2005 , many lenders dropped the required FICO score to 620 , making it much easier to qualify for prime loans and making subprime lending a riskier business . Proof of income and assets were de-emphasized . Loans moved from full documentation to low documentation to no documentation . One subprime mortgage product that gained wide acceptance was the no income , no job , no asset verification required ( NINJA ) mortgage . Informally , these loans were aptly referred to as `` liar loans '' because they encouraged borrowers to be less than honest in the loan application process . Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup ( where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters ) suggests that by the final years of the US housing bubble ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic . His testimony stated that by 2006 , 60 % of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were `` defective '' ( were not underwritten to policy , or did not contain all policy - required documents ) -- this , despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible ( certified via representations and warrantees ) that its mortgage originations met Citi 's standards . Moreover , during 2007 , `` defective mortgages ( from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi 's standards ) increased ... to over 80 % of production '' . In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , officers of Clayton Holdings -- the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe -- testified that Clayton 's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54 % of the loans met their originators ' underwriting standards . The analysis ( conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks , including 7 `` too big to fail '' banks ) additionally showed that 28 % of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer . Clayton 's analysis further showed that 39 % of these loans ( i.e. those not meeting any issuer 's minimal underwriting standards ) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors . There is strong evidence that the GSEs -- due to their large size and market power -- were far more effective at policing underwriting by originators and forcing underwriters to repurchase defective loans . By contrast , private securitizers have been far less aggressive and less effective in recovering losses from originators on behalf of investors . Predatory lending ( edit ) Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders , enticing borrowers to enter into `` unsafe '' or `` unsound '' secured loans for inappropriate purposes . A classic bait - and - switch method was used by Countrywide Financial , advertising low interest rates for home refinancing . Such loans were covered by very detailed contracts , and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing . Whereas the advertisement might state that 1 % or 1.5 % interest would be charged , the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage ( ARM ) in which the interest charged would be greater than the mortgage payments , creating negative amortization which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated . Countrywide , sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for `` unfair business practices '' and `` false advertising '' , was making high cost mortgages `` to homeowners with weak credit , adjustable rate mortgages ( ARMs ) that allowed homeowners to make interest - only payments '' . When housing prices decreased , homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments , since their home equity had disappeared . This caused Countrywide 's financial condition to deteriorate , ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender . One Countrywide employee -- who would later plead guilty to two counts of wire fraud and spent 18 months in prison -- stated that , `` If you had a pulse , we gave you a loan . '' Former employees from Ameriquest , which was United States ' leading wholesale lender , described a system in which they were pushed to falsify mortgage documents and then sell the mortgages to Wall Street banks eager to make fast profits . There is growing evidence that such mortgage frauds may be a cause of the crisis . Deregulation ( edit ) Further information : Government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis A 2012 OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis . In other cases , laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system . Key examples include : Jimmy Carter 's Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 ( DIDMCA ) phased out a number of restrictions on banks ' financial practices , broadened their lending powers , allowed credit unions and savings and loans to offer checkable deposits , and raised the deposit insurance limit from $40,000 to $100,000 ( thereby potentially lessening depositor scrutiny of lenders ' risk management policies ) . In October 1982 , US President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Garn -- St. Germain Depository Institutions Act , which provided for adjustable - rate mortgage loans , began the process of banking deregulation , and contributed to the savings and loan crisis of the late 1980s / early 1990s . In November 1999 , US President Bill Clinton signed into law the Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act , which repealed provisions of the Glass - Steagall Act that prohibit a bank holding company from owning other financial companies . The repeal effectively removed the separation that previously existed between Wall Street investment banks and depository banks , providing a government stamp of approval for a universal risk - taking banking model . Investment banks such as Lehman would now be thrust into direct competition with commercial banks . Most analysts say that this repeal directly contributed to the severity of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 . However , there is perspective that repeal made little difference because the institutions that were greatly affected did not fall under the jurisdiction of the act itself . In 2004 , the US Securities and Exchange Commission relaxed the net capital rule , which enabled investment banks to substantially increase the level of debt they were taking on , fueling the growth in mortgage - backed securities supporting subprime mortgages . The SEC has conceded that self - regulation of investment banks contributed to the crisis . Financial institutions in the shadow banking system are not subject to the same regulation as depository banks , allowing them to assume additional debt obligations relative to their financial cushion or capital base . This was the case despite the Long - Term Capital Management debacle in 1998 , where a highly leveraged shadow institution failed with systemic implications . Regulators and accounting standard - setters allowed depository banks such as Citigroup to move significant amounts of assets and liabilities off - balance sheet into complex legal entities called structured investment vehicles , masking the weakness of the capital base of the firm or degree of leverage or risk taken . One news agency estimated that the top four US banks will have to return between $500 billion and $1 trillion to their balance sheets during 2009 . This increased uncertainty during the crisis regarding the financial position of the major banks . Off - balance sheet entities were also used by Enron as part of the scandal that brought down that company in 2001 . As early as 1997 , Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan fought to keep the derivatives market unregulated . With the advice of the President 's Working Group on Financial Markets , the US Congress and President Bill Clinton allowed the self - regulation of the over-the - counter derivatives market when they enacted the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 . Derivatives such as credit default swaps ( CDS ) can be used to hedge or speculate against particular credit risks without necessarily owning the underlying debt instruments . The volume of CDS outstanding increased 100-fold from 1998 to 2008 , with estimates of the debt covered by CDS contracts , as of November 2008 , ranging from US $33 to $47 trillion . Total over-the - counter ( OTC ) derivative notional value rose to $683 trillion by June 2008 . Warren Buffett famously referred to derivatives as `` financial weapons of mass destruction '' in early 2003 . Increased debt burden or overleveraging ( edit ) Leverage ratios of investment banks increased significantly between 2003 and 2007 . Prior to the crisis , financial institutions became highly leveraged , increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses . Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off - balance sheet securitization and derivatives , which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels . These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy , and contributed to the need for government bailouts . Household debt relative to disposable income and GDP . US households and financial institutions became increasingly indebted or overleveraged during the years preceding the crisis . This increased their vulnerability to the collapse of the housing bubble and worsened the ensuing economic downturn . Key statistics include : Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction doubled from $627 billion in 2001 to $1,428 billion in 2005 as the housing bubble built , a total of nearly $5 trillion over the period , contributing to economic growth worldwide . US home mortgage debt relative to GDP increased from an average of 46 % during the 1990s to 73 % during 2008 , reaching $10.5 trillion . US household debt as a percentage of annual disposable personal income was 127 % at the end of 2007 , versus 77 % in 1990 . In 1981 , US private debt was 123 % of GDP ; by the third quarter of 2008 , it was 290 % . From 2004 to 2007 , the top five US investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage ( see diagram ) , which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock . Changes in capital requirements , intended to keep US banks competitive with their European counterparts , allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities . The shift from first - loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage . These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007 , about 30 % of US nominal GDP for 2007 . Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated , Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire - sale prices , and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks , subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation . With the exception of Lehman , these companies required or received government support . Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company 's possible sale . However , both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company . Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , two US government - sponsored enterprises , owned or guaranteed nearly $5 trillion in mortgage obligations at the time they were placed into conservatorship by the US government in September 2008 . These seven entities were highly leveraged and had $9 trillion in debt or guarantee obligations ; yet they were not subject to the same regulation as depository banks . Behavior that may be optimal for an individual ( e.g. , saving more during adverse economic conditions ) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior , as ultimately one person 's consumption is another person 's income . Too many consumers attempting to save ( or pay down debt ) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession . Economist Hyman Minsky also described a `` paradox of deleveraging '' as financial institutions that have too much leverage ( debt relative to equity ) can not all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets . During April 2009 , US Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes : Once this massive credit crunch hit , it did n't take long before we were in a recession . The recession , in turn , deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell , and credit losses of financial institutions surged . Indeed , we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year . A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy . Consumers are pulling back on purchases , especially on durable goods , to build their savings . Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash . And , financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm . Once again , Minsky understood this dynamic . He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging , in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms -- and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state -- nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole . Financial innovation and complexity ( edit ) IMF Diagram of CDO and RMBS The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives , such as offsetting a particular risk exposure ( such as the default of a borrower ) or to assist with obtaining financing . Examples pertinent to this crisis included : the adjustable - rate mortgage ; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage - backed securities ( MBS ) or collateralized debt obligations ( CDO ) for sale to investors , a type of securitization ; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps ( CDS ) . The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis . These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions . CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007 , then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008 . Further , the credit quality of CDO 's declined from 2000 to 2007 , as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5 % to 36 % of CDO assets . As described in the section on subprime lending , the CDS and portfolio of CDS called synthetic CDO enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding , provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found . For example , buying a CDS to insure a CDO ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the CDO , when those CDO 's became worthless . Diagram of CMLTI 2006 -- NC2 This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity . It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage ( including mortgage brokers , specialized originators , the securitizers and their due diligence firms , managing agents and trading desks , and finally investors , insurances and providers of repo funding ) . With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information ( including FICO scores on creditworthiness , appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations , and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks ) . Instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts , misjudgments and finally market collapse . Martin Wolf further wrote in June 2009 that certain financial innovations enabled firms to circumvent regulations , such as off - balance sheet financing that affects the leverage or capital cushion reported by major banks , stating : `` ... an enormous part of what banks did in the early part of this decade -- the off - balance - sheet vehicles , the derivatives and the ' shadow banking system ' itself -- was to find a way round regulation . '' Incorrect pricing of risk ( edit ) A protester on Wall Street in the wake of the AIG bonus payments controversy is interviewed by news media . The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk , which may be measured by interest rates or fees . Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis , enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have , and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward , readily understandable format . For a variety of reasons , market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its effect on the overall stability of the financial system . For example , the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system . Banks estimated that $450 bn of CDO were sold between `` late 2005 to the middle of 2007 '' ; among the $102 bn of those that had been liquidated , JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for `` high quality '' CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar , while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar . Another example relates to AIG , which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps . The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted . However , AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008 . US taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009 , through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions , including many large global financial institutions . The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( FCIC ) made the major government study of the crisis . It concluded in January 2011 : The Commission concludes AIG failed and was rescued by the government primarily because its enormous sales of credit default swaps were made without putting up the initial collateral , setting aside capital reserves , or hedging its exposure -- a profound failure in corporate governance , particularly its risk management practices . AIG 's failure was possible because of the sweeping deregulation of over-the - counter ( OTC ) derivatives , including credit default swaps , which effectively eliminated federal and state regulation of these products , including capital and margin requirements that would have lessened the likelihood of AIG 's failure . The limitations of a widely used financial model also were not properly understood . This formula assumed that the price of CDS was correlated with and could predict the correct price of mortgage - backed securities . Because it was highly tractable , it rapidly came to be used by a huge percentage of CDO and CDS investors , issuers , and rating agencies . According to one wired.com article : Then the model fell apart . Cracks started appearing early on , when financial markets began behaving in ways that users of Li 's formula had n't expected . The cracks became full - fledged canyons in 2008 -- when ruptures in the financial system 's foundation swallowed up trillions of dollars and put the survival of the global banking system in serious peril ... Li 's Gaussian copula formula will go down in history as instrumental in causing the unfathomable losses that brought the world financial system to its knees . As financial assets became more complex and harder to value , investors were reassured by the fact that the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators accepted as valid some complex mathematical models that showed the risks were much smaller than they actually were . George Soros commented that `` The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves . Similarly , the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products . It was a shocking abdication of responsibility . '' Moreover , a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients , combined with a global glut in investment capital , led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets . Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management . There is , therefore , an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation . As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline , asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients . Many asset managers continued to invest client funds in over-priced ( under - yielding ) investments , to the detriment of their clients , so they could maintain their assets under management . They supported this choice with a `` plausible deniability '' of the risks associated with subprime - based credit assets because the loss experience with early `` vintages '' of subprime loans was so low . Despite the dominance of the above formula , there are documented attempts of the financial industry , occurring before the crisis , to address the formula limitations , specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events . The volume `` Credit Correlation : Life After Copulas '' , published in 2007 by World Scientific , summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations . See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo , Pallavicini and Torresetti , that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006 . Mortgage risks were underestimated by every institution in the chain from originator to investor by underweighting the possibility of falling housing prices based on historical trends of the past 50 years . Limitations of default and prepayment models , the heart of pricing models , led to overvaluation of mortgage and asset - backed products and their derivatives by originators , securitizers , broker - dealers , rating - agencies , insurance underwriters and investors . Boom and collapse of the shadow banking system ( edit ) Securitization markets were impaired during the crisis There is strong evidence that the riskiest , worst performing mortgages were funded through the `` shadow banking system '' and that competition from the shadow banking system may have pressured more traditional institutions to lower their own underwriting standards and originate riskier loans . In a June 2008 speech , President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner -- who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury -- placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a `` run '' on the entities in the `` parallel '' banking system , also called the shadow banking system . These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system , but were not subject to the same regulatory controls . Further , these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch , meaning that they borrowed short - term in liquid markets to purchase long - term , illiquid and risky assets . This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging , selling their long - term assets at depressed prices . He described the significance of these entities : In early 2007 , asset - backed commercial paper conduits , in structured investment vehicles , in auction - rate preferred securities , tender option bonds and variable rate demand notes , had a combined asset size of roughly $2.2 trillion . Assets financed overnight in triparty repo grew to $2.5 trillion . Assets held in hedge funds grew to roughly $1.8 trillion . The combined balance sheets of the then five major investment banks totaled $4 trillion . In comparison , the total assets of the top five bank holding companies in the United States at that point were just over $6 trillion , and total assets of the entire banking system were about $10 trillion . The combined effect of these factors was a financial system vulnerable to self - reinforcing asset price and credit cycles . Paul Krugman , laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics , described the run on the shadow banking system as the `` core of what happened '' to cause the crisis . He referred to this lack of controls as `` malign neglect '' and argued that regulation should have been imposed on all banking - like activity . The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut - down in the fall of 2008 . More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds . According to the Brookings Institution , the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009 : `` It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . '' The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are `` likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions . '' Commodities boom ( edit ) Main article : 2000s commodities boom Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble . The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008 , before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008 . Experts debate the causes , with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities , some to monetary policy , and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast - growing world , leading to long positions taken on those markets , such as Chinese increasing presence in Africa . An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline , which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries , as wealth flows to oil - producing states . A pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified . The destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis . Global copper prices Copper prices increased at the same time as oil prices . Copper traded at about $2,500 per ton from 1990 until 1999 , when it fell to about $1,600 . The price slump lasted until 2004 , when a price surge pushed copper to $7,040 per ton in 2008 . Nickel prices boomed in the late 1990s , then declined from around $51,000 / £ 36,700 per metric ton in May 2007 to about $11,550 / £ 8,300 per metric ton in January 2009 . Prices were only just starting to recover as of January 2010 , but most of Australia 's nickel mines had gone bankrupt by then . As the price for high grade nickel sulphate ore recovered in 2010 , so did the Australian nickel mining industry . Coincidentally with these price fluctuations , long - only commodity index funds became popular -- by one estimate investment increased from $90 billion in 2006 to $200 billion at the end of 2007 , while commodity prices increased 71 % -- which raised concern as to whether these index funds caused the commodity bubble . The empirical research has been mixed . Systemic crisis ( edit ) Another analysis , different from the mainstream explanation , is that the financial crisis is merely a symptom of another , deeper crisis , which is a systemic crisis of capitalism itself . Ravi Batra 's theory is that growing inequality of financial capitalism produces speculative bubbles that burst and result in depression and major political changes . He has also suggested that a `` demand gap '' related to differing wage and productivity growth explains deficit and debt dynamics important to stock market developments . John Bellamy Foster , a political economy analyst and editor of the Monthly Review , believes that the decrease in GDP growth rates since the early 1970s is due to increasing market saturation . In 2005 , John C. Bogle wrote that a series of challenges face capitalism that have contributed to past financial crises and have not been sufficiently addressed : Corporate America went astray largely because the power of managers went virtually unchecked by our gatekeepers for far too long ... They failed to ' keep an eye on these geniuses ' to whom they had entrusted the responsibility of the management of America 's great corporations . Echoing the central thesis of James Burnham 's 1941 seminal book , The Managerial Revolution , Bogle cites particular issues , including : that `` Manager 's capitalism '' has replaced `` owner 's capitalism '' , meaning management runs the firm for its benefit rather than for the shareholders , a variation on the principal -- agent problem ; the burgeoning executive compensation ; the management of earnings , mainly a focus on share price rather than the creation of genuine value ; and the failure of gatekeepers , including auditors , boards of directors , Wall Street analysts , and career politicians . An analysis conducted by Mark Roeder , a former executive at the Swiss - based UBS Bank , suggested that large - scale momentum , or The Big Mo `` played a pivotal role '' in the 2008 -- 09 global financial crisis . Roeder suggested that `` recent technological advances , such as computer - driven trading programs , together with the increasingly interconnected nature of markets , has magnified the momentum effect . This has made the financial sector inherently unstable . '' Robert Reich attributes the current economic downturn to the stagnation of wages in the United States , particularly those of the hourly workers who comprise 80 % of the workforce . He says this stagnation forced the population to borrow to meet the cost of living . Economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjørnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . Role of economic forecasting ( edit ) The former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India , Raghuram Rajan , had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund . In 2005 , at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan , who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve , Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector . In that paper , `` Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier ? '' , Rajan `` argued that disaster might loom . '' Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to `` take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but , in return , offer generous compensation the rest of the time . These risks are known as tail risks . But perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise , financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised . '' The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan , who instead spoke of the Great Moderation . A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis , with varying arguments . Dirk Bezemer in his research credits ( with supporting argument and estimates of timing ) 12 economists with predicting the crisis : Dean Baker ( US ) , Wynne Godley ( UK ) , Fred Harrison ( UK ) , Michael Hudson ( US ) , Eric Janszen ( US ) , Steve Keen ( Australia ) , Jakob Brøchner Madsen & Jens Kjaer Sørensen ( Denmark ) , Kurt Richebächer ( US ) , Nouriel Roubini ( US ) , Peter Schiff ( US ) , and Robert Shiller ( US ) . Examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given . Not surprisingly , the Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit - fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial , manufactured laxity in monetary supply , a perspective that even former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to . A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s . The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania 's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis . Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis . For example , an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006 , and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions . According to The Guardian , Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession , while The New York Times labelled him `` Dr. Doom '' . Shiller , an expert in housing markets , wrote an article a year before the collapse of Lehman Brothers in which he predicted that a slowing US housing market would cause the housing bubble to burst , leading to financial collapse . Schiff regularly appeared on television in the years before the crisis and warned of the impending real estate collapse . Within mainstream financial economics , most believe that financial crises are simply unpredictable , following Eugene Fama 's efficient - market hypothesis and the related random - walk hypothesis , which state respectively that markets contain all information about possible future movements , and that the movements of financial prices are random and unpredictable . Recent research casts doubt on the accuracy of `` early warning '' systems of potential crises , which must also predict their timing . Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb , author of the 2007 book The Black Swan , spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting , and their reliance on bad models , and framed the problem as part of `` robustness and fragility '' . He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis ( `` They did n't listen , so I took their money '' ) . According to David Brooks from the New York Times , `` Taleb not only has an explanation for what 's happening , he saw it coming . '' Impact on financial markets ( edit ) US stock market ( edit ) Main article : United States bear market of 2007 -- 2009 The US stock market peaked in October 2007 , when the Dow Jones Industrial Average index exceeded 14,000 points . It then entered a pronounced decline , which accelerated markedly in October 2008 . By March 2009 , the Dow Jones average had reached a trough of around 6,600 . Four years later , it hit an all - time high . It is probable , but debated , that the Federal Reserve 's aggressive policy of quantitative easing spurred the partial recovery in the stock market . Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist `` between the current market malaise '' and the Great Depression . He says the Dow Jones average 's fall of more than 50 % over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7 % fall in the Great Depression , followed by a total drop of 89 % over the following 16 months . `` It 's very troubling if you have a mirror image , '' said Dow . Floyd Norris , the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times , wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression , explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time , the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007 , and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow . The past two years ranked third , however . Financial institutions ( edit ) See also : Nationalisation of Northern Rock and Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac 2007 bank run on Northern Rock , a UK bank The first notable event signaling a possible financial crisis occurred in the United Kingdom on August 9 , 2007 , when BNP Paribas , citing `` a complete evaporation of liquidity '' , blocked withdrawals from three hedge funds . The significance of this event was not immediately recognized but soon led to a panic as investors and savers attempted to liquidate assets deposited in highly leveraged financial institutions . The International Monetary Fund estimated that large US and European banks lost more than $1 trillion on toxic assets and from bad loans from January 2007 to September 2009 . These losses are expected to top $2.8 trillion from 2007 to 2010 . US bank losses were forecast to hit $1 trillion and European bank losses will reach $1.6 trillion . The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) estimated in 2009 that US banks were about 60 % through their losses , but British and eurozone banks only 40 % . One of the first victims was Northern Rock , a medium - sized British bank . The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England . This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007 . Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored ; in February 2008 , however , the British government ( having failed to find a private sector buyer ) relented , and the bank was taken into public hands . Northern Rock 's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions . IndyMac ( edit ) The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California -- based IndyMac , a spin - off of Countrywide Financial . Before its failure , IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States . The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11 , 2008 , was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures , and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift . IndyMac Bank 's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank . IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008 . IndyMac Bank was founded as Countrywide Mortgage Investment in 1985 by David S. Loeb and Angelo Mozilo as a means of collateralizing Countrywide Financial loans too big to be sold to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae . In 1997 , Countrywide spun off IndyMac as an independent company run by Mike Perry , who remained its CEO until the downfall of the bank in July 2008 . The primary causes of its failure were largely associated with its business strategy of originating and securitizing Alt - A loans on a large scale . This strategy resulted in rapid growth and a high concentration of risky assets . From its inception as a savings association in 2000 , IndyMac grew to the seventh largest savings and loan and ninth largest originator of mortgage loans in the United States . During 2006 , IndyMac originated over $90 billion of mortgages . IndyMac 's aggressive growth strategy , use of Alt - A and other nontraditional loan products , insufficient underwriting , credit concentrations in residential real estate in the California and Florida markets -- states , alongside Nevada and Arizona , where the housing bubble was most pronounced -- and heavy reliance on costly funds borrowed from a Federal Home Loan Bank ( FHLB ) and from brokered deposits , led to its demise when the mortgage market declined in 2007 . IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower 's income or assets , and to borrowers with poor credit histories . Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well . As an Alt - A lender , IndyMac 's business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower 's needs , using an extensive array of risky option - adjustable - rate - mortgages ( option ARMs ) , subprime loans , 80 / 20 loans , and other nontraditional products . Ultimately , loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments . The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market . IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria : see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne , Chief Risk Officer , to the regulating agencies . May 12 , 2008 , in a small note in the `` Capital '' section of its what would become its last 10 - Q released before receivership , IndyMac revealed -- but did not admit -- that it was no longer a well - capitalized institution and that it was headed for insolvency . IndyMac reported that during April 2008 , Moody 's and Standard & Poor 's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage - backed security ( MBS ) bonds -- including $160 million issued by IndyMac that the bank retained in its MBS portfolio . IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have harmed the Company 's risk - based capital ratio as of June 30 , 2008 . Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31 , 2008 , IndyMac concluded that the bank 's capital ratio would have been 9.27 % total risk - based . IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below `` well capitalized '' ( minimum 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) to `` adequately capitalized '' ( 8 -- 10 % risk - based capital ratio ) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds . Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) later pointed out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac 's total deposits , and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits . With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31 , Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits . While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly , a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month , had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30 . IndyMac was taking new measures to preserve capital , such as deferring interest payments on some preferred securities . Dividends on common shares had already been suspended for the first quarter of 2008 , after being cut in half the previous quarter . The company still had not secured a significant capital infusion nor found a ready buyer . IndyMac reported that the bank 's risk - based capital was only $47 million above the minimum required for this 10 % mark . But it did not reveal some of that $47 million capital it claimed it had , as of March 31 , 2008 , was fabricated . Collapse ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : IndyMac Bank placed into conservatorship by US Government When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market . Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5 % of IndyMac 's deposits . This `` run '' on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS . The letter outlined the Senator 's concerns with IndyMac . While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac 's demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound way they operated the thrift . On June 26 , 2008 , Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) , a member of the Senate Banking Committee , chairman of Congress ' Joint Economic Committee and the third - ranking Democrat in the Senate , released several letters he had sent to regulators , which warned that , `` The possible collapse of big mortgage lender IndyMac Bancorp Inc. poses significant financial risks to its borrowers and depositors , and regulators may not be ready to intervene to protect them . '' Some worried depositors began to withdraw money . On July 7 , 2008 , IndyMac announced on the company blog that it : Had failed to raise capital since its May 12 , 2008 quarterly earnings report ; Had been notified by bank and thrift regulators that IndyMac Bank was no longer deemed `` well - capitalized '' ; IndyMac announced the closure of both its retail lending and wholesale divisions , halted new loan submissions , and cut 3,800 jobs . On July 11 , 2008 , citing liquidity concerns , the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship . A bridge bank , IndyMac Federal Bank , FSB , was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank 's assets , its secured liabilities , and its insured deposit accounts . The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank , FSB on July 14 , 2008 . Until then , depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs , their existing checks , and their existing debit cards . Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened . The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US $100,000 , and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount , guaranteeing 50 % of any amounts in excess of $100,000 . Yet , even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings , an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million . With $32 billion in assets , IndyMac Bank was one of the largest bank failures in American history . IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on July 31 , 2008 . Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial , as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets . Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008 . Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire - sale to JP Morgan Chase . The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008 . Several major institutions either failed , were acquired under duress , or were subject to government takeover . These included Lehman Brothers , Merrill Lynch , Fannie Mae , Freddie Mac , Washington Mutual , Wachovia , Citigroup , and AIG . On October 6 , 2008 , three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in US history , Lehman 's former CEO Richard S. Fuld Jr. found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman , the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform . Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse , blaming a `` crisis of confidence '' in the markets for dooming his firm . Credit markets and the shadow banking system ( edit ) TED spread and components during 2008 In September 2008 , the crisis hit its most critical stage . There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds , which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls . Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week , versus $7.1 billion the week prior . This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover ( replace ) their short - term debt . The US government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper . The TED spread , an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy , spiked up in July 2007 , remained volatile for a year , then spiked even higher in September 2008 , reaching a record 4.65 % on October 10 , 2008 . In a dramatic meeting on September 18 , 2008 , Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Fed chairman Ben Bernanke met with key legislators to propose a $700 billion emergency bailout . Bernanke reportedly told them : `` If we do n't do this , we may not have an economy on Monday . '' The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act , which implemented the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) , was signed into law on October 3 , 2008 . Economist Paul Krugman and US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system , which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above . Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage - backed securities or asset - backed commercial paper , investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations . This meant that nearly one - third of the US lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009 . According to the Brookings Institution , at that time the traditional banking system did not have the capital to close this gap : `` It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume . '' The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization were `` likely to vanish forever , having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions . '' While traditional banks raised their lending standards , it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that was the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing . Wealth effects ( edit ) The New York City headquarters of Lehman Brothers There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment , which along with government spending , represent the economic engine . Between June 2007 and November 2008 , Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth . By early November 2008 , a broad US stock index the S&P 500 , was down 45 % from its 2007 high . Housing prices had dropped 20 % from their 2006 peak , with futures markets signaling a 30 -- 35 % potential drop . Total home equity in the United States , which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006 , had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008 . Total retirement assets , Americans ' second - largest household asset , dropped by 22 % , from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008 . During the same period , savings and investment assets ( apart from retirement savings ) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion . Taken together , these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth is down $14 trillion . Further , US homeowners had extracted significant equity in their homes in the years leading up to the crisis , which they could no longer do once housing prices collapsed . Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction doubled from $627 billion in 2001 to $1,428 billion in 2005 as the housing bubble built , a total of nearly $5 trillion over the period . US home mortgage debt relative to GDP increased from an average of 46 % during the 1990s to 73 % during 2008 , reaching $10.5 trillion . To offset this decline in consumption and lending capacity , the US government and US Federal Reserve committed $13.9 trillion , of which $6.8 trillion was invested or spent as of June 2009 . In effect , the Fed went from being the `` lender of last resort '' to the `` lender of only resort '' for a significant portion of the economy . In some cases the Fed was considered the `` buyer of last resort . '' In November 2008 , economist Dean Baker observed : There is a really good reason for tighter credit . Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today . Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression . This matters for credit decisions . A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt . They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and / or have a default placed on their credit record . On the other hand , a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk . In the case of businesses , their creditworthiness depends on their future profits . Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007 ... While many banks are obviously at the brink , consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid . The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth . At the heart of the portfolios of many of these institutions were investments whose assets had been derived from bundled home mortgages . Exposure to these mortgage - backed securities , or to the credit derivatives used to insure them against failure , caused the collapse or takeover of several key firms such as Lehman Brothers , AIG , Merrill Lynch , and HBOS . European contagion ( edit ) The crisis rapidly developed and spread into a global economic shock , resulting in a number of European bank failures , declines in various stock indexes , and large reductions in the market value of equities and commodities . Both MBS and CDO were purchased by corporate and institutional investors globally . Derivatives such as credit default swaps also increased the linkage between large financial institutions . Moreover , the de-leveraging of financial institutions , as assets were sold to pay back obligations that could not be refinanced in frozen credit markets , further accelerated the solvency crisis and caused a decrease in international trade . World political leaders , national ministers of finance and central bank directors coordinated their efforts to reduce fears , but the crisis continued . At the end of October 2008 a currency crisis developed , with investors transferring vast capital resources into stronger currencies such as the yen , the dollar and the Swiss franc , leading many emergent economies to seek aid from the International Monetary Fund . Effects on the global economy ( as of 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Global effects ( edit ) Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues , an extended recession or worse could occur . The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative . The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings - and - loan meltdown . Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession , with recovery unlikely for at least two years . Three days later UBS economists announced that the `` beginning of the end '' of the crisis had begun , with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis : capital injection by governments ; injection made systemically ; interest rate cuts to help borrowers . The United Kingdom had started systemic injection , and the world 's central banks were now cutting interest rates . UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection . UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis , but that in economic terms `` the worst is still to come '' . UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16 : the Eurozone 's would last two quarters , the United States ' would last three quarters , and the United Kingdom 's would last four quarters . The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country 's major banks . Relative to the size of its economy , Iceland 's banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history . At the end of October UBS revised its outlook downwards : the forthcoming recession would be the worst since the early 1980s recession with negative 2009 growth for the US , Eurozone , UK ; very limited recovery in 2010 ; but not as bad as the Great Depression . The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that US consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007 . `` The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the US consumer as a source of global demand . '' With a recession in the US and the increased savings rate of US consumers , declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic . For the first quarter of 2009 , the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4 % in Germany , 15.2 % in Japan , 7.4 % in the UK , 18 % in Latvia , 9.8 % in the Euro area and 21.5 % for Mexico . Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns . For example , growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10 % in 2007 to close to zero in 2009 , and Kenya may achieve only 3 -- 4 % growth in 2009 , down from 7 % in 2007 . According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute , reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade , commodity prices , investment and remittances sent from migrant workers ( which reached a record $251 billion in 2007 , but have fallen in many countries since ) . This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line , be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana . Especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from Western states withdraw their money because of the crisis . Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch . With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits , such as remittances , Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) or foreign aid , Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008 . This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks . They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions . This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn . The greatest effect of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices , which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance . Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments . Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks . Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers . US economic effects ( edit ) Real gross domestic product ( edit ) The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 % in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 , versus activity in the year - ago periods . The US unemployment rate increased to 10.1 % by October 2009 , the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate . The average hours per work week declined to 33 , the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964 . With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation . With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction , the number of patent applications flat - lined . Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application , this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period . Distribution of wealth in the US ( edit ) US inequality from 1913 to 2008 . Typical American families did not fare as well , nor did those `` wealthy - but - not wealthiest '' families just beneath the pyramid 's top . On the other hand , half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis . The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009 , and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period . 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth , while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease . Official economic projections ( edit ) On November 3 , 2008 , the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP , by 0.1 % , for the countries of the Eurozone ( France , Germany , Italy , Belgium etc . ) and even negative number for the UK ( − 1.0 % ) , Ireland and Spain . On November 6 , the IMF at Washington , D.C. , launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by − 0.3 % for 2009 , averaged over the developed economies . On the same day , the Bank of England and the European Central Bank , respectively , reduced their interest rates from 4.5 % down to 3 % , and from 3.75 % down to 3.25 % . As a consequence , starting from November 2008 , several countries launched large `` help packages '' for their economies . The US Federal Reserve Open Market Committee release in June 2009 stated : ... the pace of economic contraction is slowing . Conditions in financial markets have generally improved in recent months . Household spending has shown further signs of stabilizing but remains constrained by ongoing job losses , lower housing wealth , and tight credit . Businesses are cutting back on fixed investment and staffing but appear to be making progress in bringing inventory stocks into better alignment with sales . Although economic activity is likely to remain weak for a time , the Committee continues to anticipate that policy actions to stabilize financial markets and institutions , fiscal and monetary stimulus , and market forces will contribute to a gradual resumption of sustainable economic growth in a context of price stability . Economic projections from the Federal Reserve and Reserve Bank Presidents include a return to typical growth levels ( GDP ) of 2.5 -- 3 % in 2010 ; an unemployment plateau in 2009 and 2010 around 10 % with moderation in 2011 ; and inflation that remains at typical levels around 1 -- 2 % . Government responses ( edit ) Emergency and short - term responses ( edit ) Main article : Subprime mortgage crisis § Responses The US Federal Reserve and central banks around the world took steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral , in which lower wages and higher unemployment led to a self - reinforcing decline in global consumption . In addition , governments enacted large fiscal stimulus packages , by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis . The US Federal Reserve 's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender - of - last - resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma , broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity , and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity . This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse . The response of the Federal Reserve , the European Central Bank , the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic . During the last quarter of 2008 , these central banks purchased US $2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks . This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market , and the largest monetary policy action , in world history . Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package , the governments of European nations and the US guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems , ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks . In October 2010 , Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the US Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy -- creating currency -- as a method to combat the liquidity trap . By creating $600 billion and inserting this directly into banks , the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages . However , banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets . Banks were also investing in foreign currencies , which Stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while China redirects its currency holdings away from the United States . Governments have also bailed out a variety of firms as discussed above , incurring large financial obligations . To date , various US government agencies have committed or spent trillions of dollars in loans , asset purchases , guarantees , and direct spending . Significant controversy has accompanied the bailout , leading to the development of a variety of `` decision making frameworks '' , to help balance competing policy interests during times of financial crisis . The US executed two stimulus packages , totaling nearly $1 trillion during 2008 and 2009 . Other countries also implemented fiscal stimulus plans beginning in 2008 . Regulatory proposals and long - term responses ( edit ) Further information : Obama financial regulatory reform plan of 2009 , Regulatory responses to the subprime crisis , and Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009 . The proposals address consumer protection , executive pay , bank financial cushions or capital requirements , expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives , and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind - down systemically important institutions , among others . In January 2010 , Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading . The proposals were dubbed `` The Volcker Rule '' , in recognition of Paul Volcker , who has publicly argued for the proposed changes . The US Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010 , following the House , which passed a bill in December 2009 . These bills must now be reconciled . The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills , which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration . For instance , the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation , though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades . European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks . It increased capital ratios , limits on leverage , narrow definition of capital ( to exclude subordinated debt ) , limit counter-party risk , and new liquidity requirements . Critics argue that Basel III does n't address the problem of faulty risk - weightings . Major banks suffered losses from AAA - rated created by financial engineering ( which creates apparently risk - free assets out of high risk collateral ) that required less capital according to Basel II . Lending to AA - rated sovereigns has a risk - weight of zero , thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis . Johan Norberg argues that regulations ( Basel III among others ) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments ( see European sovereign - debt crisis ) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution . United States Congress response ( edit ) At least two major reports were produced by Congress : the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report , released January 2011 , and a report by the United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations entitled Wall Street and the Financial Crisis : Anatomy of a Financial Collapse ( released April 2011 ) . On December 11 , 2009 -- House cleared bill H.R. 4173 -- Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2009 . On April 15 , 2010 -- Senate introduced bill S. 3217 -- Restoring American Financial Stability Act of 2010 . On July 21 , 2010 -- the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was enacted . Court proceedings ( edit ) In Iceland in April 2012 , the special Landsdómur court convicted former Prime Minister Geir Haarde of mishandling the 2008 -- 2012 Icelandic financial crisis . As of September 2011 , no individuals in the UK have been prosecuted for misdeeds during the financial meltdown of 2008 . Continuation of the financial crisis in the US housing market ( edit ) As of 2012 , in the United States , a large volume of troubled mortgages remained in place . It had proved impossible for most homeowners facing foreclosure to refinance or modify their mortgages and foreclosure rates remained high . Stabilization ( edit ) The US recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009 , according to the US National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time . In April 2009 TIME magazine declared `` More Quickly Than It Began , The Banking Crisis Is Over . '' The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008 . President Barack Obama declared on January 27 , 2010 , `` the markets are now stabilized , and we 've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks . '' The New York Times identifies March 2009 as the `` nadir of the crisis '' and noted in 2011 that `` Most stock markets around the world are at least 75 percent higher than they were then . Financial stocks , which led the markets down , have also led them up . '' Nevertheless , the lack of fundamental changes in banking and financial markets worries many market participants , including the International Monetary Fund . The distribution of household incomes in the United States has become more unequal during the post-2008 economic recovery , a first for the US but in line with the trend over the last ten economic recoveries since 1949 . Income inequality in the United States has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas . Median household wealth fell 35 % in the US , from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011 . Media coverage ( edit ) The financial crises generated many articles and books outside of the scholarly and financial press , including articles and books by author William Greider , economist Michael Hudson , author and former bond salesman Michael Lewis , Kevin Phillips , and investment broker Peter Schiff . In May 2010 , a documentary , Overdose : A Film about the Next Financial Crisis , premiered about how the financial crisis came about and how the solutions that have been applied by many governments are setting the stage for the next crisis . The film is based on the book Financial Fiasco by Johan Norberg and features Alan Greenspan , with funding from the libertarian think tank The Cato Institute . Greenspan is responsible for de-regulating the derivatives market while chairman of the Federal Reserve . In October 2010 , a documentary film about the crisis , Inside Job directed by Charles Ferguson , was released by Sony Pictures Classics . In 2011 , it was awarded the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 83rd Academy Awards . Time magazine named `` 25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis '' . Michael Lewis published a best - selling non-fiction book about the crisis , entitled The Big Short . In 2015 , it was adapted into a film of the same name , which won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . One point raised is to what extent those outside of the markets themselves ( i.e. , not working for a mainstream investment bank ) could forecast the events and be generally less myopic . Subsequent to the crisis itself some observers furthermore noted a change in social relations as some group culpability emerged . Emerging and developing economies drive global economic growth ( edit ) Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with `` emerging '' and `` developing '' economies lagging behind . The crisis overturned this relationship . The International Monetary Fund found that `` advanced '' economies accounted for only 31 % of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69 % of global GDP from 2007 to 2014 . In the tables , the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type , while the names of developed economies are in Roman ( regular ) type . The twenty largest economies by incremental GDP from 2007 to 2014 Economy Incremental GDP ( billions in USD ) ( 01 ) China 6,851 ( 02 ) United States 2,939 ( 03 ) European Union 1,155 ( 04 ) Brazil 877 ( 05 ) India 809 ( 06 ) Russia 758 ( 07 ) Australia 534 ( 08 ) Germany 492 ( 09 ) Indonesia 424 ( 10 ) Japan 413 ( 11 ) Saudi Arabia 362 ( 12 ) Nigeria 341 ( 13 ) Canada 336 ( 14 ) South Korea 327 ( 15 ) Mexico 252 ( 16 ) France 236 ( 17 ) Switzerland 228 ( 18 ) Argentina 207 ( 19 ) Colombia 193 ( 20 ) Turkey 167 ( 21 ) United Arab Emirates 159 The twenty largest economies contributing to global GDP growth ( 2007 -- 2014 ) See also ( edit ) 2000s portal 2010s portal Business and economics portal Wall Street Crash of 1929 2009 G - 20 London summit protests 2008 Greek riots 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests 2008 -- 2011 bank failures in the United States 2008 -- 2009 Keynesian resurgence 2009 May Day protests 2009 Moldova civil unrest 2010 United States foreclosure crisis 2012 May Day protests Crisis ( Marxian ) Europeans for Financial Reform Financial Crisis Responsibility Fee Kondratiev wave List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession List of acquired or bankrupt United States banks in the late 2000s financial crisis List of acronyms : European sovereign - debt crisis List of economic crises List of entities involved in 2007 -- 08 financial crises List of largest U.S. bank failures Low - Income Countries Under Stress Mark - to - market accounting Neoliberalism Occupy movement Pessimism porn PIGS ( economics ) Private equity in the 2000s Psychopathy in the workplace Subprime crisis impact timeline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Two top economists agree 2009 worst financial crisis since great depression ; risks increase if right steps are not taken '' . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Samuelson , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . `` Reckless Optimism '' . Claremont Review of Books . XII ( 1 ) : 13 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kourlas , James ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Lessons Not Learned From the Housing Crisis '' . The Atlas Society . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Search Site . `` Nicole Gelinas - Can the Fed 's Uncrunch Credit ? '' . City-journal.org . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ -- ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Brookings Institution -- U.S. Financial and Economic Crisis June 2009 PDF Page 14 '' . Brookings.edu . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Light Crude Oil Chart '' . Futures.tradingcharts.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conway , Edmund ( May 26 , 2008 ) . `` Soros -- Rocketing Oil Price is a Bubble '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Oil Price Bubble '' . Mises.org . June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Therramus , ( editor , Gail the Actuary ) -- Was Volatility in the Price of Oil a Cause of the 2008 Financial Crisis ? '' . Energybulletin.net . December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Copper Prices , Copper Prices History '' . Dow-futures.net . January 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Business Miner BHP to lay off 6,000 staff '' . BBC News . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( AU ) -- Mincor 's result reflects a return to better days for sulphide nickel '' . Proactive Investors . February 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Irwin SH , Sanders DR. ( 2010 ) . The Impact of Index and Swap Funds on Commodity Futures Markets . OECD Working Paper . doi : 10.1787 / 5kmd40wl1t5f - en Jump up ^ McMurty , John ( 1999 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` John Cochrane 's Response to Paul Krugman : Full Text '' Modeled Behavior `` . Modeledbehavior.com . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cross-Country Causes and Consequences of the 2008 Crisis : Early Warning , Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco , July 2009 Jump up ^ `` Pablo Triana : Why Nassim Taleb is the True Predictor of this Crisis '' . Huffington Post . August 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Swan : Quotes & Warnings that the Imbeciles Chose to Ignore '' . fooledbyrandomness.com. April 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Risk Mismanagement '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Behavioral Revolution '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Quantitative Easing and Asset Price Inflation '' . Ciovacco Capital Management . October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Key Lessons from Alan Sugar Autobiography ( 562 ) '' . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IndyMac Bancorp Announces Earnings Webcast & Teleconference Call for First Quarter 2008 Financial Results '' . Reuters. 2008 - 08 - 08 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shalal - Esa , Andrea ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) . `` FACTBOX : Top ten U.S. bank failures '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Veiga , Alex ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Government shuts down mortgage lender IndyMac '' . Associated Press ( Newsday ) . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : LaCapra , Lauren Tara ( 2008 - 08 - 01 ) . `` IndyMac Bancorp to Liquidate '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` US Lender IndyMac Collapses '' Archived July 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sky News . 2008 - 07 - 13 . 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Jump up ^ `` To - date , we have not been successful with these efforts ... '' Company Blog Jump up ^ `` Indymac Seeks to Preserve Capital '' , The Street Jump up ^ `` SEC Info - Indymac Bancorp Inc - ' 10 - Q ' for 3 / 31 / 08 '' . www.secinfo.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer says he 's not to blame for IndyMac '' , CNN , July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer : concern over IndyMac stability '' . Associated Press . 2008 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Veiga , Alex ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` IndyMac stops new mortgage loans , to cut workforce by half -- The Mercury News '' . Mercury News . Associated Press . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IndyMac Taken Over By Regulators '' . Reuters . July 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Evan ( 2008 - 07 - 11 ) . `` FDIC Notification to All Employees '' ( PDF ) . IndyMac Bank . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . 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Jump up ^ writer , By Tami Luhby , CNNMoney.com senior . `` Americans ' wealth drops $1.3 trillion - Jun. 11 , 2009 '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Government Support for Financial Assets and Liabilities Announced in 2008 and Soon Thereafter ( $ in billions ) . Page 7 . '' ( PDF ) . FDIC Supervisory Insights . Summer 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( November 29 , 2008 ) . `` It 's Not the Credit Crisis , Damn It ! '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Uchitelle , Louis ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Pain Spreads as Credit Vise Grows Tighter '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Lehman Files for Bankruptcy ; Merrill Is Sold '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Werdigier , Julia ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Lloyds Bank Is Discussing Purchase of British Lender '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . 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The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bank on this : bank failures will rise in next year '' . Associated Press . October 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ UBS AG . `` Recession '' . There is no alternative on YouTube . Daily roundup for October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ' global growth at 2.2 % yoy ( previously 2.8 % ) . The IMF brands 2.5 % yoy a `` recession '' . ' ' global collapse is inevitable ' ... ' at least two years before we can talk of a normalisation in economic activity ' Jump up ^ UBS AG . A plan to save the world on YouTube . Daily roundup for October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . `` The actions yesterday can not stop a significant economic downturn . '' Jump up ^ UBS AG . Fears of recession loom on YouTube . Daily roundup for October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . `` short by historical standards '' Jump up ^ `` Cracks in the crust '' . The Economist . December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ UBS AG . The IMF in March 2009 forecast that it would be the first occasion since the great depression that the world economy as a whole would contract . Be afraid . Be very afraid on YouTube . Daily roundup for October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved November 2 , 2008 . `` NEGATIVE growth in 2009 for the US , UK , Euro area . Japan is the fastest growing G7 economy at 0.1 % growth , Followed close behind by Canada with . 098 % growth . Global growth in 2009 forecast at 1.3 % . '' Jump up ^ `` Untold Stories : Latvia : Sobering Lessons in Unregulated Lending '' . Pulitzercenter.typepad.com . May 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baily , Martin Neil ; Elliott , Douglas J. ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` The U.S. Financial and Economic Crisis : Where Does It Stand and Where Do We Go From Here ? '' . Brookings.edu . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Fed Survey : We 're 45 % Poorer Jill Schlesinger -- CBS MoneyWatch.com '' . Moneywatch.bnet.com . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taibbi , Matt ( 2010 ) . Griftopia : Bubble Machines , Vampire Squids , and the Long Con That Is Breaking America . Spiegel & Grau . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52995 - 2 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Edward N ( 2010 ) . `` Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States : Rising Debt and the Middle - Class Squeeze -- An Update to 2007 '' . Levy Economics Institute Working Papers Series . Social Science Research Network ( 159 ) . SSRN 1585409 . Jump up ^ `` FOMC Statement June 24 , 2009 '' . Federalreserve.gov . June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the FOMC April 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Liquidity Provision during the Financial Crisis of 2007 -- 2009 , Federal Reserve Bank of New York , July 2012 Jump up ^ Langley , Paul ( 2015 ) . Liquidity Lost : The Governance of the Global Financial Crisis . Oxford University Press . pp. 83 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 968378 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Does Good '' . The New York Times . October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` New $600 B Fed Stimulus Fuels Fears of US Currency War '' . Democracy Now . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wheatley , Jonathan ; Peter Garnham ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Brazil in ' currency war ' alert '' . Financial Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Summary of U.S. government financial commitments and investments related to the crisis : CNN -- Bailout Scorecard . Jump up ^ Tim Wafa ( J.D. ) . `` When Policies Collide : A Decision Making Framework for Financial System Overhaul in the 21st Century '' . Social Science Research Network ( SSRN ) , October 2010 . SSRN 1686982 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Stimulus Package 2009 '' . BBC News . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of the President on Regulatory Reform The White House '' . Whitehouse.gov . June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ View all comments that have been posted about this article . ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Geithner & Summers -- A New Financial Foundation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury Department Report -- Financial Regulatory Reform '' . Financialstability.gov . March 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Uchitelle , Louis ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Glass - Steagall vs. the Volcker Rule '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Cho ; Binyamin Appelbaum ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Obama 's ' Volcker Rule ' shifts power away from Geithner '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New , The ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` New York Times - Major Parts of the Financial Regulation Overhaul - May 2010 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision announces higher global minimum capital standards '' ( PDF ) . September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Douglas J. ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Basel III , the Banks , and the Economy '' . Brookings Institution . Jump up ^ `` Third time 's the charm ? '' . The Economist . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Norberg , Johan ( May 2012 ) . `` Financial Crisis II : European governments fail to learn from history '' . Reason . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4173 : Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act -- U.S. Congress '' . OpenCongress . July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` S. 3217 : Restoring American Financial Stability Act of 2010 -- U.S. Congress '' . OpenCongress . July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 111th Congress ( 2009 -- 2010 ) -- H.R. 4173 -- All Information -- THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank - reform bill sent to Obama '' . Marketwatch.com . December 29 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snow , Jon ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Why have no bankers been arrested ? '' . Channel 4 ( Snowblog ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . The publication of the Vickers report into British banking reform sparks the question why the UK has so far failed to prosecute a single individual for his or her misdeeds during the financial meltdown of 2008 Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` Cautious Moves on Foreclosures Haunting Obama '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Hulbert ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` It 's Dippy to Fret About a Double - Dip Recession '' . Jump up ^ TIME magazine Friday , April 10 , 2009 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission , Get the Report , accessed February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Financial Crisis Was Avoidable , Inquiry Concludes '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Troubled Asset Relief Program : Two Year Retrospective United States Department of the Treasury , Office of Financial Stability Jump up ^ Norris , Floyd ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Crisis Is Over , but Where 's the Fix ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tcherneva , Pavlina R. ( August 2014 ) . `` This Chart Shows Just How ( Un ) Equal Things Are During A ' Champion ' Of The 99 % 's Administration '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Binyamin , Appelbaum ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fed Says Growth Lifts the Affluent , Leaving Behind Everyone Else '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurtzleben , Danielle ( August 23 , 2014 ) . `` Middle class households ' wealth fell 35 percent from 2005 to 2011 '' . Vox.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overdose : A Film about the Next Financial Crisis '' . Cato.org . May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 25 People to Blame for the Financial Crisis '' . Time . Jump up ^ Drummond , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Power of Three : Discovering what really matters in life . London : Hachette ( Hodder & Stoughton ) . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 97991 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hasmath , Reza , ed. ( 2015 ) . Inclusive Growth , Development and Welfare Policy : A Critical Assessment . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 84079 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` International Monetary Fund , World Economic Outlook Database , October 2014 : GDP list of countries . Data for the year 2014 '' . Imf.org . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Figures from the October 2014 update of the International Monetary Fund 's World Economic Outlook Database . Figure for EU , accessed December 6 , 2014 . Figures for the countries of the world , accessed December 6 , 2014 . The initial articles and some subsequent material were adapted from the Wikinfo article Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 released under the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.2 Further reading ( edit ) Mercille , J. & Murphy , E. , 2015 , Deepening neoliberalism , austerity , and crisis : Europe 's treasure Ireland , Palgrave Macmillan , Basingstoke . Fried , Joseph , Who Really Drove the Economy into the Ditch ? ( New York : Algora Publishing , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 942 - 1 . Wallison , Peter , Bad History , Worse Policy ( Washington , D.C. : AEI Press , 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8447 - 7238 - 7 . Awasthi , Sharad. ( 2012 ) . The Global Financial Crisis is NOT Financial : Quality of Information in Question . ISBN 978 - 1479312818 . Koller , Cynthia A. ( 2012 ) . White Collar Crime in Housing : Mortgage Fraud in the United States . El Paso , TX : LFB Scholarly . ISBN 978 - 1593325343 . Kotz , David M. ( 2015 ) . The Rise and Fall of Neoliberal Capitalism . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674725652 . Patterson , Laura A. , & Koller , Cynthia A. Koller ( 2011 ) . `` Diffusion of Fraud Through Subprime Lending : The Perfect Storm . '' In Mathieu Deflem ( ed . ) Economic Crisis and Crime ( Sociology of Crime Law and Deviance , Volume 16 ) , Emerald Group Publishing , pp. 25 -- 45 . ISBN 9780857248022 Pezzuto , Ivo ( 2013 ) . Predictable and Avoidable : Repairing Economic Dislocation and Preventing the Recurrence of Crisis , Publisher : Gower Pub Co ; New edition . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 5445 - 8 . Konecny Ladis , ( 2013 ) , Stocks and Exchange -- the only Book you need , ISBN 9783848220656 , `` Great financial crisis 2007 -- 2009 '' , chapter 17 . External links ( edit ) Suntheim , Felix , `` Managerial Compensation in the Financial Service Industry '' A Recipe for the Financial Crisis -- An explanation of the factors that caused the 2008 Financial Crisis , including a Timeline of Events from 2000 . US Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission US Senate -- Anatomy of a financial collapse - an Investigations Subcommittee report on the mortgage market Times of Crisis -- Reuters : Multimedia interactive charting the year of global change `` Inside the Meltdown '' -- PBS Frontline documentation including additional background article and in depth interviews `` Money , Power & Wall Street '' -- PBS Frontline documentation including additional background article and in depth interviews Stewart , James B. , `` Eight Days : the battle to save the American financial system '' , The New Yorker magazine , September 21 , 2009 . pp. 58 -- 81 . Summarizing September 15 -- 23 , 2008 , with interviews of Paulson , Bernanke , and Geithner by James Stewart Credit Crisis -- The Essentials topic page from The New York Times How nations around the world are responding to the global financial crisis from PBS In depth : Global financial crisis from the Financial Times Timeline : Global credit crunch Published in BBC News on October 6 , 2008 . Financial Crisis - IMF Global Financial Crisis impact on insurance industry ( infographic ) Financial Crisis - World Bank Group The Global Economic Crisis : Challenges for Developing Asia and ADB 's Response -- Asian Development Bank `` What Caused the Crisis '' : A collection of papers at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Lectures by Ben Bernanke to an economics class at George Washington University March 2012 `` Chairman Ben Bernanke Lecture Series Part 1 '' Recorded live on March 20 , 2012 10 : 35 am MST `` Chairman Ben Bernanke Lecture Series Part 3 '' Recorded live on March 27 , 2012 10 : 38 am MST `` Three myths that sustain the economic crisis '' blog by The Guardian 's economics editor Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ' Financial Crisis Timeline of key events and actions surrounding the crisis ( hide ) Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. Rothstein Allen Stanford Government entities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Housing Finance Board Federal Reserve System Government National Mortgage Association Irish Bank Resolution Corporation National Asset Management Agency Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Financial Stability UK Financial Investments Government policy and spending responses Banking and finance stability and reform Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009 Banking ( Special Provisions ) Act 2008 China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit Commercial Paper Funding Facility Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Irish emergency budget , 2009 Irish budget , 2010 Irish budget , 2011 Irish budget , 2012 Irish budget , 2013 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Bank stress tests EU U.S. Stimulus and recovery 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Zero interest - rate policy Government interventions , rescues , and acquisitions List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession Non-banking Chrysler General Motors Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities Collateralized debt obligations Collateralized mortgage obligations Credit default swaps Mortgage - backed securities Secondary mortgage market Social responses Tea Party protests ( United States ; 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Bush Stock market crashes Great Recession in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 23 : 30 . 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-8294858118803020437 | South African Institute of Tax Practitioners | South African Institute of tax practitioners - Wikipedia South African Institute of tax practitioners South African Institute of Tax Professionals ( SAIT ) Abbreviation SAIT Formation 2007 Founder Stiaan Klue Type Professional association and regulating controlling body of tax professionals Headquarters Pretoria , Gauteng Membership 12 142 CE Keith Engel Affiliations International Tax Directors ' Forum and African Association of Tax Institutes Website http://www.thesait.org.za The South African Institute of Tax Professionals ( SAIT ) is a recognised professional body focusing solely on taxation . It is a registered professional body under the National Qualifications Framework Act , 2008 . The Institute is a professional association of tax professionals regulating tax practitioners in South Africa . SAIT promotes and focuses on the public interest , professional standards , ethics and integrity , albeit promoting the tax industry and its members . Formation and activities ( edit ) SAIT is a Not for Profit professional body incorporated in 2007 by a group of tax professionals and educators . The SAIT is governed by a Constitution , with a Board elected by members . When SAIT was formed in 2007 by its main founder Stiaan Klue , the Institute announced that one member of the Board may be nominated by the South African Revenue Service ( SARS ) . SARS said they agreed in principle with the general objectives of SAIT . In 2014 SAICA joined SAIT and other SARS recognised controlling bodies to host the Tax Indaba - SAIT is the founder of the Tax Indaba in South Africa . Other organisations representing tax professionals in the country are the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants ( SAICA ) and the South African Institute of Professional Accountants ( SAIPA ) . In March 2011 the CEO of the Institute , Stiaan Klue , joined with Nicolaas van Wyk of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants in calling for simplification of South African tax laws , pointing out that many businesses remained in the informal sector due to the cost and difficulty of registration . SAIT publishes TaxTalk every two months to 10,200 recipients . The magazine deals with tax issues for the South African market . In 2014 , in comparison to the global average top rate of 32 % , South Africa 's top personal income tax rate of 40 % was high , and in comparison to the global average corporate tax rate of 24 % , South Africa 's was 28 % . According to SAIT , that suggested that South Africa 's tax burden is high compared to other jurisdictions . Because it was important for South Africa to be competitive , in order to encourage economic growth , SAIT recommended to Parliament that they reduce the corporate tax rate to bolster foreign direct investment , infrastructure development and growth . Membership ( edit ) SAIT members in good standing have reciprocal benefits of several other international tax institutes , including the Canadian Tax Foundation , Chartered Institute of Taxation ( UK ) , Taxation Institute of Australia , Irish Tax Institute , Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria , Chamber of Tax Advisers of the Czech Republic and the Dutch Association of Tax Advisors ( NOB ) . SAIT is a member of the International Tax Directors Forum ( ITDF ) . SAIT has been collaborating and exchanging information with African Tax professional bodies Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria since 2007 . During 2010 the SAIT Chief Executive , Stiaan Klue , initiated the establishment of a Pan-African body for tax associations . In June 2011 SAIT participated in a meeting in Lagos , Nigeria in which it was agreed to establish the Association of African Tax Institutes ( AATI ) . The SAIT CE is a vice president of AATI . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` RE : CLARIFICATION : SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF TAX PRACTITIONERS ( SAIT ) '' ( PDF ) . South African Institute of Tax Practitioners. 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The South African Institute of Tax Practitioners '' . South African Institute of Chartered Accountants . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.ibfd.org/IBFD-Tax-Portal/Events/Africa-Tax-Indaba Jump up ^ `` SARS to apply strict new penalties for outstanding tax returns '' . McMurray Aldum Inc. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ SANCHIA TEMKIN ( 2011 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Experts call for simpler tax laws to boost jobs '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` TAXtalk '' . TaxTalk . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lamprecht , Ingé ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Congratulations ! You 've stopped working for government '' . Moneyweb . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` International Partners and Reciprocal Benefits to SAIT Members '' . SAIT . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CITN to Strengthen Ties at South African Tax Conference '' . Financial Nigeria. 5 January 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Collins Nweze ( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) . `` CITN networks with global tax institutes '' . The Nation ( Nigeria ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Institute_of_Tax_Practitioners&oldid=846453920 '' Categories : Non-profit organisations based in South Africa 2007 establishments in South Africa Organizations established in 2007 Tax practitioner associations Taxation in South Africa Hidden categories : Use South African English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | the south african institute of tax practitioners was constituted as | [
"SAIT is a Not for Profit professional body incorporated in 2007 by a group of tax professionals and educators. The SAIT is governed by a Constitution, with a Board elected by members.\n"
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"a Not for Profit professional body"
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4426218429874853153 | List of Presidents of Columbia University | List of Presidents of Columbia University - wikipedia List of Presidents of Columbia University hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Presidents of Columbia University in the state of New York . # Image President Birth Year -- Death Year Years as President Name of Institution Notes Samuel Johnson ( 1696 -- 1772 ) ( 1754 -- 1763 ) King 's College Myles Cooper ( 1735 -- 1785 ) ( 1763 -- 1775 ) King 's College -- Benjamin Moore , A.B. 1768 ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1775 -- 1784 ) King 's College acting -- George Clinton ( 1739 -- 1812 ) ( 1784 -- 1787 ) Columbia College `` in the State of New York '' Chancellor ( Regents government ) William Samuel Johnson ( 1727 -- 1819 ) ( 1787 -- 1800 ) Columbia College `` in the City of New York '' Trustees government Charles Henry Wharton ( 1748 -- 1833 ) ( 1801 -- 1801 ) Columbia College Benjamin Moore ( 1748 -- 1816 ) ( 1801 -- 1810 ) Columbia College 6 William Harris ( 1765 -- 1829 ) ( 1811 -- 1829 ) Columbia College shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816 7 William Alexander Duer ( 1780 -- 1858 ) ( 1829 -- 1842 ) Columbia College 8 Nathaniel Fish Moore ( 1782 -- 1872 ) ( 1842 -- 1849 ) Columbia College 9 Charles King ( 1789 -- 1867 ) ( 1849 -- 1863 ) Columbia College presides over move to Madison Avenue campus 10 Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard ( 1809 -- 1889 ) ( 1864 -- 1889 ) Columbia College 11 Seth Low , A.B. , 1870 ( 1850 -- 1916 ) ( 1890 -- 1901 ) Columbia College presides over move to Morningside Heights campus ; name changes to `` Columbia University in the City of New York '' 12 Nicholas Murray Butler , A.B. 1882 , M.A. 1883 , Ph. D. 1884 ( 1862 -- 1947 ) ( 1902 -- 1945 ) Columbia University -- Frank D. Fackenthal , A.B. 1906 ( 1883 -- 1968 ) ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Columbia University ( acting ) 13 Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1890 -- 1969 ) ( 1948 -- 1953 ) Columbia University on leave while Supreme Allied Commander of NATO , later 34th President of the United States 14 Grayson L. Kirk ( 1903 -- 1997 ) ( 1953 -- 1968 ) Columbia University resigned after 1968 protests 15 Andrew W. Cordier ( 1901 -- 1975 ) ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Columbia University 16 William J. McGill ( 1922 -- 1997 ) ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Columbia University 17 Michael I. Sovern , B.A. 1953 , J.D. 1955 ( 1931 -- ) ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Columbia University 18 George Erik Rupp ( 1942 -- ) ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Columbia University 19 Lee C. Bollinger , J.D. 1971 ( 1947 -- ) ( 2002 -- ) Columbia University References ( edit ) hide Presidents of Columbia University S. Johnson Cooper B. Moore # Clinton # W. Johnson Wharton B. Moore Harris Duer N. Moore King Barnard Low Butler Fackenthal # Eisenhower Kirk Cordier McGill Sovern Rupp Bollinger Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim president or chancellor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Columbia_University&oldid=824888665 '' Categories : Columbia University Columbia University - related lists Lists of university and college leaders Presidents of Columbia University Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2012 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 03 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | which president was the president of columbia university | [
"\n\n#\nImage\nPresident\nBirth Year–Death Year\nYears as President\nName of Institution\nNotes\n\n\n1\n\nSamuel Johnson\n(1696–1772)\n(1754–1763)\nKing's College\n\n\n\n2\n\nMyles Cooper\n(1735–1785)\n(1763–1775)\nKing's College\n\n\n\n–\n\nBenjamin Moore, A.B. 1768\n(1748–1816)\n(1775–1784)\nKing's College\nacting\n\n\n–\n\nGeorge Clinton\n(1739–1812)\n(1784–1787)\nColumbia College \"in the State of New York\"\nChancellor (Regents government)\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Samuel Johnson\n(1727–1819)\n(1787–1800)\nColumbia College \"in the City of New York\"\nTrustees government\n\n\n4\n\nCharles Henry Wharton\n(1748–1833)\n(1801–1801)\nColumbia College\n\n\n\n5\n\nBenjamin Moore\n(1748–1816)\n(1801–1810)\nColumbia College\n\n\n\n6\n\nWilliam Harris\n(1765–1829)\n(1811–1829)\nColumbia College\nshares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816\n\n\n7\n\nWilliam Alexander Duer\n(1780–1858)\n(1829–1842)\nColumbia College\n\n\n\n8\n\nNathaniel Fish Moore\n(1782–1872)\n(1842–1849)\nColumbia College\n\n\n\n9\n\nCharles King\n(1789–1867)\n(1849–1863)\nColumbia College\npresides over move to Madison Avenue campus\n\n\n10\n\nFrederick Augustus Porter Barnard\n(1809–1889)\n(1864–1889)\nColumbia College\n\n\n\n11\n\nSeth Low, A.B., 1870\n(1850–1916)\n(1890–1901)\nColumbia College\npresides over move to Morningside Heights campus; name changes to \"Columbia University in the City of New York\"\n\n\n12\n\nNicholas Murray Butler, A.B. 1882, M.A. 1883, Ph.D. 1884\n(1862–1947)\n(1902–1945)\nColumbia University\n\n\n\n–\n\nFrank D. Fackenthal, A.B. 1906\n(1883–1968)\n(1945–1948)\nColumbia University\n(acting)\n\n\n13\n\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n(1890–1969)\n(1948–1953)\nColumbia University\non leave while Supreme Allied Commander of NATO, later 34th President of the United States\n\n\n14\n\nGrayson L. Kirk\n(1903–1997)\n(1953–1968)\nColumbia University\nresigned after 1968 protests\n\n\n15\nAndrew W. Cordier\n(1901–1975)\n(1969–1970)\nColumbia University\n\n\n\n16\nWilliam J. McGill\n(1922–1997)\n(1970–1980)\nColumbia University\n\n\n\n17\nMichael I. Sovern, B.A. 1953, J.D. 1955\n(1931– )\n(1980–1993)\nColumbia University\n\n\n\n18\nGeorge Erik Rupp\n(1942– )\n(1993–2002)\nColumbia University\n\n\n\n19\n\nLee C. Bollinger, J.D. 1971\n(1947– )\n(2002– )\nColumbia University\n\n"
] | [
"Dwight D. Eisenhower"
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6742944450847978764 | The Man from Snowy River (1982 film) | The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) - Wikipedia The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Man from Snowy River Australian DVD cover Directed by George T. Miller Produced by Geoff Burrowes Michael Edgley Simon Wincer Screenplay by John Dixon Story by Fred Cul Cullen Based on The Man from Snowy River by Banjo Paterson Starring Kirk Douglas Jack Thompson Tom Burlinson Sigrid Thornton Lorraine Bayly Music by Bruce Rowland Cinematography Keith Wagstaff Edited by Adrian Carr Production company Cambridge Productions Edgley International Snowy River Investment Pty. Ltd . The Hoyts Group Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 5 November 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 05 ) Running time 102 minutes Country Australia Language English Budget A $3 million ( est . ) or $3.5 million Box office A $17,228,160 ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' . Released by 20th Century Fox , the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison ( a character who appeared frequently in Paterson 's poems ) and Spur , Jack Thompson as Clancy , Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig , Sigrid Thornton as Harrison 's daughter Jessica , Terence Donovan as Jim 's father Henry Craig , and Chris Haywood as Curly . Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel , The Man from Snowy River II , which was released by Walt Disney Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 Box office 7 Awards and nominations 8 Legacy 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) When Jim Craig and his father Henry are discussing their finances , a herd of wild horses called the Brumby mob passes by , and Henry wants to shoot the black stallion leader , but Jim convinces his father to capture and sell them . The next morning the mob reappears and Henry is accidentally killed . Before Jim can inherit the station , a group of mountain men tell him that he must first earn the right -- and to do so he must go to the lowlands and work . Jim meets an old friend called Spur , a one - legged miner . Jim then gets a job on a station owned by Harrison , Spur 's brother , on a recommendation by Harrison 's friend . Meanwhile , Clancy appears at Spur 's mine and the two discuss their pasts and futures . Clancy goes to Harrison 's station to lead a cattle muster . At dinner , Harrison tells Clancy that `` he has no brother '' when referring to Spur . Harrison organizes a round - up of his cattle , but Jim is not allowed to go . While the others are gone , Harrison 's daughter Jessica asks Jim to help her break in a prize colt . The mob appears again , and Jim unsuccessfully gives chase to the valuable horse . When Harrison returns , he sends Jim to bring back 20 strays . Later , Harrison learns of Jim 's actions and tells Jessica that Jim will be fired and that she will be sent to a women 's college . Impulsively , she rides off into the mountains where she is caught in a storm . Spur , meanwhile , finally strikes a large gold deposit . Jim finds Jessica 's horse and rescues her . She tells him that he 's going to be fired , but he still leaves to return the cattle . Jessica is surprised at meeting Spur , her uncle , whom she had never been told about . She is also confused when Spur mistakes her for her dead mother and refuses to tell her anything about his past . After returning , Jessica learns that Spur and Harrison both fell in love with her mother , Matilda . Matilda declared that the first to make his fortune would be her husband . Spur went looking for gold , while Harrison bet his life savings on a horse race . Harrison became rich overnight when the horse he bet on won . Having made his fortune , Harrison wed Matilda , but she died while delivering Jessica . Harrison is grateful to Jim for returning his daughter , but he becomes angry when Jim says he loves her . As Jim leaves , a prized colt is let loose by a farmhand in the hope that Jim will be blamed . Later , while camping out , Spur tells Jim that he will inherit his father 's share of the mine . Clancy joins them and informs them of the colt , but Jim refuses to retrieve the animal . Meanwhile , Harrison offers a reward of ₤ 100 , attracting riders and fortune - hunters from every station in the area . Clancy does eventually show , accompanied by Jim , whom Harrison finally allows to join the hunt . Several riders have accidents in pursuit and even Clancy is unable to contain the Brumby mob . The riders give up when the mob descends a seemingly impassable grade . However , Jim goes forward and returns the horses to Harrison 's farm . Harrison offers him the reward but he refuses . Having cleared his name , Jim would like to return some day for the horses and , looking at Jessica , `` anything else that 's mine . '' He rides back up to the mountain country , knowing that he has earned his right to live there . Cast ( edit ) Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison Kirk Douglas as Harrison / Spur Terence Donovan as Henry Craig Tommy Dysart as Mountain Man Bruce Kerr as Man in Street David Bradshaw as Banjo Paterson Jack Thompson as Clancy Tony Bonner as Kane June Jago as Mrs. Bailey Chris Haywood as Curly Kristopher Steele as Moss Gus Mercurio as Frew Howard Eynon as Shorry Lorraine Bayly as Rosemary Hume Production ( edit ) Craig 's Hut undergoing reconstruction in 2007 According to Geoff Burrowes , the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie . Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay . All three men had worked together in television ; another former TV colleague , Simon Wincer , became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget . The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson , aside from using his poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film . For example , the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song `` Waltzing Matilda '' , which was written by Paterson . In addition , the melody for `` Waltzing Matilda '' can be heard near the end of the film . A Bible Passage from Genesis 30 : 27 , which talks about cattle , goats , and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film . The movie was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield , Victoria , where Burrowes ' wife 's family had lived for several generations , which was logistically easier. Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles . Tom Burlinson has confirmed that it was definitely him who rode the horse over the side of the mountain for the `` terrible descent '' during the dangerous ride -- commenting that he had been asked about this numerous times , and that he became known as `` The Man from Snowy River '' because of his ride . Remarkably , Burlinson had never ridden a horse before being cast in the film and the `` terrible descent '' was a one - take shot at full gallop down the cliff face . Burlinson performed all of his own stunts in the film . Reception ( edit ) The film `` was released to a fair degree of critical acclaim '' and `` moviegoers found it to be a likable and highly entertaining piece of filmmaking that made no effort to hide its Australian roots , despite the presence of American star Kirk Douglas in one of the principal roles . '' The film has a rating of 80 % on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . One review of the movie comments stated , `` The Australian film industry has been responsible for many decent films for decades ( and some utter crap , of course ) , but the percentage with international appeal is quite small . That is changing , and it is films such as The Man From Snowy River that have ensured ongoing interest . The film was inspired by the ' Banjo ' Paterson poem of the same name , and stars numerous respected local talents and a Hollywood big name star in Kirk Douglas , playing two roles . ' ' The two standouts of this film are the majestic mountain scenery , and the final chase scenes with that awe - inspiring horse ride down the mountainside . The film stars many big names and familiar faces including Gus Mercurio ( Paul 's father ) , Lorraine Bayley ( The Sullivans ) , Tony Bonner ( Skippy ) and Chris Haywood . The sets and costumes are also great , the script is strong , and the various threads that run through the film are well handled . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack ) Bruce Rowland composed the music for both the film and the sequel . Box office ( edit ) The Man from Snowy River grossed $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia . Kirk Douglas later sued Burrowes for a share of the profits . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film -- ( awarded to George T. Miller ) Won 1984 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia Legacy ( edit ) As indicated by its box office takings , The Man from Snowy River gained a very large audience , popularising the story and Banjo Paterson 's poem . Since 1995 the story has been re-enacted at The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival in Corryong , Victoria . Jack Thompson who played Clancy in the film has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including Clancy of the Overflow and The Man from Snowy River on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson . The Craigs ' Hut building was a permanent fixture created for the film . Located in Clear Hills , east of Mount Stirling , Victoria , the popular 4WD and hiking landmark was destroyed on 11 December 2006 in bushfires . The hut has since been rebuilt . The film was selected for preservation as part of the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 's Kodak / Atlab Cinema Collection Restoration Project . For the 2000 Summer Olympics Rowland composed a special Olympics version of The Man from Snowy River `` Main Title '' for the Olympic Games , which were held in Sydney . The CD of the music for the Sydney Olympics includes the Bruce Rowland 's special Olympic version of the main title . Rowland composed special arrangements of some of the film soundtrack music for the 2002 musical version of The Man from Snowy River , The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Stratton , The Avocado Plantation : Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry , Pan MacMillan , 1990 , pp. 64 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` LIFE STYLE Man From Snowy River -- ' a remarkable movie ' '' . The Canberra Times . 26 January 1983 . p. 20 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Young actors tipped for plum roles '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 19 November 1980 . p. 32 Supplement : FREE Your TV Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` RIDE THE HIGH COUNTRY '' . Filmnews . Sydney . 1 September 1982 . p. 8 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` ON THE SET OF ' THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER ( ? ) '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 6 May 1981 . p. 16 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ How The Hell Did We Get Here ? -- The Baby Boomers Guide to the Movies Jump up ^ http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/manfromsnowyriver.php Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Design , Steve Koukoulas -- RED5 Web . `` DVD.net : The Man From Snowy River ( 1982 ) - DVD Review '' . www.dvd.net.au . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Film Victoria - Australian Films at the Australian Box Office Jump up ^ `` Douglas has been paid , says producer '' . The Canberra Times . 30 August 1983 . p. 15 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival Jump up ^ `` The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson at Fine Poets '' Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , 11 December 2006 , Bushfires ravage iconic Craig 's Hut External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) The Man from Snowy River on IMDb The Man from Snowy River at the TCM Movie Database The Man from Snowy River at AllMovie The Man from Snowy River on australianscreen online The Man from Snowy River at the National Film and Sound Archive The Man from Snowy River Fan Site at manfromsnowyriver.net The Man from Snowy River at Oz movies AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score 1975 -- 2000 The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1975 ) Not awarded ( 1976 ) The Picture Show Man -- Peter Best ( 1977 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1978 ) Mad Max -- Brian May ( 1979 ) Manganinnie -- Peter Sculthorpe ( 1980 ) Fatty Finn -- Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond ( 1981 ) The Man from Snowy River -- Bruce Rowland ( 1982 ) Phar Lap -- Bruce Rowland ( 1983 ) Street Hero -- Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton ( 1984 ) Rebel -- Ray Cook , Chris Neal , Peter Best , Billy Byers , Bruce Rowland ( 1985 ) Young Einstein -- William Motzing and Martin Armiger ( 1986 ) The Tale of Ruby Rose -- Paul Schütze ( 1987 ) The Lighthorsemen -- Mario Millo ( 1988 ) Dead Calm -- Graeme Revell ( 1989 ) The Big Steal -- Phil Judd ( 1990 ) Dingo -- Michel Legrand and Miles Davis ( 1991 ) Romper Stomper -- John Clifford White ( 1992 ) The Piano -- Michael Nyman ( 1993 ) Traps -- Douglas Stephen Rae ( 1994 ) Hotel Sorrento -- Nerida Tyson - Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Banjo Paterson 's `` The Man from Snowy River '' - the Poem and its adaptations Films The Man from Snowy River ( 1920 silent ) The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 sequel ) Stage Musical The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 musical ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 DVD film of the musical ) CD Recordings The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film soundtrack ) Return to Snowy River ( 1988 film soundtrack ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 original cast recording ) Television The Man from Snowy River ( 1993 TV series ) Films directed by George T. Miller The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Aviator ( 1985 ) Cool Change ( 1986 ) Les Patterson Saves the World ( 1987 ) The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter ( 1990 ) A Mom for Christmas ( 1990 ) In the Nick of Time ( 1991 ) Over the Hill ( 1992 ) Frozen Assets ( 1992 ) Gross Misconduct ( 1993 ) Andre ( 1994 ) Zeus and Roxanne ( 1997 ) Tidal Wave : No Escape ( 1997 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1997 ) Cybermutt ( 2002 ) Attack of the Sabretooth ( 2005 ) Prey ( 2009 ) The Films of Geoff Burrowes The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) Anzacs ( 1985 ) ( TV mini series ) Cool Change ( 1985 ) Running from the Guns ( 1987 ) Backstage ( 1988 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 ) Run ( 1991 ) Bruce Rowland The Man from Snowy River ( soundtracks and music ) The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1982 film ) Return to Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1988 sequel film The Man from Snowy River II ) Special Olympics version of the main theme from The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( soundtrack of the 2002 stage musical ) Other soundtracks Phar Lap ( soundtrack ) All the Rivers Run ( soundtrack ) The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)&oldid=825964914 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s Western ( genre ) films 20th Century Fox films Australian drama films Australian films Australian Western ( genre ) films Directorial debut films Films about horses Films based on poems Films based on works by Australian writers Films directed by George T. Miller Films set in colonial Australia Films set in Victoria ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River Hidden categories : Use Australian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played spur in man from snowy river | [
"The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem \"The Man from Snowy River\". Released by 20th Century Fox, the film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison (a character who appeared frequently in Paterson's poems) and Spur, Jack Thompson as Clancy, Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig, Sigrid Thornton as Harrison's daughter Jessica, Terence Donovan as Jim's father Henry Craig, and Chris Haywood as Curly. Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel, The Man from Snowy River II, which was released by Walt Disney Pictures."
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"Kirk Douglas"
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2796382598183289438 | Music Row | Music Row - wikipedia Music Row Jump to : navigation , search Music Row is a historical district located to the southwest of downtown Nashville , Tennessee that is home to numerous businesses related to music , predominantly the country music , gospel music , and contemporary christian music industries . A map of the Music Row district in Nashville . Centered on 16th and 17th Avenues South ( called Music Square East and Music Square West , respectively , within the Music Row area ) , along with several side streets , Music Row is widely considered the heart of Nashville 's entertainment industry . In this area , one will find the offices of numerous record labels , publishing houses , music licensing firms , recording studios , video production houses , along with other businesses who serve the music industry , as well as radio networks , and radio stations . Within media , MusicRow Magazine has been a music industry resource reporting on the location for over 30 years . Lacy J. Dalton had a hit song in the 1980s about one of the streets , 16th Avenue , while the area served as namesake to Dolly Parton 's 1973 composition `` Down on Music Row '' . Sometimes the term `` Music Row '' is used as a metonymous nickname for the music industry as a whole , just as `` Madison Avenue '' often refers to the advertising industry . In present years , the district has been marked for extensive historical preservation and local as well as national movements to revive it 's rich and vibrant history . A group dedicated to this mission is the Music Industry Coalition . Points of interest ( edit ) Historical sites such as RCA 's famed Studio B and Studio A , where hundreds of notable and famous musicians have recorded , are situated on Music Row . Country music entertainers Roy Acuff and Chet Atkins have also been memorialized with streets named in their honor within the area . The Country Music Hall of Fame was once located at the corner of Music Square East and Division Street , but the building has since been torn down and the museum moved to a new state - of - the - art building eleven blocks away in Downtown Nashville in June of 1999 . One area of Music Row , along Demonbreun Street , was once littered with down - market tourist attractions and vanity `` museums '' of various country music stars . These began to disappear in the late 1990s with the announced move of the Country Music Hall of Fame . The strip sat largely vacant for a few years , but has been recently redeveloped with a number of upscale restaurants and bars serving the Downtown and Music Row areas . At the confluence of Demonbreun Street , Division Street , 16th Avenue South , and Music Square East is the `` Music Row Roundabout , '' a circular intersection designed to accommodate a continuous flow of traffic . Flanking the intersection to the west is Owen Bradley Park , a very small park dedicated to notable songwriter , performer , and publisher Owen Bradley . Within the park is a life - size bronze statue of Bradley behind a piano . Inside the roundabout is a large statue called the `` Musica '' . At the other end of Music Row , across Wedgewood Avenue sits the Belmont University campus , and Vanderbilt University is also adjacent to the area . Belmont is of particular note because of its Mike Curb College of Entertainment & Music Business ( CEMB ) , part of Belmont University and a major program in its commercial music performance division . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/music-row-nashville/ Jump up ^ `` This Week In Music '' . Ian Rogers . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/industries/music/2016/11/21/music-row-preservation-takes-major-step-forward/94226684/ Jump up ^ https://savingplaces.org/places/nashvilles-music-row#.WsY4dWhOnYU Jump up ^ https://www.curbed.com/2016/5/2/11565170/nashville-music-row-historic-preservation Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/weekly_features/12_07_20_RCA_Studio_B.htm Jump up ^ https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/industries/music/2017/10/21/rca-studio-a-iconic-signs-after-nearly-50-years/787238001/ Jump up ^ https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2017/03/24/country-music-hall-fame-and-museum-celebrates-50-years/98204248/ Jump up ^ https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/davidson%20/2016/02/25/nashville-roundabout-statue-musica-fountains/80850836/ Further reading ( edit ) How Nashville Became Music City , U.S.A. : 50 Years of Music Row ( 2006 ) , Michael Kosser Coordinates : 36 ° 08 ′ 53 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 35 '' W / 36.148 ° N 86.793 ° W / 36.148 ; - 86.793 Jump up ^ Michael Kosser ( 2006 ) . How Nashville Became Music City , U.S.A. : 50 Years of Music Row . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 09806 - 2 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_Row&oldid=835203201 '' Categories : Busking venues Culture of Nashville , Tennessee Economy of Nashville , Tennessee Geography of Nashville , Tennessee Tourist attractions in Tennessee Tourist attractions in Nashville , Tennessee Music of Tennessee Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 06 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the main music street in nashville | [] | [] |
4531602240964809806 | Xanthophyll | Xanthophyll - wikipedia Xanthophyll Jump to : navigation , search The chemical structure of cryptoxanthin The color of an egg yolk is from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin This article is about Xanthophylls . For the compound xanthophyll , see lutein . Xanthophylls ( originally phylloxanthins ) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group ; the other division is formed by the carotenes . The name is from Greek xanthos ( ξανθός , `` yellow '' ) and phyllon ( φύλλον , `` leaf '' ) , due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Molecular structure 2 Occurrence 3 Example compounds 4 Xanthophyll cycle 5 Food sources 6 References 7 External links Molecular structure ( edit ) The molecular structure of xanthophylls is similar to that of carotenes , but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms , while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen . Xanthophylls contain their oxygen either as hydroxyl groups and / or as pairs of hydrogen atoms that are substituted by oxygen atoms acting as a bridge ( epoxide ) . For this reason , they are more polar than the purely hydrocarbon carotenes , and it is this difference that allows their separations from carotenes in many types of chromatography . Typically , carotenes are more orange in color than xanthophylls . Thin layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract , illustrating the experiment with plant pigments that gave chromatography its name . Plant xanthophylls form the bright yellow band next to the green Occurrence ( edit ) Like other carotenoids , xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants , where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll ( an excited form of chlorophyll ) , which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis . The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals , and in dietary animal products , are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet . For example , the yellow color of chicken egg yolks , fat , and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls ( primarily lutein , which is often added to chicken feed for this purpose ) . The yellow color of the human macula lutea ( literally , yellow spot ) in the retina of the eye results from the lutein and zeaxanthin it contains , both xanthophylls again requiring a source in the human diet to be present in the eye . These xanthophylls protect the eye from ionizing blue and ultraviolet light , which they absorb . These two specific xanthophylls do not function in the mechanism of sight , since they can not be converted to retinal ( also called retinaldehyde or vitamin A aldehyde ) . Their arrangement is believed to be the cause of Haidinger 's brush , an entoptic phenomenon that allows the perception of the polarization of light . Example compounds ( edit ) The group of xanthophylls includes ( among many other compounds ) lutein , zeaxanthin , neoxanthin , violaxanthin , flavoxanthin , and α - and β - cryptoxanthin . The latter compound is the only known xanthophyll to contain a beta - ionone ring , and thus β - cryptoxanthin is the only xanthophyll that is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals . Even then , it is a vitamin only for plant - eating mammals that possess the enzyme to make retinal from carotenoids that contain beta - ionone ( some carnivores lack this enzyme ) . In species other than mammals , certain xanthophylls may be converted to hydroxylated retinal - analogues that function directly in vision . For example , with the exception of certain flies , most insects use the xanthophyll derived R - isomer of 3 - hydroxyretinal for visual activities , which means that β - cryptoxanthin and other xanthophylls ( such as lutein and zeaxanthin ) may function as forms of visual `` vitamin A '' for them , while carotenes ( such as beta carotene ) do not . Xanthophyll cycle ( edit ) The xanthophyll cycle The xanthophyll cycle involves the enzymatic removal of epoxy groups from xanthophylls ( e.g. violaxanthin , antheraxanthin , diadinoxanthin ) to create so - called de-epoxidised xanthophylls ( e.g. diatoxanthin , zeaxanthin ) . These enzymatic cycles were found to play a key role in stimulating energy dissipation within light - harvesting antenna proteins by non-photochemical quenching - a mechanism to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the photosynthetic reaction centers . Non-photochemical quenching is one of the main ways of protecting against photoinhibition . In higher plants , there are three carotenoid pigments that are active in the xanthophyll cycle : violaxanthin , antheraxanthin , and zeaxanthin . During light stress , violaxanthin is converted to zeaxanthin via the intermediate antheraxanthin , which plays a direct photoprotective role acting as a lipid - protective anti-oxidant and by stimulating non-photochemical quenching within light - harvesting proteins . This conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin is done by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase , while the reverse reaction is performed by zeaxanthin epoxidase . In diatoms and dinoflagellates , the xanthophyll cycle consists of the pigment diadinoxanthin , which is transformed into diatoxanthin ( diatoms ) or dinoxanthin ( dinoflagellates ) under high - light conditions . Wright et al. ( Feb 2011 ) found that , `` The increase in zeaxanthin appears to surpass the decrease in violaxanthin in spinach '' and commented that the discrepancy could be explained by `` a synthesis of zeaxanthin from beta - carotene '' , however they noted further study is required to explore this hypothesis . Food sources ( edit ) Xanthophylls are found in all young leaves and in etiolated leaves . Examples of other rich sources include papaya , peaches , prunes , and squash , which contain lutein diesters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ξανθός . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ φύλλον . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ Falkowski , P.G. & J.A. Raven , 1997 , Aquatic photosynthesis . Blackwell Science , 375 pp Jump up ^ Taiz , Lincoln and Eduardo Zeiger. 2006 . Plant Physiology . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . Publishers , Fourth edition , 764 pp Jump up ^ Jeffrey , S.W. & M. Vesk , 1997 . Introduction to marine phytoplankton and their pigment signatures . In Jeffrey , S.W. , R.F.C. Mantoura & S.W. Wright ( eds . ) , Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography , pp 37 - 84 . -- UNESCO Publishing , Paris . Jump up ^ Wright ; et al . `` The interrelationship between the lower oxygen limit , chlorophyll fluorescence and the xanthophyll cycle in plants '' . Jump up ^ Factors That Influence the Bioavailablity of Xanthophylls , Susan Zaripheh , John W. Erdman Jr . Jump up ^ UCLA College of Life Sciences , General Botany : Leaf Color : Xanthophylls Jump up ^ Michele Turcotte , MS , RD , Foods That Contain Zeaxanthin , February 18 , 2014 Demmig - Adams , B & W.W. Adams , 2006 . Photoprotection in an ecological context : the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation , New Phytologist , 172 : 11 -- 21 . External links ( edit ) Xanthophylls at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Types of plant pigments Betalains Betacyanins Betaxanthins Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Curcuminoids 1 , 7 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 1 , 4 , 6 - heptatrien - 3 - one Bisdemethoxycurcumin Desmethoxycurcumin Curcumin Flavonoids Anthocyanins Anthocyanidins Anthoxanthins Flavans Condensed tannins Carotenoids Carotenes Retinoids Xanthophylls Other Allophycocyanin Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrocyanin Quinones Xanthonoids Carotenoids Carotenes ( C ) α - Carotene β - Carotene γ - Carotene δ - Carotene ε - Carotene ζ - Carotene Lycopene Neurosporene Phytoene Phytofluene Torulene Lycopersene Xanthophylls ( C ) Antheraxanthin Astaxanthin Canthaxanthin Citranaxanthin Cryptoxanthin Diadinoxanthin Diatoxanthin Dinoxanthin Echinenone Flavoxanthin Fucoxanthin Lutein Neoxanthin Rhodoxanthin Rubixanthin Violaxanthin Zeaxanthin Zeinoxanthin Apocarotenoids ( C ) Abscisic acid Apocarotenal Bixin Crocetin Food orange 7 Ionones Peridinin Vitamin A retinoids ( C ) Retinal Retinoic acid Retinol Retinoid drugs Acitretin Alitretinoin Bexarotene Etretinate Fenretinide Isotretinoin Tazarotene Temarotene Tretinoin Zuretinol acetate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyll&oldid=835567350 '' Categories : Carotenoids Alcohols Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is xanthophyll found in a plant's cell | [
"Like other carotenoids, xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants, where they act to modulate light energy and perhaps serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyll (an excited form of chlorophyll)[citation needed], which is overproduced at high light levels in photosynthesis. The xanthophylls found in the bodies of animals, and in dietary animal products, are ultimately derived from plant sources in the diet. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from ingested xanthophylls (primarily lutein, which is often added to chicken feed for this purpose)."
] | [
"leaves"
] |
-5180749924237772940 | Little black dress | Little black dress - wikipedia Little black dress Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Little Black Dress ( disambiguation ) . A little black dress from 1964 A little black dress ( LBD ) is a black evening or cocktail dress , cut simply and often quite short . Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel and Jean Patou intended to be long - lasting , versatile , affordable , accessible to the widest market possible and in a neutral colour . Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the `` LBD '' . The `` little black dress '' is considered essential to a complete wardrobe by many women and fashion observers , who believe it a `` rule of fashion '' that every woman should own a simple , elegant black dress that can be dressed up or down depending on the occasion : for example , worn with a jacket and pumps for daytime business wear or with more ornate jewelry and accessories for evening or a formal event such as a wedding or a ball . Because it is meant to be a staple of the wardrobe for a number of years , the style of the little black dress ideally should be as simple as possible : a short black dress that is too clearly part of a trend would not qualify because it would soon appear dated . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Famous little black dresses 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Black has always been a color rich in symbolism . In the early 18th century , black represented romance and artistry . As Ann Demeulemeester said of it , `` Black is poetic . How do you imagine a poet ? In a bright yellow jacket ? Probably not . '' In the early 19th century , black was adopted by the Romantics such as Byron , Shelley , and Keats , due to its melancholic aura . As the Victorian Era began , black transitions from a color of art to one of grief and mourning - widows were expected to wear black for at least four years - and also for service livery , as the uniform for maids . In 1926 Gabrielle `` Coco '' Chanel published a picture of a short , simple black dress in American Vogue . It was calf - length , straight and decorated only by a few diagonal lines . Vogue called it `` Chanel 's Ford '' . Like the Model T , the little black dress was simple and accessible for women of all social classes . Vogue also said that the LBD would become `` a sort of uniform for all women of taste '' . This , as well as other designs by the house of Chanel helped disassociate black with mourning , and reinvent it as the uniform of the high - class , wealthy , and chic . As Coco herself proclaimed , `` I imposed black ; it 's still going strong today , for black wipes out everything else around . '' Chanel is credited with the creation and popularization of the Little Black Dress , and rightfully so . The little black dress continued to be popular through the Great Depression , predominantly through its economy and elegance , albeit with the line lengthened somewhat . Hollywood 's influence on fashion helped the little black dress 's popularity , but for more practical reasons : as Technicolor films became more common , filmmakers relied on little black dresses because other colors looked distorted on screen and botched the coloring process . During World War II , the style continued in part due to widespread rationing of textiles , and in part as a common uniform ( accessorized for businesswear ) for civilian women entering the workforce . Models wearing little black dresses in Brazil , 2010 The rise of Dior 's `` New Look '' in the post-war era and the sexual conservatism of the 1950s returned the little black dress to its roots as a uniform and a symbol of the dangerous woman . Hollywood femme fatales and fallen women characters were portrayed often in black halter - style dresses in contrast to the more conservative dresses of housewives or more wholesome Hollywood stars . Synthetic fibres made popular in the 1940s and 1950s broadened the availability and affordability of many designs . The generation gap of the 1960s created a dichotomy in the design of the little black dress . The younger `` mod '' generation preferred , in general , a miniskirt on their versions of the dress and designers catering to the youth culture continued to push the envelope - shortening the skirt even more , creating cutouts or slits in the skirt or bodice of the dress , using sheer fabrics such as netting or tulle . Many women aspired to simple black sheath dresses similar to the black Givenchy dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany 's . The popularity of casual fabrics , especially knits , for dress and business wear during the 1980s brought the little black dress back into vogue . Coupled with the fitness craze , the new designs incorporated details already popular at the time such as broad shoulders or peplums : later in the decade and into the 1990s , simpler designs in a variety of lengths and fullness were popular . The grunge culture of the 1990s saw the combination of the little black dress with both sandals and combat boots , though the dress itself remained simple in cut and fabric . The new glamour of the late 1990s led to new variations of the dress but , like the 1950s and the 1970s , colour re-emerged as a factor in fashion and formalwear and repeatedly shows an aversion to black . The resurgence of body conscious clothing , muted colour schemes , and the reemergence of predominant black , along with the retrospective trends of the 1980s in the late 2000s paved way to the return of interest to the dress . Famous little black dresses ( edit ) Eurovision Song Contest winner , Lena , sporting a little black dress and black stockings while singing her winning song `` Satellite '' . The black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , designed by Hubert de Givenchy , epitomized the standard for wearing little black dresses accessorized with pearls ( together called `` basic black '' ) , as was frequently seen throughout the early 1960s . The dress set a record in 2006 when it was auctioned for £ 410,000 , six times its original estimate . Betty Boop , a cartoon character based in part on the 1920s ' `` It Girl '' Clara Bow , was drawn wearing a little black dress in her early films , though with Technicolor later , Betty 's dress became red . Wallis Simpson , Duchess of Windsor , was known to own several little black dresses and said much in praise of the garments . One quote of the Duchess : `` When a little black dress is right , there is nothing else to wear in its place . '' Edith Piaf , the French folk icon , performed in a black sheath dress throughout her career : for this habit she was nicknamed `` little black sparrow '' . It was thought that the dress helped audiences focus more on Piaf 's singing and less on her appearance . In an incident at London 's Covent Garden theatre in 2004 , a director fired the then - obese soprano Deborah Voigt from an opera because she could not fit into a `` little black cocktail dress '' , replacing her with the slimmer Anne Schwanewilms . In popular culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A number of songs are titled `` Little Black Dress '' , including `` Little Black Dress '' from the 1981 musical Shock Treatment , which is sung whilst one of the antagonists sews up a little black dress and presents it to the heroine , who wears it in the second half of the film . The Hollies 1972 Single `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' was written for the album Distant Light about a woman who mesmerized the lead singer in a black dress . It sold 2 million copies worldwide and reached # 2 on the Billboards Hot 100 Gavin Friday performed a song titled `` Little Black Dress '' for his 1996 album Shag Tobacco . The song was written by Maurice Seezer . The 2006 song `` Little Black Dress '' is the opening song of Donnie Iris 's album , Ellwood City . It was written by Mark Avsec . `` Gettin ' You Home ( The Black Dress Song ) '' is a 2009 country music song by Chris Young . It became his first # 1 hit on the Hot Country Songs chart dated for 24 October 2009 . `` Tiffany Blews '' is the 10th track on Fall Out Boy 's 4th studio album , Folie à Deux . The chorus mentions a little black dress , a symbol for classiness . `` Little Black Dress '' is a song by One Direction included in their third album entitled Midnight Memories . `` Little Black Dress '' is also a song by Sara Bareilles , the 6th track on 2013 's The Blessed Unrest album . In the song , dancing in the dress promotes getting over a relationship . `` Little Black Dress '' is a song by San Diego -- based roots reggae band One Drop , from the 2008 release Mission Blvd . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little black dresses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 1988 ) . Paris Fashion : A Cultural History . Oxford University Press . pp. 246 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504465 - 7 . Jump up ^ styledotcom ( 2010 - 08 - 19 ) . `` The LBD Gets Official '' . Style.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry looks stunning in slinky LBD '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's History Month kicks off in ' Little Black Dress ' style '' , Northern Illinois University Archived 2010 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Edelman , Amy Holman ( 1998 ) . The Little Black Dress . Aurum . Jump up ^ Picardie , Justine ( 2010 ) . Coco Chanel : the legend and the life . London : Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 9780061963858 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn 's Little Black Dress Sells for a Fortune '' . Hellomagazine.com. 2006 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tommasini , `` With Surgery , Soprano Sheds a Brünnhilde Body , '' New York Times , March 27 , 2005 , found at New York Times website . Before and after images included . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tommasini , `` Second Date With a Little Black Dress , '' New York Times , June 11 , 2008 , found at New York Times website . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vivien Schweitzer , `` Music Review : A Slimmed - Down Diva Keeps Her Vocal Heft , '' New York Times , June 18 , 2009 , found at New York Times website . Accessed May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deborah Voigt : Off The Scales : Opera Star Talks About Lifelong Battle With Weight , '' found at `` Deborah Voigt : Off The Scales , Opera Star Talks About Lifelong Battle With Weight '' , CBS News . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mission Blvd Further reading ( edit ) Edelman , Amy Holman ( 1998 ) . The Little Black Dress . Aurum . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 604 - X . `` Little Black Dress Transcends Fashion '' . About.com . May 2006 `` Sixties Fashions '' . June 2 , 2006 . `` The Little Black Dress '' . Woman 's Hour Radio . BBC . May 2006 . `` The Myth Of The Little Black Dress '' . Jane Curtain . The Fashion Culte Magazine . November 2014 . Chanel Owners Alain Wertheimer Gérard Wertheimer Jacques Wertheimer Pierre Wertheimer Designers Coco Chanel Karl Lagerfeld Garments Little black dress Jacqueline Kennedy 's pink Chanel suit Perfumes Bois des Îles Chanel No. 5 Chanel No. 19 Chanel No. 22 Coco Coco Mademoiselle Cuir de Russie Égoïste Perfumers Ernest Beaux Jacques Polge Henri Robert Other products Chanel 2.55 handbag Chanel J12 watch Promotional models Marie - Hélène Arnaud Carole Bouquet Gisele Bündchen Cara Delevingne Catherine Deneuve Lily - Rose Depp Inès de La Fressange Nicole Kidman Keira Knightley Marilyn Monroe Kate Moss Anna Mouglalis Vanessa Paradis Suzy Parker Jean Shrimpton Audrey Tautou Gaspard Ulliel Films Chanel Solitaire Coco Before Chanel Coco Chanel Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky Musical Coco Book The Allure of Chanel Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Hazmat suit Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Activewear Clothing fetish Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing See - through clothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_black_dress&oldid=818511482 '' Categories : 1920s fashion 20th - century fashion 21st - century fashion Dresses Formal wear History of clothing ( Western fashion ) History of fashion Chanel Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who pioneered the little black dress or lbd back in 1926 | [
"A little black dress (LBD) is a black evening or cocktail dress, cut simply and often quite short. Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel and Jean Patou[1] intended to be long-lasting, versatile, affordable, accessible to the widest market possible and in a neutral colour. Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the \"LBD\".[2][3][4]",
"A little black dress (LBD) is a black evening or cocktail dress, cut simply and often quite short. Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel and Jean Patou[1] intended to be long-lasting, versatile, affordable, accessible to the widest market possible and in a neutral colour. Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the \"LBD\".[2][3][4]"
] | [
"Coco Chanel",
"Jean Patou"
] |
8355707015367392339 | Capital punishment in the United Kingdom | Capital punishment in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century . The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging , and took place in 1964 , prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder ( in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland ) . Although unused , the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom , prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reform 3 Abolition 3.1 Last executions 3.2 Last death sentences 3.3 Final abolition 3.4 Crown dependencies 3.5 Overseas territories 4 Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment 4.1 Parliamentary debates on reintroduction 5 Parties ' stance on the issue 6 Notable executions in the United Kingdom 6.1 Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 6.2 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 6.3 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) Sir Samuel Romilly , speaking to the House of Commons on capital punishment in 1810 , declared that `` ( there is ) no country on the face of the earth in which there ( have ) been so many different offences according to law to be punished with death as in England '' . Known as the `` Bloody Code '' , at its height the criminal law included some 220 crimes punishable by death , including `` being in the company of Gypsies for one month '' , `` strong evidence of malice in a child aged 7 -- 14 years of age '' and `` blacking the face or using a disguise whilst committing a crime '' . Many of these offences had been introduced to protect the property of the wealthy classes that emerged during the first half of the 18th century , a notable example being the Black Act of 1723 , which created 50 capital offences for various acts of theft and poaching . Crimes eligible for the death penalty included shoplifting and stealing sheep , cattle , and horses , and before abolition of the death penalty for theft in 1832 , `` English law was notorious for prescribing the death penalty for a vast range of offenses as slight as the theft of goods valued at twelve pence . '' Whilst executions for murder , burglary and robbery were common , the death sentences for minor offenders were often not carried out . A sentence of death could be commuted or respited ( permanently postponed ) for reasons such as benefit of clergy , official pardons , pregnancy of the offender or performance of military or naval duty . Between 1770 and 1830 , an estimated 35,000 death sentences were handed down in England and Wales , but only 7,000 executions were carried out . Reform ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1808 Romilly had the death penalty removed for pickpockets and lesser offenders , starting a process of reform that continued over the next 50 years . The death penalty was mandatory ( although it was frequently commuted by the government ) until the Judgement of Death Act 1823 gave judges the power to commute the death penalty except for treason and murder . The Punishment of Death , etc . Act 1832 reduced the number of capital crimes by two - thirds . In 1832 , the death penalty was abolished for theft , counterfeiting , and forgery except for the forgery of wills and certain powers of attorney . Gibbeting was abolished in 1832 and hanging in chains was abolished in 1834 . In 1837 , the death penalty for forging wills and powers of attorney was abolished . The death penalty for rape was abolished in 1841 . In 1861 , several acts of Parliament ( 24 & 25 Vict ; c. 94 to c. 100 ) further reduced the number of civilian capital crimes to five : murder , treason , espionage , arson in royal dockyards , and piracy with violence ; there were other offences under military law . The death penalty remained mandatory for treason and murder unless commuted by the monarch . The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864 -- 66 concluded ( with dissenting Commissioners ) that there was not a case for abolition but recommended an end to public executions . This proposal was included in the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 . From that date executions in Great Britain were carried out only in prisons . The punishment of beheading and quartering those executed for treason was abolished in 1870 . The last application of that punishment had been in 1820 and the last sentence to the punishment had been in 1839 . In 1908 , the Children Act 1908 banned the execution of juveniles under the age of 16 . In 1922 a new offence of Infanticide was introduced to replace the charge of murder for mothers killing their children in the first year of life . In 1930 a parliamentary Select Committee recommended that capital punishment be suspended for a trial period of five years , but no action was taken . From 1931 pregnant women could no longer be hanged ( following the birth of their child ) although in practice since the 18th century their sentences had always been commuted . In 1933 the minimum age for capital punishment was raised to 18 under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 . The last known execution by the civilian courts of a person under 18 was that of Charles Dobel , 17 , hanged at Maidstone together with his accomplice William Gower , 18 , in January 1889 . Harold Wilkins , at 16 years old , was the last juvenile sentenced to the death penalty in the United Kingdom , in 1932 for a sexually related murder , but he was reprieved due to age . In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before parliament . A clause within the Criminal Justice Bill called for an experimental five - year suspension of the death penalty . When war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed . It was revived after the war and to everyone 's surprise was adopted by a majority in the House of Commons ( 245 to 222 ) . In the House of Lords the abolition clause was defeated but the remainder of the bill was passed . Popular support for abolition was absent and the government decided that it would be inappropriate for it to assert its supremacy by invoking the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 over such an unpopular issue . Instead , then Home Secretary , James Chuter Ede , set up a new Royal Commission ( the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment , 1949 -- 1953 ) with instructions to determine `` whether the liability to suffer capital punishment should be limited or modified '' . The Commission 's report discussed a number of alternatives to execution by hanging ( including the US methods of electrocution and gassing , and the then - theoretical lethal injection ) , but rejected them . It had more difficulty with the principle of capital punishment . Popular opinion believed that the death penalty acted as a deterrent to criminals , but the statistics within the report were inconclusive . Whilst the report recommended abolition from an ethical standpoint , it made no mention of possible miscarriages of justice . The public had by then expressed great dissatisfaction with the verdict in the case of Timothy Evans , who was tried and hanged in 1950 for murdering his baby daughter . It later transpired in 1953 that John Christie had strangled at least six women in the same house ; he also confessed to killing Timothy 's wife . If the jury in Evans 's trial had known this , Evans would probably not have been found guilty . There were other cases in the same period where doubts arose over convictions and subsequent hangings , such as the notorious case of Derek Bentley . The commission concluded that unless there was overwhelming public support in favour of abolition , the death penalty should be retained . Between 1900 and 1949 , 621 men and 11 women were executed in England and Wales . Ten German agents were executed during the First World War under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , and 16 spies were executed during the Second World War under the Treachery Act 1940 . By 1957 a number of controversial cases highlighted the issue of capital punishment again . Campaigners for abolition were partially rewarded with the Homicide Act 1957 . The Act brought in a distinction between capital and non-capital murder . Only six categories of murder were now punishable by execution : in the course or furtherance of theft by shooting or causing an explosion while resisting arrest or during an escape of a police officer of a prison officer by a prisoner the second of two murders committed on different occasions ( if both done in Great Britain ) . The police and the government were of the opinion that the death penalty deterred offenders from carrying firearms and it was for this reason that such offences remained punishable by death . Abolition ( edit ) The only known photograph of the death sentence being pronounced in England and Wales , for the poisoner Frederick Seddon in 1912 In 1965 the Labour MP Sydney Silverman , who had committed himself to the cause of abolition for more than 20 years , introduced a Private Member 's Bill to suspend the death penalty for murder . It was passed on a free vote in the House of Commons by 200 votes to 98 . The bill was subsequently passed by the House of Lords by 204 votes to 104 . The Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 suspended the death penalty in Great Britain ( but not in Northern Ireland ) for murder for a period of five years , and substituted a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment ; it further provided that if , before the expiry of the five - year suspension , each House of Parliament passed a resolution to make the effect of the Act permanent , then it would become permanent . In 1969 the Home Secretary , James Callaghan , proposed a motion to make the Act permanent , which was carried in the Commons on 16 December 1969 , and a similar motion was carried in the Lords on 18 December . The death penalty for murder was abolished in Northern Ireland on 25 July 1973 under the Northern Ireland ( Emergency Provisions ) Act 1973 . Following the abolition of the death penalty for murder , the House of Commons held a vote during each subsequent parliament until 1997 to restore the death penalty . This motion was always defeated , but the death penalty still remained for other crimes : causing a fire or explosion in a naval dockyard , ship , magazine or warehouse ( until 1971 ) ; espionage ( until 1981 ) ; piracy with violence ( until 1998 ) ; treason ( until 1998 ) ; and certain purely military offences under the jurisdiction of the armed forces , such as mutiny ( until 1998 ) . Prior to its complete abolition in 1998 , it was available for six offences : serious misconduct in action ; assisting the enemy ; obstructing operations ; giving false air signals ; mutiny or incitement to mutiny ; and failure to suppress a mutiny with intent to assist the enemy . However , no executions were carried out in the United Kingdom for any of these offences after the abolition of the death penalty for murder . Nevertheless , there remained a working gallows at HMP Wandsworth , London , until 1994 , which was tested every six months until 1992 . This gallows is now housed in the Galleries of Justice in Nottingham . Last executions ( edit ) England and in the United Kingdom : on 13 August 1964 , Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester , were executed for the murder of John Alan West on 7 April that year . Scotland : Henry John Burnett , 21 , on 15 August 1963 in Craiginches Prison , Aberdeen , for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan . Northern Ireland : Robert McGladdery , 26 , on 20 December 1961 in Crumlin Road Gaol , Belfast , for the murder of Pearl Gamble . Wales : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea on 6 May 1958 , for the murder of William Williams , sub-postmaster of Fforestfach Post Office . Last death sentences ( edit ) Northern Ireland and in the United Kingdom : Liam Holden in 1973 in Northern Ireland , for the capital murder of a British soldier during the Troubles . Holden was removed from the death cell in May 1973 . In 2012 his conviction was quashed on appeal . England : David Chapman , who was sentenced to hang in November 1965 for the murder of a swimming pool nightwatchman in Scarborough . He was released from prison in 1979 and later died in a car accident . Scotland : Patrick McCarron in 1964 for shooting his wife . He committed suicide in prison in 1970 . Wales : Edgar Black , who was reprieved on 6 November 1963 . He had shot his wife 's lover in Cardiff . Final abolition ( edit ) The Criminal Damage Act 1971 abolished the offence of arson in royal dockyards . The Naval Discipline Act 1957 reduced the scope of capital espionage from `` all spies for the enemy '' to spies on naval ships or bases . Later , the Armed Forces Act 1981 abolished the death penalty for espionage . ( The Official Secrets Act 1911 had created another offence of espionage which carried a maximum sentence of fourteen years . ) Beheading was abolished as a method of execution for treason in 1973 . Hanging , however , remained available until 1998 when , under a House of Lords amendment to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , proposed by Lord Archer of Sandwell , the death penalty was abolished for treason and piracy with violence , replacing it with a discretionary maximum sentence of life imprisonment . These were the last civilian offences punishable by death . On 20 May 1998 the House of Commons voted to ratify the 6th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibiting capital punishment except `` in time of war or imminent threat of war '' . The last remaining provisions for the death penalty under military jurisdiction ( including in wartime ) were removed when section 21 ( 5 ) of the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 9 November 1998 . On 10 October 2003 , effective from 1 February 2004 , the UK acceded to the 13th Protocol , which prohibits the death penalty in all circumstances . As a legacy from colonial times , several states in the West Indies still had the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the court of final appeal ; although the death penalty has been retained in these states , the Privy Council would sometimes delay or deny executions . Some of these states severed links with the British court system in 2001 by transferring the responsibilities of the Privy Council to the Caribbean Court of Justice , to speed up executions . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Further information : Capital punishment in the Isle of Man and Capital punishment in Jersey Although not part of the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey are British Crown dependencies . In the Channel Islands , the last death sentence was passed in 1984 ; the last execution in the Channel Islands was in Jersey on 9 October 1959 , when Francis Joseph Huchet was hanged for murder . The Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 amends the Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 to give effect to the 13th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights providing for the total abolition of the death penalty . Both of these laws came into effect on 10 December 2006 . Capital punishment was abolished in Guernsey in 2003 , and the 13th Protocol was extended to Guernsey in April 2004 . Sark formally retained it until January 2004 , when the Chief Pleas in a 14 -- 9 vote removed it from the statutes . The last execution on the Isle of Man took place in 1872 , when John Kewish was hanged for patricide . Capital punishment was not formally abolished by Tynwald ( the island 's parliament ) until 1993 . Five persons were sentenced to death ( for murder ) on the Isle of Man between 1973 and 1992 , although all sentences were commuted to life imprisonment . The last person to be sentenced to death in the UK or its dependencies was Anthony Teare , who was convicted at the Manx Court of General Gaol Delivery in Douglas for contract murder in 1992 ; he was subsequently retried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1994 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol was adopted , with an effective date of 1 November 2006 . Overseas territories ( edit ) Like the Crown dependencies , the British overseas territories are constitutionally not part of the United Kingdom . However , the British government 's ultimate responsibility for good governance of the territories has led it over recent years to pursue a policy of revoking all statutory provision for the death penalty in those territories where it had up until recently been legal . The last executions in an overseas territory , and indeed the last on British soil , took place in Bermuda in 1977 , when two men , Larry Tacklyn and Erskine Burrows , were hanged for the 1973 murder of the territory 's then Governor Sir Richard Sharples . In 1991 , the British government extended an Order in Council to its Caribbean territories whose effect was to abolish capital punishment for murder : Anguilla , the British Virgin Islands , the Cayman Islands , Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands . The British government was unable to extend the abolition via Order in Council to Bermuda , the UK 's most autonomous overseas territory with powers of almost total self - governance -- but warned that if voluntary abolition was not forthcoming it would be forced to consider the unprecedented step of `` whether to impose abolition by means of an Act of Parliament '' . As a result , the Bermudian government introduced its own domestic legislation in 1999 to rectify the problem . Further measures were subsequently adopted to revoke technicalities in British overseas territories ' domestic legislation as regards use of the death penalty for crimes of treason and piracy . In October 2002 the British government abolished the death penalty for treason and piracy in the Turks and Caicos Islands . Since then , the death penalty has been outlawed under all circumstances in all the UK 's overseas territories . Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment ( edit ) Since the death penalty 's suspension in 1965 , there have been continued public and media calls for its reintroduction , particularly prompted by high - profile murder cases . At the same time , there have been a number of miscarriages of justice since 1965 where someone convicted of murder has later had their conviction quashed on appeal and been released from prison , strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty 's reintroduction . These include the Birmingham Six ( cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974 ) , the Guildford Four ( cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing ) , Stephen Downing ( a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard ) and Barry George ( who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal ) . Perhaps the first high - profile murder case which sparked widespread calls for a return of the death penalty was the Moors murders trial in 1966 , the year after the death penalty 's suspension , in which Ian Brady and Myra Hindley were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of two children and a teenager in the Manchester area ( they later confessed to a further two murders ) . Later in 1966 , the murder of three policemen in West London also attracted widespread public support for the death penalty 's return . Other subsequent high - profile cases to have sparked widespread media and public calls for the death penalty 's return include `` Yorkshire Ripper '' Peter Sutcliffe , convicted in 1981 of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in the north of England , Roy Whiting , who murdered a seven - year - old girl in West Sussex in 2000 , and Ian Huntley , a Cambridgeshire school caretaker who killed two 10 - year - old girls in 2002 . A November 2009 television survey showed that 70 % favoured reinstating the death penalty for at least one of the following crimes : armed robbery , rape , crimes related to paedophilia , terrorism , adult murder , child murder , child rape , treason , child abuse or kidnapping . However , respondents only favoured capital punishment for adult murder , the polling question asked by other organisations such as Gallup , by small majorities or pluralities : overall , 51 % favoured the death penalty for adult murder , while 56 % in Wales did , 55 % in Scotland , and only 49 % in England . In August 2011 , the Internet blogger Paul Staines -- who writes a political blog as Guido Fawkes and heads the Restore Justice Campaign -- launched an e-petition on the Downing Street website calling for the restoration of the death penalty for those convicted of the murder of children and police officers . The petition was one of several in support or opposition of capital punishment to be published by the government with the launch of its e-petitions website . Petitions attracting 100,000 signatures would prompt a parliamentary debate on a particular topic , but not necessarily lead to any Parliamentary Bills being put forward . When the petition closed on 4 February 2012 it had received 26,351 signatures in support of restoring capital punishment , but a counter-petition calling to retain the ban on capital punishment received 33,455 signatures during the same time period . Also in August 2011 , a representative survey conducted by Angus Reid Public Opinion showed that 65 % of Britons support reinstating the death penalty for murder in Great Britain , while 28 % oppose this course of action . Men and respondents aged over 35 are more likely to endorse the change . In March 2015 a survey by the NatCen British Social Attitudes Report showed that public support for the death penalty had dropped to 48 per cent . Parliamentary Debates on reintroduction ( edit ) After Royal Assent for the Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 , supporters in Parliament have made several attempts to reintroduce capital punishment . On 23 November 1966 , Duncan Sandys was refused leave to bring in a Bill to restore capital punishment for the murder of police or prison officers , by a vote of 170 to 292 . Motions to make the five - year suspension of capital punishment under the 1965 Act permanent were opposed , but agreed by 343 to 185 in the House of Commons ; in the House of Lords , an amendment to continue with a temporary suspension of capital punishment until 31 July 1973 was rejected by 174 to 220 . In April 1973 , the House of Commons voted against reintroduction . The deaths of civilians in several IRA bombings in 1974 prompted a renewed debate . On 11 December 1974 Brian Walden moved a motion declaring that `` the death penalty would neither deter terrorists nor increase the safety of the public '' ; Jill Knight moved an amendment calling instead for introduction of legislation providing for death to be the penalty for acts of terrorism causing death . Her amendment was rejected by 217 to 369 . A year later , Ivan Lawrence 's motion `` That this House demands capital punishment for terrorist offences causing death '' was rejected by 232 to 361 . After the Conservatives ' victory in the 1979 general election , Eldon Griffiths ( Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation of England and Wales ) moved a motion `` that the sentence of capital punishment should again be available to the courts '' on 19 July 1979 . While the motion was not expected to pass , the margin of its defeat ( 243 to 362 ) was much wider than expected . Later in the same Parliament , the Criminal Justice Bill provided an opportunity on 11 May 1982 for several new clauses to be proposed which would have reinstated capital punishment . The first , which simply declared that `` A person convicted of murder shall be liable to capital punishment '' , was tabled by Edward Gardner , and rejected by 195 to 357 . It was followed by an alternative under which capital punishment would be available `` as the penalty for an act of terrorism involving the loss of human life '' ; this new clause was rejected by 176 to 332 . A further new clause proposing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder by means of firearms or explosives '' was rejected by 176 to 343 . Then a new clause allowing for capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 208 to 332 . Finally a new clause allowing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder in the course of robbery and burglary which involves the use of offensive weapons '' was rejected by 151 to 331 . The new Parliament in 1983 again prompted supporters of capital punishment to put their case . Sir Edward Gardner 's motion `` That this House favours the restoration of the death penalty for murder '' was debated on 13 July 1983 , with several amendments moved to restrict capital punishment to certain categories of murder . The amendments were voted on first : capital punishment for murder `` resulting from acts of terrorism '' was rejected by 245 to 361 , for murder `` of a police officer during the course of his duties '' by 263 to 344 , for murder `` of a prison officer during the course of his duties '' by 252 to 348 , for murder `` by shooting or causing an explosion '' by 204 to 374 , and for murder `` in the course or furtherance of theft '' by 194 to 369 . The main motion was then defeated by 223 to 368 . Towards the end of the Parliament , a new clause proposed to the Criminal Justice Bill proposed to return the death penalty for `` A person convicted by the unanimous verdict of a jury of the premeditated killing of another person or of knowingly and intentionally killing another person in a manner , or for a reason , or in circumstances which a reasonable person would consider to be evil '' was rejected by 230 to 342 on 1 April 1987 . The Criminal Justice Bill in 1988 provided a further opportunity for a debate ; the new clause proposed by Roger Gale allowed for the jury in a murder case to `` have the power , upon reaching a verdict of guilt of murder , to recommend ... death in the manner authorised by law '' . It was rejected by 218 to 341 . The aforementioned bills were rejected despite support from then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . On 17 December 1990 a new Criminal Justice Bill again saw amendments designed to reintroduce capital punishment . The first covered anyone over 18 `` convicted of the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' and was rejected by 215 to 350 ; a general reintroduction of death as the penalty for murder ( with special provision for the Court of Appeal to decide whether to substitute a life sentence ) was then rejected by 182 to 367 . Capital punishment for `` murder committed by means of firearms , explosives or an offensive weapon , or for the murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 186 to 349 . The most recent Parliamentary debate on a question proposing reintroduction of capital punishment came on 21 February 1994 when new clauses to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Bill were moved . The first , providing for death as the sentence for `` the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' , was rejected by 186 to 383 ; A new clause providing for general reintroduction with power for the Court of Appeal to substitute life imprisonment was rejected by 159 to 403 . This would have been aimed at terrorists in the Northern Ireland conflict . In June 2013 a new bill for capital punishment in England and Wales was introduced . This Bill has been withdrawn and will not progress any further . Parties ' stance on the issue ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following parties support the reintroduction of capital punishment : National Front ( NF ) British National Party ( BNP ) British Democratic Party Britain First Notable executions in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Note : This list does not include the beheadings of nobility . Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 ( edit ) 16 November 1724 : Jack Sheppard , housebreaker , was hanged at Tyburn for burglary after four successful escape attempts from jail . His partner - in - crime , highwayman Joseph `` Blueskin '' Blake , was executed for the same burglary five days earlier . 24 May 1725 : Jonathan Wild , criminal overlord and fraudulent `` Thief Taker General '' , was hanged at Tyburn for receiving stolen goods and thus aiding criminals . 7 April 1739 : Dick Turpin , famous highwayman , was hanged . 30 July 1746 : nine Catholic members of the Manchester Regiment , Jacobites , were hanged , drawn and quartered for treason at Kennington Common ( now Kennington Park ) . 9 April 1747 : Simon Fraser , 11th Lord Lovat , Jacobite leader and Scottish Clan chief , at Tower Hill , the last man to be publicly beheaded in Britain . 3 October 1750 : James MacLaine , ' The Gentleman Highwayman ' , was hanged at Tyburn , London 14 March 1757 : John Byng became the only British admiral executed , by firing squad by the Royal Navy . His crime was having failed to `` do his utmost '' at the Battle of Minorca during the Seven Years ' War . 5 May 1760 : Laurence Shirley , 4th Earl Ferrers was executed at Tyburn for the murder of a servant . He was the last peer to be hanged ( reputedly by a silken rope ) and is the only peer to have been hanged for murder . 18 March 1789 : Catherine Murphy , a counterfeiter , was the last woman in England to be burned at the stake ( though she was in fact strangled before the fire was lit , and thus not literally burned to death ) . The penalty of burning at the stake , which at the time applied to women and not to men , was abolished the next year . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 ( edit ) 13 November 1805 : Richard Harding was hanged for knowingly uttering playing cards with forged ace of spades . 18 May 1812 : John Bellingham was hanged for the murder of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval . 8 September 1820 : Andrew Hardie and John Baird were hanged and beheaded at Stirling after being tried for their part in the Radical War in Scotland . 11 August 1828 : William Corder was hanged at Bury St Edmunds for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year before . 9 August 1856 : Elizabeth Martha Brown was the last woman to be hanged in public in the English county of Dorset ; her hanging is notable in part because it influenced Thomas Hardy , an eyewitness , in his portrayal of the execution of the fictional heroine of Tess of the D'Urbervilles . 27 August 1861 : Martin Doyle was the last person to be hanged for attempted murder , at Chester . 14 November 1864 : Franz Muller was hanged for the murder of Thomas Briggs , the first murder committed on a British train . 2 April 1868 : Frances Kidder was the last woman to be hanged in public in Britain . 26 May 1868 : Michael Barrett was executed at Newgate Prison for the murder of 12 people during the Fenian bombing at Clerkenwell , the last public hanging in the UK . 19 July 1899 : Mary Ansell was hanged at St Albans , for poisoning her sister . At 22 , she was the youngest woman to be hanged in the post-1868 ' modern era ' ( non-public , and by the ' long drop ' method ) . 23 November 1910 : Hawley Harvey Crippen was hanged in London 's Pentonville Prison for poisoning his wife . 8 September 1914 : Private Thomas Highgate was executed by firing squad , the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during World War I . 13 August 1915 : George Joseph Smith was hanged in Maidstone Prison for the pattern of serial killings known as the `` Brides in the Bath Murders '' . 3 August 1916 : Roger Casement was hanged at Pentonville for treason due to his colluding with Germany to smuggle weapons into Ireland in support of the Easter Rising . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 ( edit ) 9 January 1923 : Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters , in London 's Holloway and Pentonville Prisons respectively , for the murder of Thompson 's husband . The case was controversial because , although in letters Thompson had fantasised about the possible elimination of her husband , there was no firm evidence that she was in any way connected with the murder for which she was hanged . 3 January 1931 : Victor Betts for murder committed during the course of a robbery . The case had established that a person need not be present when a crime is committed to be regarded as an accessory after the fact . 31 July 1940 : Udham Singh , an Indian independence activist , at Pentonville Prison . He had assassinated the Indian administrator Sir Michael O'Dwyer . 15 August 1941 : Josef Jakobs , a German spy , was executed by firing squad , the last execution in the Tower of London . 19 December 1945 ; John Amery , a British fascist and Nazi collaborator , pleaded guilty of eight charges of treason . Hanged at Wandsworth Prison in London . 3 January 1946 : William Joyce , better known as `` Lord Haw - Haw '' , for treason in London 's Wandsworth Prison . He was an American citizen , but was convicted of treason because , as the holder of a British passport ( albeit fraudulently obtained ) , he was held to have owed allegiance to the British sovereign . Theodore Schurch , hanged for treachery the next day , was the last person to be executed for an offence other than murder ; he was executed at Pentonville . As a member of the armed forces he had been tried by court - martial . 27 February 1947 : Walter Rowland in Manchester for the murder of Olive Balchin despite maintaining his innocence . While he had been awaiting execution , another man confessed to the crime . A Home Office report dismissed the latter 's confession as a fake , but in 1951 he attacked another woman and was found guilty but insane . 12 January 1949 : Margaret Allen , aged 43 , for killing a 70 - year - old woman in the course of a robbery , the first woman to be hanged in Britain for 12 years . 10 August 1949 : John George Haigh , the `` acid - bath murderer '' , at Wandsworth . 9 March 1950 : Timothy Evans at Pentonville for the murder of his baby daughter Geraldine at 10 Rillington Place , North West London . He initially claimed to have killed his wife , but later withdrew the claim . A fellow inhabitant at the same address , John Christie , later found to be a sexual serial killer , gave key evidence against Evans . Christie was executed in 1953 for the murder of his own wife . Evans received a posthumous pardon in 1966 . In 2004 the Court of Appeal refused to consider overturning the conviction due to the costs and resources that would be involved . See John Christie ( murderer ) . 28 March 1950 : George Kelly at Liverpool for murder , but had his conviction quashed posthumously by the Court of Appeal in June 2003 . 25 April 1952 : Edward Devlin and Alfred Burns , for killing a woman during a robbery in Liverpool . They claimed that they had been doing a different burglary in Manchester , and others involved in the crime supported this . A Home Office report rejected this evidence . Huge crowds gathered outside Liverpool 's Walton Prison as they were executed . 3 September 1952 : Mahmood Hussein Mattan , a Somali seaman , in Cardiff for murder . The Court of Appeal quashed his conviction posthumously in 1998 after hearing that crucial evidence implicating another Somali was withheld at his trial . 28 January 1953 : Derek Bentley at Wandsworth Prison as an accomplice to the murder of a police officer by his 16 - year - old friend Christopher Craig . Craig , a minor , was not executed and instead served 10 years . Bentley was granted a partial posthumous pardon on 29 July 1993 , and the Court of Appeal fully overturned his conviction on 30 July 1998 . 15 July 1953 : John Christie at Pentonville for the murder of his wife Ethel . Christie was a serial killer and had murdered at least six other women ( see also entry on Timothy Evans above ) . 13 December 1954 : Styllou Christofi , aged 53 , penultimate woman executed in Britain . 13 July 1955 : Ruth Ellis , aged 28 , the last woman to be hanged in Britain . She was the 15th and youngest woman hanged in the 20th century . 6 May 1958 : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea , the last person to be executed in Wales . 11 July 1958 : Peter Manuel , aged 31 , second to last person to be hanged in HM Prison Barlinnie and the third to last to be hanged in Scotland . 5 November 1959 : Guenther Podola , the last person to be hanged for the murder of a policeman . 10 November 1960 : Francis Forsyth , the last 18 - year - old to be executed in Britain . 22 December 1960 : Anthony Miller , 19 , in Glasgow 's Barlinnie Prison , the last teenager to be executed in Britain . 20 December 1961 : Robert McGladdery , 25 , in Crumlin Road Gaol in Belfast , the last person to be executed in Northern Ireland , for the murder of Pearl Gamble in Newry . 4 April 1962 : James Hanratty at Bedford after a controversial rape - murder trial . In 2002 Hanratty 's body was exhumed and the Court of Appeal upheld his conviction after Hanratty 's DNA was linked to crime scene samples . 15 August 1963 : Henry Burnett , aged 21 , at Craiginches Prison in Aberdeen for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan , the last hanging in Scotland . 13 August 1964 : Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester for the murder of John Alan West , the last people executed in Britain . See also ( edit ) Black cap Christopher Simcox Courts of the United Kingdom Execution by firing squad in the United Kingdom List of executioners Shot at Dawn Memorial Use of capital punishment by country Wrongful execution Capital punishment in Hong Kong Capital punishment in Singapore References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoffman & Rowe 2010 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . 9 February 1810 . col. 366 -- 374 . ^ Jump up to : Manta , Irina D. ( 2011 ) . `` The Puzzle of Criminal Sanctions for Intellectual Property Infringement '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Technology . 24 ( 2 ) : 474 . Jump up ^ `` Punishments at the Old Bailey -- Late 17th Century to Early 19th Century '' . The Old Bailey Proceedings Online . 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gatrell , V.A.C. , The Hanging Tree , OUP , Oxford , 1994 Jump up ^ Coinage Offences Act 1832 and Forgery , Abolition of Punishment of Death Act 1832 Jump up ^ `` Hanging in the Balance : A History of the Abolition of Capital Punishment in Britain -- by Brian P Block and John Hostettler '' . watersidepress.co.uk . Jump up ^ Great Britain . Royal Commission on Capital Punishment ( 1864 -- 66 ) Royal Commission on Capital Punishment together with the minutes of evidence and appendix . London , 1866 . ( Parliamentary Papers . Session 1866 . vol. 21 ) Jump up ^ Forfeiture Act 1870 ( repealing part of section 1 of Treason Act 1814 ) . Jump up ^ Lorraine Radford ( 5 April 2012 ) . Rethinking Children , Violence and Safeguarding . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 558 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` TREACHERY BILL '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ `` Executions '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ Photography in and near law courts was criminalised by the Criminal Justice Act 1925 Jump up ^ `` Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 : MPs vote to abolish hanging '' . `` On This Day '' . BBC . 2005 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) '' . Hansard , 16 December 1969 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) ACT 1965 '' . Hansard , 18 December 1969 . Jump up ^ The Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 ; previously the Naval Discipline Act ( 1866 ) , section 6 . Jump up ^ `` Statutelaw.gov.uk '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notts treasures : Britain 's last working gallows '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Last executions in the UK '' . Stephen-stratford.com . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalpunishmentuk.org '' . Capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executions in Northern Ireland '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Jump up ^ The Guardian , 22 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 '' . statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Armed Forces Act 1981 ( c. 55 ) , section 17 -- Statute Law Database '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Treason Act 1814 section 2 , repealed in England by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1973 ( c. 39 ) , Sch. 1 Pt . V . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 1998 ( Amendment ) Order 2004 '' . opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Protocol '' . conventions.coe.int . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 15 February 2001 ) . `` Caribbean severs link to privy council '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/islands.html Archived 8 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Report by the Bailiwick of Guernsey Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ( page 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Sark abolishes death penalty '' . BBC News . 21 January 2004 . Jump up ^ UN Human Rights report para. 46 Jump up ^ `` http://firedrake.org/drpete/manx2.htm '' . Firedrake.org . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 2001 ( 13th Protocol ) Order 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 2001 ( APPOINTED DAY ) ( No. 2 ) ORDER 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Liberties : Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Caribbean Territories ( Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder ) Order 1991 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership for Progress and Prosperity : Britain and the Overseas Territories , ( 1999 ) page 21 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International : Bermuda shows the way forward '' . Amnesty International . 7 January 2000 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Death penalty abolished on all British territory -- Times Online , 23 October 2002 . ( Retrieved 5 June 2016 . ) Jump up ^ `` Death penalty ' proper punishment ' for some crimes -- MP '' . BBC News . 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Welch , Francis ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Our dedication to the death penalty '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Police Killer Could Be Freed '' . nnet-server.com . Jump up ^ Faith Eckersall . `` Faith Eckersall looks at the capital punishment debate '' . Bournemouth Echo . Jump up ^ `` Police ovation for mother of Sarah '' . thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Will & Testament : Who cares about Ian Huntley ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Survey for Channel 4 on attitudes towards the death penalty '' . Ipsos MORI. 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Cafe , Rebecca ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Does the public want the death penalty brought back ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-petitions urge MPs to debate return of death penalty '' . BBC News . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Restore Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Petition to retain the ban on Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Canseco , Mario ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` Most Britons Support Reinstating the Death Penalty for Murder '' ( PDF ) . ARPO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Support for death penalty below 50 % , Metro , 27 March 2015 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 736 cols 1409 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 793 cols 1148 -- 1297 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HL 5ser vol 306 cols 1264 -- 1321 . Jump up ^ `` Restoration of Capital Punishment Bill '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . 11 April 1973 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 883 cols 518 -- 640 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 902 cols 663 -- 728 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 970 cols 2019 -- 2125 . Jump up ^ Hoggart , Simon ( 20 July 1979 ) . `` Death penalty rejected by 119 in Commons '' . The Guardian . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 608 -- 686 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 686 -- 690 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 691 -- 694 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 694 -- 698 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 698 -- 701 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 45 cols 882 -- 986 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 113 cols 1115 -- 1191 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 134 cols 743 -- 807 , 807 -- 818 . Jump up ^ `` TV Interview for Channel 4 A plus 4 ( Brighton Bomb ) '' . margaretthatcher.org . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 22 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 116 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 124 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 24 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 70 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Katie Engelhart ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Thatcher Wanted to Reinstate Death Penalty for Northern Irish ' Terrorists , ' Show Newly Released Files '' . Vice News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Timothy Vance Kaufman - Osborn ( 2002 ) . From noose to needle : capital punishment and the late liberal state . Law , meaning , and violence . University of Michigan Press . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08890 - 4 . Jump up ^ James Holbert Wilson ( 1853 ) . Temple bar , the city Golgotha , by a member of the Inner Temple . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wilson ( 1971 ) . Murderess : a study of the women executed in Britain since 1843 . Joseph . pp. 151 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Slapper , Gary ( 23 June 2008 ) . `` The cases that changed Britain : 1917 -- 1954 '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Cecil , `` Trial of Walter Graham Rowland '' , David & Charles , 1975 , passim but in particular p. 19 . Jump up ^ Moles , Dr Robert N. ; Bibi Sangha . `` R v Mahmoud Hussein Mattan ( Hanged ) Court of Appeal 24 February 1998 '' . Networked Knowledge . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Block & Hostettler ( 1997 ) pp. 11 -- 17 Bibliography ( edit ) Hoffman , David ; Rowe , John ( 2010 ) , Human Rights in the UK : An Introduction to the Human Rights Act of 1998 ( 3 ed . ) , Pearson Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 7403 - 8 Brian P. Block ; John Hostettler ( 1997 ) , Hanging in the balance : a history of the abolition of capital punishment in Britain , Waterside Press , ISBN 1 - 872870 - 47 - 3 Harry Potter ( 1993 ) , Hanging in Judgment : Religion and the Death Penalty in England from the Bloody Code to Abolition , London , SCM Press ISBN 0 - 334 - 02533 - 8 External links ( edit ) A comprehensive site about capital punishment in the UK ' Hanging With Frank ' ( video showing UK execution protocol at the old gallows in Barlinnie Prison ) Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / Firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=811141053 '' Categories : Legal history of the United Kingdom Capital punishment in the United Kingdom English criminal law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 19 : 54 . 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8152383330343837189 | List of United States cities by area | List of United States cities by area - wikipedia List of United States cities by area Jump to : navigation , search Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 169 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 388 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 540 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities This list ranks U.S. cities by land area . Total areas including water are also given , but note that , when ranked by total area , a number of coastal cities appear disproportionately larger . San Francisco is an extreme example : water makes up nearly 80 % of its total area of 232 square miles ( 601 km2 ) . Note also that in many cases a city may be geographically large primarily because its municipal government has merged with the government of the surrounding county . In some cases the county no longer exists , while in others the arrangement has formed a Consolidated city -- county ( or city - borough in Alaska , or city - parish in Louisiana ) ; these are shown in bold . Cities that are not consolidated with or part of any county are independent cities , indicated thus * * . All data is from the 2010 United States Census . Rank City State Land area ( sq mi ) Land area ( km2 ) Water area ( sq mi ) Water area ( km2 ) Total area ( sq mi ) Total area ( km2 ) Population ( 2010 ) Sitka Alaska 2,870.3 7,434 1,941.0 5,027 4,811.4 12,461 8,881 Juneau Alaska 2,701.9 6,998 552.0 1,430 3,253.9 8,428 31,275 Wrangell Alaska 2,541.5 6,582 920.6 2,384 3,462.1 8,967 2,369 Anchorage Alaska 1,704.7 4,415 256.3 664 1,961.0 5,079 291,826 Jacksonville Florida 747.0 1,935 127.6 330 874.6 2,265 821,784 6 Anaconda Montana 736.5 1,908 4.7 12 741.2 1,920 9,298 7 Butte Montana 716.2 1,855 0.6 1.6 716.8 1,857 33,525 8 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 606.4 1,571 14.4 37 620.8 1,608 579,999 9 Houston Texas 599.6 1,553 27.9 72 627.5 1,625 2,099,451 10 Phoenix Arizona 516.7 1,338 1.2 3.1 517.9 1,341 1,445,632 11 Nashville Tennessee 475.1 1,231 21.7 56 496.8 1,287 601,222 12 Los Angeles California 468.7 1,214 34.0 88 502.7 1,302 3,792,621 13 San Antonio Texas 460.9 1,194 5.8 15 466.7 1,209 1,327,407 14 Suffolk * * Virginia 400.2 1,037 28.9 75 429.1 1,111 84,585 15 Buckeye Arizona 375.3 972 0.1 0.26 375.4 972 50,876 16 Indianapolis Indiana 361.4 936 6.6 17 368.0 953 820,445 17 Chesapeake * * Virginia 340.8 883 10.1 26 350.9 909 222,209 18 Dallas Texas 340.5 882 45.3 117 385.8 999 1,197,816 19 Fort Worth Texas 339.8 880 8.0 21 347.9 901 741,206 20 Louisville Kentucky 325.2 842 17.0 44 342.2 886 597,337 21 San Diego California 325.2 842 47.2 122 372.4 965 1,307,402 22 Memphis Tennessee 315.1 816 8.9 23 324.0 839 646,889 23 Kansas City Missouri 315.0 816 4.1 11 319.0 826 459,787 24 New York City New York 302.6 784 165.8 429 468.5 1,213 8,175,133 25 Augusta Georgia 302.5 783 4.2 11 306.7 794 195,844 26 Austin Texas 297.9 772 7.2 19 305.1 790 790,390 27 Charlotte North Carolina 297.7 771 2.0 5.2 299.7 776 731,424 28 Lexington Kentucky 283.6 735 1.9 4.9 285.6 740 295,803 29 El Paso Texas 255.2 661 1.0 2.6 256.3 664 649,121 30 Virginia Beach * * Virginia 249.0 645 248.3 643 497.3 1,288 437,994 31 Cusseta Georgia 248.7 644 2.4 6.2 251.2 651 11,267 32 Chicago Illinois 227.6 589 6.5 17 234.1 606 2,695,598 33 Tucson Arizona 226.7 587 0.3 0.78 227.0 588 520,116 34 Columbus Ohio 217.2 563 5.9 15 223.1 578 787,033 35 Columbus Georgia 216.4 560 4.6 12 221.0 572 189,885 36 Valdez Alaska 216.2 560 59.6 154 275.9 715 3,976 37 Preston Georgia 209.1 542 1.1 2.8 210.3 545 2,799 38 Huntsville Alabama 209.1 542 1.3 3.4 210.4 545 180,105 39 Boulder City Nevada 208.5 540 0.0 0 208.6 540 15,023 40 California City California 203.5 527 0.1 0.26 203.6 527 14,120 41 Tulsa Oklahoma 196.8 510 4.2 11 201.0 521 391,906 42 Colorado Springs Colorado 194.5 504 0.4 1.0 194.9 505 416,427 43 Goodyear Arizona 191.5 496 0.0 0 191.5 496 65,275 44 Albuquerque New Mexico 187.7 486 1.8 4.7 189.5 491 545,852 45 Scottsdale Arizona 183.9 476 0.5 1.3 184.4 478 217,385 46 Hibbing Minnesota 181.8 471 4.6 12 186.4 483 16,361 47 Norman Oklahoma 178.8 463 10.7 28 189.4 491 110,925 48 San Jose California 176.5 457 3.4 8.8 180.0 466 945,942 49 Peoria Arizona 174.4 452 3.6 9.3 178.0 461 154,065 50 New Orleans Louisiana 169.4 439 180.8 468 350.2 907 343,829 51 Corpus Christi Texas 160.6 416 329.0 852 489.6 1,268 305,215 52 Montgomery Alabama 159.6 413 2.4 6.2 161.9 419 205,764 53 Wichita Kansas 159.3 413 4.3 11 163.6 424 382,368 54 Aurora Colorado 154.7 401 0.7 1.8 155.4 402 325,078 55 Denver Colorado 153.0 396 1.6 4.1 154.6 400 600,158 56 Sierra Vista Arizona 152.3 394 0.3 0.78 152.5 395 43,888 57 Georgetown Georgia 151.2 392 9.3 24 160.6 416 2,513 58 Birmingham Alabama 146.1 378 2.5 6.5 148.6 385 212,237 59 Fayetteville North Carolina 145.8 378 1.9 4.9 147.7 383 200,564 60 Carson City * * Nevada 144.7 375 12.6 33 157.2 407 55,274 61 Raleigh North Carolina 142.9 370 1.1 2.8 144.0 373 403,892 62 Bakersfield California 142.2 368 1.4 3.6 143.6 372 347,483 63 Mobile Alabama 139.1 360 40.7 105 179.8 466 195,111 64 Detroit Michigan 138.8 359 4.1 11 142.9 370 713,777 65 Bunnell Florida 137.5 356 1.1 2.8 138.6 359 2,676 66 Chattanooga Tennessee 137.2 355 7.4 19 144.5 374 167,674 67 Mesa Arizona 136.5 354 0.6 1.6 137.1 355 439,041 68 Las Vegas Nevada 135.8 352 0.1 0.26 135.9 352 583,756 69 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 134.1 347 8.6 22 142.7 370 1,526,006 70 Portland Oregon 133.4 346 11.7 30 145.1 376 583,776 71 Atlanta Georgia 133.2 345 0.9 2.3 134.0 347 420,003 72 Winston - Salem North Carolina 132.4 343 1.2 3.1 133.7 346 229,617 73 Brownsville Texas 132.3 343 14.0 36 146.3 379 175,023 74 Columbia South Carolina 132.2 342 2.7 7.0 134.9 349 129,272 75 Lynchburg Tennessee 129.2 335 1.2 3.1 130.4 338 6,362 76 Omaha Nebraska 127.1 329 3.5 9.1 130.6 338 408,958 77 Greensboro North Carolina 126.5 328 5.3 14 131.8 341 269,666 78 Kansas City Kansas 124.8 323 3.6 9.3 128.4 333 145,786 79 Lubbock Texas 122.4 317 1.1 2.8 123.6 320 229,573 80 Fernley Nevada 122.1 316 6.7 17 128.9 334 19,368 81 Marana Arizona 121.5 315 0.7 1.8 122.2 316 34,961 82 Yuma Arizona 120.3 312 0.1 0.26 120.4 312 93,064 83 Little Rock Arkansas 119.2 309 1.8 4.7 121.0 313 193,524 84 Athens Georgia 116.4 301 1.8 4.7 118.2 306 115,452 85 Hartsville Tennessee 114.2 296 2.4 6.2 116.6 302 7,870 86 Port St. Lucie Florida 114.0 295 1.3 3.4 115.2 298 164,603 87 Tampa Florida 113.4 294 61.8 160 175.2 454 335,709 88 Fresno California 112.0 290 0.4 1.0 112.3 291 494,665 89 Unalaska Alaska 111.8 290 100.9 261 212.7 551 4,376 90 Eloy Arizona 111.5 289 0.1 0.26 111.6 289 16,631 91 Salt Lake City Utah 111.1 288 0.6 1.6 111.7 289 186,440 92 Jackson Mississippi 111.0 287 2.2 5.7 113.2 293 173,514 93 Fort Wayne Indiana 110.6 286 0.2 0.52 110.8 287 253,691 94 Casa Grande Arizona 109.7 284 0.0 0 109.7 284 48,571 95 Charleston South Carolina 109.0 282 18.5 48 127.5 330 120,083 96 Henderson Nevada 107.7 279 0.0 0 107.7 279 257,729 97 Durham North Carolina 107.4 278 0.9 2.3 108.3 280 228,330 98 Abilene Texas 106.8 277 5.4 14 112.2 291 117,063 99 Palmdale California 106.0 275 0.3 0.78 106.2 275 152,750 100 Babbitt Minnesota 105.9 274 0.8 2.1 106.7 276 1,475 101 Surprise Arizona 105.7 274 0.1 0.26 105.9 274 117,517 102 Cape Coral Florida 105.7 274 14.9 39 120.6 312 154,305 103 Shreveport Louisiana 105.4 273 15.5 40 120.8 313 199,311 104 Rio Rancho New Mexico 103.4 268 0.3 0.78 103.7 269 87,521 105 Savannah Georgia 103.2 267 5.6 15 108.7 282 136,286 106 Reno Nevada 103.0 267 2.9 7.5 105.9 274 225,221 107 Orlando Florida 102.4 265 8.3 21 110.7 287 238,300 108 North Las Vegas Nevada 101.3 262 0.0 0 101.4 263 216,961 109 Tallahassee Florida 100.2 260 3.2 8.3 103.5 268 181,376 110 North Port Florida 99.6 258 4.6 12 104.2 270 57,357 111 Amarillo Texas 99.5 258 1.7 4.4 101.2 262 190,695 112 St. Marys Pennsylvania 99.3 257 0.2 0.52 99.5 258 13,070 113 Knoxville Tennessee 98.5 255 5.6 15 104.2 270 178,874 114 Sacramento California 97.9 254 2.2 5.7 100.1 259 466,488 115 Clarksville Tennessee 97.6 253 0.7 1.8 98.3 255 132,929 116 Nightmute Alaska 96.9 251 4.0 10 100.9 261 280 117 Milwaukee Wisconsin 96.1 249 0.7 1.8 96.8 251 594,833 118 Arlington Texas 95.9 248 3.7 9.6 99.6 258 365,438 119 Lancaster California 94.3 244 0.3 0.78 94.5 245 156,633 120 Palm Springs California 94.1 244 0.9 2.3 95.0 246 44,552 121 Palm Coast Florida 89.9 233 1.0 2.6 90.8 235 75,180 122 Dothan Alabama 89.4 232 0.3 0.78 89.7 232 65,496 123 Lincoln Nebraska 89.1 231 1.2 3.1 90.4 234 258,379 124 Waco Texas 89.0 231 12.3 32 101.3 262 124,805 125 Laredo Texas 88.9 230 1.4 3.6 90.4 234 236,091 126 Denton Texas 88.0 228 1.4 3.6 89.3 231 113,383 127 Oak Ridge Tennessee 85.3 221 4.7 12 90.0 233 29,330 128 Edmond Oklahoma 84.7 219 3.2 8.3 87.9 228 81,405 129 Seattle Washington 83.9 217 58.7 152 142.7 370 608,660 130 Beaumont Texas 82.8 214 3.0 7.8 85.8 222 118,296 131 Springfield Missouri 81.7 212 0.6 1.6 82.3 213 159,498 132 Riverside California 81.1 210 0.3 0.78 81.4 211 303,871 133 Lawton Oklahoma 81.0 210 0.0 0 81.0 210 96,867 134 Baltimore * * Maryland 80.9 210 11.1 29 92.1 239 620,961 135 Des Moines Iowa 80.9 210 1.7 4.4 82.6 214 203,433 136 Toledo Ohio 80.7 209 3.4 8.8 84.1 218 287,208 137 Jonesboro Arkansas 79.9 207 0.6 1.6 80.4 208 67,263 138 Boise Idaho 79.4 206 0.7 1.8 80.0 207 205,671 139 Ellsworth Maine 79.3 205 14.6 38 93.9 243 7,741 140 Caribou Maine 79.3 205 0.8 2.1 80.1 207 8,189 141 El Reno Oklahoma 79.2 205 0.6 1.6 79.8 207 16,749 142 Cincinnati Ohio 77.9 202 1.6 4.1 79.5 206 296,943 143 Cleveland Ohio 77.7 201 4.8 12 82.5 214 396,815 144 Independence Missouri 77.6 201 0.7 1.8 78.2 203 116,830 145 Fremont California 77.5 201 10.2 26 87.6 227 214,089 146 Baton Rouge Louisiana 76.9 199 2.2 5.7 79.1 205 229,493 147 Port Arthur Texas 76.9 199 67.1 174 144.0 373 53,818 148 Madison Wisconsin 76.8 199 17.2 45 94.0 243 233,209 149 Las Cruces New Mexico 76.5 198 0.1 0.26 76.6 198 97,618 150 Presque Isle Maine 75.8 196 1.8 4.7 77.6 201 9,692 Gallery ( edit ) 2 - 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-1526005835598039082 | Poverty alleviation programmes in India | Poverty alleviation programmes in India - Wikipedia Poverty alleviation programmes in India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The poverty alleviation programmes in India can be categorized based on whether it is targeted for rural areas or urban areas . Most of the programmes are designed to target rural poverty as prevalence of poverty is high in rural areas . Also targeting poverty is challenging in rural areas due to various geographic and infrastructure limitations . The programmes can be mainly grouped into 1 ) Wage employment programmes , 2 ) Self - employment programmes , 3 ) Food security programmes , 4 ) Social security programmes and 5 ) Urban poverty alleviation programmes . The five year plans immediately after independence tried to focus on poverty alleviation through sectoral programmes . The first five - year plan focused on agricultural production as a way of addressing poverty while second and third plans focused on massive state led investments for employment generation in public sector . While these policies did some policy generation , they did not have enough strength to effect a sweeping effect . Contents ( hide ) 1 Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana ( JGSY ) 2 National Old Age Pension Scheme ( NOAPS ) 3 National Family Benefit Scheme ( NFBS ) 4 National Maternity Benefit Scheme 5 Annapurna 6 Integrated Rural Development Program ( IRDP ) 7 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana 8 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) 9 References 10 External links Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana ( JGSY ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana ( JGSY ) is the restructured , streamlined and comprehensive version of the erstwhile Jawahar Rozgar Yojana ( JRY ) . It was started on 1 April 1999 . The main aim of this programme was development of rural areas . Infrastructure like roads to connect the village to different area , which made the village more accessible and also other social , educational ( schools ) and infrastructure like hospitals . Its secondary objective was to give out sustained wage employment . This was only given to BPL ( below the poverty line ) families and fund was to be spent for individual beneficiary schemes for SCs and STs and 3 % for the establishment of barrier free infrastructure for the disabled people . The village panchayats were one of the main governing body of this programme . Rs. 1841.80 crore was used and they had a target of 8.57 lakh works . 5.07 lakh works were completed during 1999 -- 2000 National old age pension scheme ( NOAPS ) ( edit ) This scheme came into effect on 15 August 1995 . The scheme provides pension to old people who were above the age of 65 ( now 60 ) who could not find for themselves and did not have any means of subsistence . The pension that was given was Rs 200 a month . This pension is given by the central government . The job of implementation of this scheme in states and union territories is given to panchayats and municipalities . The states contribution may vary depending on the state . The amount of old age pension is Rs. 200 per month for applicants aged 60 -- 79 . For applicants aged above 80 years , the amount has been revised in Rs. 500 a month according to the 2011 -- 2012 Budget . National family benefit scheme ( nfbs ) ( edit ) This scheme was started in August 1995 by the Government of India . This scheme is sponsored by the state government . It was transferred to the state sector scheme after 2002 - 03 . It is under the community and rural department . This scheme provides a sum of 20000 Rs to a person of a family who becomes the head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner . The breadwinner is defined as a person who is above 18 who earns the most for the family and on whose earnings the family survives . National maternity benefit scheme ( edit ) This scheme provides a sum of 6000 Rs to a pregnant mother in three installments . The women have to be older than 19 years of age . It is given normally 12 -- 8 weeks before the birth and in case of the death of the child the women can still avail it . The NMBS is implemented by states and union territories with the help of panchayats and municipalities . During 1999 -- 2000 the total allocation of funds for this scheme was 767.05 crores and the amount used was Rs 4444.13 crore . It is for families below the poverty line . The scheme was updated in 2005 - 06 into Janani Suraksha Yojana with Rs 1400 for every institutional birth . First instalment ( in first trimester of pregnancy ) - 3,000 / - Early Registration of Pregnancy , preferably within first three months . Received one antenatal check - up . Second instalment At the time of institutional delivery - 1500 / - Third instalment ( 3 months after delivery ) - 1500 / - Child birth is registered . Child has received BCG vaccination . Child has received OPV and DPT - 1 & 2 . Annapurna ( edit ) This scheme was started by the government in 1999 -- 2000 to provide food to senior citizens who can not take care of themselves and are not under the National Old Age Pension Scheme ( NOAPS ) , and who have no one to take care of them in their village . This scheme would provide 10 kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens . The allocation for this scheme in 2000 - 2001 was Rs 100 crore. They mostly target groups of ' poorest of the poor ' and ' indigent senior citizens ' . Integrated rural development program ( IRDP ) ( edit ) Main article : Integrated Rural Development Program This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) IRDP in India is among the world 's most ambitious programs to alleviate rural poverty by providing income - generated assets to the poorest of the poor . This program was first introduced in 1978 - 79 in some selected areas , but covered all the areas by November 1980 . During the sixth five - year plan ( 1980 -- 85 ) assets worth 47.6 billion rupees were distributed to about 16.6 million poor families . During 1987 - 88 , another 4.2 million families were assisted with an average investment of 4,471 per family or 19 billion rupees overall . The main objective of IRDP is to raise families of identified target group below poverty line by creation of sustainable opportunities for self - employment in the rural sector . Assistance is given in the form of subsidy by the government and term credit advanced by financial institutions ( commercial banks , cooperatives and regional rural banks . ) The program is implemented in all blocks of the country as centrally sponsored scheme funded on 50 : 50 basis by the center and the states . The target group under IRDP consists of small and marginal farmers , agricultural laborers and rural artisans having annual income below Rs. 11,000 defined as poverty line in the Eighth Plan . In order to ensure that benefits under the program reach the more vulnerable sectors of the society , it is stipulated that at least 50 per cent of assisted families should be from scheduled castes and scheduled tribes with corresponding flow of resources to them . Furthermore , 40 per cent of the coverage should be of women beneficiaries and 3 per cent of physically challenged persons . At the grassroots level , the block staff is responsible for implementation of the program . The State Level Coordination Committee ( SLCC ) monitors the program at state level whereas the Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment is responsible for the release of central share of funds , policy formation , overall guidance , monitoring and evaluation of the program . Pradhan mantri gramin awaas Yojana ( edit ) Main article : Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana This scheme aimed at creating housing for everyone . It was initiated in 1985 . It aimed at creating 20 lakh housing units out of which 13 lakhs were in rural area . This scheme also would give out loans to people at subsidized rates to make houses . It was started in 1999 -- 2000 . In 1999 -- 2000 , Rs 1438.39 crore was used for this scheme and about 7.98 lakh units were built . In 2000 - 01 a central outlay of Rs 1710.00 crores was provided for this scheme . National rural employment Guarantee Act ( NREGA ) ( edit ) Main article : National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 The NREGA bill notified in 2005 and came into force in 2006 and further modified it as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) in Oct 2 , 2009 . This scheme guarantees 100 days now 150 days of paid work to people in the rural areas . The scheme has proved to be a major boost in Indian rural population 's income . To augment wage employment opportunities by providing employment on demand and by specific guaranteed wage employment every year to households whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work to thereby extend a security net to the people and simultaneously create durable assets to alleviate some aspects of poverty and address the issue of development in the rural areas . The Ministry of Rural Development ( MRD ) is the nodal Ministry for the implementation of NREGA . It is responsible for ensuring timely and adequate resource support to the States and to the Central Council . It has to undertake regular review , monitoring and evaluation of processes and outcomes . It is responsible for maintaining and operating the MIS to capture and track data on critical aspects of implementation , and assess the utilization of resources through a set of performance indicators . MRD will support innovations that help in improving processes towards the achievement of the objectives of the Act . It will support the use of Information Technology ( IT ) to increase the efficiency and transparency of the processes as well as improve interface with the public . It will also ensure that the implementation of NREGA at all levels is sought to be made transparent and accountable to the public. Now 100 to 150 days work for all is provided . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156094 Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156094 Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156094 Jump up ^ Vasudeva , Vikrant N. ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` LEGAL INTERVENTION IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION : ENRICHING THE POOR THROUGH LAW '' ( PDF ) . NUJS Law Review . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) india.gov.in ( hide ) Government schemes in India Active Schemes Antyodaya Anna Yojana Atal Pension Yojana Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao Yojana CGHS DAY DBT DDUGJY DDU - GKY DELP HRIDAY Housing for All ICDS Income declaration scheme , 2016 JAM Yojana KVPY Midday Meal Scheme NSAP NSS POPSK PMAGY PMAY PMGSY PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra PMMVY PMMY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAGY SGSY Swasth Jeevan Sewa Guarantee Yojana Soil Health Card Scheme UDAY UDAN Missions AMRUT Mission Indradhanush NICRA National Mission for Manuscripts NRHM ASHA National Translation Mission Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan National Solar Mission Smart Cities Mission TB - Mission 2020 Projects Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Unnat Bharat Abhiyan IDs Aadhaar Business identification number Indian passport Permanent account number Ration card ( India ) Unorganised Workers ' Identification Number Voter ID ( India ) State Bhamashah Yojana Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana Invest Madhya Pradesh Jyotigram Yojana Make in Maharashtra Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Vibrant Gujarat Closed Schemes Bharat Nirman JSY JnNURM Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya MPLADS NLM NPS NRLM Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme RNTCP RSBY Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme Saakshar Bharat Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swabhimaan ( campaign ) Swavalamban Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_alleviation_programmes_in_India&oldid=805880681 '' Categories : Poverty in India Government schemes in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 06 : 33 . 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-7121479631049903199 | Climatic regions of India | Climatic regions of India - wikipedia Climatic regions of India This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Climatic zones in India , based on the Köppen classification system India has a large variation in climate from region to region , due to its vast size . India experiences climate from four major climate groups . These can be further subdivided into seven climatic types . For ecological regions , see Ecoregions of India , for Regions see List of regions of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tropical rainy climate group 2 Dry climate group 3 Sub-tropical humid climate group 4 Citations Tropical rainy climate group ( edit ) The regions belonging to this group experience persistent high temperatures which normally do not go below 18 ° C in any month . Tropical rainforest climate ( af ) The Western Coastal Plains , and the Western Ghats which include South Gujarat , Konkan region of Western Maharashtra the state of Goa , the Kanara region of Western / Coastal Karnataka , the whole state of Kerala , the Nilgiris and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu , West bengal , andaman - nicobar & lakhsdweep islands and all 8 states of north east india have this climate type . It is characterised by high temperatures throughout the year , even in the mountains . The rainfall occur daily and it is both heavy and frequent and is above 300 cm in a year . Most of the rain is received in the period from April and october is adequate for the growth of vegetation during the entire year with no any dry season as all 12 months has average precipitation is at least 60 mm . The heavy rain is responsible for the tropical wet forests in these regions , which consists of a large number of species of animals . Tropical rainforests are the typical feature of the region . Tropical wet and dry or savannah climate ( aw ) Most of the plateau of peninsula India enjoys this climate , except a semi-arid tract to the east of the Western Ghats . Winter and early summer are long dry periods with temperature above 18 ° C. Summer is very hot and the temperatures in the interior low level areas can go above 45 ° C during May . The rainy season is from June to September and the annual rainfall is between 75 and 150 cm . Only central eastern Tamil Nadu falls under this tract and receives rainfall during the winter months of late November to January . Dry climate group ( edit ) India 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation , temperature , precipitation and their seasonality . ( Af ) Tropical rainforest ( Am ) Tropical monsoon ( Aw ) Tropical savanna , wet & dry ( BWh ) Hot desert ( BWk ) Cold desert ( BSh ) Hot semi arid ( BSk ) Cold semi arid ( Csa ) Mediterr . dry , hot summ . ( Cwa ) Subtropical humid summ , dry winter ( Cwb ) Subtropical highland , dry wint ( Cfa ) Subtropical humid summ ( no dry ) ( Dsa ) Continental hot summ ( Dsb ) Continental warm summ ( Dwb ) Continental dry wint ( Dwc ) Contin subarctic , dry wint This group consists of regions where the rate of evaporation of water is higher than the rate of moisture received through precipitation . Tropical semi-arid ( steppe ) climate A long stretch of land situated to the south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats on its Leeward Side experiences this climate . It includes the Bayalu Seeme region in Eastern Karnataka , the Kongunadu and Pandya Nadu regions of Western Tamil Nadu , Rayalaseema region of Western Andhra Pradesh and the Marathwada region of Central Maharashtra. This area receives minimal rainfall due to being situated in the rainshadow area . This region is a famine prone zone with very unreliable rainfall which varies between 40 and 75 cm annually . Towards the north of Krishna River the summer monsoon is responsible for most of the rainfall , while to the south of the river rainfall also occurs in the months of October and November . The coldest month is December but even in this month the temperature remains between 20 ° C and 24 ° C. The months of March to May are hot and dry with mean monthly temperatures of around 32 ° C. The vegetation mostly comprises grasses with a few scattered trees due to the rainfall . Hence this area is not very well suited for permanent agriculture . Sub-tropical arid ( desert ) climate The whole of the Thar Desert Region covering most of Rajasthan ( excluding the eastern and southern fringes ) , North Gujarat and the Kutch Region of Western Gujarat falls under this climate type characterised by scanty rainfall . Cloud bursts are largely responsible for the all the rainfall seen in this region which is less than 30 cm . These happen when the monsoon winds penetrate this region in the months of July , August and September . The rainfall is very erratic and a few regions might not see rainfall for a couple of years . The summer months of May and June are very hot with mean monthly temperatures in the region of 35 ° C and highs which can sometimes reach 50 ° C. During winters the temperatures can drop below freezing in some areas due to cold wave . There is a large diurnal range of about 14 ° C during summer which becomes higher by a few more degrees during winter . This extreme climate makes this a sparsely populated region of India . Sub-tropical semi-arid ( steppe ) climate The region towards the North , East and South of the Tropical Desert zone running from Southern Punjab , Haryana and , Western Uttar Pradesh to Gird and Malwa regions in Western Madhya Pradesh and eastern fringes of Rajasthan and from there onwards to the Central Gujarat and Kathiawar regions of Gujarat state experience this climate type . India 's capital city Delhi lies in this climatic zone . This climate is a transitional climate falling between tropical desert and humid sub-tropical zone , with temperatures which are less extreme than the desert climate . The annual rainfall is between 30 and 65 cm but is very unreliable and happens mostly during the summer monsoon season . Maximum temperatures during summer can rise to 45 ° C. Minimums during winter can drop down to freezing point . Areas under this belt do not experience high humidity throughout the year except during the monsoon season , and are generally dry . The vegetation mostly comprises short coarse grass . Some crops like jowar and bajra are also cultivated . Sub-tropical humid climate group ( edit ) The temperature during the coldest months in regions experiencing this climate falls between 18 and 0 ° C . Sub-tropical humid ( wet ) with dry winters The foothills of the Himalayas , Punjab - Haryana plain adjacent to the Himalayas , Rajasthan east of the Aravalli range , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and northern part of West Bengal and Assam experience this climate . The rainfall is received mostly in the summer and is about 65 cm in the west and increases to 250 cm annually to the east and near the Himalayas . The winters are mainly dry due to the land derived winter winds which blow down the lowlands of north India towards the Bay of Bengal . The summers are hot and temperatures can reach 46 ° C in the lowlands . May and June are the hottest months . Winter months are mostly dry with feeble winds . Frost occurs for a few weeks in winter . The difference in rainfall between the east and the west gives rise to a wide difference in the natural vegetation . Mountain climate or highland climate or alpine climate In the Himalayan mountains the temperature falls by 0.6 ° C for every 100 m rise in altitude and this gives rise to a variety of climates from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra type above the snow line . One can also observe sharp contrast between temperatures of the sunny and shady slopes , high diurnal range of temperature , inversion of temperature , and variability of rainfall based on altitude . The northern side of the western Himalayas also known as the trans - Himalayan belt is arid , cold and generally wind swept . The vegetation is sparse and stunted as rainfall is scanty and the winters are severely cold . Most of the snowfall is in the form of snow during late winter and spring months . The area to the south of the Himalayan range is protected from cold winds coming from interior of Asia during winter . The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well exposed slopes get heavy rainfall . The places situated between 1070 and 2290 m altitudes receive the heaviest rainfall and the rainfall decreases rapidly above 2290m . The great Himalayan range witnesses heavy snowfall during winter months of December to February at altitudes above 1500m . The diurnal range of temperature is also high . The states of Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim experience this kind of weather . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . 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-6032173124922815916 | East India Company | East India Company - wikipedia East India Company This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta ( British businessman ) . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` HEIC '' , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade , Opium trafficking Fate Dissolved , after being mostly nationalised in 1858 Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company . It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region , initially with Mughal India and the East Indies ( Maritime Southeast Asia ) , and later with Qing China . The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent , colonized parts of Southeast Asia , and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , spices , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833 , Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning , the East India company had always been involved in both , trade and politics , just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 . These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . By contrast , wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The battles of Plassey and Buxar , in which the British defeated the Bengali powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army , with Indian revenues of £ 13,464,561 , and expenses of £ 14,017,473 . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India assumed the East India Company 's governmental functions and absorbed its navy and its armies in 1858 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Formation 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , the captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches . London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade . Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 James Lancaster in the Edward Bonaventure with two other ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . Having sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula , they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594 . The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the seizure of the large Portuguese Carrack , the Madre de Deus by Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Cumberland at the Battle of Flores on 13 August 1592 . When she was brought in to Dartmouth she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels , pearls , gold , silver coins , ambergris , cloth , tapestries , pepper , cloves , cinnamon , nutmeg , benjamin , red dye , cochineal and ebony . Equally valuable was the ship 's rutter containing vital information on the China , India , and Japan trades . These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce . In 1596 , three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . A year later however saw the arrival of Ralph Fitch , an adventurer merchant who , along with his companions , had made a remarkable fifteen - year overland journey to Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , the Indian Ocean , India and Southeast Asia . Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster . Formation ( edit ) On 22 September 1599 , a group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue . They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later , on 31 December , and this time they succeeded ; the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard the Red Dragon . After capturing a rich 1,200 ton Portuguese Carrack in the Malacca Straits the trade from the booty enabled the voyagers to set up two `` factories '' -- one at Bantam on Java and another in the Moluccas ( Spice Islands ) before leaving . They returned to England in 1603 to learn of Elizabeth 's death but Lancaster was Knighted by the new King James I. By this time the war with Spain had ended but the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly , with new horizons opened for the English . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . This expedition would be lost . East India Company Initial expeditions Year Vessels Total Invested £ Bullion sent £ Goods sent £ Ships & Provisions £ Notes 1603 60,450 11,160 1,142 48,140 1606 58,500 17,600 7,280 28,620 1607 38,000 15,000 3,400 14,600 Vessels lost 1608 13,700 6,000 1,700 6,000 1609 82,000 28,500 21,300 32,000 1610 71,581 19,200 10,081 42,500 1611 76,355 17,675 10,000 48,700 1612 7,200 1,250 650 5,300 1613 8 272,544 18,810 12,446 1614 8 13,942 23,000 1615 6 26,660 26,065 1616 7 52,087 16,506 Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nur - ud - din Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Within the first two decades of the 17th century , the Dutch East India Company or Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , ( VOC ) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships . It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40 % annual dividend . The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17th and 18th centuries over spices from the Spice Islands . Spices , at the time , could only be found on these islands , such as pepper , ginger , nutmeg , cloves and cinnamon could bring profits as high as 400 percent from one voyage . The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo - Dutch Wars between them : 1652 -- 1654 , 1665 -- 1667 , 1672 -- 1674 and 1780 -- 1784 . The Dutch Company maintained that profit must support the cost of war which came from trade which produced profit . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Indian exports of textiles to Europe ( pieces per year ) Years EIC VOC France EdI Denmark Total Bengal Madras Bombay Surat EIC ( total ) VOC ( total ) 1665 -- 69 7,041 37,078 95,558 139,677 126,572 266,249 1670 -- 74 46,510 169,052 294,959 510,521 257,918 768,439 1675 -- 79 66,764 193,303 309,480 569,547 127,459 697,006 1680 -- 84 107,669 408,032 452,083 967,784 283,456 1,251,240 1685 -- 89 169,595 244,065 200,766 614,426 316,167 930,593 1690 -- 94 59,390 23,011 89,486 171,887 156,891 328,778 1695 -- 99 130,910 107,909 148,704 387,523 364,613 752,136 1700 - 04 197,012 104,939 296,027 597,978 310,611 908,589 1705 - 09 70,594 99,038 34,382 204,014 294,886 498,900 1710 -- 14 260,318 150,042 164,742 575,102 372,601 947,703 1715 -- 19 251,585 20,049 582,108 534,188 435,923 970,111 1720 -- 24 341,925 269,653 184,715 796,293 475,752 1,272,045 1725 -- 29 558,850 142,500 119,962 821,312 399,477 1,220,789 1730 -- 34 583,707 86,606 57,503 727,816 241,070 968,886 1735 -- 39 580,458 137,233 66,981 784,672 315,543 1,100,215 1740 -- 44 619,309 98,252 295,139 812,700 288,050 1,100,750 1745 -- 49 479,593 144,553 60,042 684,188 262,261 946,449 1750 -- 54 406,706 169,892 55,576 632,174 532,865 1,165,039 1755 -- 59 307,776 106,646 55,770 470,192 321,251 791,443 1760 -- 70 0 1771 -- 74 652,158 182,588 93,683 928,429 928,429 1775 -- 79 584,889 197,306 48,412 830,607 830,607 1780 -- 84 435,340 79,999 40,488 555,827 555,827 1785 -- 89 697,483 67,181 38,800 803,464 803,464 1790 -- 92 727,717 170,442 38,707 936,866 936,866 Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . To appease Aurangzeb , the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations , while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis ( `` enemies of the human race '' ) . In mid-1696 the government issued a £ 500 bounty on Every 's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts . When the East India Company later doubled that reward , the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state , with the charter and agreement for the new United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies being awarded by the Sidney Godolphin , 1st Earl of Godolphin . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War An East India Company coin , struck in 1835 Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . The East India Company had also been granted competitive advantages over colonial American tea importers to sell tea from its colonies in Asia in American colonies . This led to the Boston Tea Party in which protesters boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard . When protesters successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies and in Boston , Governor Thomas Hutchinson of the Province of Massachusetts Bay refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain . This was one of the incidents which led to the American revolution and independence of the American colonies . East India Company army and navy ( edit ) Main articles : Presidency armies and Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian subcontinent . As it increased in size the army was divided into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own infantry , cavalry , and artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . That led to the Battle of Buxar . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , but in time the Bengal Army in particular was composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army British officers , who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long the Indians ' service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism , although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes , and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India , by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the Company 's affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . One Indian writer of some importance in the 19th century was Ram Mohan Roy , who learned English , Sanskrit , Persian , Arabic , Greek , and Latin . Financial troubles ( edit ) Although the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India Company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Hastings was entrusted with the power of war and peace . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India Company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . Sale of liquor was forbidden without licence . It was pointed that the payment of the staff of the board of council should not be made from the Indian revenue . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 View of the Calcutta port in 1848 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . In the 1980s , a group of investors purchased the rights to the moribund corporate brand and founded a clothing company , which lasted until the 1990s . The corporate vestiges were again purchased by another group of investors who opened their first store in 2010 . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) The East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organisations in history and had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved by the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent . Once the East India Company took over Bengal in the treaty of Allahabad ( 1765 ) it collected taxes which it used to further its expansion to the rest of India and did not have to rely on venture capital from London . It returned a high profit to those who risked original money for earlier ventures into Bengal . During the first century of the East India Company 's expansion in India , most people in India lived under regional kings or Nawabs . By the late 18th century many Moghuls were weak in comparison to the rapidly expanding Company as it took over cities and land , built railways , roads and bridges . The first railway of 21 mile ( 33.8 km ) , known as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ran between Bombay ( Mumbai ) and Tannah ( Thane ) in 1849 . The Company sought quick profits because the financial backers in England took high risks : their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks , wars or calamities . The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs . In essence , it was a dual administration . Between 1765 and 1772 Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting , diwani , to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies . The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies . The East India Company took the beginning steps of British takeover of power in India for centuries to come . In 1772 the Company made Warren Hastings , who had been in India with the Company since 1750 , its first governor general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands . The dual administration system came to an end . Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having them translated into English . He employed many Indians as officials . Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims . This is still used in Indian , Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law . Hastings also annexed lands and kingdoms and enriched himself in the process . His enemies in London used this against him to have him impeached . See ( Impeachment of Warren Hastings ) Charles Cornwallis , widely remembered as having surrendered to George Washington in 1781 , replaced Hastings . Cornwallis distrusted Indians and replaced Indians with English . He introduced a system of personal land ownership for Indians . This change caused much conflict since most illiterate people had no idea why they suddenly became land renters from land owners . Mughals often had to choose to fight against the Company and lose everything or cooperate with the Company and receive a big pension but lose the throne . The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat , intimidation , bribery or outright war . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . The historian William Dalrymple has called Robert Clive an `` unstable sociopath '' due to these harmful policies and actions that resulted in famines and atrocities towards local native Indians and peasants . Changes caused by Clive to the revenue system and existing agricultural practices to maximize profits for the company led to the Bengal Famine of 1770 . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripes being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The blazon of the arms is as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers , and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East Indiamen were large and strongly built and when the Royal Navy was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys it bought several of them to convert to warships . Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports . Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies , first issued in 1816 , was sponsored by the East India Company , and includes much information relating to the EIC . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Company rule in India Economy of India under Company rule Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian independence movement List of East India Company directors List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 30 December 1600 , the company 's official name was : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . ^ Jump up to : `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Thomas Babington . `` Speech delivered to the House of Commons ( 10 July 1833 ) '' . Columbia University in the City of New York . Columbia University and Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . Jump up ^ `` India -- The British , 1600 -- 1740 '' . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The finances of the East India Company in India , c. 1766 -- 1859 , John F. Richards '' . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Desai , Tripta ( 1984 ) . The East India Company : A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857 . Kanak Publications . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . ^ Jump up to : Wernham , R.B ( 1994 ) . The Return of the Armadas : The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595 -- 1603 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 333 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820443 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , John Ramsay ( 1833 ) . A Treatise on the Principles , Practice , & History of Commerce . Baldwin and Cradock . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Leinwand 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Ralph Fitch : An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai ; and ' Ralph Fitch 's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586 -- 1587 ' in : Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David , Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1 . Chiang Mai , Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prasad , Ram Chandra ( 1980 ) . Early English Travellers in India : A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 45 . ISBN 9788120824652 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dulles ( 1969 ) , p106 . Jump up ^ Foster , Sir William ( 1998 ) . England 's quest of eastern trade ( 1933 ed . ) . London : A. & C. Black . p. 157 . ISBN 9780415155182 . ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : James Mill ( 1817 ) . `` 1 '' . The History of British India . Baldwin , Cradock , and Joy . pp. 15 -- 18 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` The Nutmeg Wars '' . ^ Jump up to : Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 13 : 16 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . 1600 The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 5 , 15 : 18 ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Liulevicius , Professor Vejas Gabriel ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Broadberry , Stephen ; Gupta , Bishnupriya . `` The Rise , Organization , and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets '' . International Institute of Social history . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burgess 2009 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . Jump up ^ Company , East India ; Shaw , John ( 1887 ) . Charters Relating to the East India Company from 1600 to 1761 : Reprinted from a Former Collection with Some Additions and a Preface for the Government of Madras . R. Hill at the Government Press . p. 217 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen ( 2009 ) . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5487 - 618 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Stacy . The big box swindle . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . Delhi , the Capital of India . Asian Educational Services . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1282 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 713753 - 4 . Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 7 : 38 - 4 : 33 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100554 - 6 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Diane K. ; Croot , Patricia E.C. ; Hicks , M.A. ( 1982 ) . `` Ealing and Brentford : Public services '' . In Baker , T.F.T. ; Elrington , C.R. A History of the County of Middlesex : Volume 7 , Acton , Chiswick , Ealing and Brentford , West Twyford , Willesden . London : Victoria County History . pp. 147 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ Rao , M.A. ( 1988 ) . Indian Railways , New Delhi : National Book Trust , p. 15 Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 19 : 11 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 17 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 16 : 00 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ Suijk , Paul ( Director ) ( 2015 ) . The British East India Company ( The Great Courses ( Episode 24 , 9 : 27 ) ) ( on - line video ) . Brentwood Associates / The Teaching Company Sales . Chantilly , VA , USA : Fisher , Professor Michael H ( lecturer ) . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks '' . 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington , Anthony , ed. ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 7 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 25760 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 40316 - 0 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 877 - 8 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21716 - 3 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02166 - 2 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Dulles , Foster Rhea ( 1931 ) . Eastward ho ! The first English adventurers to the Orient ( 1969 ed . ) . Freeport , New York : Books for Libraries Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 1256 - 2 . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 3 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Gardner , Brian . The East India Company : a history ( 1990 ) Online free to borrow Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 5685 - 7 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 07386 - 9 . Leinwand , Theodore B. ( 2006 ) . Theatre , Finance and Society in Early Modern England . Cambridge University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03466 - 1 . Marshall , P.J. Problems of empire : Britain and India 1757 -- 1813 ( 1968 ) Online free to borrow Misra , B.B. The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. excerpt and text search The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley , Sir Herbert H. , ed. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India Risley , Sir Herbert H. , ed. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 8 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 77138 - 0 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) Sutherland , Lucy S . `` The East India Company In Eighteenth - Century Politics . '' Economic History Review 17.1 ( 1947 ) : 15 - 26 . online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington , Anthony , ed. ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British American Land Company British East Africa Company Canada Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Niassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Swedish Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Danish Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Danish Asia Company Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Greenlander Royal Greenland Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) GND : 2052078 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 LCCN : n79118917 SUDOC : 027501884 VIAF : 239176400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=866191854 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the first to start a company to trade with india | [
"The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595. These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). By contrast, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares.[5] Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established.[6]\n"
] | [
"the Portuguese Estado da Índia"
] |
-3511265915033921355 | Central Secretariat Service | Central Secretariat Service - wikipedia Central Secretariat Service Central Secretariat Service Service overview Abbreviation CSS Formerly known as ISS Formed 1946 Country India Training Ground Institute of Secretariat Training and Management , New Delhi Controlling authority Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension , Department of Personnel and Training Legal personality Governmental : Government service General nature Policy Formulation Policy Implementation Civil administration Advisors to Ministers Continuity of administration in the Cabinet Secretariat Preceding service Imperial Secretariat Service ( 1919 - 1946 ) Cadre Size 11,550 members ( 2017 ) ( Group A - 2471 ; Group B - 9079 ) Selection UPSC Civil Services Examination ( 1946 to 2003 ) UPSC Limited Departmental Competitive Examination ( 2003 to Current ) Association CSS Group A Officers Association Head of the Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Current : Pradeep Kumar Sinha Central Secretariat Service ( Hindi : केंद्रीय सचिवालय सेवा ) ( abbreviated as CSS ) is the administrative civil service under Group A and Group B of the Central Civil Services of the executive branch of the Government of India . They are governed by Central Secretariat Service Rules of 1962 , which has been issued under the powers of Article 309 of the Constitution of India . The service serves as the backbone of administrative work and provides permanent bureaucracy and functionary staff in the Central Government of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Recruitment 3 Allocation and placement 3.1 Deputations 4 Designations and Pay grade 5 Reforms 5.1 1st Cadre Restructure of 2003 5.2 2nd Cadre Restructure of 2010 5.3 3rd Cadre Restructure of 2013 5.4 Mandatory Training Program for CSS Officers 5.5 Controversies 6 Notable members 6.1 List 7 Influence 8 See also 9 References 10 Books 11 External links 11.1 News 11.2 Other sources History ( edit ) In the year 1919 , the Imperial Secretariat Service came into being as one of the offshoots of the Lewllyn - Smith Committee which had been set up on the eve of the introduction of the Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms . The posts of Assistant and Assistant Secretary / Under Secretary were filled by officers drawn from the Imperial Secretariat Service during the British Raj . In 1946 , after India gained independence from Britain , the Imperial Secretariat Service was replaced by Central Secretariat Service in India . However , in Pakistan , a Central Secretariat Service was formed in Central Superior Services of Pakistan , which was later replaced and renamed to Office Management Group ( OMG ) . Thus , the CSS became one of the earliest organized services in India . Recruitment ( edit ) From 1946 until 2003 , 50 percent of direct recruitment into CSS was through the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission , the next 25 percent recruitment was through Annual Departmental Examination and next 25 percent by promotion . However , after the cadre restructuring in 2003 , the direct recruitment into CSS through the Civil Services Examination has been stopped . The mode of recruitment was changed to the grade of Section Officer by way of 50 % through Limited Departmental Competitive Examination by Union Public Service Commission and 50 % by seniority . Allocation and placement ( edit ) After appointment by the President , the officers ( Entry grade / Probationers ) are allocated to different Ministries / Departments under Government of India . The Group B officers work in the levels of Assistant Section Officer and Section Officer / Assistant Director ( For Directorate ) . The Group A officers work in the levels of Under Secretary / Deputy Director ( For Directorate ) , Deputy Secretary / Joint Director ( For Directorate ) , Director , Joint Secretary and Additional Secretary under Central Staffing Scheme of Government of India . The officers are generally posted in various Ministries and Departments , intelligence agencies , Apex / Autonomous organizations of Government of India located at different places in the Secretariat in New Delhi . They are also appointed in personal staff of Union Council of Ministers of India . Deputations ( edit ) The officers are also posted outside Delhi , or at various places of the country in other offices upon deputation . They can also be deputed for service under an international organization , an autonomous body not controlled by the Government , or a private body as same as under Rule 6 ( 2 ) ( ii ) of IAS ( Cadre ) Rules . In 2016 , Government of India has approved officers to be posted on non-cadre posts in the secretariat of Northeastern states of India . Designations and Pay grade ( edit ) Position / Pay Grade in the Government of India Level and Rank in the Central Government Order of Precedence ( As per Presidential order ) Equivalent Position or Designation in the State Government ( s ) Entry Grade Assistant Section Officer / Entry - level ( Probationer ) OR Promoted from the post of UDC - Review Officer in State Secretariat Junior Time Scale Assistant Secretary / Section Officer - Section Officer Junior Time Scale ( NFSG ) Assistant Secretary / Assistant Director ( to the Directorate ) - Under Secretary / Sub-Divisional Magistrate Senior Time Scale Under Secretary or Deputy Director ( to the Directorate ) - Deputy Secretary / Additional District Magistrate 5 Junior Administrative Grade ( JAG ) Deputy Secretary or Joint Director ( to the Directorate ) - Joint Secretary / District Magistrate 6 Selection Grade Director - Additional Secretary / Deputy Commissioner / Special Secretary 7 Super Time Scale Joint Secretary to Government of India 26 Secretary / Divisional Commissioner Reforms ( edit ) 1st cadre Restructure of 2003 ( edit ) In 2003 , a committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary ( GOI ) . The direct induction of CSS officer through Civil Services Examination was permanently stopped . Also a new level G training program was organised for those in line of promotion in the rank of Joint Secretary ( GOI ) in the SAG level . 2nd Cadre Restructure of 2010 ( edit ) The Government had set up a Committee on Cadre Restructuring of Central Secretariat Service ( CSS ) in June 2008 . The Committee submitted its report in November 2008 for further reforms in the service . The report was finally accepted in 2010 and the number of posts at various levels including Deputy Secretaries and Directors were increased following the review 3rd cadre Restructure of 2013 ( edit ) A committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary ( GOI ) in 2013 for further reforms in the service . The report is currently pending with Prime Minister 's Office and is expected to improve the service conditions by increasing the number of posts at the level of Deputy Secretaries . Mandatory training program for CSS officers ( edit ) In addition to these , the Government has also introduced mandatory training programs at every level of promotion . The CSS officers are trained both in India and abroad in various institutions starting at Level E onwards . Controversies ( edit ) Recently , some CSS officers have been in the list of corrupt bureaucrats and have come under the CBI scanner for alleged involvement in a few corruption cases . Notable members ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) Since its inception , CSS has produced few outstanding civil servants in India . Influential members include - M.P. Singh who was appointed as Vice-Chairman of Central Administrative Tribunal at Jabalpur Bench , P.G. Lele who served as Additional Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Finance and M.V. Ayyar who was empanelled as Secretary to Government of India . Reportedly , in the 1960s , there have been Labour Secretary and Education Secretary in Government of India also from CSS . List ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Arun Kumar D.B. Singh Gautam Sanyal U. Sagayam ( 1989 ) Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode Influence ( edit ) The Railway Board Secretariat Service , the general administration staff in the Ministry of Railways , is modelled after the Central Secretariat Service . See also ( edit ) India portal Civil Services of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Draft Civil List of Group A officers of CSS '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Office Council ( DOPT ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Civil Services Group A of India . '' Civil Service Group A - Government of India , 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Central Civil Services Group B of India . '' Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India , 1 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Central Secretariat Service Rules of 1962 '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central Secretariat employees demand timely promotions '' . Business Standard . June 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why implementing the Seventh Pay Commission recommendation is a herculean challenge '' . The Economic Times . December 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : Central Secretariat Service '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Singh , Hoshiar ( 2011 ) . Indian Administration . Pearson Education India . ISBN 9788131761199 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office Management Group : CSS Pakistan '' . Central Superior Services of Pakistan . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mode of Recruitment into CSS cadre '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Government takes first step in downsizing CSS officers '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cadre Restructure : Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Report of the Committee on Cadre Restructuring of Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Promotion scam ' in railways '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : Minimum balance , no balance '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RAW to hunt for officers from CSS pool '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why babus want to be private secys to ministers now '' . GovernanceNow.com . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashok Kumar appointed OSD to MoS PMO '' . The Hindu . India . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deputation of CSS Officerse '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government Offers Postings In North - East To Non-IAS , IPS Officers '' . NDTV . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review of the Policy for inter cadre transfer / deputation for North East Cadres '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Change of Nomenclature of the post of CSS cadre and CSCS cadre '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Cadre Restructuring of the Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Cadre Restructuring of the Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Training policy of CSS Officers '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions , Government of India . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://istm.nic.in/CourseCirculars/2011-12/Circular3309072012.pdf Jump up ^ `` Over Rs 205 crore earmarked for training of babus '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training of CSS Officers '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions , Government of India . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IAS , CSS officers came under CBI scanner : Government '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : Govt proposes to extend tenure of CSS officers '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Hon'ble Shri M.P. Singh : Vice Chairman ( A ) of CAT '' . Central Administrative Tribunal , Government of India . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Point of privilege 1992 : Attempt to influence some members of a Joint Parliamentary Committee by a Minister and a Government official '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Ministry unable to create credible seniority list for 276 officers '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Books ( edit ) Singh , Hoshiar ( 2011 ) Indian Administration . Pearson Education India ISBN 9788131761199 . Jayapalan , N. ( 2001 ) Indian Administration 2 Vols . Set . Atlantic Publishers & Distri ISBN 9788171569212 . External links ( edit ) CSS Public Service Profile at Government of India Portal . The Central Secretariat Division at Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( DOPT ) CSS Service Rules 2009 - Gazette of India First Report of the Committee on Cadre Restructuring of CSS - 2002 FAQ CSS RTI , DOPT Central Civil Services : Group A , B , C and D Complete Executive Record List of CSS 2013 Civil List ( Group A Officers ) CSS officers Website Official Officers Website News ( edit ) `` CSS Officers demand parity with IAS and other services '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . `` Central Secretariat employees demand timely promotions '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . `` Not only IAS , MHA opens doors for all services '' . The Week . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Powers and Duties of Officers and Employees as defined in the Manual of Office Procedure Prime Minister to oversee postings of Joint Secretaries by The Times of India hide Public Services of India All India Services Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) Indian Forest Service ( IFS ) Indian Police Service ( IPS ) Central Services Indian Railway Service of Engineers ( IRSE ) Central Power Engineering Service ( CPES ) Defence Research & Development Service ( DRDS ) Indian Audit and Accounts Service ( IA&AS ) Indian Civil Accounts Service ( ICAS ) Indian Corporate Law Service ( ICLS ) Indian Defence Accounts Service ( IDAS ) Indian Defence Estates Service ( IDES ) Indian Economic Service ( IES ) Indian Foreign Service ( IFS ) Indian Information Service ( IIS ) Indian Ordnance Factories Service ( IOFS ) Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service ( IPTAFS ) Indian Railway Accounts Service ( IRAS ) Indian Railway Personnel Service ( IRPS ) Indian Railway Traffic Service ( IRTS ) Indian Revenue Service ( IRS - IT / C&CE ) Indian Telecommunication Service ( ITS ) Indian Trade Service ( ITrS ) State Services Karnataka Administrative Service ( KAS ) Provincial Civil Service ( Uttar Pradesh ) ( PCS ) Rajasthan Administrative Service ( RAS ) Tamil Nadu Civil Service ( TNCS ) West Bengal Civil Service ( WBCS ) West Bengal Legal Service ( WBLS ) Others Civil Services of India State civil services of India hide Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Secretariat_Service&oldid=835934244 '' Categories : Civil Services of India Central Civil Services ( India ) Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( India ) Hidden categories : Articles containing Hindi - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles to be expanded from July 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Incomplete lists from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | pay scale of section officer in central secretariat | [
"\n\n\n\n\nPosition / Pay Grade in the Government of India\n\nLevel and Rank in the Central Government\n\nOrder of Precedence (As per Presidential order)\n\nEquivalent Position or Designation in the State Government(s)\n\n\n1\n\nEntry Grade\n\nAssistant Section Officer / Entry-level (Probationer) OR Promoted from the post of UDC[23]\n\n-\n\nReview Officer in State Secretariat\n\n\n2\n\nJunior Time Scale\n\nAssistant Secretary / Section Officer \n\n-\n\nSection Officer\n\n\n3\n\nJunior Time Scale (NFSG)\n\nAssistant Secretary / Assistant Director (to the Directorate)\n\n-\n\nUnder Secretary/Sub-Divisional Magistrate\n\n\n4\n\nSenior Time Scale\n\nUnder Secretary or Deputy Director (to the Directorate)\n\n-\n\nDeputy Secretary/Additional District Magistrate\n\n\n\n5\n\nJunior Administrative Grade (JAG)\n\nDeputy Secretary or Joint Director (to the Directorate)\n\n-\n\nJoint Secretary/District Magistrate\n\n\n\n6\n\nSelection Grade\n\nDirector\n\n-\n\nAdditional Secretary /Deputy Commissioner/Special Secretary\n\n\n\n7\n\nSuper Time Scale\n\nJoint Secretary to Government of India\n\n26\n\nSecretary/Divisional Commissioner\n\n"
] | [
"Junior Time Scale"
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6749199057024861360 | Charlie Hunnam | Charlie Hunnam - wikipedia Charlie Hunnam Jump to : navigation , search Charlie Hunnam Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017 Charles Matthew Hunnam ( 1980 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1980 ( age 37 ) Newcastle , Tyne and Wear , England Nationality English Education Heaton Manor School Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katharine Towne ( m . 1999 -- 2002 ) Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 2008 -- 2012 2.3 2013 -- present 2.4 Screenplays 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of William `` Billy '' Hunnam ( 1952 -- 2013 ) , a scrap metal merchant , and Jane ( née Bell ) Hunnam , a business owner . He lived in Australia from the age of 5 to 13 before moving back to the United Kingdom . His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle . Hunnam was the second child , born after brother William `` Billy '' . He has two younger half - brothers , Oliver and Christian , on his mother 's side . His parents divorced when he was two years old , and he moved to the village of Melmerby , Cumbria when he was 12 , as his mother remarried . He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle . After moving , he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith , Cumbria . He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design , now faculty of University of Cumbria , where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) At the age of 17 , Hunnam was discovered in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while drunkenly clowning around buying shoes for his brother . A production manager for the Newcastle - based children 's show Byker Grove approached him and Hunnam was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show . He also had a brief modeling career where he did a shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him . Aged 18 , his first major role came when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15 - year - old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies ' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk . He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? ( 1999 ) and then moved to the US . His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans . He then appeared in the short - lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe . Despite critical acclaim , the series was cancelled after one season . Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon ( 2002 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , and Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) . Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that he is offered : `` I have 60 years to make the money , but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career . '' This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street ( 2005 ) , however his attempts at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics ' `` worst accents in movie history '' lists . Hunnam says his role Patric , a member of `` The Fishes '' , in Children of Men ( 2006 ) , was the final part in his `` trilogy of mad men '' . `` I played the psycho in Cold Mountain , my character in Green Street is fairly psychotic and now I 've got this role . '' 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con , 25 July 2010 From 2008 to 2014 , Hunnam starred as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in Sons of Anarchy , a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town . Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter , the creator of the show , saw him in Green Street . His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination , three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series , and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series . In 2011 , Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama / thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman . In 2012 , he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom alongside , among others , his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman . Hunnam said that he considered the day that he filmed scenes with Perlman for that film the best and funniest day of filming he 's ever had in his whole career . He also appeared as Jay , an ex-boxer , in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's crime drama Deadfall ( 2012 ) . 2013 -- present ( edit ) Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro 's sci - fi film Pacific Rim , that opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide . It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E.L. James ' novel Fifty Shades of Grey . However , on 12 October 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy . On 2 June 2014 , Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor , for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim , due to the film performing very well in the Asian markets . Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak , alongside Mia Wasikowska , Tom Hiddleston , and Jessica Chastain . The film began shooting in February 2014 , and was released on 16 October 2015 . Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z , which was filmed from August 2015 to October 2015 , premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016 , and was released in April 2017 . Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie 's action - adventure film King Arthur : Legend of the Sword , which was filmed between March 2015 and July 2015 , and was released in May 2017 . Screenplays ( edit ) Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy , he sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt 's Plan B Studios co-producing . The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler , and will focus on the real - life story of Vlad the Impaler . Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain . He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to Britain to live with his mother . Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal , an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico . Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain , which he hopes to direct . He stated that it 's `` a part of English society that 's really seldom been explored , but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society . '' Personal life ( edit ) In 1999 , Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson 's Creek . After dating for three weeks , they married in Las Vegas . They divorced in 2002 . Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? Daz 2002 Abandon Embry Larkin 2002 Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby 2003 Cold Mountain Bosie 2005 Green Street Pete Dunham 2006 Children of Men Patric 2011 Ledge , The The Ledge Gavin Nichols 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Frankie 2012 Deadfall Jay 2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket 2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael 2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett 2017 King Arthur : Legend of the Sword King Arthur 2017 Papillon Henri Charrière Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes 1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode : `` Moving On '' 1999 -- 2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes 1999 Microsoap Brad Episode : `` 2.6 '' 2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes 2001 -- 02 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes 2008 -- 14 Sons of Anarchy Jackson `` Jax '' Teller 92 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won 2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won 2017 CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Won Television ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Annabell ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Hollywood Blonde '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` High Street card shop one of the best in UK '' . Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Walter ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's biker is riding a tightrope in ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : Charlie Hunnam '' . Nerdist. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy , Pacific Rim , and Henry David Thoreau '' . Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Charlie Hunnam Talks 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom , Internet Piracy , More '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Charlie Hunnam ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE HUNNAM , WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA , LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE '' . News & Star . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role '' . ChronicleLive . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Alumni '' . University of Cumbria ( UK ) . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearance '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . NBC . 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth , Jon ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign , Leaving Sons of Anarchy , and His Next Not - So - Big Role '' . GQ . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Q&A '' . Female First . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Barry J ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam : The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top - rated cable show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cockney Accent Film Set '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homesick in Hollywood '' . IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy -- Wheels on fire '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` '' The Ledge , '' Featuring Charlie Hunnam , Liv Tyler , Patrick Wilson , Terrence Howard , Due in July `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` ' Frankie Go Boom ' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman ( Photo ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Interviews : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom '' . Comingsoon . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` ' Deadfall ' preems at Arclight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Deadfall ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call : Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro 's PACIFIC RIM ; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China 's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie : Crimson Peak ! . YouTube . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 January 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Legendary , Universal Date Guillermo del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' for October 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Perry ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt , while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam on ' Sons , ' ' Fifty Shades ' fallout , and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Charlie Hunnam , Margot Robbie Eyed for ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of ' Vlad ' the Impaler Wo n't Touch on Vampirism '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GQ&A : Charlie Hunnam '' . British GQ . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim '' . St Albert Leader . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame '' . Contact Music . 7 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Who Is Morgana McNelis ? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam 's Girlfriend '' . People . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend : ' She Is an Intelligent , Beautiful , Kind Person ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff . `` Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards ( Full List ) '' . WSJ . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam . Charlie Hunnam on IMDb VIAF : 19368443 LCCN : no2003057702 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 5619 GND : 1019452625 SUDOC : 161680224 BNF : cb150244846 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hunnam&oldid=800891877 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States English expatriates in the United States English male film actors English male television actors People from Newcastle upon Tyne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor that plays jax in sons of anarchy | [
"Charles Matthew Hunnam (born 10 April 1980)[1] is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Jackson \"Jax\" Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy (2008–14), Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared (2001–02), the title role in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Pete Dunham in Green Street (2005), Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim (2013), Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z (2017), and in the title role of Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017)."
] | [
"Charles Matthew Hunnam"
] |
6401227968627287608 | Six of One | Six of One - wikipedia Six of One Jump to : navigation , search The idiom `` six of one , half a dozen of the other '' means that two alternatives are equivalent or indifferent ; it does n't matter which one we choose . Six of One , Half Dozen of the Other or Six of One may also refer to one of the following : Six of One ( Battlestar Galactica ) , an episode of TV series Battlestar Galactica Six of One , an Appreciation Society of TV series The Prisoner Six of One , one of the original names for the TV series Friends ( 1994 - 2004 ) Six of One , a character on TV series Tripping the Rift Six of One , Half - Dozen of the Other , the US version of the Marillion album A Singles Collection ( 1992 ) Six of One , Mach One album ( 1983 ) Six of One , Evan Parker 's solo album ( 1980 ) Six of One , Half a Dozen of the Other , Del Reeves album ( 1967 ) `` It 's just six of one and half a dozen of the other . '' , a line from The Pirate by Frederick Marryat ( 1836 ) `` Were I to allot each their shares of illiberality , I should say , there are six of the one and half - a-dozen of the other ; '' , a line from `` Romance and Reality '' by Letitia Elizabeth Landon ( 1831 ) Note that this phrase ( there are six of the one and half - a-dozen of the other ) also occurs in an article by Brande on Inflammable Gases in The Edinburgh Review , 1820 . This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Six of One . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_of_One&oldid=771744628 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2017 , at 07 : 56 . About Wikipedia | six of one half a dozen of the other etymology | [] | [] |
583195165773446982 | Wattpad | Wattpad - wikipedia Wattpad Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wattpad Type of business Private Type of site Reading app , Social networking service Headquarters Toronto , Ontario , Canada Area served Worldwide Owner Wattpad Corp . Founder ( s ) Allen Lau Ivan Yuen Employees 130 Website wattpad.com Alexa rank 641 ( January 2017 ) Registration Required to create and modify books and stories Launched December 2006 ; 11 years ago ( 2006 - 12 ) Current status Active Wattpad is a community for readers and writers where one can discover new user - generated stories , spanning across different genres including classics , general fiction , historical fiction , non-fiction , poetry , spiritual , teen fiction among others . It aims at removing the traditional barriers between readers and writers by building social communities around stories . Its model not only works for amateur writers , but for established writers as well . Wattpad provides the writers with an opportunity to write , promote and help their work reach across a wide and varied audience of more than a million users . The users are actively engaged in the entire process and are able to directly interact with the writers and share their opinions with fellow readers . Although available in over 50 languages , 77 % of its content is written in English . To help these stories reach a larger part of the community , a number of Wattpad users are volunteering their time to translate stories . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and founders 1.1 Growth and funding 1.2 Awards 1.3 Wattpad in the Philippines 1.4 Wattpad After Dark 1.5 Tap 2 Usage 2.1 Statistics 2.2 New authors and teens 2.3 Contests 2.4 Publishing 3 Copyright issues 4 Competitors and similar sites 5 References History and founders ( edit ) Wattpad originated in 2006 , as the result of a collaboration between Allen Lau and Ivan Yuen . Growth and funding ( edit ) In February 2007 , Wattpad announced the addition of over 17,000 e-books from Project Gutenberg making them available to mobile users . According to a June 2009 Wattpad press release , the mobile application had been downloaded over 5 million times . In March 2009 , an iPhone version was released . This was followed by the launch on BlackBerry App World in April 2009 , Google Android in June 2009 and Apple iPad in April 2010 . In December 2015 , Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows 10 Mobile Version was released . Currently , Wattpad has more than 65 million users who as part of the Wattpad community collectively spend 15 billion minutes each month using Wattpad . As of 2018 Wattpad there are more than 400 million story uploads on Wattpad . To date , Wattpad has received almost USD $117.8 M in funding from investors . In 2011 , Wattpad announced that it received $3.5 M in total funding from its current investors , and from W Media Ventures , Golden Venture Partners , and Union Square Ventures . '' Then in June 2012 , Wattpad raised $17.3 M from a group of venture funds led by Khosla Ventures . In April 2014 , Wattpad announced $46 M in Series C funding led by OMERS ventures . In January 2018 , Wattpad announced USD $51 M in funding from Tencent Holdings Limited , BDC , Globe Telecom 's Kickstart Ventures , Peterson Group , Canso , and existing investor Raine . Awards ( edit ) In December 2011 , Toronto - based Wattpad was selected as the hottest Digital Media company in the country at the Canadian Innovation Exchange . In the same year , co-founder and CEO Ivan Yuen was also recognized as a top Canadian entrepreneur at the Impact Infused Awards , sponsored by Deloitte . Wattpad in the Philippines ( edit ) In March 2014 , Wattpad signed a contract with Pop Fiction , an imprint of Summit Media , to print Filipino Wattpad stories in the Philippines . Other publishers from the Philippines also publish stories from Wattpad . Since then , some Wattpad stories have also been adapted into teleseries . Filipino television network TV5 , in partnership with Wattpad and Life is Beautiful Publishing Company launched Wattpad Presents , a series of Wattpad stories turned into TV dramas . ( Wattpad stories aired on the show are usually those that were published by LIB Publishing . ) ABS - CBN also made several adaptation of Wattpad stories such as `` My App Boyfie '' by Noreen Capili ( noringai ) , starring James Reid and Nadine Lustre , and the coming - of - age series Bagito starring Nash Aguas , Alexa Ilacad and Ella Cruz . Pop Fiction 's best selling book , `` She 's Dating the Gangster '' , written by Bianca Bernardino ( SGWannaB ) as a Wattpad original , became the first Wattpad story adapted into a full - length motion picture starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla . The movie adaptation was produced by ABS - CBN 's film production arm , Star Cinema . Liza Soberano and Enrique Gil also starred on the film `` Just The Way You Are '' , based on the Wattpad story `` The Bet '' by Ilurvbooks . Also , Chasing Red was published by a wattled user which got more than 10 million views . Wattpad After Dark ( edit ) In February 2015 , Wattpad launched a second standalone app called `` After Dark '' . The app focuses specifically on the romance genre and is intended for adult readers . Tap ( edit ) Cover artwork for one of Tap 's biggest Original Series , The Babysitter . On February 21 , 2017 , Wattpad launched a chat stories app called Tap . Tap offers stories in the form of text messages as if reading a private conversation on someone else 's phone . The app was an early success , with over 240 million taps in the first few weeks after the launch . On July 28 , 2017 , Tap launched ' Tap Originals ' , a series of original stories produced by its top - tier writers every single week , with some of those series working on an episode - by - episode basis . Some of Tap 's most successful original series include HIDE , The Babysitter and Charlie , Charlie . Usage ( edit ) Statistics ( edit ) As of January 2018 : 85 % of its traffic and usage comes from mobile devices , the site has 65 million unique visitors per month , there are over 400 million story uploads in total , there are over 2.5 million writers . New authors and teens ( edit ) The most frequently voted stories appear on the `` What 's Hot List '' . According to the profiles visible on the site , many of these authors are teenagers . Wattpad section also has a Featured Story list , which promotes content reviewed and approved by staff and an editorial review board . Many of these featured stories are written by self - published and professional writers from different genres . Lately famous authors like Margaret Atwood , Paulo Coelho and RL Stine have also joined the professional bandwagon of authors currently active on wattpad . Wattpad also encourages the writers to interact with their audience and promote their stories across social media websites like Twitter , Facebook , Youtube and Instagram . Contests ( edit ) Wattpad holds several smaller contests a year and one major one . The largest is the annual Watty Awards . The second largest is Just Write It . In 2011 , The Watty Awards introduced three entry levels ( Popular , On The Rise , and Undiscovered ) to allow greater chances of winning for every type of writer . Contests are open to anyone who has a Wattpad account . During the summer of 2012 , Wattpad in collaboration with Margaret Atwood , Canadian poet / novelist / literary critic , held the `` Wattys '' : the first major poetry contest offering a chance to poets on Wattpad to compete against each other in one of two categories , either as an `` Enthusiast '' or a `` Competitor '' . It has been going ever since . Publishing ( edit ) Wattpad has formed ties with publishing houses to try and help Wattpad authors to receive compensation for their works . A new branch , Wattpad Studios , was developed to connect popular writers to both the publishing and film industries . Wattpad has , in the past , teamed up with publishing groups such as Sourcebooks to help Wattpad authors receive book deals , and get their work into hard copies . More traditional publishing houses such as Random House and HarperCollins have approached popular Wattpad writers to negotiate publishing deals , allowing the website to serve as a springboard into the more traditional publishing industry . Author Anna Todd , whose work After has received over a billion reads on the site , was given a publishing deal with Simon & Sheuster to turn her online work into a multiple - book published saga . Paramount purchased rights to the story to develop a film based on the novels . Copyright issues ( edit ) Early in its history , some of the large volume of user - uploaded material hosted on Wattpad was copyrighted material created by authors who did not grant republication rights . In May 2009 , an article in ' The New York Times ' noted , `` Sites like Scribd and Wattpad , which invite users to upload documents like college theses and self - published novels , have been the target of industry grumbling in recent weeks , as illegal reproductions of popular titles have turned up on them '' . The Wattpad website notes , `` We do not welcome upload of material that violate its copyright terms , '' but also states `` it is simply not possible to screen and verify all posted content . '' In response to industry criticism , in April 2009 ( before the publication of the New York Times article that named Wattpad as a vehicle for user - generated e-book infringement ) Wattpad announced an `` Authors In Charge '' program , designed to allow authors or their representatives to identify and directly remove infringing content from the site , but this program is designed specifically for `` authors with published books for sale . '' Competitors and similar sites ( edit ) Bookmate and the long - established and popular sites FanFiction.Net and Fiction Press ( a spin - off site for original fiction ) also serve as hubs for online prose . An alternative site which is free and open source is Archive of Our Own , or AO3 , although some will publish a chapter on AO3 , indicating the rest is on Wattpad . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wattpad HQ '' . Foursquare . Jump up ^ `` Home '' , Wattpad , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 Jump up ^ Tech startup Wattpad raises $40 - million from Chinese internet giant Tencentlaccessdate = 2017 - 12 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Wattpad.com Site lInfo '' . Alexa Internet . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Discover - Wattpad '' . www.wattpad.com . Jump up ^ `` Wattpad : Building the world 's biggest reader and writer community - The Literary Platform '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The International Language of Storytelling '' . Jump up ^ `` Wattpad : Building the world 's biggest reader and writer community - The Literary Platform '' . The Literary Platform . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Wattpad Gutenberg Press Release '' . Jump up ^ `` Wattpad heralds 3.1 m ebook downloads '' . ^ Jump up to : Wattpad . `` About Wattpad '' . www.wattpad.com . Jump up ^ `` Wattpad Raises $51 Million in Funding from Tencent , BDC and Other Partners '' . VentureBeat . Jump up ^ Ingram , Mathew ( 2011 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Union Square backs Wattpad to make reading more social '' . Jump up ^ Ingram , Mathew . `` Wattpad raises $17 million to become the YouTube of writing '' . Jump up ^ `` Wattpad Raises $46 Million to Build a Global Literary Community '' . Mashable. 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tencent Leads $51 Million Investment in Canadian Startup Wattpad '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Wave Accounting and Wattpad win people 's choice awards at CIX '' . Jump up ^ `` Impact and Deloitte Press Release '' . Jump up ^ `` Summit Media and Wattpad ink partnership to publish more works by online writers in the Philippines '' . Summit Media . March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wattpad Launches After Dark app for Steamy Romance '' . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wattpad debuts Tap , an app for reading chat - style short stories '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffelder , Nate ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wattpad Launches Chat - Style Reading App Tap '' . The Digital Reader . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingman , Shane ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Wattpad taps into a new genre '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wattpad takes ' chat fiction ' beyond text with launch of Tap Originals '' . Tech Crunch . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mathew Ingram . `` Wattpad Banks $51 Million From Tencent , Other Investors to Fund Entertainment Projects '' . ^ Jump up to : Streitfeld , David . `` Tech startup Wattpad raises $40 - million from Chinese internet giant Tencent '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wattpad . `` Promote and Market your Book on Wattpad for Published Authors '' . www.wattpad.com . Jump up ^ `` Help Center '' . support.wattpad.com . Jump up ^ `` Writing Contests on Wattpad '' . Wattpad . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony . `` Wattpad sets its sights on brands , publishers and Hollywood with Wattpad Studios '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sourcebooks , Wattpad Team Up To Launch YA Authors '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Wattpad ? The ' YouTube For Stories ' Is Transforming Book Publishing '' . International Business Times . 2014 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This woman wrote One Direction fanfic on her phone and ended up with a major book deal '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` With E-Readers Comes Wider Piracy of Books '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Wattpad -- Writer Program . Jump up ^ Hale - Stern , Kaila . `` How To Find The Best Fanfiction On the Internet '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . ( hide ) E-book digital distribution platforms Active Amazon Kindle Archive of Our Own Barnes & Noble Nook FanFiction.Net Google Play Books Hoopla Digital iBooks Store Kindle Direct Publishing Kindle Store Kobo Lulu NoiseTrade OverDrive , Inc . Playster PocketBook Reader Pronoun Scribd Smashwords Wattpad Wikibooks Discontinued Sony Reader Oyster Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wattpad&oldid=835331646 '' Categories : Wattpad Canadian publishers ( people ) E-book suppliers Electronic paper technology Android ( operating system ) software BlackBerry software IOS software E-book sources Online publishing companies Self - publishing companies Universal Windows Platform apps Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from November 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using infobox website with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 01 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does it mean to archive a story on wattpad | [] | [] |
-5052962289758538444 | Longest tennis match records | Longest Tennis match records - wikipedia Longest Tennis match records Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article details longest tennis match records by duration or number of games . The 1973 introduction of the tiebreak reduced the opportunity for such records to be broken . However , among the Grand Slams , only the US Open uses the tiebreak in the final set ; the Australian Open , the French Open , Wimbledon and Olympic tennis instead use the advantage set rules in the final set -- in such a set there can be an indefinite number of games until there is a winner . John Isner ( left ) defeated Nicolas Mahut ( right ) 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 70 -- 68 in a record 11 hours and 5 minutes A plaque commemorating the Isner -- Mahut match on Court 18 at Wimbledon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overall 1.1 Men 1.2 Women 1.3 Doubles 2 Australian Open 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 2.3 Mixed 3 French Open 3.1 Men 3.2 Men 's doubles 3.3 Women 3.4 Mixed doubles 4 Wimbledon 4.1 Men 4.2 Men 's Doubles 4.3 Women 4.4 Women 's Doubles 4.5 Mixed doubles 5 US Open 5.1 Men 5.2 Women 5.3 Mixed doubles 6 Summer Olympics 6.1 Overall 6.2 Men 6.3 Women 7 Davis Cup and Fed Cup 7.1 Davis Cup 7.2 Fed Cup 8 Tour Finals 8.1 ATP Tour Finals 8.2 WTA Tour Finals 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Overall ( edit ) Only two official ATP matches have lasted longer than 7 hours . Eleven matches have lasted longer than 6 hours , and 36 matches have lasted longer than 5 hours . 11 h 05 Wimbledon 2010 , 1st Round : John Isner def . Nicolas Mahut , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 70 -- 68 ( 3 days ) . 7 h 02 Davis Cup 2013 1st Round tie : Czech Republic team of Tomáš Berdych and Lukáš Rosol defeated the Switzerland team of Stanislas Wawrinka and Marco Chiudinelli 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 24 -- 22 . 6 h 43 Davis Cup 2015 , 1st Round : Leonardo Mayer def . João Souza , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 5 -- 7 , 15 -- 13 ( 1 day ) . 6 h 33 French Open 2004 , 1st Round : Fabrice Santoro def . Arnaud Clément , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 ( 2 days ) . 6 h 31 Central Fidelity Banks International 1984 , 1st round : Vicki Nelson def. Jean Hepner , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 . 6 h 22 Davis Cup 1982 , Quarterfinals : John McEnroe def . Mats Wilander , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 15 -- 17 , 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 ( 1 day ; before tiebreak era ) . 6 h 21 Davis Cup 1987 , World Group Play - offs : Boris Becker def . John McEnroe , 4 -- 6 , 15 -- 13 , 8 -- 10 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 ( 1 day ; before tiebreak era ) . 6 h 20 Davis Cup 2002 , Half Final : Argentina team of Lucas Arnold Ker and David Nalbandian defeated the Russia team of Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Marat Safin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 19 -- 17 . 6 h 15 Davis Cup 1980 , Americas Inter-Zonal Final : José Luis Clerc def . John McEnroe 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 14 -- 12 ( before tiebreak era ) . 6 h 04 Davis Cup 1989 , Quarterfinals : Horst Skoff def . Mats Wilander , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 ( 1 day ) . 6 h 01 Davis Cup 1982 , North & Central America Zone Semifinals : Harry Fritz def . Jorge Andrew 16 -- 14 , 11 -- 9 , 9 -- 11 , 4 -- 6 , 11 -- 9 ( before tiebreak era ) . Men ( edit ) The Isner -- Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships holds the record for the longest tennis match both in time and games played . 11 h 05 Wimbledon 2010 , 1st Round : John Isner def . Nicolas Mahut , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 70 -- 68 ( 3 days ) . 6 h 43 Davis Cup 2015 , 1st Round : Leonardo Mayer def . João Souza , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 5 -- 7 , 15 -- 13 ( 1 day ) . 6 h 33 French Open 2004 , 1st Round : Fabrice Santoro def . Arnaud Clément , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 ( 2 days ) . 6 h 22 Davis Cup 1982 , Quarterfinals : John McEnroe def . Mats Wilander , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 15 -- 17 , 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 ( 1 day ; before tiebreak era ) . 6 h 21 Davis Cup 1987 , World Group Play - offs : Boris Becker def . John McEnroe , 4 -- 6 , 15 -- 13 , 8 -- 10 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 ( 1 day ; before tiebreak era ) . 6 h 15 Davis Cup 1980 , Americas Inter-Zonal Final : José Luis Clerc def . John McEnroe 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 14 -- 12 ( before tiebreak era ) . 6 h 04 Davis Cup 1989 , Quarterfinals : Horst Skoff def . Mats Wilander , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 9 -- 7 ( 1 day ) . 6 h 01 Davis Cup 1982 , North & Central America Zone Semifinals : Harry Fritz def . Jorge Andrew 16 -- 14 , 11 -- 9 , 9 -- 11 , 4 -- 6 , 11 -- 9 ( before tiebreak era ) . 5 h 59 Davis Cup 2009 , Semifinals : Radek Štěpánek def . Ivo Karlović , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 16 -- 14 . 5 h 53 Australian Open 2012 , Final : Novak Djokovic def . Rafael Nadal , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 . 5 h 46 Davis Cup 2001 , Quarterfinals : Arnaud Clément def . Marc Rosset , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 15 -- 13 . 5 h 45 Davis Cup 2005 , Europe / Africa Zone Group I 1st Round play - offs : Mehdi Tahiri def . Gilles Müller , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 41 French Open 2012 , 2nd Round : Paul - Henri Mathieu def . John Isner 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 18 -- 16 . 5 h 31 French Open 1998 , 3rd Round : Àlex Corretja def . Hernán Gumy 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 9 -- 7 . 5 h 31 Wimbledon 2012 , 3rd Round : Marin Čilić def . Sam Querrey 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 17 -- 15 . 5 h 29 Davis Cup 1985 , Semifinals : Michael Westphal def . Tomáš Šmíd 6 -- 8 , 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 11 -- 9 , 17 -- 15 . 5 h 28 Wimbledon 1989 , 2nd Round : Greg Holmes def . Todd Witsken 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 14 -- 12 . 5 h 26 US Open 1992 , Semifinals : Stefan Edberg def . Michael Chang 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 25 Davis Cup 1994 , 1st Round : Thomas Muster def . Michael Stich 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 12 -- 10 . 5 h 25 Davis Cup 2011 , Asia / Oceania Zone Group I 1st Round : Tatsuma Ito def . Cecil Mamiit 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 9 -- 7 . 5 h 23 Davis Cup 2008 , Americas Zone Group I 1st Round : Pablo Cuevas def . Santiago Giraldo 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 22 Australian Open 2017 , 1st Round : Ivo Karlović def . Horacio Zeballos 6 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 22 -- 20 . 5 h 20 Davis Cup 2008 , Americas Zone Group II 3rd Round : Nicolás Lapentti def . Ramón Delgado 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 15 Davis Cup 1992 , 1st Round : Jaime Oncins def . Markus Zoecke 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 . 5 h 14 Internazionali BNL d'Italia 2005 , Final : Rafael Nadal def . Guillermo Coria 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . 5 h 14 Australian Open 2009 , Semifinals : Rafael Nadal def . Fernando Verdasco 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 14 Davis Cup 2009 , World Group Play - offs : Nicolás Massú def . Stefan Koubek 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 . 5 h 12 Wimbledon 2008 , Quarterfinals : Rainer Schüttler def . Arnaud Clément 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 8 -- 6 . 5 h 12 Wimbledon 1969 , 1st Round : Pancho Gonzales def . Charlie Pasarell 22 -- 24 , 1 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 , 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 9 . 5 h 11 Australian Open 1991 , 3rd Round : Boris Becker def . Omar Camporese 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 0 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 14 -- 12 . 5 h 10 US Open 1993 , 3rd Round : Richard Krajicek def . Todd Martin 6 -- 7 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 09 US Open 2004 , 2nd Round : Sargis Sargsian def . Nicolás Massú 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 09 Davis Cup 2012 , Quarterfinals : Marin Čilić def . David Nalbandian 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 . 5 h 07 Davis Cup 2016 , Semifinals : Juan Martín del Potro def . Andy Murray 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 07 Davis Cup 2012 , Quarterfinals : Janko Tipsarević def . Radek Štěpánek 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 . 5 h 07 Davis Cup 2007 , World Group Play - offs : Dudi Sela def . Nicolás Massú 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 07 Davis Cup 1985 , 1st Round : Victor Pecci def . Yannick Noah 6 -- 8 , 15 -- 13 , 2 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 . 5 h 05 Internazionali BNL d'Italia 2006 , Final : Rafael Nadal def . Roger Federer 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . 5 h 05 Donnay Indoor Championships 1992 , Final : Boris Becker def . Jim Courier 6 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 . 5 h 03 Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics 1992 , Final : Marc Rosset def . Jordi Arrese 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 . 5 h 03 Davis Cup 2015 , Europe / Africa Zone Group 1 , 2nd Round Play - offs : Markus Eriksson def . Andreas Bjerrehus 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 . 5 h 02 Australian Open 2017 , Semifinals : Rafael Nadal def . Grigor Dimitrov 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 . 5 h 02 Australian Open 2013 , 4th Round : Novak Djokovic def . Stanislas Wawrinka 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 12 -- 10 . 5 h 01 US Open 1992 , 4th Round : Ivan Lendl def . Boris Becker : 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 . Women ( edit ) The longest women 's match ( by time ) took place at a tournament in Richmond , Virginia , in 1984 , when Vicki Nelson took 6 hours , 31 minutes to defeat Jean Hepner 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 . The match featured a 29 - minute , 643 - shot rally , the longest in professional tennis history . 6 h 31 Central Fidelity Banks International 1984 , 1st round : Vicki Nelson def. Jean Hepner , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 . 4 h 44 Australian Open 2011 , 4th round : Francesca Schiavone def . Svetlana Kuznetsova , 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 . 4 h 42 French Open 2010 , qualifying competition : Kurumi Nara def . Monica Niculescu , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 . 4 h 19 Australian Open 2010 , 1st round : Barbora Záhlavová - Strýcová def . Regina Kulikova , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 . 4 h 07 French Open 1995 , 1st round : Virginie Buisson def . Noëlle van Lottum , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 . 4 h 05 Wuhan Open 2015 , qualifying 1st round : Lauren Davis def . Han Xinyun , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 . 4 h 00 Fed Cup 2016 , World Group 1st round : Richèl Hogenkamp def . Svetlana Kuznetsova , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 10 -- 8 . 3 h 55 French Open 1972 , 3rd round : Kerry Reid def . Pam Teeguarden , 9 -- 7 , 4 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 . 3 h 50 French Open 2015 , 2nd round : Francesca Schiavone def . Svetlana Kuznetsova , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 10 -- 8 . 3 h 49 Fed Cup 2005 , Americas Zone Group I , play - offs : Vilmarie Castellvi def . Aleksandra Wozniak , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 11 -- 9 . 3 h 48 Fed Cup 2016 , World Group final : Karolína Plíšková def . Kristina Mladenovic , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 . 3 h 47 WTA Tour Championships 1990 , final : Monica Seles def . Gabriela Sabatini , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 . 3 h 46 Australian Open 2005 , qualifying 1st round : Chuang Chia - jung def . Nathalie Viérin , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 11 -- 9 . 3 h 45 Wimbledon 1995 , 2nd round : Chanda Rubin def . Patricia Hy - Boulais , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 17 -- 15 . 3 h 45 Wimbledon 1987 , qualifying competition : Michelle Jaggard def . Penny Barg , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 . 3 h 42 Wimbledon 2016 , qualifying 1st round : Risa Ozaki def . Freya Christie , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 . 3 h 42 Family Circle Cup 2013 , 1st round : Bethanie Mattek - Sands def . Anastasia Rodionova , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 . 3 h 41 Wimbledon 2008 , 1st round : Julia Görges def . Katarina Srebotnik , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 . 3 h 41 Western & Southern Open 2015 , qualifying 1st round : Aliaksandra Sasnovich def . Monica Niculescu , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . 3 h 41 BGL Luxembourg Open 2011 , 1st round : Monica Niculescu def . Karin Knapp , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 . 3 h 39 Fed Cup 2014 , World Group II : María Irigoyen def . Kurumi Nara , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 . 3 h 38 French Open 2016 , 2nd round : Irina - Camelia Begu def . Coco Vandeweghe , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 . 3 h 38 Bausch & Lomb Championships 2002 , 3rd round : Sandrine Testud def. Conchita Martínez , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 . 3 h 36 French Open 1993 , quarterfinals : Mary Joe Fernández def . Gabriela Sabatini , 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 . 3 h 36 Australian Open 2017 , 3rd round : Svetlana Kuznetsova def . Jelena Janković , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 9 -- 7 . 3 h 35 German Open 2008 , 1st round : Nadia Petrova def . Katarina Srebotnik , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . 3 h 35 Fed Cup 2004 , World Group quarterfinals : Els Callens def . Virginia Ruano Pascual , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 11 -- 9 . 3 h 34 Australian Open 2009 , 1st round : Galina Voskoboeva def . Ágnes Szávay , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . 3 h 34 Wuhan Open 2017 , 1st round : Peng Shuai def . Petra Kvitová , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 3 h 33 US Open 2017 , 2nd round : Shelby Rogers def . Daria Gavrilova , 7 - 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . 3 h 33 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo 2008 , 1st round : Corinna Dentoni def . Alberta Brianti , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 . 3 h 33 Australian Open 1996 , quarterfinals : Chanda Rubin def . Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 . 3 h 32 Fed Cup 2007 , World Group II Play - offs : Jelena Janković def . Dominika Cibulková , 7 -- 5 , 1 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 . 3 h 32 Mexican Open 2017 , 2nd round : Kristina Mladenovic def . Heather Watson , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 . 3 h 31 Brisbane International 2009 , 2nd round : Sara Errani def . Tsvetana Pironkova , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 . 3 h 31 Mazda Classic 1992 , 1st round : Stephanie Rehe def . Mercedes Paz , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . 3 h 30 Fed Cup 2011 , Asia / Oceania Zone Group II -- Play - offs : Stefanie Tan def . Anna Christine Patrimonio , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 . 3 h 30 Canberra International 2006 , semifinals : Anabel Medina Garrigues def . Shahar Pe'er , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 . Doubles ( edit ) Longest doubles match by time : In a 2013 Davis Cup first round tie , the Czech Republic team of Tomáš Berdych and Lukáš Rosol defeated the Switzerland team of Stanislas Wawrinka and Marco Chiudinelli in 7 hours , 02 minutes 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 24 -- 22 . In a 2002 Davis Cup half final , the Argentina team of Lucas Arnold Ker and David Nalbandian defeated the Russia team of Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Marat Safin in 6 hours , 20 minutes 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 19 -- 17 . Most games in a doubles match before the introduction of the tiebreaker : In the American Zone Final of the 1973 Davis Cup , the United States team of Stan Smith and Erik Van Dillen took 122 games to defeat the Chile team of Patricio Cornejo and Jaime Fillol 7 -- 9 , 37 -- 39 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 . Most games in a doubles match after the introduction of the tiebreaker : In 2007 at Wimbledon , the team of Marcelo Melo and André Sá took 102 games to defeat the team of Paul Hanley and Kevin Ullyett 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 28 -- 26 . Australian Open ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Longest match by time played 2012 final , 5 hours and 53 minutes Novak Djokovic 5 6 6 6 7 Rafael Nadal 7 7 5 Also the longest grand slam singles title final in the Open Era . Longest singles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1927 , 71 games Gerald Patterson 6 18 6 John Hawkes 6 6 16 This was the longest Grand Slam final in games played until the Federer v Roddick final at Wimbledon in 2009 . Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 2017 first round , 84 games Ivo Karlovic 6 7 6 22 Horacio Zeballos 7 6 5 20 Women ( edit ) Francesca Schiavone won the longest ever match at a women 's Grand Slam event in 4 hours 44 minutes . Longest match by time played 2011 fourth round , 4 hours and 44 minutes Francesca Schiavone 6 16 Svetlana Kuznetsova 6 14 Also the longest women 's match in a Grand Slam in the Open Era , and the second - longest women 's match in the Open Era . Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 1996 quarterfinals , 48 games Chanda Rubin 6 16 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6 14 Longest singles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1956 , 33 games Mary Carter Reitano 6 9 Thelma Coyne Long 6 7 Mixed ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) French Open ( edit ) Arnaud Clément ( pictured ) lost the longest ever match at the French Open to Fabrice Santoro in 6 hours 33 minutes . He expressed his disappointment at losing the match which until 2010 held the record for the longest ever match stating : `` Frankly , I do n't give a damn ... What world record ? Do I get a medal ? If I 'm not getting anything , frankly , I 'm not interested . It does n't count . '' Men ( edit ) Longest match by time played 2004 first round , 6 hours , 33 minutes Fabrice Santoro 6 6 6 16 Arnaud Clement 7 6 14 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1951 semifinal , 76 games Eric Sturgess 10 7 8 5 9 Ken McGregor 8 9 6 7 7 Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 2012 second round , 76 games Paul - Henri Mathieu 6 6 6 18 John Isner 7 6 16 Longest singles final match by time played 1982 , 4 hours and 42 minutes Mats Wilander 7 6 6 Guillermo Vilas 6 6 0 Longest singles final by games , before introduction of the tiebreaker 1927 , 61 games René Lacoste 6 5 6 11 Bill Tilden 6 7 9 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Longest men 's doubles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1934 , 63 games Jean Borotra Jacques Brugnon 11 6 9 Jack Crawford Vivian McGrath 9 6 6 7 1971 , 63 games Arthur Ashe Marty Riessen 6 6 6 11 Tom Gorman Stan Smith 8 6 9 Women ( edit ) Longest match by time played 1995 French Open , 4 hours 7 minutes Virginie Buisson 6 7 6 Noëlle van Lottum 7 5 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1972 third - round match , 56 games Kerry Melville Reid 9 16 Pam Teeguarden 7 6 14 Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 1991 second round , 46 games Linda Harvey - Wild 7 6 11 Laura Gildemeister 6 7 9 Longest singles final match by number of games 1996 French Open , 40 games Steffi Graf 6 6 10 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 7 8 Longest doubles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1955 , 50 games Beverly Baker Fleitz Darlene Hard 7 6 13 Shirley Brasher Bloomer Patricia Ward Hales 5 8 11 This is also the longest women 's doubles match in terms of games that has occurred at The French Open . Mixed doubles ( edit ) Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1956 , 38 games Nicola Pietrangeli Shirley Brasher Bloomer 9 6 6 Robert Howe Lorraine Coghlan Robinson 7 8 Wimbledon ( edit ) Men ( edit ) The 2008 Wimbledon final between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal lasted 4 hours 48 minutes and is the third longest singles final by time played . Longest match by time and number of games 2010 first round , 183 games , 11 hours and 5 minutes . This is the longest professional tennis match ever played at any level . John Isner 6 6 7 70 Nicolas Mahut 6 7 6 68 Longest singles final match by time played 2008 , 4 hours and 48 minutes Rafael Nadal 6 6 6 6 9 Roger Federer 7 7 7 Longest singles final match by number of games 2009 , 77 games This match also had the longest final set in a Grand Slam final by games Roger Federer 5 7 7 16 Andy Roddick 7 6 6 6 14 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Longest doubles final match by time played 1992 , 5 hours and 1 minute John McEnroe Michael Stich 5 7 7 19 Jim Grabb Richey Reneberg 7 6 6 6 17 Also the longest doubles final by number of games ( 83 ) . Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1966 first round , 98 games Nikola Pilić Gene Scott 19 12 6 9 Cliff Richey Torben Ulrich 21 10 6 7 Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 2007 third round 102 games Marcelo Melo André Sá 5 7 7 28 Paul Hanley Kevin Ullyett 7 6 6 6 26 Longest doubles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1968 , 70 games John Newcombe Tony Roche 8 5 14 6 Ken Rosewall Fred Stolle 6 6 7 12 Women ( edit ) Longest match by time played 1995 second round , 3 hours 45 mins Chanda Rubin 7 6 17 Patricia Hy - Boulais 6 7 15 NB : The Bud Collins History of Tennis incorrectly lists this match as having occurred in 1996 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1948 second round , 54 games Alice Weiwers 8 14 6 Rita Anderson 10 12 Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 1995 second round , 58 games Chanda Rubin 7 6 17 Patricia Hy - Boulais 6 7 15 Longest singles final match by time played 2005 , 2 hours and 45 minutes Venus Williams 7 9 Lindsay Davenport 6 6 7 Longest singles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1970 , 46 games Margaret Court 14 11 Billie Jean King 12 9 Women 's Doubles ( edit ) Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1933 first round , 48 games Pat Brazier Christabel Wheatcroft 11 5 9 Mildred Nonweiler Betty Soames 9 7 7 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1933 , 38 games Simonne Mathieu Elizabeth Ryan 6 9 6 Freda James Billie Yorke 11 1967 , 38 games Billie Jean King Rosemary Casals 9 6 6 Maria Bueno Nancy Richey Gunter 11 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1967 quarterfinals , 56 games Ken Fletcher Margaret Court 6 7 16 Alex Metreveli Anna Dmitrieva 8 5 14 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1949 , 48 games Eric Sturgess Sheila Piercey Summers 9 9 7 John Bromwich Louise Brough Clapp 7 11 5 US Open ( edit ) Stefan Edberg 's ( pictured ) 1992 defeat of Michael Chang 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 in 5 hours 26 minutes remains the longest match at the US Open in terms of match duration . Men ( edit ) Longest match by time played 1992 , 5 hours and 26 minutes Stefan Edberg 6 7 7 5 6 Michael Chang 7 5 6 7 On 1 September 2016 , Paolo Lorenzi and Gilles Simon played for 4 hours and 58 minutes . In August 2017 , Albert Ramos - Viñolas and Denis Istomin played for 4 hours and 55 minutes . In August 2016 , Fabio Fognini and Teimuraz Gabashvili played for 4 hours and 52 minutes . Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 1979 second round , 63 games John Lloyd 5 6 7 7 7 Paul McNamee 7 7 5 6 6 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1966 third round , 105 games Marcello Lara Joaquin Loyo - Mayo 10 24 11 6 Manuel Santana Luis - Augusto García 12 22 9 6 1967 quarterfinals , 105 games Cliff Drysdale Ray Moore 29 8 8 6 Roy Emerson Ron Barnes 31 6 6 6 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1969 , 100 games Franklin Robbins 22 9 6 8 6 Donald Dell 20 7 8 10 Longest singles final match by time played 1988 , 4 hours and 54 minutes Mats Wilander 6 6 5 6 Ivan Lendl 6 7 2012 , 4 hours and 54 minutes Andy Murray ( details ) 7 7 6 Novak Djokovic 6 5 6 6 Longest singles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1949 , 67 games Pancho Gonzales 16 6 6 6 Ted Schroeder 18 6 Longest doubles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1946 , 74 games Gardnar Mulloy William Talbert 6 6 20 Frank Guernsey Don McNeill 6 6 18 Women ( edit ) Longest match by time played 2nd round , 2017 . 3 hours 33 minutes Shelby Rogers 7 7 Daria Gavrilova 6 6 6 Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1898 challenge round , 51 games best - of - five - sets match Juliette Atkinson 6 5 6 7 Marion Jones 7 6 5 Longest doubles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1920 , 43 games Eleanor Goss Marion Zinderstein 13 6 Helen Baker Eleanor `` Teach '' Tennant 11 6 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Longest mixed doubles final match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1959 , 48 games Neale Fraser Margaret Osborne duPont 7 13 6 Bob Mark Janet Hopps Adkisson 5 15 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Note : The International Olympic Committee does not recognise records in tennis . Therefore , all the records listed below are unofficial . See also : Tennis at the Summer Olympics Overall ( edit ) Before the introduction of the tiebreaker method : Longest match by time and number of games played : Gordon Lowe def . Augustos Zerlendis at the 1920 Summer Olympics , 76 games , ca . 6 h . After the introduction of the tiebreaker method : Longest match by time played : Boris Becker def . Christian Ruud at the 1992 Summer Olympics , first round , 5 h and 53 min ( 56 games ) . Longest match by number of games : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga def . Milos Raonic at the 2012 Olympics , 66 games ( 3 h 57 min ) . Men ( edit ) Singles , best - of - three - sets system Longest match by time played 2012 semifinals , 4 h and 26 min ( 58 games ) Roger Federer 7 19 Juan Martín del Potro 6 6 17 Note : Match played on 3 August 2012 . This is also the longest best - of - three - sets men 's singles match ever played in the open era ( with or without a tiebreaker in the final set ) . Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 2012 second round , 66 games ( 3 h 57 min ) Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 6 25 Milos Raonic 6 23 Note : Match played on 31 July 2012 . Beating the previous record of 61 games set during the five set doubles final in 1988 . The third set also set a record for most games played in a set at an Olympics , beating the previous record set at the 2004 Summer Olympics by Fernando González and Taylor Dent , 30 games , by 18 games . Singles , best - of - five - sets system Longest match by number of games , before the tiebreaker introduction 1920 semifinals , 76 games ( 6 hrs ? ) ( See Note ) Gordon Lowe 14 8 5 6 6 Augustos Zerlendis 12 10 7 Note : World Tennis Magazine state that some media outlets have reported ( this match ) lasting approximately six hours . This match therefore could have been the longest Olympic tennis match in terms of match duration as well as being the longest Olympic tennis match in terms of number of games . Longest match by number of games , after the introduction of the tiebreaker 1992 first round , 5 h and 53 min ( 56 games ) Boris Becker 7 5 7 6 Christian Ruud 6 6 7 6 Note : Tsonga vs. Raonic above ( best - of - three - sets system ) was longer by number of games . Doubles Longest match by time played 2008 semifinals , 4 h and 44 min ( 59 games ) Simon Aspelin Thomas Johansson 7 19 Arnaud Clément Michaël Llodra 6 6 17 Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 2012 second round , 63 games Marcelo Melo Bruno Soares 6 24 Tomáš Berdych Radek Štěpánek 6 22 Note : This match was played on 1 August 2012 , only a day after Jo - Wilfried Tsonga vs. Milos Raonic set the record of 66 games in a best - of - three - sets match . Women ( edit ) Singles Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 1988 second round , 42 games Larisa Savchenko 6 7 9 Sara Gomer 7 6 7 Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 2004 first round , 42 games Paola Suárez 7 6 9 Nathalie Dechy 6 7 7 Doubles Longest match by number of games , using tiebreaker scoring 1988 first round , 63 games Carling Bassett - Seguso Jill Hetherington 7 5 20 Mercedes Paz Gabriela Sabatini 6 7 18 Davis Cup and Fed Cup ( edit ) Davis Cup ( edit ) Longest rubber by duration 2013 World Group first round , Switzerland vs. Czech Republic . 7 hours and 2 minutes Stanislas Wawrinka Marco Chiudinelli 7 7 22 Tomáš Berdych Lukáš Rosol 6 5 6 6 24 Longest rubber by number of games ( Doubles ) Doubles of the 1973 American Zone Final between Chile and the USA , 122 games Stan Smith Erik Van Dillen 7 37 8 6 6 Patricio Cornejo Jaime Fillol 9 39 6 the 39 -- 37 second set is the longest set in Davis Cup history Longest rubber by number of games ( singles ) 1982 American Zone Semifinal between Canada and Venezuela , 100 games Harry Fritz 16 11 9 11 Jorge Andrew 14 9 11 6 9 Fed Cup ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) Tour Finals ( edit ) ATP Tour Finals ( edit ) Longest match by time played 2016 semi final , 3 hours 38 minutes . Andy Murray 5 7 7 Milos Raonic 7 6 6 Match was the longest since 1991 when times were first recorded WTA Tour Finals ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) See also ( edit ) Tennis portal Tennis statistics Shortest tennis match records Longest tiebreaker in tennis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Men 's Tennis '' . The-history-of-mens-tennis.com. 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Irascible Gonzalez 's resolve to win came at a price '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Seminara , Dave ( 23 September 2009 ) . `` Vicki Nelson and Jean Hepner Recall Longest Point in Pro Tennis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Five Wimbledon `` Thrillers '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brendan ( 24 June 2010 ) . `` Wimbledon 's longest match : Isner v Mahut continues as Queen visits SW19 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis Day nine as it happened '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Page About Australian Open Men 's Trivia '' . All-about-tennis.com . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Record fifth for Federer - Roddick '' . Sportsnet.ca. 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schiavone edges Kuznetsova in record marathon '' . Times LIVE. 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WTA News Latest News Four Hours , 19 Minutes '' . Wtatour.com . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Page About the Australian Open Ladies ' Trivia '' . All-about-tennis.com . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Santoro wins the longest match -- Tennis -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roland Garros Record Breakers '' . rolandgarros.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Matches in French Open History '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Francesca Schiavone Claims Marathon '' . espn.com. 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Longest Matches in French Open History '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Matches in French Open History '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Greg ( 24 June 2010 ) . `` Isner Wins Marathon Match at Wimbledon '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 6 July 2008 ) . `` Nadal wins epic Wimbledon final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wimbledon men 's final : Roger Federer outlasts Andy Roddick to win record 15th Grand Slam in epic match '' . ESPN . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doubles match concludes with longest fifth set ever -- Tennis -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schiavone - Kuznetsova Epic is Second - Longest Ever Women 's Match '' . World Tennis Magazine . 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Page About Wimbledon Ladies Trivia '' . All-about-tennis.com. 27 June 1960 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ However , in 1902 , Muriel Robb defeated Charlotte Cooper Sterry 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 after abandomnent of an overnight score of 4 -- 6 , 13 -- 11 , thus needing a total of 53 games to win the title . Jump up ^ US Open -- Marathon Men -- Tennis Jump up ^ http://www.flashscore.com/match/K2tQtRah/#match-summary Jump up ^ http://www.puntodebreak.com/2017/08/29/albert-ramos-supera-istomin-5-horas-partido Jump up ^ http://www.diretta.it/partita/zRd7VEtH/#informazioni-partita Jump up ^ `` Djokovic tops Nadal in marathon Australian final News - News '' . US Open . 29 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Randy . `` Olympic Marathon ! Jo - Wilfried Tsonga Outlasts Milos Raonic 25 -- 23 In Third Set '' . World Tennis Magazine . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federer edges epic encounter '' . London2012.com. 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Results 3 August 2012 '' . London2012.com. 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tsonga joy after record - length match '' . London2012.com. 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Results 31 July 2012 '' . London2012.com. 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Marathon ! Jo - Wilfried Tsonga outlasts Milos Raonic 25 - 23 In Third Set - World Tennis Magazine '' . World Tennis Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Results of 1 Aug 2012 '' . London2012.com. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Davis Cup Records '' . daviscup.com. 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/nov/19/andy-murray-v-milos-raonic-atp-world-tour-finals-live External links ( edit ) BBC -- Extreme tennis : the demands of a 10 - hour game ( hide ) Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longest_tennis_match_records&oldid=804665766 '' Categories : Tennis records and statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 12 : 02 . 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-7288763806032313617 | Jack Irish | Jack Irish - Wikipedia Jack Irish Jump to : navigation , search Jack Irish DVD cover for the first 2 Jack Irish TV movies . Genre Crime drama Created by Andrew Anastasios Matt Cameron Andrew Knight Based on Jack Irish novels by Peter Temple Screenplay by Matt Cameron Andrew Knight Directed by Jeffrey Walker Kieran Darcy - Smith Mark Joffe Daniel Nettheim Starring Guy Pearce Marta Dusseldorp Aaron Pedersen Roy Billing Shane Jacobson Damien Richardson Theme music composer Harry James Angus Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 9 ( 3 TV movies + 6 TV series episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Ian Collie Cinematography Martin McGrath Editor ( s ) Geoff Lamb Running time 52 -- 100 minutes Release Original network ABC1 , ZDF Original release 14 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) -- present External links Website www.abc.net.au/tv/jackirish/ Jack Irish is a television drama series and a series of Australian television movies adapted from the detective novels by Peter Temple . The series stars Guy Pearce in the lead role of Jack Irish , a former criminal lawyer turned private investigator and debt collector . The novels have been adapted by screenwriters Andrew Knight and Matt Cameron , and directed by Jeffrey Walker ( the telemovies ) and Kieran Darcy - Smith ( the series ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 2 Telemovies 2.1 Jack Irish : Bad Debts 2.1. 1 Plot 2.1. 2 Cast 2.2 Jack Irish : Black Tide 2.2. 1 Plot 2.2. 2 Cast 2.3 Jack Irish : Dead Point 2.3. 1 Plot 2.3. 2 Cast 3 Production team 4 Jack Irish -- TV series 4.1 Cast 4.2 Episodes 4.3 Viewership 5 References 6 External links Main cast ( edit ) Guy Pearce as Jack Irish A criminal lawyer turned debt collector and troubleshooter . Jack is still troubled over the murder of his wife by a deranged ex client . He also works as an apprentice cabinet maker for Charlie Taub . Marta Dusseldorp as Linda Hillier A determined reporter . She starts an on - off romantic relationship with Jack , becoming embroiled with many of Jack 's investigations . Aaron Pedersen as Cam Delray Tough , but kind hearted , Cam is Harry Strang 's right - hand man and one of Jack 's closest friends . Cam often uses his spare time to help Jack out in his cases . Roy Billing as Harry Strang A big racing aficionado who often enlists the aid of Jack and Cam . Shane Jacobson as Barry Tregear A gruff , overweight cop who reluctantly helps with Jack 's investigations . Damien Richardson as Drew Greer Jack 's former law partner who still occasionally assists him in solving cases . Telemovies ( edit ) Jack Irish : Bad Debts ( edit ) The first telemovie Jack Irish : Bad Debts , based on the first Jack Irish novel , was broadcast 14 October 2012 . The telemovie was watched by an average of 950,000 Australian viewers , coming in at rank six . Plot ( edit ) Jack receives a call from ex-client Danny McKillop . Jack goes to help , only to discover that Danny is dead . Cast ( edit ) Guy Pearce as Jack Irish Marta Dusseldorp as Linda Hillier Aaron Pedersen as Cam Delroy Roy Billing as Harry Strang Shane Jacobson as Barry Tregear Damien Richardson as Drew Greer Vadim Glowna as Charlie Taub Colin Friels as Garth Bruce Nicholas Bell as Martin Scullin Steve Bisley as Kevin Pixley Emma Booth as Isabel Irish Marshall Napier as Father Gorman Rhys Muldoon as Rod Pringle Tottie Goldsmith as Jackie Pixley Colin Hay as Tony Baker Alicia Gardiner as Sue McKillop Hannah Formosa as Kirsty McKillop Simon Russell as Danny McKillop Jack Irish : Black Tide ( edit ) The second telemovie Jack Irish : Black Tide , based on the second Jack Irish novel , was broadcast 21 October 2012 . The telemovie was watched by an average of 851,000 Australian viewers , coming in at rank 13 . Plot ( edit ) Des Conners an old friend of the Irish family , comes to consult Jack over the disappearance of his son Gary . Cast ( edit ) Guy Pearce as Jack Irish Marta Dusseldorp as Linda Hillier Aaron Pedersen as Cam Delroy Roy Billing as Harry Strang Shane Jacobson as Barry Tregear Damien Richardson as Drew Greer Vadim Glowna as Charlie Taub Emma Booth as Isabel Irish Marshall Napier as Father Gorman Rhys Muldoon as Rod Pringle Don Hany as Dave Diana Glenn as Lyall Cronin Martin Sacks as Steve Levesque Alexandra Schepisi as Meryl Canetti Lachy Hulme as Dean Canetti Ronald Jacobson as Des Connors Nicholas Coghlan as Gary Connors Jack Irish : dead Point ( edit ) The third telemovie Jack Irish : Dead Point , based on the third Jack Irish novel , screened on 13 April 2014 . The telemovie was watched by an average of 780,000 Australian viewers , coming in at rank 11 . Plot ( edit ) Jack is consulted by Justice Loder to recover a mysterious red book . Cast ( edit ) Guy Pearce as Jack Irish Marta Dusseldorp as Linda Hillier Aaron Pedersen as Cam Delroy Roy Billing as Harry Strang Shane Jacobson as Barry Tregear Barry Humphries as Justice Loder Madeleine Madden as Marie Deborah Mailman as Cynthia Kat Stewart as Ros Vince Colosimo as Mike Cundall John Jarratt as Senior Sgt Laurie Olsen Kate Beahan as Susan Ayliss Dominic Allburn as Robbie Colburne Ben Gerrard as Xavier Sarah Roberts as Lorna Production team ( edit ) The following creative team was responsible for the first three telemovies : Producer Ian Collie , Co-Producer Jeffrey Walker , Executive Producer Andrew Knight , Co-Producer Andrew Anastasios , Screenwriter Matt Cameron , Director of Photography Martin McGrath . Jack Irish -- TV series ( edit ) A six - part series aired from 11 February 2016 . Cast ( edit ) Guy Pearce as Jack Irish Marta Dusseldorp as Linda Hillier Aaron Pedersen as Cam Delroy Roy Billing as Harry Strang Shane Jacobson as Barry Tregear Damien Richardson as Drew Greer Jacek Koman as Orton Marcus Graham as Rob Shand Claudia Karvan as Sarah Longmore Brooke Satchwell as Tina Longmore Peta Brady as Janine Ballich Richard Cawthorne as Fraser Boyd Robert Morgan as Stedman Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Australian viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Kieren Darcy - Smith Andrew Knight 11 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 0.711 Jack is back to debt collection and Linda takes a job in Manila . Still , Jack soon finds himself involved in some witch hunt that has to do with a massacre that happened in the Philippines years ago . `` Episode 2 '' Kieren Darcy - Smith Andrew Knight 18 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 0.682 Jack is still working with sculptor Sarah to find who killed her sister , and bodies start to accumulate . In the meantime , Linda is trying to get her bearings in Manila and is able to help Jack . `` Episode 3 '' Daniel Nettheim Matt Cameron 25 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 0.617 Jack 's investigation leads him to get close to a mega-church pastor , but Linda and her team fall in a trap when they explore an island that seems to be the base for criminals . `` Episode 4 '' Daniel Nettheim Andrew Anastasios 3 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 0.581 A tense night in the Filipino jungle results in a chance discovery for Linda and Orton . Jack 's concerned for Sarah 's well - being as she becomes consumed by manic determination following news about Tina . 5 5 `` Episode 5 '' Mark Joffe Matt Cameron 10 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 0.617 Jack struggles to recuperate and his mind takes an increasingly turn towards Rob Shand . Back in Manila , Linda is abducted . Longmore refuses to act against the church leaving Jack alone to fight for Sarah . 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' Mark Joffe Andrew Knight 17 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) 0.673 Jack is now on the run from both the police and members of Via Crucis . Terrified yet resolved , Linda finally comes face to face with her captor . Viewership ( edit ) Episode Title Original airdate Overnight viewers Nightly rank Consolidated viewers Adjusted rank `` Episode 1 '' 11 February 2016 0.711 9 0.836 6 `` Episode 2 '' 18 February 2016 0.682 9 0.812 6 `` Episode 3 '' 25 February 2016 0.617 11 0.729 9 `` Episode 4 '' 3 March 2016 0.581 10 0.676 10 5 `` Episode 5 '' 10 March 2016 0.617 11 0.759 9 6 `` Episode 6 '' 17 March 2016 0.673 7 0.838 5 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ZDF website Jump up ^ `` Jack Irish '' . Thrillingdetective.com . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Pearce To Star As Jack Irish In Two ABC1 Tele - Movies -- ABC TV Blog '' . Blogs.abc.net.au. 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Irish Credits '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 19 September 2012 ) . `` Airdate : Jack Irish '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Sunday 14 October 2012 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Sunday 21 October 2012 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barry Humphries joins third Jack Irish telemovie . TV tonight 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2014/03/airdate-jack-irish-dead-point.html Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` Sunday 13 April 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://tv.press.abc.net.au/jack-irish-series-world-premiere ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 12 February 2012 ) . `` Thursday 11 February 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` Thursday 18 February 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 26 February 2012 ) . `` Thursday 25 February 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 4 March 2012 ) . `` Thursday 3 March 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 11 March 2012 ) . `` Thursday 10 March 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 18 March 2012 ) . `` Thursday 17 March 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 20 February 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 11 February 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 18 February 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 25 February 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 16 March 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 3 March 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 March 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 10 March 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Thursday 17 March 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) ABC television Jack Irish website Jack Irish : Bad Debts on IMDb Jack Irish : Black Tide on IMDb Jack Irish : Dead Point on IMDb Jack Irish on IMDb ( hide ) ABC local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime Anh 's Brush with Fame ( since 2016 ) Catalyst ( since 2001 ) Cleverman ( since 2016 ) Compass ( since 1988 ) The Ex-PM ( since 2016 ) Gardening Australia ( since 1990 ) Get Krack ! n ( since 2017 ) Glitch ( since 2015 ) Gruen ( since 2008 ; intermittently ) Janet King ( since 2014 ) Julia Zemiro 's Home Delivery ( since 2013 ) The Letdown ( since 2016 ) Rage ( since 1987 ) Rake ( since 2010 ) Ronny Chieng : International Student ( since 2016 ) Rosehaven ( since 2016 ) The Checkout ( since 2013 ) The Weekly with Charlie Pickering ( since 2015 ) Upper Middle Bogan ( since 2013 ) Utopia ( since 2014 ) News 7.30 ( since 2011 ) ABC News ( since 1956 ) ABC News at Noon ( since 2005 ) News Breakfast ( since 2008 ) Australian Story ( since 1996 ) The Drum ( since 2014 ) Foreign Correspondent ( since 1992 ) Four Corners ( since 1961 ) Insiders ( since 2001 ) Landline ( since 1992 ) Media Watch ( since 1989 ; intermittently ) Offsiders ( since 2006 ) Q&A ( since 2008 ) Weekend Breakfast ( since 2012 ) Sport ABC Sport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Irish&oldid=807443392 '' Categories : Australian drama television series Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows Australian crime television series 2012 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series Hidden categories : Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 00 : 19 . 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-1373733669126263468 | Immaculate Conception | Immaculate Conception - wikipedia Immaculate Conception Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Immaculate Conception ( disambiguation ) . `` Immaculata '' , `` Immacolata '' , and `` Mary Immaculate '' redirect here . For other uses , see Immaculata ( disambiguation ) , Immacolata ( disambiguation ) , and Mary Immaculate ( disambiguation ) . Immaculate Conception of Mary La Purísima Inmaculada Concepción by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo , 1678 , now in Museo del Prado , Spain . Venerated in Roman Catholic Church Some Oriental Orthodox Churches Anglican Communion Feast December 8 Attributes crescent moon , halo of twelve stars , blue robe , putti , serpent underfoot , Assumption into heaven Patronage Brazil Korea Macau Nicaragua Paraguay Philippines Portugal Spain United States Uruguay The Immaculate Conception , according to the teaching of the Catholic Church , is the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary free from original sin by virtue of the merits of her son Jesus Christ . The Catholic Church teaches that God acted upon Mary in the first moment of her conception keeping her `` immaculate '' . The Immaculate Conception is commonly confused with the Virgin Birth of Jesus . Jesus 's birth is covered by the Doctrine of Incarnation , while the Immaculate Conception deals with the conception of Mary , not that of her son . Although the belief that Mary was sinless , or conceived without original sin , has been widely held since Late Antiquity , the doctrine was not dogmatically defined until 1854 , by Pope Pius IX in his papal bull Ineffabilis Deus . The Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 ; in many Catholic countries , it is a holy day of obligation or patronal feast , and in some a national public holiday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distinctions 1.1 Original sin and actual ( personal ) sin 1.2 Virginal conception 1.3 Redemption 2 History 2.1 Church Fathers 2.2 Medieval dispute about the doctrine 2.3 Definition of the dogma 2.4 Later developments 3 Patronages 4 Feast day 5 Other churches 5.1 Eastern and Oriental Orthodox 5.2 Old Catholic 5.3 Protestantism 5.4 Anglicanism 6 Islam 7 Prayers and hymns 8 Artistic representations 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links Distinctions ( edit ) Original sin and actual ( personal ) sin ( edit ) The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only , saying that Mary was preserved from any stain ( in Latin , macula or labes , the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition ) . The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states , `` that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin . '' Therefore , being always free from original sin , the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth . The definition makes no declaration about the Church 's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin . However , the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally , `` free from all sin , original or personal '' . The Council of Trent decreed : `` If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more , nor lose grace , and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified ; or , on the contrary , that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins , except by a special privilege of God , as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin : let him be anathema . '' A series of articles on Mother of Jesus Chronology Presentation of Mary Annunciation Visitation Marriage Joseph Virgin birth Nativity Holy Family Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Flight into Egypt Finding in the Temple Cana Crucifixion Resurrection Pentecost Marian perspectives Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Anglican Lutheran Ecumenical Latter Day Saint Islamic Catholic Mariology Mariology History of Mariology Papal teachings Saints Marian dogmas Immaculate Conception Theotokos ( Mother of God ) Assumption Perpetual virginity Mary in culture Art Feast days Hymns Music Shrines Titles Virginal Conception ( edit ) The doctrine of the immaculate conception ( Mary being conceived free from original sin ) is not to be confused with the virginal conception of her son Jesus . This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media . Catholics believe that Mary was conceived of both parents traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne . In 1677 , the Holy See condemned the error of Imperiali who taught that St. Anne in the conception and birth of Mary remained virgin which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century . The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception ( when Mary was conceived free from original sin ) on 8 December , exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary . The feast of the Annunciation ( which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus ) is celebrated on 25 March , nine months before Christmas Day . Redemption ( edit ) Another misunderstanding is that , by her immaculate conception , Mary did not need a saviour . When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus , Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime . He stated that Mary , rather than being cleansed after sin , was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ , the Savior of the human race . In Luke 1 : 47 , Mary proclaims : `` My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour . '' This is referred to as Mary 's pre-redemption by Christ . Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism , the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless , he would still require God 's grace to remain sinless . History ( edit ) A feast of the Conception of the Most Holy and All Pure Mother of God was celebrated in Syria on 8 December perhaps as early as the 5th century . Note that the title of achrantos ( spotless , immaculate , all - pure ) refers to the holiness of Mary , not specifically to the holiness of her conception . An 11th - century Eastern Orthodox icon of the Theotokos Panachranta , i.e. the `` all immaculate '' Mary Mary 's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium . Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen , his explanation of the `` purification '' of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision ( Luke 2 : 22 ) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of `` purification '' in Christology ( and by extension in Mariology ) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace ( e.g. , Jesus at his Baptism ) . St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as `` prokathartheisa ( prepurified ) . '' Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory . Gregory 's doctrines surrounding Mary 's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas . Nazianzen 's title of Mary at the Annunciation as `` prepurified '' was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception . This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene , who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers . About the time of Damascene , the public celebration of the `` Conception of St. Ann ( i.e. , of the Theotokos in her womb ) '' was becoming popular . After this period , the `` purification '' of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts , but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary 's very conception ( along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler ) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium ( e.g. , St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius ) . Church Fathers ( edit ) It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century . It is also agreed that `` no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture '' . But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers . Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are , it is pointed out , so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual . Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as `` in every respect holy '' , `` in all things unstained '' , `` super-innocent '' , and `` singularly holy '' are applied to her ; she is compared to Eve before the fall , as ancestress of a redeemed people ; she is `` the earth before it was accursed '' . The well - known words of St. Augustine ( d . 430 ) may be cited : `` As regards the mother of God , '' he says , `` I will not allow any question whatever of sin . '' It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin . But his argument is that all men are sinners ; that they are so through original depravity ; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God , and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin `` of every sort '' ( omni ex parte ) . Although the doctrine of Mary 's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin ( and particularly Frankish ) theologians , it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen 's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East . Although hymnographers and scholars , like the Emperor Justinian I , were accustomed to call Mary `` prepurified '' in their poetic and credal statements , the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen 's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem . In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate , when she was `` purified '' at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally `` holier than all ' Men ' born of woman '' since Mary 's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero . Sophronius ' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene ( d . 749 / 750 ) . John , besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation , grants her the unique honor of `` purifying the waters of baptism by touching them . '' This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ , especially in the legacy of Nazianzen . As such , Nazianzen 's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary 's holiness to also imitate Christ 's baptism at the Jordan . The Damascene 's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary 's `` pre purification '' as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature . In fact , Damascene ( along with Nazianzen ) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary 's complete holiness from her Conception by the `` all pure seed '' of Joachim and the womb `` wider than heaven '' of St. Ann . Medieval dispute about the doctrine ( edit ) Part of a series on the Mariology of the Catholic Church Virgo by Josef Moroder - Lusenberg Overview ( show ) Prayers Antiphons Hymns to Mary Devotional practices Prayers ( show ) Angelus Fátima Prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Magnificat Mary , Mother of Grace Mary Our Queen Memorare Sub tuum praesidium Antiphons ( show ) Alma Redemptoris Mater Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Salve Regina Hymns to Mary ( show ) Hail Queen of Heaven , the Ocean Star Immaculate Mary Lo , How a Rose E'er Blooming O Sanctissima Regina Coeli Stabat Mater Devotional practices ( show ) Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Rosary Seven Joys of the Virgin Seven Sorrows of Mary Three Hail Marys Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholicism portal It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who , in the 12th century , explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception . A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West . St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See . In doing so , he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless . It is doubtful , however , whether he was using the term `` conception '' in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX . Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother 's cooperation , for in his argument he says : `` How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence ( libido ) ? '' and stronger expressions follow , showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child . Saint Thomas Aquinas refused to concede the Immaculate Conception , on the ground that , unless the Blessed Virgin had at one time or other been one of the sinful , she could not justly be said to have been redeemed by Christ . Saint Bonaventure ( d . 1274 ) , second only to Saint Thomas in his influence on the Christian schools of his age , hesitated to accept it for a similar reason . He believed that Mary was completely free from sin , but that she was not given this grace at the instant of her conception . The celebrated John Duns Scotus ( d . 1308 ) , a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure , argued , on the contrary , that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin , as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered . Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ , he argued that Mary 's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history . The arguments of Scotus , combined with a better acquaintance with the language of the early Fathers , gradually prevailed in the schools of the Western Church . In 1387 the university of Paris strongly condemned the opposite view . Scotus 's arguments remained controversial , however , particularly among the Dominicans , who were willing enough to celebrate Mary 's sanctificatio ( being made free from sin ) but , following the Dominican Thomas Aquinas ' arguments , continued to insist that her sanctification could not have occurred until after her conception . Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary 's conception . In 1439 , the Council of Basel , which is not reckoned an ecumenical council , stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith . By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties , but such was the influence of the Dominicans , and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas ( who had been canonised in 1323 and declared `` Doctor Angelicus '' of the Church in 1567 ) that the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 63 ) -- which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine -- instead declined to take a position . The papal bull defining the dogma , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) , mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3 : 15 as referring to a woman , Mary , who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him . It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary 's `` wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence '' `` in that ark of Noah , which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world ; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven , by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended , and on whose top the Lord himself leaned ; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides , which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully ; in that impregnable tower before the enemy , from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong ; in that garden enclosed on all sides , which can not be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots ; in that resplendent city of God , which has its foundations on the holy mountains ; in that most august temple of God , which , radiant with divine splendours , is full of the glory of God ; and in very many other biblical types of this kind . '' The bull recounts that the Fathers interpreted the angel 's address to Mary , `` highly favoured one '' or `` full of grace '' , as indicating that `` she was never subject to the curse and was , together with her Son , the only partaker of perpetual benediction '' ; they `` frequently compare her to Eve while yet a virgin , while yet innocence , while yet incorrupt , while not yet deceived by the deadly snares of the most treacherous serpent '' . Definition of the dogma ( edit ) Altar of the Immaculata by Joseph Lusenberg , 1876 . Saint Antony 's Church , Urtijëi , Italy . The theological underpinnings of Immaculate Conception had been the subject of debate during the Middle Ages with opposition provided by figures such as Saint Thomas Aquinas , a Dominican . However , supportive arguments by Franciscans William of Ware and Duns Scotus , and general belief among Catholics made the doctrine more acceptable , so that the Council of Basel supported it in the 15th century , but the Council of Trent sidestepped the question . Pope Sixtus IV , a Franciscan , had tried to pacify the situation by forbidding either side from criticizing each other , and placed the feast of the Immaculate Conception on the Roman Calendar in 1477 , but Pope Pius V , a Dominican , changed it to the feast of the Conception of Mary . Clement XI made the feast universal in 1708 , but still did not call it the feast of the Immaculate Conception . Popular and theological support for the concept continued to grow and by the 18th century it was widely depicted in art . During the reign of Pope Gregory XVI the bishops in various countries began to press for a definition as dogma of the teaching of Mary 's immaculate conception . In 1839 Mariano Spada ( 1796 - 1872 ) , professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas , published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell ' Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale , relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria ( A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas , the Angelic Doctor , regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary ) , in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary 's womb . Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas ' teaching . Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867 . Pius IX , at the beginning of his pontificate , and again after 1851 , appointed commissions to investigate the whole subject , and he was advised that the doctrine was one which could be defined and that the time for a definition was opportune . It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX , with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops , whom he had consulted between 1851 -- 1853 , promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for `` Ineffable God '' ) , which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception : We declare , pronounce and define that the doctrine which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary , at the first instant of her conception , by a singular privilege and grace of the Omnipotent God , in virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of mankind , was preserved immaculate from all stain of original sin , has been revealed by God , and therefore should firmly and constantly be believed by all the faithful . -- Pope Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus , December 8 , 1854 The dogma was defined in accordance with the conditions of papal infallibility , which would be defined in 1870 by the First Vatican Council . The papal definition of the dogma declares with absolute certainty and authority that Mary possessed sanctifying grace from the first instant of her existence and was free from the lack of grace caused by the original sin at the beginning of human history . Mary 's salvation was won by her son Jesus Christ through his passion , death , and resurrection and was not due to her own merits . This theological step is directly related to the political situation of the time - i.e. the rise of Italian nationalism and the move towards Unification of Italy - which posed a direct threat to end the millennium - old Temporal Power of the Papacy in the city of Rome ( as would indeed come about in 1871 ) . The Papal doctrinal announcement was clearly designed to bolster and strengthen the position of the Church in face of this dire crisis. . Later developments ( edit ) For the Roman Catholic Church the dogma of the Immaculate Conception gained additional significance from the reputed apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1858 . At Lourdes a 14 - year - old girl , Bernadette Soubirous , claimed that a beautiful woman appeared to her and said , `` I am the Immaculate Conception '' . Many believe the woman to have been the Blessed Virgin Mary and pray to her as such . Pope Pius IX defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception `` not so much because of proofs in Scripture or ancient tradition , but due to a profound sensus fidelium and the Magisterium '' . Speaking of the witness of the Church Fathers in claiming for Mary titles such as `` Free from all contagion of sin '' , Pope Pius XII wrote : If the popular praises of the Blessed Virgin Mary be given the careful consideration they deserve , who will dare to doubt that she , who was purer than the angels and at all times pure , was at any moment , even for the briefest instant , not free from every stain of sin ? The Roman Catholic tradition has a well - established philosophy for the study of the Immaculate Conception and the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the field of Mariology , with Pontifical schools such as the Marianum specifically devoted to this . According to Bernard Ullathorne , a 19th - century English Roman Catholic prelate , `` the expressions - The Immaculate Conception - The Immaculate Preservation - The Immunity - and Exception from original sin , are all phrases which bear the same signification , and are used equally to express one and the same mystery . '' Patronages ( edit ) Main article : Patronages of the Immaculate Conception A number of countries are considered to be under the patronage of the Immaculate Conception by pontifical decree . These include Argentina , Brazil , Korea , Nicaragua , Paraguay , Philippines , Spain ( old kingdoms and the present state ) , the United States and Uruguay . By royal decree under the House of Braganza , it is the principal Patroness of Portugal . Feast Day ( edit ) By 750 , the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East , under the name of the Conception ( active ) of Saint Anne . In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception ( passive ) of Mary , and was associated particularly with the Normans , whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage . The spread of the feast , by now with the adjective `` Immaculate '' attached to its title , met opposition on the part of some , on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception . Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux , Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas . Other theologians defended the expression `` Immaculate Conception '' , pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ , a view held especially by Franciscans . William of Ware and Blessed John Duns Scotus pointed out that Mary 's Immaculate Conception enhances Jesus ' redemptive work . One of the chief proponents of the doctrine was the Hungarian Franciscan Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár . On 28 February 1476 , Pope Sixtus IV , authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so , and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477 , with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast . With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477 , in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary , without using the word `` Immaculate '' , he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave , and he used the word `` immaculate '' of Mary , but applied instead the adjective `` miraculous '' to her conception . On 4 September 1483 , referring to the feast as that of `` the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin '' , he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the `` glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin '' and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that `` the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin '' , since , he said , `` up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See . '' This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent . Pope Pius V , while including the feast in the Tridentine Calendar , removed the adjective `` Immaculate '' and suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast , directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary ( with the word `` Nativity '' replaced by `` Conception '' ) be used instead . Part of that earlier Mass was revived in the Mass that Pope Pius IX ordered to be used on the feast and that is still in use . On 6 December 1708 , Pope Clement XI made the feast of the Conception of Mary , at that time still with the Nativity of Mary formula for the Mass , a Holy Day of Obligation . Until Pope Pius X reduced in 1911 the number of Holy Days of Obligation to 8 , there were in the course of the year 36 such days , apart from Sundays . Writers such as Sarah Jane Boss interpret the existence of the feast as a strong indication of the Church 's traditional belief in the Immaculate Conception . the procession of the Quadrittu of the Immaculate Conception taken on 7 December in Saponara , Sicily Other churches ( edit ) For differing reasons , belief in Mary 's immaculate conception in the Catholic doctrinal form is not part of the official doctrines of the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglican and Protestant churches . Eastern and Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) The Immaculate Conception is also portrayed by artists in the Orthodox Church , for example Holy Mary in Perlez , Vojvodina , Serbia . Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an `` over-elaboration '' of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin . All the same , the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios , Damascene , and their imitators . The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary 's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas . Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature , traditional objections to Palamas ' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of `` the purification of Mary '' at the Annunciation . Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus ' purification at His baptism and Mary 's at the Annunciation , but Theophanes of Nicaea , Joseph Bryennius , and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary 's Conception as the first moment of her all - immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced . In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius , St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary 's title as `` prepurified '' against the Dominican , Manuel Calecas , who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary 's all - holiness from the first moment of her existence . In the tradition of Ethiopian Orthodoxy , the Kebra Nagast says : He cleansed EVE 'S body and sanctified it and made for it a dwelling in her for ADAM 'S salvation . She ( i.e. , MARY ) was born without blemish , for He made her pure , without pollution , and she redeemed his debt without carnal union and embrace ... Through the transgression of EVE we died and were buried , and by the purity of MARY we receive honour , and are exalted to the heights . -- Kebra Nagast ( emphasis added ) Old Catholic ( edit ) While Old Catholics do not reject the Immaculate Conception of Mary , and some of their parishes venerate Mary as immaculately conceived and celebrate the feast of her Immaculate Conception , they do not accept its definition as a dogma , since they reject papal infallibility and with it the Pope 's authority to define dogma . Protestantism ( edit ) Martin Luther , who initiated the Protestant Reformation , said : `` Mother Mary , like us , was born in sin of sinful parents , but the Holy Spirit covered her , sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood , but not with sinful flesh and blood . The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true , natural human being of flesh and blood , just as we . However , he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child , not poisoned by sin as we are . For in that moment when she conceived , she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit , at once God and truly man , in one person . '' Some Lutherans , such as the members of the Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church , support the doctrine . Most Protestants reject the doctrine because they do not consider the development of dogmatic theology to be authoritative apart from biblical exegesis , and because the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception is not taught in the Bible . The formal pronouncement of Mary 's Immaculate Conception by the Catholic Church in 1854 further alienated some Protestant churches largely due to its implication that not all have sinned . Anglicanism ( edit ) Belief in Mary 's immaculate conception is not a doctrine within Anglicanism , although it is shared by many Anglo - Catholics . In the Church of England 's Common Worship prayer book , 8 December is designated a Lesser Festival of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( without the adjective `` immaculate '' ) . The report `` Mary : Faith and Hope in Christ '' , by the Anglican - Roman Catholic International Commission , concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions . But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be `` revealed by God '' , stating : `` The question arises for Anglicans , however , as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith . '' Other than Anglo - Catholics , most Anglicans reject the doctrine that Mary was sinless and conceived without original sin , often citing that it is not within the Holy Scripture and is against the redemptive role and purpose of Jesus Christ merited for all human beings . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Mary in Islam Manuscript of Chapter 19 ( Sūratu Maryam ) from a 9th - century Qur'an , Turkey . Official Islamic teachings highly regard the Virgin Mary as a sublime model of both purity and piety . An entire Sura chapter of the Qur'an is dedicated to her nobility , holiness , and fiat obedience to God . Among Islamic circles and discussions , she is often given a prominent status being the supreme feminine model of sanctity and maternal virtue . Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam . Thus , commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an , `` I have called her Mary ; and I commend her to thy protection , and also her issue , against Satan driven away with stones '' , George Sale stated : `` It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage . For according to a tradition of Mohammed , every person that comes into the world , is touched at his birth by the devil , and therefore cries out , Mary and her son only excepted ; between whom , and the evil spirit God placed a veil , so that his touch did not reach them . And for this reason they say , neither of them were guilty of any sin , like the rest of the children of Adam . '' Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam . The Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate ; her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian doctrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam . Moreover , Hannah 's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan ( Shayṭān ) was said after it had already been born , not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have . The Muslim tradition or hadith , which states that the only children born without the `` touch of Satan '' were Mary and Jesus , should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran , and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement . The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people , in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse ( O Satan , ) surely thou shalt have no power over My servants , except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee ( 15 : 42 ) . Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching . In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , published in 1788 , Edward Gibbon wrote : `` The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother . '' That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother , not of her own virginal conception of Jesus , is shown by his footnote : `` In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty . '' In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854 , this charge was repeated : `` Strange as it may appear , that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated , with so much pomp and ceremony , ' for the destruction of all heresies , and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents ' , should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible ; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon , and Sale , and Forster , and Gagnier , and Maracci , leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact . '' Without making Islamic belief the origin of the doctrine defined in 1854 , a similarity between the two has been noted also by Roman Catholic writers such as Thomas Patrick Hughes , William Bernard Ullathorne , Giancarlo Finazzo . Prayers and hymns ( edit ) The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary 's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception . An example is the antiphon that begins : `` Tota pulchra es , Maria , et macula originalis non est in te '' ( `` You are all beautiful , Mary , and the original stain ( of sin ) is not in you . '' It continues : `` Your clothing is white as snow , and your face is like the sun . You are all beautiful , Mary , and the original stain ( of sin ) is not in you . You are the glory of Jerusalem , you are the joy of Israel , you give honour to our people . You are all beautiful , Mary . '' ) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music , polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner , Pablo Casals , Maurice Duruflé , Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki , no : Ola Gjeilo , José Maurício Nunes Garcia , and Nikolaus Schapfl , Other prayers honouring Mary 's immaculate conception are in use outside the formal liturgy . The hymn Immaculate Mary , addressed to Mary as the Immaculately Conceived One , is closely associated with Lourdes . The Immaculata prayer , composed by Saint Maximillian Kolbe , is a prayer of entrustment to Mary as the Immaculata . A novena of prayers , with a specific prayer for each of the nine days has been composed under the title of the Immaculate Conception Novena . Artistic representations ( edit ) Main article : Roman Catholic Marian art Swiss emblem 16th century The 1476 extension of the feast of the Immaculate Conception to the entire Latin Church reduced the likelihood of controversy for the artist or patron in depicting an image , so that emblems depicting The Immaculate Conception began to appear . Many artists in the 15th century faced the problem of how to depict an abstract idea such as the Immaculate Conception , and the problem was not fully solved for 150 years . The Italian Renaissance artist Piero di Cosimo was among those artists who tried new solutions , but none of these became generally adopted so that the subject matter would be immediately recognisable to the faithful . The definitive iconography for the Immaculate Conception , drawing on the emblem tradition , seems to have been finally established by the master and then father - in - law of Diego Velázquez , the painter and theorist Francisco Pacheco . Pacheco 's iconography influenced other Spanish artists or artists active in Spain such as El Greco , Bartolomé Murillo , Diego Velázquez , and Francisco Zurbarán , who each produced a number of artistic masterpieces based on the use of these same symbols . The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe , and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept : in a heavenly realm , moments after her creation , the spirit of Mary ( in the form of a young woman ) looks up in awe at ( or bows her head to ) God . The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head , possibly a reference to `` a woman clothed with the sun '' from Revelation 12 : 1 -- 2 . Additional imagery may include clouds , a golden light , and putti . In some paintings the putti are holding lilies and roses , flowers often associated with Mary . di Cosimo , Immaculate Conception , 1505 Rubens , Immaculate Conception , 1628 -- 1629 Zurbarán , Immaculate Conception , 1630 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1650 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1660 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1678 Carlo Maratta , 1689 Juan Antonio Escalante , 17th century Santa Maria degli Angeli , Rome Baroque altar in Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church , Portugal Caxias do Sul museum , Brazil Statue , Porto Alegre , Brazil , 19th century Palmi , Immaculate Conception , 1925 Nicaragua , Immaculate Conception , 1950 Our Lady of Aparecida , Brasilia The Immaculate Conception , Church of the Immaculate Conception in Santa Cruz de Tenerife ( Spain ) . See also ( edit ) Play media Immaculate Conception celebration in Guatemala . Catholicism portal Act for the Immaculate Conception of Mary Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ( disambiguation ) Congregation of the Immaculate Conception Feast of the Immaculate Conception Immaculate Mary Immaculata prayer Miraculous medal Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church Mother of God ( Roman Catholic ) Original sin Patronages of the Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity of Mary Roman Catholic Marian art Virgin birth of Jesus Bibliography ( edit ) Le Franc , Martin . The Conception of Mary -- A Rhyming Translation of Book V of Le Champion des Dames by Martin Le Franc ( 1410 - 1461 ) . Ed. and trans . Steven Millen Taylor . Lewiston , NY : The Edwin Mellen Press , 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Denzinger , 1100 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 490 - 493 Jump up ^ `` Christianity : Immaculate Conception '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin '' ( Encyclical Ineffabilis Deus of Pope Pius IX ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION '' . Jump up ^ Encyclical Mystici Corporis , 110 Archived March 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catechetics Online '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ As the Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) somewhat coyly puts it , `` Her body was formed in the womb of the mother , and the father had the usual share in its formation . The question does not concern the immaculateness of the generative activity of her parents '' , `` Immaculate Conception '' , Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : St. Anne '' . Jump up ^ The Catholicism Answer Book by John Trigilio , Kenneth Brighenti 2007 ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0806 - 5 page 59 - 62 Jump up ^ What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary by Terrence J. McNally ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 pages 104 - 108 Jump up ^ Council of Orange II , Canon 19 Archived 2009 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . `` That no one is saved except by God 's mercy . Even if human nature remained in that integrity in which it was formed , it would in no way save itself without the help of its Creator ; therefore , since without the grace of God it can not guard the health which it received , how without the grace of God will it be able to recover what it has lost ? '' Jump up ^ Theology for Beginners by Francis Joseph Sheed 1958 ISBN 0 - 7220 - 7425 - 5 pages 134 - 138 Jump up ^ `` The celebration of the Mother of God as immaculate ( achrantos ) , is a clear and universal recognition of her exceptional and iconic sanctity . Orthodoxy did not follow the path of Roman Catholicism in moving towards a recognition of her Immaculate Conception '' ( John Anthony McGuckin , The Orthodox Church : An Introduction to Its History , Doctrine , and Spiritual Culture ( Blackwell 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3731 - 0 ) , p. 218 . ) Jump up ^ Raymond Burke , 2008 , Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , seminarians , and Consecrated Persons Queenship Publishing ISBN 1 - 57918 - 355 - 7 page 251 Jump up ^ Patrologia Graeca 36 : 326B 41 - 42 ; idem , 36 : 633C 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Brian Daley , Gregory of Nazianzus ( The Early Christian Church Fathers ) , New York 2006 , 115 - 118 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Cabasilas ( † 1371 ? ) . Homélies sur la Nativité , L'Annonciation et la Dormition de la Sainte Vierge , ed . M. Jugie ( Patrologia Orientalis 19 ) , Turnhout 1990 , pp. 456 - 512 ( ch. 10 , lines 1 - 8 ) : `` If there are some of the holy doctors who say that the Virgin is ' prepurified ( προκεκαθάρθαι ) ' by the Spirit , then it is yet necessary to think that ' purification ( κάθαρσιν ) ' ( i.e. an addition of graces ) is intended by these authors , and these ( doctors ) say that this is the way the angels are ' purified , ' with respect to whom there is nothing knavish . '' Jump up ^ Joseph Bryennius , Ιὠσῆφ Μαναχοῦ τοῦ Βρυεννίου τὰ εὐρεθέντα , vol. 3 , ed . E. Bulgaris ( Thessaloniki : 1990 ) , 31 : `` He says : ' Yet , on one hand , how did another Mother of God not come about ? ' But , on the other hand : ' Had she some sort of virtue / excellence , because of which she was honored above all women ? ' First , another woman was not chosen over her , because while God foreknew all women , he sanctified ( ἡγίασεν ) the future woman from her mother 's womb , purer ( καθαρωτέραν ) than other women , who were going to come to exist ; but he eschewed all unworthy persons with respect to her , as is reasonable . But she procured for herself the excellence superior to all men and ( procured for her ) to be prepared as a containing receptacle of the divinity , which ( same receptacle ) was prepurified ( τὸ προκαθαρθῆναι ) by the Holy Spirit ; O what a marvel , indeed ! '' ^ Jump up to : Frederick Holweck , `` Immaculate Conception '' in The Catholic Encyclopedia 1910 Jump up ^ Brian Reynolds , Gateway to Heaven : Marian Doctrine and Devotion Image and Typology in the Patristic and Medieval Periods , vol. 1 ( NY : New City Press , 2012 ) , 348 - 353 . Jump up ^ Sophronios of Jerusalem , In Sanctissimae Deiparae Annuntiationem ( Patrologia Graeca 87.3 : 3248A 24 ) : `` Οὐδεὶς κατά σε μεμακάρισται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε καθαγίασται οὐδεὶς κατά σε μεμεγάλυνται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε προκεκάθαρται οὐδεὶς κατά σε περιηύγασται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε ἐκπεφώτισται . '' N.B. , oudeis kata se prokekathartai was rendered in Latin as nemo , sicut tu , purificante gratia praeoccupatus est . '' Jump up ^ Sophronios of Jerusalem , In Sanctissimae Deiparae Annuntiationem ( Patrologia Graeca , 87.3 : 3273D 43 ) : `` Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπὶ σὲ , τὴν ἀμόλυντον , κάτεισι , καθαρωτέραν σε ποιησόμενον , καὶ καρπογόνον σοι παρεξόμενον δύναμιν . '' ; idem , Encomium in S. Iohannem Baptistam , PG 87 : 3332C Jump up ^ `` The air , the fiery ether , the sky would have been made holy by the ascent of her spirit , as earth was sanctified by the deposition of her body . Even water had its share in the blessing : for she was washed in pure water , which did not so much cleanse her as it was itself consecrated . '' See John Damascene , On the Holy and Glorious Dormition and Transformation of Our Lady Mary , Mother of God and Ever - Virgin by Our Holy Father John , Monk of Damascus and Son of Mansour . Homily 2 , in On the Dormition of Mary : Early Patristic Homilies , tr . B. Daley ( Crestwood , NY : 1998 ) , 215 . Jump up ^ Christiaan Kappes , The Immaculate Conception : Why Thomas Aquinas Denied , While John Duns Scotus , Gregory Palamas , and Mark Eugenicus Professed the Absolute Immaculate Existence of Mary ( Bedford , MA : Academy of the Immaculate , 2014 ) , 39 - 61 Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica , Volume 4 ( Part III , First Section ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of theology : a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 006 - 6 pages 896 - 898 Jump up ^ `` '' collegiate encyclopedia '' `` immaculate conception '' - Google Search `` . ^ Jump up to : Jenny Schroedel , The Everything Mary Book ( Adams 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 ) pp. 180 - 181 '' Jump up ^ Genesis 28 : 12 Jump up ^ Exodus 3 : 2 Jump up ^ Song 4 : 4 Jump up ^ Song 4 : 12 Jump up ^ Psalm 87 : 1 Jump up ^ Isaiah 6 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 28 Jump up ^ Edward Bouverie Pusey , First letter to the Very Rev. J.H. Newman ( J. Parker & Co. 1869 ) , p. 379 Jump up ^ Mary in the Christian tradition by Kathleen Coyle 1996 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 380 - 3 page 38 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages , Volume 2 by André Vauchez , Richard Barrie Dobson 2001 ISBN 1 - 57958 - 282 - 6 page 348 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 pages 642 - 644 Jump up ^ The Catholic Reformation by Michael A. Mullett 1999 ISBN 0 - 415 - 18914 - 4 page 5 Jump up ^ `` These petitions were renewed in these our own times ; they were especially brought to the attention of Gregory XVI '' ( Ineffabilis Deus ) . Jump up ^ Pareri dell'episcopato cattolico , di capitoli ... etc. , sulla definizione ... - Pius IX ( pope . ) - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ 3 - 11 - 2013 ; Il mistero di Maria : teologia , storia , devozione by Giuseppe Damigella , p. 175 : `` Pio IX si senti ' sollevato dal peso teologico di dover sostenere una dottrina non fondata nel pensiero di san Tommaso , il cui insegnamento era allora , come oggi , ritenuto `` sicuro '' . '' Cf . A. Andaloro , `` P. Mariano Spada , o.p. interprete di San Tommaso sull'Immucolata Concezione , '' Catania , 1958 Jump up ^ The Creeds of Christendom by Philip Schaff 2009 ISBN 1 - 115 - 46834 - 0 page 211 Jump up ^ `` Papal Definition of the Immaculate Conception '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Miravalle , 1993 , Introduction to Mary , Queenship Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 page 64 - 70 Jump up ^ Vatican website Jump up ^ `` Agenzia Fides - Congregazione per l'Evangelizzazione dei Popoli '' . Fides.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII , Encyclical Fulgens corona , 10 Archived 2008 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Centers of Marian Study `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Publisher 's Notice in the Second Italian Edition ( 1986 ) , reprinted in English Edition , Gabriel Roschini , O.S.M. ( 1989 ) . The Virgin Mary in the Writings of Maria Valtorta ( English Edition ) . Kolbe 's Publication Inc . ISBN 2 - 920285 - 08 - 4 Jump up ^ Ullathorne , William Bernard , The immaculate conception of the Mother of God , an exposition , 1855 . Jump up ^ Francis X . Weiser , The Holyday Book ( Harcourt , Brace and Co. 1956 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Kunzler , The Church 's Liturgy ( Continuum International 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1353 - 6 ) , pp. 434 - 435 Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , OSV 's Encyclopedia of Catholic History ( Our Sunday Visitor 2004 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59276 - 026 - 8 ) , p. 455 Jump up ^ Foley OFM , Leonard . `` Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception '' , Saint of the Day , ( revised by Pat McCloskey OFM ) , AmericanCatholic.org Jump up ^ Z.J. Kosztolnyik , Some Hungarian Theologians in the Late Renaissance , Church History . Volume : 57 . Issue : 1 , 1988 . Z.J. Kosztolnyik , Pelbartus of Temesvar : a Francican Preacher and Writer of the Late Middle Ages in Hungary , Vivarium , 5 / 1967 . Kenan B. Osborne , O.F.M. , The History of Franciscan Theology , The Franciscan Institute St. Bonaventure , New York , 1994 . Franklin H. Littell ( ed . ) , Reformation Studies , John Knox Press , Richmond , Virginia , 1962 . Jump up ^ John D. Bryant , The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary , Mother of God '' ( Boston 1855 ) , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : `` Catechetics Online '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pilgrimages Committee . `` St. Conleth 's Catholic Heritage Association : Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ `` cavendish '' . Jump up ^ Decree of Our Most Holy Father Pope Paul V in Favor of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary , Mother of God . Lima , Peru : 1618 . World Digital Library . Jump up ^ `` LAND OF MARY IMMACULATE '' . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Supremi Disciplinae '' . Jump up ^ Mary by Sarah Jane Boss , Neil Warmsley 2004 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5788 - 6 page 139 Jump up ^ John Meyendorff , The Orthodox Church : Its Past and Its Role in the World Today ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1996 ISBN 978 - 0 - 913836 - 81 - 1 ) , p. 181 Jump up ^ See https://www.academia.edu/4375213/The_Immaculate_Conception_Why_Thomas_Aquinas_Denied_While_John_Duns_Scotus_Gregory_Palamas_and_Mark_Eugenicus_Professed_the_Absolute_Immaculate_Existence_of_Mary , pp. 69 - 81 Jump up ^ Christiaan Kappes , The Immaculate Conception : Why Thomas Aquinas Denied , While John Duns Scotus , Gregory Palamas , and Mark Eugenicus Professed the Absolute Immaculate Existence of Mary ( Bedford , MA : Academy of the Immaculate , 2014 ) , 69 - 92 ; 157 - 169 Jump up ^ Mark of Ephesus , On the Distinction between Essence and Energy : First Antirrhetic against Manuel Kalekas . Editio princeps , ed . M. Pilavakis ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation ) , London 1987 : `` But He did so with her , after he prepurified ( προκαθαρθείσῃ ) her through a most profuse grace by means of the protecting Holy Spirit and divine power ... '' Jump up ^ `` The Kebra Nagast : 96 . Concerning the Prophecy about CHRIST '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About The North American Old Roman Catholic Church '' . North American Old Roman Catholic Church . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brecht , Martin ( 1985 ) . His Road to Reformation , 1483 -- 1521 . Martin Luther. 1 . Translated by James Schaaf . Philadelphia : Fortress Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2813 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Protestant faith by George Wolfgang Forell 1962 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 1095 - 4 page 23 Jump up ^ Jesus in history , thought , and culture : an encyclopedia , Volume 1 by James Leslie Houlden 2003 ISBN 1 - 57607 - 856 - 6 page Jump up ^ Our Lady Saint Mary by J.G.H. Barry , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 554 - 24332 - 6 , pages 25 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Common Worship '' . Jump up ^ Ecumenical Affairs - Dialogues - Anglican Roman Catholic Paragraph 78 - Accessed 8 December 2008 Jump up ^ Ecumenical Affairs - Dialogues - Anglican Roman Catholic Paragraph 60 - Accessed 8 December 2008 Jump up ^ George Sale , Koran , commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammed , chapter 3 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Quran 30 : 30 Jump up ^ http://sunnah.com/urn/44530 Sahih Bukhari Kitabul Tafseer ^ Jump up to : English 5 Volume Commentary https://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=386®ion=E1 Jump up ^ Cleo McNelly Kearns , The Virgin Mary , Monotheism and Sacrifice ( Cambridge University Press 2008 ISBN 978 - 0 - 52187156 - 3 ) , p. 254 Jump up ^ Bukhari , Anbiya , 44 ; Muslim , Fada'il , trad. 146 , 147 Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon , The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , vol . V , chapter 50 Jump up ^ `` The Evangelical Repository and United Presbyterian Review '' . 1865 . Jump up ^ Thomas Patrick Hughes , A Dictionary of Islam . First published London 1885 ; reprinted by Asian Educational Services 2001 . ISBN 8120606728 , ISBN 9788120606722 . Entry `` IMMACULATE CONCEPTION '' . ( Google Books ) Quote : `` This doctrine was asserted by Muhammad ( Mishkāt , book i. , ch . iii. , pt. 1 ) . '' Jump up ^ William Bernard Ullathorne . The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God : An Exposition . First published 1855 ; ISBN 1 - 110 - 89977 - 7 . Chapter XIV , `` Mahomet and Martin Luther '' . ( Google Books ) Jump up ^ Giancarlo Finazzo . `` The Virgin Mary in the Koran '' . L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English , 13 April 1978 , page 4 . Quote : `` The dogma of the Immaculate Conception ... is univocally recognized by the Islamic religion . '' Jump up ^ The text ( in Latin ) is given at Tota Pulchra Es - GMEA Honor Chorus . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es Maria , Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana , studio di Giovanni Vianini , Milano. 6 November 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Anton Bruckner - Tota pulchra es. 3 October 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Maurice Duruflé : Tota pulchra es Maria . 23 May 2010 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es - Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki. 17 June 2011 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ TOTA PULCHRA ES GREX VOCALIS. 21 May 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es , Maria Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana. 21 September 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota Pulchra - Composed by Nikolaus Schapfl ( * 1963 ) . 4 January 2010 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Immaculate Conception Prayers '' . Jump up ^ `` Prayers of Consecration '' . Jump up ^ `` Nine Days Of Prayer - Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ `` The Immaculate Conception in Images '' . Jump up ^ Ésotérisme , gnoses & imaginaire symbolique : mélanges offerts à Antoine Faivre by Richard Caron , Antoine Faivre 2001 ISBN 90 - 429 - 0955 - 2 page 676 Jump up ^ Divine Mirrors : The Virgin Mary in the Visual Arts by Melissa R. Katz and Robert A. Orsi 2001 ISBN 0 - 19 - 514557 - 7 page 98 Jump up ^ Our Lady in Art by Katherine Lee Rawlings Jenner 2009 ISBN 1 - 103 - 32689 - 9 pages 3 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Immaculate Conception . The Immaculate Conception in Art ( Painting ) Ineffabilis Deus ( Apostolic Constitution of Pope Pius IX defining the dogma of the Immaculate Conception ) Godzinki : The Little Hours of the Immaculate Conception St. Alphonsus Liguori 's writing on the Immaculate Conception in his book The Glories of Mary Catholic Encyclopedia entry on the Immaculate Conception Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Original Sin The Immaculate Conception . A study by a Melkite archimandrite The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God based on Juniper Carol 's Mariology and William Bernard Ullathornee 's book `` St. Augustine and Original Sin '' -- a short article on the different understandings of Original Sin in Eastern and Western Christianity , without distinguishing Protestant theology from Roman Catholic . The latter holds that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. 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-7392313893573307639 | 300 win club | 300 win club - wikipedia 300 win club Cy Young is the all - time leader in wins . In Major League Baseball , the 300 win club is the group of pitchers who have won 300 or more games . Twenty - four pitchers have reached this milestone . The New York Gothams / Giants / San Francisco Giants are the only franchise to see three players reach the milestone while on their roster : those players are Mickey Welch , Christy Mathewson , and Randy Johnson . Early in the history of professional baseball , many of the rules favored the pitcher over the batter ; the distance pitchers threw to home plate was shorter than today , and pitchers were able to use foreign substances to alter the direction of the ball . The first player to win 300 games was Pud Galvin in 1888 . Seven pitchers recorded all or the majority of their career wins in the 19th century : Galvin , Cy Young , Kid Nichols , Tim Keefe , John Clarkson , Charley Radbourn , and Mickey Welch . Four more pitchers joined the club in the first quarter of the 20th century : Christy Mathewson , Walter Johnson , Eddie Plank , and Grover Cleveland Alexander . Young is the all - time leader in wins with 511 , a mark that is considered unbreakable . If a modern - day pitcher won 20 games per season for 25 seasons , he would still be 11 games short of Young 's mark . Only three pitchers , Lefty Grove , Warren Spahn , and Early Wynn , joined the 300 win club between 1924 and 1982 , which may be explained by a number of factors : the abolition of the spitball , World War II military service , such as Bob Feller 's , and the growing importance of the home run in the game . As the home run became commonplace , the physical and mental demands on pitchers dramatically increased , which led to the use of a four - man starting rotation . Between 1982 and 1990 , the 300 win club gained six members : Gaylord Perry , Phil Niekro , Steve Carlton , Nolan Ryan , Don Sutton and Tom Seaver . These pitchers benefited from the increased use of specialized relief pitchers , an expanded strike zone , and new stadiums , including Shea Stadium , Dodger Stadium and the Astrodome , that were pitcher 's parks , which suppressed offensive production . Also , the increasing sophistication of training methods and sports medicine , such as Tommy John surgery , allowed players to maintain a high competitive level for a longer time . Randy Johnson , for example , won more games in his 40s than he did in his 20s . Since 1990 , only four pitchers have joined the 300 win club : Roger Clemens , Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine , and Johnson . Changes in the game in the last decade of the 20th century have made attaining 300 career wins difficult , perhaps more so than during the mid 20th century . The four - man starting rotation has given way to a five - man rotation , which gives starting pitchers fewer chances to pick up wins . No pitcher reached 20 wins in a non strike - shortened year for the first time in 2006 ; this was repeated in 2009 and 2017 . Recording 300 career wins has been seen as a guaranteed admission to the Baseball Hall of Fame . All pitchers with 300 wins have been elected to the Hall of Fame except for Clemens , who received only half of the vote total needed for induction in his first appearance on the Hall of Fame ballot in 2013 and lost votes from that total in 2014 . Clemens ' future election is seen as uncertain because of his alleged links to use of performance - enhancing drugs . To be eligible for the Hall of Fame , a player must have `` been retired five seasons '' or deceased for at least six months , Many observers expect the club to gain few , if any , members in the foreseeable future . Ten members of the 300 win club are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Kid Nichols was the youngest pitcher to win 300 games , achieving the feat at age 30 . Randy Johnson is the most recent member of the 300 win club . Key Pitcher Name of the pitcher Wins Career wins Date Date of the player 's 300th win Team The pitcher 's team for his 300th win Seasons The seasons this player played in the major leagues Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Members of the 300 win club Pitcher Wins Date Team Seasons Ref Young , Cy Cy Young 511 000000001901 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1901 Boston Americans 1890 -- 1911 Johnson , Walter Walter Johnson 417 000000001920 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1920 Washington Senators 1907 -- 1927 Alexander , Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Alexander 373 000000001924 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1924 Chicago Cubs 1911 -- 1930 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson 373 000000001912 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1912 New York Giants 1900 -- 1916 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin 365 000000001888 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 1875 -- 1892 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn 363 000000001961 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1961 Milwaukee Braves 1942 , 1946 -- 1965 Nichols , Kid Kid Nichols 361 000000001900 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1900 Boston Beaneaters 1890 -- 1906 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux 355 000000002004 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2004 Chicago Cubs 1986 -- 2008 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 354 000000002003 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2003 New York Yankees 1984 -- 2007 Keefe , Tim Tim Keefe 342 000000001890 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1890 New York Giants ( PL ) 1880 -- 1893 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton 329 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1983 Philadelphia Phillies 1965 -- 1988 Clarkson , John John Clarkson 328 000000001892 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1892 Cleveland Spiders 1882 -- 1894 Plank , Eddie Eddie Plank 326 000000001915 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1915 St. Louis Terriers 1901 -- 1917 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 324 000000001990 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1990 Texas Rangers 1966 , 1968 -- 1993 Sutton , Don Don Sutton 324 000000001986 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1986 California Angels 1966 -- 1988 Niekro , Phil Phil Niekro 318 000000001985 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1985 New York Yankees 1964 -- 1987 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry 314 000000001982 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1982 Seattle Mariners 1962 -- 1983 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver 311 000000001985 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1985 Chicago White Sox 1967 -- 1986 Radbourn , Charles Charles Radbourn 309 000000001891 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1891 Cincinnati Reds 1880 -- 1891 Welch , Mickey Mickey Welch 307 000000001890 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1890 New York Giants 1880 -- 1892 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine 305 000000002007 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2007 New York Mets 1987 -- 2008 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 303 000000002009 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2009 San Francisco Giants 1988 -- 2009 Wynn , Early Early Wynn 300 000000001963 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1963 Cleveland Indians 1939 -- 1963 Grove , Lefty Lefty Grove 300 000000001941 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1941 Boston Red Sox 1925 -- 1941 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Baseball statistics List of Major League Baseball leaders in games started List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders 3,000 strikeout club Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though it is illegal to doctor the baseball , Don Sutton and Gaylord Perry , members of the 300 win club and Hall of Fame , were widely suspected of this behavior . References ( edit ) General `` Career Leaders & Records for Wins '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . `` 300 Wins Club '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Amore , Don ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` Breaking Down The 300 Club '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barra , Allen ( May 26 , 2003 ) . `` Baseball ; 300 - Victory Club Becomes Tougher to Join '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harkins , Bob ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Not all records are made to be broken '' . NBC Sports.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( June 26 , 1979 ) . `` John , Perry , Sutton spitball suspected '' . Star - News . The New York Times News Service . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( July 18 , 2001 ) . `` Maddux 's march toward history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Remington , Alex ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Presenting the Tommy John All - Stars '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie . `` Big Unit Approaches Big Number : Next Up , No. 300 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson could close out the 300 club '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 3 , 2009 ) . `` MLB denied 20 - game winner in ' 09 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sessa , Danielle ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Mets ' Glavine Nears 300 Wins , With Only Johnson , Mussina Close '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Henderson continuing talks '' . Record - Journal . United Press International . December 8 , 1984 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( January 2 , 1998 ) . `` 3,000 hits , 500 HRs , 300 wins just about guarantee Hall entry '' . USA Today . p. 14. C. Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Kurkjian , Tim ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` Glavine Could be Last to Reach 300 for Years '' . ESPN The Magazine . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hall of Fame Vote a Shutout '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maddux , Glavine , Thomas to HOF '' . ESPN.com . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurkjian , Tim ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Whopper of a list of names await in 2013 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . But Clemens is , after ( Barry ) Bonds , the next face of the steroid era . He has been charged with lying before Congress about his use of performance - enhancing drugs . He has no chance to make it to Cooperstown next year , or for many , many years to come . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 30 May 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bierman , Fred ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson Is Next , and Possibly Last , in Line to Win 300 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson Quietly Nears a Defining Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , John J. `` Nichols Youngest to Win 300 : `` Kid '' in More Ways than Won `` . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Alexander Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christy Mathewson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pud Galvin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Spahn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Nichols Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Keefe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Clarkson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Plank Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don Sutton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gaylord Perry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Old Hoss Radbourn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Welch Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Glavine Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early Wynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lefty Grove Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . hide 300 win club Cy Young Walter Johnson Christy Mathewson Grover Cleveland Alexander Warren Spahn Pud Galvin Kid Nichols Greg Maddux Roger Clemens Tim Keefe Steve Carlton John Clarkson Eddie Plank Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry Tom Seaver Charles Radbourn Mickey Welch Tom Glavine Randy Johnson Lefty Grove Early Wynn Book : 300 win club hide Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=300_win_club&oldid=835094361 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the yankees all-time leader in pitching wins | [
"\nMembers of the 300 win club\n\nPitcher\nWins\nDate\nTeam\nSeasons\nRef\n\n\nYoung, CyCy Young\n511\n000000001901-07-12-0000July 12, 1901\nBoston Americans\n1890–1911\n[22]\n\n\nJohnson, WalterWalter Johnson\n417\n000000001920-05-14-0000May 14, 1920\nWashington Senators\n1907–1927\n[23]\n\n\nAlexander, Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Alexander\n373\n000000001924-09-20-0000September 20, 1924\nChicago Cubs\n1911–1930\n[24]\n\n\nMathewson, ChristyChristy Mathewson\n373\n000000001912-07-05-0000July 5, 1912\nNew York Giants\n1900–1916\n[25]\n\n\nGalvin, PudPud Galvin\n365\n000000001888-09-04-0000September 4, 1888\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n1875–1892\n[26]\n\n\nSpahn, WarrenWarren Spahn\n363\n000000001961-08-11-0000August 11, 1961\nMilwaukee Braves\n1942, 1946–1965\n[27]\n\n\nNichols, KidKid Nichols\n361\n000000001900-07-07-0000July 7, 1900\nBoston Beaneaters\n1890–1906\n[28]\n\n\nMaddux, GregGreg Maddux\n355\n000000002004-08-07-0000August 7, 2004\nChicago Cubs\n1986–2008\n[29]\n\n\nClemens, RogerRoger Clemens\n354\n000000002003-06-13-0000June 13, 2003\nNew York Yankees\n1984–2007\n[30]\n\n\nKeefe, TimTim Keefe\n342\n000000001890-06-04-0000June 4, 1890\nNew York Giants (PL)\n1880–1893\n[31]\n\n\nCarlton, SteveSteve Carlton\n329\n000000001983-09-23-0000September 23, 1983\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n1965–1988\n[32]\n\n\nClarkson, JohnJohn Clarkson\n328\n000000001892-09-21-0000September 21, 1892\nCleveland Spiders\n1882–1894\n[33]\n\n\nPlank, EddieEddie Plank\n326\n000000001915-09-11-0000September 11, 1915\nSt. Louis Terriers\n1901–1917\n[34]\n\n\nRyan, NolanNolan Ryan\n324\n000000001990-07-31-0000July 31, 1990\nTexas Rangers\n1966, 1968–1993\n[35]\n\n\nSutton, DonDon Sutton\n324\n000000001986-06-18-0000June 18, 1986\nCalifornia Angels\n1966–1988\n[36]\n\n\nNiekro, PhilPhil Niekro\n318\n000000001985-10-06-0000October 6, 1985\nNew York Yankees\n1964–1987\n[37]\n\n\nPerry, GaylordGaylord Perry\n314\n000000001982-05-06-0000May 6, 1982\nSeattle Mariners\n1962–1983\n[38]\n\n\nSeaver, TomTom Seaver\n311\n000000001985-08-04-0000August 4, 1985\nChicago White Sox\n1967–1986\n[39]\n\n\nRadbourn, CharlesCharles Radbourn\n309\n000000001891-06-02-0000June 2, 1891\nCincinnati Reds\n1880–1891\n[40]\n\n\nWelch, MickeyMickey Welch\n307\n000000001890-07-28-0000July 28, 1890\nNew York Giants\n1880–1892\n[41]\n\n\nGlavine, TomTom Glavine\n305\n000000002007-08-05-0000August 5, 2007\nNew York Mets\n1987–2008\n[42]\n\n\nJohnson, RandyRandy Johnson\n303\n000000002009-06-04-0000June 4, 2009\nSan Francisco Giants\n1988–2009\n[43]\n\n\nWynn, EarlyEarly Wynn\n300\n000000001963-07-13-0000July 13, 1963\nCleveland Indians\n1939–1963\n[44]\n\n\nGrove, LeftyLefty Grove\n300\n000000001941-07-25-0000July 25, 1941\nBoston Red Sox\n1925–1941\n[45]\n\n"
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"Roger Clemens"
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-367324141162444158 | 2010 FIFA World Cup | 2010 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2010 FIFA World Cup `` FIFA 2010 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 10 . This article is about 2010 FIFA World Cup . For the video game , see 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa ( video game ) . For other uses , see 2010 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup FIFA Sokker - Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup official logo Ke Nako . Celebrate Africa 's Humanity Tournament details Host country South Africa Dates 11 June -- 11 July Teams 32 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 10 ( in 9 host cities ) Final positions Champions Spain ( 1st title ) Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 145 ( 2.27 per match ) Attendance 3,178,856 ( 49,670 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Diego Forlán Thomas Müller Wesley Sneijder David Villa ( 5 goals each ) Best player Diego Forlán Best young player Thomas Müller Best goalkeeper Iker Casillas Fair play award Spain ← 2006 2014 → The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010 . The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations . In 2004 , the international football federation , FIFA , selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals . The matches were played in 10 stadiums in nine host cities around the country , with the opening and final played at the Soccer City stadium in South Africa 's largest city , Johannesburg . Thirty - two teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in August 2007 . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four teams for points , with the top two teams in each group proceeding . These 16 teams advanced to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final . In the final , Spain , the European champions , defeated the Netherlands ( third - time losing finalists ) 1 -- 0 after extra time , with Andrés Iniesta 's goal in the 116th minute giving Spain their first world title . Spain became the eighth nation to win the tournament and the first European nation to win a World Cup hosted outside its home continent : all previous World Cups held outside Europe had been won by South American nations . They are also the only national team since 1978 to win a World Cup after losing a game in the group stage . As a result of their win , Spain represented the World in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Host nation South Africa , 2006 champions Italy and 2006 runners - up France were all eliminated in the first round of the tournament . It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the first round . New Zealand , with their three draws , were the only undefeated team in the tournament , but they were also eliminated in the first round . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Bribery and corruption 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Preparations 3.1 Construction strike 4 Prize money 5 Venues 5.1 Team base camps 6 Final draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Match summary 10 Group stage 10.1 Group A 10.2 Group B 10.3 Group C 10.4 Group D 10.5 Group E 10.6 Group F 10.7 Group G 10.8 Group H 11 Knockout stage 11.1 Round of 16 11.2 Quarter - finals 11.3 Semi-finals 11.4 Third place play - off 11.5 Final 12 Statistics 12.1 Goalscorers 12.2 Discipline 12.3 Final standings 13 Awards 13.1 Main awards 13.2 Dream Team 14 Marketing 14.1 Mascot 14.2 Official song 14.3 Match ball 14.4 Vuvuzelas 15 Sponsorship 16 Event effects 16.1 Social 16.1. 1 Resettlement and eviction 16.2 Economy 16.3 Quality 17 Media 17.1 Broadcasting 17.2 Filming 17.3 Video games 17.4 FIFA Fan Fest 18 See also 19 References 20 External links Host selection Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts § 2010 FIFA World Cup Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a short - lived rotation policy , abandoned in 2007 , to rotate the event among football confederations . Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup : Egypt , Morocco , South Africa and a joint bid from Libya and Tunisia . Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments , Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process . The committee also decided not to consider Libya 's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official List of Requirements . The winning bid was announced by FIFA president Sepp Blatter at a media conference on 15 May 2004 in Zürich ; in the first round of voting , South Africa received 14 votes , Morocco received 10 votes and Egypt no votes . South Africa , which had narrowly failed to win the right to host the 2006 event , was thus awarded the right to host the tournament . Having successfully campaigned for South Africa to be granted host status , an emotional Nelson Mandela raised the FIFA World Cup Trophy . During 2006 and 2007 , rumours circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country . Franz Beckenbauer , Horst R. Schmidt and , reportedly , some FIFA executives , expressed concern over the planning , organisation , and pace of South Africa 's preparations . FIFA officials repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host , stating that a contingency plan existed only to cover natural catastrophes , as had been in place at previous FIFA World Cups . Bribery and corruption On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cup bids . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had actually won the vote , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . Qualification Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification The qualification draw for the 2010 World Cup was held in Durban on 25 November 2007 . As the host nation , South Africa qualified automatically for the tournament . As happened in the previous tournament , the defending champions were not given an automatic berth , and Italy had to participate in qualification . With a pool of entrants comprising 204 of the 208 FIFA national teams at the time , the 2010 World Cup shares with the 2008 Summer Olympics the record for most competing nations in a sporting event . Some controversies arose during the qualifications . In the second leg of the play - off between France and the Republic of Ireland , French captain Thierry Henry , unseen by the referee , handled the ball in the lead up to a late goal , which enabled France to qualify ahead of Ireland , sparking widespread comment and debate . FIFA rejected a request from the Football Association of Ireland to replay the match , and Ireland later withdrew a request to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant . As a result , FIFA announced a review into the use of technology or extra officials at the highest level , but decided against the widely expected fast - tracking of goal - line referee 's assistants for the South African tournament . Supporters watching the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , with vuvuzelas . Costa Rica complained over Uruguay 's winning goal in the CONMEBOL -- CONCACAF playoff , while Egypt and Algeria 's November 2009 matches were surrounded by reports of crowd trouble . On the subject of fair play , FIFA President Sepp Blatter said : I appeal to all the players and coaches to observe this fair play . In 2010 we want to prove that football is more than just kicking a ball but has social and cultural value ... So we ask the players ' please observe fair play ' so they will be an example to the rest of the world . Slovakia was making its first appearance as an independent nation but had previously been represented as part of the Czechoslovakia team that had last played in the 1990 tournament ; North Korea qualified for the first time since 1966 ; Honduras and New Zealand were both making their first appearances since 1982 ; and Algeria were at the finals for the first time since the 1986 competition . Teams that failed to qualify for this tournament included Saudi Arabia , which had qualified for the previous four tourmanents ; Tunisia and Croatia , both of whom had qualified for the previous three finals ; Costa Rica , Ecuador , Poland and Sweden , who had qualified for the previous two editions ; 2006 quarter - finalists Ukraine and Euro 2008 semi-finalists Russia and Turkey . As of 2018 , this was the last time South Africa , New Zealand , North Korea , Paraguay , Slovakia and Slovenia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . List of qualified teams The following 32 teams , shown with final pre-tournament rankings , qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 4 ) Australia ( 20 ) Japan ( 45 ) North Korea ( 105 ) South Korea ( 47 ) CAF ( 6 ) Algeria ( 30 ) Cameroon ( 19 ) Ghana ( 32 ) Ivory Coast ( 27 ) Nigeria ( 21 ) South Africa ( 83 ) ( hosts ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Honduras ( 38 ) Mexico ( 17 ) United States ( 14 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Brazil ( 1 ) Chile ( 18 ) Paraguay ( 31 ) Uruguay ( 16 ) OFC ( 1 ) New Zealand ( 78 ) UEFA ( 13 ) Denmark ( 36 ) England ( 8 ) France ( 9 ) Germany ( 6 ) Greece ( 13 ) Italy ( 5 ) Netherlands ( 4 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Serbia ( 15 ) Slovakia ( 34 ) Slovenia ( 25 ) Spain ( 2 ) Switzerland ( 24 ) Qualified countries Countries that failed to qualify Countries that did not enter Country not a FIFA member Preparations Five new stadiums were built for the tournament , and five of the existing venues were upgraded . Construction costs were expected to be R 8.4 billion ( just over US $1 billion or € 950 million ) . South Africa also improved its public transport infrastructure within the host cities , including Johannesburg 's Gautrain and other metro systems , and major road networks were improved . In March 2009 , Danny Jordaan , the president of the 2010 World Cup organising committee , reported that all stadiums for the tournament were on schedule to be completed within six months . The country implemented special measures to ensure the safety and security of spectators in accordance with standard FIFA requirements , including a temporary restriction of flight operation in the airspace surrounding the stadiums . At a ceremony to mark 100 days before the event , FIFA president Sepp Blatter praised the readiness of the country for the event . Construction strike On 8 July 2009 , 70,000 construction workers who were working on the new stadiums walked off their jobs . The majority of the workers receive R 2500 per month ( about £ 192 , € 224 or US $313 ) , but the unions alleged that some workers were grossly underpaid . A spokesperson for the National Union of Mineworkers said to the SABC that the `` no work no pay '' strike would go on until FIFA assessed penalties on the organisers . Other unions threatened to strike into 2011 . The strike was swiftly resolved and workers were back at work within a week of it starting . There were no further strikes and all stadiums and construction projects were completed in time for the kick off . Prize money The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US $420 million ( including payments of US $40 million to domestic clubs ) , a 60 percent increase on the 2006 tournament . Before the tournament , each of the 32 entrants received US $1 million for preparation costs . Once at the tournament , the prize money was distributed as follows : US $8 million -- To each team eliminated at the group stage ( 16 teams ) ( $8.98 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $9 million -- To each team eliminated in the round of 16 ( 8 teams ) ( $10.10 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $14 million -- To each team eliminated in the quarter - finals ( 4 teams ) ( $15.71 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $18 million -- Fourth placed team ( $20.20 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $20 million -- Third placed team ( $22.44 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $24 million -- Runner up ( $26.93 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $30 million -- Winner ( $33.67 million in 2018 US dollars ) In a first for the World Cup , FIFA made payments to the domestic clubs of the players representing their national teams at the tournament . This saw a total of US $40 million paid to domestic clubs . This was the result of an agreement reached in 2008 between FIFA and European clubs to disband the G - 14 group and drop their claims for compensation dating back to 2005 over the financial cost of injuries sustained to their players while on international duty , such as that from Belgian club Charleroi S.C. for injury to Morocco 's Abdelmajid Oulmers in a friendly game in 2004 , and from English club Newcastle United for an injury to England 's Michael Owen in the 2006 World Cup . Venues Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX In 2005 , the organisers released a provisional list of 13 venues to be used for the World Cup : Bloemfontein , Cape Town , Durban , Johannesburg ( two venues ) , Kimberley , Klerksdorp , Nelspruit , Orkney , Polokwane , Port Elizabeth , Pretoria , and Rustenburg . This was narrowed down to the ten venues that were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006 . The altitude of several venues affected the motion of the ball and player performance , although FIFA 's medical chief downplayed this consideration . Six of the ten venues were over 1200m above sea level , with the two Johannesburg venues -- the FNB Stadium ( also known as Soccer City ) and Ellis Park Stadium -- the highest at approximately 1750m . The FNB Stadium , the Cape Town Stadium and the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth were the most - used venues , each hosting eight matches . Ellis Park Stadium and the Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban hosted seven matches each , while the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria , the Free State Stadium in Bloemfontein and the Royal Bafokeng Stadium in Rustenburg hosted six matches each . The Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane and the Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit hosted four matches each , but did not host any knockout - stage matches . Johannesburg Cape Town Durban FNB Stadium ( Soccer City ) Ellis Park Stadium Cape Town Stadium ( Green Point Stadium ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban Stadium ) 26 ° 14 ′ 5.27 '' S 27 ° 58 ′ 56.47 '' E / 26.2347972 ° S 27.9823528 ° E / - 26.2347972 ; 27.9823528 ( Soccer City ) 26 ° 11 ′ 51.07 '' S 28 ° 3 ′ 38.76 '' E / 26.1975194 ° S 28.0607667 ° E / - 26.1975194 ; 28.0607667 ( Ellis Park Stadium ) 33 ° 54 ′ 12.46 '' S 18 ° 24 ′ 40.15 '' E / 33.9034611 ° S 18.4111528 ° E / - 33.9034611 ; 18.4111528 ( Cape Town Stadium ) 29 ° 49 ′ 46 '' S 31 ° 01 ′ 49 '' E / 29.82944 ° S 31.03028 ° E / - 29.82944 ; 31.03028 ( Moses Mabhida Stadium ) Capacity : 84,490 Capacity : 55,686 Capacity : 64,100 Capacity : 62,760 Pretoria Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Pretoria Port Elizabeth Bloemfontein Polokwane Rustenburg Nelspruit 2010 FIFA World Cup ( South Africa ) Port Elizabeth Loftus Versfeld Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium 25 ° 45 ′ 12 '' S 28 ° 13 ′ 22 '' E / 25.75333 ° S 28.22278 ° E / - 25.75333 ; 28.22278 ( Loftus Versfeld Stadium ) 33 ° 56 ′ 16 '' S 25 ° 35 ′ 56 '' E / 33.93778 ° S 25.59889 ° E / - 33.93778 ; 25.59889 ( Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ) Capacity : 42,858 Capacity : 42,486 Polokwane Nelspruit Bloemfontein Rustenburg 23 ° 55 ′ 29 '' S 29 ° 28 ′ 08 '' E / 23.924689 ° S 29.468765 ° E / - 23.924689 ; 29.468765 ( Peter Mokaba Stadium ) 25 ° 27 ′ 42 '' S 30 ° 55 ′ 47 '' E / 25.46172 ° S 30.929689 ° E / - 25.46172 ; 30.929689 ( Mbombela Stadium ) 29 ° 07 ′ 02.25 '' S 26 ° 12 ′ 31.85 '' E / 29.1172917 ° S 26.2088472 ° E / - 29.1172917 ; 26.2088472 ( Free State Stadium ) 25 ° 34 ′ 43 '' S 27 ° 09 ′ 39 '' E / 25.5786 ° S 27.1607 ° E / - 25.5786 ; 27.1607 ( Royal Bafokeng Stadium ) Peter Mokaba Stadium Mbombela Stadium Free State Stadium Royal Bafokeng Stadium Capacity : 41,733 Capacity : 40,929 Capacity : 40,911 Capacity : 38,646 The following stadiums were all upgraded to meet FIFA specifications : Cecil Payne Stadium Dobsonville Stadium Gelvandale Stadium Giant Stadium HM Pitje Stadium King Zwelithini Stadium Olympia Park Stadium Orlando Stadium Princess Magogo Stadium Rabie Ridge Stadium Rand Stadium Ruimsig Stadium Seisa Ramabodu Stadium Sugar Ray Xulu Stadium Super Stadium Team base camps The base camps are used by 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . In February 2010 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Fifteen teams were in Gauteng Province , while six teams were based in KwaZulu - Natal , four in the Western Cape , three in North West Province and one each in Mpumalanga , the Eastern Cape and the Northern Cape . Eastern Cape ( 1 ) Ghana Gauteng ( 15 ) Argentina Australia Germany Honduras Italy Mexico Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland United States KwaZulu - Natal ( 7 ) Algeria Cameroon Greece Ivory Coast Nigeria Paraguay Portugal Mpumalanga ( 1 ) Chile North West Province ( 3 ) England South Korea Spain Northern Cape ( 1 ) Uruguay Western Cape ( 4 ) Brazil Denmark France Japan Final draw See also : 2010 FIFA World Cup seeding The FIFA Organising Committee approved the procedure for the final draw on 2 December 2009 . The seeding was based on the October 2009 FIFA World Ranking and seven squads joined hosts South Africa as seeded teams for the final draw . No two teams from the same confederation were to be drawn in the same group , except allowing a maximum of two European teams in a group . Pot 1 ( Host & Top seven ) Pot 2 ( Asia , North America & Oceania ) Pot 3 ( Africa & South America ) Pot 4 ( Europe ) South Africa Brazil Spain Netherlands Italy Germany Argentina England Australia Japan North Korea South Korea Honduras Mexico United States New Zealand Algeria Cameroon Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria Chile Paraguay Uruguay Denmark France Greece Portugal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland The group draw was staged in Cape Town , South Africa , on 4 December 2009 at the Cape Town International Convention Centre . The ceremony was presented by South African actress Charlize Theron , assisted by FIFA Secretary General Jérôme Valcke . The balls were drawn by English football star David Beckham and African sporting figures Haile Gebrselassie , John Smit , Makhaya Ntini , Matthew Booth and Simphiwe Dludlu . Referees Main articles : 2010 FIFA World Cup officials and 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies § Refereeing FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 29 referees through its Refereeing Assistance Programme to officiate at the World Cup : four from the AFC , three from the CAF , six from CONMEBOL , four from CONCACAF , two from the OFC and ten from UEFA . English referee Howard Webb was chosen to referee the final , making him the first person to referee both the UEFA Champions League final and the World Cup final in the same year . Squads The Brazilian and North Korean teams before their group stage match Further information : 2010 FIFA World Cup squads As with the 2006 tournament , each team 's squad for the 2010 World Cup consisted of 23 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 23 - player squad by 1 June 2010 . Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury , at any time up to 24 hours before their first game . Of the 736 players participating in the tournament , over half played their club football in five European domestic leagues ; those in England ( 117 players ) , Germany ( 84 ) , Italy ( 80 ) , Spain ( 59 ) and France ( 46 ) . The English , German and Italian squads were made up of entirely home based players , while only Nigeria had no players from clubs in their own league . In all , players from 52 national leagues entered the tournament . FC Barcelona of Spain was the club contributing the most players to the tournament , with 13 players of their side travelling , 7 with the Spanish team , while another 7 clubs contributed 10 players or more . In another first for South Africa 2010 , one squad included three siblings . Jerry , Johnny and Wilson Palacios made history thanks to their inclusion in Honduras 's 23 - man list . Unusually , the game between Germany and Ghana had two brothers playing for opposite nations , with Jérôme Boateng and Kevin - Prince Boateng playing respectively . Match summary The 32 national teams involved in the tournament together played a total of 64 matches starting from the group stage matches and progressing to the knockout stage matches , with teams eliminated through the various progressive stages . Rest days were allocated during the various stages to allow players recovery during the tournament . Preliminary events were also held in celebration of the World Cup event . All times listed in the table below are in South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 matches . show Day Time Venue Stage Team 1 Result Team 2 Thursday 10 June Preliminary events 20 : 00 Soweto FIFA Kick - off Celebration Concert Friday 11 June 14 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Opening ceremony First round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group A South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico 20 : 30 Cape Town Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Saturday 12 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group B South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group C England 1 -- 1 United States Sunday 13 June 13 : 30 Polokwane Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia 16 : 00 Pretoria Group D Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana 20 : 30 Durban Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Monday 14 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group E Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon 20 : 30 Cape Town Group F Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Tuesday 15 June 13 : 30 Rustenburg New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group G Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Wednesday 16 June 13 : 30 Nelspruit Group H Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile 16 : 00 Durban Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Second round of group stage matches 20 : 30 Pretoria Group A South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Thursday 17 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group B Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria 20 : 30 Polokwane Group A France 0 -- 2 Mexico Friday 18 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group D Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group C Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States 20 : 30 Cape Town England 0 -- 0 Algeria Saturday 19 June 13 : 30 Durban Group E Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group D Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia 20 : 30 Pretoria Group E Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Sunday 20 June 13 : 30 Bloemfontein Group F Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay 16 : 00 Nelspruit Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group G Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Monday 21 June 13 : 30 Cape Town Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group H Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Tuesday 22 June Third round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group A Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay 16 : 00 Bloemfontein France 1 -- 2 South Africa 20 : 30 Durban Group B Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea 20 : 30 Polokwane Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Wednesday 23 June 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group C Slovenia 0 -- 1 England 16 : 00 Pretoria United States 1 -- 0 Algeria 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group D Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany 20 : 30 Nelspruit Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Thursday 24 June 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group F Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy 16 : 00 Polokwane Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group E Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Friday 25 June 16 : 00 Durban Group G Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil 16 : 00 Nelspruit North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast 20 : 30 Pretoria Group H Chile 1 -- 2 Spain 20 : 30 Bloemfontein Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Saturday 26 June Knockout stage matches 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Round of 16 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea 20 : 30 Rustenburg United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Sunday 27 June 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Germany 4 -- 1 England 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Monday 28 June 16 : 00 Durban Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Tuesday 29 June 16 : 00 Pretoria Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Wednesday 30 June Rest days Thursday 1 July Friday 2 July 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Quarter - finals Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 2 p ) Ghana Saturday 3 July 16 : 00 Cape Town Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Sunday 4 July Rest days Monday 5 July Tuesday 6 July 20 : 30 Cape Town Semi-finals Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Wednesday 7 July 20 : 30 Durban Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Thursday 8 July Rest days Friday 9 July Saturday 10 July 20 : 30 Port Elizabeth Third place match Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Sunday 11 July 18 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Closing ceremony 20 : 30 Final Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Group stage In the first round , or group stage , the 32 teams were divided into eight groups of four , with each team playing the other three teams in their group once . Teams were awarded three points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The top two teams in each group advanced to the round of 16 . The South American teams performed strongly , with all five advancing to the round of 16 ( four as group winners ) , and four further advancing to the quarter - finals . However , only Uruguay advanced to the semi-finals . Of the six African teams , only Ghana advanced to the round of 16 . South Africa became the first host nation in World Cup history to be eliminated in the first round , despite beating France and drawing with Mexico , while Ghana and Ivory Coast were the only other African teams to win a match . The overall performance of the African teams , in the first World Cup to be hosted on the continent , was judged as disappointing by observers such as Cameroon great Roger Milla . Only six out of the thirteen UEFA teams advanced to the round of 16 , a record low since the introduction of this stage in 1986 . Nonetheless , the final was contested by two European teams . In another World Cup first , the two finalists from the preceding tournament , Italy and France , were eliminated at the group stage , with Italy becoming the third defending champions to be eliminated in the first round after Brazil in 1966 and France in 2002 . New Zealand , one of the lowest - ranked teams , surprised many by drawing all three of their group matches , ending the tournament as the only undefeated team . Tie - breaking criteria Teams were ranked on the following criteria : 1 . Greater number of points in all group matches 2 . Goal difference in all group matches 3 . Greater number of goals scored in all group matches 4 . Greatest number of points in matches between tied teams 5 . Goal difference in matches between tied teams 6 . Greatest number of goals scored in matches between tied teams 7 . Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group A Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico + 1 South Africa ( H ) 5 − 2 France 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . 11 June 2010 South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico Soccer City , Johannesburg Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 16 June 2010 South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 17 June 2010 France 0 -- 2 Mexico Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 22 June 2010 Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg France 1 -- 2 South Africa Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Group B Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage South Korea 5 6 − 1 Greece 0 5 − 3 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 17 June 2010 Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea Soccer City , Johannesburg Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 22 June 2010 Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group C Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage England 0 + 1 5 Slovenia 0 Algeria 0 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 England 1 -- 1 United States Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 13 June 2010 Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 18 June 2010 Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg England 0 -- 0 Algeria Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 23 June 2010 Slovenia 0 -- 1 England Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth United States 1 -- 0 Algeria Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Group D Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 5 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Ghana 0 Australia 6 − 3 Serbia 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2010 Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 18 June 2010 Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth 19 June 2010 Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 23 June 2010 Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany Soccer City , Johannesburg Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group E Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 5 + 4 9 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 + 2 6 Denmark 0 6 − 3 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark Soccer City , Johannesburg Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 19 June 2010 Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 24 June 2010 Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Group F Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 + 2 5 Advance to knockout stage Slovakia 5 − 1 New Zealand 0 0 0 Italy 0 5 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 15 June 2010 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 20 June 2010 Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit 24 June 2010 Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group G Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 7 0 + 7 5 Ivory Coast + 1 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 15 June 2010 Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 20 June 2010 Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Soccer City , Johannesburg 21 June 2010 Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 25 June 2010 Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group H Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 + 2 6 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 + 1 6 Switzerland 0 Honduras 0 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 16 June 2010 Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 21 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 25 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 2 Spain Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Knockout stage Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage All times listed are South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) The knockout stage comprised the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were the round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , and the final . There was also a play - off to decide third and fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level , there was a penalty shootout to determine who progressed to the next round . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 26 June -- Port Elizabeth Uruguay 2 July -- Johannesburg ( SC ) South Korea Uruguay ( pen . ) 1 ( 4 ) 26 June -- Rustenburg Ghana 1 ( 2 ) United States 6 July -- Cape Town Ghana ( a.e.t. ) Uruguay 28 June -- Durban Netherlands Netherlands 2 July -- Port Elizabeth Slovakia Netherlands 28 June -- Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil Brazil 11 July -- Johannesburg ( Soccer City ) Chile 0 Netherlands 0 27 June -- Johannesburg ( SC ) Spain ( a.e.t. ) Argentina 3 July -- Cape Town Mexico Argentina 0 27 June -- Bloemfontein Germany Germany 7 July -- Durban England Germany 0 29 June -- Pretoria Spain Third place Paraguay ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 3 July -- Johannesburg ( EP ) 10 July -- Port Elizabeth Japan 0 ( 3 ) Paraguay 0 Uruguay 29 June -- Cape Town Spain Germany Spain Portugal 0 Round of 16 In this round , each group winner ( A-H ) was paired against the runner - up from another group . South American teams again performed strongly in the round of 16 , with four teams advancing to the quarter - finals including Brazil who defeated fellow South Americans Chile . England 's 4 -- 1 loss to Germany was their biggest ever margin of defeat at a World Cup finals . It was also the first time that a World Cup finals match between these two traditional rivals had a decisive result in regulation time , their three previous meetings all being tied at 90 minutes , with two settled in extra time and one in a penalty shootout . Ghana defeated the United States to become the third African team to reach the last eight ( after Cameroon in 1990 and Senegal in 2002 ) , and the only African team to have achieved both a top 8 finish and a separate top 16 finish ( in 2006 ) . Paraguay and Ghana reached the quarter - finals for the first time . The round was marked by some controversial referees ' decisions , including : A disallowed goal by England in their 4 -- 1 loss against Germany , where the shot by Frank Lampard was seen to cross substantially over the goal line when shown on television broadcast replays . An allowed goal by Argentina in their 3 -- 1 win over Mexico , where Argentine striker Carlos Tevez was seen to be offside when shown on television broadcast replays , which were shown inside the stadium shortly after the incident . FIFA President Sepp Blatter took the unusual step of apologising to England and Mexico for the decisions that went against them , saying : `` Yesterday I spoke to the two federations directly concerned by referees ' mistakes ( ... ) I apologised to England and Mexico . The English said thank you and accepted that you can win some and you lose some and the Mexicans bowed their head and accepted it . '' Blatter also promised to re-open the discussion regarding devices which monitor possible goals and make that information immediately available to match officials , saying : `` We will naturally take on board the discussion on technology and have the first opportunity in July at the business meeting . '' Blatter 's call came less than four months after FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said the door was closed on goal - line technology and video replays after a vote by the IFAB . 26 June 2010 16 : 00 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea Suárez 8 ' , 80 ' Report Lee Chung - yong 68 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 30,597 Referee : Wolfgang Stark ( Germany ) 26 June 2010 20 : 30 United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Donovan 62 ' ( pen . ) Report Prince 5 ' Gyan 93 ' Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Attendance : 34,976 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) 27 June 2010 16 : 00 Germany 4 -- 1 England Klose 20 ' Podolski 32 ' Müller 67 ' , 70 ' Report Upson 37 ' Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Attendance : 40,510 Referee : Jorge Larrionda ( Uruguay ) 27 June 2010 20 : 30 Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Tevez 26 ' , 52 ' Higuaín 33 ' Report Hernández 71 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,377 Referee : Roberto Rosetti ( Italy ) 28 June 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia Robben 18 ' Sneijder 84 ' Report Vittek 90 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 61,962 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 28 June 2010 20 : 30 Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Juan 34 ' Luís Fabiano 38 ' Robinho 59 ' Report Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 54,096 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) 29 June 2010 16 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Japan Report Penalties Barreto Barrios Riveros Valdez Cardozo 5 -- 3 Endō Hasebe Komano Honda Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Attendance : 36,742 Referee : Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 29 June 2010 20 : 30 Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Villa 63 ' Report Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,955 Referee : Héctor Baldassi ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals The three quarter - finals between European and South American teams all resulted in wins for Europeans . Germany had a 4 -- 0 victory over Argentina , and the Netherlands came from behind to beat Brazil 2 -- 1 , handing the Brazilians their first loss in a World Cup match held outside Europe ( other than in a penalty shootout ) since 1950 when Uruguay won the decisive match 2 -- 1 . Spain reached the final four for the first time since 1950 after a 1 -- 0 win over Paraguay . Uruguay , the only South American team to reach the semi-finals , overcame Ghana in a penalty shoot - out after a 1 -- 1 draw in which Ghana missed a penalty at the end of extra time after Luis Suárez controversially handled the ball on the line . 2 July 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil Sneijder 53 ' , 68 ' Report Robinho 10 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 40,186 Referee : Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 2 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Forlán 55 ' Report Muntari 45 + 2 ' Penalties Forlán Victorino Scotti M. Pereira Abreu 4 -- 2 Gyan Appiah Mensah Adiyiah Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,017 Referee : Olegário Benquerença ( Portugal ) 3 July 2010 16 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany Report Müller 3 ' Klose 68 ' , 89 ' Friedrich 74 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 64,100 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 3 July 2010 20 : 30 Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Report Villa 83 ' Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 55,359 Referee : Carlos Batres ( Guatemala ) Semi-finals The Netherlands qualified for the final for the third time with a 3 -- 2 win over Uruguay . Spain reached their first ever final with a 1 -- 0 victory over Germany . As a result , it was the first World Cup final not to feature at least one of Brazil , Italy , Germany or Argentina . 6 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Forlán 41 ' M. Pereira 90 + 2 ' Report Van Bronckhorst 18 ' Sneijder 70 ' Robben 73 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,479 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 7 July 2010 20 : 30 Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Report Puyol 73 ' Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 60,960 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Third place play - off Germany defeated Uruguay 3 -- 2 to secure third place . Germany holds the record for most third - place finishes in the World Cup ( 4 ) , while Uruguay holds the record for most fourth - place finishes ( 3 ) . 10 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Cavani 28 ' Forlán 51 ' Report Müller 19 ' Jansen 56 ' Khedira 82 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 36,254 Referee : Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) Final Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Final The final was held on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City , Johannesburg . Spain defeated the Netherlands 1 -- 0 , with an extra time goal from Andrés Iniesta . Iniesta scored the latest winning goal in a FIFA World Cup final ( 116 ' ) . The win gave Spain their first World Cup title , becoming the eighth team to win it . This made them the first new winner without home advantage since Brazil in 1958 , and the first team to win the tournament after having lost their opening game . A large number of fouls were committed in the final match . Referee Howard Webb handed out 14 yellow cards , more than doubling the previous record for this fixture , set when Argentina and West Germany shared six cards in 1986 , and John Heitinga of the Netherlands was sent off for receiving a second yellow card . The Netherlands had chances to score , most notably in the 60th minute when Arjen Robben was released by Wesley Sneijder to be one - on - one with Spain 's goalkeeper Iker Casillas , only for Casillas to save the shot with an outstretched leg . For Spain , Sergio Ramos missed a free header from a corner kick when he was unmarked . Iniesta finally broke the deadlock in extra time , scoring a volleyed shot from a pass by Cesc Fàbregas . This result marked the first time that two teams from the same continent had won successive World Cups ( following Italy in 2006 ) , and saw Europe reaching 10 World Cup titles , surpassing South America 's nine titles . Spain became the first team since West Germany in 1974 to win the World Cup as European champions . The result also marked the first time that a European nation had won a World Cup Finals that was not hosted on European soil . A closing ceremony was held before the final , featuring singer Shakira . Afterwards , the former South African President Nelson Mandela made a brief appearance on the pitch , wheeled in by a motorcart . 11 July 2010 20 : 30 Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Report Iniesta 116 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,490 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) Statistics Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers For the full list of goalscorers , see 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics § Goalscorers . South African winger Siphiwe Tshabalala was the first player to score a goal in the competition , in their 1 -- 1 draw against Mexico , the opening game of the tournament . Danish defender Daniel Agger was credited with the first own goal of the tournament , in his side 's 2 -- 0 loss to the Netherlands . Argentine striker Gonzalo Higuaín was the only player to score a hat - trick in the tournament , in Argentina 's 4 -- 1 win over South Korea . It was the 49th World Cup hat - trick in the history of the tournament . Spain set a new record for the fewest goals scored by a World Cup - winning team , with eight . The previous record low was 11 , set by Brazil in 1994 , England in 1966 , and Italy in 1938 . Spain had the fewest goalscorers for a champion as well ( three -- Villa with five goals , Iniesta with two and Puyol with one ) . They also had the fewest goals conceded for a champion ( 2 ) , equal with Italy ( 2006 ) and France ( 1998 ) . Spain 's victory marked the first time that a team won the World Cup without conceding a goal in the knockout stage . The four top scorers in the tournament had five goals each . All of the four top scorers also came from the teams that finished in the top four , Spain , the Netherlands , Germany , and Uruguay . The Golden Boot went to Thomas Müller of Germany who had three assists , compared to one for the three others . The Silver Boot went to David Villa of Spain , who played a total of 635 minutes , and the Bronze Boot to Wesley Sneijder of the Netherlands , who played 652 minutes . Diego Forlán of Uruguay had five goals and one assist in 654 minutes . A further three players scored four goals . Only 145 goals were scored at South Africa 2010 , the lowest of any FIFA World Cup since the tournament switched to a 64 - game format . This continued a downward trend since the first 64 - game finals were held 12 years earlier , with 171 goals at France 1998 , 161 at Korea / Japan 2002 and 147 at Germany 2006 . Discipline Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record 28 players were suspended after being shown two consecutive yellow cards ( 13 players ) , a single red card ( 8 players ) , or a yellow card followed by a red card ( 7 players ) . Final standings Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage Shortly after the final , FIFA issued a final ranking of every team in the tournament . The ranking was based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . All 32 teams are ranked based on criteria which have been used by FIFA . The final ranking was as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . Spain 7 6 0 8 + 6 18 Netherlands 7 6 0 12 6 + 6 18 Germany 7 5 0 16 5 + 11 15 Uruguay 7 11 8 + 3 11 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Argentina 5 0 10 6 + 4 12 6 Brazil 5 9 + 5 10 7 Ghana 5 5 + 1 8 8 Paraguay 5 + 1 6 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Japan + 2 7 10 Chile 0 5 − 2 6 11 Portugal 7 + 6 5 12 United States 5 5 0 5 13 England 5 − 2 5 14 Mexico 5 − 1 15 South Korea 6 8 − 2 16 Slovakia 5 7 − 2 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Ivory Coast + 1 18 Slovenia 0 19 Switzerland 0 20 South Africa 5 − 2 21 Australia 6 − 3 22 New Zealand 0 0 0 23 Serbia 0 − 1 24 Denmark 0 6 − 3 25 Greece 0 5 − 3 26 Italy 0 5 − 1 27 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 28 Algeria 0 0 − 2 29 France 0 − 3 30 Honduras 0 0 − 3 31 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 32 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Awards Main awards Golden Ball : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) Golden Boot : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Golden Glove : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Best Young Player : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) FIFA Fair Play Trophy : Spain Dream team For the first time , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead published a Dream Team decided by an online public vote . People were invited to select a team ( in a 4 -- 4 -- 2 formation ) and best coach ; voting was open until 23 : 59 on 11 July 2010 , with entrants going into a draw to win a prize . Six of the eleven players came from the Spanish team , as did the coach . The remainder of the team comprised two players from Germany , and one each from Brazil , the Netherlands and Uruguay . Goalkeeper : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Defenders : Sergio Ramos , Carles Puyol ( Spain ) , Maicon ( Brazil ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany ) Midfielders : Andrés Iniesta , Xavi ( Spain ) , Bastian Schweinsteiger ( Germany ) , Wesley Sneijder ( Netherlands ) Forwards : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) , David Villa ( Spain ) Coach : Vicente del Bosque ( Spain ) Marketing A Spain shirt , autographed by members of the World Cup - winning squad , on display in Madrid Mascot Main article : Zakumi The official mascot for the 2010 World Cup was Zakumi , an anthropomorphised African leopard with green hair , presented on 22 September 2008 . His name came from `` ZA '' ( the international abbreviation for South Africa ) and the term kumi , which means `` ten '' in various African languages . The mascot 's colours reflected those of the host nation 's playing strip -- yellow and green . Official song Main article : FIFA World Cup official songs The official song of the 2010 World Cup `` Waka Waka '' was performed by the Colombian singer Shakira and the band Freshlyground from South Africa , and is sung in both English and Spanish . The song is based on a traditional African soldiers ' song , `` Zangalewa '' . Shakira and Freshlyground performed the song at the pre-tournament concert in Soweto on 10 June . It was also sung at the opening ceremony on 11 June and at the closing ceremony on 11 July . The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was `` Sign of a Victory '' by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers , which was also performed at the opening ceremony . Match ball Main article : Adidas Jabulani The match ball for the 2010 World Cup , manufactured by Adidas , was named the Jabulani , which means `` bringing joy to everyone '' in Zulu . It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker ; it featured eleven colours , representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa . A special match ball with gold panels , called the Jo'bulani , was used at the final in Johannesburg . The ball was constructed using a new design , consisting of eight thermally bonded , three - dimensional panels . These were spherically moulded from ethylene - vinyl acetate ( EVA ) and thermoplastic polyurethanes ( TPU ) . The surface of the ball was textured with grooves , a technology developed by Adidas called GripnGroove that was intended to improve the ball 's aerodynamics . The design received considerable academic input , being developed in partnership with researchers from Loughborough University , United Kingdom . The balls were made in China , using latex bladders made in India , thermoplastic polyurethane - elastomer from Taiwan , ethylene vinyl acetate , isotropic polyester / cotton fabric , and glue and ink from China . Some football stars complained about the new ball , arguing that its movements were difficult to predict . Brazilian goalkeeper Júlio César compared it to a `` supermarket '' ball that favored strikers and worked against goalkeepers . Argentinian coach Diego Maradona said : `` We wo n't see any long passes in this World Cup because the ball does n't fly straight . '' However , a number of Adidas - sponsored players responded favourably to the ball . Vuvuzelas A man sounding a vuvuzela Main article : Vuvuzela The 2010 finals amplified international public awareness of the vuvuzela , a long horn blown by fans throughout matches . Many World Cup competitors complained about the noise caused by the vuvuzela horns , including France 's Patrice Evra , who blamed the horns for the team 's poor performance . Other critics include Lionel Messi , who complained that the sound of the vuvuzelas hampers communication among players on the pitch , and broadcasting companies , which complained that commentators ' voices were being drowned out by the sound . Others watching on television complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium only contains the sounds of the vuvuzelas and the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out . A spokesperson for ESPN and other networks said that they were taking steps to minimise the ambient noise on their broadcasts . The BBC also investigated the possibility of offering broadcasts without vuvuzela noise . Sponsorship The sponsors of the 2010 World Cup are divided into three categories : FIFA Partners , FIFA World Cup Sponsors and National Supporters . FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors National supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Emirates Hyundai -- Kia Sony VISA Budweiser Castrol Continental Mahindra Satyam McDonald 's MTN Group Seara Foods Yingli Solar BP South Africa Aggreko First National Bank Neo Africa Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Telkom Event effects A FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour aeroplane , sponsored by Coca - Cola . ( 2010 ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup event effects Social Tournament organiser Danny Jordaan dismissed concerns that the attack on the Togo national team which took place in Angola in January 2010 , had any relevance to the security arrangements for the World Cup . There were also reports of thefts against visitors to the country for the World Cup . Tourists from China , Portugal , Spain , South Korea , Japan and Colombia had become victims of crime . On 19 June after the match between England and Algeria , a fan was able to break through the FIFA - appointed security staff at Green Point stadium and gain access to the England team dressing room . The breach took place shortly after Prince William and Prince Harry had left the room . The trespasser was then released before he could be handed over to the Police . English FA lodged a formal complaint with FIFA and demanded that security be increased . Resettlement and eviction Police patrol Blikkiesdorp , a settlement for the evicted . As with many ' hallmark events ' throughout the world , the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been connected to evictions , which many claim are meant to ' beautify the city ' , impress visiting tourists , and hide shackdwellers . On 14 May 2009 , the Durban - based shack - dwellers ' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo took the KwaZulu - Natal government to court over their controversial Elimination and Prevention of Re-Emergence of Slums Act , meant to eliminate slums in South Africa and put homeless shackdwellers in transit camps in time for the 2010 World Cup . Another prominent controversy surrounding preparations for the World Cup was the N2 Gateway housing project in Cape Town , which planned to remove over 20,000 residents from the Joe Slovo Informal Settlement along the busy N2 Freeway and build rental flats and bond - houses in its place in time for the 2010 World Cup . NGOs , international human rights organisations , and the Anti-Eviction Campaign have publicly criticised the conditions in Blikkiesdorp and said that the camp has been used to accommodate poor families evicted to make way for the 2010 World Cup . However some have argued that evictions are ordinarily common in South Africa and that in the lead up to the tournament many evictions were erreonously ascribed to the World Cup . Economy Some groups experienced complications in regards to scheduled sporting events , advertising , or broadcasting , as FIFA attempted to maximise control of media rights during the Cup . Affected parties included an international rugby union Test match , a South African airline , and some TV networks , all of whom were involved in various legal struggles with World Cup organisers . During the tournament , group ticket - holders who did not utilise all their allotted tickets led to some early - round matches having as many as 11,000 unoccupied seats . While the event did help to boost the image of South Africa , financially it turned out to be a major disappointment . Construction costs for venues and infrastructure amounted to £ 3 billion ( € 3.6 billion ) , and the government expected that increased tourism would help to offset these costs to the amount of £ 570 million ( € 680 million ) . However , only £ 323 million ( € 385 million ) were actually taken in as 309,000 foreign fans came to South Africa , well below the expected number of 450,000 . Local vendors were prohibited from selling food and merchandise within a 1.5 kilometre radius of any stadium hosting a World Cup match . For a vendor to operate within the radius , a registration fee of R 60,000 ( approximately to US $7,888 or € 6,200 ) , had to be paid to FIFA . This fee was out of most local vendors ' reach , as they are simple one - man - operated vendors . This prevented international visitors from experiencing local South African food . Some local vendors felt cheated out of an opportunity for financial gain and spreading South African culture , in favour of multinational corporations . FIFA president Sepp Blatter declared the event `` a huge financial success for everybody , for Africa , for South Africa and for FIFA , '' with revenue to FIFA of £ 2.24 billion ( € 2 billion ) . Quality In a December 2010 Quality Progress , FIFA President Blatter rated South Africa 's organisational efforts a nine out of 10 scale , declaring that South Africa could be considered a plan B for all future competitions . The South African Quality Institute ( SAQI ) assisted in facility construction , event promotion , and organisations . The main issue listed in the article was lack of sufficient public transportation . Media Broadcasting Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Production set of the FIFA international broadcast centre during the event The 2010 FIFA World Cup was expected to be the most - watched television event in history . Hundreds of broadcasters , representing about 70 countries , transmitted the Cup to a TV audience that FIFA officials expect to exceed a cumulative 26 billion people , an average of approximately 400 million viewers per match . FIFA estimated that around 700 million viewers would watch the World Cup final . New forms of digital media have also allowed viewers to watch coverage through alternative means . `` With games airing live on cell phones and computers , the World Cup will get more online coverage than any major sporting event yet , '' said Jake Coyle of the Associated Press . In the United States , ABC , ESPN and ESPN2 averaged a 2.1 rating , 2,288,000 households and 3,261,000 viewers for the 64 World Cup games . The rating was up 31 percent from a 1.6 in 2006 , while households increased 32 percent from 1,735,000 and viewers rose from 2,316,000 . The increases had been higher while the US remained in the tournament . Through the first 50 games , the rating was up 48 percent , households increased 54 percent and viewers rose 60 percent . Univision averaged 2,624,000 viewers for the tournament , up 17 percent , and 1,625,000 households , an increase of 11 percent . An executive of the Nielsen Company , a leading audience research firm in the US , described the aggregate numbers for both networks ' coverage of the USA - Ghana match as `` phenomenal '' . Live World Cup streaming on ESPN3.com pulled in some of the largest audiences in history , as 7.4 million unique viewers tuned in for matches . In total , ESPN3.com generated 942 million minutes of viewing or more than two hours per unique viewer . All 64 live matches were viewed by an average of 114,000 persons per minute . Most impressive were the numbers for the semi-final between Spain and Germany , which was viewed by 355,000 people per minute , making it ESPN3. com 's largest average audience ever . Filming Sony technology was used to film the tournament . 25 of the matches were captured using 3D cameras . Footage was captured in 3D through Sony 's proprietary multi-image MPE - 200 processors , housed in specially designed 3D outside broadcast trucks . It supplied its flagship HDC - 1500 cameras as well as its new HDC - P1 unit , a compact , point - of - view ( POV ) - type camera with 3 , 2 / 3 - inch CCD sensors . The 3D games were produced for FIFA by Host Broadcast Services . Video games In PlayStation Home , Sony has released a virtual space based on the 2010 FIFA World Cup in the Japanese version of Home on 3 December 2009 . This virtual space is called the `` FevaArena '' and is a virtual stadium of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , featuring different areas for events , a FIFA mini-game , and a shop with FIFA related content . On 27 April 2010 , EA Sports released the official 2010 World Cup video game . FIFA Fan Fest FIFA expanded the FIFA Fan Fest , hosting in Sydney , Buenos Aires , Berlin , Paris , Rome , Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City , as well as several venues around South Africa . The Durban Fan Fest was the most popular in South Africa during the tournament followed by the Cape Town Fan Fest . See also Association football portal South Africa portal Book : FIFA World Cup July 2010 Kampala attacks , a series of terrorist bombings in Kampala , Uganda , timed to coincide with the final match Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album Paul the Octopus and Mani the parakeet , animals who predicted results of the matches References Jump up ^ `` Players -- Top goals '' . FIFA.com . 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India . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup organiser mulls vuvuzela ban '' . Google . Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Valenti , Elio ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` Buzz off , vuvuzelas ! '' . New York Post . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Van Buskirk , Eliot ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` Should World Cup Broadcasters Mute Vuvuzela Horns ? '' . Wired . Condé Nast Digital . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Organizers consider silencing vuvuzelas '' . ESPN Soccernet. 14 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ; Morris , Steven ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : BBC may offer vuvuzela - free matches '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Official FIFA World Cup TM Partners & Sponsors since 1982 '' ( PDF ) . Resources.fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` Spanish brilliance outshines Netherlands in Final '' . YouTube . 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Sponsorship : A programme overview '' ( PDF ) . Brandsouthafrica.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas extends World Cup sponsorship in $350 m deal '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Adidas extends World Cup soccer sponsorship until 2030 '' . Reuters.com . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola set for 2010 World Cup ' celebration ' '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : History of Coca - Cola and the FIFA World Cup TM '' . Coca-colacompany.com . Jump up ^ `` Emirates Airlines signs up as sixth Fifa partner '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai at FIFA World Cup 2010 - The Inspiration Room '' . Theinspirationroom.com. 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Fifa sponsorship keeps Hyundai in the family '' . Sportspromedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Sony Corp. signs its first global sponsorship deal as FIFA Partner from 2007 - 2014 '' . FIFA.com. 6 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Visa extends World Cup sponsorship to 2022 '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser Sponsorship of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa to Unite Soccer Fans Worldwide '' . Newswire.ca . Jump up ^ `` Continental FIFA World Cup sponsor until 2010 '' . Bizcommunity.com . Jump up ^ `` Castrol joins forces with FIFA World Cup until 2014 '' . FIFA.com. 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - Continental signs up again as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2010 '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Castrol to become FIFA World Cup sponsor '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - Satyam signs up as first Indian FIFA World Cup TM Sponsor '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Satyam to be FIFA World Cup 's sponsor '' . Thehindu.com. 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - McDonald 's renews as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2014 '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - MTN signs global deal as first African FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2010 '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - Global food supplier Seara signs up as final FIFA World Cup Sponsor '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA signs first Chinese company as World Cup sponsor '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` China 's Yingli Green Energy Will Shine At 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Businessinsider.com . Jump up ^ `` BP expands biggest sponsorship deal in its history '' . Sportspromedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Shanduka - Aggreko Announced as Final National Supporter of the 2010 FIFA World Cup TM - Power Technology '' . Power-technology.com . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - South Africa 's First National Bank becomes first National Supporter '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Charting 2010 FIFA World Cup adspend growth '' . Bizcommunity.com . Jump up ^ `` Telkom to provide telecoms infrastructure for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Mybroadband.co.za . Jump up ^ `` World Cup boss Danny Jordaan allays security concerns '' . BBC Sport. 9 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foreigners robbed in South Africa ahead of World Cup '' . Xinhua News . 11 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ; Rayner , Gordon ; Laing , Aislinn ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Police hunt angry fan who entered England dressing room '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Events and Evictions '' . Worldpress. 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Football brings defining moment for South Africa '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` World Cup Whose Meaning Goes Beyond Soccer '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Economic cleansing ' in BBC 's World Cup backyard , Stewart Maclean '' . The Independent . UK . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Allie , Mohammed ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` South Africans fight eviction for World Cup car park '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worth , Christopher ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Kicked Out for the Cup ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shack Dwellers Fight Demolition in S. Africa Court '' . OneWorld.net. 15 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pooh - slinging Slums Act showdown at Con Court '' . Mail & Guardian Online . 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Reverse Side of the Medal : About the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the Beautification of the N2 in Cape Town '' . Urban Forum . Springer Link. 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` Life in ' Tin Can Town ' for the South Africans evicted ahead of World Cup '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions ask City to reconsider Symphony Way 's eviction to Blikkiesdorp '' . Pambazuka News . 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Homeless S. Africans complain ahead of World Cup '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Soccer World Cup will not boost South Africa 's economy , Rukmini Shrinivasan , Times of India , 12 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Boks ' France Test moved ? '' . SAPA. 30 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kulula to continue with World Cup ad campaign '' . Mail & Guardian Online . 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Us Roar : 2010 World Cup Broadcast Rights '' . REACH . Singapore : Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , Government of Singapore . 6 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empty seats concern FIFA but attendances stay high '' . Reuters Africa . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neate , Rupert ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` South Africa recoups just a tenth of the £ 3bn cost of staging World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : 2010 World Cup A Stunning Financial Success For South Africa & FIFA '' . Goal.com. 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harding , Paul . `` Shining on the World Stage '' . Quality Progress . December 2010 . pp. 56 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` Beaming 2010 to the world '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 700 million to watch World Cup Final '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 12 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup coverage expands on the Web , cell phones '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final sets ratings record '' . Associated Press . 12 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup Ratings Certify a TV Winner '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : ESPN3.com , ESPN Digital Draw in Massive Audiences '' . Sports Video Group . 15 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup games to be filmed in 3D '' . BBC News . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mistry , Bhavna ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Sony providing HDC - 1500 cameras for FIFA World Cup '' . AV Interactive . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Product Detail Page HDCP1 '' . Sony . Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Preps for World Cup 3D '' . Broadcasting & Cable . 22 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FevaArena ( Fibaarina ) entrance '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ekberg , Brian ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` FIFA World Cup 2010 Q&A With Simon Humber -- PlayStation 3 News at GameSpot '' . Gamespot UK . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fan Fest '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sikiti da Silva , Issa ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` FIFA Fan Fests : some facts and figures '' . Bizcommunity.com . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2010 FIFA World Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup Official Site ( Archived ) 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa TM , FIFA.com The official 2010 host country website Official Technical Report RSSSF Archive of finals 2010 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Event effects Matches Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Statistics Squads Symbols and animals Adidas Jabulani Mani the parakeet Official album Official video game Paul the Octopus Vuvuzela Zakumi 2010 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil Ghana Paraguay Round of 16 Chile England Japan Mexico Portugal Slovakia South Korea United States Group stage Algeria Australia Cameroon Denmark France Greece Honduras Italy Ivory Coast New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums Cape Town Stadium ( Cape Town ) Ellis Park Stadium ( Johannesburg ) Free State Stadium ( Bloemfontein ) Loftus Versfeld Stadium ( Pretoria ) Mbombela Stadium ( Nelspruit ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban ) Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ( Port Elizabeth ) Peter Mokaba Stadium ( Polokwane ) Royal Bafokeng Stadium ( Rustenburg ) Soccer City ( Johannesburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 16058789 - X LCCN : nb2012027246 VIAF : 144977873 Association football portal 2010s portal South Africa portal Football in Africa portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=855716451 '' Categories : 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 in association football 2009 -- 10 in South African soccer FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by South Africa June 2010 sports events July 2010 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 96 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 10 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the 2010 world cup take place | [
"The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010. The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations. In 2004, the international football federation, FIFA, selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals.[6]\n"
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"South Africa"
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-6034232370728306453 | Rory McCann | Rory McCann - wikipedia Rory McCann Jump to : navigation , search For the Irish cricketer , see Rory McCann ( cricketer ) . Rory McCann McCann , San Diego Comic Con International ( 2014 ) ( 1969 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1969 ( age 48 ) Glasgow , Lanarkshire , Scotland Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Height 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) Relatives Sally - Gay McCann ( sister ) Rory McCann ( born 24 April 1969 ) is a Scottish actor , best known for portraying Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright 's crime - comedy Hot Fuzz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) McCann was born in Glasgow , Scotland . He has a sister , Sally - Gay McCann , born in 1972 . Before becoming an actor , McCann was a painter who studied at the Scottish School of Forestry near Inverness . He also worked as a bridge painter ( on the Forth Road Bridge ) , landscape gardener and carpenter . Rory McCann was first trained as an actor by writer - artist Robert Parsifal Finch in The Actor 's Workshop , Glasgow. 1998 . Career ( edit ) McCann 's first acting job was as an extra on the film Willow ( 1988 ) . He was fired because he laughed during the takes . He appeared in an advertisement for Scott 's Porage Oats , dressed in a vest and kilt . As his first major acting role , McCann played a disabled personal trainer in the 2002 television comedy drama The Book Group , winning the Scottish BAFTA for the best television performance of 2002 . Since then , he has taken television roles as Detective Inspector Stuart Brown in State of Play , Peter the Great in Peter in Paradise , and a priest in the award - winning British comedy drama series Shameless . He made his Hollywood debut in the 2004 film Alexander , which required the actors to go through a boot - camp in the African desert , and included shooting in Thailand , Morocco as well as a London studio . In 2007 , he appeared as Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong in Hot Fuzz . In 2008 , he played Moby in The Crew and Atilla the Hun in the BBC docudrama Heroes and Villains . McCann portrays Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones . Other projects include a BBC TV Series by writer Jimmy McGovern called Banished , set in Australia in the 18th century . McCann plays a blacksmith named Marston . Personal life ( edit ) McCann 's younger sister , Sally - Gay McCann , works on costumes for film and television ; he worked alongside her on Alexander and Game of Thrones . McCann is a supporter of the Scottish Green Party , and appeared in its 2007 Scottish Parliament general election broadcast . In 1990 , McCann broke multiple bones in a near - fatal rock climbing accident in Yorkshire . McCann is the former frontman of a defunct band called Thundersoup . He plays the piano , guitar , banjo and mandolin . McCann is known for living a solitary , transient lifestyle . He often lives on his boat or in places without modern conveniences . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Pasty Faces Goon 2003 The Devil 's Tattoo Eric 2003 Young Adam Sam Alexander Craterus 2005 Beowulf & Grendel Breca 2006 Sixty Six Policeman 2007 Hot Fuzz Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong 2008 The Crew Moby 2009 Solomon Kane McNess Clash of the Titans Belo 2011 Season of the Witch Soldier Commander Credited as Rory MacCann 2015 Slow West John Ross 2017 xXx : Return of Xander Cage Tennyson `` The Torch '' Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Coming Soon Fergus Television film 2000 Randall & Hopkirk Bouncer Episode : `` Mental Apparition Disorder '' 2000 Monarch of the Glen Roger Episode No . 1.6 2002 London 's Burning Keith Episode No . 14.7 2002 -- 2003 The Book Group Kenny McLeod Main role ; 12 episodes 2003 State of Play Stuart Brown Episode No. 1.1 ; uncredited 2003 Rockface Adam Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2003 Peter in Paradise Peter the Great Television film 2006 Shameless Father Critchon 2 episodes 2008 Heroes and Villains Attila the Hun Episode : `` Attila the Hun '' 2011 The Jury Derek Hatch Main role ( season 2 ) ; 5 episodes 2011 -- present Game of Thrones Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Main role ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) ; 33 episodes 2015 Banished Marston Main role ; 4 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Rory McCann on ' The Hound ' and Season Four '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Scott ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rory McCann ( ' Shameless ' , Beowulf & Grendel ' , `` Alexander ' ) '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rory McCann -- What I know about women '' . The Scotsman. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McIver , Brian ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Games of Thrones star Rory McCann on his meteoric rise from carpenter to fantasy TV star '' . Daily Record . Glasgow : Trinity Mirror . ISSN 0956 - 8069 . OCLC 500344244 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Jen ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Meet the Hound , Scottish actor Rory McCann '' . LA Times . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , Lorna ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Why he 's always up for it : From dubious tree surgeon and Forth bridge painter to giant of porridge commercials , Book Group star Rory McCann tells Lorna MacLaren of his next move '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : English , Paul ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Hulk Rory Leaves No Stone Unturned ; Scott 's Porage Oats Star Rory McCann Spills the Beans on how he won a part in Oliver Stone 's movie Alexander by Telling the Great Man to take a Hike '' . Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Rory McCann teases road trip of ' death and destruction ' in season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann Joue Les Petits Rigolos à L'avant - Première de `` Game of Thrones '' à New York , le Mardi 18 ... '' Pure / Trend . 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Davey , Cathie ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Cast announced for Jimmy McGovern 's epic new series , Banished , for BBC Two '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scottish Green Party ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` First Vote Green on the 3rd of May 2007 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 28 March 2002 ) . `` I fell into acting says Oats hunk ; Scots actor and climber Rory McCann on the mountain plunge that changed his life '' . Daily Record ( Scotland ) . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Flett , Michael ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Rory McCann - Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , Game of Thrones `` . Geek Chocolate . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Game Of Thrones ' Hound on bumfluff , hugs and the magic of Wilko Johnson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 : Q&A Rory McCann Talks Sandor Clegane ( The Hound ) '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Rory McCann on IMDb VIAF : 107576464 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rory_McCann&oldid=811895818 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Scottish male television actors Scottish male film actors 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Male actors from Glasgow Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the character dog in game of thrones | [
"Rory McCann (born 24 April 1969) is a Scottish actor, best known for portraying Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright's crime-comedy Hot Fuzz."
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"Rory McCann"
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-2091962267839999821 | I'm Gonna Be Somebody | I 'm Gonna be Somebody - wikipedia I 'm Gonna be Somebody `` I 'm Gonna Be Somebody '' Single by Travis Tritt from the album Country Club B - side `` The Road Home '' Released May 24 , 1990 Format CD single , 7 '' single Recorded Genre Country Length 4 : 05 Label Warner Bros. Nashville 19797 Songwriter ( s ) Jill Colucci Stewart Harris Producer ( s ) Gregg Brown Travis Tritt singles chronology `` Help Me Hold On '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'm Gonna Be Somebody '' ( 1990 ) `` Put Some Drive in Your Country '' ( 1990 ) `` Help Me Hold On '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'm Gonna Be Somebody '' ( 1990 ) `` Put Some Drive in Your Country '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'm Gonna Be Somebody '' is a song written by Jill Colucci and Stewart Harris , and recorded by American country music artist Travis Tritt . It released in May 1990 as the third single from his debut album Country Club . It reached number 2 in the United States , behind Shenandoah 's `` Next to You , Next to Me '' , while it became his second number - one hit in Canada . Contents 1 Content 2 Personnel 3 Chart positions 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a moderate up - tempo describing a young male named Bobby , who lives in a lower - class community with rather difficult economical issues . Bobby is an aspiring young singer and musician whose lifelong dream is to have a successful career in the music business ; however , people in his community beg to differ and advise Bobby to instead choose a more realistic source of income , as they believe a career in music is not a good option ; Bobby ignores their advice and continues his quest to pursue his dreams and prove all of the nonbelievers wrong . A decade passes before Bobby finally achieves those dreams ; he is now the most successful recording artist ( presumably in country music ) with a top concert tour and number - one radio singles to his credit . Bobby subsequently performs a homecoming concert at the height of his career ; and during his performance , he happens to hear a singing voice coming from the front row of the audience , which is revealed to be another young male who has the exact same dreams and ambitions that Bobby once had long ago . Personnel ( edit ) The following musicians play on this track : Mike Brignardello -- bass guitar Larry Byrom -- acoustic guitar Wendell Cox -- electric guitar solo Paul Franklin -- pedal steel guitar , lap steel guitar Jack Holder -- electric guitar Dana McVicker -- background vocals Mark O'Connor -- fiddle Bobby Ogdin -- piano , keyboards Jim `` Jimmy Joe '' Ruggierre -- harmonica Steve Turner -- drums , percussion Reggie Young -- electric guitar Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 20 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 33 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc . pp. 427 -- 428 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Country Club ( cassette liner ) . Travis Tritt . Warner Bros. Records . 1989 . 4 - 26094 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 25 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Tritt Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . December 22 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1990 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Travis Tritt singles Country Club `` Country Club '' `` Help Me Hold On '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Somebody '' `` Put Some Drive in Your Country '' `` Drift Off to Dream '' It 's All About to Change `` Here 's a Quarter ( Call Someone Who Cares ) '' `` Anymore '' `` The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' '' ( With Marty Stuart ) `` Nothing Short of Dying '' T-R-O-U-B-L-E `` Lord Have Mercy on the Working Man '' `` Can I Trust You with My Heart '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Looking Out for Number One '' `` Worth Every Mile '' Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof `` Foolish Pride '' `` Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof '' `` Between an Old Memory and Me '' `` Tell Me I Was Dreaming '' Greatest Hits : From the Beginning `` Sometimes She Forgets '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' The Restless Kind `` More Than You 'll Ever Know '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` She 's Going Home with Me '' `` Helping Me Get Over You '' ( With Lari White ) `` Still in Love with You '' No More Looking over My Shoulder `` If I Lost You '' `` No More Looking Over My Shoulder '' `` Start the Car '' Down the Road I Go `` Best of Intentions '' `` It 's a Great Day to Be Alive '' `` Love of a Woman '' `` Modern Day Bonnie and Clyde '' Strong Enough `` Strong Enough to Be Your Man '' `` Country Ai n't Country '' My Honky Tonk History `` The Girl 's Gone Wild '' `` What Say You '' ( with John Mellencamp ) `` I See Me '' The Storm `` You Never Take Me Dancing '' `` Something Stronger Than Me '' The Calm After ... `` Sometimes Love Just Ai n't Enough '' ( With Tyler Reese ) Other songs `` This One 's Gonna Hurt You ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' ( with Marty Stuart ) `` Take It Easy '' `` The Devil Comes Back to Georgia '' ( With Mark O'Connor , Charlie Daniels , Johnny Cash , and Marty Stuart ) `` Honky Tonkin 's What I Do Best '' ( With Marty Stuart ) `` Hope '' `` Here 's Your Sign ( Get the Picture ) '' ( With Bill Engvall ) `` Same Old Train '' `` Out of Control Raging Fire '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Southern Boy '' ( with Charlie Daniels ) `` Bible Belt '' ( with Little Feat ) `` Move It On Over '' `` Lonesome , On'ry and Mean '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Gonna_Be_Somebody&oldid=847149530 '' Categories : 1990 singles Travis Tritt songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Jill Colucci Warner Bros. Records singles Songs written by Stewart Harris 1990 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 07 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | travis tritt i am going to be somebody | [] | [] |
5219206301452379241 | List of the highest major summits of the United States | List of the highest major summits of the United States - wikipedia List of the highest major summits of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Further information : List of mountain peaks of the United States See also : List of the most prominent summits of the United States and List of the most isolated major summits of the United States Denali in Alaska is the highest mountain peak of the United States and North America . Denali is the third-most topographically prominent and third-most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of the United States with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways : The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 meters ( 19,685 feet ) elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 meters ( 16,404 feet ) , nine exceed 4500 meters ( 14,764 feet ) , 104 exceed 4000 meters ( 13,123 feet ) , 220 exceed 3500 meters ( 11,483 feet ) , and 302 major summits exceed 3000 meters ' ( 9843 feet ) elevation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest major summits 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Highest major summits ( edit ) Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX See also : List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States , List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States , and List of United States fourteeners Of these 200 highest major summits of the United States , 88 are located in Colorado , 49 in Alaska , 22 in California , 14 in Wyoming , eight in New Mexico , five in Utah , four in Nevada , three in Montana , two in Washington , two in Hawai ʻi , two in Idaho , and one in Arizona . Five of these peaks lie on the international border between Alaska and Yukon , and two lie on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The ten highest major summits of the United States are all located in Alaska . The 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain Peak State Mountain Range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali Alaska Alaska Range 7003619050000000000 ♠ 20,310 ft 6190.5 m 7003614050000000000 ♠ 20,146 ft 6141 m 7006745024000000000 ♠ 4,629 mi 7,450 km 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003548900000000000 ♠ 18,009 ft 5489 m 7003342900000000000 ♠ 11,250 ft 3429 m 7004412500000000000 ♠ 25.6 mi 41.3 km 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W / 60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307 ( Mount Saint Elias ) Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 7003530353100000000 ♠ 17,400 ft 5304 m 7003220980400000000 ♠ 7,250 ft 2210 m 7004229600000000000 ♠ 14.27 mi 23.0 km 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998 ( Mount Foraker ) Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003504445000000000 ♠ 16,550 ft 5044 m 7003210312399999999 ♠ 6,900 ft 2103 m 7004800400000000000 ♠ 49.7 mi 80.0 km 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W / 61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495 ( Mount Bona ) 5 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003499568200000000 ♠ 16,390 ft 4996 m 7003354787900000000 ♠ 11,640 ft 3548 m 7004976400000000000 ♠ 60.7 mi 97.6 km 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W / 61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031 ( Mount Blackburn ) 6 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003494904700099999 ♠ 16,237 ft 4949 m 7003234300200000000 ♠ 7,687 ft 2343 m 7004647900000000000 ♠ 40.3 mi 64.8 km 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W / 62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292 ( Mount Sanford ) 7 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003467100000000000 ♠ 15,325 ft 4671 m 7003396100000000000 ♠ 12,995 ft 3961 m 7005200280000000000 ♠ 124.4 mi 200 km 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W / 58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265 ( Mount Fairweather ) 8 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003455700000000000 ♠ 14,951 ft 4557 m 7003245700000000000 ♠ 8,061 ft 2457 m 7004343500000000000 ♠ 21.3 mi 34.4 km 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W / 60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726 ( Mount Hubbard ) 9 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003452049800099999 ♠ 14,831 ft 4520 m 7003154049800000000 ♠ 5,054 ft 1540 m 7004324200000000000 ♠ 20.1 mi 32.4 km 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W / 61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433 ( Mount Bear ) 10 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 7003444185900000000 ♠ 14,573 ft 4442 m 7003141823700000000 ♠ 4,653 ft 1418 m 7004110700000000000 ♠ 6.88 mi 11.07 km 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W / 62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915 ( Mount Hunter ) 11 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 7003442100000000000 ♠ 14,505 ft 4421.0 m 7003307239000000000 ♠ 10,080 ft 3072 m 7006264947000000000 ♠ 1,646 mi 2,649 km 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920 ( Mount Whitney ) 12 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003441960900000000 ♠ 14,500 ft 4420 m 7002594361000000000 ♠ 1,950 ft 594 m 7003362000000000000 ♠ 2.25 mi 3.62 km 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749 ( Mount Alverstone ) 13 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003441046500000000 ♠ 14,470 ft 4410 m 7002978410000000000 ♠ 3,210 ft 978 m 7003597000000000000 ♠ 3.71 mi 5.97 km 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867 ( University Peak ) 14 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 7003440120000000000 ♠ 14,440 ft 4401.2 m 7003277155200000000 ♠ 9,093 ft 2772 m 7006107915000000000 ♠ 671 mi 1,079 km 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454 ( Mount Elbert ) 15 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439761700000000 ♠ 14,428 ft 4398 m 7002597714000000000 ♠ 1,961 ft 598 m 7003814000000000000 ♠ 5.06 mi 8.14 km 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W / 39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757 ( Mount Massive ) 16 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439560000000000 ♠ 14,421 ft 4395.6 m 7002719328999900000 ♠ 2,360 ft 719 m 7004240100000000000 ♠ 14.92 mi 24.0 km 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W / 38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207 ( Mount Harvard ) 17 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 7003439439600000000 ♠ 14,417 ft 4394 m 7003402641600000000 ♠ 13,210 ft 4026 m 7006117672000000000 ♠ 731 mi 1,177 km 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604 ( Mount Rainier ) 18 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 7003438270600000000 ♠ 14,379 ft 4383 m 7002510706000000000 ♠ 1,676 ft 511 m 7003870000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.70 km 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W / 36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111 ( Mount Williamson ) 19 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003437412000000000 ♠ 14,351 ft 4374 m 7003162336800000000 ♠ 5,326 ft 1623 m 7005166360000000000 ♠ 103.4 mi 166.4 km 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856 ( Blanca Peak ) 20 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003437160500099999 ♠ 14,343 ft 4372 m 7002559614000000000 ♠ 1,836 ft 560 m 7004101100000000000 ♠ 6.28 mi 10.11 km 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729 ( La Plata Peak ) 21 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003436500000000000 ♠ 14,321 ft 4365.0 m 7003130363200000000 ♠ 4,277 ft 1304 m 7005136810000000000 ♠ 85.0 mi 136.8 km 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W / 38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621 ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 22 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 7003435857200000000 ♠ 14,300 ft 4359 m 7003138805900000000 ♠ 4,554 ft 1388 m 7004440400000000000 ♠ 27.4 mi 44.0 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W / 37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855 ( Crestone Peak ) 23 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 7003435650000000000 ♠ 14,293 ft 4356.5 m 7003117714000000000 ♠ 3,862 ft 1177 m 7004362200000000000 ♠ 22.5 mi 36.2 km 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W / 39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116 ( Mount Lincoln ) 24 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003435220000000000 ♠ 14,279 ft 4352.2 m 7002720852999900000 ♠ 2,365 ft 721 m 7004335700000000000 ♠ 20.9 mi 33.6 km 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614 ( Castle Peak ) 25 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 7003435200000000000 ♠ 14,278 ft 4352 m 7002844298000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004402400000000000 ♠ 25.0 mi 40.2 km 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176 ( Grays Peak ) 26 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 7003435140000099999 ♠ 14,276 ft 4351.4 m 7002762916000000000 ♠ 2,503 ft 763 m 7004284400000000000 ♠ 17.67 mi 28.4 km 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W / 38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462 ( Mount Antero ) 27 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 7003434979800000000 ♠ 14,271 ft 4350 m 7002844269000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004157600000000000 ♠ 9.79 mi 15.76 km 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W / 39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438 ( Mount Evans ) 28 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 7003434600000000000 ♠ 14,259 ft 4346 m 7002896114000000000 ♠ 2,940 ft 896 m 7004701800000000000 ♠ 43.6 mi 70.2 km 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W / 40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151 ( Longs Peak ) 29 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003434408900000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344 m 7003122651800000000 ♠ 4,024 ft 1227 m 7004531300000000000 ♠ 33.0 mi 53.1 km 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916 ( Mount Wilson ) 30 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 7003434400000000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344.0 m 7003219334500099999 ♠ 7,196 ft 2193 m 7005108550000000000 ♠ 67.4 mi 108.6 km 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W / 37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557 ( White Mountain Peak ) 31 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 7003434283000000000 ♠ 14,248 ft 4343 m 7002882093000000000 ♠ 2,894 ft 882 m 7004517600000000000 ♠ 32.2 mi 51.8 km 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W / 37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145 ( North Palisade ) 32 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432930000000000 ♠ 14,204 ft 4329.3 m 7002663551000000000 ♠ 2,177 ft 664 m 7003836000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.36 km 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W / 38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424 ( Mount Princeton ) 33 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432820000000000 ♠ 14,200 ft 4328.2 m 7002577902000000000 ♠ 1,896 ft 578 m 7003893000000000000 ♠ 5.55 mi 8.93 km 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138 ( Mount Yale ) 34 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 7003432180000000000 ♠ 14,179 ft 4321.8 m 7003297851200000000 ♠ 9,772 ft 2979 m 7005538680000000000 ♠ 335 mi 539 km 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W / 41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949 ( Mount Shasta ) 35 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003431700000000000 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317.0 m 7002712014000000000 ♠ 2,336 ft 712 m 7004129700000000000 ♠ 8.06 mi 12.97 km 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W / 39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890 ( Maroon Peak ) 36 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003431689100099999 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317 m 7003171084600000000 ♠ 5,613 ft 1711 m 7004238100000000000 ♠ 14.79 mi 23.8 km 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W / 62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187 ( Mount Wrangell ) 37 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 7003431540000099999 ♠ 14,158 ft 4315.4 m 7002929642000000000 ♠ 3,050 ft 930 m 7004252800000000000 ♠ 15.71 mi 25.3 km 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923 ( Mount Sneffels ) 38 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003430882400099999 ♠ 14,137 ft 4309 m 7002533401000099999 ♠ 1,750 ft 533 m 7004119800000000000 ♠ 7.44 mi 11.98 km 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829 ( Capitol Peak ) 39 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 7003430231000000000 ♠ 14,115 ft 4302.31 m 7003168554700000000 ♠ 5,530 ft 1686 m 7004975600000000000 ♠ 60.6 mi 97.6 km 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442 ( Pikes Peak ) 40 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003429551100000000 ♠ 14,093 ft 4296 m 7002666599000000000 ♠ 2,187 ft 667 m 7004424000000000000 ♠ 26.3 mi 42.4 km 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W / 37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919 ( Windom Peak ) 41 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003428854500000000 ♠ 14,070 ft 4289 m 7003154900000000000 ♠ 5,082 ft 1549 m 7004231900000000000 ♠ 14.41 mi 23.2 km 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584 ( Mount Augusta ) 42 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003428480000000000 ♠ 14,058 ft 4284.8 m 7002581559999900000 ♠ 1,908 ft 582 m 7004180000000000000 ♠ 11.18 mi 18.00 km 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W / 37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044 ( Handies Peak ) 43 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 7003428327400000000 ♠ 14,053 ft 4283 m 7003147127300000000 ♠ 4,827 ft 1471 m 7004569400000000000 ♠ 35.4 mi 56.9 km 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W / 37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858 ( Culebra Peak ) 44 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003427380000000000 ♠ 14,022 ft 4273.8 m 7002948844000000000 ♠ 3,113 ft 949 m 7004433700000000000 ♠ 26.9 mi 43.4 km 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W / 37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313 ( San Luis Peak ) 45 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 7003427051000000000 ♠ 14,011 ft 4270.5 m 7002644034000000000 ♠ 2,113 ft 644 m 7004296300000000000 ♠ 18.41 mi 29.6 km 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W / 39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817 ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 46 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003426560000000000 ♠ 13,995 ft 4265.6 m 7002587655999900000 ♠ 1,928 ft 588 m 7004108900000000000 ♠ 6.77 mi 10.89 km 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W / 39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976 ( Grizzly Peak ) 47 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 7003426478300000000 ♠ 13,992 ft 4265 m 7002781203999900000 ♠ 2,563 ft 781 m 7004236700000000000 ♠ 14.71 mi 23.7 km 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730 ( Mount Humphreys ) 48 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 7003426168800000000 ♠ 13,982 ft 4262 m 7002590000000000000 ♠ 1,936 ft 590 m 7003497000000000000 ♠ 3.09 mi 4.97 km 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W / 36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436 ( Mount Keith ) 49 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 7003425549999999999 ♠ 13,961 ft 4255.4 m 7002810465000000000 ♠ 2,659 ft 810 m 7004218600000000000 ♠ 13.58 mi 21.9 km 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W / 38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247 ( Mount Ouray ) 50 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003423672700000000 ♠ 13,900 ft 4237 m 7002641605000000000 ♠ 2,105 ft 642 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W / 37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285 ( Vermilion Peak ) 51 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003422453600000000 ♠ 13,860 ft 4225 m 7002673609000000000 ♠ 2,210 ft 674 m 7003586000000000000 ♠ 3.64 mi 5.86 km 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W / 61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414 ( Atna Peaks ) 52 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003421996400000000 ♠ 13,845 ft 4220 m 7003133959900000000 ♠ 4,395 ft 1340 m 7004197200000000000 ♠ 12.25 mi 19.72 km 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675 ( Regal Mountain ) 53 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 7003421758299999999 ♠ 13,837 ft 4218 m 7002576378000000000 ♠ 1,891 ft 576 m 7004114800000000000 ♠ 7.13 mi 11.48 km 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W / 37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721 ( Mount Darwin ) 54 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 7003421600200000000 ♠ 13,832 ft 4216 m 7003350734100000000 ♠ 11,507 ft 3507 m 7005202000000000000 ♠ 125.5 mi 202 km 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W / 63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178 ( Mount Hayes ) 55 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 7003421500000000000 ♠ 13,829 ft 4215.0 m 7002695860000000000 ♠ 2,283 ft 696 m 7003882000000000000 ♠ 5.48 mi 8.82 km 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W / 39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054 ( Mount Silverheels ) 56 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003421449999999999 ♠ 13,827 ft 4214.4 m 7002573330000000000 ♠ 1,881 ft 573 m 7004173100000000000 ♠ 10.76 mi 17.31 km 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W / 37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924 ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 57 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003420910000000000 ♠ 13,809 ft 4209.1 m 7003215676900099999 ♠ 7,076 ft 2157 m 7005467280000000000 ♠ 290 mi 467 km 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W / 43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542 ( Gannett Peak ) 58 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 7003420851000000000 ♠ 13,807 ft 4209 m 7002617831000000000 ♠ 2,027 ft 618 m 7004172700000000000 ♠ 10.73 mi 17.27 km 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785 ( Mount Kaweah ) 59 Mauna Kea Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207.3 m 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207 m 7006394700000000000 ♠ 2,453 mi 3,947 km 19 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 05 '' W / 19.8207 ° N 155.4681 ° W / 19.8207 ; - 155.4681 ( Mauna Kea ) 60 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 7003419870000000000 ♠ 13,775 ft 4198.7 m 7003199492000000000 ♠ 6,545 ft 1995 m 7005111610000000000 ♠ 69.4 mi 111.6 km 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024 ( Grand Teton ) 61 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003419405700000000 ♠ 13,760 ft 4194 m 7003235001300000000 ♠ 7,710 ft 2350 m 7004234000000000000 ♠ 14.54 mi 23.4 km 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W / 60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811 ( Mount Cook ) 62 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 7003419349999999999 ♠ 13,758 ft 4193.4 m 7002807112000000000 ♠ 2,648 ft 807 m 7004158700000000000 ♠ 9.86 mi 15.87 km 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W / 37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329 ( Mount Morgan ) 63 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 7003419022300000000 ♠ 13,747 ft 4190 m 7002792785999900000 ♠ 2,601 ft 793 m 7003689000000000000 ♠ 4.28 mi 6.89 km 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025 ( Mount Gabb ) 64 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003417281400000000 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002639776000000000 ♠ 2,099 ft 640 m 7004120900000000000 ♠ 7.51 mi 12.09 km 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W / 39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705 ( Bald Mountain ) 65 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003417266799999999 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002507188000000000 ♠ 1,664 ft 507 m 7003871000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.71 km 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936 ( Mount Oso ) 66 Mauna Loa Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003416936800000000 ♠ 13,679 ft 4169 m 7003216378000000000 ♠ 7,099 ft 2164 m 7004408300000000000 ♠ 25.4 mi 40.8 km 19 ° 28 ′ 32 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W / 19.4756 ° N 155.6054 ° W / 19.4756 ; - 155.6054 ( Mauna Loa ) 67 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 7003416850000000000 ♠ 13,676 ft 4168.5 m 7002551689000099999 ♠ 1,810 ft 552 m 7003516000000000000 ♠ 3.21 mi 5.16 km 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W / 39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367 ( Mount Jackson ) 68 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 7003416251700000000 ♠ 13,657 ft 4163 m 7002607163000000000 ♠ 1,992 ft 607 m 7003767000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.67 km 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W / 37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789 ( Mount Tom ) 69 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 7003415949200000000 ♠ 13,647 ft 4159 m 7002518466000000000 ♠ 1,701 ft 518 m 7003874000000000000 ♠ 5.43 mi 8.74 km 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W / 39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044 ( Bard Peak ) 70 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003415468099999999 ♠ 13,631 ft 4155 m 7003112349500099999 ♠ 3,686 ft 1123 m 7004319800000000000 ♠ 19.87 mi 32.0 km 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934 ( West Spanish Peak ) 71 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 7003414096299900000 ♠ 13,586 ft 4141 m 7002914402000000000 ♠ 3,000 ft 914 m 7004346000000000000 ♠ 21.5 mi 34.6 km 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407 ( Mount Powell ) 72 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 7003413700000000000 ♠ 13,573 ft 4137 m 7002737617000000000 ♠ 2,420 ft 738 m 7004252600000000000 ♠ 15.70 mi 25.3 km 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W / 40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464 ( Hagues Peak ) 73 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 7003413467000000000 ♠ 13,565 ft 4135 m 7002712929000000000 ♠ 2,339 ft 713 m 7004155000000000000 ♠ 9.63 mi 15.50 km 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W / 37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432 ( Mount Dubois ) 74 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003413245399900000 ♠ 13,558 ft 4132 m 7002503531000000000 ♠ 1,652 ft 504 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230 ( Tower Mountain ) 75 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003412535099999999 ♠ 13,535 ft 4125 m 7002861976000000000 ♠ 2,828 ft 862 m 7004111300000000000 ♠ 6.92 mi 11.13 km 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228 ( Treasure Mountain ) 76 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 7003412514999999999 ♠ 13,534 ft 4125 m 7003193792200000000 ♠ 6,358 ft 1938 m 7005268040000000000 ♠ 166.6 mi 268 km 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W / 40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729 ( Kings Peak ) 77 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 7003411718099999999 ♠ 13,508 ft 4117 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7004247500000000000 ♠ 15.38 mi 24.8 km 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504 ( North Arapaho Peak ) 78 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 7003411478899900000 ♠ 13,500 ft 4115 m 7002643000000000000 ♠ 2,110 ft 643 m 7003758000000000000 ♠ 4.71 mi 7.58 km 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W / 36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054 ( Mount Pinchot ) 79 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003409499600000000 ♠ 13,435 ft 4095 m 7003182423200000000 ♠ 5,985 ft 1824 m 7004249300000000000 ♠ 15.49 mi 24.9 km 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W / 61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030 ( Mount Natazhat ) 80 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003409072900000000 ♠ 13,421 ft 4091 m 7003145420400000000 ♠ 4,771 ft 1454 m 7004179500000000000 ♠ 11.15 mi 17.95 km 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W / 62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198 ( Mount Jarvis ) 81 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 7003408334800000000 ♠ 13,397 ft 4083 m 7002524256999999999 ♠ 1,720 ft 524 m 7004152200000000000 ♠ 9.46 mi 15.22 km 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W / 39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132 ( Parry Peak ) 82 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 7003408088600000000 ♠ 13,389 ft 4081 m 7002512675000099999 ♠ 1,682 ft 513 m 7003600000000000000 ♠ 3.73 mi 6.00 km 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102 ( Bill Williams Peak ) 83 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003407622400000000 ♠ 13,373 ft 4076 m 7002569368000000000 ♠ 1,868 ft 569 m 7003739000000000000 ♠ 4.59 mi 7.39 km 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W / 37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038 ( Sultan Mountain ) 84 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003406768000000000 ♠ 13,345 ft 4068 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003745000000000000 ♠ 4.63 mi 7.45 km 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W / 37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949 ( Mount Herard ) 85 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 7003406360700000000 ♠ 13,332 ft 4064 m 7002605333999900000 ♠ 1,986 ft 605 m 7004154600000000000 ♠ 9.61 mi 15.46 km 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249 ( West Buffalo Peak ) 86 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003405842000000000 ♠ 13,315 ft 4058 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7003534000000000000 ♠ 3.32 mi 5.34 km 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W / 61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664 ( Tressider Peak ) 87 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003405620000000000 ♠ 13,308 ft 4056.2 m 7002841250000000000 ♠ 2,760 ft 841 m 7004636600000000000 ♠ 39.6 mi 63.7 km 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W / 37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968 ( Summit Peak ) 88 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003405565700000000 ♠ 13,306 ft 4056 m 7002597418000000000 ♠ 1,960 ft 597 m 7003769000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.69 km 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082 ( Middle Peak ) 89 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404628200000000 ♠ 13,275 ft 4046 m 7002734265000000000 ♠ 2,409 ft 734 m 7004108600000000000 ♠ 6.75 mi 10.86 km 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W / 38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180 ( Antora Peak ) 90 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404186400000000 ♠ 13,261 ft 4042 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7004176100000000000 ♠ 10.94 mi 17.61 km 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W / 38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211 ( Henry Mountain ) 91 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 7003403477200000000 ♠ 13,237 ft 4035 m 7002869291000000000 ♠ 2,852 ft 869 m 7004394700000000000 ♠ 24.5 mi 39.5 km 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W / 37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890 ( Hesperus Mountain ) 92 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 7003402946400000000 ♠ 13,220 ft 4029 m 7002987554000000000 ♠ 3,240 ft 988 m 7004127200000000000 ♠ 7.90 mi 12.72 km 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755 ( Mount Silverthrone ) 93 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 7003402675800000000 ♠ 13,211 ft 4027 m 7002629413000000000 ♠ 2,065 ft 629 m 7003728000000000000 ♠ 4.52 mi 7.28 km 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W / 39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970 ( Jacque Peak ) 94 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003402606400000000 ♠ 13,209 ft 4026 m 7002531267000000000 ♠ 1,743 ft 531 m 7004274900000000000 ♠ 17.08 mi 27.5 km 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W / 37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343 ( Bennett Peak ) 95 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003402240000000000 ♠ 13,197 ft 4022.4 m 7002783947000000000 ♠ 2,572 ft 784 m 7004565600000000000 ♠ 35.1 mi 56.6 km 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284 ( Wind River Peak ) 96 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003401700000000000 ♠ 13,179 ft 4017.0 m 7002582779000000000 ♠ 1,912 ft 583 m 7004131200000000000 ♠ 8.15 mi 13.12 km 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W / 37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709 ( Conejos Peak ) 97 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003401605300000000 ♠ 13,176 ft 4016 m 7003327691100000000 ♠ 10,751 ft 3277 m 7005203300000000000 ♠ 126.3 mi 203 km 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W / 61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525 ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 98 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003215707400000000 ♠ 7,077 ft 2157 m 7005233380000000000 ♠ 145.0 mi 233 km 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W / 44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739 ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003103906500000000 ♠ 3,409 ft 1039 m 7004595700000000000 ♠ 37.0 mi 59.6 km 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169 ( Wheeler Peak ) 100 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003401230000000000 ♠ 13,164 ft 4012.3 m 7003123627100000000 ♠ 4,056 ft 1236 m 7004760200000000000 ♠ 47.2 mi 76.0 km 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392 ( Francs Peak ) 101 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003401210300000000 ♠ 13,163 ft 4012 m 7002712624000000000 ♠ 2,338 ft 713 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270 ( Twilight Peak ) 102 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003400940000000000 ♠ 13,154 ft 4009.4 m 7002746152000000000 ♠ 2,448 ft 746 m 7004339900000000000 ♠ 21.1 mi 34.0 km 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W / 37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815 ( South River Peak ) 103 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 7003400778000000000 ♠ 13,149 ft 4008 m 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3,990 ft 1216 m 7004354300000000000 ♠ 22.0 mi 35.4 km 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996 ( Mount Ritter ) 104 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003400179100000000 ♠ 13,129 ft 4002 m 7002528981000000000 ♠ 1,736 ft 529 m 7004133800000000000 ♠ 8.31 mi 13.38 km 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693 ( Red Slate Mountain ) 105 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 7003399890000000000 ♠ 13,120 ft 3998.9 m 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1,926 ft 587 m 7003846000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.46 km 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W / 37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716 ( Mount Lyell ) 106 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003399580000000000 ♠ 13,110 ft 3995.8 m 7002733045000000000 ♠ 2,405 ft 733 m 7004178200000000000 ♠ 11.07 mi 17.82 km 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W / 38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892 ( Bushnell Peak ) 107 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003399520000000000 ♠ 13,108 ft 3995.2 m 7003121950700000000 ♠ 4,001 ft 1220 m 7004681500000000000 ♠ 42.3 mi 68.2 km 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450 ( Truchas Peak ) 108 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 7003398230000000000 ♠ 13,065 ft 3982.3 m 7003230673100000000 ♠ 7,568 ft 2307 m 7005373020000000000 ♠ 232 mi 373 km 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139 ( Wheeler Peak ) 109 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 7003398148700000000 ♠ 13,063 ft 3981.5 m 7002742799000000000 ♠ 2,437 ft 743 m 7004183500000000000 ♠ 11.40 mi 18.35 km 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W / 37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211 ( Mount Dana ) 110 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003397520000000000 ♠ 13,042 ft 3975.2 m 7002943358000000000 ♠ 3,095 ft 943 m 7004221800000000000 ♠ 13.78 mi 22.2 km 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W / 38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994 ( West Elk Peak ) 111 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 7003396850400000000 ♠ 13,020 ft 3969 m 7003121005800000000 ♠ 3,970 ft 1210 m 7004164100000000000 ♠ 10.20 mi 16.41 km 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982 ( Mount Moffit ) 112 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003396727000000000 ♠ 13,016 ft 3967 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003461000000000000 ♠ 2.86 mi 4.61 km 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446 ( Mount Centennial ) 113 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 7003394840000000000 ♠ 12,954 ft 3948.4 m 7002844602000000000 ♠ 2,771 ft 845 m 7004264000000000000 ♠ 16.40 mi 26.4 km 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300 ( Clark Peak ) 114 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 7003394577800000000 ♠ 12,945 ft 3946 m 7002816866000000000 ♠ 2,680 ft 817 m 7004155400000000000 ♠ 9.66 mi 15.54 km 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W / 40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945 ( Mount Richthofen ) 115 Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003392800000000000 ♠ 12,887 ft 3928 m 7002908000000000000 ♠ 2,979 ft 908 m 7003879000000000000 ♠ 5.46 mi 8.79 km 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W / 58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001 ( Mount Root ) 116 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003391582100000000 ♠ 12,847 ft 3916 m 7002579731000000000 ♠ 1,902 ft 580 m 7004104000000000000 ♠ 6.46 mi 10.40 km 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978 ( Lizard Head Peak ) 117 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 7003390350000000000 ♠ 12,807 ft 3903.5 m 7003145664200000000 ♠ 4,779 ft 1457 m 7005138450000000000 ♠ 86.0 mi 138.5 km 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W / 45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075 ( Granite Peak ) 118 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 7003390144800000000 ♠ 12,800 ft 3901 m 7002502921000000000 ♠ 1,650 ft 503 m 7003822000000000000 ♠ 5.11 mi 8.22 km 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W / 63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763 ( Mount Crosson ) 119 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003388298100000000 ♠ 12,739 ft 3883 m 7002905563000000000 ♠ 2,971 ft 906 m 7004189900000000000 ♠ 11.80 mi 18.99 km 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933 ( Venado Peak ) 120 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003387910000000000 ♠ 12,727 ft 3879.1 m 7002750114000000000 ♠ 2,461 ft 750 m 7004143000000000000 ♠ 8.89 mi 14.30 km 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W / 39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822 ( Chair Mountain ) 121 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 7003387900000000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003188397300000000 ♠ 6,181 ft 1884 m 7005117140000000000 ♠ 72.8 mi 117.1 km 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W / 38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292 ( Mount Peale ) 122 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003387889300000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003218724900099999 ♠ 7,176 ft 2187 m 7004314100000000000 ♠ 19.52 mi 31.4 km 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W / 58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712 ( Mount Crillon ) 123 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003387870000000000 ♠ 12,725 ft 3878.7 m 7003107868900000000 ♠ 3,539 ft 1079 m 7004190500000000000 ♠ 11.84 mi 19.05 km 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W / 38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826 ( Mount Gunnison ) 124 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003386715800000000 ♠ 12,688 ft 3867 m 7002726340000000000 ♠ 2,383 ft 726 m 7003678000000000000 ♠ 4.21 mi 6.78 km 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201 ( East Spanish Peak ) 125 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 7003386120000000000 ♠ 12,668 ft 3861.2 m 7003182940000000000 ♠ 6,002 ft 1829 m 7005242620000000000 ♠ 150.8 mi 243 km 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811 ( Borah Peak ) 126 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 7003386029200000000 ♠ 12,665 ft 3860 m 7002877826000000000 ♠ 2,880 ft 878 m 7004120400000000000 ♠ 7.48 mi 12.04 km 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078 ( Mount Wood ) 127 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003385816600000000 ♠ 12,658 ft 3858 m 7002642520000000000 ♠ 2,108 ft 643 m 7004110400000000000 ♠ 6.86 mi 11.04 km 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140 ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 128 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 7003385550000000000 ♠ 12,649 ft 3855.5 m 7002807722000000000 ♠ 2,650 ft 808 m 7004115500000000000 ♠ 7.18 mi 11.55 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W / 37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213 ( Mount Conness ) 129 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 7003385189100000000 ♠ 12,637 ft 3852 m 7003184069100000000 ♠ 6,039 ft 1841 m 7005395660000000000 ♠ 246 mi 396 km 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W / 35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780 ( Humphreys Peak ) 130 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003385010000000000 ♠ 12,632 ft 3850.1 m 7002610211000000000 ♠ 2,002 ft 610 m 7004176900000000000 ♠ 10.99 mi 17.69 km 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W / 35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581 ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 131 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003385004400000000 ♠ 12,631 ft 3850 m 7002501397000000000 ♠ 1,645 ft 501 m 7003439000000000000 ♠ 2.73 mi 4.39 km 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W / 38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107 ( Gothic Mountain ) 132 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002814427000000000 ♠ 2,672 ft 814 m 7004156700000000000 ♠ 9.74 mi 15.67 km 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W / 45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305 ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002692812000000000 ♠ 2,273 ft 693 m 7004135200000000000 ♠ 8.40 mi 13.52 km 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W / 37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556 ( Lone Cone ) 134 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 7003384350000000000 ♠ 12,610 ft 3843.5 m 7002806198000000000 ♠ 2,645 ft 806 m 7003994000000000000 ♠ 6.18 mi 9.94 km 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W / 43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765 ( Mount Moran ) 135 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003384231600000000 ♠ 12,606 ft 3842 m 7002611429999900000 ♠ 2,006 ft 611 m 7003363000000000000 ♠ 2.26 mi 3.63 km 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W / 58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938 ( Tlingit Peak ) 136 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 7003383680000000000 ♠ 12,588 ft 3836.8 m 7002744933000000000 ♠ 2,444 ft 745 m 7004124800000000000 ♠ 7.75 mi 12.48 km 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W / 36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229 ( Little Costilla Peak ) 137 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 7003382524800000000 ♠ 12,550 ft 3825 m 7002548641000099999 ♠ 1,800 ft 549 m 7003660000000000000 ♠ 4.10 mi 6.60 km 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W / 63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616 ( Mount Carpe ) 138 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003382380200000000 ♠ 12,545 ft 3824 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003954000000000000 ♠ 5.93 mi 9.54 km 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W / 36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373 ( Needham Mountain ) 139 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003382110000000000 ♠ 12,536 ft 3821.1 m 7002777546000000000 ♠ 2,551 ft 778 m 7004139000000000000 ♠ 8.64 mi 13.90 km 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W / 37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761 ( Graham Peak ) 140 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003381810000000000 ♠ 12,527 ft 3818.1 m 7002748590000000000 ♠ 2,456 ft 749 m 7004151100000000000 ♠ 9.39 mi 15.11 km 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799 ( Whetstone Mountain ) 141 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 7003381762800000000 ♠ 12,525 ft 3818 m 7002662941000000000 ♠ 2,175 ft 663 m 7003555000000000000 ♠ 3.45 mi 5.55 km 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W / 63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394 ( Kahiltna Dome ) 142 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003381640800000000 ♠ 12,521 ft 3816 m 7002997003000000000 ♠ 3,271 ft 997 m 7004327700000000000 ♠ 20.4 mi 32.8 km 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W / 61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460 ( Mount Thor ) 143 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003380909300000000 ♠ 12,497 ft 3809 m 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1,932 ft 589 m 7003405000000000000 ♠ 2.52 mi 4.05 km 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W / 59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541 ( Mount Watson ) 144 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003380848100000000 ♠ 12,495 ft 3808 m 7002655321000000000 ♠ 2,150 ft 655 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013 ( Atlantic Peak ) 145 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003380826900000000 ♠ 12,494 ft 3808 m 7002527610000000000 ♠ 1,731 ft 528 m 7003756000000000000 ♠ 4.70 mi 7.56 km 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081 ( Specimen Mountain ) 146 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 7003379330000000000 ♠ 12,445 ft 3793.3 m 7002823266000000000 ♠ 2,701 ft 823 m 7004182400000000000 ♠ 11.33 mi 18.24 km 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W / 36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134 ( Baldy Mountain ) 147 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003379210000000000 ♠ 12,441 ft 3792.1 m 7002759563000000000 ♠ 2,492 ft 760 m 7004100500000000000 ♠ 6.24 mi 10.05 km 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W / 38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233 ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 148 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 7003378996200000000 ♠ 12,434 ft 3790 m 7002536144000000000 ♠ 1,759 ft 536 m 7004133100000000000 ♠ 8.27 mi 13.31 km 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W / 39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050 ( Knobby Crest ) 149 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 7003378940000000000 ♠ 12,432 ft 3789.4 m 7002747066000000000 ♠ 2,451 ft 747 m 7004293400000000000 ♠ 18.23 mi 29.3 km 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W / 39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978 ( Bison Peak ) 150 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003377780000000000 ♠ 12,394 ft 3777.8 m 7002647701000000000 ♠ 2,125 ft 648 m 7003768000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.68 km 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445 ( Anthracite Peak ) 151 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003377628700000000 ♠ 12,389 ft 3776 m 7002537363000000000 ♠ 1,763 ft 537 m 7004126700000000000 ♠ 7.87 mi 12.67 km 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451 ( Matchless Mountain ) 152 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 7003376770000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.7 m 7003123566200000000 ♠ 4,054 ft 1236 m 7004656200000000000 ♠ 40.8 mi 65.6 km 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833 ( Flat Top Mountain ) 153 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 7003376750000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.5 m 7002553518000000000 ♠ 1,816 ft 554 m 7003792000000000000 ♠ 4.92 mi 7.92 km 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939 ( Mount Nystrom ) 154 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 7003376733600000000 ♠ 12,360 ft 3767 m 7002886970000000000 ♠ 2,910 ft 887 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W / 63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026 ( Moby Dick ) 155 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 7003376500000000000 ♠ 12,352 ft 3765.0 m 7003115123200000000 ♠ 3,777 ft 1151 m 7004406200000000000 ♠ 25.2 mi 40.6 km 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W / 37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133 ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 156 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003376294900000000 ♠ 12,346 ft 3763 m 7002682753000000000 ♠ 2,240 ft 683 m 7003826000000000000 ♠ 5.13 mi 8.26 km 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W / 37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580 ( Elliott Mountain ) 157 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 7003376093500000000 ♠ 12,339 ft 3761 m 7003158161000000000 ♠ 5,189 ft 1582 m 7004258800000000000 ♠ 16.08 mi 25.9 km 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W / 63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384 ( Mount Deborah ) 158 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 7003375777500000000 ♠ 12,329 ft 3758 m 7002653188000000000 ♠ 2,143 ft 653 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588 ( Twin Peaks ) 159 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003375640000000000 ♠ 12,324 ft 3756.4 m 7002517856000000000 ♠ 1,699 ft 518 m 7004268400000000000 ♠ 16.68 mi 26.8 km 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W / 44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112 ( Carter Mountain ) 160 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 7003374940000000000 ♠ 12,301 ft 3749.4 m 7002815646000000000 ♠ 2,676 ft 816 m 7004150700000000000 ♠ 9.36 mi 15.07 km 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W / 40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363 ( Parkview Mountain ) 161 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003374619000000000 ♠ 12,291 ft 3746 m 7002531572000000000 ♠ 1,744 ft 532 m 7003837000000000000 ♠ 5.20 mi 8.37 km 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W / 37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920 ( Cornwall Mountain ) 162 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 7003374340000000000 ♠ 12,281 ft 3743.4 m 7003247985800000000 ♠ 8,136 ft 2480 m 7004736300000000000 ♠ 45.8 mi 73.6 km 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W / 46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909 ( Mount Adams ) 163 Trout Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003373370000000000 ♠ 12,250 ft 3733.7 m 7003112898100000000 ♠ 3,704 ft 1129 m 7004457400000000000 ♠ 28.4 mi 45.7 km 44 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 109 ° 31 ′ 31 '' W / 44.6012 ° N 109.5253 ° W / 44.6012 ; - 109.5253 ( Trout Peak ) 164 Mount Huntington Alaska Alaska Range 7003373075900000000 ♠ 12,240 ft 3731 m 7002880874000000000 ♠ 2,890 ft 881 m 7003624000000000000 ♠ 3.88 mi 6.24 km 62 ° 58 ′ 04 '' N 150 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9677 ° N 150.8996 ° W / 62.9677 ; - 150.8996 ( Mount Huntington ) 165 Mount Huxley Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003372344400000000 ♠ 12,216 ft 3723 m 7002629718000000000 ♠ 2,066 ft 630 m 7003884000000000000 ♠ 5.49 mi 8.84 km 60 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 141 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 60.3279 ° N 141.1554 ° W / 60.3279 ; - 141.1554 ( Mount Huxley ) 166 Diamond Peak Idaho Lemhi Range 7003371930000000000 ♠ 12,202 ft 3719.3 m 7003164196100000000 ♠ 5,387 ft 1642 m 7004511800000000000 ♠ 31.8 mi 51.2 km 44 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 113 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 44.1414 ° N 113.0827 ° W / 44.1414 ; - 113.0827 ( Diamond Peak ) 167 Mount Jordan Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003371551900000000 ♠ 12,190 ft 3716 m 7002713232999900000 ♠ 2,340 ft 713 m 7004114000000000000 ♠ 7.08 mi 11.40 km 61 ° 23 ′ 55 '' N 141 ° 28 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3987 ° N 141.4700 ° W / 61.3987 ; - 141.4700 ( Mount Jordan ) 168 Mount Zirkel Colorado Park Range 7003371410300000000 ♠ 12,185 ft 3714 m 7003105765799999999 ♠ 3,470 ft 1058 m 7004606000000000000 ♠ 37.7 mi 60.6 km 40 ° 49 ′ 53 '' N 106 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W / 40.8313 ° N 106.6631 ° W / 40.8313 ; - 106.6631 ( Mount Zirkel ) 169 Delano Peak Utah Tushar Mountains 7003371070000000000 ♠ 12,174 ft 3710.7 m 7003143530600000000 ♠ 4,709 ft 1435 m 7005180480000000000 ♠ 112.1 mi 180.5 km 38 ° 22 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 22 ′ 17 '' W / 38.3692 ° N 112.3714 ° W / 38.3692 ; - 112.3714 ( Delano Peak ) 170 Mount Salisbury Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003370942300000000 ♠ 12,170 ft 3709 m 7003122529800000000 ♠ 4,020 ft 1225 m 7003490000000000000 ♠ 3.04 mi 4.90 km 58 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 137 ° 22 ′ 19 '' W / 58.8505 ° N 137.3719 ° W / 58.8505 ; - 137.3719 ( Mount Salisbury ) 171 Crested Butte Colorado Elk Mountains 7003370892500000000 ♠ 12,168 ft 3709 m 7002786995000000000 ♠ 2,582 ft 787 m 7003749000000000000 ♠ 4.65 mi 7.49 km 38 ° 53 ′ 01 '' N 106 ° 56 ′ 37 '' W / 38.8835 ° N 106.9436 ° W / 38.8835 ; - 106.9436 ( Crested Butte ) 172 Younts Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003370830000000000 ♠ 12,166 ft 3708.3 m 7002683058000000000 ♠ 2,241 ft 683 m 7004204400000000000 ♠ 12.70 mi 20.4 km 43 ° 58 ′ 55 '' N 109 ° 51 ′ 59 '' W / 43.9820 ° N 109.8665 ° W / 43.9820 ; - 109.8665 ( Younts Peak ) 173 Sawtooth Mountain Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003370420000000000 ♠ 12,153 ft 3704.2 m 7002587351000000000 ♠ 1,927 ft 587 m 7004269200000000000 ♠ 16.73 mi 26.9 km 38 ° 16 ′ 26 '' N 106 ° 52 ′ 01 '' W / 38.2740 ° N 106.8670 ° W / 38.2740 ; - 106.8670 ( Sawtooth Mountain ) 174 Olancha Peak California Sierra Nevada 7003369780000000000 ♠ 12,132 ft 3697.8 m 7002945796000000000 ♠ 3,103 ft 946 m 7004238900000000000 ♠ 14.84 mi 23.9 km 36 ° 15 ′ 55 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 06 '' W / 36.2652 ° N 118.1182 ° W / 36.2652 ; - 118.1182 ( Olancha Peak ) 175 Mount Mather Alaska Alaska Range 7003369509800000000 ♠ 12,123 ft 3695 m 7002875692000000000 ♠ 2,873 ft 876 m 7004149200000000000 ♠ 9.27 mi 14.92 km 63 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 150 ° 26 ′ 10 '' W / 63.1946 ° N 150.4362 ° W / 63.1946 ; - 150.4362 ( Mount Mather ) 176 Park Cone Colorado Sawatch Range 7003368996000000000 ♠ 12,106 ft 3690 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003553000000000000 ♠ 3.44 mi 5.53 km 38 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 10 '' W / 38.7967 ° N 106.6028 ° W / 38.7967 ; - 106.6028 ( Park Cone ) 177 Ibapah Peak Utah Deep Creek Range 7003368564200000000 ♠ 12,092 ft 3686 m 7003160538500000000 ♠ 5,267 ft 1605 m 7004984500000000000 ♠ 61.2 mi 98.5 km 39 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 39.8282 ° N 113.9200 ° W / 39.8282 ; - 113.9200 ( Ibapah Peak ) 178 Carbon Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003368430000000000 ♠ 12,088 ft 3684.3 m 7002664160999900000 ♠ 2,179 ft 664 m 7003631000000000000 ♠ 3.92 mi 6.31 km 38 ° 47 ′ 39 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 35 '' W / 38.7943 ° N 107.0431 ° W / 38.7943 ; - 107.0431 ( Carbon Peak ) 179 Glover Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003367963800000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3680 m 7002520000000000000 ♠ 1,706 ft 520 m 7003400000000000000 ♠ 2.49 mi 4.00 km 43 ° 09 ′ 32 '' N 109 ° 45 ′ 56 '' W / 43.1589 ° N 109.7656 ° W / 43.1589 ; - 109.7656 ( Glover Peak ) 180 Mount Moriah Nevada Snake Range 7003367960000000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3679.6 m 7003149611400000000 ♠ 4,909 ft 1496 m 7004327200000000000 ♠ 20.3 mi 32.7 km 39 ° 16 ′ 24 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 56 '' W / 39.2732 ° N 114.1988 ° W / 39.2732 ; - 114.1988 ( Mount Moriah ) 181 Mount Guero Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003367540000000000 ♠ 12,058 ft 3675.4 m 7002741275000000000 ♠ 2,432 ft 741 m 7004102700000000000 ♠ 6.38 mi 10.27 km 38 ° 43 ′ 11 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 10 '' W / 38.7196 ° N 107.3861 ° W / 38.7196 ; - 107.3861 ( Mount Guero ) 182 Siris Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003367284700000000 ♠ 12,050 ft 3673 m 7002792482000000000 ♠ 2,600 ft 792 m 7004258300000000000 ♠ 16.05 mi 25.8 km 60 ° 44 ′ 02 '' N 141 ° 00 ′ 50 '' W / 60.7340 ° N 141.0138 ° W / 60.7340 ; - 141.0138 ( Siris Peak ) 183 Red Table Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003367070000000000 ♠ 12,043 ft 3670.7 m 7002614783000000000 ♠ 2,017 ft 615 m 7004126800000000000 ♠ 7.88 mi 12.68 km 39 ° 25 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 16 '' W / 39.4181 ° N 106.7712 ° W / 39.4181 ; - 106.7712 ( Red Table Mountain ) 184 Chalk Benchmark Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003366930000000000 ♠ 12,038 ft 3669.3 m 7002600761999900000 ♠ 1,971 ft 601 m 7004116800000000000 ♠ 7.26 mi 11.68 km 37 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 45 ′ 00 '' W / 37.1418 ° N 106.7500 ° W / 37.1418 ; - 106.7500 ( Chalk Benchmark ) 185 Medicine Bow Peak Wyoming Medicine Bow Mountains 7003366240000000000 ♠ 12,016 ft 3662.4 m 7002988468000000000 ♠ 3,243 ft 988 m 7004653600000000000 ♠ 40.6 mi 65.4 km 41 ° 21 ′ 37 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W / 41.3603 ° N 106.3176 ° W / 41.3603 ; - 106.3176 ( Medicine Bow Peak ) 186 Mount Witherspoon Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003366126500000000 ♠ 12,012 ft 3661 m 7002658979000000000 ♠ 2,162 ft 659 m 7003963000000000000 ♠ 5.98 mi 9.63 km 61 ° 23 ′ 43 '' N 147 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W / 61.3954 ° N 147.2010 ° W / 61.3954 ; - 147.2010 ( Mount Witherspoon ) 187 Mount Zwischen Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003366091700000000 ♠ 12,011 ft 3661 m 7002690678000000000 ♠ 2,266 ft 691 m 7003714000000000000 ♠ 4.44 mi 7.14 km 37 ° 47 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 27 ′ 19 '' W / 37.7913 ° N 105.4554 ° W / 37.7913 ; - 105.4554 ( Mount Zwischen ) 188 Mount Drum Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003366065500000000 ♠ 12,010 ft 3661 m 7003206045200000000 ♠ 6,760 ft 2060 m 7004285400000000000 ♠ 17.73 mi 28.5 km 62 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 144 ° 38 ′ 22 '' W / 62.1159 ° N 144.6394 ° W / 62.1159 ; - 144.6394 ( Mount Drum ) 189 Little Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003365400000000000 ♠ 11,988 ft 3654.0 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003835000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.35 km 37 ° 55 ′ 39 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 27 '' W / 37.9275 ° N 108.0908 ° W / 37.9275 ; - 108.0908 ( Little Cone ) 190 Sierra Blanca Peak New Mexico Sacramento Mountains 7003365180000000000 ♠ 11,981 ft 3651.8 m 7003169255800000000 ♠ 5,553 ft 1693 m 7005266670000000000 ♠ 165.7 mi 267 km 33 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W / 33.3743 ° N 105.8087 ° W / 33.3743 ; - 105.8087 ( Sierra Blanca Peak ) 191 Mount Hope Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003364236700000000 ♠ 11,950 ft 3642 m 7002609601000000000 ♠ 2,000 ft 610 m 7003425000000000000 ♠ 2.64 mi 4.25 km 60 ° 42 ′ 14 '' N 141 ° 03 ′ 41 '' W / 60.7039 ° N 141.0614 ° W / 60.7039 ; - 141.0614 ( Mount Hope ) 192 Mount Jefferson Nevada Toquima Range 7003364129000000000 ♠ 11,946 ft 3641 m 7003178948400000000 ♠ 5,871 ft 1789 m 7005158710000000000 ♠ 98.6 mi 158.7 km 38 ° 45 ′ 07 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 36 '' W / 38.7519 ° N 116.9267 ° W / 38.7519 ; - 116.9267 ( Mount Jefferson ) 193 Hess Mountain Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002758953999900000 ♠ 2,490 ft 759 m 7003447000000000000 ♠ 2.78 mi 4.47 km 63 ° 38 ′ 18 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W / 63.6382 ° N 147.1482 ° W / 63.6382 ; - 147.1482 ( Hess Mountain ) Mount Brooks Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003809000000000000 ♠ 5.03 mi 8.09 km 63 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 150 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W / 63.1875 ° N 150.6479 ° W / 63.1875 ; - 150.6479 ( Mount Brooks ) 195 Cerro Vista New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003363830000000000 ♠ 11,937 ft 3638.3 m 7002767793000000000 ♠ 2,519 ft 768 m 7004228300000000000 ♠ 14.19 mi 22.8 km 36 ° 14 ′ 07 '' N 105 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 36.2353 ° N 105.4108 ° W / 36.2353 ; - 105.4108 ( Cerro Vista ) 196 Mount Nebo Utah Wasatch Range 7003363705700000000 ♠ 11,933 ft 3637 m 7003167884200000000 ♠ 5,508 ft 1679 m 7005121620000000000 ♠ 75.6 mi 121.6 km 39 ° 49 ′ 19 '' N 111 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 39.8219 ° N 111.7603 ° W / 39.8219 ; - 111.7603 ( Mount Nebo ) 197 The Grand Parapet Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363627100000000 ♠ 11,930 ft 3636 m 7002664465000000000 ♠ 2,180 ft 664 m 7003847000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.47 km 61 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 142 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W / 61.4103 ° N 142.0266 ° W / 61.4103 ; - 142.0266 ( The Grand Parapet ) 198 Lituya Mountain Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7003111983700000000 ♠ 3,674 ft 1120 m 7003627000000000000 ♠ 3.90 mi 6.27 km 58 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 137 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W / 58.8054 ° N 137.4367 ° W / 58.8054 ; - 137.4367 ( Lituya Mountain ) Haydon Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7003478000000000000 ♠ 2.97 mi 4.78 km 60 ° 15 ′ 38 '' N 140 ° 59 ′ 17 '' W / 60.2606 ° N 140.9881 ° W / 60.2606 ; - 140.9881 ( Haydon Peak ) 200 Charleston Peak ( Mount Charleston ) Nevada Spring Mountains 7003363200000000000 ♠ 11,916 ft 3632.0 m 7003251700000000000 ♠ 8,258 ft 2517 m 7005217500000000000 ♠ 135.1 mi 218 km 36 ° 16 ′ 18 '' N 115 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 36.2716 ° N 115.6956 ° W / 36.2716 ; - 115.6956 ( Charleston Peak ) Gallery ( edit ) 1 . Denali in Alaska is the highest summit of the United States and all of North America . 2 . Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest summit of both Canada and the United States . 3 . Mount Foraker is the second - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 4 . Mount Bona in Alaska is the highest volcano in the United States . 5 . Mount Blackburn in Alaska is the highest summit of the Wrangell Mountains . 6 . Mount Sanford in Alaska is the third - highest volcano in the United States . 7 . Mount Fairweather lies on the Alaska - British Columbia international border . 10 . Mount Hunter is the third - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 11 . Mount Whitney highest summit of the Sierra Nevada and California . 14 . Mount Elbert is the highest summit of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . 17 . Mount Rainier is the highest summit of Washington and the Cascade Range . 25 . Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point on the Continental Divide in North America . 34 . Mount Shasta in California is the highest summit of the southern Cascade Range . 39 . Pikes Peak in Colorado was the inspiration for America the Beautiful . 54 . Mount Hayes is the highest summit of the eastern Alaska Range . 57 . Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming . 59 . Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . 60 . Grand Teton in Wyoming is the highest summit of the Teton Range . 66 . Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the most voluminous mountain on Earth . 76 . Kings Peak is the highest summit of the Uinta Range and Utah . 97 . Mount Marcus Baker is the highest summit of the Chugach Mountains of Alaska . 98 . Wheeler Peak is the highest summit of New Mexico . 102 . Volcán Tacaná is the highest summit of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas of Chiapas and Guatemala . 108 . Wheeler Peak in Nevada is the highest summit of the Snake Range . 117 . Granite Peak is the highest summit of the Beartooth Range and Montana . 125 . Borah Peak is the highest summit of the Lost River Range and Idaho . 129 . Humphreys Peak is the highest summit of the San Francisco Peaks and Arizona . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of Greenland List of mountain peaks of Canada List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the United States List of the highest major summits of the United States List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States List of United States fourteeners List of the most prominent summits of the United States List of the ultra-prominent summits of the United States List of the most isolated major summits of the United States List of the major 100 - kilometer summits of the United States List of mountain peaks of Alaska List of mountain peaks of California List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of mountain peaks of Hawai ʻi List of mountain peaks of México List of mountain peaks of Central America List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean United States of America Geography of the United States Geology of the United States Category : Mountains of the United States commons : Category : Mountains of the United States Physical geography Topography Topographic elevation Topographic prominence Topographic isolation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters ( 328.1 feet ) of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . All summits in this article have at least 500 meters of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters ( 4921 feet ) of topographic prominence . Jump up ^ All elevations in the 48 states of the contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note . ^ Jump up to : If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown . Jump up ^ The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit . The summit may be near its key col or quite far away . The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua , 7642 kilometers ( 4749 miles ) away . Jump up ^ The topographic isolation of a summit is the great - circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation . Jump up ^ The summit of Denali is the highest point of the Alaska Range , the State of Alaska , the United States of America , and greater North America . Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest major summit of both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Foraker is the westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Bona is the highest point of the northwest Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Blackburn is the highest point of the Wrangell Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT BLACKBURN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4136 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Fairweather lies on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The peak is the highest point of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ Mount Whitney is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOUNDARY POINT 180 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV3032 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the U.S. State of Colorado , the Rocky Mountains of North America , and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ELBERT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0637 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Massive is the second - highest major summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MASSIVE CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0640 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Massive includes an adjustment of + 2.087 m ( + 6.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Harvard is the highest point of the Collegiate Peaks . Jump up ^ Mount Harvard is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` HARVARD '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0879 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Rainier is the highest point of the Cascade Range and the U.S. State of Washington . Mount Rainier is the most prominent summit in the contiguous United States and the fourth most prominent in North America . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Rainier includes an adjustment of + 1.914 m ( + 6.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Williamson includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the entire Rio Grande drainage basin . Jump up ^ Blanca Peak is the southernmost ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.755 m ( + 5.76 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of La Plata Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.983 m ( + 6.51 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Uncompahgre Peak is the highest point of the San Juan Mountains and the entire Gulf of California drainage basin . Jump up ^ Uncompahgre Peak is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` UNCOMPAHGRE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Crestone Peak is the highest point of the Crestones . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.76 m ( + 5.77 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lincoln is the highest point of the Mosquito Range and the entire Missouri River drainage basin . Jump up ^ Mount Lincoln is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT LINCOLN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of the Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CASTLE PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0659 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide in North America . Jump up ^ Grays Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAYS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2036 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Antero is the highest point of the southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT ANTERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0883 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVANS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2030 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Evans includes a vertical offset of + 1.798 m ( + 5.9 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Longs Peak is the highest point of the northern Front Range . Jump up ^ Longs Peak is the northernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1346 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wilson is the highest point of the San Miguel Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Wilson is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wilson includes an adjustment of + 1.899 m ( + 6.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of White Mountain Peak is the highest point of the White Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHITE MOUNTAIN PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2559 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Palisade is the highest point of the Palisades . Jump up ^ `` NORTH PALISADE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Palisade includes an adjustment of + 1.867 m ( + 6.13 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0886 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0889 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Shasta is the highest point of the southern Cascade Range . Jump up ^ `` MT SHASTA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MX1016 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0805 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Sneffels is the highest point of the Sneffels Range . Jump up ^ `` SNEFFLES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0826 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAPITOL PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0688 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Capitol Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.991 m ( + 6.53 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pikes Peak is the easternmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit and ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Pikes Peak was the inspiration for the lyrics of America the Beautiful . Jump up ^ `` PIKES PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1242 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Windom Peak is the highest point of the Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Eolus may be higher than Windom Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Windom Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.785 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HANDIES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0635 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Culebra Peak is the highest point of the Culebra Range . Jump up ^ Culebra Peak is the southernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Culebra Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.740 m ( + 5.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of San Luis Peak is the highest point of the La Garita Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SAN LUIS PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0570 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point of the northern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT HOLY CROSS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0649 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount of the Holy Cross includes a vertical offset of + 0.610 m ( + 2.0 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRIZZLY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0800 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT HUMPHREYS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2626 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Humphreys includes an adjustment of + 1.842 m ( + 6.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT KEITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1807 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Keith includes an adjustment of + 1.795 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ouray is the highest point of the far southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT OURAY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0672 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Vermilion Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.827 m ( + 5.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REGAL MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4133 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT DARWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2631 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Darwin includes an adjustment of + 1.886 m ( + 6.19 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Hayes is the highest point of the Hayes Range . Jump up ^ Mount Hayes is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SILVERHEELS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PYRAMID '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0589 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Gannett Peak is the highest point of the Wind River Range , the U.S. State of Wyoming , and the central Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ Gannett Peak is the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GANNETT PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0356 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Kaweah is the highest point of the Great Western Divide . Jump up ^ Mount Kaweah is the southernmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Kaweah includes an adjustment of + 1.652 m ( + 5.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point of the Island of Hawai ʻi , the U.S. State of Hawai ʻi , and all islands of the Pacific Ocean . Jump up ^ Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the ocean floor at a depth of 5998 meters ( 19,678 feet ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 feet ) . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TU2314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grand Teton is the highest point of the Teton Range . Jump up ^ Grand Teton is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAND TETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0838 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Gabb includes an adjustment of + 1.958 m ( + 6.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.922 m ( + 6.31 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Oso includes an adjustment of + 1.776 m ( + 5.83 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mauna Loa is the southernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Hawai ʻi and the United States . Jump up ^ The shield volcano Mauna Loa is the most voluminous mountain on Earth with an estimated volume of 74,000 km ( 18,000 cu mi ) , or enough material to fill the Grand Canyon more than 18 times . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT JACKSON ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0650 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT TOM LOOKOUT TOWER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Tom includes an adjustment of + 1.379 m ( + 4.52 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bard Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.707 m ( + 5.60 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.468 m ( + 4.82 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Powell is the highest point of the Gore Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Powell includes an adjustment of + 1.771 m ( + 5.81 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hagues Peak is the highest point of the Mummy Range . Jump up ^ `` HAGUE RM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1350 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Dubois includes an adjustment of + 1.879 m ( + 6.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Tower Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.796 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Treasure Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.008 m ( + 6.59 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Kings Peak is the highest point of the Uinta Mountains , the U.S. State of Utah , and the western Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Kings Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Arapaho Peak is the highest point of the Indian Peaks . Jump up ^ `` NORTH ARAPAHOE PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Arapaho Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Pinchot includes an adjustment of + 1.810 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Parry Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bill Williams Peak is the highest point of the Williams Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bill Williams Peak includes an adjustment of + 2.044 m ( + 6.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Sultan Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.649 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Herard includes an adjustment of + 1.640 m ( + 5.38 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUFFALO WEST PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0653 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Buffalo Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.834 m ( + 6.02 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Summit Peak is the highest point of the southern San Juan Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0503 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolores Peak may be higher than Middle Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Middle Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.809 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Antora Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.883 m ( + 6.18 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Henry Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.037 m ( + 6.68 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hesperus Mountain is the highest point of the La Plata Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Hesperus Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Jacque Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.866 m ( + 6.12 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bennett Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.782 m ( + 5.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wind River Peak is the highest point of the southern Wind River Range . Jump up ^ `` WIND '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0274 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONEJOS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Marcus Baker is the highest point of the Chugach Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cloud Peak is the highest point of the Bighorn Mountains . Jump up ^ Cloud Peak is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLOUD PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PW0524 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Taos Mountains and the U.S. State of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Wheeler Peak is the southernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0779 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Francs Peak is the highest point of the Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` FRANCS PK 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0325 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Twilight Peak is the highest point of the West Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twilight Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.537 m ( + 5.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S RIVER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0558 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ritter is the highest point of the Ritter Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Ritter includes an adjustment of + 1.786 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RED SLATE MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2690 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Red Slate Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.893 m ( + 6.21 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Red Slate Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LYELL 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2884 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1305 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Truchas Peak is the highest point of the Santa Fe Mountains . Jump up ^ Truchas Peak is the southernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` TRUCHAS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0666 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Snake Range . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JP0339 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT DANA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of West Elk Peak is the highest point of the West Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WEST ELK D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0755 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Centennial includes an adjustment of + 1.814 m ( + 5.95 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Centennial '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Clark Peak is the highest point of the Medicine Bow Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLARK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1388 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Richthofen is the highest point of the Never Summer Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Richthofen includes an adjustment of + 1.658 m ( + 5.44 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Lizard Head Peak is the highest point of the Cirque of the Towers . Jump up ^ The elevation of Lizard Head Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.572 m ( + 5.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Granite Peak is the highest point of the Beartooth Mountains and the U.S. State of Montana . Jump up ^ `` GRANITE PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0616 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Venado Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAIR D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0696 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Peale is the highest point of the La Sal Mountains and the Colorado Plateau . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT PEALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JM0496 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GUNNISON D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0762 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ East Spanish Peak is the easternmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ `` EAST SPANISH PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0488 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of East Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.372 m ( + 4.50 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Borah Peak is the highest point of the Lost River Range and the U.S. State of Idaho . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wood is the highest point of the Granite Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wood includes an adjustment of + 1.516 m ( + 4.97 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnar Naslund '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT CONNESS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2743 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Humphreys Peak is the highest point of the San Francisco Peaks and the U.S. State of Arizona . Jump up ^ The elevation of Humphreys Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.345 m ( + 4.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Baldy is the southernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SANTA FE BALDY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0726 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Gothic Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.936 m ( + 6.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLATEAU '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0613 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LONE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0489 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORAN ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0854 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CUERVO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Needham Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.602 m ( + 5.26 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRAHAM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0620 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHETSTONE MTN CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0732 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Atlantic Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.521 m ( + 4.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Specimen Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.614 m ( + 5.30 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Baldy Mountain is the highest point of the Cimarron Range . Jump up ^ `` BALDY MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0775 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST BECKWITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0741 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Knobby Crest is the highest point of the Kenosha Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Knobby Crest includes an adjustment of + 1.595 m ( + 5.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Knobby Crest '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bison Peak is the highest point of the Tarryall Mountains . Jump up ^ `` BISON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK1966 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHRACITE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0739 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Matchless Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.941 m ( + 6.37 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point of the Flat Tops . Jump up ^ `` FLATTOP '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0694 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT NYSTROM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0271 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point of the Wet Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GREENHORN MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0512 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Elliott Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.709 m ( + 5.61 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Deborah is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twin Peaks includes an adjustment of + 1.717 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARTER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0432 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Parkview Mountain is the highest point of the Rabbit Ears Range . Jump up ^ `` PARKVIEW MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0574 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Cornwall Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.715 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ADAMS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station SB1004 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Trout Peak is the highest point of the central Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` TROUT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0457 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Diamond Peak is the highest point of the Lemhi Range . Jump up ^ `` DIAMOND RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0750 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Zirkel is the highest point of the Park Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zirkel includes an adjustment of + 1.632 m ( + 5.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Delano Peak is the highest point of the Tushar Mountains . Jump up ^ `` DELANO PEAK M 5 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JO0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crested Butte includes an adjustment of + 1.940 m ( + 6.36 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YOUNTS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0379 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAWTOOTH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0697 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Olancha Peak is the highest point of the southern Sierra Nevada . Jump up ^ `` OLANCHA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1820 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Park Cone includes an adjustment of + 1.873 m ( + 6.15 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Ibapah Peak is the highest point of the Deep Creek Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Ibapah Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.517 m ( + 4.98 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARBON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Glover Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.609 m ( + 5.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Glover Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORIAH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KP0314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT GUERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0894 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Siris Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RUEDI '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHALK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0510 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chalk Benchmark '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Medicine Bow Peak is the highest point of the Snowy Range . Jump up ^ `` MEDICINE BOW '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MP0546 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zwischen includes an adjustment of + 1.481 m ( + 4.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LITTLE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0486 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Sierra Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sacramento Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SIERRA BLANCA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station DR1010 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Jefferson is the highest point of the Toquima Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Jefferson includes an adjustment of + 1.666 m ( + 5.47 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hess Mountain is the northernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of Alaska and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT BROOKS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TT6450 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cerro Vista is the highest point of the southern Sangre de Cristo Range . Jump up ^ `` CERRO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Nebo is the highest point of the Wasatch Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Nebo includes an adjustment of + 1.395 m ( + 4.58 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Charleston Peak is the highest point of the Spring Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CHARLESTON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GR1965 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMountains of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Geographic Names Information System @ USGS United States National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) Geodetic Glossary @ NGS NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS Survey Marks and Datasheets @ NGS Bivouac.com Peakbagger.com Peaklist.org Peakware.com Summitpost.org United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island The 104 highest major summits of the United States of America Denali Mount Saint Elias Mount Foraker Mount Bona Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Hunter Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Atna Peaks Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Mauna Kea Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mauna Loa Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard West Buffalo Peak Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Rainier Mount Fairweather Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Marcus Baker Mount Whitney Haleakalā Mount Shasta Shishaldin Volcano Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Baker Mount Torbert San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Mount Hubbard Mount Isto Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Wheeler Peak Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Mount Griggs Mount Foraker White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Mauna Loa Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Hesperus Mount Bona Mount Drum Mount Chiginagak Grand Teton Sacajawea Peak Mount Neacola Kings Peak Mount Graham Mount Douglas Mount San Antonio Kichatna Spire De Long Peak Telescope Peak Mount Peale Pogromni Volcano Dewey Peak Mount Washington Mount Igikpak Snow Tower Mount Mitchell Truuli Peak Humphreys Peak Borah Peak Mount Natazhat Hanagita Peak Tanaga Volcano Makushin Volcano Sovereign Mountain Mount Jefferson ( Nevada ) Mount Ellen Isanotski Peaks Deseret Peak Mount Jefferson ( Oregon ) Isthmus Peak Frosty Peak Pilot Peak Crazy Peak Great Sitkin Volcano Pu ʻu Kukui Mount Cleveland ( Alaska ) McDonald Peak Mount Wrangell South Sister Devils Paw Mount Seattle Sierra Blanca Peak Pikes Peak Mount Russell Mount Nebo Snowshoe Peak North Schell Peak Hayford Peak Mount Foresta Star Peak Veniaminof Peak Flat Top Mountain Bearhole Peak Mount Steller Mount Stuart Blanca Peak Mount Miller Carlisle Volcano Mount Timpanogos Bashful Peak Ibapah Peak Mount Cleveland ( Montana ) Kawaikini Tetlin Peak Arc Dome Lassen Peak Mount Deborah Necons Peak Abercrombie Mountain Mount Lemmon Gareloi Volcano Chiricahua Peak Stony Peak Mount Eddy Mount Augusta Copper Peak Mount Bear Korovin Volcano Miller Peak Kamakou The 107 most isolated major summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Shishaldin Volcano Tanaga Volcano Mount Isto Signal Hill Mount Shasta Gannett Peak Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Humphreys Peak Wheeler Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Veniaminof Kawaikini Dillingham HP Hall Island HP Spruce Knob Kings Peak Sierra Blanca Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Katahdin Peak 4030 Tooth Benchmark Mount Baldy Borah Peak Cloud Peak Black Elk Peak Slide Mountain Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mount Hayes Mount Marcus Baker Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Delano Peak Mount Olympus Black Mountain Blanca Peak Mount Tozi Mount Cleveland Mount Jefferson Mount Torbert Mount Chiginagak Hualapai Peak Baldy Peak Ruby Dome Pavlof Volcano Truuli Peak South Baldy Great Sitkin Volcano Eagle Peak Mount Taylor Accomplishment Peak Granite Peak Kiska Volcano Korovin Volcano Uncompahgre Peak Devils Paw Ka ʻala Koniag Peak Cache Peak Makushin Volcano Snowshoe Peak Mount Pinos Granite Peak Mount Graham West Butte Guadalupe Peak Veniaminof Peak McDonald Peak Hilgard Peak Haleakalā Mount Nebo Tweedy Mountain Blackburn Hills Buldir Volcano Mount Peale Mount Tom White Cinnabar Mountain Mount McLoughlin Lassen Peak Clingmans Dome Kaibab Plateau HP Anvil Peak Grand Teton Star Peak Laramie Peak White Mountain Peak Miller Peak Kusilvak HP Copernicus Peak Sugarloaf Mountain Chiricahua Peak Mount Harper Mount Angayukaqsraq Mount Prindle Bearpaw Baldy Mountain peaks of the United States of America States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Coordinates : 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_the_United_States&oldid=841606799 '' Categories : Mountains of the United States Lists of mountains of the United States United States geography - related lists Lists of landforms of the United States United States - related lists Lists of mountains by country Lists of mountains by elevation Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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670741233106456930 | President of the United States | President of the United States - Wikipedia President of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` POTUS '' redirects here . For the political talk radio channel , see P.O.T.U.S. ( Sirius XM ) . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . For a list , see List of Presidents of the United States . President of the United States of America Presidential Seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) Executive Branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President Style Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( in international correspondence ) Member of Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Residence White House Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length Four years Limit two elected terms in office Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder George Washington Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Salary $400,000 annually Website WhiteHouse.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States ( informally referred to as `` POTUS '' ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The president is considered to be the world 's most powerful political figure , as the leader of the only contemporary global superpower . The role includes being the commander - in - chief of the world 's most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both domestically and abroad . In ordering the three branches of government , Article II of the Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States . In addition , Article One of the United States Constitution assigns to the president the power to sign legislation into law or to veto it . Since the office of President was established in 1789 , its power has grown substantially , as has the power of the federal government as a whole . The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four - year term , and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers , the other being the Vice President of the United States . Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation . The Twenty - second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies ( counting Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms separately ) spanning 57 full four - year terms . On January 20 , 2017 , Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th and current president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Powers and duties 2.1 Article I legislative role 2.2 Article II executive powers 2.2. 1 War and foreign affairs powers 2.2. 2 Administrative powers 2.2. 3 Juridical powers 2.2. 4 Legislative facilitator 2.3 Ceremonial roles 2.4 Critics of presidency 's evolution 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 3.2 Campaigns and nomination 3.3 Election and oath 3.4 Tenure and term limits 3.5 Succession , vacancy , or disability 3.6 Political affiliation 4 Compensation 5 Post-presidency 5.1 Presidential libraries 6 Timeline of presidents 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Origin In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution . The new states , though independent of each other as nation states , recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy , Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states . As a central authority , Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power ; it could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens . This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . Out from under any monarchy , the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress , while severally lodging the rest within their own respective state governments . Only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them . In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another . They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign - financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed . Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785 , Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states , set for September 1786 in Annapolis , Maryland , with an aim toward resolving further - reaching interstate commercial antagonisms . When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states , Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles , to be held the next spring in Philadelphia . Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington 's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia . When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787 , the 12 state delegations in attendance ( Rhode Island did not send delegates ) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments . Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers , elected annually by the legislature to a single term only , sharing power with an executive council , and countered by a strong legislature . New York offered the greatest exception , having a strong , unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three - year term , and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter . It was through the closed - door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged . Powers and duties Article I legislative role President Ronald Reagan signing the Martin Luther King bill in 1983 . The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto . The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law . Once the legislation has been presented , the president has three options : Sign the legislation within ten days , excluding Sundays -- the bill becomes law . Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress in which it originated , expressing any objections -- the bill does not become law , unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two - thirds vote . Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe -- the bill becomes law , as if the president had signed it , unless Congress by their adjournment prevents its return , in which case a it does not become law ( a legislative maneuver known as a pocket veto ) . In 1996 , Congress attempted to enhance the president 's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act . The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill , particularly any new spending , any amount of discretionary spending , or any new limited tax benefit . Congress could then repass that particular item . If the president then vetoed the new legislation , Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means , a two - thirds vote in both houses . In Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional . Article II executive powers War and foreign affairs powers Abraham Lincoln , the 16th President of the United States , successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is the command of the United States Armed Forces as its commander - in - chief . While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress , the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military . The present - day operational command of the Armed Forces ( belonging to the Department of Defense ) is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense , with assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , to the Combatant Commands , as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan ( UCP ) . The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president 's powers regarding the military ; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69 : The President is to be commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the United States ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that ( the power ) of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies , all ( of ) which ... would appertain to the legislature . ( Emphasis in the original . ) Congress , pursuant to the War Powers Resolution , must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days , although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed , rendering it ineffectual . Additionally , Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations , including Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990 . Along with the armed forces , the president also directs U.S. foreign policy . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiates treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds vote of the Senate . Administrative powers Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed . William Rehnquist , Nixon v. General Services Administration , 433 U.S. 425 ( 1977 ) ( dissenting opinion ) The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' . The executive branch has over four million employees , including members of the military . Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments : an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving . Ambassadors , members of the Cabinet , and other federal officers , are all appointed by a president with the `` advice and consent '' of a majority of the Senate . When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days , the president may make recess appointments . Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate . The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue . Generally , a president may remove purely executive officials at will . However , Congress can curtail and constrain a president 's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute . The president additionally possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through executive orders that are grounded in federal law or constitutionally granted executive power . Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be superseded by federal legislation and Supreme Court 's decisions . To manage the growing federal bureaucracy , Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff , who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Within the Executive Office , the President 's innermost layer of aides ( and their assistants ) are located in the White House Office . President also has `` unreviewable authority '' over the matters of immigration and can ban entry to the USA of foreign nationals who have no `` credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States '' at will . Juridical powers The president also has the power to nominate federal judges , including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States . However , these nominations require Senate confirmation . Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance . When nominating judges to U.S. district courts , presidents often respect the long - standing tradition of senatorial courtesy . Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves ( Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office ) , as is often done just before the end of a presidential term , but not without controversy . Historically , two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy . The first is executive privilege , which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties . George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , or any other law , Washington 's action created the precedent for the privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution . When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones , 520 U.S. 681 ( 1997 ) , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits . These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid , although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined . Additionally , federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees , but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president . President George W. Bush delivering the 2007 State of the Union Address , with Vice President Dick Cheney and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi behind him The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security . Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 ( 1876 ) , when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy . However , the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 ( 1953 ) , where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege . Before the September 11 attacks , use of the privilege had been rare , but increasing in frequency . Since 2001 , the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation , thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims , as in the Ninth Circuit 's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan , Inc . Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions . Legislative facilitator The Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause prevents the President ( and all other executive officers ) from simultaneously being a member of Congress . Therefore , the president can not directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress . However , the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation , especially if the president 's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress . For example , the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress . The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated , periodic reports to Congress . These reports may be either written or oral , but today are given as the State of the Union address , which often outlines the president 's legislative proposals for the coming year . Additionally , the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made . In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress . As the head of the executive branch , presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress . One critic charged that presidents could appoint a `` virtual army of ' czars ' -- each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House '' . Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it . This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional . Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an `` increasingly swollen executive branch '' and `` the eclipse of Congress '' . According to Article II , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , the president may convene either or both houses of Congress . If both houses can not agree on a date of adjournment , the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn . Ceremonial roles President Woodrow Wilson throwing out the ceremonial first ball on Opening Day , 1916 As head of state , the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents . William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. , on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day . Every president since Taft , except for Jimmy Carter , threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day , the All - Star Game , or the World Series , usually with much fanfare . The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization . Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays . Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children . Beginning in 1947 during the Harry S. Truman administration , every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House . Since 1989 , when the custom of `` pardoning '' the turkey was formalized by George H.W. Bush , the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life . Presidential traditions also involve the president 's role as head of government . Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition . Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president . Four ruffles and flourishes and ' Hail to the Chief ' ( long version ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . During a state visit by a foreign head of state , the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn , a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening . The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation 's premier celebrities . Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves . One critic described the presidency as `` propagandized leadership '' which has a `` mesmerizing power surrounding the office '' . Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo - ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras . One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed `` in rich detail '' which `` drew on the power of myth '' regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions . As a result , some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents : voters expect a president to `` drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees '' . Critics of presidency 's evolution Main articles : Imperial Presidency and Imperiled presidency Most of the nation 's Founding Fathers expected the Congress , which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution , to be the dominant branch of government ; they did not expect a strong executive . However , presidential power has shifted over time , which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful , unchecked , unbalanced , and `` monarchist '' in nature . Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards `` undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies '' . She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding `` the many existing uncheckable executive powers -- such as executive orders , decrees , memorandums , proclamations , national security directives and legislative signing statements -- that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid , interference or consent from Congress '' . Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was `` the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule '' . Selection process George Washington , the first President of the United States Eligibility See also : Natural - born - citizen clause Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency : be a natural - born citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the Twenty - second Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty - second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Campaigns and nomination Main articles : United States presidential primary , United States presidential nominating convention , United States presidential election debates , and United States presidential election The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections , which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions , where the most successful candidate is made the party 's nominee for president . Typically , the party 's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer . Nominees participate in nationally televised debates , and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees , third party candidates may be invited , such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates . Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views , convince voters and solicit contributions . Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives . Election and oath Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electors by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main articles : Electoral College ( United States ) and Oath of office of the President of the United States The president is elected indirectly . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president -- acting in that role 's capacity as President of the Senate -- and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and the vice president . Before executing the powers of the office , a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath : I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . Although not required , presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while swearing the oath and have added , `` So help me God ! '' to the end of the oath . Further , although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths , presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States . Tenure and term limits Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms before the adoption of the Twenty - second Amendment in 1951 . The term of office for president and vice president is four years . George Washington , the first president , set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms . Before Franklin D. Roosevelt , Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt each unsuccessfully sought a third term . In 1940 , Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to a third term after being `` drafted '' by his party . In 1941 , the United States entered World War II , leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 . Roosevelt died on April 12 , 1945 , 82 days into his fourth term . After the war , and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms , the Twenty - second Amendment was adopted . The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice , or once if that person served more than half of another president 's term . Harry S. Truman , president when this amendment was adopted , was exempted from its limitations and briefly sought a third ( a second full ) term before withdrawing from the 1952 election . Since the amendment 's adoption , five presidents have served two full terms : Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush sought a second term , but were defeated . Richard Nixon was elected to a second term , but resigned before completing it . Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total , having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy 's assassination . However , Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary , surprising many Americans . Gerald Ford sought a full term , after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon 's second term , but was not elected . Succession , vacancy , or disability See also : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , United States presidential line of succession , Presidential Succession Act , and Impeachment in the United States Succession to or vacancies in the office of President may arise under several possible circumstances : death , resignation , and removal from office . Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials , including the president , from office for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . The House has thus far impeached two presidents : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate ; however , Johnson was acquitted by just one vote . Under Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president , who then becomes acting president , by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer . The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting , to those two officials , a written declaration stating that resumption . This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007 , President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney . In both cases , this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated ; both times , Bush returned to duty later the same day . Under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the vice president , in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet , may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties . If this occurs , then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president ; however , the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties . If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim , it is up to Congress , which must meet within two days if not already in session , to decide the merit of the claim . The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president , but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity . Pursuant to federal law , the only valid evidence of the president 's resignation is a written instrument to that effect , signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . This has only occurred once , when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect . Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office , death , or resignation of the preceding president . The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of President and Vice President are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person , the next officer in the presidential line of succession , the Speaker of the House , becomes acting president . The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate , followed by every member of the Cabinet . A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of President to be eligible to become acting president ; ineligible individuals are skipped . Political affiliation Throughout most of its history , politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties . Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 1789 . Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid -- 1790s , but political factions , from which organized parties evolved , began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence . Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as `` pro-administration '' and would eventually form the Federalist Party , while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic - Republican Party . Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since George Washington , 43 persons have been sworn into office as President , and all have been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office . The number of presidents per political party are : 19 with the Republican Party -- Chester A. Arthur , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush , Calvin Coolidge , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Gerald Ford , James A. Garfield , Ulysses S. Grant , Warren G. Harding , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford B. Hayes , Herbert Hoover , Abraham Lincoln , William McKinley , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Donald Trump 14 with the Democratic Party -- James Buchanan , Jimmy Carter , Grover Cleveland , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , Barack Obama , Franklin Pierce , James K. Polk , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman , Martin Van Buren , and Woodrow Wilson Four with the Democratic - Republican Party -- John Quincy Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe Four with the Whig Party -- Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , and John Tyler One with the Federalist Party -- John Adams One with the National Union Party -- Andrew Johnson Compensation Presidential pay history Date established Salary Salary in 2016 dollars September 24 , 1789 $25,000 $702,755 March 3 , 1873 $50,000 $1,032,868 March 4 , 1909 $75,000 $2,045,483 January 19 , 1949 $100,000 $1,008,433 January 20 , 1969 $200,000 $1,307,940 January 20 , 2001 $400,000 $542,082 Sources : Since 2001 , the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary , along with a $50,000 annual expense account , a $100,000 nontaxable travel account , and $19,000 for entertainment . The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001 . The White House in Washington , D.C. serves as the official place of residence for the president . As well as access to the White House staff , facilities available to the president include medical care , recreation , housekeeping , and security services . The government pays for state dinners and other official functions , but the president pays for personal , family , and guest dry cleaning and food ; the high food bill often amazes new residents . Naval Support Facility Thurmont , popularly known as Camp David , is a mountain - based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests . Blair House , located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park , is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet ( 6,500 m ) of floor space that serves as the president 's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed . For ground travel , the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored limousine built on a heavily modified Cadillac - based chassis . One of two identical Boeing VC - 25 aircraft , which are extensively modified versions of Boeing 747 - 200B airliners , serve as long distance travel for the president and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board ( although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the President is aboard is designated as `` Air Force One '' for the duration of the flight ) . In - country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes , while overseas trips are handled with both , one primary and one backup . Any civilian aircraft the President is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight . The president also has access to a fleet of thirty - five U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models , designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet . Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the President is actually aboard to any would - be threats . The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the sitting president and the first family . As part of their protection , presidents , first ladies , their children and other immediate family members , and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames . The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted ; today , the names simply serve for purposes of brevity , clarity , and tradition . Presidential amenities The White House Camp David Blair House State car Air Force One Marine One Post-presidency See also : Post-presidency of Ulysses S. Grant and Post-presidency of Bill Clinton The five living former presidents : George H.W. Bush ( far left ) , Barack Obama ( left ) , George W. Bush ( center ) , Bill Clinton ( right ) , and Jimmy Carter ( far right ) . Under the Former Presidents Act , all living former presidents are granted a pension , an office , and a staff . The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval . Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration 's cabinet secretaries , which was $199,700 each year in 2012 . Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions . The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges . Prior to 1997 , all former presidents , their spouses , and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president 's death . In 1997 , Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office . On January 10 , 2013 , President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him , George W. Bush , and all subsequent presidents . A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection . Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office . Prominent examples include William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II . Grover Cleveland , whose bid for reelection failed in 1888 , was elected president again four years later in 1892 . Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House : John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives , serving there for seventeen years , and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875 . John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but died before that body first met . Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events . Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman . Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner , international arbiter , and election monitor , as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize . Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador , most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists , Laura Ling and Euna Lee , from North Korea . Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended , working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign . Living former presidents Jimmy Carter ( age 93 ) since 1981 George H.W. Bush ( age 93 ) since 1993 Bill Clinton ( age 71 ) since 2001 George W. Bush ( age 71 ) since 2009 Barack Obama ( age 56 ) since 2017 Presidential libraries Main article : Presidential library Since Herbert Hoover , each president has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers , records , and other documents and materials . Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) ; the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private , non-federal sources . There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system . There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education , such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the State of Illinois , the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum , which is run by Southern Methodist University , the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by Texas A&M University , and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the University of Texas at Austin . As many presidents live for many years after leaving office , several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries , some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site . Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document , including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene , Kansas , Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California , and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , California . These grave sites are open to the general public . Timeline of presidents Main article : List of Presidents of the United States § Presidents See also Government of the United States portal Curse of Tippecanoe Imperial Presidency The Imperial Presidency Imperiled presidency Mr. President ( title ) President of the Continental Congress Presidential $1 Coin Program Presidential M&M 's Second - term curse United States presidential line of succession in fiction Vice President of the United States White House Office Notes Jump up ^ Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum . Jump up ^ The terms POTUS ( and SCOTUS ) originated in the Phillips Code , a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph . Jump up ^ The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation and finished - out that unexpired term are John Tyler ( 1841 ) ; Millard Fillmore ( 1850 ) ; Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) ; Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) ; Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) ; Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 ) ; Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) ; Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign - born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency . However , this allowance has since become obsolete . References Jump up ^ `` How To Address The President ; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor , But Mr. President '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Correspondence Handbook -- Chapter 4 '' . Usgs.gov . July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Models of Address and Salutation '' . Ita.doc.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HEADS OF STATE , HEADS OF GOVERNMENT , MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remarks by President Obama , President Mubarak , His Majesty King Abdullah , Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange of Letters '' . Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations . September 1978 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. 420 ( 1820 ) . See also , Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` How common is Trump 's $1 salary ? '' . BBC World Service . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Who should be the world 's most powerful person ? '' . The Guardian . London . January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Meacham : The History of Power '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` The NEWSWEEK 50 : Barack Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pfiffner , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` The President 's Legislative Agenda '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 499 : 22 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716288499001002 . Jump up ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov ... Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms , so he is counted twice ; as the 22nd and 24th presidents . ^ Jump up to : Milkis , Sidney M. ; Nelson , Michael ( 2008 ) . The American Presidency : Origins and Development ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . pp. 1 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 87289 - 336 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred H. ; Harbison , Winfred A. ; Belz , Herman ( 1991 ) . The American Constitution : Its Origins and Development . I ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96056 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7684 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 '' . United States Department of Defense . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 164 Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff . About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist # 69 ( reposting ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James A. ; Baker , III ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` The National War Powers Commission Report '' ( PDF ) . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult . The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements . Instead , it relies on reporting requirements that , if triggered , begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict . By the terms of the 1973 Resolution , however , Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict ; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act . Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional , and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report `` pursuant '' to these triggering provisions . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times ; Congress has declared war only five times : the War of 1812 , the Mexican War , the Spanish - American War , World War I and World War II . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing . He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega ; gunfire is heard in capital '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action , or notified them in advance . Thomas S. Foley , the Speaker of the House , said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Executive Branch '' . The White House website . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 572 U.S. __ ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Shurtleff v. United States , 189 U.S. 311 ( 1903 ) ; Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) and Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) , respectively . Jump up ^ Washington v. Trump ( 9th Cir . ) at 13 Jump up ^ http://www.nationallawjournal.com/id=1202791293240/Supreme-Court-Narrows-TravelBan-Injunctions-Puts-Case-on-October-Calendar?slreturn=20170608215237 Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger 's efforts to hide his notes may have ' forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan ' and formed part of a pattern of ' deception and obstruction . ' ... In light of President Bush 's own misconduct , we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations . Jump up ^ Eisler , Peter ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton - papers release blocked '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office , including several to controversial figures , such as commodities trader Rich , then a fugitive on tax evasion charges . Rich 's ex-wife , Denise , contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton 's Senate campaign ; $5,000 to a related political action committee ; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library . Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Executive Privilege 101 '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part III of the opinion in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan '' . Caselaw.findlaw.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frost , Amanda ; Florence , Justin ( 2009 ) . `` Reforming the State Secrets Privilege '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weaver , William G. ; Pallitto , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` State Secrets and Executive Power '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 120 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2005. tb00539. x . Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty - five years . In the twenty - three years between the decision in Reynolds ( 1953 ) and the election of Jimmy Carter , in 1976 , there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege . Between 1977 and 2001 , there were a total of fifty - one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege . Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated , it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown . But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The 180 - degree reversal of Obama 's State Secrets position '' . Salon . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the State Secrets Privilege '' . American Civil Liberties Union . January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Eric ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ; et al. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` President 's Use of ' Signing Statements ' Raises Constitutional Concerns '' . PBS Online NewsHour . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . The American Bar Association said President Bush 's use of `` signing statements '' , which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions , disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers . Legal experts discuss the implications . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Balking at the First Pitch '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Report to the Nation '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2007 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` The ( not so ) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` How Presidents Pass The Torch '' . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The White House State Dinner '' ( PDF ) . The White House Historical Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dykoski , Rachel ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Book note : Presidential idolatry is `` Bad for Democracy '' `` . Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Dana D. Nelson 's book makes the case that we 've had 200 + years of propagandized leadership ... Jump up ^ Neffinger , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats vs. Science : Why We 're So Damn Good at Losing Elections '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 ... back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan 's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique , the video footage was all drawn from carefully - staged photo - ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II , when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ... Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Even before Kennedy ran for Congress , he had become fascinated , through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits , with the idea of image ... ( p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Lexington ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Cult of the Presidency '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises , voters swiftly become disillusioned . Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . the founding fathers had ' scant affection for strong executives ' like England 's king , and ... Bush White House 's claims are rooted in ideas `` about the ' divine ' right of kings '' ... and that certainly did not find their ' way into our founding documents , the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787 . ' Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Presidentialism '' . The Huffington Post . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schimke , David ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linker , Ross ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Critical of Presidency , Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite '' . The Johns - Hopkins Newsletter . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED : Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z . Huq ( authors ) ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` Opinion -- The ' unitary executive ' question -- What do McCain and Obama think of the concept ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . There is the small , minority - owned firm with deep ties to President Obama 's Chicago backers , made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals . ' I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them , ' Mr. Wilson , the group 's president , tells his eager researchers . Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 565 ) . ; alternatively , see : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 811 , at 856 -- 9 ) . Jump up ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution , 2002 Ed . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , at 611 & nn. 772 -- 773 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott -- 2012 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . II , § 1 , cl. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Judge does n't ban `` God '' in inaugural oath `` . Associated Press . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guardian , `` Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge '' , July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 20 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Party Division '' . senate.gov . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) . Political parties in a new Nation : the American experience , 1776 -- 1809 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries , 1789 + '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Relative Value in US Dollars . Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator . Inflation Calculator . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How much does the U.S. president get paid ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Federal Officials : A Fact Sheet Archived April 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate website . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Guest House ( includes Lee House and Blair House ) , Washington , DC '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release ( January 14 , 2009 ) Retrieved on January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force One '' . whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/ . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 ... White House Military Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign `` Air Force One . '' Similarly , `` Navy One '' , `` Army One '' , and `` Coast Guard One '' are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services . `` Executive One '' becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards . Jump up ^ `` Junior Secret Service Program : Assignment 7 . Code Names '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail '' . CBS . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwemle , Barbara L. ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` President of the United States : Compensation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3056 Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Secret Service : Protection '' . United States Secret Service . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama signs protection bill for former presidents '' . The Washington Times . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States '' . Associated Press . March 31 , 1981 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FOUR PRESIDENTS '' . Reagan Presidential Library , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Richard M. Nixon '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ 44 U.S.C. § 2112 Further reading Balogh , Brian and Bruce J. Schulman , eds . Recapturing the Oval Office : New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency ( Cornell University Press , 2015 ) , 311 pp . Bumiller , Elisabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . 215 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 149 . Couch , Ernie . Presidential Trivia . Rutledge Hill Press . March 1 , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 412 - 1 Lang , J. Stephen . The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia . Pelican Publishing . 2001 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 877 - 9 Greenberg , David . Republic of Spin : An Inside History of the American Presidency ( W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 ) . xx , 540 pp . Leo , Leonard -- Taranto , James -- Bennett , William J. Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House . Simon and Schuster . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5433 - 3 Presidential Studies Quarterly , published by Blackwell Synergy , is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency . Świątczak , Wasilewska , Iwona . `` The Toughest Season in the White House '' : The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address , 1953 -- 1992 . PhD thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 51 - 0248 - 5 . Primary sources Waldman , Michael -- Stephanopoulos , George . My Fellow Americans : The Most Important Speeches of America 's presidents , from George Washington to George W. Bush . Sourcebooks Trade . 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0027 - 7 Jacobs , Ron . Interview with Joseph G. Peschek and William Grover , authors of The Unsustainable Presidency , a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : President of the United States Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : President of the United States Official `` Executive Office of the President '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . `` White House '' . Presidential histories A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns `` American Presidents : Life Portraits '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Companion website for the C - SPAN television series : American presidents : Life Portraits `` Presidential Documents from the National Archives '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Collection of letters , portraits , photos , and other documents from the National Archives `` The American Presidency Project '' . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents The History Channel : US Presidents Miscellaneous `` All the President 's Roles '' . Ask Gleaves . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Article analyzing a president 's many hats Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies . Educational site on the American presidency `` Presidents ' Occupations '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Listing of every President 's occupations before and after becoming the Commander in Chief `` The Masonic Presidents Tour '' . The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who were members of the Freemasons `` The Presidents '' . American Experience . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . PBS site on the American presidency Presidents of the United States : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Images of documents written by U.S. presidents ( hide ) Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Q. Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William H. 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"The President of the United States (informally referred to as \"POTUS\")[9][note 2] is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces."
] | [
"the executive branch of the federal government"
] |
-9181345620413393797 | Memory consolidation | Memory consolidation - wikipedia Memory consolidation Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition . Consolidation is distinguished into two specific processes , synaptic consolidation , which is synonymous with late - phase long - term potentiation and occurs within the first few hours after learning , and systems consolidation , where hippocampus - dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years . Recently , a third process has become the focus of research , reconsolidation , in which previously - consolidated memories can be made labile again through reactivation of the memory trace . The line processes to make information memory . Contents 1 History 2 Synaptic consolidation 2.1 Standard model 2.2 Long - term potentiation 2.3 Timeline of consolidation 2.4 Spacing effect 2.5 Protein synthesis 3 Systems consolidation 3.1 Standard model 3.2 Multiple trace theory 3.2. 1 Criticisms 3.3 Semantic vs. episodic memory 3.4 Declarative vs. procedural knowledge consolidation 3.5 Emotional and stressful memory consolidation 3.6 Sleep consolidation 3.6. 1 Zif268 & REM Sleep 4 Reconsolidation 4.1 History 4.2 Criticisms 4.3 Distinctions from consolidation 4.4 Reconsolidation in psychotherapy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading History ( edit ) Memory consolidation was first referred to in the writings of the renowned Roman teacher of rhetoric Quintillian . He noted the `` curious fact ... that the interval of a single night will greatly increase the strength of the memory , '' and presented the possibility that `` ... the power of recollection ... undergoes a process of ripening and maturing during the time which intervenes . '' The process of consolidation was later proposed based on clinical data illustrated in 1882 by Ribot 's Law of Regression , `` progressive destruction advances progressively from the unstable to the stable '' . This idea was elaborated on by William H. Burnham a few years later in a paper on amnesia integrating findings from experimental psychology and neurology . Coining of the term `` consolidation '' is credited to the German researchers Müller and Alfons Pilzecker who rediscovered the concept that memory takes time to fixate or undergo `` Konsolidierung '' in their studies conducted between 1892 and 1900 . The two proposed the perseveration - consolidation hypothesis after they found that new information learned could disrupt information previously learnt if not enough time had passed to allow the old information to be consolidated . This led to the suggestion that new memories are fragile in nature but as time passes they become solidified . Lateral view of the hippocampus which is located in the medial temporal lobe Systematic studies of anterograde amnesia started to emerge in the 1960s and 1970s . The case of Henry Molaison , formerly known as patient H.M. , became a landmark in studies of memory as it relates to amnesia and the removal of the hippocampal zone and sparked massive interest in the study of brain lesions and their effect on memory . After Molaison underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobe resection to alleviate epileptic symptoms the patient began to suffer from memory impairments . Molaison lost the ability to encode and consolidate newly learned information leading researchers to conclude the medial temporal lobe ( MTL ) was an important structure involved in this process . Molaison also showed signs of retrograde amnesia spanning a period of about 3 years prior to the surgery suggesting that recently acquired memories of as long as a couple years could remain in the MTL prior to consolidation into other brain areas . Research into other patients with resections of the MTL have shown a positive relationship between the degree of memory impairment and the extent of MTL removal which points to a temporal gradient in the consolidating nature of the MTL . These studies were accompanied by the creation of animal models of human amnesia in an effort to identify brain substrates critical for slow consolidation . Meanwhile , neuropharmacological studies of selected brain areas began to shed light on the molecules possibly responsible for fast consolidation . In recent decades , advancements in cellular preparations , molecular biology , and neurogenetics have revolutionized the study of consolidation . Providing additional support is the study of functional brain activity in humans which has revealed that the activity of brain regions changes over time after a new memory is acquired . This change can occur as quickly as a couple hours after the memory has been encoded suggesting that there is a temporal dimension to the reorganization of the memory as it is represented in the brain . Synaptic consolidation ( edit ) Synaptic consolidation , or late - phase LTP , is one form of memory consolidation seen across all species and long - term memory tasks . Long - term memory , when discussed in the context of synaptic consolidation , is memory that lasts for at least 24 hours . An exception to this 24 - hour rule is long - term potentiation , or LTP , a model of synaptic plasticity related to learning , in which an hour is thought to be sufficient . Synaptic consolidation is achieved faster than systems consolidation , within only minutes to hours of learning in goldfish . LTP , one of the best understood forms of synaptic plasticity , is thought to be a possible underlying process in synaptic consolidation . Standard model ( edit ) The standard model of synaptic consolidation suggests that alterations of synaptic protein synthesis and changes in membrane potential are achieved through activating intracellular transduction cascades . These molecular cascades trigger transcription factors that lead to changes in gene expression . The result of the gene expression is the lasting alteration of synaptic proteins , as well as synaptic remodeling and growth . In a short time - frame immediately following learning , the molecular cascade , expression and process of both transcription factors and immediate early genes , are susceptible to disruptions . Disruptions caused by specific drugs , antibodies and gross physical trauma can block the effects of synaptic consolidation . Long - term potentiation ( edit ) Main article : Long - term potentiation LTP can be thought of as the prolonged strengthening of synaptic transmission , and is known to produce increases in the neurotransmitter production and receptor sensitivity , lasting minutes to even days . The process of LTP is regarded as a contributing factor to synaptic plasticity and in the growth of synaptic strength , which are suggested to underlie memory formation . LTP is also considered to be an important mechanism in terms of maintaining memories within brain regions , and therefore is thought to be involved in learning . There is compelling evidence that LTP is critical for Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats suggesting that it mediates learning and memory in mammals . Specifically , NMDA - receptor antagonists appear to block the induction of both LTP and fear conditioning and that fear conditioning increases amygdaloidal synaptic transmission that would result in LTP . Timeline of consolidation ( edit ) Synaptic consolidation , when compared to systems consolidation ( which is said to take weeks to months to years to be accomplished ) , is considerably faster . There is evidence to suggest that synaptic consolidation takes place within minutes to hours of memory encoding or learning , and as such is considered the ' fast ' type of consolidation . As soon as six hours after training , memories become impervious to interferences that disrupt synaptic consolidation and the formation of long - term memory . Spacing effect ( edit ) Distributed learning has been found to enhance memory consolidation , specifically for relational memory . Experimental results suggest that distributing learning over the course of 24 hours decreases the rate of forgetting compared to massed learning , and enhances relational memory consolidation . When interpreted in the context of synaptic consolidation , mechanisms of synaptic strengthening may depend on the spacing of memory reactivation to allow sufficient time for protein synthesis to occur , and thereby strengthen long - term memory . Protein synthesis ( edit ) Protein synthesis plays an important role in the formation of new memories . Studies have shown that protein synthesis inhibitors administered after learning , weaken memory , suggesting that protein synthesis is required for memory consolidation . Additionally , reports have suggested that the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors also inhibit LTP . However , it should be noted that other results have shown that protein synthesis may not in fact be necessary for memory consolidation , as it has been found that the formation of memories can withstand vast amounts of protein synthesis inhibition , suggesting that this criterion of protein synthesis as necessary for memory consolidation is not unconditional . Systems consolidation ( edit ) Systems Consolidation is the second form of memory consolidation . It is a reorganization process in which memories from the hippocampal region , where memories are first encoded , are moved to the neo-cortex in a more permanent form of storage . Systems consolidation is a slow dynamic process that can take from one to two decades to be fully formed in humans , unlike synaptic consolidation that only takes minutes to hours for new information to stabilize into memories . Standard model ( edit ) The standard model of systems consolidation has been summarized by Squire and Alvarez ( 1995 ) ; it states that when novel information is originally encoded and registered , memory of these new stimuli becomes retained in both the hippocampus and cortical regions . Later the hippocampus ' representations of this information become active in explicit ( conscious ) recall or implicit ( unconscious ) recall like in sleep and ' offline ' processes . Memory is retained in the hippocampus for up to one week after initial learning , representing the hippocampus - dependent stage . During this stage the hippocampus is ' teaching ' the cortex more and more about the information and when the information is recalled it strengthens the cortico - cortical connection thus making the memory hippocampus - independent . Therefore , from one week and beyond the initial training experience , the memory is slowly transferred to the neo-cortex where it becomes permanently stored . In this view the hippocampus can perform the task of storing memories temporarily because the synapses are able to change quickly whereas the neocortical synapses change over time . Consolidation is thus the process whereby the hippocampus activates the neocortex continually leading to strong connections between the two . Since the hippocampus can only support memories temporarily the remaining activation will be seen only in the neocortex which is able to support memory indefinitely . Squire and Alvarez took the temporally graded nature of patients with retrograde amnesia as support for the notion that once a connection has been established within the neocortex the hippocampus is no longer required , but this process is dynamic and extends for several years . Squire and Alvarez also proposed the idea that MTL structures play a role in the consolidation of memories within the neocortex by providing a binding area for multiple cortical regions involved in the initial encoding of the memory . In this sense the MTL would act as a relay station for the various perceptual input that make up a memory and stores it as a whole event . After this has occurred the MTL directs information towards the neocortex to provide a permanent representation of the memory . Multiple trace theory ( edit ) Multiple trace theory ( MTT ) builds on the distinction between semantic memory and episodic memory and addresses perceived shortcomings of the standard model with respect to the dependency of the hippocampus . MTT argues that the hippocampus is always involved in the retrieval and storage of episodic memories . It is thought that semantic memories , including basic information encoded during the storage of episodic memories , can be established in structures apart from the hippocampal system such as the neo-cortex in the process of consolidation . Hence , while proper hippocampal functioning is necessary for the retention and retrieval of episodic memories , it is less necessary during the encoding and use of semantic memories . As memories age there are long - term interactions between the hippocampus and neo-cortex and this leads to the establishment of aspects of memory within structures aside from the hippocampus . MTT thus states that both episodic and semantic memories rely on the hippocampus and the latter becomes somewhat independent of the hippocampus during consolidation . An important distinction between MTT and the standard model is that the standard model proposes that all memories become independent of the hippocampus after several years . However , Nadel and Moscovitch have shown that the hippocampus was involved in memory recall for all remote autobiographical memories no matter of their age . An important point they make while interpreting the results is that activation in the hippocampus was equally as strong regardless of the fact that the memories recalled were as old as 45 years prior to the date of the experiment . This is complicated by the fact that the hippocampus is constantly involved in the encoding of new events and activation due to this fact is hard to separate using baseline measures . Because of this , activation of the hippocampus during retrieval of distant memories may simply be a by - product of the subject encoding the study as an event . Criticisms ( edit ) Haist , Gore , and Mao , sought to examine the temporal nature of consolidation within the hippocampus to test MTT against the standard view . They found that the hippocampus does not substantially contribute to the recollection of remote memories after a period of a few years . They claim that advances in the functional magnetic resonance imaging have allowed them to improve their distinction between the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex which they claim is more enduring in its activation from remote memory retrieval . They also criticize the use of memories during testing which can not be confirmed as accurate . Finally , they state that the initial interview in the scanner acted as an encoding event as such differences between recent and remote memories would be obscured . Semantic vs episodic memory ( edit ) Nadel and Moscovitch argued that when studying the structures and systems involved in memory consolidation , semantic memory and episodic memory need to be distinguished as relying on two different memory systems . When episodic information is encoded there are semantic aspects of the memory that are encoded as well and this is proposed as an explanation of the varying gradients of memory loss seen in amnesic patients . Amnesic patients with hippocampal damage show traces of memories and this has been used as support for the standard model because it suggests that memories are retained apart from the hippocampal system . Nadel and Mocovitch argue that these retained memories have lost the richness of experience and exist as depersonalized events that have been semanticized over time . They suggest that this instead provides support for their notion that episodic memories rely significantly on the hippocampal system but semantic memories can be established elsewhere in the brain and survive hippocampal damage . Declarative vs procedural knowledge consolidation ( edit ) Learning can be distinguished by two forms of knowledge : declarative and procedural . Declarative information includes the conscious recall of facts , episodes , and lists , and its storage typically connected with the MTL and the hippocampal systems as it includes the encoding of both semantic and episodic information of events . Procedural knowledge however has been said to function separate from this system as it relies primarily on motor areas of the brain . The implicit nature of procedural knowledge allows it to exist absent from the conscious awareness that the information is there . Amnesic patients have shown retained ability to be trained on tasks and exhibit learning without the subject being aware that the training had ever taken place . This introduces a dissociation between the two forms of memory and the fact that one form can exist absent the other suggests separate mechanisms are involved in consolidation . Squire has proposed the procedural knowledge is consolidated in some cases by the extrapyramidal motor system . Squire demonstrated that intact learning of certain motor , perceptual , and cognitive skills can be retained in patients with amnesia . They also retain the ability to be influenced by priming effects without the patients being able to consciously recall any training session occurring . Emotional and stressful memory consolidation ( edit ) The amygdala , specifically the basolateral region ( BLA ) is involved in the encoding of significant experiences and has been directly linked to memorable events . Extensive evidence suggests that stress hormones such as epinephrine play a critical role in consolidating new memories and this is why stressful memories are recalled vividly . Studies by Gold and van Buskirk provided initial evidence for this relationship when they showed that injections of epinephrine into subjects following a training period resulted in greater long - term retention of task related memories . This study also provided evidence that the level of epinephrine injected was related to the level of retention suggesting that the level of stress or emotionality of the memory plays a role on the level of retention . It is suggested that epinephrine affects memory consolidation by activating the amygdala and studies have shown that antagonism of beta - andrenoreceptors prior to injection of epinephrine will block the retention of memory effects seen previously . This is supported by the fact that beta - adrenoreceptor agonists have the opposite effect on the enhancement of memory consolidation . The BLA is thought to be actively involved in memory consolidation and is influenced strongly by stress hormones resulting in increased activation and as such increased memory retention . The BLA then projects to the hippocampus resulting in a strengthened memory . This relationship was studied by Packard and Chen who found that when glutamate was administered to the hippocampus , enhanced consolidation was seen during food - rewarded maze tasks . The opposite effect was also seen when the amygdala was inactivated using lidocane . Studies appear to suggest that the amygdala effects the consolidation of memories through its influence with stress hormones and the projections to other brain areas implicated in memory consolidation . Sleep consolidation ( edit ) See also : Sleep and memory Rapid eye movement ( REM ) sleep has been thought of to be an important concept in the overnight learning in humans by establishing information in the hippocampal and cortical regions of the brain . REM sleep elicits an increase in neuronal activity following an enriched or novel waking experience , thus increasing neuronal plasticity and therefore playing an essential role in the consolidation of memories . This has come into question in recent years however and studies on sleep deprivation have shown that animals and humans who are denied REM sleep do not show deficits in task learning . It has been proposed that since the brain is in a non-memory encoding state during sleep , consolidation would be unlikely to occur . Recent studies have examined the relationship between REM sleep and procedural learning consolidation . In particular studies have been done on sensory and motor related tasks . In one study testing finger - tapping , people were split into two groups and tested post-training with or without intervening sleep ; results concluded that sleep post-training increases both speed and accuracy in this particular task , while increasing the activation of both cortical and hippocampal regions ; whereas the post-training awake group had no such improvements . It has been theorized that this may be related more - so to a process of synaptic consolidation rather than systems consolidation because of the short - term nature of the process involved . Researchers examining the effect of sleep on motor learning have noted that while consolidation occurs over a period of 4 -- 6 hours during sleep , this is also true during waking hours , which may negate any role of sleep in learning . In this sense sleep would serve no special purpose to enhance consolidation of memories because it occurs independently of sleep . Other studies have examined the process of replay which has been described as a reactivation of patterns that were stimulated during a learning phase . Replay has been demonstrated in the hippocampus and this has lent support to the notion that it serves a consolidation purpose . However , replay is not specific to sleep and both rats and primates show signs during restful - awake periods . Also , replay may simply be residual activation in areas that were involved previously in the learning phase and may have no actual effect on consolidation . This reactivation of the memory traces has also been seen in non-REM sleep specifically for hippocampus - dependant memories . Researchers have noted strong reactivation of the hippocampus during sleep immediately after a learning task . This reactivation led to enhanced performance on the learned task . Researchers following this line of work have come to assume that dreams are a by - product of the reactivation of the brain areas and this can explain why dreams may be unrelated to the information being consolidated . The dream experience itself is not what enhances memory performance but rather it is the reactivation of the neural circuits that causes this . Zif268 & REM sleep ( edit ) Zif268 is an Immediate Early Gene ( IEG ) thought to be involved in neuroplasticity by an up - regulation of the transcription factor during REM sleep after pre-exposure to an enriched environment . Results from studies testing the effects of zif268 on mice brains postmortem , suggest that a waking experience prior to sleep can have an enduring effect in the brain , due to an increase of neuroplasticity . Reconsolidation ( edit ) Memory reconsolidation is the process of previously consolidated memories being recalled and actively consolidated . It is a distinct process that serves to maintain , strengthen and modify memories that are already stored in the long - term memory . Once memories undergo the process of consolidation and become part of long - term memory , they are thought of as stable . However , the retrieval of a memory trace can cause another labile phase that then requires an active process to make the memory stable after retrieval is complete . It is believed that post-retrieval stabilization is different and distinct from consolidation , despite its overlap in function ( e.g. storage ) and its mechanisms ( e.g. protein synthesis ) . Memory modification needs to be demonstrated in the retrieval in order for this independent process to be valid . History ( edit ) The theory of reconsolidation has been debated for many years and is still controversial . Reconsolidation was first conceptualized in light of the discovery that phobias could often be eliminated by means of electroconvulsive shock therapy ( ECT ) . This seemed to indicate the involvement of a re-consolidation process for excited memories , and that the operation active in ECT was the disruption of that process ; here , of the reconsolidation of retrieved fear memories by shock administration . Further studies investigated the concept , using ECT to test for reconsolidation ; ECT was already known as an amnesic agent ( leads to memory loss ) . These studies found it to be effective on retrieved memories when administered directly after the retrieval of a memory . Later research , wherein fear memories had been established in rats through Pavlovian fear conditioning , found that a consolidated fear memory can be brought to a labile state , by means of immediate amygdala infusions of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin , but not by infusions made six hours afterwards . It was concluded that consolidated fear memory , when reactivated , enters a changeable state that requires de novo protein synthesis for new consolidation , i.e. , re-consolidation of the old memory . In addition to fear memories , appetitive memories are also prone to reconsolidation episodes , which can likewise be disrupted ; namely , after local administration of a protein activity inhibitor . Since those breakthrough studies were done , there have been several others to probe the theory of memory reconsolidation . Subjects in these studies , along with humans , have included crabs , chicks , honeybees , medaka fish , lymnaea , and various rodents . Further studies have demonstrated an analogue of memory reconsolidation in spinal cord pain processing pathways , suggesting a general role for reconsolidation in the central nervous system . Criticisms ( edit ) Some studies have supported this theory , while others have failed to demonstrate disruption of consolidated memory after retrieval . It is important to note that negative results may be examples of conditions where memories are not susceptible to a permanent disruption , thus a determining factor of reconsolidation . After much debate and a detailed review of this field it had been concluded that reconsolidation was a real phenomenon . Tronson and Taylor compiled a lengthy summary of multiple reconsolidation studies , noting a number of studies were unable to show memory impairments due to blocked reconsolidation . However the need for standardized methods was underscored as in some learning tasks such as fear conditioning , certain forms of memory reactivation could actually represent new extinction learning rather than activation of an old memory trace . Under this possibility , traditional disruptions of reconsolidation might actually maintain the original memory trace but preventing the consolidation of extinction learning . Recent work has suggested that epigenetic modifications may also prevent reconsolidation in some cases . The removal of these epigenetic modifications with inhibitors of histone deacetylase enabled the erasure of remote memories after recall . Reconsolidation experiments are more difficult to run than typical consolidation experiments as disruption of a previously consolidated memory must be shown to be specific to the reactivation of the original memory trace . Furthermore , it is important to demonstrate that the vulnerability of reactivation occurs in a limited time frame , which can be assessed by delaying infusion till six hours after reactivation . It is also useful to show that the behavioral measure used to assess disruption of memory is not just due to task impairment caused by the procedure , which can be demonstrated by testing control groups in absence of the original learning . Finally , it is important to rule out alternative explanations , such as extinction learning by lengthening the reactivation phase . There have also been concerns about the use of reconsolidation research to justify psychotherapy treatments , and the generalizability of basic reconsolidation research into the therapy room Distinctions from consolidation ( edit ) Questions arose if reconsolidation was a unique process or merely another phase of consolidation . Both consolidation and reconsolidation can be disrupted by pharmacological agents ( e.g. the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin ) and both require the transcription factor CREB . However , recent amygdala research suggests that BDNF is required for consolidation ( but not reconsolidation ) whereas the transcription factor and immediate early gene Zif268 is required for reconsolidation but not consolidation . A similar double dissociation between Zif268 for reconsolidation and BDNF for consolidation was found in the hippocampus for fear conditioning . However , not all memory tasks show this double dissociation , such as object recognition memory . Reconsolidation in psychotherapy ( edit ) In the decade between 2005 and 2015 , at least five groups argued the notion that memory reconsolidation can be used to treat psychological problems . Three of these groups have proposed that the wide variety of different psychotherapies produce permanent change in clients to the extent that they manage to activate this same neurobiological mechanism of reconsolidation in a way that leads to deconsolidation . Memory reconsolidation may be a common factor in many forms of psychotherapy . See also ( edit ) Atkinson - Shiffrin memory model Coherence therapy Engram Patient HM Sharp wave -- ripple complexes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dudai , Y. ( 2004 ) . `` The Neurobiology of Consolidations , Or , How Stable is the Engram ? '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 55 : 51 -- 86 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 55.090902. 142050 . PMID 14744210 . ^ Jump up to : Bramham , C.R. ; Messaoudi , E. 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Jump up ^ Ecker , Bruce ( September 2008 ) . `` Unlocking the emotional brain : finding the neural key to transformation '' . Psychotherapy Networker. 32 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : Welling , Hans ( June 2012 ) . `` Transformative emotional sequence : towards a common principle of change '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 22 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 136 . doi : 10.1037 / a0027786 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Richard D. ; Ryan , Lee ; Nadel , Lynn ; Greenberg , Leslie S. ( 2015 ) . `` Memory reconsolidation , emotional arousal and the process of change in psychotherapy : new insights from brain science '' ( PDF ) . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 38 : e1 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X14000041 . PMID 24827452 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Daniela ; Monfils , Marie - H. ; Raio , Candace M. ; Johnson , David C. ; LeDoux , Joseph E. ; Phelps , Elizabeth A. ( January 2010 ) . `` Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms '' . Nature . 463 ( 7277 ) : 49 -- 53 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08637 . PMC 3640262 . PMID 20010606 . ^ Jump up to : Ecker , Bruce ; Ticic , Robin ; Hulley , Laurel ( 2012 ) . Unlocking the Emotional Brain : Eliminating Symptoms at Their Roots Using Memory Reconsolidation . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415897167 . OCLC 772112300 . But for a more hesitant view of the role of memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy that criticizes some of the claims of Ecker et al. , see : Alberini , Cristina M. ( April 2015 ) . `` Commentary on Tuch '' . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association . 63 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 330 . doi : 10.1177 / 0003065115579720 . PMID 25922379 . Further reading ( edit ) Carr , M.F. ; Jadhav , S.P. ; Frank , L.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Hippocampal replay in the awake state : A potential substrate for memory consolidation and retrieval '' . Nature Neuroscience. 14 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 153 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 2732 . PMC 3215304 . PMID 21270783 . Tse , D. ; Langston , R.F. ; Kakeyama , M. ; Bethus , I. ; Spooner , P.A. ; Wood , E.R. ; Witter , M.P. ; Morris , R.G.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Schemas and Memory Consolidation '' . Science . 316 ( 5821 ) : 76 -- 82 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1135935 . PMID 17412951 . Wamsley , E.J. ; Tucker , M. ; Payne , J.D. ; Benavides , J.A. ; Stickgold , R. ( 2010 ) . `` Dreaming of a Learning Task is Associated with Enhanced Sleep - Dependent Memory Consolidation '' . Current Biology . 20 ( 9 ) : 850 -- 855 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2010.03. 027 . PMC 2869395 . PMID 20417102 . McGaugh , J.L. ( 2002 ) . `` Memory consolidation and the amygdala : A systems perspective '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 25 ( 9 ) : 456 -- 461 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 02 ) 02211 - 7 . PMID 12183206 . McIntyre , C.K. ; Power , A.N.E. ; Roozendaal , B. ; McGaugh , J.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Role of the Basolateral Amygdala in Memory Consolidation '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 985 : 273 -- 293 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2003. tb07088. x . PMID 12724165 . Nadel , L ; Samsonovich , A ; Ryan , L ; Moscovitch , M ( 2000 ) . `` Multiple trace theory of human memory : Computational , neuroimaging , and neuropsychological results '' . Hippocampus. 10 ( 4 ) : 352 -- 68 . doi : 10.1002 / 1098 - 1063 ( 2000 ) 10 : 4 < 352 : : AID - HIPO2 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - D. PMID 10985275 . Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Iconic Motor learning Visual Short - term `` The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two '' Working memory Intermediate Long - term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal - event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval - induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source - monitoring error Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese -- Roediger -- McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent - mindedness Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Context - dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels - of - processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered - memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State - dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus Chris Marker James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Mental processes Cognition Awareness Cognitive dissonance Comprehension Consciousness Imagination Intuition Perception Amodal Haptic ( touch ) Sound pitch harmonics speech Social Perception as interpretation Visual Color RGB model Peripheral Depth Form Memory Encoding Storage Recall Consolidation Other Attention Higher nervous activity Intention Learning Mental fatigue Mental set Thinking Volition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memory_consolidation&oldid=861134338 '' Categories : Memory processes Unsolved problems in neuroscience Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית Polski Português Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 10 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does consolidation of new memories primarily happen | [] | [] |
-8169086405895682477 | Ion | Ion - wikipedia Ion Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ion ( disambiguation ) . In the physical sciences , an ion ( / ˈaɪən , - ɒn / ) is a particle that has a non-zero net electrical charge , such as an atom or molecule whose total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons . A cation is a positively - charged ion , while an anion is negatively charged . Because of their opposite electric charges , cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds , such as salts . Ions can be created by chemical means , such as the dissolution of a salt into water , or by physical means , such as passing a direct current through a conducting solution , which will dissolve the anode via ionization . Ions consisting of only a single atom are atomic or monatomic ions . If they consist of two or more atoms , then they are called molecular ions or polyatomic ions . In the case of physical ionization of a medium such as a gas , what are known as `` ion pairs '' are created by ion impact , and each pair consists of a free electron and a positive ion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discovery 2 Characteristics 2.1 Anions and cations 2.2 Natural occurrences 3 Related technology 3.1 Detection of ionizing radiation 4 Chemistry 4.1 Notation 4.1. 1 Denoting the charged state 4.1. 2 Sub-classes 4.2 Formation 4.2. 1 Formation of monatomic ions 4.2. 2 Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions 4.2. 3 Ionization potential 4.3 Ionic bonding 4.4 Common ions 5 See also 6 References History of discovery ( edit ) The word ion comes from the Greek word ἰόν , ion , `` going '' , the present participle of ἰέναι , ienai , `` to go '' . This term was introduced by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday in 1834 for the then - unknown species that goes from one electrode to the other through an aqueous medium . Faraday did not know the nature of these species , but he knew that since metals dissolved into and entered a solution at one electrode and new metal came forth from a solution at the other electrode ; that some kind of substance has moved through the solution in a current . This conveys matter from one place to the other . Faraday also introduced the words anion for a negatively charged ion , and cation for a positively charged one . In Faraday 's nomenclature , cations were named because they were attracted to the cathode in a galvanic device and anions were named due to their attraction to the anode . Svante Arrhenius put forth , in his 1884 dissertation , his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles when dissolved , for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Arrhenius ' explanation was that in forming a solution , the salt dissociates into Faraday 's ions . Arrhenius proposed that ions formed even in the absence of an electric current . Characteristics ( edit ) Ions in their gas - like state are highly reactive , and will rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to give neutral molecules or ionic salts . Ions are also produced in the liquid or solid state when salts interact with solvents ( for example , water ) to produce `` solvated ions , '' which are more stable , for reasons involving a combination of energy and entropy changes as the ions move away from each other to interact with the liquid . These stabilized species are more commonly found in the environment at low temperatures . A common example is the ions present in seawater , which are derived from the dissolved salts . All ions are charged , which means that like all charged objects they are : attracted to opposite electric charges ( positive to negative , and vice versa ) , repelled by like charges when moving , their trajectories that can be deflected by a magnetic field . Electrons , due to their smaller mass and thus larger space - filling properties as matter waves , determine the size of atoms and molecules that possess any electrons at all . Thus , anions ( negatively charged ions ) are larger than the parent molecule or atom , as the excess electron ( s ) repel each other , and add to the physical size of the ion , because its size is determined by its electron cloud . As such , in general , cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of its electron cloud . One particular cation ( that of hydrogen ) contains no electrons , and thus consists of a single proton - very much smaller than the parent hydrogen atom . Anions and cations ( edit ) Hydrogen atom ( center ) contains a single proton and a single electron . Removal of the electron gives a cation ( left ) , whereas addition of an electron gives an anion ( right ) . The hydrogen anion , with its loosely held two - electron cloud , has a larger radius than the neutral atom , which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation . Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons , but even cations that ( unlike hydrogen ) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived . `` Cation '' and `` Anion '' redirect here . For the particle physics / quantum computing concept , see Anyon . For other uses , see Ion ( disambiguation ) . Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron , the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons . An anion ( − ) ( / ˈæn. aɪ. ən / ) , from the Greek word ἄνω ( ánō ) , meaning `` up '' , is an ion with more electrons than protons , giving it a net negative charge ( since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged ) . A cation ( + ) ( / ˈkæt. aɪ. ən / ) , from the Greek word κάτω ( káto ) , meaning `` down '' , is an ion with fewer electrons than protons , giving it a positive charge . There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges . For example , an ion with a − 2 charge is known as a dianion and an ion with a + 2 charge is known as a dication . A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule . Cations and anions are measured by their ionic radius and they differ in relative size : `` Cations are small , most of them less than 10 m ( 10 cm ) in radius . But most anions are large , as is the most common Earth anion , oxygen . From this fact it is apparent that most of the space of a crystal is occupied by the anion and that the cations fit into the spaces between them . '' A cation has radius less than 0.8 × 10 m ( 0.8 Å ) while an anion has radius greater than 1.3 × 10 m ( 1.3 Å ) . Natural occurrences ( edit ) Further information : List of oxidation states of the elements Ions are ubiquitous in nature and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun to the existence of the Earth 's ionosphere . Atoms in their ionic state may have a different colour from neutral atoms , and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the colour of gemstones . In both inorganic and organic chemistry ( including biochemistry ) , the interaction of water and ions is extremely important ; an example is the energy that drives breakdown of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . The following sections describe contexts in which ions feature prominently ; these are arranged in decreasing physical length - scale , from the astronomical to the microscopic . Related technology ( edit ) Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various ion sources , usually involving high voltage or temperature . These are used in a multitude of devices such as mass spectrometers , optical emission spectrometers , particle accelerators , ion implanters , and ion engines . As reactive charged particles , they are also used in air purification by disrupting microbes , and in household items such as smoke detectors . As signalling and metabolism in organisms are controlled by a precise ionic gradient across membranes , the disruption of this gradient contributes to cell death . This is a common mechanism exploited by natural and artificial biocides , including the ion channels gramicidin and amphotericin ( a fungicide ) . Inorganic dissolved ions are a component of total dissolved solids , an indicator of water quality in the world . Detection of ionizing radiation ( edit ) Schematic of an ion chamber , showing drift of ions . Electrons drift faster than positive ions due to their much smaller mass . Avalanche effect between two electrodes . The original ionization event liberates one electron , and each subsequent collision liberates a further electron , so two electrons emerge from each collision : the ionizing electron and the liberated electron . The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as alpha , beta , gamma and X-rays . The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an `` ion pair '' ; a positive ion and a free electron , by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules . The ionization chamber is the simplest of these detectors , and collects all the charges created by direct ionization within the gas through the application of an electric field . The Geiger -- Müller tube and the proportional counter both use a phenomenon known as a Townsend avalanche to multiply the effect of the original ionizing event by means of a cascade effect whereby the free electrons are given sufficient energy by the electric field to release further electrons by ion impact . Chemistry ( edit ) Notation ( edit ) Denoting the charged state ( edit ) Equivalent notations for an iron atom ( Fe ) that lost two electrons , referred to as ferrous . When writing the chemical formula for an ion , its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule / atom . The net charge is written with the magnitude before the sign ; that is , a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2 + instead of + 2 . However , the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules / atoms ; for example , the sodium cation is indicated as Na and not Na . An alternative ( and acceptable ) way of showing a molecule / atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times , this is often seen with transition metals . Chemists sometimes circle the sign ; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning . All three representations of Fe 2 + shown in the figure , are thus equivalent . Mixed Roman numerals and charge notations for the uranyl ion . The oxidation state of the metal is shown as superscripted Roman numerals , whereas the charge of the entire complex is shown by the angle symbol together with the magnitude and sign of the net charge . Monatomic ions are sometimes also denoted with Roman numerals ; for example , the Fe 2 + example seen above is occasionally referred to as Fe ( II ) or Fe . The Roman numeral designates the formal oxidation state of an element , whereas the superscripted numerals denote the net charge . The two notations are , therefore , exchangeable for monatomic ions , but the Roman numerals can not be applied to polyatomic ions . However , it is possible to mix the notations for the individual metal centre with a polyatomic complex , as shown by the uranyl ion example . Sub-classes ( edit ) If an ion contains unpaired electrons , it is called a radical ion . Just like uncharged radicals , radical ions are very reactive . Polyatomic ions containing oxygen , such as carbonate and sulfate , are called oxyanions . Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called organic ions . If the charge in an organic ion is formally centred on a carbon , it is termed a carbocation ( if positively charged ) or carbanion ( if negatively charged ) . Formation ( edit ) Formation of monatomic ions ( edit ) Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell ( the outer-most electron shell ) in an atom . The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus , and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction . The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization . Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation , but the more usual process of ionization encountered in chemistry is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules . This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ( `` closed shell '' ) electronic configurations . Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy . For example , a sodium atom , Na , has a single electron in its valence shell , surrounding 2 stable , filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons . Since these filled shells are very stable , a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration , becoming a sodium cation in the process Na → Na + + e − On the other hand , a chlorine atom , Cl , has 7 electrons in its valence shell , which is one short of the stable , filled shell with 8 electrons . Thus , a chlorine atom tends to gain an extra electron and attain a stable 8 - electron configuration , becoming a chloride anion in the process : Cl + e − → Cl − This driving force is what causes sodium and chlorine to undergo a chemical reaction , wherein the `` extra '' electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine , forming sodium cations and chloride anions . Being oppositely charged , these cations and anions form ionic bonds and combine to form sodium chloride , NaCl , more commonly known as table salt . Na + + Cl − → NaCl Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions ( edit ) An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion ( NO ) . The 3 - dimensional shell represents a single arbitrary isopotential . Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as a proton , H , in neutral molecules . For example , when ammonia , NH , accepts a proton , H -- a process called protonation -- it forms the ammonium ion , NH . Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same electronic configuration , but ammonium has an extra proton that gives it a net positive charge . Ammonia can also lose an electron to gain a positive charge , forming the ion NH + 3 . However , this ion is unstable , because it has an incomplete valence shell around the nitrogen atom , making it a very reactive radical ion . Due to the instability of radical ions , polyatomic and molecular ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions such as H + , rather than gaining or losing electrons . This allows the molecule to preserve its stable electronic configuration while acquiring an electrical charge . Ionization potential ( edit ) Main article : Ionization potential The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential , or ionization energy . The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron after the first n − 1 electrons have already been detached . Each successive ionization energy is markedly greater than the last . Particularly great increases occur after any given block of atomic orbitals is exhausted of electrons . For this reason , ions tend to form in ways that leave them with full orbital blocks . For example , sodium has one valence electron in its outermost shell , so in ionized form it is commonly found with one lost electron , as Na + . On the other side of the periodic table , chlorine has seven valence electrons , so in ionized form it is commonly found with one gained electron , as Cl − . Caesium has the lowest measured ionization energy of all the elements and helium has the greatest . In general , the ionization energy of metals is much lower than the ionization energy of nonmetals , which is why , in general , metals will lose electrons to form positively charged ions and nonmetals will gain electrons to form negatively charged ions . Ionic bonding ( edit ) Main article : Ionic bond Ionic bonding is a kind of chemical bonding that arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions . Ions of like charge repel each other , and ions of opposite charge attract each other . Therefore , ions do not usually exist on their own , but will bind with ions of opposite charge to form a crystal lattice . The resulting compound is called an ionic compound , and is said to be held together by ionic bonding . In ionic compounds there arise characteristic distances between ion neighbours from which the spatial extension and the ionic radius of individual ions may be derived . The most common type of ionic bonding is seen in compounds of metals and nonmetals ( except noble gases , which rarely form chemical compounds ) . Metals are characterized by having a small number of electrons in excess of a stable , closed - shell electronic configuration . As such , they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration . This property is known as electropositivity . Non-metals , on the other hand , are characterized by having an electron configuration just a few electrons short of a stable configuration . As such , they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration . This tendency is known as electronegativity . When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal , the extra electrons from the metal atoms are transferred to the electron - deficient nonmetal atoms . This reaction produces metal cations and nonmetal anions , which are attracted to each other to form a salt . Common ions ( edit ) Common cations Common name Formula Historic name Simple cations Aluminium Al Barium Ba Beryllium Be Calcium Ca Chromium ( III ) Cr Copper ( I ) Cu cuprous Copper ( II ) Cu cupric Hydrogen Iron ( II ) Fe ferrous Iron ( III ) Fe ferric Lead ( II ) Pb plumbous Lead ( IV ) Pb plumbic Lithium Li Magnesium Mg Manganese ( II ) Mn Mercury ( II ) Hg mercuric Potassium kalic Silver Ag argentous Sodium Na natric Strontium Sr Tin ( II ) Sn stannous Tin ( IV ) Sn stannic Zinc Zn Polyatomic cations Ammonium NH + Hydronium H O Mercury ( I ) Hg 2 + mercurous Common anions Formal name Formula Alt . name Simple anions Azide N − Bromide Br Chloride Cl Fluoride Hydride Iodide Nitride Oxide O Sulfide Oxoanions Carbonate CO 2 − Chlorate ClO − Chromate CrO 2 − Dichromate Cr 2O2 − 7 Dihydrogen phosphate 2PO − Hydrogen carbonate HCO − bicarbonate Hydrogen sulfate HSO − bisulfate Hydrogen sulfite HSO − bisulfite Hydroxide OH Hypochlorite ClO Monohydrogen phosphate HPO 2 − Nitrate NO − Nitrite NO − Perchlorate ClO − Permanganate MnO − Peroxide O2 − Phosphate PO 3 − Sulfate SO 2 − Sulfite SO 2 − Superoxide O − Thiosulfate 2O2 − Silicate SiO 4 − Metasilicate SiO 2 − Aluminium silicate AlSiO − Anions from organic acids Acetate CH 3COO − ethanoate Formate HCOO − methanoate Oxalate 2O2 − ethanedioate Cyanide CN See also ( edit ) Air ionizer Auroras Gaseous ionization detectors Ion beam Ion exchange Ionizing radiation List of ions List of oxidation states of the elements Stopping power of radiation particles Ioliomics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ion '' entry in Collins English Dictionary , HarperCollins Publishers , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Knoll , Glenn F ( 1999 ) . Radiation detection and measurement ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 07338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Faraday ( 1791 - 1867 ) . UK : BBC . Jump up ^ `` Online etymology dictionary '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ Harris , William ; Levey , Judith , eds. ( 1975 ) . The New Columbia Encyclopedia ( 4th ed . ) . New York City : Columbia University . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 231035 - 721 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Charles , ed. ( 1992 ) . The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 15 ed . ) . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. p. 587 . ISBN 085 - 229553 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cillispie , Charles , ed. ( 1970 ) . Dictionary of Scientific Biography ( 1 ed . ) . New York City : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 296 -- 302 . ISBN 0 - 684101 - 122 . Jump up ^ Oxford University Press ( 2013 ) . `` Oxford Reference : OVERVIEW anion '' . oxfordreference.com . Jump up ^ University of Colorado Boulder ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Atoms and Elements , Isotopes and Ions '' . colorado.edu . Jump up ^ Oxford University Press ( 2013 ) . `` Oxford Reference : OVERVIEW cation '' . oxfordreference.com . Jump up ^ Douglas W. Haywick , Ph. D. ; University of South Alabama ( 2007 -- 2008 ) . `` Elemental Chemistry '' ( PDF ) . usouthal.edu . Jump up ^ Purdue University ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Amino Acids '' . purdue.edu . Jump up ^ Frank Press & Raymond Siever ( 1986 ) Earth , 14th edition , page 63 , W.H. Freeman and Company ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1743 - 3 Jump up ^ Linus Pauling ( 1960 ) Nature of the Chemical Bond , p. 544 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Chemical elements listed by ionization energy . Lenntech.com Galvanic cells Types Voltaic pile Battery Flow battery Trough battery Concentration cell Fuel cell Thermogalvanic cell Primary cell ( non-rechargeable ) Alkaline Aluminium -- air Bunsen Chromic acid Clark Daniell Dry Edison - Lalande Grove Leclanché Lithium Mercury Nickel oxyhydroxide Silicon -- air Silver oxide Weston Zamboni Zinc -- air Zinc -- carbon Secondary cell ( rechargeable ) Automotive Lead -- acid gel / VRLA Lithium -- air Lithium -- ion Lithium polymer Lithium iron phosphate Lithium titanate Lithium -- sulfur Dual carbon battery Molten salt Nanopore Nanowire Nickel -- cadmium Nickel -- hydrogen Nickel -- iron Nickel -- lithium Nickel -- metal hydride Nickel -- zinc Polysulfide bromide Potassium - ion Rechargeable alkaline Sodium - ion Sodium -- sulfur Vanadium redox Zinc -- bromine Zinc -- cerium Cell parts Anode Binder Catalyst Cathode Electrode Electrolyte Half - cell Ions Salt bridge Semipermeable membrane LCCN : sh85067842 GND : 4027597 - 8 SUDOC : 027673707 BNF : cb11966631g ( data ) NDL : 00616786 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion&oldid=813922233 '' Categories : Ions Physical chemistry Charge carriers Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 23 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | an anion is any atom or group of atoms with a positive charge | [] | [] |
3459023937075208123 | The Ant and the Grasshopper | The ant and the grasshopper - wikipedia The ant and the grasshopper Coloured print of La Fontaine 's fable by Jean - Baptiste Oudry The Ant and the Grasshopper , alternatively titled The Grasshopper and the Ant ( or Ants ) , is one of Aesop 's Fables , numbered 373 in the Perry Index . The fable describes how a hungry grasshopper begs for food from an ant when winter comes and is refused . The situation sums up moral lessons about the virtues of hard work and planning for the future . Even in Classical times , however , the advice was mistrusted and an alternative story represented the ant 's industry as mean and self - serving . Jean de la Fontaine 's delicately ironical retelling in French later widened the debate to cover the themes of compassion and charity . Since the 18th century the grasshopper has been seen as the type of the artist and the question of the place of culture in society has also been included . Argument over the fable 's ambivalent meaning has generally been conducted through adaptation or reinterpretation of the fable in literature , arts , and music . Contents 1 Fable and counter-fable 2 In art 3 Later adaptations 4 Musical settings 5 Film and television treatments 6 Moral and artistic debate 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Fable and counter-fable ( edit ) The fable concerns a grasshopper ( in the original , a cicada ) that has spent the summer singing while the ant ( or ants in some versions ) worked to store up food for winter . When that season arrives , the grasshopper finds itself dying of hunger and begs the ant for food . However , the ant rebukes its idleness and tells it to dance the winter away now . Versions of the fable are found in the verse collections of Babrius ( 140 ) and Avianus ( 34 ) , and in several prose collections including those attributed to Syntipas and Aphthonius of Antioch . The fable 's Greek original cicada is kept in the Latin and Romance translations . A variant fable , separately numbered 112 in the Perry Index , features a dung beetle as the improvident insect which finds that the winter rains wash away the dung on which it feeds . The fable is found in a large number of mediaeval Latin sources and also figures as a moral ballade among the poems of Eustache Deschamps under the title of La fourmi et le céraseron . From the start it assumes prior knowledge of the fable and presents human examples of provident and improvident behaviour as typified by the insects . As well as appearing in vernacular collections of Aesop 's fables in Renaissance times , a number of Neo-Latin poets used it as a subject , including Gabriele Faerno ( 1563 ) , Hieronymus Osius ( 1564 ) and Candidus Pantaleon ( 1604 ) . The story has been used to teach the virtues of hard work and the perils of improvidence . Some versions state a moral at the end along the lines of `` Idleness brings want '' , `` To work today is to eat tomorrow '' , `` Beware of winter before it comes '' . In La Fontaine 's Fables no final judgment is made , although it has been argued that the author is there making sly fun of his own notoriously improvident ways . But the point of view in most retellings of the fable is supportive of the ant . It is also influenced by the commendation in the biblical Book of Proverbs , which mentions the ant twice . The first proverb admonishes , `` Go to the ant , you sluggard ! Consider her ways and be wise , which having no captain , overseer or ruler , provides her supplies in the summer , and gathers her food in the harvest '' ( 6.6 - 9 ) . Later , in a parallel saying of Agur , the insects figure among the ' four things that are little upon the earth but they are exceeding wise . The ants are a people not strong , yet they provide their food in the summer . ' ( 30.24 - 5 ) There was , nevertheless , an alternative tradition also ascribed to Aesop in which the ant was seen as a bad example . This appears as a counter-fable and is numbered 166 in the Perry Index . It relates that the ant was once a man who was always busy farming . Not satisfied with the results of his own labour , he plundered his neighbours ' crops at night . This angered the king of the gods , who turned him into what is now an ant . Yet even though the man had changed his shape , he did not change his habits and to this day goes around the fields gathering the fruits of other people 's labour , storing them up for himself . The moral given the fable in old Greek sources was that it is easier to change in appearance than to change one 's moral nature . It has rarely been noticed since Classical times . Among the few prominent collectors of fables who recorded it later were Gabriele Faerno ( 1564 ) , and Roger L'Estrange ( 1692 ) . The latter 's comment is that the ant 's `` Vertue and Vice , in many Cases , are hardly Distinguishable but by the Name '' . In art ( edit ) Jules - Joseph Lefebvre , The Grasshopper , National Gallery of Victoria , Australia Because of the influence of La Fontaine 's Fables , in which La cigale et la fourmi stands at the beginning , the cicada then became the proverbial example of improvidence in France : so much so that Jules - Joseph Lefebvre ( 1836 -- 1911 ) could paint a picture of a female nude biting one of her nails among the falling leaves and be sure viewers would understand the point by giving it the title La Cigale . The painting was exhibited at the 1872 Salon with a quotation from La Fontaine , Quand la bise fut venue ( When the north wind blew ) , and was seen as a critique of the lately deposed Napoleon III , who had led the nation into a disastrous war with Prussia . Another with the same title , alternatively known as `` Girl with a Mandolin '' ( 1890 ) , was painted by Edouard Bisson ( 1856 -- 1939 ) and depicts a gypsy musician in a sleeveless dress shivering in the falling snow . Also so - named is the painting by Henrietta Rae ( a student of Lefebvre 's ) of a naked girl with a mandolin slung over her back who is cowering among the falling leaves at the root of a tree . The grasshopper and the ant are generally depicted as women because both words for the insects are of the feminine gender in most Romance languages . Picturing the grasshopper as a musician , generally carrying a mandolin or guitar , was a convention that grew up when the insect was portrayed as a human being , since singers accompanied themselves on those instruments . The sculptor and painter Ignaz Stern ( 1679 -- 1748 ) also has the grasshopper thinly clad and shivering in the paired statues he produced under the title of the fable , while the jovial ant is more warmly dressed . But the anticlerical painter Jehan Georges Vibert has male characters in his picture of `` La cigale et la fourmi '' from 1875 . It is painted as a mediaeval scene in which a minstrel with a tall lute on his back encounters a monk on a snow - covered upland . The warmly shrouded monk has been out gathering alms and may be supposed to be giving the musician a lecture on his improvidence . By contrast , the Naturalist Victor - Gabriel Gilbert ( 1847 -- 1933 ) pictures the fable as being enacted in the marketplace of a small town in Northern France . An elderly stall - keeper is frowning at a decrepit woman who has paused nearby , while her younger companion looks on in distress . In his lithograph from the Volpini Suite , `` Les cigales et les fourmis '' ( 1889 ) , Paul Gauguin avoids making a judgment . Subtitled ' a souvenir of Martinique ' , it pictures a group of women sitting or lying on the ground while in the background other women walk past with baskets on their heads . He is content that they exemplify the behaviour proverbially assigned to the insects without moral comment . For a long time , the illustrators of fable books had tended to concentrate on picturing winter landscapes , with the encounter between the insects occupying only the lower foreground . In the 19th century the insects grew in size and began to take on human dress . It was this tendency that was reproduced in that curiosity of publishing , the 1894 Choix de Fables de La Fontaine , Illustrée par un Groupe des Meilleurs Artistes de Tokio , which was printed in Japan and illustrated by some of the foremost woodblock artists of the day . Kajita Hanko 's treatment of the story takes place in a typical snowy landscape with the cricket approaching a thatched cottage , watched through a window by the robed ant . An earlier Chinese treatment , commissioned mid-century by Baron Félix - Sébastien Feuillet de Conches through his diplomatic contacts , uses human figures to depict the situation . An old woman in a ragged dress approaches the lady of the house , who is working at her spinning wheel on an open verandah . Use of the insects to point a moral lesson extends into the 20th century . In Jean Vernon 's bronze medal from the 1930s , the supplicant cicada is depicted as crouching on a branch while the ant rears up below with its legs about a beechnut . Engraved to one side is its sharp reply , Vous chantiez , j'en suis fort aise. / Eh bien , dansez maintenant . ( You sang ? I 'm glad ; now you can dance . ) Jacob Lawrence depicts much the same scene in his 1969 ink drawing of the fable , but with a different moral intent . There a weeping grasshopper stands before a seated ant who reaches back to lock his storeroom door . It is notable that artistic sentiment has by now moved against the ant with the recognition that improvidence is not always the only cause of poverty . Nevertheless , Hungary used the fable to promote a savings campaign on a 60 forint stamp in 1958 . The following year it appeared again in a series depicting fairy tales , as it did as one of many pendents on a 1.50 tögrög stamp from Mongolia . In this case the main stamp was commemorating the 1970 World 's Fair in Japan with a picture of the Sumitomo fairy tale pavilion . Later adaptations ( edit ) La Fontaine 's portrayal of the Ant as a flawed character , reinforced by the ambivalence of the alternative fable , led to that insect too being viewed as anything but an example of virtue . Jules Massenet 's two - act ballet Cigale , first performed at the Opéra - Comique in Paris in 1904 , portrays the cicada as a charitable woman who takes pity on `` La Pauvrette '' ( the poor little one ) . But La Pauvrette , after being taken in and fed , is rude and heartless when the situation is reversed . Cigale is left to die in the snow at the close of the ballet . La Fontaine 's poem has also been subverted by several French parodies . Tristan Corbière 's A Marcelle - le poete et la cigale is a light - hearted literary criticism of a bad poet . In the 20th century , Jean Anouilh uses it as the basis for two almost independent fables . In La fourmi et la cigale the ant becomes an overworked housewife whom the dust follows into the grave . The cicada 's comment is that she prefers to employ a maid . In La Cigale , Anouilh engages with the reality of the artistic life , reviewing the cicada as the type of the female musician . In this fable she figures as a night - club singer who asks a fox to act as her agent . He believes that she will be an easy victim for his manipulations but she handles him with such frosty finesse that he takes up singing himself . Pierre Perret 's 1990 version in urban slang satirises the cicada 's more traditional role as a thoughtless ' queen of the hit parade ' . The subversion lies in the four - line moral at the end , in which he advises that it is better to be an impresario than a performer . Roland Bacri takes the tale into fresh territory with his Fable Electorale . An unelected politician out of funds visits the ant and , on being asked what he did during the past election , replied that he sang the national anthem . Playing on the final words of La Fontaine 's fable ( Eh bien , dansez maintenant ) , the industrialist advises him to stand for president ( presidensez maintenant ) . On the other hand , Francoise Sagan turns the satire against the too industrious . Her ant has been stockpiling all winter and urges the grasshopper to invest in her wares when spring comes . But the grasshopper 's needs are few and she advises holding a discount sale instead . To take a final example , the Anti-Cancer League has turned the fable into an attack on smoking . The grasshopper 's appeal , out of pocket and desperate for a cigarette , is turned down by another play on the original ending . So , she had smoked all through the summer ? OK , now cough ( Et bien , toussez ) . The English writer W. Somerset Maugham reverses the moral order in a different way in his short story , `` The Ant and The Grasshopper '' ( 1924 ) . It concerns two brothers , one of whom is a dissolute waster whose hard - working brother has constantly to bail out of difficulties . At the end the latter is enraged to discover that his ' grasshopper ' brother has married a rich widow , who then dies and leaves him a fortune . The story was later adapted in the film Encore ( 1951 ) and the English television series Somerset Maugham Hour ( 1960 ) . James Joyce also adapts the fable into a tale of brotherly conflict in `` The Ondt and the Gracehoper '' episode in Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) and makes of the twin brothers Shem and Shaun opposing tendencies within the human personality : These twain are the twins that tick Homo Vulgaris . In America , John Ciardi 's poetical fable for children , `` John J. Plenty and Fiddler Dan '' ( 1963 ) , makes an argument for poetry over fanatical hard work . Ciardi 's ant , John J. Plenty , is so bent upon saving that he eats very little of what he has saved . Meanwhile , Fiddler Dan the grasshopper and his non-conforming ant wife survive the winter without help and resume playing music with the return of spring . John Updike 's 1987 short story `` Brother Grasshopper '' deals with a pair of brothers - in - law whose lives parallel the fable of the ant and the grasshopper . One , Fred Barrow , lives a conservative , restrained existence ; the other , Carlyle Lothrop , spends his money profligately , especially on joint vacations for the two men 's families , even as he becomes financially insolvent . However , at the end comes an unexpected inversion of the characters ' archetypal roles . When Carlyle dies , Fred , now divorced and lonely , realizes that he has been left with a rich store of memories which would not have existed without his friend 's largesse . Musical settings ( edit ) 1919 illustration of Aesop 's Fables by Milo Winter La Fontaine 's version of the fable was set by the following French composers : Louis - Nicolas Clérambault , to whom the works in the fables section of Nouvelles poésies spirituelles et morales sur les plus beaux airs ( 1730 -- 37 ) have been attributed . The text is modified to fit the tune and is retitled La fourmi et la sauterelle . Jacques Offenbach in Six Fables de La Fontaine ( 1842 ) for soprano and small orchestra Charles Gounod , part - song for a cappella choir ( 1857 ) Benjamin Godard in Six Fables de La Fontaine for voice and piano , ( Op. 17 c. 1871 ) Louis Lacombe , set for 4 male voices ( Op. 88 , 2 1887 ) Charles Lecocq in Six Fables de Jean de la Fontaine for voice and piano ( 1900 ) Camille Saint - Saëns for voice and piano or orchestra ( 1910 ? ) André Caplet in Trois Fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1919 ) for voice and piano Paul - Marie Masson , for voice and piano ( 1926 ) Maurice Delage in Deux fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1931 ) Marcelle de Manziarly in Trois Fables de La Fontaine ( 1935 ) for voice and piano Jean - René Quignard for 2 children 's voices Charles Trenet , performed with Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club de France in 1941 Marie - Madeleine Duruflé ( 1921 -- 99 ) as the fifth in her 6 Fables de La Fontaine for A cappella female voices ( 1960 ) Claude Ballif , the first of his Chansonettes : 5 Fables de La Fontaine for small mixed choir ( Op. 72 , No1 1995 ) Ida Gotkovsky ( 1933 - ) , the first fable in Hommage à Jean de La Fontaine for mixed choirs and orchestra ( 1995 ) Jean - Marie Morel ( 1934 - ) , a small cantata set for children 's choir and string quartet in La Fontaine en chantant ( 1999 ) Isabelle Aboulker ( b . 1938 ) , the fourth piece in Femmes en fables ( 1999 ) for high voice with piano There were two comic operas that went under the title La cigale et la fourmi in the 19th century . The one by Ferdinand Poise was in one act and dated 1870 . The one by Edmond Audran was in three acts and performed in Paris in 1886 , in London in 1890 and in New York in 1891 . This was shortly followed by the darker mood of Jules Massenet 's ballet Cigale , mentioned above . Later adaptations of the fable to ballet include Henri Sauguet 's La cigale at la fourmi ( 1941 ) and the third episode in Francis Poulenc 's Les Animaux Modèles ( Model Animals , 1941 ) . In the 21st century there has been `` La C et la F de la F '' , in which the dancers interact with the text , choreographed by Herman Diephuis for Annie Sellem 's composite presentation of the fables in 2004 . It also figures among the four in the film Les Fables à la Fontaine directed by Marie - Hélène Rebois in 2004 . The Belgian composer Joseph Jongen set La Fontaine 's fable for children 's chorus and piano ( op . 118 , 1941 ) and the Dutch composer Rudolf Koumans set the French text in Vijf fabels van La Fontaine ( op . 25 , 1964 ) for school chorus and orchestra . There is a happier ending in the American composer Shawn Allen 's children 's opera , The Ant and the Grasshopper ( 1999 ) . At the end of this thirty - minute work , the two insects become musical partners during the winter after the ant revives the dying grasshopper . A Russian version of the fable by Ivan Krylov was written under the title `` The dragonfly and the ant '' ( Strekoza i muravej ) . This was set for voice and piano by Anton Rubinstein in 1851 ; a German version ( Der Ameise und die Libelle ) was later published in Leipzig in 1864 as part of his Fünf Fabeln ( Op. 64 ) . In the following century the Russian text was again set by Dmitri Shostakovich in Two Fables of Krylov for mezzo - soprano , female chorus and chamber orchestra ( op. 4 , 1922 ) . A Hungarian translation of the fable by Dezső Kosztolányi was also set for mezzo - soprano , four - part mixed chorus and 4 guitars or piano by Ferenc Farkas in 1977 . The Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel i Godó set the fable in his 7 Fábulas de la Fontaine for recitation with orchestra in 1995 . These used a Catalan translation by his father , the writer Xavier Benguerel i Llobet ( ca ) . There have also been purely instrumental pieces ; these include the first of Antal Dorati 's 5 Pieces for Oboe ( 1980 ) and the first of Karim Al - Zand 's Four Fables for flute , clarinet and piano ( 2003 ) . Settings of the Aesop version have been much rarer . It was among Mabel Wood Hill 's Aesop 's Fables Interpreted Through Music ( New York , 1920 ) . It was also included among David Edgar Walther 's ' short operatic dramas ' in 2009 . In 2010 Lefteris Kordis set the Greek text as the second fable in his `` Aesop Project '' for octet and voice . Film and television treatments ( edit ) La Fontaine 's fable lent itself to animated film features from early on , the first being a version by George Méliès in France in 1897 . Others produced under the title La cigale et la fourmi were directed by Louis Feuillade ( 1909 ) and Georges Monca ( 1910 ) . There were also Italian films under the title La cicala e la formica by Mario Caserini ( 1908 ) and Renato Molinari ( 1919 ) . The Russo - Polish producer Ladislaw Starewicz made two versions using animated models . The first was in Russia in 1913 under the title Strekoza i muravey , based on Ivan Krylov 's Russian adaptation of La Fontaine ; then , following his flight to France , and using the simplified name of Ladislas Starevich , he filmed a version under the French title ( 1927 ) . In the UK , The Grasshopper and the Ant was created from cut - out silhouettes by Lotte Reiniger in 1954 . In this the main characters , Grasshopper and Miss Ant , are portrayed as humanoid while the rest of the animals and insects are naturalistic . After being refused food and warmth by Miss Ant , Grasshopper is rescued from dying in the snow by squirrels and plays his fiddle for them . Miss Ant wistfully asks if she can join the party and is turned away by the rescuers until Grasshopper intervenes and asks her in to dance with them . In America the Aesop 's Film Fables studio had included The Ants and the Grasshopper ( 1921 ) among its early animated cartoon productions . Then in 1934 Walt Disney provided the story with a socially responsible conclusion in The Grasshopper and the Ants ( discussed in the next section ) . He also adapted the story less directly in the Mickey 's Young Readers Library segment , Mickey and the Big Storm ; in this , Donald Duck and Goofy spend the first day of a winter snowstorm playing out in the snow and do n't bother to stock up on supplies . Fortunately for them , Mickey has more than enough for himself and his friends . Friz Freleng also adapted the tale in his Warner Bros. cartoon Porky 's Bear Facts in which Porky Pig works hard while his lazy neighbor refuses to do anything , only to suffer during winter . Although Porky at last gives him a meal out of good - neighborly feeling , the bear fails to learn his lesson when spring arrives . In the later 20th century , there were a number of cynical subversions in TV shows . A typical example was the Muppet Show sketch in which Sam the Eagle 's reading of the fable is undermined as the ant is stepped on at the end and the grasshopper drives off to Florida in his sports car . Moral and artistic debate ( edit ) Gustave Doré illustration of La Fontaine 's The Ant and the Grasshopper La Fontaine follows ancient sources in his 17th century retelling of the fable , where the ant suggests at the end that since the grasshopper has sung all summer she should now dance for its entertainment . However , his only direct criticism of the ant is that it lacked generosity . The Grasshopper had asked for a loan which it promised to pay back with interest , but `` The Ant had a failing , / She was n't a lender '' . The readers of his time were aware of the Christian duty of charity and therefore sensed the moral ambiguity of the fable . This is further brought out by Gustave Doré 's 1880s print which pictures the story as a human situation . A female musician stands at a door in the snow with the children of the house looking up at her with sympathy . Their mother looks down from the top of the steps . Her tireless industry is indicated by the fact that she continues knitting but , in a country where the knitting - women ( les tricoteuses ) had jeered at the victims of the guillotine during the French Revolution , this activity would also have been associated with lack of pity . Other French fabulists since La Fontaine had already started the counter-attack on the self - righteous ant . In around 1800 Jean - Jacques Boisard has the cricket answering the ant 's criticism of his enjoyment of life with the philosophical proposition that since we must all die in the end , Hoarding is folly , enjoyment is wise . In a Catholic educational work ( Fables , 1851 ) Jacques - Melchior Villefranche offers a sequel in which the ant loses its stores and asks the bee for help . The ant 's former taunt to the grasshopper is now turned on himself : Are you hungry ? Well then , Turn a pirouette , Dine on a mazurka , Have polka for supper . But then the bee reveals that it has already given the grasshopper shelter and invites the ant to join him since ' All who are suffering / Deserve help equally . ' In the 20th century the fable enters the political arena . Walt Disney 's cartoon version , The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) confronts the dilemma of how to deal with improvidence from the point of view of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal . The Grasshopper 's irresponsibility is underlined by his song `` The World Owes us a Living '' , which later that year became a Shirley Temple hit , rewritten to encase the story of the earlier cartoon . In the end the ants take pity on the grasshopper on certain conditions . The Queen of the Ants decrees that the grasshopper may stay , but he must play his fiddle in return for his room and board . He agrees to this arrangement , finally learning that he needs to make himself useful , and ' changes his tune ' to Oh I owe the world a living ... You ants were right the time you said You 've got to work for all you get . In recent times , the fable has again been put to political use by both sides in the social debate between the enterprise culture and those who consider the advantaged have a responsibility towards the disadvantaged . A modern satirical version of the story , originally written in 1994 , has the grasshopper calling a press conference at the beginning of the winter to complain about socio - economic inequity , and being given the ant 's house . This version was written by Pittsburgh talk show guru Jim Quinn as an attack on the Clinton administration 's social programme in the USA . In 2008 Conservative columnist Michelle Malkin also updated the story to satirize the policies of ' Barack Cicada ' . There have been adaptations into other languages as well . But the commentary at the end of an Indian reworking explains such social conflict as the result of selective media presentation that exploits envy and fear . The fable is equally pressed into service in the debate over the artist 's place within the work ethic . In Marie de France 's mediaeval version the grasshopper had pleaded that its work was ' to sing and bring pleasure to all creatures , but I find none who will now return the same to me . ' The ant 's reply is thoroughly materialistic , however : ' Why should I give food to thee / When you can not give aid to me ? ' At the end of the 15th century , Laurentius Abstemius makes a utilitarian point using different insects in his similar fable of the gnat and the bee . The gnat applies to the bee for food and shelter in winter and offers to teach her children music in return . The bee 's reply is that she prefers to teach the children a useful trade that will preserve them from hunger and cold . The fable of `` A Gnat and a Bee '' was later to be included by Thomas Bewick in his 1818 edition of Aesop 's Fables . The conclusion he draws there is that ' The many unhappy people whom we see daily singing up and down in order to divert other people , though with very heavy hearts of their own , should warn all those who have the education of children how necessary it is to bring them up to industry and business , be their present prospects ever so hopeful . ' The arts are no more highly regarded by the French revolutionary Pierre - Louis Ginguené whose `` New Fables '' ( 1810 ) include `` The Grasshopper and the Other Insects '' . There the Grasshopper exhorts the others to follow his example of tireless artistic activity and is answered that the only justification for poetry can be if it is socially useful . Such utilitarianism was soon to be challenged by Romanticism and its championship of the artist has coloured later attitudes . In the early decades of the 20th century , the Romanian poet George Topîrceanu was to make the case for pure artistic creation in `` The ballad of a small grasshopper '' ( Balada unui greier mic ) , although more in the telling than by outright moralising . A cricket passes the summer in singing ; autumn arrives , but he continues . It is only in icy winter that the cricket realizes that he has n't provided for himself . He goes to his neighbour , the ant , to ask for something to eat , but the ant refuses saying , `` You wasted your time all summer long . '' The English folk - singer and children 's writer Leon Rosselson subtly turns the tables in much the same way in his 1970s song The Ant and the Grasshopper , using the story to rebuke the self - righteous ant ( and those humans with his mindset ) for letting his fellow creatures die of want and for his blindness to the joy of life . In the field of children 's literature , Slade and Toni Morrison 's rap retelling of the fable , Who 's Got Game ? : The Ant or the Grasshopper ? ( 2003 ) , where the grasshopper represents the artisan , provokes a discussion about the importance of art . An earlier improvisation on the story that involves art and its value was written by the Silesian artist Janosch under the title `` Die Fiedelgrille und der Maulwurf '' ( The fiddling cricket and the mole ) , originally published in 1982 and in English translation in 1983 . There the cricket fiddles for the entertainment of the animals all summer but is rejected by the stag beetle and the mouse when winter comes . She eventually encounters the mole who loves her music , especially because he is blind . and invites her to stay with him . The theme had been treated at an even further distance in Leo Lionni 's Frederick ( 1967 ) . Here a fieldmouse , in a community narrowly focused on efficiently gathering for the winter , concentrates instead on gathering impressions . When the other mice question the usefulness of this , Frederick insists that ' gathering sun rays for the cold dark winter days ' is also work . Indeed , the community comes to recognise this after the food has run out and morale is low , when it is Frederick 's poetry that raises spirits . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Fly and the Ant The Little Red Hen , a folk tale with a similar moral References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Edwin Perry ( 1965 ) . Babrius and Phaedrus . Loeb Classical Library . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 487 , no . 373 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 99480 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brewer 's Concise Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , London reprint 1992 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados , History of the Graeco - Latin fable III , Leiden NL 2003 , p. 146 Jump up ^ `` Aesopica website '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Poésie Morale , Paris 1832 , pp. 191 - 2 Jump up ^ Fable 7 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 88 '' . Uni-mannheim.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 145 '' . Uni-mannheim.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jean de La Fontaine . `` Original text and translation '' . Bewilderingstories.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andrew Calder , The Fables of La Fontaine : Wisdom Brought Down to Earth , Geneva CH 2001 , pp. 18 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Zeus and the Ant '' , `` Mythfolklore.net '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fable LXXXIII , available online . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 188 '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IMENT.com '' . IMENT.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ View on Flickr Jump up ^ Art Value Jump up ^ Available on Flickr Jump up ^ Česky . `` WikiGallery '' . WikiGallery . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Gauguin : The Grasshoppers and the Ants : A Souvenir of Martinique , from the Volpini Suite : Dessins lithographiques ( 22.82. 2 - 4 ) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org. 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton University '' . Creighton.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hood Museum of Art , Hanover NH ; view online Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Colnect.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Les Amours Jaunes ( Paris 1873 ) , text on the French Classics site . Jump up ^ The text is version 4 on this teaching resources site Jump up ^ Fables de Jean Anouilh , Paris , 1962 . The text is on this Online Academy teaching document , pp. 30 - 2 Jump up ^ Le Petit Perret des Fables , Paris , 1990 . Le Dictionnaire Argot Française Jump up ^ Le Canard Enchaîné 1995 . The text is on pp. 35 - 6 of the Online Academy teaching document Jump up ^ La Fourmi et la Cigale , Paris 2010 . The text is on the Académie D'Aix Marseille site Jump up ^ `` L'univers des fables , La cigale , le tabac et la fourmi '' . Itereva.pf . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Maugham , Somerset : Collected Short Stories Vol 1 , story 5 Jump up ^ IMDB Jump up ^ III. 1 , pp. 414 - 19 , Finwake.com Jump up ^ The score appears in John Metz , The Fables of La Fontaine : A Critical Edition of the Eighteenth - Century , Pendragon Press 1986 , p. 43 Jump up ^ performance Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Performance at '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ A performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Online Wretch.cc performance Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Musimem Jump up ^ The choir enters at 3.05 in this performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ The music can be heard on YouTube Jump up ^ Arte TV archives Jump up ^ Margaret Ross Griffel , Operas in English : A Dictionary , Plymouth UK 2013 , p. 22 Jump up ^ The Russian original and an English translation by Lydia Razran Stone appear in The Frogs who begged for a Tsar ( Russian Information Services USA , 2010 ) , available online Jump up ^ `` A commentary and short excerpt '' . Exhaustiveshostakovich.wordpress.com. 2010 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The score '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The score is available on the Rochester University site Jump up ^ Aesop Project - VIII . The Fox & the Grapes - Lefteris Kordis Octet on YouTube Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Dailymotion.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ An English translation is available at Gutenberg Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ Temple sang the song in the film Now and Forever . Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Lyricsdownload.com '' . Lyricsdownload.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Warroom.com '' . Warroom.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Michellemalkin.com '' . Michellemalkin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Devang Vibhakar ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) . `` The ant and the grasshopper story - Indian Version '' . Speakbindas.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The original and its translation appears at Web.kyoto-inet.or.jp Jump up ^ `` Hecatomythium , fable 94 '' . Aesopus.pbworks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fable XVI '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fable XXVI , p. 139 - 40 , French text at Google Books Jump up ^ There are modern musical interpretations , including one by singer on YouTube Mihai Constantinescu ( ro ) and a hip hop version on YouTube Jump up ^ `` text '' . Sniff.numachi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ ISBN 978 - 3257007091 Jump up ^ There is a German language animation Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ There is a reading and animation of the story available on on YouTube External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Ants and the Grasshopper `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' . Prints & Books . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' , 15th - 20th century book illustrations `` The Grasshopper and the Ants '' , 15th - 20th century book and manuscript illustrations Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Lion The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Horse that Lost its Liberty The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels The Ant and the Grasshopper from Aesop 's Fables by Aesop Film The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) Porky 's Bear Facts ( 1941 ) Encore ( 1951 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Literature The Grasshopper & the Ants ( 2015 ) Music Cigale The Grasshoppers TV Warm and Cozy Related Symphony No. 1 ( Shostakovich ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper&oldid=855616761 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables Fables by Laurentius Abstemius La Fontaine 's Fables Insects in fiction Fictional ants Fictional grasshoppers Literary duos Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Català Deutsch Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 16 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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-7901855837798695293 | Aragorn | Aragorn - wikipedia Aragorn Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For the character 's ancestor of the same name , see Aragorn I . For the autonomous community in Spain , see Aragon . For the thoroughbred racehorse , see Aragorn ( horse ) . Aragorn Tolkien 's legendarium character Aliases See Names and titles below Race Man Book ( s ) The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Aragorn II , son of Arathorn is a fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium . He is one of the main protagonists of The Lord of the Rings . Aragorn was a Ranger of the North , first introduced with the name Strider at Bree , as the Hobbits continued to call him throughout The Lord of the Rings . He was eventually discovered to be the heir of Isildur and rightful claimant to the thrones of Arnor and Gondor . He was also a confidant of Gandalf and an integral part of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron . Aragorn led the Fellowship of the Ring following the loss of Gandalf in the Mines of Moria while fighting the Balrog . When the Fellowship was broken , he tracked the hobbits Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took with the help of Legolas the elf and Gimli the dwarf to Fangorn Forest . He then fought in the battle at Helm 's Deep and the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . After defeating Sauron 's forces in Gondor , he led an army of Gondor and Rohan against the Black Gate of Mordor to distract Sauron 's attention so that Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee could have a chance to destroy the One Ring . At the end of The Lord of the Rings , Aragorn was crowned King Elessar Telcontar ( `` Elfstone Strider '' ) of Gondor . He married Elrond 's daughter , Arwen , and assumed the Sceptre of Annúminas as King of Arnor , uniting the two kingdoms for the first time since the reign of Isildur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances in literature 1.1 History 1.2 The Lord of the Rings 2 Characteristics 3 Names and titles 4 Concept and creation 4.1 Identity 4.2 Further character developments 4.3 Rejected names 4.4 Meaning of names 4.5 Comparisons to Christ 4.6 Basis on real historical characters 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Stage 5.3 Parodies 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Appearances in literature ( edit ) History ( edit ) The son of Arathorn II and his wife Gilraen , Aragorn was born on 1 March , T.A. 2931 . Through his ancestor Elendil ( whom he closely resembled ) Aragorn was a descendant of the first king of Númenor , Elros Tar - Minyatur ; the twin brother of Elrond . When Aragorn was two years old , his father was killed while pursuing orcs . Aragorn was afterwards fostered in Rivendell by Elrond . At the bidding of Elrond , his lineage was kept secret , as Elrond feared he would be killed like his father and grandfather if his true identity as Isildur 's heir became known . Aragorn was renamed Estel ( `` hope '' in Sindarin ) to hide his existence from Sauron and his servants . He was not told about his heritage until he came of age in 2951 . Elrond revealed to Aragorn his true name and ancestry , and delivered to him the shards of Elendil 's sword Narsil , and also the Ring of Barahir . He withheld the Sceptre of Annúminas from him until he earned the right to possess it . Aragorn met and fell in love with Arwen , Elrond 's daughter ( whom he mistook for Tinúviel ) , when she returned from Lórien , her mother 's homeland . Aragorn thereafter assumed his role as the sixteenth Chieftain of the Dúnedain , the Rangers of the North , and went into the wild , living with the remnants of his people , whose kingdom had been destroyed through civil and regional wars centuries before . Aragorn met Gandalf the Grey in 2956 , and they became close friends . The Rangers help to guard the Shire , inhabited by the diminutive , agrarian Hobbits . In the areas around the Shire and Bree he became known as `` Strider '' . From 2957 to 2980 , Aragorn undertook great journeys , serving in the armies of King Thengel of Rohan ( King Théoden 's father ) and of Steward Ecthelion II of Gondor ( father of Denethor ) . His tasks helped to raise morale in the West and to counter the growing threat of Sauron and his allies , and he acquired experience that he would later put to use in the War of the Ring . Aragorn served his lords during that time under the name Thorongil ( Eagle of the Star ) . With a small squadron of ships from Gondor , he led an assault on Umbar in 2980 , burning many of the Corsairs ' ships and personally slaying their lord during the Battle of the Havens . After the victory at Umbar , `` Thorongil '' left the field , to the dismay of his men , and went East . Aragorn also travelled through the Dwarves ' mines of Moria and to Rhûn and Harad , where ( in his own words ) `` the stars are strange '' . In 2980 , he visited Lórien , and there again met Arwen . He gave her an heirloom of his House , the Ring of Barahir , and , on the hill of Cerin Amroth , Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage , renouncing her Elvish lineage and accepting mortality , the `` Gift of Men '' . Elrond withheld from Aragorn permission to marry his daughter until such time as his foster son should be king of Gondor and Arnor reunited . To marry a mortal , Arwen would be required to choose mortality and thus eventually separate the immortal Elrond from his daughter ; and Elrond feared that in the end Arwen might find the prospect of death too difficult to bear . Gandalf grew suspicious of the ring belonging to the hobbit Bilbo Baggins , which was later discovered to be Sauron 's One Ring . Gandalf asked Aragorn to track Gollum , who had previously possessed the Ring . This hunt led Aragorn across Rhovanion , and he finally captured Gollum in the Dead Marshes northwest of Mordor and brought him captive to King Thranduil 's halls in Mirkwood , where Gandalf questioned him . The Lord of the Rings ( edit ) In The Fellowship of the Ring , Aragorn joined Frodo Baggins , Bilbo 's adopted heir , and three of Frodo 's friends at the Inn of the Prancing Pony in Bree ; a letter from Gandalf convinced Frodo to trust Aragorn . The four hobbits had set out from the Shire to bring the One Ring to Rivendell . Aragorn , going by the nickname `` Strider '' , was then aged 87 , nearing the prime of life for one of royal Númenórean descent . With Aragorn 's help the Hobbits escaped the pursuing Nazgûl and reached Rivendell . There Frodo volunteered to destroy the Ring in the fires of Mount Doom , and Aragorn was chosen as a member of the Fellowship of the Ring to accompany him , along with Gandalf , Legolas the elf , Gimli the dwarf , Boromir of Gondor , and the hobbits Pippin , Merry , and Frodo 's faithful gardener Samwise Gamgee . Elven - smiths reforged the shards of Narsil into a new sword , setting into the design of the blade seven stars ( for Elendil ) and a crescent moon ( for Isildur ) , as well as many runes . Aragorn renamed the sword Andúril ( meaning `` flame of the west '' in Sindarin ) , and it was said to have shone with the light of the Sun and the Moon . Aragorn accompanied the group through their attempted crossing of the pass of Caradhras , and subsequently through the mines of Moria . After Gandalf was lost in a battle with a Balrog , Aragorn led the company to Lothlórien and then down the river Anduin to the Falls of Rauros . Originally he planned to go to Gondor to aid its people in the war , but after the loss of Gandalf he became increasingly concerned about his responsibilities to Frodo and the quest . `` I serve no man , '' said Aragorn ; `` but the servants of Sauron I pursue into whatever land they may go ... I am not weaponless . '' Aragorn threw back his cloak . The elven - sheath glittered as he grasped it , and the bright blade of Andúril shone like a sudden flame as he swept it out . `` Elendil ! '' he cried . `` I am Aragorn son of Arathorn and am called Elessar , the Elfstone , Dúnadan , the heir of Isildur Elendil 's son of Gondor . Here is the Sword that was Broken and is forged again ! Will you aid me or thwart me ? Choose swiftly ! '' J.R.R. Tolkien , The Two Towers In The Two Towers , the Fellowship quickly fell apart : Frodo had decided to continue his journey alone ( accompanied by Sam ) and Boromir was slain while defending Merry and Pippin , who were captured by orcs . Aragorn , Legolas , and Gimli ( calling themselves the Three Hunters ) set off to track the Uruk - hai , hoping to rescue Merry and Pippin . They encountered Éomer , who was pursuing rumours of an orc raid in the area . From Éomer , Aragorn learned that the orcs who kidnapped Merry and Pippin had been slaughtered , and that no hobbits were found among the remains . Dejected , he led Legolas and Gimli to the site of the battle . Clues led Aragorn to believe that the hobbits might still be alive , prompting him to lead the party into Fangorn Forest . They found not the hobbits , but Gandalf the White ( whom they initially mistook for Saruman ) , sent back from death to continue his duties in Middle - earth . Gandalf told them that the hobbits were in the care of the Ents of Fangorn . Together , the four travelled to Edoras in Rohan , where Gandalf freed Théoden from Saruman 's enchantment and helped him muster the Rohirrim against Saruman . Aragorn , Legolas and Gimli then helped the people of Rohan in the Battle of the Hornburg , in which Saruman 's army was destroyed . In The Return of the King , Aragorn used a palantír and revealed himself to Sauron as the heir of Isildur , in order to distract Sauron 's attention from Frodo , who was approaching Mordor , and to draw Sauron forth from Mordor . Sauron subsequently made his assault on Minas Tirith prematurely and without adequate preparation . In order to reach the city in time to defend it , Aragorn entered the Paths of the Dead , and summoned the Dead Men of Dunharrow who owed allegiance to the heir of Isildur . It had been prophesied by Isildur and Malbeth the Seer that the Dead would be summoned to pay their debt for betraying Gondor millennia before . With their aid the Corsairs of Umbar were defeated at the port of Pelargir . Aragorn then sailed up the Anduin to Minas Tirith with a small force of Rangers and a large contingent of men and soldiers from the southern regions of Gondor . As they approached Minas Tirith , Aragorn unfurled the royal standard that Arwen had made for him , showing both the White Tree of Gondor and the jewelled crown and seven stars of the House of Elendil . With the help of the southern forces the armies of Gondor and Rohan rallied and defeated Sauron 's army in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . To continue to distract Sauron 's attention from Frodo 's quest , Aragorn led the armies of the West to the gates of Mordor , where Sauron attacked with overwhelming force . But at that moment the Ring was destroyed , and Sauron and his forces were vanquished . The restoration of the line of Elendil to the throne of Gondor is a subplot of The Lord of the Rings ; Aragorn 's adventures not only aid Frodo in his quest , but also bring him closer to his own kingship -- which , though his by right and lineage , had been left unclaimed for centuries due to historical , legal , and military circumstances . Although Isildur and his brother Anárion had ruled Gondor jointly , the royal house of Gondor descended from Anárion and not directly from Isildur . After Isildur 's departure , Meneldil , son of Anárion , ruled Gondor alone , although the formal title of High King remained with the northern line , as Isildur was Elendil 's elder son . When Gondor 's throne became vacant in T.A. 1944 , the separation of the kingdoms had been reinforced when Gondor under Steward Pelendur rejected the claim of the northern prince Arvedui . ( Eärnil , a lateral member of the House of Anárion , was eventually chosen king instead . ) But Arvedui 's wife was also of the House of Anárion , so Aragorn descended not only from Elendil and Isildur but also from the ruling family of Gondor . By the time of the Lord of the Rings , however , Gondor had been under the rule of the Stewards of Gondor for centuries , as it was widely doubted that any of the royal line still lived . In The Return of the King , the Steward Denethor , who years before had seen `` Thorongil '' as a rival for his father 's favour , declared that he would not bow to a descendant of Isildur . Aragorn healed Faramir , Denethor 's heir , who had been expected to die ; Faramir , unlike his father , recognized Aragorn as his lord and the rightful heir to the throne . Aragorn 's humility and self - sacrifice gained him the hearts of the inhabitants of Gondor 's capital city . His healing abilities were noted also by the people of Gondor ; as Ioreth said , `` The hands of the King are the hands of a healer , and so shall the rightful king be known '' . The people hailed Aragorn as King that same evening . Despite his immediate success and popularity , however , Aragorn decided to lay aside his claim to the throne for the time being . To avoid conflict he left Minas Tirith and refused to enter it again until he was crowned King . In order to ensure safe passage across Mordor for Frodo to fulfil his quest , Aragorn then led the Army of the West out from Minas Tirith to make a diversionary feint on the Black Gate of Mordor itself in the Battle of the Morannon . Gandalf had been given supreme command of the war effort after the Pelennor Fields , and acted as chief spokesman in the parley with the Mouth of Sauron ; but Aragorn commanded the allied troops during the battle and its aftermath . Upon Sauron 's defeat , Aragorn was crowned as King Elessar ( a Quenya name given to him by Galadriel , translated as Elfstone ) , and he married Arwen shortly afterward . He became the twenty - sixth King of Arnor , thirty - fifth King of Gondor and the first High King of the Reunited Kingdom . His line was called the House of Telcontar ( Quenya for `` Strider '' , his name in Bree ) . The Appendices of Return of the King explain that Aragorn ruled the Kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor until the year 120 of the Fourth Age . His reign was marked by great harmony and prosperity within Gondor and Arnor , and by a renewal of communication and cooperation between Men , Elves , and Dwarves , fostered by his vigorous rebuilding campaign following the war . Aragorn led the forces of the Reunited Kingdom on military campaigns against some Easterlings and Haradrim , re-establishing rule over much territory that Gondor had lost in previous centuries . He died at the age of 210 , after 122 years as king . The graves of Merry and Pippin ( who had died in Gondor 58 years prior ) were set beside his . He was succeeded on the throne by his son , Eldarion . Arwen , gravely saddened by the loss of her husband , gave up her mortal life shortly afterward in Lothlórien . Arwen and Aragorn also had at least two daughters . Upon hearing of Aragorn 's death , Legolas built a grey ship in Ithilien , and sailed to the Undying Lands , along with Gimli . `` And when that ship passed an end was come in Middle - earth of the Fellowship of the Ring . '' Characteristics ( edit ) Tolkien gives a brief but detailed description of Strider in The Fellowship of the Ring : lean , dark and tall , with shaggy dark hair `` flecked with grey '' , grey eyes , and a stern pale face . It is also stated that he was the tallest of the Company . Some time after the publication of the books , Tolkien wrote that he was at least 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) tall . Although he was 87 years old at the time of the War of the Ring , this was the prime of life for a Dunadan of royal blood , and Tolkien wrote that to those unaware of his lineage `` in character Aragorn was a hardened man of say 45 '' . In `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen '' , found in the Appendices , he was described as often grim and sad , with unexpected moments of levity . Aragorn possessed Elven wisdom -- due to his childhood in Rivendell with Elrond -- and the foresight of the Dúnedain . He was a skilled healer , notably with the plant athelas ( also known as Kingsfoil ) . He was a mighty warrior and an unmatched commander ; after the Battle of the Pelennor Fields , he , Éomer and Imrahil were unscathed , even though they had been in the thick of the fighting . Due to his position as Isildur 's heir , Aragorn had impressive powers for a man , and , as the rightful owner of the palantír of Orthanc used it to declare himself as the heir of Isildur to Sauron , seeking to distract Sauron from Frodo . Though he was wise and strong , he was not immune to self - doubt . He doubted the wisdom of his decisions while leading the Fellowship after the loss of Gandalf in Moria , and blamed himself for many of their subsequent misfortunes . Names and titles ( edit ) Aragorn , son of Arathorn was called the Dúnadan ( `` Man of the West / Númenórean '' , given by Arwen in Lothlórien and much used by Bilbo ) , Longshanks ( given by Bill Ferny in Bree ) , Strider ( by which he was known in Bree and the outlying areas ) , and Wingfoot ( given by Éomer after discovering that Aragorn had travelled 45 leagues in four days in pursuit of Pippin , Merry , and their Uruk - hai captors ) . He was the founder of the House of Telcontar ( Telcontar is `` Strider '' in Quenya , after the nickname given him by the rustics of the North ) , which ruled Gondor well into the Fourth Age of Middle - earth ; in records , his full regnal name is given as Elessar Telcontar ( `` Elfstone Strider '' ) . In the Houses of Healing , he called himself Envinyatar , the renewer . Before coming of age , he was known as Estel ( `` hope '' ) to hide his true lineage from Sauron 's forces , who sought the heir of Isildur . He was known as Thorongil ( `` Eagle of the Star '' ) in his younger days when he travelled across Middle - earth and took up service in Rohan and Gondor ( often by protecting camps and raiding enemy strongholds as he did when he fought the Corsairs in Umbar ) . Concept and creation ( edit ) Aragorn 's character and story arc underwent a series of developments and name changes before the version seen in The Lord of the Rings , as Tolkien did not have the full plot of the story or its background planned out when he started writing . Identity ( edit ) The `` first germ '' of the character that later evolved into Aragorn or Strider was a peculiar hobbit met by Bingo Bolger - Baggins ( precursor of Frodo Baggins ) at the inn of The Prancing Pony . His description and behaviour , however , was already quite close to the final story , with the difference that the hobbit wore wooden shoes , and was nicknamed Trotter for the `` clitter - clap '' sound that they produced . He was also accounted to be `` one of the wild folk -- rangers '' , and he played the same role in Frodo 's journey to Rivendell as in The Lord of the Rings . Later Tolkien hesitated about the true identity of `` Trotter '' for a long time . One of his notes suggested that the Rangers should not be hobbits as originally planned , and that this would mean that Trotter was either a man , or a hobbit who associated himself with the Rangers and was `` very well known '' ( within the story ) . The latter suggestion was linked to an early comment of Bingo : `` I keep on feeling that I have seen him somewhere before '' . Tolkien considered that Trotter might be Bilbo Baggins himself , but soon rejected that idea after Aragorn identified himself . Another suggestion was that Trotter was Fosco Took ( Bilbo 's first cousin ) , who `` vanished when a lad , owing to Gandalf '' . This story was further elaborated , making Trotter a nephew of Bilbo , named Peregrin Boffin , and an elder cousin of Frodo . He was said to have run away after he came of age , some 20 years before Bilbo left the Shire , and had helped Gandalf in tracking Gollum later . A hint was also given as to why Trotter wore wooden shoes : he had been captured by the Dark Lord in Mordor and tortured , but saved by Gandalf ; a note was added by Tolkien in the margin , saying that it would later be revealed that Trotter had wooden feet . The conception of Trotter as a hobbit was eventually discarded . Another short - lived idea was to make Trotter `` a disguised elf - friend of Bilbo 's in Rivendell , '' and a scout from Rivendell who `` pretends to be a ranger '' . It was not until after Book I was written that Tolkien finally settled on making Trotter a man , introducing him from the beginning as Aragorn , a `` descendant of the ancient men of the North , and one of Elrond 's household '' . While the history of Númenor and the descendants of Elros and Elendil was not yet fully developed , the germs of it were in existence , and would come to be connected with The Lord of the Rings as the character of Aragorn developed . Further character developments ( edit ) The development of Aragorn 's connection to Gondor was long and complex , as was his association with Boromir . Initially it is said that Aragorn 's forefathers were the exiles of Númenor who ruled over the people of Ond ( the early name of Gondor ) but were driven out by the Witch King `` when Sauron raised a rebellion '' . The story of the two branches of Elendil 's descendants ruling over two kingdoms of Men through many generations only emerged gradually ; at one time , Tolkien even seems to have conceived only three generations between Isildur and Aragorn . Aragorn 's relationship with Arwen was established very late in the writing . When Tolkien first introduced Éowyn , the interest she showed towards Aragorn was not one - sided , with suggestions in notes that they would marry at the end of the story . Another proposal was that Éowyn would die to save or avenge Théoden , and Aragorn would never marry after her death . The first mention of Elrond 's daughter , named Finduilas , was made in reference to the banner she made for Aragorn , but Tolkien did not give any hint whether she had any further part to play . The references to her marriage with Aragorn came later , but it was explicitly stated only near the completion of the book . Only in his work on the appendices for The Lord of the Rings did Tolkien record the full tale of Aragorn and Arwen . A passing idea was that Galadriel gave her Ring to Aragorn , and that he would accordingly be titled the `` Lord of the Ring '' . Rejected names ( edit ) The original nickname Trotter was retained for a long time , and Tolkien decided to change it to Strider only after the story was completed . There were also several experimental translations of Trotter to Sindarin : Padathir , Du - finnion , and Rimbedir , with Ethelion possibly an equivalent of Peregrin ( Boffin ) . Before the later title `` the Dúnadan '' emerged , Tarkil ( Quenya for ' noble Man ' ) was used , as a synonym for Númenórean . Tolkien hesitated for some time over Strider 's `` real '' name . Although Aragorn was the first suggestion when his Mannish descent was determined , the name was changed a number of times . At one point Tolkien decided that an Elvish name does not suit a Man , and thus altered it from Aragorn via Elfstone to Ingold , an Old English name with ing - representing `` west '' . Later , however , a new plot element was introduced : Galadriel 's gift of a green stone , and Tolkien reverted to Elfstone in order to make an additional connection . This was retained into the final version of the legendarium as a translation of Elessar . Among other names Tolkien considered Elfstan , Elfmere , Elf - friend , Elfspear , Elfwold and Erkenbrand , with various Elvish forms : Eldamir , Eldavel , Eledon , Qendemir . The name of Aragorn 's father also passed through many transient forms : Tolkien paired Aramir or Celegorn with Aragorn before settling upon Arathorn ; Elfhelm and Eldakar with Elfstone and Eldamir ; and Ingrim with Ingold . Meaning of names ( edit ) The meaning of the name Aragorn is unexplained , though it is presumably Sindarin meaning noble warrior , Lord of the Tree , or kingly valour depending on who is translating . The English word Strider stems from the similarly pronounced Dutch word Strijder . Depending on the context the word can mean fighter , warrior , defender activist , campaigner or one that works for another . Comparisons to Christ ( edit ) Aragorn has been referred to as a Christ - as - King character ; Tolkien 's use of prophecy has been compared to the Old Testament 's foretelling of the coming of the Messiah . Basis on real historical characters ( edit ) According to archaeologist Max Adams in his book The King of the North : the life and times of Oswald of Northumbria Tolkien based Aragorn on Oswald , a prince of the Northumbrian royal house exiled to the Kingdom of Dal Riata after Cadwallon King of Gwynedd and Penda King of Mercia laid waste to his ancestral homelands , and who returned years later with a raised army of Anglian exiles and retook his kingdom slaying Cadwallon in the process . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Aragorn in Ralph Bakshi 's animated version of The Lord of the Rings . Aragorn as he appears in the Rankin / Bass animated production of The Return of the King . Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Aragorn was voiced by John Hurt in Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film version of The Lord of the Rings . Bakshi 's Aragorn , unlike all other portrayals that were to follow to date , has no beard . This actually conforms to a statement appearing in Unfinished Tales that implicitly says that Aragorn was not supposed to have one , due to his Elvish ancestry ( Elves did not grow beards ) . However , Tolkien actually wrote elsewhere that Elves did have beards ; in The Lord of the Rings itself Círdan is described as having a beard . Also , some viewers and critics have said that this version of Aragorn looks Native American . Aragorn was voiced by Theodore Bikel in the 1980 Rankin / Bass animated version of The Return of the King , made for television . Robert Stephens voiced Aragorn in the 1981 BBC Radio serial of The Lord of the Rings . Kari Väänänen portrayed him in the 1993 Finnish television miniseries Hobitit . In the Lord of the Rings film trilogy ( 2001 -- 2003 ) directed by Peter Jackson , Aragorn is played by Danish - American actor Viggo Mortensen who took over the role from Stuart Townsend after four days of shooting because Jackson felt Townsend was too young for the role . In these movies , Aragorn begins his journey with the Fellowship with no desire to claim the kingship ; he only arrives at such a decision in the third film after spending much time battling his own self - doubt . This specific element of self - doubt is not present in Tolkien 's book , where Aragorn intends to claim the throne from the time he enters the story , with the additional motivation that he must do so to marry Arwen . Another notable difference in Jackson 's films is that Aragorn does not at first wield Andúril . Instead he uses a different , unnamed sword throughout the first two films and receives his ancestor 's reforged sword in the third film . Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn won him the title of 15th greatest movie characters of all time ( in 2015 ) by Empire . The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , the third and last part of Jackson 's film adaptation of The Hobbit , refers to Aragorn near the end of the film . The Elven - king Thranduil tells his son Legolas to seek a young Dúnadan Ranger called Strider . He goes on to say that he is the son of Arathorn and has greatness in him . This is a clear reference to Aragorn , though by the timeline in Appendix B of The Lord of the Rings , he would have been only 10 at the time . This may be explained by the fact that the filmmakers compressed the events of The Fellowship of the Ring , changing the timeline so that Frodo sets off on his journey almost immediately after receiving the One Ring , rather than seventeen years later , as in the novel . In the film version of The Two Towers , Aragorn describes himself to Éowyn as being eighty - seven years old , as he was at that point in the books . However , as the filmmakers cut seventeen years from the time period between the events of The Hobbit and the beginning of Frodo 's journey in The Fellowship of the Ring , Aragorn would have had to have been in his twenties , and an established Ranger , at the time the film The Battle of the Five Armies takes place . In the 2009 fan film The Hunt for Gollum , Aragorn is portrayed by Adrian Webster . The film is set during the time of The Fellowship of the Ring . It takes place after Gandalf has discovered the true nature of Bilbo Baggins 's ring and just before Frodo leaves the Shire for Rivendell . Stage ( edit ) On stage , Aragorn was portrayed by Evan Buliung in the three - hour production of The Lord of the Rings , which opened in 2006 in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . In the London production the role was played by Jerome Pradon , and the role was taken over by Robbie Scotcher on 23 June 2008 . In the United States , Aragorn was portrayed by Josh Beshears in the Cincinnati , Ohio production of The Return of the King ( 2003 ) for Clear Stage Cincinnati . At Chicago 's Lifeline Theatre , Aragorn was played by Robert McLean in the 1999 production of The Two Towers and the 2001 production of The Return of the King . Parodies ( edit ) In the parody Bored of the Rings , Aragorn is portrayed as ' Arrowroot son of Arrowshirt ' and nicknamed ' Stomper ' and is quite deranged . He is also rather inept at actual fighting and disables an entire battalion of ' Nozdrul ' simply with his combative ineptitude and random shouting of nonsensical battle - cries ( which induces uncontrollable laughter and allows the group to successfully disable the Nozdrul while they are incapacitated with hysteria ) . In the Veggie Tales episode `` Lord of the Beans '' , Aragorn is parodied as Larry the Cucumber dressed up as a Ranger named `` Ear - o ' - Corn '' . Reception ( edit ) UGO Networks listed Aragorn as one of their best heroes of all time . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal Halbarad References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Return of the King , appendices Jump up ^ `` He was Aragorn son of Arathorn , the nine and thirtieth heir in the right line from Isildur , and yet more like Elendil than any before him . '' Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 303 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` Strider '' . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings , Appendix B . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` The Shadow of the Past '' . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` The Council of Elrond '' . ^ Jump up to : The Fellowship of the Ring , passim . Jump up ^ The Two Towers , passim . Jump up ^ The Return of the King , `` The Last Debate '' . ^ Jump up to : The Return of the King , passim . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion : `` The Ring Goes South , '' p. 272 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 167 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1988 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Return of the Shadow , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 137 -- 8 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 49863 - 5 ^ Jump up to : The Return of the Shadow , pp 223 -- 4 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , p. 208 -- 8 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , pp. 371 , 385 . Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , pp. 401 , 413 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1989 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Treason of Isengard , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 6 - t , ISBN 0 - 395 - 51562 - 9 Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , p. 116 . Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , pp. 360 -- 1 . Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , pp. 445 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1990 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 307 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 56008 - X ^ Jump up to : The War of the Ring , pp. 425 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1992 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Sauron Defeated , Boston , New York , & London : Houghton Mifflin , p. 52 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 60649 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 262 -- 270 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 Jump up ^ The Return of the Shadow , pp. 476 , 478 , 488 -- 9 . Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , p. 499 . ^ Jump up to : See the index to The Treason of Isengard and pp. 277 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mike . `` Meaning , origin and history of the name Aragorn '' . Behind the Name . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` strijder - English translation - bab.la Dutch - English dictionary '' . en.bab.la . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Emily ( 2005 ) . `` Wilderness , Wanderers and Their Theological Significance in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings '' . In Sugirtharajah , R.S. Wilderness : Essays in Honour of Frances Young . T&T Clark International . pp. 175 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 567 - 04142 - 5 . Jump up ^ Max Adams . The King in the North : The Life and Times of Oswald of Northumbria . ISBN 1781854181 . Jump up ^ `` In a note written in 1972 or later , among the last writings of my father 's on the subject of Middle - earth , there is a discussion of the Elvish strain in Men , as to its being observable in the beardlessness of those who were so descended ( it was a characteristic of all Elves to be beardless ) . '' Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Unfinished Tales , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 29917 - 9 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. The Return of the King ; Book 6 , Chapter IX , `` The Grey Havens '' : `` As they came to the gates Círdan the Shipwright came forth to greet them . Very tall he was , and his beard was long ... '' Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060617194840/http://www.coldfusionvideo.com/l/lordofrings.html . Archived from the original on 17 June 2006 . Retrieved 18 July 2006 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Stomp Tokyo Video Review -- Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Stomp Tokyo . 19 December 2001 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings ( Animated ) '' . Mutant Viewings . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time : 15 . Aragorn '' . Empire . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Grassi , John ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` ' The Hunt for Gollum ' Is a Fabulous ' Lord of the Rings ' Fan Film '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ UGO Team ( 21 January 2010 ) . `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . External links ( edit ) Aragorn on IMDb `` Aragorn '' . Tolkien Gateway . Aragorn at The Thain 's Book A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor -- A detailed chronology of Númenor , its successor states and their rulers . Aragorn at One Wiki to Rule Them All J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King The Silmarillion Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Bilbo 's Last Song Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aragorn&oldid=843145601 '' Categories : Fictional kings Fictional generals The Lord of the Rings characters Chieftains of the Dúnedain Rulers of Gondor Kings of Arnor Fictional characters introduced in 1954 Fictional swordsmen Middle - earth rulers Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was aragorn in lord of the rings | [] | [] |
9176491877115546697 | Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now | Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now - wikipedia Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now Jump to : navigation , search `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' Single by McFadden & Whitehead from the album McFadden & Whitehead B - side `` I Got the Love '' Released April 1979 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded Sigma Sound Studios , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Genre Funk , disco Length 7 : 02 ( album version ) 3 : 38 ( single edit ) 10 : 45 ( 12 '' version ) Label Philadelphia International Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Cohen , Gene McFadden , John Whitehead Producer ( s ) Jerry Cohen , Gene McFadden , John Whitehead McFadden & Whitehead singles chronology `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' ( 1979 ) `` I 've Been Pushed Aside '' ( 1979 ) `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' ( 1979 ) `` I 've Been Pushed Aside '' ( 1979 ) `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is a 1979 disco song performed by R&B duo McFadden & Whitehead , from their debut album McFadden & Whitehead . They wrote and produced the song along with keyboard player Jerry Cohen . Released as the lead single from the album , the song spent a week at number one on the R&B singles chart . It also proved to be a successful crossover hit , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number 5 in the UK . The single also made it to number 10 on the disco charts . It eventually went double platinum , selling over 2 million copies . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is about succeeding despite having faced previous disadvantages ( `` so many things that held us down '' ) . It was widely interpreted to be about the experience of the African American community , and after attaining popularity , became referred to as `` the new black national anthem '' ( the original being the 1900 song `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' ) . McFadden & Whitehead would revisit the song in their 1984 single `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' ( Ai n't No Way ) . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 4 Soundtrack appearances 5 Other appearances 6 References Production ( edit ) Despite being seen as social commentary , in an interview conducted by Philadelphia video producer Bob Lott , John and Gene revealed that the song was actually about their frustration with Philadelphia International Records owners Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , who for many years preferred that they remain as house songwriters and not performers . Gamble has confirmed that upon first hearing `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' , he tried unsuccessfully to convince McFadden and Whitehead to give the song to The O'Jays , as he felt it was better to write and produce for the prominent recording artists of the day than to try to compete with them as on - stage performers . The bass hook was played by Philadelphia International Records house musician Jimmy Williams . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Canada RPM 25 UK 5 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 13 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B U.S. Billboard Disco 10 U.S. Cashbox Top 100 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Canada 169 UK 53 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 65 U.S. Cash Box 82 Cover versions ( edit ) UK dance group Undercover released their own version of the song , naming their third album after the song in 1994 . Luther Vandross did a cover version of this song for his 1994 cover album Songs . His version of the song was also performed as a duet with British girl group the Spice Girls for their An Audience With ... special on the UK 's ITV in 1997 , and later appeared as a B - Side to their single `` Stop '' . In 1996 , the jazz fusion / contemporary jazz group The Rippingtons recorded a cover version for their album Brave New World . Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson of The B - 52 's recorded the song for the 1996 soundtrack The Associate . Smooth jazz artist Ben Tankard did a gospel / jazz rendition of the song on his 2004 album Piano Prophet . Wayman Tisdale recorded a cover version for his album Hang Time . George Michael covered the song during his Cover to Cover tour in 1991 . He also recorded a demo version , released on Trojan Souls in 1993 . The Chipmunks and The Chipettes covered this song for the album in the 2011 film Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , sung alongside Lady Gaga 's `` Born This Way '' and Katy Perry 's `` Firework '' . This mashup also appeared in the film 's soundtrack album . Venezuelan boys ' group Los Chamos had a Spanish cover of this song , entitled `` No Nos Pararán '' , based in a previous recording of the New York ensemble `` Charanga ' 76 '' , in 1979 . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song was featured in the movie Boogie Nights and its accompanying soundtrack album . Other appearances ( edit ) In 1979 , New York radio station WBLS 107.5 FM used this song as their summer anthem , when the station became number one in Arbitron ratings that year . The song served as the 1980 theme song for the Philadelphia Phillies , 1980 - 81 Philadelphia Eagles and 2000 - 2001 Philadelphia 76ers . ( McFadden and Whitehead sung a Phillies , Eagles and Sixers version of `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' . For example , the line in the chorus would instead mention the team : `` Ai n't no stoppin ' us now , the Phillies got the groove '' ) . The song is played at the end of Detroit Red Wings games after a victory . The song was played following goals scored by the St. Louis Steamers of the MISL indoor soccer league . The song served as the theme song for former heavyweight champion of the world and boxing hall - of - fame Larry Holmes . This song is also the ring walk song of former WBA Heavyweight title holder and former The Ring WBA , WBC & WBO Cruiserweight champion , David Haye . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' was played at the 2008 Democratic National Convention on the night Barack Obama accepted the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is the theme song for the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Marching Band , known As `` The Marching Musical Machine of the Mid-South '' or `` M4 '' . The band performed the song as they marched by the viewing stand for President Obama 's Inaugural Parade . The song served as the theme song for the Baltimore Orioles during the 1979 World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates . The song was also considered the unofficial theme song for the Los Angeles Rams ' 1979 regular season as they reached Super Bowl XIV versus the Pittsburgh Steelers . The song was used in Only Fools and Horses episode Go West Young Man when it was played in a club Del and Rodney visited . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now by McFadden & Whitehead Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 172 . Jump up ^ A House on Fire : The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul , John A. Jackson , 2004 , page 228 Jump up ^ Sag Harbor , Colson Whitehead , 2009 Jump up ^ `` John Whitehead '' . Celebrity Crime Files . August 2013 . TV One . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Songs overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` The Rippingtons : Discography : Brave New World '' . Vervemusicgroup.com . Jump up ^ `` Hang Time overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Wayman Tisdale Continues Retro Run '' . Allmusic.com . Preceded by `` I Wanna Be with You ( Part 1 ) '' by The Isley Brothers Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number one single June 2 , 1979 Succeeded by `` We Are Family '' by Sister Sledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Stoppin%27_Us_Now&oldid=800485099 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1979 songs Disco songs Debut singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Gene McFadden Songs written by John Whitehead ( singer ) Philadelphia International Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song ain't no stopping us now | [
"\"Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now\" is a 1979 disco song performed by R&B duo McFadden & Whitehead, from their debut album McFadden & Whitehead. They wrote and produced the song along with keyboard player Jerry Cohen.[1] Released as the lead single from the album, the song spent a week at number one on the R&B singles chart. It also proved to be a successful crossover hit, peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reached number 5 in the UK.[2] The single also made it to number 10 on the disco charts.[3] It eventually went double platinum, selling over 2 million copies."
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8931437876527814619 | Silk Road | Silk Road - wikipedia Silk Road Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of trade routes . For other uses , see Silk Road ( disambiguation ) . Silk Road Main routes of the Silk Road Route information Time period : Around 120 BCE -- 1450s CE UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Silk Roads : the Routes Network of Chang'an - Tianshan Corridor Type Cultural Criteria ii , iii , iv , vi Designated 2014 ( 38th session ) Reference no . 1442 Region Asia - Pacific Silk Road `` Silk Road '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Traditional Chinese 絲綢 之 路 Simplified Chinese 丝绸 之 路 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sīchóu zhī lù IPA ( sɨ́. ʈʂhǒu ʈʂɨ́ lû ) other Mandarin Xiao'erjing صِ چِوْ جِ لُ Wu Suzhounese Sy - zǿy tsyu lôu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Sī - chàuh jī louh Jyutping Si1 - cau4 zi1 lou6 Southern Min Tâi - lô Si - tiû tsi lōo Persian name Persian ( Jâdeye Abrišam ) جادهی ابریشم Arabic name Arabic ( Tarīq al - Ḥarīr ) طريق الحرير Armenian name Armenian Մետաքսի ճանապարհ ( Metaksi chanaparh ) Greek name Greek Δρόμος του μεταξιού ( Drómos tou metaxioú ) Sanskrit name Sanskrit रेशम सड़क ( Resham sadak ) Latin name Latin Via Serica Hebrew name Hebrew דרך משי Somali name Somali وادادا وادادا ( Waddada Waddada ) Kawi name Kawi Sutra dalan Tamil name Tamil பட்டு வழி ( Paṭṭu vaḻi ) Turkish name Turkish İpek yolu The Silk Road or Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that were for centuries central to cultural interaction originally through regions of Eurasia connecting the East and West and stretching from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea . The Silk Road concept refers to both the terrestrial and the maritime routes connecting Asia and Europe . The overland Steppe route stretching through the Eurasian steppe is considered the ancestor to the Silk Road ( s ) . While the term is of modern coinage , the Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in silk ( and horses ) carried out along its length , beginning during the Han dynasty ( 207 BCE -- 220 CE ) . The Han dynasty expanded Central Asian sections of the trade routes around 114 BCE , largely through missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy , Zhang Qian . The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the Great Wall of China to ensure the protection of the trade route . Trade on the Silk Road played a significant role in the development of the civilizations of China , the Goguryeo kingdom ( Korea ) , Japan , the Indian subcontinent , Persia , Europe , the Horn of Africa and Arabia , opening long - distance political and economic relations between the civilizations . Though silk was certainly the major trade item exported from China , many other goods were traded , as well as religions , syncretic philosophies , and various technologies . Diseases , most notably plague , also spread along the Silk Routes . In addition to economic trade , the Silk Road was a route for cultural trade among the civilizations along its network . The main traders during antiquity included the Chinese , Arabs , Indian , Somalis , Syrians , Jews , Persians , Greeks , Romans , Georgians , Armenians , Bactrians , Turkmens , and ( from the 5th to the 8th century ) the Sogdians . In June 2014 , UNESCO designated the Chang'an - Tianshan corridor of the Silk Road as a World Heritage Site . The Indian portion is on the tentative site list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Precursors 2.1. 1 Chinese and Central Asian contacts 2.1. 2 Persian Royal Road 2.1. 3 Hellenistic era 2.2 Chinese exploration of Central Asia 2.3 Roman Empire 2.4 Byzantine Empire 2.5 Tang dynasty reopens the route 2.6 Medieval 2.7 Islamic era and the Silk Road 2.8 Mongol age 2.9 Decline and disintegration 2.10 New Silk Road 3 Routes 3.1 Northern route 3.2 Southern route 3.3 Southwestern route 3.4 Maritime route 4 Cultural exchanges 4.1 Transmission of Christianity 4.2 Transmission of Buddhism 4.3 Transmission of art 5 Commemoration 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Name ( edit ) Woven silk textile from Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan province , China , dated to the Western Han Era , 2nd century BCE The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative Eurasian silk and horse trade , a major reason for the connection of trade routes into an extensive transcontinental network . The German terms Seidenstraße and Seidenstraßen ( `` the Silk Road ( s ) '' ) were coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen , who made seven expeditions to China from 1868 to 1872 . The term Silk Route is also used . Although the term was coined in the 19th century , it did not gain widespread acceptance in academia or popularity among the public until the 20th century . The first book entitled The Silk Road was by Swedish geographer Sven Hedin in 1938 . The fall of the Soviet Union and ' Iron Curtain ' in 1989 led to a surge of public and academic interest in Silk Road sites and studies in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia . Use of the term ' Silk Road ' is not without its detractors . For instance , Warwick Ball contends that the maritime spice trade with India and Arabia was far more consequential for the economy of the Roman Empire than the silk trade with China , which at sea was conducted mostly through India and on land was handled by numerous intermediaries such as the Sogdians . Going as far as to call the whole thing a `` myth '' of modern academia , Ball argues that there was no coherent overland trade system and no free movement of goods from East Asia to the West until the period of the Mongol Empire . He notes that traditional authors discussing East - West trade such as Marco Polo and Edward Gibbon never labelled any route as a silk one in particular . However , that spice trade route was actually the maritime route of what is now considered the Silk Road ( see below . ) History ( edit ) Precursors ( edit ) Chinese and Central Asian Contacts ( edit ) Central Eurasia has been known from ancient times for its horse riding and horse breeding communities , and the overland Steppe Route across the northern steppes of Central Eurasia was in use long before that of the Silk Road . Archeological sites such as the Berel burial ground in Kazakhstan , confirmed that the nomadic Arimaspians were not only breeding horses for trade but also great craftsmen able to propagate exquisite art pieces along the Silk Road . From the 2nd millennium BCE , nephrite jade was being traded from mines in the region of Yarkand and Khotan to China . Significantly , these mines were not very far from the lapis lazuli and spinel ( `` Balas Ruby '' ) mines in Badakhshan , and , although separated by the formidable Pamir Mountains , routes across them were apparently in use from very early times . Chinese jade and steatite plaques , in the Scythian - style animal art of the steppes . 4th -- 3rd century BCE . British Museum . Some remnants of what was probably Chinese silk dating from 1070 BCE have been found in Ancient Egypt . The Great Oasis cities of Central Asia played a crucial role in the effective functioning of the Silk Road trade . The originating source seems sufficiently reliable , but silk degrades very rapidly , so it can not be verified whether it was cultivated silk ( which would almost certainly have come from China ) or a type of `` wild silk '' , which might have come from the Mediterranean region or the Middle East . Following contacts between Metropolitan China and nomadic western border territories in the 8th century BCE , gold was introduced from Central Asia , and Chinese jade carvers began to make imitation designs of the steppes , adopting the Scythian - style animal art of the steppes ( depictions of animals locked in combat ) . This style is particularly reflected in the rectangular belt plaques made of gold and bronze , with other versions in jade and steatite . The tomb of a Scythian prince near Stuttgart , Germany , dated to the 6th century BCE , was excavated and found to have not only Greek bronzes but also Chinese silks . Similar animal - shaped pieces of art and wrestler motifs on belts have been found in Scythian grave sites stretching from the Black Sea region all the way to Warring States era archaeological sites in Inner Mongolia ( at Aluchaideng ) and Shaanxi ( at Keshengzhuang ) in China . The expansion of Scythian cultures , stretching from the Hungarian plain and the Carpathian Mountains to the Chinese Kansu Corridor , and linking the Middle East with Northern India and the Punjab , undoubtedly played an important role in the development of the Silk Road . Scythians accompanied the Assyrian Esarhaddon on his invasion of Egypt , and their distinctive triangular arrowheads have been found as far south as Aswan . These nomadic peoples were dependent upon neighbouring settled populations for a number of important technologies , and in addition to raiding vulnerable settlements for these commodities , they also encouraged long - distance merchants as a source of income through the enforced payment of tariffs . Soghdian Scythian merchants played a vital role in later periods in the development of the Silk Road . Persian Royal Road ( edit ) Achaemenid Persian Empire at its greatest extent , showing the Royal Road . By the time of Herodotus ( c. 475 BCE ) , the Royal Road of the Persian Empire ran some 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) from the city of Susa on the Karun ( 250 km ( 155 mi ) east of the Tigris ) to the port of Smyrna ( modern İzmir in Turkey ) on the Aegean Sea . It was maintained and protected by the Achaemenid Empire ( c. 500 -- 330 BCE ) and had postal stations and relays at regular intervals . By having fresh horses and riders ready at each relay , royal couriers could carry messages and traverse the length of the road in nine days , while normal travellers took about three months . Hellenistic era ( edit ) Probable Greek soldier with a Greek mythological centaur in the Sampul tapestry , woollen wall hanging , 3rd -- 2nd century BCE , Sampul , Urumqi Xinjiang Museum , China . The next major step in the development of the Silk Road was the expansion of the Greek empire of Alexander the Great into Central Asia . In August 329 BCE , at the mouth of the Fergana Valley in Tajikistan across the mountain pass from the modern Chinese province of Xinjiang , Alexander founded the city of Alexandria Eschate or `` Alexandria The Furthest '' . This later became a major staging point on the northern Silk Route . See Dayuan ( Ta - yuan ; Chinese : 大 宛 ; literarily `` Great Ionians '' ) . The Greeks remained in Central Asia for the next three centuries , first through the administration of the Seleucid Empire , and then with the establishment of the Greco - Bactrian Kingdom ( 250 -- 125 BCE ) in Bactria ( modern Afghanistan , Tajikistan , and Pakistan ) and the later Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BCE -- 10 CE ) in modern Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan . They continued to expand eastward , especially during the reign of Euthydemus ( 230 -- 200 BCE ) , who extended his control beyond Alexandria Eschate to Sogdiana . There are indications that he may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan , leading to the first known contacts between ( China and the West around 200 BCE . The Greek historian Strabo writes , `` they extended their empire even as far as the Seres ( China ) and the Phryni . '' The Hellenistic world and Classical Greek philosophy mixed with Eastern philosophies , leading to syncretisms such as Greco - Buddhism . Chinese exploration of Central Asia ( edit ) Main articles : Sino - Roman relations , Sino - Indian relations , Han -- Xiongnu War , and History of the Han Dynasty With the Mediterranean linked to the Fergana Valley , the next step was to open a route across the Tarim Basin and the Hexi Corridor to China Proper . This extension came around 130 BCE , with the embassies of the Han dynasty to Central Asia following the reports of the ambassador Zhang Qian ( who was originally sent to obtain an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu ) . Zhang Qian visited directly the kingdom of Dayuan in Ferghana , the territories of the Yuezhi in Transoxiana , the Bactrian country of Daxia with its remnants of Greco - Bactrian rule , and Kangju . He also made reports on neighbouring countries that he did not visit , such as Anxi ( Parthia ) , Tiaozhi ( Mesopotamia ) , Shendu ( Pakistan ) and the Wusun . Zhang Qian 's report suggested the economic reason for Chinese expansion and wall - building westward , and trailblazed the silk road which is one of the most famous trade routes . After the defeat of the Xiongnu , however , Chinese armies established themselves in Central Asia , initiating the Silk Route as a major avenue of international trade . Some say that the Chinese Emperor Wu became interested in developing commercial relationships with the sophisticated urban civilizations of Ferghana , Bactria , and the Parthian Empire : `` The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus : Ferghana ( Dayuan `` Great Ionians '' ) and the possessions of Bactria ( Ta - Hsia ) and Parthian Empire ( Anxi ) are large countries , full of rare things , with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people , but with weak armies , and placing great value on the rich produce of China '' ( Hou Hanshu , Later Han History ) . Others say that Emperor Wu was mainly interested in fighting the Xiongnu and that major trade began only after the Chinese pacified the Hexi Corridor . `` China snatched control of the Silk Road from the Hsiung - nu '' , when the Chinese general Cheng Ki `` installed himself as protector of the Tarim at Wu - lei , situated between Kara Shahr and Kucha . '' `` China 's control of the Silk Road at the time of the later Han , by ensuring the freedom of transcontinental trade along the double chain of oases north and south of the Tarim , favoured the dissemination of Buddhism in the river basin , and with it Indian literature and Hellenistic art . '' A ceramic horse head and neck ( broken from the body ) , from the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty ( 1st -- 2nd century CE ) Bronze coin of Constantius II ( 337 -- 361 ) , found in Karghalik , Xinjiang , China The Chinese were also strongly attracted by the tall and powerful horses ( named `` Heavenly horses '' ) in the possession of the Dayuan ( literally the `` Great Ionians '' , the Greek kingdoms of Central Asia ) , which were of capital importance in fighting the nomadic Xiongnu . The Chinese subsequently sent numerous embassies , around ten every year , to these countries and as far as Seleucid Syria . `` Thus more embassies were dispatched to Anxi ( Parthia ) , Yancai ( who later joined the Alans ) , Lijian ( Syria under the Greek Seleucids ) , Tiaozhi ( Mesopotamia ) , and Tianzhu ( northwestern India ) ... As a rule , rather more than ten such missions went forward in the course of a year , and at the least five or six . '' ( Hou Hanshu , Later Han History ). These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire . The Chinese campaigned in Central Asia on several occasions , and direct encounters between Han troops and Roman legionaries ( probably captured or recruited as mercenaries by the Xiong Nu ) are recorded , particularly in the 36 BCE battle of Sogdiana ( Joseph Needham , Sidney Shapiro ) . It has been suggested that the Chinese crossbow was transmitted to the Roman world on such occasions , although the Greek gastraphetes provides an alternative origin . R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy suggest that in 36 BCE , a `` Han expedition into central Asia , west of Jaxartes River , apparently encountered and defeated a contingent of Roman legionaries . The Romans may have been part of Antony 's army invading Parthia . Sogdiana ( modern Bukhara ) , east of the Oxus River , on the Polytimetus River , was apparently the most easterly penetration ever made by Roman forces in Asia . The margin of Chinese victory appears to have been their crossbows , whose bolts and darts seem easily to have penetrated Roman shields and armour . '' The Roman historian Florus also describes the visit of numerous envoys , which included Seres ( China ) , to the first Roman Emperor Augustus , who reigned between 27 BCE and 14 CE : Even the rest of the nations of the world which were not subject to the imperial sway were sensible of its grandeur , and looked with reverence to the Roman people , the great conqueror of nations . Thus even Scythians and Sarmatians sent envoys to seek the friendship of Rome . Nay , the Seres came likewise , and the Indians who dwelt beneath the vertical sun , bringing presents of precious stones and pearls and elephants , but thinking all of less moment than the vastness of the journey which they had undertaken , and which they said had occupied four years . In truth it needed but to look at their complexion to see that they were people of another world than ours . -- Henry Yule , Cathay and the Way Thither ( 1866 ) The Han army regularly policed the trade route against nomadic bandit forces generally identified as Xiongnu . Han general Ban Chao led an army of 70,000 mounted infantry and light cavalry troops in the 1st century CE to secure the trade routes , reaching far west to the Tarim basin . Ban Chao expanded his conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea and the borders of Parthia . It was from here that the Han general dispatched envoy Gan Ying to Daqin ( Rome ) . The Silk Road essentially came into being from the 1st century BCE , following these efforts by China to consolidate a road to the Western world and India , both through direct settlements in the area of the Tarim Basin and diplomatic relations with the countries of the Dayuan , Parthians and Bactrians further west . The Silk Roads were a `` complex network of trade routes '' that gave people the chance to exchange goods and culture . A maritime Silk Route opened up between Chinese - controlled Giao Chỉ ( centred in modern Vietnam , near Hanoi ) , probably by the 1st century . It extended , via ports on the coasts of India and Sri Lanka , all the way to Roman - controlled ports in Roman Egypt and the Nabataean territories on the northeastern coast of the Red Sea . The earliest Roman glassware bowl found in China was unearthed from a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BCE , indicating that Roman commercial items were being imported through the South China Sea . According to Chinese dynastic histories , it is from this region that the Roman embassies arrived in China , beginning in 166 CE during the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Emperor Huan of Han . Other Roman glasswares have been found in Eastern - Han - era tombs ( 25 -- 220 CE ) more further inland in Nanjing and Luoyang . P.O. Harper asserts that a 2nd or 3rd - century Roman gilt silver plate found in Jingyuan , Gansu , China with a central image of the Greco - Roman god Dionysus resting on a feline creature , most likely came via Greater Iran ( i.e. Sogdiana ) . Valerie Hansen ( 2012 ) believed that earliest Roman coins found in China date to the 4th century , during Late Antiquity and the Dominate period , and come from the Byzantine Empire . However , Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) highlights the recent discovery of sixteen Principate - era Roman coins found in Xi'an ( formerly Chang'an , one of the two Han capitals ) that were minted during the reigns of Roman emperors spanning from Tiberius to Aurelian ( i.e. 1st to 3rd centuries CE ) . It is true that these coins were found in China , but they were deposited there in the twentieth century , not in ancient times , and therefore they do not shed light on historic contacts between China and Rome . Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and quite possibly his successor Marcus Aurelius have been found at Óc Eo in southern Vietnam , which was then part of the Kingdom of Funan bordering the Chinese province of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam . Given the archaeological finds of Mediterranean artefacts made by Louis Malleret in the 1940s , Óc Eo may have been the same site as the port city of Kattigara described by Ptolemy in his Geography ( c. 150 CE ) , although Ferdinand von Richthofen had previously believed it was closer to Hanoi . Roman Empire ( edit ) Central Asia during Roman times , with the first Silk Road Soon after the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE , regular communications and trade between China , Southeast Asia , India , the Middle East , Africa , and Europe blossomed on an unprecedented scale . The eastern trade routes from the earlier Hellenistic powers and the Arabs that were part of the Silk Road were inherited by the Roman Empire . With control of these trade routes , citizens of the Roman Empire would receive new luxuries and greater prosperity for the Empire as a whole . The Roman - style glassware discovered in the archeological sites of Gyeongju , capital of the Silla kingdom ( Korea ) showed that Roman artifacts were traded as far as the Korean peninsula . The Greco - Roman trade with India started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE continued to increase , and according to Strabo ( II. 5.12 ) , by the time of Augustus , up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos in Roman Egypt to India . The Roman Empire connected with the Central Asian Silk Road through their ports in Barygaza ( known today as Bharuch ) and Barbaricum ( known today as the cities of Karachi , Sindh , and Pakistan ) and continued along the western coast of India . An ancient `` travel guide '' to this Indian Ocean trade route was the Greek Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written in 60 CE . The travelling party of Maës Titianus penetrated farthest east along the Silk Road from the Mediterranean world , probably with the aim of regularising contacts and reducing the role of middlemen , during one of the lulls in Rome 's intermittent wars with Parthia , which repeatedly obstructed movement along the Silk Road . Intercontinental trade and communication became regular , organised , and protected by the ' Great Powers . ' Intense trade with the Roman Empire soon followed , confirmed by the Roman craze for Chinese silk ( supplied through the Parthians ) , even though the Romans thought silk was obtained from trees . This belief was affirmed by Seneca the Younger in his Phaedra and by Virgil in his Georgics . Notably , Pliny the Elder knew better . Speaking of the bombyx or silk moth , he wrote in his Natural Histories `` They weave webs , like spiders , that become a luxurious clothing material for women , called silk . '' The Romans traded spices , glassware , perfumes , and silk . A Westerner on a camel , Northern Wei Dynasty ( 386 -- 534 ) Roman artisans began to replace yarn with valuable plain silk cloths from China and the Silla Kingdom in Gyeongju , Korea . Chinese wealth grew as they delivered silk and other luxury goods to the Roman Empire , whose wealthy Roman women admired their beauty . The Roman Senate issued , in vain , several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk , on economic and moral grounds : the import of Chinese silk caused a huge outflow of gold , and silk clothes were considered to be decadent and immoral . I can see clothes of silk , if materials that do not hide the body , nor even one 's decency , can be called clothes ... Wretched flocks of maids labour so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress , so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife 's body . The Roman Empire , and its demand for sophisticated Asian products , crumbled in the West around the 5th century . The unification of Central Asia and Northern India within Kushan Empire in the 1st to 3rd centuries reinforced the role of the powerful merchants from Bactria and Taxila . They fostered multi-cultural interaction as indicated by their 2nd century treasure hoards filled with products from the Greco - Roman world , China , and India , such as in the archeological site of Begram . Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Further information : Byzantine - Mongol alliance Byzantine Greek historian Procopius stated that two Nestorian Christian monks eventually uncovered the way of how silk was made . From this revelation , monks were sent by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian ( ruled 527 -- 565 ) as spies on the Silk Road from Constantinople to China and back to steal the silkworm eggs , resulting in silk production in the Mediterranean , particularly in Thrace in northern Greece , and giving the Byzantine Empire a monopoly on silk production in medieval Europe . In 568 the Byzantine ruler Justin II was greeted by a Sogdian embassy representing Istämi , ruler of the Turkic Khaganate , who formed an alliance with the Byzantines against Khosrow I of the Sasanian Empire that allowed the Byzantines to bypass the Sasanian merchants and trade directly with the Sogdians for purchasing Chinese silk . Although the Byzantines had already procured silkworm eggs from China by this point , the quality of Chinese silk was still far greater than anything produced in the West , a fact that is perhaps emphasized by the discovery of coins minted by Justin II found in a Chinese tomb of Shanxi province dated to the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) . Coin of Constans II ( r . 641 -- 648 ) , who is named in Chinese sources as the first of several Byzantine emperors to send embassies to the Chinese Tang dynasty Both the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang , covering the history of the Chinese Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , record that a new state called Fu - lin ( 拂 菻 ; i.e. Byzantine Empire ) was virtually identical to the previous Daqin ( 大秦 ; i.e. Roman Empire ) . Several Fu - lin embassies were recorded for the Tang period , starting in 643 with an alleged embassy by Constans II ( transliterated as Bo duo li , 波多 力 , from his nickname `` Kōnstantinos Pogonatos '' ) to the court of Emperor Taizong of Tang . The History of Song describes the final embassy and its arrival in 1081 , apparently sent by Michael VII Doukas ( transliterated as Mie li sha ling kai sa , 滅 力 沙 靈 改 撒 , from his name and title Michael VII Parapinakēs Caesar ) to the court of Emperor Shenzong of the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . However , the History of Yuan claims that a Byzantine man became a leading astronomer and physician in Khanbaliq , at the court of Kublai Khan , Mongol founder of the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) and was even granted the noble title ' Prince of Fu lin ' ( Chinese : 拂 菻 王 ; Fú lǐn wáng ) . The Uyghur Nestorian Christian diplomat Rabban Bar Sauma , who set out from his Chinese home in Khanbaliq ( Beijing ) and acted as a representative for Arghun ( a grandnephew of Kublai Khan ) , traveled throughout Europe and attempted to secure military alliances with Edward I of England , Philip IV of France , Pope Nicholas IV , as well as the Byzantine ruler Andronikos II Palaiologos . Andronikos II had two half - sisters who were married to great - grandsons of Genghis Khan , which made him an in - law with the Yuan - dynasty Mongol ruler in Beijing , Kublai Khan . The History of Ming preserves an account where the Hongwu Emperor , after founding the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , had a supposed Byzantine merchant named Nieh - ku - lun ( 捏 古 倫 ) deliver his proclamation about the establishment of a new dynasty to the Byzantine court of John V Palaiologos in September 1371 . Friedrich Hirth ( 1885 ) , Emil Bretschneider ( 1888 ) , and more recently Edward Luttwak ( 2009 ) presumed that this was none other than Nicolaus de Bentra , a Roman Catholic bishop of Khanbilaq chosen by Pope John XXII to replace the previous archbishop John of Montecorvino . Tang dynasty reopens the route ( edit ) Further information : Tang campaigns against the Western Turks , Conquest of the Western Turks , Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks , and Tang dynasty § Trade and spread of culture A Chinese sancai statue of a Sogdian man with a wineskin , Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) Although the Silk Road was initially formulated during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han ( 141 -- 87 BCE ) , it was reopened by the Tang Empire in 639 when Hou Junji conquered the Western Regions , and remained open for almost four decades . It was closed after the Tibetans captured it in 678 , but in 699 , during Empress Wu 's period , the Silk Road reopened when the Tang reconquered the Four Garrisons of Anxi originally installed in 640 , once again connecting China directly to the West for land - based trade . The Tang captured the vital route through the Gilgit Valley from Tibet in 722 , lost it to the Tibetans in 737 , and regained it under the command of the Goguryeo - Korean General Gao Xianzhi . While the Turks were settled in the Ordos region ( former territory of the Xiongnu ) , the Tang government took on the military policy of dominating the central steppe . The Tang dynasty ( along with Turkic allies ) conquered and subdued Central Asia during the 640s and 650s . During Emperor Taizong 's reign alone , large campaigns were launched against not only the Göktürks , but also separate campaigns against the Tuyuhun , the oasis states , and the Xueyantuo . Under Emperor Taizong , Tang general Li Jing conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate . Under Emperor Gaozong , Tang general Su Dingfang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate , which was an important ally of Byzantine empire . After these conquests , the Tang dynasty fully controlled the Xiyu , which was the strategic location astride the Silk Road . This led the Tang dynasty to reopen the Silk Road . The Tang dynasty established a second Pax Sinica , and the Silk Road reached its golden age , whereby Persian and Sogdian merchants benefited from the commerce between East and West . At the same time , the Chinese empire welcomed foreign cultures , making it very cosmopolitan in its urban centres . In addition to the land route , the Tang dynasty also developed the maritime Silk Route . Chinese envoys had been sailing through the Indian Ocean to India since perhaps the 2nd century BCE , yet it was during the Tang dynasty that a strong Chinese maritime presence could be found in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea into Persia , Mesopotamia ( sailing up the Euphrates River in modern - day Iraq ) , Arabia , Egypt , Aksum ( Ethiopia ) , and Somalia in the Horn of Africa . Medieval ( edit ) Further information : Europeans in Medieval China Caravan on the Silk Road , 1380 The Silk Road represents an early phenomenon of political and cultural integration due to inter-regional trade . In its heyday , it sustained an international culture that strung together groups as diverse as the Magyars , Armenians , and Chinese . The Silk Road reached its peak in the west during the time of the Byzantine Empire ; in the Nile - Oxus section , from the Sassanid Empire period to the Il Khanate period ; and in the sinitic zone from the Three Kingdoms period to the Yuan Dynasty period . Trade between East and West also developed across the Indian Ocean , between Alexandria in Egypt and Guangzhou in China . Persian Sassanid coins emerged as a means of currency , just as valuable as silk yarn and textiles . Under its strong integrating dynamics on the one hand and the impacts of change it transmitted on the other , tribal societies previously living in isolation along the Silk Road , and pastoralists who were of barbarian cultural development , were drawn to the riches and opportunities of the civilisations connected by the routes , taking on the trades of marauders or mercenaries . Many barbarian tribes became skilled warriors able to conquer rich cities and fertile lands and to forge strong military empires . Map of Eurasia and Africa showing trade networks , c. 870 The Sogdians dominated the East - West trade after the 4th century up to the 8th century , with Suyab and Talas ranking among their main centres in the north . They were the main caravan merchants of Central Asia . Their commercial interests were protected by the resurgent military power of the Göktürks , whose empire has been described as `` the joint enterprise of the Ashina clan and the Soghdians '' . A.V. Dybo noted that `` according to historians , the main driving force of the Great Silk Road were not just Sogdians , but the carriers of a mixed Sogdian - Türkic culture that often came from mixed families . '' Their trade , with some interruptions , continued in the 9th century within the framework of the Uighur Empire , which until 840 extended across northern Central Asia and obtained from China enormous deliveries of silk in exchange for horses . At this time caravans of Sogdians travelling to Upper Mongolia are mentioned in Chinese sources . They played an equally important religious and cultural role . Part of the data about eastern Asia provided by Muslim geographers of the 10th century actually goes back to Sogdian data of the period 750 -- 840 and thus shows the survival of links between east and west . However , after the end of the Uighur Empire , Sogdian trade went through a crisis . What mainly issued from Muslim Central Asia was the trade of the Samanids , which resumed the northwestern road leading to the Khazars and the Urals and the northeastern one toward the nearby Turkic tribes . The Silk Road gave rise to the clusters of military states of nomadic origins in North China , ushered the Nestorian , Manichaean , Buddhist , and later Islamic religions into Central Asia and China . Islamic era and the Silk Road ( edit ) Further information : History of Islamic economics The Round city of Baghdad between 767 and 912 was the most important urban node along the Silk Road . A lion motif on Sogdian polychrome silk , 8th century , most likely from Bukhara By the Umayyad era , Damascus had overtaken Ctesiphon as a major trade center until the Abbasid dynasty built the city of Baghdad , which became the most important city along the silk road . At the end of its glory , the routes brought about the largest continental empire ever , the Mongol Empire , with its political centres strung along the Silk Road ( Beijing in North China , Karakorum in central Mongolia , Sarmakhand in Transoxiana , Tabriz in Northern Iran , Sarai and Astrakhan in lower Volga , Solkhat in Crimea , Kazan in Central Russia , Erzurum in eastern Anatolia ) , realising the political unification of zones previously loosely and intermittently connected by material and cultural goods . The Islamic world was expanded into Central Asia during the 8th century , under the Umayyad Caliphate , while its successor the Abbasid Caliphate put a halt to Chinese westward expansion at the Battle of Talas in 751 ( near the Talas River in modern - day Kyrgyzstan ) . However , following the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion ( 755 -- 763 ) and the conquest of the Western Regions by the Tibetan Empire , the Tang Empire was unable to reassert its control over Central Asia . Contemporary Tang authors noted how the dynasty had gone into decline after this point . In 848 the Tang Chinese , led by the commander Zhang Yichao , were only able to reclaim the Hexi Corridor and Dunhuang in Gansu from the Tibetans . The Persian Samanid Empire ( 819 -- 999 ) centered in Bukhara ( Uzbekistan ) continued the trade legacy of the Sogdians . The disruptions of trade were curtailed in that part of the world by the end of the 10th century and conquests of Central Asia by the Turkic Islamic Kara - Khanid Khanate , yet Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , Manichaeism , and Buddhism in Central Asia virtually disappeared . During the early 13th century Khwarezmia was invaded by the early Mongol Empire . The Mongol ruler Genghis Khan had the once vibrant cities of Bukhara and Samarkand burned to the ground after besieging them . However , in 1370 Samarkand saw a revival as the capital of the new Timurid Empire . The Turko - Mongol ruler Timur forcefully moved artisans and intellectuals from across Asia to Samarkand , making it one of the most important trade centers and cultural entrepôts of the Islamic world . Mongol age ( edit ) See also : Mongol Empire , Pax Mongolica , Franco - Mongol alliance , Europeans in Medieval China , and Fonthill Vase Map of Marco Polo 's travels in 1271 -- 1295 The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-established the Silk Road ( via Karakorum ) . It also brought an end to the dominance of the Islamic Caliphate over world trade . Because the Mongols came to control the trade routes , trade circulated throughout the region , though they never abandoned their nomadic lifestyle . The Mongol rulers wanted to establish their capital on the Central Asian steppe , so to accomplish this goal , after every conquest they enlisted local people ( traders , scholars , artisans ) to help them construct and manage their empire . The Mongol diplomat Rabban Bar Sauma visited the courts of Europe in 1287 -- 88 and provided a detailed written report to the Mongols . Around the same time , the Venetian explorer Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China . His tales , documented in The Travels of Marco Polo , opened Western eyes to some of the customs of the Far East . He was not the first to bring back stories , but he was one of the most widely read . He had been preceded by numerous Christian missionaries to the East , such as William of Rubruck , Benedykt Polak , Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , and Andrew of Longjumeau . Later envoys included Odoric of Pordenone , Giovanni de ' Marignolli , John of Montecorvino , Niccolò de ' Conti , and Ibn Battuta , a Moroccan Muslim traveller who passed through the present - day Middle East and across the Silk Road from Tabriz between 1325 -- 54 . In the 13th century efforts were made at forming a Franco - Mongol alliance , with an exchange of ambassadors and ( failed ) attempts at military collaboration in the Holy Land during the later Crusades . Eventually the Mongols in the Ilkhanate , after they had destroyed the Abbasid and Ayyubid dynasties , converted to Islam and signed the 1323 Treaty of Aleppo with the surviving Muslim power , the Egyptian Mamluks . Some studies indicate that the Black Death , which devastated Europe starting in the late 1340s , may have reached Europe from Central Asia ( or China ) along the trade routes of the Mongol Empire . One theory holds that Genoese traders coming from the entrepot of Trebizond in northern Turkey carried the disease to Western Europe ; like many other outbreaks of plague , there is strong evidence that it originated in marmots in Central Asia and was carried westwards to the Black Sea by Silk Road traders . Decline and disintegration ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Port cities on the maritime silk route featured on the voyages of Zheng He . The fragmentation of the Mongol Empire loosened the political , cultural , and economic unity of the Silk Road . Turkmeni marching lords seized land around the western part of the Silk Road from the decaying Byzantine Empire . After the fall of the Mongol Empire , the great political powers along the Silk Road became economically and culturally separated . Accompanying the crystallisation of regional states was the decline of nomad power , partly due to the devastation of the Black Death and partly due to the encroachment of sedentary civilisations equipped with gunpowder . The consolidation of the Ottoman and Safavid empires in the Middle East led to a revival of overland trade , interrupted sporadically by warfare between them . The silk trade continued to flourish until it was disrupted by the collapse of the Safavid Empire in the 1720s . New Silk Road ( edit ) A silk banner from Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan province ; it was draped over the coffin of Lady Dai ( d . 168 BCE ) , wife of the Marquess Li Cang ( 利 蒼 ) ( d . 186 BCE ) , chancellor for the Kingdom of Changsha . After an earthquake that hit Tashkent in Central Asia in 1966 , the city had to rebuild itself . Although it took a huge toll on their markets , this commenced a revival of modern silk road cities . The Eurasian Land Bridge ( a railway through China , Kazakhstan , Mongolia and Russia ) is sometimes referred to as the `` New Silk Road '' . The last link in one of these two railway routes was completed in 1990 , when the railway systems of China and Kazakhstan connected at Alataw Pass ( Alashan Kou ) . In 2008 the line was used to connect the cities of Ürümqi in China 's Xinjiang Province to Almaty and Astana in Kazakhstan . In October 2008 the first Trans - Eurasia Logistics train reached Hamburg from Xiangtan . Starting in July 2011 the line has been used by a freight service that connects Chongqing , China with Duisburg , Germany , cutting travel time for cargo from about 36 days by container ship to just 13 days by freight train . In 2013 , Hewlett - Packard began moving large freight trains of laptop computers and monitors along this rail route . In September 2013 , during a visit to Kazakhstan , Chinese President Xi Jinping introduced a plan for creating a New Silk Road from China to Europe . The latest iterations of this plan , dubbed `` One Belt , One Road '' ( OBOR ) , includes a land - based Silk Road Economic Belt and Maritime Silk Road , with primary points in Ürümqi , Dostyk , Astana , Gomel , Brest , and the Polish cities of Małaszewicze and Łódź , which would be hubs of logistics and transshipment to other countries of Europe . On 15 February 2016 , with a change in routing , the first train dispatched under the OBOR scheme arrived from eastern Zhejiang Province to Tehran . Though this section does not complete the Silk Road -- style overland connection between China and Europe , plans are underway to extend the route past Tehran , through Istanbul , into Europe . The actual route went through Almaty , Bishkek , Samarkand , and Dushanbe . In January 2017 , the service sent its first train to London . The network additionally connects to Madrid and Milan . Routes ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Cities along the Silk Road . The Silk Road consisted of several routes . As it extended westwards from the ancient commercial centres of China , the overland , intercontinental Silk Road divided into northern and southern routes bypassing the Taklamakan Desert and Lop Nur . Northern route ( edit ) Main article : Northern Silk Road The Silk Road in the 1st century The Silk Road The northern route started at Chang'an ( now called Xi'an ) , an ancient capital of China that was moved further east during the Later Han to Luoyang . The route was defined around the 1st century BCE when Han Wudi put an end to harassment by nomadic tribes . The northern route travelled northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu from Shaanxi Province and split into three further routes , two of them following the mountain ranges to the north and south of the Taklamakan Desert to rejoin at Kashgar , and the other going north of the Tian Shan mountains through Turpan , Talgar , and Almaty ( in what is now southeast Kazakhstan ) . The routes split again west of Kashgar , with a southern branch heading down the Alai Valley towards Termez ( in modern Uzbekistan ) and Balkh ( Afghanistan ) , while the other travelled through Kokand in the Fergana Valley ( in present - day eastern Uzbekistan ) and then west across the Karakum Desert . Both routes joined the main southern route before reaching ancient Merv , Turkmenistan . Another branch of the northern route turned northwest past the Aral Sea and north of the Caspian Sea , then and on to the Black Sea . A route for caravans , the northern Silk Road brought to China many goods such as `` dates , saffron powder and pistachio nuts from Persia ; frankincense , aloes and myrrh from Somalia ; sandalwood from India ; glass bottles from Egypt , and other expensive and desirable goods from other parts of the world . '' In exchange , the caravans sent back bolts of silk brocade , lacquer - ware , and porcelain . Southern route ( edit ) The southern route or Karakoram route was mainly a single route running from China through the Karakoram mountains , where it persists in modern times as the international paved road connecting Pakistan and China as the Karakoram Highway . It then set off westwards , but with southward spurs enabling the journey to be completed by sea from various points . Crossing the high mountains , it passed through northern Pakistan , over the Hindu Kush mountains , and into Afghanistan , rejoining the northern route near Merv , Turkmenistan . From Merv , it followed a nearly straight line west through mountainous northern Iran , Mesopotamia , and the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant , where Mediterranean trading ships plied regular routes to Italy , while land routes went either north through Anatolia or south to North Africa . Another branch road travelled from Herat through Susa to Charax Spasinu at the head of the Persian Gulf and across to Petra and on to Alexandria and other eastern Mediterranean ports from where ships carried the cargoes to Rome . Southwestern route ( edit ) See also : Tea Horse Road Woven silk textiles from Tomb No. 1 at Mawangdui , Changsha , Hunan province , China , Western Han dynasty period , dated 2nd century BCE The southwestern route is believed to be the Ganges / Brahmaputra Delta , which has been the subject of international interest for over two millennia . Strabo , the 1st - century Roman writer , mentions the deltaic lands : `` Regarding merchants who now sail from Egypt ... as far as the Ganges , they are only private citizens ... '' His comments are interesting as Roman beads and other materials are being found at Wari - Bateshwar ruins , the ancient city with roots from much earlier , before the Bronze Age , presently being slowly excavated beside the Old Brahmaputra in Bangladesh . Ptolemy 's map of the Ganges Delta , a remarkably accurate effort , showed that his informants knew all about the course of the Brahmaputra River , crossing through the Himalayas then bending westward to its source in Tibet . It is doubtless that this delta was a major international trading center , almost certainly from much earlier than the Common Era . Gemstones and other merchandise from Thailand and Java were traded in the delta and through it . Chinese archaeological writer Bin Yang and some earlier writers and archaeologists , such as Janice Stargardt , strongly suggest this route of international trade as Sichuan - Yunnan - Burma - Bangladesh route . According to Bin Yang , especially from the 12th century the route was used to ship bullion from Yunnan ( gold and silver are among the minerals in which Yunnan is rich ) , through northern Burma , into modern Bangladesh , making use of the ancient route , known as the ' Ledo ' route . The emerging evidence of the ancient cities of Bangladesh , in particular Wari - Bateshwar ruins , Mahasthangarh , Bhitagarh , Bikrampur , Egarasindhur , and Sonargaon , are believed to be the international trade centers in this route . Maritime route ( edit ) Main article : Maritime Silk Road Maritime Silk Road or Maritime Silk Route refer to the maritime section of historic Silk Road that connects China to Southeast Asia , Indonesian archipelago , Indian subcontinent , Arabian peninsula , all the way to Egypt and finally Europe . The trade route encompassed numbers of bodies of waters ; including South China Sea , Strait of Malacca , Indian Ocean , Gulf of Bengal , Arabian Sea , Persian Gulf and the Red Sea . The maritime route overlaps with historic Southeast Asian maritime trade , Spice trade , Indian Ocean trade and after 8th century -- the Arabian naval trade network . The network also extend eastward to East China Sea and Yellow Sea to connect China with Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago . Cultural Exchanges ( edit ) The Nestorian Stele , created in 781 , describes the introduction of Nestorian Christianity to China Richard Foltz , Xinru Liu , and others have described how trading activities along the Silk Road over many centuries facilitated the transmission not just of goods but also ideas and culture , notably in the area of religions . Zoroastrianism , Judaism , Buddhism , Christianity , Manichaeism , and Islam all spread across Eurasia through trade networks that were tied to specific religious communities and their institutions . Notably , established Buddhist monasteries along the Silk Road offered a haven , as well as a new religion for foreigners . The spread of religions and cultural traditions along the Silk Roads , according to Jerry H. Bentley , also led to syncretism . One example was the encounter with the Chinese and Xiongnu nomads . These unlikely events of cross-cultural contact allowed both cultures to adapt to each other as an alternative . The Xiongnu adopted Chinese agricultural techniques , dress style , and lifestyle , while the Chinese adopted Xiongnu military techniques , some dress style , music , and dance . Perhaps most surprising of the cultural exchanges between China and the Xiongnu , Chinese soldiers would sometimes defect and convert to the Xiongnu way of life and stay in the steppes for fear of punishment . Transmission of Christianity ( edit ) Further information : Nestorian Christianity and Church of the East The transmission of Christianity was primarily known as Nestorianism on the Silk Road . In 781 , an inscribed stele shows Nestorian Christian missionaries arriving on the Silk Road . Christianity had spread both east and west , simultaneously bringing Syriac language and evolving the forms of worship . Transmission of Buddhism ( edit ) Main articles : Silk Road transmission of Buddhism and Greco - Buddhism a Blue - eyed Central Asian monk teaching an East - Asian monk , Bezeklik , Turfan , eastern Tarim Basin , China , 9th century ; the monk on the right is possibly Tocharian , although more likely Sogdian . The transmission of Buddhism to China via the Silk Road began in the 1st century CE , according to a semi-legendary account of an ambassador sent to the West by the Chinese Emperor Ming ( 58 -- 75 ) . During this period Buddhism began to spread throughout Southeast , East , and Central Asia . Mahayana , Theravada , and Tibetan Buddhism are the three primary forms of Buddhism that spread across Asia via the Silk Road . The Buddhist movement was the first large - scale missionary movement in the history of world religions . Chinese missionaries were able to assimilate Buddhism , to an extent , to native Chinese Daoists , which would bring the two beliefs together . Buddha 's community of followers , the Sangha , consisted of male and female monks and laity . These people moved through India and beyond to spread the ideas of Buddha . As the number of members within the Sangha increased , it became costly so that only the larger cities were able to afford having the Buddha and his disciples visit . It is believed that under the control of the Kushans , Buddhism was spread to China and other parts of Asia from the middle of the first century to the middle of the third century . Extensive contacts started in the 2nd century , probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin , due to the missionary efforts of a great number of Buddhist monks to Chinese lands . The first missionaries and translators of Buddhists scriptures into Chinese were either Parthian , Kushan , Sogdian , or Kuchean . Bilingual edict ( Greek and Aramaic ) by Indian Buddhist King Ashoka , 3rd century BCE ; see Edicts of Ashoka , from Kandahar . This edict advocates the adoption of `` godliness '' using the Greek term Eusebeia for Dharma . Kabul Museum . One result of the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road was displacement and conflict . The Greek Seleucids were exiled to Iran and Central Asia because of a new Iranian Dynasty called the Parthians at the beginning of the 2nd century BCE , and as a result the Parthians became the new middle men for trade in a period when the Romans were major customers for silk . Parthian scholars were involved in one of the first ever Buddhist text translations into the Chinese language . Its main trade centre on the Silk Road , the city of Merv , in due course and with the coming of age of Buddhism in China , became a major Buddhist centre by the middle of the 2nd century . Knowledge among people on the silk roads also increased when Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty ( 268 -- 239 BCE ) converted to Buddhism and raised the religion to official status in his northern Indian empire . From the 4th century CE onward , Chinese pilgrims also started to travel on the Silk Road to India to get improved access to the original Buddhist scriptures , with Fa - hsien 's pilgrimage to India ( 395 -- 414 ) , and later Xuanzang ( 629 -- 644 ) and Hyecho , who traveled from Korea to India . The travels of the priest Xuanzang were fictionalized in the 16th century in a fantasy adventure novel called Journey to the West , which told of trials with demons and the aid given by various disciples on the journey . A statue depicting Buddha giving a sermon , from Sarnath , 3,000 km ( 1,864 mi ) southwest of Urumqi , Xinjiang , 8th century There were many different schools of Buddhism travelling on the Silk Road . The Dharmaguptakas and the Sarvastivadins were two of the major Nikaya schools . These were both eventually displaced by the Mahayana , also known as `` Great Vehicle '' . This movement of Buddhism first gained influence in the Khotan region . The Mahayana , which was more of a `` pan-Buddhist movement '' than a school of Buddhism , appears to have begun in northwestern India or Central Asia . It formed during the 1st century BCE and was small at first , and the origins of this `` Greater Vehicle '' are not fully clear . Some Mahayana scripts were found in northern Pakistan , but the main texts are still believed to have been composed in Central Asia along the Silk Road . These different schools and movements of Buddhism were a result of the diverse and complex influences and beliefs on the Silk Road . With the rise of Mahayana Buddhism , the initial direction of Buddhist development changed . This form of Buddhism highlighted , as stated by Xinru Liu , `` the elusiveness of physical reality , including material wealth . '' It also stressed getting rid of material desire to a certain point ; this was often difficult for followers to understand . During the 5th and 6th centuries CE , merchants played a large role in the spread of religion , in particular Buddhism . Merchants found the moral and ethical teachings of Buddhism to be an appealing alternative to previous religions . As a result , merchants supported Buddhist monasteries along the Silk Road , and in return the Buddhists gave the merchants somewhere to stay as they traveled from city to city . As a result , merchants spread Buddhism to foreign encounters as they traveled . Merchants also helped to establish diaspora within the communities they encountered , and over time their cultures became based on Buddhism . As a result , these communities became centers of literacy and culture with well - organized marketplaces , lodging , and storage . The voluntary conversion of Chinese ruling elites helped the spread of Buddhism in East Asia and led Buddhism to become widespread in Chinese society . The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism essentially ended around the 7th century with the rise of Islam in Central Asia . Transmission of art ( edit ) Main article : Silk Road transmission of art Iconographical evolution of the Wind God . Left : Greek Wind God from Hadda , 2nd century . Middle : Wind God from Kizil , Tarim Basin , 7th century . Right : Japanese Wind God Fujin , 17th century . Many artistic influences were transmitted via the Silk Road , particularly through Central Asia , where Hellenistic , Iranian , Indian and Chinese influences could intermix . Greco - Buddhist art represents one of the most vivid examples of this interaction . Silk was also a representation of art , serving as a religious symbol . Most importantly , silk was used as currency for trade along the silk road . These artistic influences can be seen in the development of Buddhism where , for instance , Buddha was first depicted as human in the Kushan period . Many scholars have attributed this to Greek influence . The mixture of Greek and Indian elements can be found in later Buddhist art in China and throughout countries on the Silk Road . The production of art consisted of many different items that were traded along the Silk Roads from the East to the West . One common product , the lapis lazuli , was a blue stone with golden specks , which was used as paint after it was ground into powder . Commemoration ( edit ) On 22 June 2014 , the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) named the Silk Road a World Heritage Site at the 2014 Conference on World Heritage . The United Nations World Tourism Organization has been working since 1993 to develop sustainable international tourism along the route with the stated goal of fostering peace and understanding . Bishkek and Almaty each have a major east - west street named after the Silk Road ( Kyrgyz : Жибек жолу , Jibek Jolu in Bishkek , and Kazakh : Жібек жолы , Jibek Joly in Almaty ) . Gallery ( edit ) Silk Road and artifacts Caravanserai of Sa 'd al - Saltaneh Caravanserai of Sa 'd al - Saltaneh Caravanserai of Sa 'd al - Saltaneh Sultanhani caravanserai Sultanhani caravanserai 18th century caravanserai in Sheki , Azerbaijan Orbelian 's Caravanserai , Armenia bridge in Ani , capital of medieval Armenia Taldyk pass Dunhuang Zeinodin Caravanserai Sogdian man on a Bactrian camel , sancai ceramic glaze , Chinese Tang Dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) Ancient Chinese customs post on Silk Road near Dunhuang The ruins of a Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang , Gansu province A late Zhou or early Han Chinese bronze mirror inlaid with glass , perhaps incorporated Greco - Roman artistic patterns A Chinese Western Han Dynasty ( 202 BCE -- 9 CE ) bronze rhinoceros with gold and silver inlay Han dynasty Granary west of Dunhuang on the Silk Road . Ornamented Trakian sword , 6th century , excavated in Gyerim - ro , South Korea Modern woven carpet illustrating camel caravan on Silk Road , from Kashgar Green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 - 220 CE ) tomb , Guangxi , southern China See also ( edit ) Ancient tea route Dzungarian Gate Godavaya History of silk Hippie trail Incense Route Dvaravati -- Kamboja route Mount Imeon Serica Steppe Route Three hares Pan-American Highway The silk roads Global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries One Belt , One Road Silk Road Economic Belt Silk Road Numismatics Silk Road Fund Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miho Museum News ( Shiga , Japan ) Volume 23 ( March 2009 ) . `` Eurasian winds toward Silla '' . ^ Jump up to : Gan , Fuxi ( 2009 ) . `` The silk road and ancient Chinese glass '' . Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences ( Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road , World Scientific ed . ) . p. 41 . ISBN 9812833560 . Jump up ^ Elisseeff , Vadime ( 2001 ) . The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . UNESCO Publishing / Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 . Jump up ^ Boulnois , Luce ( 2005 ) . Silk Road : Monks , Warriors & Merchants . Hong Kong : Odyssey Books . p. 66 . ISBN 962 - 217 - 721 - 2 . Jump up ^ Xinru , Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republic of Korea Silk Road '' . en.unesco.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 32 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 33 . Jump up ^ Compare : Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) . The Silk Road . OUP US . p. 218 . ISBN 9780195159318 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . Jewish merchants have left only a few traces on the Silk Road . Jump up ^ Miha Museum ( Shiga , Japan ) , Sping Special Exhibition ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` Eurasian winds toward Silla '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Horses of the Steppe : The Mongolian Horse and the Blood - Sweating Stallions Silk Road in Rare Books '' . dsr.nii.ac.jp . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Waugh ( 2007 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Approaches Old and New to the Silk Roads '' Eliseeff in : The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . Paris ( 1998 ) UNESCO , Reprint : Berghahn Books ( 2009 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 221 - 0 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 222 - 9 ( pbk ) Jump up ^ `` Approaches Old and New to the Silk Roads '' Vadime Eliseeff in : The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . Paris ( 1998 ) UNESCO , Reprint : Berghahn Books ( 2000 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 221 - 0 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 222 - 9 ( pbk ) Jump up ^ Waugh , Daniel . ( 2007 ) . `` Richthofen 's `` Silk Roads '' : Toward the Archaeology of a Concept . '' The Silk Road . Volume 5 , Number 1 , Summer 2007 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , pp. 154 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ `` Treasures of Ancient Altai Nomads Revealed '' . The Astana Times . 2012 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Additional Berel Burial Sites Excavated -- The Astana Times '' . The Astana Times . 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pollard ; Rosenberg ; Tignor , Elizabeth ; Clifford ; Robert ( 2011 ) . Worlds Together Worlds Apart . New York , New York : Norton . p. 278 . ISBN 9780393918472 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lubec , G. ; J. Holauerghsrthbek ; C. Feldl ; B. Lubec ; E. Strouhal ( 4 March 1993 ) . `` Use of silk in ancient Egypt '' . Nature . 362 ( 6415 ) : 25 . doi : 10.1038 / 362025b0 . ( also available here ( 1 ) ) ^ Jump up to : Christopoulos , Lucas ( August 2012 ) , `` Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China ( 240 BC -- 1398 AD ) , '' in Victor H. Mair ( ed ) , Sino - Platonic Papers , No. 230 , Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations , p. 31 footnote # 56 , ISSN 2157 - 9687 . Jump up ^ Please refer to Royal Road . Jump up ^ Christopoulos , Lucas ( August 2012 ) , `` Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China ( 240 BC -- 1398 AD ) , '' in Victor H. Mair ( ed ) , Sino - Platonic Papers , No. 230 , Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations , pp. 15 -- 16 , ISSN 2157 - 9687 . Jump up ^ Prevas , John . ( 2004 ) . Envy of the Gods : Alexander the Great 's Ill - Fated Journey across Asia , p. 121 . De Capo Press , Cambridge , Mass . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81268 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Strabo XI. XI. I '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 54 . Jump up ^ The Megalithic Portal & Megalith Map . `` Silk Road , North China , C.M. Hogan , the Megalithic Portal , ed . A. Burnham '' . Megalithic.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Yiping Zhang ( 2005 ) . Story of the Silk Road . 五洲 传播 出版 社 . p. 22 . ISBN 7 - 5085 - 0832 - 7 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Julia Lovell ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall : China Against the World , 1000 BC -- AD 2000 . Grove Press . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 4297 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Li & Zheng 2001 , p. 254 Jump up ^ Di Cosmo , ' Ancient China and its Enemies ' , 2002 Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . pp. 36 -- 37 , 48 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 1999 ) , 70 . Jump up ^ R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy , The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present , Fourth Edition ( New York : HarperCollins Publishers , 1993 ) , 133 , apparently relying on Homer H. Dubs , `` A Roman City in Ancient China '' , in Greece and Rome , Second Series , Vol. 4 , No. 2 ( Oct. , 1957 ) , pp. 139 -- 48 Jump up ^ Ban Chao , Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Frances Wood , The Silk Road : Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia , University of California Press , 2004 , ISBN 0520243404 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 32 . Jump up ^ An , Jiayao. ( 2002 ) , `` When Glass Was Treasured in China , '' in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner ( eds ) , Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road , 79 -- 94 , Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , ISBN 2503521789 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Halsall ( 2000 ) ( 1998 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. -- 1643 C.E. '' . Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny , Rafe. ( 2007 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms ( 23 -- 220 AD ) . Leiden : Koninklijke Brill , p. 600 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15605 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yü , Ying - shih. ( 1986 ) . `` Han Foreign Relations , '' in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe ( eds ) , The Cambridge History of China : Volume I : the Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220 , 377 -- 462 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 460 -- 461 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Jump up ^ An , Jiayao. ( 2002 ) , `` When Glass Was Treasured in China , '' in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner ( eds ) , Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road , 79 -- 94 , Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , ISBN 2503521789 , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Harper , P.O. ( 2002 ) , `` Iranian Luxury Vessels in China From the Late First Millennium B.C.E. to the Second Half of the First Millennium C.E. , '' in Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner ( eds ) , Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road , 95 -- 113 , Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , ISBN 2503521789 , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 ) , The Silk Road : A New History , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 97 -- 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993921 - 3 . Jump up ^ Warwick Ball ( 2016 ) , Rome in the East : Transformation of an Empire , 2nd edition , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 72078 - 6 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Helen Wang ( 2004 ) `` Money on the Silk Road : The evidence from Eastern Central Asia to . c . AD 800 , '' London : The British Museum Press , ISBN 0 7141 1806 0 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Gary K. Young ( 2001 ) , Rome 's Eastern Trade : International Commerce and Imperial Policy , 31 BC -- AD 305 , London & New York : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 24219 - 3 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : For further information on Oc Eo , see Milton Osborne ( 2006 ) , The Mekong : Turbulent Past , Uncertain Future , Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin , revised edition , first published in 2000 , ISBN 1 - 74114 - 893 - 6 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Ferdinand von Richthofen , China , Berlin , 1877 , Vol. I , pp. 504 -- 510 ; cited in Richard Hennig , Terrae incognitae : eine Zusammenstellung und kritische Bewertung der wichtigsten vorcolumbischen Entdeckungsreisen an Hand der daruber vorliegenden Originalberichte , Band I , Altertum bis Ptolemäus , Leiden , Brill , 1944 , pp. 387 , 410 -- 11 ; cited in Zürcher ( 2002 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 21 . Jump up ^ `` Strabo 's Geography Book II Chapter 5 '' Jump up ^ Bharuch , Bharuch website , retrieved on 19 November 2013 Jump up ^ Barbarikon Karachi , Sindh , Pakistan website , retrieved on 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 40 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural Histories 11. xxvi. 76 Jump up ^ Xinru , Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 21 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 75 . Jump up ^ Xinru , Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , p. 20 Jump up ^ Seneca the Younger ( c. 3 BCE -- 65 CE ) , Declamations Vol . I ^ Jump up to : Sogdian Trade , Encyclopedia Iranica , ( retrieved 15 June 2007 ) < http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sogdian-trade > Jump up ^ `` Silk Road '' , LIVIUS Articles of Ancient History . 28 October 2010 . Retrieved on 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Howard , Michael C. ( 2012 ) , Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies , the Role of Cross Border Trade and Travel , McFarland & Company , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Mark J. Dresden ( 1981 ) , `` Introductory Note , '' in Guitty Azarpay , Sogdian Painting : the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art , Berkeley , Los Angeles , London : University of California Press , p. 9 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 03765 - 0 . Jump up ^ Liu , Xinru , `` The Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia '' , in Michael Adas ( ed ) , Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History , American Historical Association , Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 2001 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , pp. 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bretschneider , Emil ( 1888 ) , Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources : Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century , Vol. 1 , Abingdon : Routledge , reprinted 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Moule , A.C. , Christians in China before 1500 , 94 & 103 ; also Pelliot , Paul in T'oung - pao 15 ( 1914 ) , pp. 630 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Peter Jackson ( 2005 ) , The Mongols and the West , 1221 -- 1410 , Pearson Education , p. 169 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 36896 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen Kuiper & editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( Aug 31 , 2006 ) . `` Rabban bar Sauma : Mongol Envoy . '' Encyclopædia Britannica ( online source ) . Accessed 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris Rossabi ( 2014 ) . From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia : The Writings of Morris Rossabi . Leiden & Boston : Brill , pp. 385 -- 86 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 28529 - 3 . Jump up ^ Morris Rossabi ( 2014 ) . From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia : The Writings of Morris Rossabi . Leiden & Boston : Brill , pp. 386 -- 421 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 28529 - 3 . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , pp. 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ E. Bretschneider ( 1871 ) . On the Knowledge Possessed by the Ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian Colonies : And Other Western Countries , Mentioned in Chinese Books . Trübner & Company . pp. 25 -- . Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Nishijima , Sadao ( 1986 ) , `` The Economic and Social History of Former Han '' , in Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael , Cambridge History of China : Volume I : the Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 545 -- 607 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24327 - 0 Jump up ^ Eberhard , Wolfram ( 2005 ) , A History of China , New York : Cosimo , ISBN 1 - 59605 - 566 - 9 Jump up ^ Whitfield , Susan ( 2004 ) , The Silk Road : Trade , Travel , War and Faith , Chicago : Serindia , ISBN 1 - 932476 - 12 - 1 Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 1999 ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of China , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X Jump up ^ Skaff , Jonathan Karem ( 2009 ) . Nicola Di Cosmo , ed . Military Culture in Imperial China . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03109 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tikhvinskiĭ , Sergeĭ Leonidovich and Leonard Sergeevich Perelomov ( 1981 ) . China and her neighbours , from ancient times to the Middle Ages : a collection of essays . Progress Publishers . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Sun , Guangqi ( 1989 ) , History of Navigation in Ancient China , Beijing : Ocean Press , ISBN 7 - 5027 - 0532 - 5 Jump up ^ Bowman , John S. ( 2000 ) , Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture , New York : Columbia University Press Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 68 . Jump up ^ Wink , André . Al - Hind : The Making of the Indo - Islamic World . Brill Academic Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 391 - 04173 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dybo A.V. , `` Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks '' , Moskow , 2007 , p. 786 , ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Hanks , Reuel R. ( 2010 ) , Global Security Watch : Central Asia , Santa Barbara , Denver , Oxford : Praeger , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James B. ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gascoigne , Bamber ; Gascoigne , Christina ( 2003 ) , The Dynasties of China : A History , New York : Carroll and Graf Publishers , an imprint of Avalon Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1219 - 8 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Taenzer , Gertraud ( 2016 ) , `` Changing Relations between Administration , Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia : a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang , 8th -- 11th Centuries '' , in Carmen Meinert , Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks ( 7th to 13th Centuries ) , 19 -- 56 , Leiden , Boston : Brill , pp. 35 -- 37 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 30741 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Reuel R. ( 2010 ) , Global Security Watch : Central Asia , Santa Barbara , Denver , Oxford : Praeger , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell - Hoare ( 2016 ) , Uzbekistan , 2nd edition , Bradt Travel Guides Ltd , pp. 12 -- 13 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78477 - 017 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sophie Ibbotson and Max Lovell - Hoare ( 2016 ) , Uzbekistan , 2nd edition , Bradt Travel Guides Ltd , pp. 14 -- 15 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78477 - 017 - 4 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 109 . Jump up ^ The Pax Mongolica , by Daniel C. Waugh , University of Washington , Seattle Jump up ^ J.N. Hays ( 2005 ) . `` Epidemics and pandemics : their impacts on human history '' . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 658 - 2 Jump up ^ John Kelly , The Great Mortality : An Intimate History of the Black Death , the Most Devastating Plague of All Time ( Harper : 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 06000 - 693 - 5 Jump up ^ The Silk Roads : Highways of Commerce and Culture . Vadime Elisseeff ( 1998 ). ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1994 ) . `` Crisis and Change , 1590 -- 1699 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 505 -- 07 , 524 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57455 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Valerie ( 2000 ) , The Open Empire : A History of China to 1600 , New York & London : W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97374 - 3 , pp , 117 -- 19 Jump up ^ Kathy Ceceri , The Silk Road : Explore the World 's Most Famous Trade Route ( White River Junction , VT : Nomad Press , 2011 ) , 111 . ^ Jump up to : Bradsher , Keith ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Hauling New Treasure Along the Silk Road '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asia - Pacific Asia takes first step on modern ' Silk Route ' '' . BBC News . 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` A Silk Road for the 21st century : Freight rail linking China and Germany officially begins operations '' . Shanghaiist . Jump up ^ Cooley , Alexander ( July 2015 ) . `` New Silk Route or Classic Developmental Cul - de-Sac ? The Prospects and Challenges of China 's OBOR Initiative '' . PONARS Eurasia . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China plans new Silk Route across Ukraine '' . Russian News Agency TASS. 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Sahoo , Pravakar ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` India should be part of the new Silk Route '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` China 's new silk route : The long and winding road '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First ' Silk Road ' train arrives in Tehran from China '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' China freight train ' in first trip to Barking '' . BBC News . 2017 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Silk Road route back in business as China train rolls into London , Tracy McVeigh , The Observer , 14 January 2017 Jump up ^ Ulric Killion , A Modern Chinese Journey to the West : Economic Globalisation And Dualism , ( Nova Science Publishers : 2006 ) , p. 66 Jump up ^ Yang , Bin. ( 2008 ) . Between Winds and Clouds : The Making of Yunnan . New York : Columbia University Press Jump up ^ `` History and Legend of Sino - Bangla Contacts '' . Fmprc.gov.cn. 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday '' . Weeklyholiday.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Silk Road '' . SEAArch . Jump up ^ Richard Foltz , Religions of the Silk Road , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2nd edition , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62125 - 1 Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 77 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ `` Belief Systems Along the Silk Road , '' Asia Society website , http://asiasociety.org/education/belief-systems-along-silk-road , retrieved on November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ von Le Coq , Albert . ( 1913 ) . Chotscho : Facsimile - Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost - Turkistan . Berlin : Dietrich Reimer ( Ernst Vohsen ) , im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler - Institutes , Tafel 19 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Ethnic Sogdians have been identified as the Caucasian figures seen in the same cave temple ( No. 9 ) . See the following source : Gasparini , Mariachiara . `` A Mathematic Expression of Art : Sino - Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin , '' in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja ( eds ) , Transcultural Studies , Ruprecht - Karls Universität Heidelberg , No 1 ( 2014 ) , pp. 134 -- 63 . ISSN 2191 - 6411 . See also endnote # 32 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 . ) Jump up ^ For information on the Sogdians , an Eastern Iranian people , and their inhabitation of Turfan as an ethnic minority community during the phases of Tang Chinese ( 7th -- 8th century ) and Uyghur rule ( 9th -- 13th century ) , see Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 ) , The Silk Road : A New History , Oxford University Press , p. 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993921 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 69 , 73 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James A. ( 2009 ) . `` China 's Southwestern Silk Road in World History '' . World History Connected . 6 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 16 . Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , `` The Silk Road in World History '' ( New york : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , pp. 51 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , `` The Silk Road in World History '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , pp. 42 . Jump up ^ Foltz , `` Religions of the Silk Road '' , pp. 37 -- 58 Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Silkroad Foundation ; Adela C.Y. Lee . `` Ancient Silk Road Travellers '' . Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , `` The Silk Road in World History '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 48 . Jump up ^ Jerry H. Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 50 . Jump up ^ Xinru , Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 21 . Jump up ^ Foltz , Richard C. ( 1999 ) . Religions of the Silk Road : Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` The Silk Road and Beyond : Travel , Trade , and Transformation , '' Art Institute of Chicago website , http://www.artic.edu/aic/exhibitions/silkroad/themes.html , retrieved on 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Objectives '' . Sources ( edit ) Baines , John and Málek , Jaromir ( 1984 ) : Atlas of Ancient Egypt . Oxford , Time Life Books . Boulnois , Luce. 2004 . Silk Road : Monks , Warriors & Merchants on the Silk Road . Translated by Helen Loveday with additional material by Bradley Mayhew and Angela Sheng . Airphoto International . ISBN 962 - 217 - 720 - 4 hardback , ISBN 962 - 217 - 721 - 2 softback . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley . ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X . Foltz , Richard , Religions of the Silk Road , Palgrave Macmillan , 2nd edition , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 62125 - 1 Harmatta , János , ed. , 1994 . History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume II . The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations : 700 BC to 250 . Paris , UNESCO Publishing . Herodotus ( 5th century BCE ) : Histories . Translated with notes by George Rawlinson. 1996 edition . Ware , Hertfordshire , Wordsworth Editions Limited . Hopkirk , Peter : Foreign Devils on the Silk Road : The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia . The University of Massachusetts Press , Amherst , 1980 , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 435 - 8 Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , 1st to 2nd Centuries CE . BookSurge , Charleston , South Carolina . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . Hulsewé , A.F.P. and Loewe , M.A.N. 1979 . China in Central Asia : The Early Stage 125 BC -- 23 : an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty . E.J. Brill , Leiden . Huyghe , Edith and Huyghe , François - Bernard : `` La route de la soie ou les empires du mirage '' , Petite bibliothèque Payot , 2006 , ISBN 2 - 228 - 90073 - 7 Juliano , Annette , L. and Lerner , Judith A. , et al. 2002 . Monks and Merchants : Silk Road Treasures from Northwest China : Gansu and Ningxia , 4th -- 7th Century . Harry N. Abrams Inc. , with The Asia Society . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3478 - 7 ; ISBN 0 - 87848 - 089 - 7 softback . Klimkeit , Hans - Joach , im . 1988 . Die Seidenstrasse : Handelsweg and Kulturbruecke zwischen Morgen - and Abendland . Koeln : DuMont Buchverlag . Klimkeit , Hans - Joachim. 1993 . Gnosis on the Silk Road : Gnostic Texts from Central Asia . Trans . & presented by Hans - Joachim Klimkeit . HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 064586 - 5 . Knight , E.F. 1893 . Where Three Empires Meet : A Narrative of Recent Travel in : Kashmir , Western Tibet , Gilgit , and the adjoining countries . Longmans , Green , and Co. , London . Reprint : Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company , Taipei . 1971 . Li , Rongxi ( translator ) . 1995 . A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty . Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research . Berkeley , California . ISBN 1 - 886439 - 00 - 1 Li , Rongxi ( translator ) . 1995 . The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions . Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research . Berkeley , California . ISBN 1 - 886439 - 02 - 8 Litvinsky , B.A. , ed. , 1996 . History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume III . The crossroads of civilizations : 250 to 750 . Paris , UNESCO Publishing . Liu , Xinru , 2001 . `` Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi - Kushan : Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies . '' Journal of World History , Volume 12 , No. 2 , Fall 2001 . University of Hawaii Press , pp. 261 -- 92 . ( 4 ) . Liu , Li , 2004 , The Chinese Neolithic , Trajectories to Early States , Cambridge UK , Cambridge University Press . Liu , Xinru ( 2010 ) . The Silk Road in World History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516174 - 8 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533810 - 2 ( pbk ) . McDonald , Angus. 1995 . The Five Foot Road : In Search of a Vanished China . HarperCollinsWest , San Francisco . Malkov , Artemy. 2007 . The Silk Road : A mathematical model . History & Mathematics , ed. by Peter Turchin et al. Moscow : KomKniga . ISBN 978 - 5 - 484 - 01002 - 8 Mallory , J.P. and Mair , Victor H. , 2000 . The Tarim Mummies : Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West . Thames & Hudson , London . Ming Pao . `` Hong Kong proposes Silk Road on the Sea as World Heritage '' , 7 August 2005 , p . A2 . Osborne , Milton , 1975 . River Road to China : The Mekong River Expedition , 1866 -- 73 . George Allen & Unwin Lt . Puri , B. N , 1987 Buddhism in Central Asia , Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited , Delhi . ( 2000 reprint ) . Ray , Himanshu Prabha , 2003 . The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80455 - 8 ( hardback ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 01109 - 4 ( paperback ) . Sarianidi , Viktor , 1985 . The Golden Hoard of Bactria : From the Tillya - tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan . Harry N. Abrams , New York . Schafer , Edward H. 1963 . The Golden Peaches of Samarkand : A study of T'ang Exotics . University of California Press . Berkeley and Los Angeles . 1st paperback edition : 1985 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05462 - 8 . Stein , Aurel M. 1907 . Ancient Khotan : Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan , 2 vols . Clarendon Press . Oxford. ( 5 ) Stein , Aurel M. , 1912 . Ruins of Desert Cathay : Personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China , 2 vols . Reprint : Delhi . Low Price Publications . 1990 . Stein , Aurel M. , 1921 . Serindia : Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China , 5 vols . London & Oxford . Clarendon Press . Reprint : Delhi . Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. ( 6 ) Stein Aurel M. , 1928 . Innermost Asia : Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia , Kan - su and Eastern Iran , 5 vols . Clarendon Press . Reprint : New Delhi . Cosmo Publications . 1981 . Stein Aurel M. , 1932 On Ancient Central Asian Tracks : Brief Narrative of Three Expeditions in Innermost Asia and Northwestern China . Reprinted with Introduction by Jeannette Mirsky . Book Faith India , Delhi . 1999 . Thorsten , Marie. 2006 `` Silk Road Nostalgia and Imagined Global Community '' . Comparative American Studies 3 , no . 3 : 343 -- 59 . Waugh , Daniel . ( 2007 ) . `` Richthofen `` Silk Roads '' : Toward the Archeology of a Concept . '' The Silk Road . Volume 5 , Number 1 , Summer 2007 , pp. 1 -- 10 . ( 7 ) von Le Coq , Albert , 1928 . Buried Treasures of Turkestan . Reprint with Introduction by Peter Hopkirk , Oxford University Press . 1985 . Whitfield , Susan , 1999 . Life Along the Silk Road . London : John Murray . Wimmel , Kenneth , 1996 . The Alluring Target : In Search of the Secrets of Central Asia . Trackless Sands Press , Palo Alto , CA . ISBN 1 - 879434 - 48 - 2 Yan , Chen , 1986 . `` Earliest Silk Route : The Southwest Route . '' Chen Yan . China Reconstructs , Vol . XXXV , No. 10 . October 1986 , pp. 59 -- 62 . Yule ( translator and editor ) , Sir Henry ( 1866 ) . Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China . Issue 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Printed for the Hakluyt society . Further reading ( edit ) Boulnois , Luce . Silk Road : Monks , Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road . Odyssey Publications , 2005 . ISBN 962 - 217 - 720 - 4 Bulliet , Richard W. 1975 . The Camel and the Wheel . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 09130 - 2 . Christian , David ( 2000 ) . `` Silk Roads or Steppe Roads ? The Silk Roads in World History '' . Journal of World History . University of Hawaii Press . 2.1 ( Spring ) : 1 . de la Vaissière , E. , Sogdian Traders . A History , Leiden , Brill , 2005 , Hardback ISBN 90 - 04 - 14252 - 5 Brill Publishers , French version ISBN 2 - 85757 - 064 - 3 on ( 8 ) Elisseeff , Vadime . Editor . 1998 . The Silk Roads : Highways of Culture and Commerce . UNESCO Publishing . Paris . Reprint : 2000 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103652 - 1 softback ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 221 - 0 ; ISBN 1 - 57181 - 222 - 9 softback . Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David ( 2011 ) . China 's Ancient Tea Horse Road . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ASIN : B005DQV7Q2 Hansen , Valerie . The Silk Road : A New History ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 304 pages ; Combines archaeology and history in a study of seven oases Hallikainen , Saana : Connections from Europe to Asia and how the trading was affected by the cultural exchange ( 2002 ) Hill , John E. ( 2004 ) . The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏 略 by Yu Huan 魚 豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 . Draft annotated English translation . ( 9 ) Hopkirk , Peter : The Great Game : The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia ; Kodansha International , New York , 1990 , 1992 . Kuzmina , E.E. The Prehistory of the Silk Road . ( 2008 ) Edited by Victor H. Mair . University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4041 - 2 Larsen , Jeanne . Silk Road : A Novel of Eighth - Century China . ( 1989 ; reprinted 2009 ) Levy , Scott C. ( 2012 ) . `` Early Modern Central Asia in World History '' . History Compass. 10 ( 11 ) : 866 -- 78 . doi : 10.1111 / hic3. 12004 . Li et al. `` Evidence that a West - East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age '' . BMC Biology 2010 , 8 : 15 . Liu , Xinru , and Shaffer , Lynda Norene. 2007 . Connections Across Eurasia : Transportation , Communication , and Cultural Exchange on the Silk Roads . McGraw Hill , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 284351 - 4 . Miller , Roy Andrew ( 1959 ) : Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty . University of California Press . Omrani , Bijan ; Tredinnick , Jeremy ( 2010 ) . Asia Overland : Tales of Travel on the Trans - Siberian and Silk Road . Hong Kong New York : Odyssey Distribution in the US by W.W. Norton & Co , Odyssey Publications . ISBN 962 - 217 - 811 - 1 . Polo , Marco , Il Milione . Thubron , C. , The Silk Road to China ( Hamlyn , 1989 ) Tuladhar , Kamal Ratna ( 2011 ) . Caravan to Lhasa : A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet . Kathmandu : Lijala & Tisa . ISBN 99946 - 58 - 91 - 3 Watt , James C.Y. ; Wardwell , Anne E. ( 1997 ) . When silk was gold : Central Asian and Chinese textiles . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870998250 . Weber , Olivier , Eternal Afghanistan ( photographs of Reza ) , ( Unesco - Le Chêne , 2002 ) Yap , Joseph P. Wars With the Xiongnu -- A Translation From Zizhi Tongjian . AuthorHouse ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 National Institute of Informatics -- Digital Silk Road Project Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books Digital Silk Road > Toyo Bunko Archive > List of Books External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silk Road . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Silk Road . Silk Road Atlas ( University of Washington ) The Silk Road , a historical overview by Oliver Wild The Silk Road Journal , a freely available scholarly journal run by Daniel Waugh The New Silk Road -- a lecture by Paul Lacourbe at TEDx Danubia 2013 Escobar , Pepe ( February 2015 ) . Year of the Sheep , Century of the Dragon ? New Silk Roads and the Chinese Vision of a Brave New ( Trade ) World , an essay at Tom Dispatch Han dynasty topics History Chu -- Han Contention ( Feast at Hong Gate ) Lü Clan Disturbance Rebellion of the Seven States Han -- Xiongnu War Han conquest of Gojoseon Southward expansion ( Han -- Minyue War Han conquest of Nanyue Han conquest of Dian First Chinese domination of Vietnam Trung sisters ' rebellion Second Chinese domination of Vietnam ) Xin dynasty Red Eyebrows and Lulin Goguryeo -- Han War Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions Way of the Five Pecks of Rice Yellow Turban Rebellion End of the Han dynasty Society and culture Records of the Grand Historian Book of Han Gansu Flying Horse Huainanzi Eight Immortals of Huainan Mawangdui Silk Texts Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals Yiwu Zhi Old Texts Han poetry Fu Government and military Emperor List Family tree Three Lords and Nine Ministers Nine Ministers Three Ducal Ministers Kings Four Commanderies Protectorate of the Western Regions ( Chief Official ) List of government titles Economics Silk Road Ancient Chinese coinage Sino - Roman relations Science and technology Zhang Heng Cai Lun Hua Tuo Zhoubi Suanjing Book on Numbers and Computation The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art Huangdi Neijing Jin Gui Yao Lue Shanghan Lun Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Modern China : ( ROC / PRC ) Silk General History of silk Magnanery Sericulture Silk Road Silk waste Types Ahimsa silk Assam silk Atlas silk Byzantine silk Eri silk Japanese silk Lao silk Mysore silk Rajshahi silk Thai silk Tussar silk Wild silk Industries Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk industry in China Silk industry of Cheshire Products Saree Tenun Pahang Diraja Part of a series on trade routes Amber Road Hærvejen Incense Route Dvaravati -- Kamboja route King 's Highway Rome - India routes Royal Road Salt road Siberian Route Silk Road Maritime Silk Road Spice Route Tea Horse Road Varangians to the Greeks Via Maris Triangular trade Volga trade route Trans - Saharan trade Old Salt Route Maritime republics Hanseatic League Grand Trunk Road World Heritage Sites in China East Classical Gardens of Suzhou Fujian Tulou Lushan Huangshan Mount Sanqing Mount Tai Wuyi Mountains Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and Kong Family Mansion in Qufu Xidi , and Hongcun West Lake Kulangsu South Central Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains Historic Centre of Macau Shennongjia Kaiping Diaolou and Villages Longmen Grottoes Historic Monuments of Dengfeng , including the Shaolin Monastery and Gaocheng Observatory Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Wulingyuan Yinxu Southwest Chengjiang Fossil Site Dazu Rock Carvings Potala Palace , including the Jokhang and Norbulingka Honghe Hani Rice Terraces Huanglong Jiuzhaigou Old Town of Lijiang Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha Mount Qingcheng and Dujiangyan Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries Three Parallel Rivers North Mount Wutai Chengde Mountain Resort , including Putuo Zongcheng Temple , Xumi Fushou Temple and Puning Temple Forbidden City Zhoukoudian Pingyao Summer Palace Temple of Heaven Xanadu Yungang Grottoes Northeast Koguryo sites Mukden Palace Northwest Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Mogao Caves Xinjiang Tianshan Qinghai Hoh Xil Multiple regions Great Wall China Danxia Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties South China Karst Grand Canal Silk Roads Tusi Sites World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Saryarka -- Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan Tamgaly Petroglyphs Silk Roads : the Routes Network of Chang'an - 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3272262790067326669 | Harry Gant | Harry Gant - wikipedia Harry Gant Jump to : navigation , search Harry Gant Gant in 1996 at North Wilkesboro Speedway ( 1940 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1940 ( age 78 ) Taylorsville , North Carolina , U.S. Achievements 1985 IROC Champion 1984 , 1991 Southern 500 Winner 1991 Winston 500 Winner Awards NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame inductee International Motorsports Hall of Fame Inductee 1991 NMPA Driver of the Year Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series career 474 races run over 22 years Best finish 2nd ( 1984 ) First race 1973 National 500 ( Charlotte ) Last race 1994 Hooters 500 ( Atlanta ) First win 1982 Virginia National Bank 500 ( Martinsville ) Last win 1992 Champion Spark Plug 400 ( Michigan ) Wins Top tens Poles 18 208 17 NASCAR Xfinity Series career 128 races run over 11 years Best finish 19th ( 1988 , 1992 ) First race 1982 Goody 's 300 ( Daytona ) Last race 1994 AC Delco 200 ( Rockingham ) First win 1982 Mello Yello 300 ( Charlotte ) Last win 1994 Busch Light 300 ( Atlanta ) Wins Top tens Poles 21 71 14 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career 11 races run over 1 year Best finish 24th ( 1996 ) First race 1996 Coca - Cola 200 ( Bristol ) Last race 1996 Carquest 420K ( Las Vegas ) Wins Top tens Poles 0 0 Statistics current as of December 18 , 2012 . Harold Phil Gant ( born January 10 , 1940 ) , better known as `` Handsome Harry '' , is a retired American racecar driver best known for driving the No. 33 Skoal Bandit car on the NASCAR Winston Cup ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) circuit during the 1980s and 1990s and his 4 - race win streak in 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nicknames 2 Career prior to Winston Cup 3 Winston Cup career 4 1990 's and Mr. September streak 5 Cup records 6 Movie appearances 7 Motorsports career results 7.1 NASCAR 7.1. 1 Winston Cup Series 7.1. 1.1 Daytona 500 7.1. 2 Busch Series 7.1. 3 Craftsman Truck Series 7.2 International Race of Champions 8 References 9 External links Nicknames ( edit ) Gant gained a lot of nicknames throughout his racing career . He was known as `` Handsome Harry Gant '' due to his Hollywood - style good looks , the `` Bandit '' after his longtime sponsor Skoal Bandit , `` Mr. September '' after winning four consecutive Winston Cup races and two Busch Series races in September 1991 , and `` High Groove Harry '' after the high line he often took through the corner . Career prior to Winston Cup ( edit ) Gant 's 1983 racecar The North Carolina native began his racing career at the old dirt track in Hickory . He built a hobby class car with his friends , and took turns behind the wheel . Gant became the full - time driver and won the track championship . Hickory Speedway was paved in 1967 after Ned Jarrett became the promoter . Gant excelled on the asphalt , and won his first race in the sportsman division . He won over 300 races with the car builder and crew chief Kenneth H. Sigmon , in the NASCAR Sportsman on his way to winning three national championships , in 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 . He finished second three times in the NASCAR Late Model Sportsman ( now Nationwide Series ) in 1969 , 1976 , and 1977 . He finished in the top 10 of the final points standing in several other years . He sold half of his construction business in 1979 upon deciding to race full - time in the Winston Cup Series . Winston Cup career ( edit ) Gant driving in 1994 , his final season Gant made his first Cup start in 1973 at Charlotte Motor Speedway , finishing eleventh in the No. 90 Truxmore Industries Ford . He made six starts over the next four years and had two top - ten finishes . His first full season in Winston Cup was in 1979 . He competed for the rookie of the year honors against Dale Earnhardt and Terry Labonte . He finished fourth in the overall rookie battle in the No. 47 Race Hill Farm car for Jack Beebe . He split the next season between the No. 47 and the No. 75 RahMoc Enterprises entry , finishing 21st in points . After starting out the 1981 season driving for various teams , he moved to the No. 33 Skoal Bandit Pontiac , which was owned by Hal Needham and Burt Reynolds , and Leo Jackson after 1988 . Gant debuted with the team by placing second at Darlington Raceway , followed by five more second - place finishes and three poles , ending the season third in points standings . He stayed with the team for the rest of his career . Gant finished second 10 times before winning his first Winston Cup race , at Martinsville April 25 , 1982 , in the Virginia National Bank 500 and he would finish fourth in the final points standings . In 1983 , Gant would only win once at Darlington in the Transouth 400 and collect 10 top 5 's and 16 top ten finishes en route to seventh in the final points standings . In 1984 , Harry Gant notched 3 poles , 15 top five finishes , and 23 top ten finishes and won at Pocono and Martinsville in the fall , he would end up finishing second to eventual Winston Cup champion Terry Labonte . In 1985 , Gant would win at Martinsville in the spring , and at Dover and at North Wilkesboro in the fall , notching a career best for Gant up to that point . He would finish third in championship standings , 259 points behind eventual champion Darrell Waltrip . Gant would go winless for three years from 1986 - 1988 and in 1989 , he would break a three year winless streak winning at Darlington in the spring which caused the veteran driver to exclaim `` The Bandit is back '' in victory lane. . He would not win again in 1989 but he would finish seventh in the final points standings . Gant won the International Race of Champions ( IROC ) championship in 1985 . He tied on points with Darrell Waltrip but was awarded the title on tiebreak by finishing higher in the final race : a photo - finish win over Labonte at Michigan International Speedway Gant drove the No. 33 in the 1985 Talladega NASCAR race with the first telemetry data system ever installed on a race car . The data from the car was sent to the CBS television network and broadcast during the TV coverage of the race . 1990 's and Mr. September streak ( edit ) Harry Gant entered the decade with a win at Pocono in the spring of 1990 . He would finish 17th in the final points standings with 6 top 5 's and 9 top 10 's . In 1991 , Gant would have a career year . He won the 1991 Winston 500 in the spring . He gambled on fuel mileage and won . Fellow competitor Rick Mast drafted behind Gant to give him a push the last few laps but let off in the final laps to preserve the victory . Gant earned the nickname `` Mr. September '' in 1991 after winning all four September Cup races ( Darlington , Richmond , Dover and Martinsville ) and two Busch races ( Richmond and Dover ) at age 51 . His crew chief was Andy Petree . The four consecutive cup victories tied the modern era record set in 1972 . Dominating at the next race at North Wilkesboro Speedway , Gant had his brakes fail , ending his hopes of five consecutive victories . Gant would get 5 victories in 1991 , and would notch 15 top five finishes and 17 top tens and he would finish fourth in the final point standings . Gant would follow up 1991 with a strong 1992 and finish 4th in points again and was one of five drivers in contention for the championship but six finishes of 13th or worse in the final races doomed his championship hopes . Gant would win at Dover in the spring and he would get his last Cup victory on August 16 , 1992 , at the Champion Spark Plug 400 at Michigan International Speedway , gambling on fuel . This would also be the final victory for Oldsmobile in Cup competition . Harry Gant and the Leo Jackson team would switch to Chevrolets in 1993 and at the end of the season Gant announced that 1994 would be his last season . Gant finished his career with a pole and seven top ten finishes and finished 25th in the final point standings . In 1996 , Gant substituted for the injured Bill Elliott in the 1996 Winston Select , driving Elliott 's No. 94 McDonald 's Ford Thunderbird after Elliott 's injuries at Talladega . Gant also ran a partial season in the Craftsman Truck Series in 1996 , driving his own No. 33 Westview Capital Chevrolet C / K. He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame on April 27 , 2006 . Currently , Gant continues to work on his 300 - acre ranch in North Carolina and enjoys riding his motorcycle . In 2015 , he was in attendance at Darlington for the Southern 500 to take part in the retro weekend . He also still works on roofs and carpentry in his spare time . Gant once admitted that he `` was a good race car driver , but a great carpenter '' . Cup records ( edit ) He holds the record as the oldest driver ever to win a Cup Series race ( 52 years , 219 days ) and as the oldest driver ever to collect his first career Cup victory ( 42 years and 105 days ) . He is the second oldest driver to win in NASCAR 's second - level circuit , now known as the Xfinity Series , after Dick Trickle In his career he has collected 18 Cup wins and one runner - up finish in 1984 and third in 1981 and 1985 , 21 Busch Series wins , and three runner - up finishes in the Busch Series championship ( 69 , 76 , and 77 ) . In 1985 won the IROC title . He won four races in a row in 1991 tying a `` new era '' ( 1972 -- present ) record and came in second in the fifth race . His five Winston Cup and five Busch Grand National wins in 1991 made him the only driver , at that time , to post the most wins in both series in the same year , although he tied with Davey Allison with five Cup wins ( Allison also scored a victory in the non-points All - Star Race ) . Movie appearances ( edit ) He appeared in the 1983 Burt Reynolds movie Stroker Ace . He also gave a short interview in the film Days of Thunder and was mentioned for spinning out in the Daytona 500 late in the movie ( although it was actually the No. 26 of Brett Bodine ) . He also appeared as a mob henchman in the 1984 movie Cannonball Run II . His line in the film was `` Better not let the boss hear you say that . '' Motorsports career Results ( edit ) NASCAR ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics -- Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * -- Most laps led . ) Winston Cup Series ( edit ) NASCAR Winston Cup Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 NWCC Pts 1973 Donlavey Racing 90 Ford RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV CLT DOV TWS RSD MCH DAY BRI ATL TAL NSV DAR RCH DOV NWS MAR CLT 11 CAR 85th - RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL DAR NWS 9 MAR TAL NSV DOV 64th 10.3 Faustina Racing 5 Dodge CLT 14 RSD MCH DAY BRI NSV ATL POC TAL MCH DAR RCH DOV NWS MAR CLT 35 CAR ONT Neil Castles 06 Chevy RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 31 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH DAR DOV NWS MAR CLT RCH CAR BRI ATL ONT 104th 70 1976 Frasson Racing 18 Chevy RSD DAY CAR RCH BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 9 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR ATL ONT 84th 138 1977 Sherrill Enterprises 6 Chevy RSD DAY RCH CAR ATL NWS DAR BRI MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 30 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR ATL ONT 101st 73 1978 Ray Emerson 66 Buick RSD DAY 41 RCH CAR ATL BRI DAR NWS MAR TAL DOV 53rd 325 Kennie Childers Racing 12 Chevy CLT 36 NSV RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR 28 NWS CLT 19 CAR ATL 7 ONT 1979 RSD 10 CAR 26 RCH ATL NWS 21st 2664 Olds DAY 33 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Olds BRI 21 DAR TAL 39 DAY 7 ATL 11 Chevy MAR 6 NSV 28 DOV 25 CLT 23 TWS RSD MCH 17 NSV 22 POC 15 TAL 7 MCH 25 BRI 16 DAR 12 RCH 9 DOV 28 MAR 12 CLT 20 NWS 14 CAR 21 ONT 20 1980 RahMoc Enterprises 75 Olds RSD 12 11th 3703 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Olds DAY 42 TAL 37 DAY 16 TAL 5 Chevy RCH 12 CAR 8 ATL 16 BRI 7 DAR NWS MAR 21 NSV 9 DOV CLT 28 MCH 28 NSV 29 POC 5 MCH 37 BRI 14 DAR RCH 20 DOV 2 * NWS MAR 29 CLT 16 CAR ATL 36 ONT 41 RahMoc Enterprises 75 Chevy TWS 8 RSD 7 1981 Hamby Racing 17 Chevy RSD 15 3rd 4210 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Buick DAY 23 RCH 6 CAR 18 ATL Hylton Motorsports 48 Pontiac BRI 8 Kennie Childers Racing 12 Olds NWS 5 MAR 4 * NSV 22 Mach 1 Racing 33 Pontiac DAR 33 TAL 34 TWS 10 MCH NSV 8 POC MCH BRI 11 DAR 14 RCH DOV 23 MAR 2 * NWS 24 CLT 41 CAR ATL 20 RSD 8 Chevy DOV 16 CLT RSD 31 Buick DAY TAL 1982 DAY 7 RCH 30 BRI 6 ATL 5 CAR 8 DAR 19 NWS 6 MAR 1 * TAL 14 NSV 29 CLT 13 POC RSD 35 MCH 10 DAY 24 NSV POC 22 TAL 38 MCH BRI DAR 11 RCH 7 DOV 12 NWS CLT MAR 8 CAR 32 ATL RSD 26 4th 3877 Pontiac DOV 30 Buick DAY 37 RCH 5 CAR 5 ATL 11 DAR NWS MAR TAL NSV DOV 9 BRI 27 CLT 25 RSD POC 18 MCH 8 DAY 11 NSV 8 POC 5 TAL 5 MCH 30 BRI 6 DAR 22 RCH 20 DOV 17 MAR 8 NWS 9 CLT 29 CAR 23 ATL 37 RSD 31 7th 3790 1984 Chevy DAY 6 RCH 8 CAR 24 ATL 6 BRI 23 NWS DAR 6 MAR 13 TAL NSV 16 DOV 27 * CLT RSD 29 POC MCH DAY NSV 9 POC 1 * TAL 7 MCH BRI 5 DAR 1 * RCH 9 DOV 1 * MAR CLT NWS CAR 2 * ATL 26 RSD 8 2nd 4443 1985 DAY 26 RCH 5 CAR 2 * ATL 24 BRI 20 DAR 14 NWS 10 MAR 1 * TAL 38 DOV CLT RSD POC MCH 16 DAY 24 POC 5 TAL 7 MCH BRI 6 DAR 21 RCH 6 DOV 1 * MAR NWS 1 * CLT 24 * CAR ATL 8 RSD 3rd 4033 1986 DAY 30 RCH 28 CAR ATL 12 BRI DAR 14 NWS 7 MAR 25 TAL 21 DOV 14 * CLT RSD 9 POC 26 MCH 2 * DAY 31 POC 30 TAL 22 GLN 34 MCH 8 BRI 5 DAR 27 RCH 7 DOV 35 MAR NWS 5 CLT CAR ATL 28 RSD 37 11th 3498 DAY 31 CAR 29 RCH 25 ATL 34 DAR 7 NWS 11 BRI 6 MAR 27 TAL 29 CLT 24 DOV 30 POC 32 RSD 25 MCH 13 DAY 9 POC 30 TAL 31 GLN 18 MCH 26 BRI 8 DAR 39 RCH 25 DOV 25 MAR 14 NWS 31 CLT 33 CAR 13 RSD 28 ATL 24 22nd 2725 1988 DAY 29 RCH 28 CAR 28 ATL 21 DAR 38 BRI 18 NWS 12 MAR 26 TAL 36 CLT 30 DOV RSD POC MCH DAY POC 10 TAL 16 GLN 31 MCH 21 BRI 6 DAR 40 RCH 32 DOV 11 MAR 30 CLT 24 NWS 30 CAR 7 PHO 12 ATL 30 27th 2266 1989 Jackson Bros. Motorsports Olds DAY 12 CAR 31 ATL 29 RCH 14 DAR 1 * BRI 10 NWS 23 MAR 12 TAL 7 CLT 40 DOV 23 SON 12 POC MCH 32 DAY 32 POC 5 TAL 8 GLN 19 MCH BRI DAR 6 RCH 5 DOV 38 MAR CLT NWS CAR 29 PHO 8 ATL 17 7th 3610 1990 Leo Jackson Motorsports DAY 18 RCH 36 CAR 11 ATL 9 DAR 6 BRI NWS 13 MAR 26 TAL 36 CLT 25 DOV 34 SON 19 POC MCH 5 DAY 7 POC 14 TAL 15 GLN 21 MCH 13 BRI 26 DAR 5 RCH 36 DOV MAR 5 NWS 28 CLT 26 CAR PHO 37 ATL 19 17th 3182 1991 DAY 25 RCH CAR ATL 19 DAR 27 BRI 11 NWS 23 MAR 5 TAL CLT DOV SON 27 POC MCH 10 DAY 23 POC 26 TAL 39 GLN 28 MCH 6 BRI 19 DAR 1 * RCH DOV 1 * MAR 1 * NWS 2 * CLT CAR 2 * PHO 23 ATL 4th 3985 1992 DAY 12 CAR RCH ATL DAR BRI 29 NWS 5 MAR 5 TAL 24 CLT 5 DOV SON 17 POC 23 MCH 7 DAY 23 POC TAL 17 GLN 18 MCH BRI 26 DAR 16 * RCH 8 DOV 6 MAR 19 NWS 13 CLT 8 CAR 6 PHO 14 ATL 13 4th 3955 1993 Chevy DAY 21 CAR 31 RCH 9 ATL 21 DAR 37 BRI 28 NWS 13 MAR 31 TAL 23 SON 19 CLT 18 DOV 7 POC MCH 10 DAY 21 NHA 17 POC 9 TAL 8 GLN 10 MCH 30 BRI DAR 7 RCH 11 DOV 5 MAR 33 NWS 6 CLT 12 CAR PHO 12 ATL 28 11th 3524 1994 DAY 34 CAR 37 RCH 34 ATL 30 DAR 8 BRI 37 NWS 8 MAR DNQ TAL 23 SON 10 CLT 7 DOV 42 POC 16 MCH 35 DAY 31 NHA 17 POC 38 TAL 21 IND 37 GLN 10 MCH 25 BRI 9 DAR 41 RCH 22 DOV 13 MAR 8 NWS 32 CLT 22 CAR 31 PHO 23 ATL 33 25th 2720 Daytona 500 ( edit ) Year Team Manufacturer Start Finish 1978 Ray Emerson Buick 20 41 1979 Kennie Childers Racing Oldsmobile 14 33 1980 Race Hill Farm Team Oldsmobile 10 42 1981 Buick 31 23 1982 Mach 1 Racing Buick 7 13 37 1984 Chevrolet 6 6 1985 10 26 1986 15 30 12 31 1988 20 29 1989 Jackson Bros. Motorsports Oldsmobile 12 12 1990 Leo Jackson Motorsports 5 18 1991 11 25 1992 11 12 1993 Chevrolet 37 21 1994 36 34 Busch Series ( edit ) NASCAR Busch Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 NBSC Pts 1982 Harry Gant 77 Pontiac DAY 6 RCH BRI MAR DAR 14 HCY SBO CRW RCH LGY DOV 15 HCY CLT ASH HCY SBO CAR CRW SBO HCY LGY IRP BRI HCY RCH MAR CLT DNQ HCY MAR 43rd 469 Johnny Hayes Racing 28 Pontiac DAY RCH CAR HCY MAR NWS SBO GPS LGY DOV BRI CLT SBO HCY ROU SBO ROU CRW ROU SBO HCY LGY IRP GPS BRI HCY DAR RCH NWS SBO MAR ROU CLT HCY MAR 102nd 160 1986 Ingram Racing 11 Pontiac DAY CAR HCY MAR BRI DAR SBO LGY JFC DOV CLT SBO HCY ROU IRP SBO RAL OXF SBO HCY LGY ROU BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR 8 ROU CLT CAR MAR 109th - Whitaker Racing 7 Buick DAY 18 HCY MAR DAR 5 BRI 23 LGY SBO CLT DOV 24 * IRP ROU JFC OXF SBO HCY RAL LGY ROU BRI 31 JFC DAR 1 * RCH 7 DOV 24 * MAR 31 CLT CAR 30 MAR 31 26th 1509 1988 DAY 8 HCY 11 CAR 5 MAR DAR 2 * BRI 8 LNG NZH SBO NSV CLT 6 DOV ROU LAN LVL MYB 23 OXF SBO HCY LNG IRP ROU BRI DAR 1 * RCH DOV 7 MAR CLT 38 CAR MAR 19th 2238 1989 DAY 26 CAR 11 * MAR 20 HCY 6 DAR BRI 30 NZH SBO LAN NSV CLT 29 DOV 28 ROU LVL VOL MYB SBO HCY DUB IRP ROU BRI 28 DAR RCH 25 DOV 15 MAR 26 CLT 7 CAR 1 * MAR 20th 1907 1990 Olds DAY 23rd 2134 Buick RCH 34 CAR MAR 28 HCY 9 DAR 1 * BRI LAN SBO NZH HCY 9 CLT DOV ROU VOL MYB OXF NHA SBO DUB IRP ROU BRI DAR RCH 10 DOV 1 * MAR CLT 30 NHA CAR 7 MAR 1991 DAY 5 RCH CAR 5 MAR 24 * VOL HCY DAR 40 * BRI 7 LAN SBO NZH CLT DOV 16 * ROU HCY MYB GLN OXF NHA SBO DUB IRP ROU BRI 30 DAR 7 RCH DOV 1 * CLT NHA CAR 5 MAR 1 * 21st 2309 1992 DAY DNQ CAR RCH 1 * ATL MAR DAR BRI 1 * HCY LAN DUB NZH CLT DOV 17 ROU MYB GLN VOL NHA BRI 22 DAR 31 * RCH 9 DOV MAR 26 CAR 5 HCY 19th 1887 Chevy TAL 33 IRP ROU MCH 5 NHA CLT 7 1993 DAY DAR BRI 26 HCY ROU MAR NZH CLT 38 DOV 31 MYB GLN MLW 29 TAL 41 IRP MCH 13 NHA BRI 16 DAR 32 RCH DOV 34 ROU CLT 35 MAR CAR 29 HCY ATL 19th 1887 Buick CAR 7 RCH 33 1994 Chevy DAY 32 CAR RCH ATL 1 * MAR DAR 5 HCY BRI 7 ROU NHA NZH CLT 30 DOV 32 MYB GLN MLW 12 SBO TAL 31 HCY IRP 32 MCH 24 BRI 28 DAR 23 RCH DOV 2 * CLT 35 MAR CAR 4 * 23rd 1939 Craftsman Truck Series ( edit ) NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 NCTC Pts Harry Gant 33 Chevy HOM PHO POR EVG TUS CNS HPT BRI 13 NZH 21 MLW LVL I70 IRP 12 FLM 8 GLN NSV 20 RCH 8 NHA 24 MAR 10 NWS 31 SON MMR PHO 10 LVS 21 24th 1267 International Race of Champions ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position . * -- Most laps led . ) International Race of Champions results Year Make Pos . Pts Ref 1985 Chevy DAY 5 MOH 6 TAL MCH 1 * 1st 45 1986 DAY 8 * MOH 6 TAL GLN 11 6th 41 1992 Dodge DAY TAL 5 MCH MCH 6 5th 46.5 1993 DAY 8 DAR TAL 7 MCH 7th 44 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Harry P. Gant '' . ^ Jump up to : http://search.proquest.com/docview/273091779 Jump up ^ Caraviello , David ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TOP 10 DEBUTS WITH NEW TEAMS '' . NASCAR . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 1989 Transouth 400 interview Jump up ^ `` IROC Results for 1985 - Racing-Reference.info '' . Jump up ^ Callahan , Terry . `` Skoal Racing 's final ride to come at Atlanta '' 1999 . http://www.theautochannel.com/news/date/19991116/news003231.html Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/280434725 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/423621093 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/273508661 Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1985 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1986 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1992 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1993 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Harry Gant driver statistics at Racing - Reference Harry Gant owner statistics at Racing - Reference Harry Gant on IMDb Harry Gant at Nascar.com Harry Gant at decadesofracing.net Sporting positions Preceded by Cale Yarborough IROC Champion IROC IX ( 1985 ) Succeeded by Al Unser , Jr . ( hide ) International Race of Champions winners Donohue B. Unser Foyt Unser Sr Andretti Allison Yarborough Gant Unser Jr Bodine T. Labonte Earnhardt Wallace Rudd Allison / Labonte Martin B. Labonte Harvick Busch Kenseth Stewart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Gant&oldid=833181086 '' Categories : Living people 1940 births People from Alexander County , North Carolina Racing drivers from North Carolina NASCAR drivers American Speed Association drivers International Race of Champions drivers International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees 20th - century American racing drivers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 03 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who drove the number 33 car in nascar | [
"Harold Phil Gant[1] (born January 10, 1940), better known as \"Handsome Harry\", is a retired American racecar driver best known for driving the No. 33 Skoal Bandit car on the NASCAR Winston Cup (now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series) circuit during the 1980s and 1990s and his 4-race win streak in 1991."
] | [
"Harold Phil Gant[1] (born January 10, 1940), better known as \"Handsome Harry\""
] |
-2626897004358597538 | Chelsea F.C. | Chelsea FC - Wikipedia Chelsea FC This article is about the men 's football club . For the women 's football club , see Chelsea F.C. Women . For other uses , see Chelsea ( disambiguation ) . Chelsea Full name Chelsea Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Blues , The Pensioners Short name CFC Founded 10 March 1905 ; 113 years ago ( 1905 - 03 - 10 ) Ground Stamford Bridge Ground Capacity 41,631 Ground Coordinates 51 ° 28 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 28 '' W / 51.48167 ° N 0.19111 ° W / 51.48167 ; - 0.19111 Coordinates : 51 ° 28 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 28 '' W / 51.48167 ° N 0.19111 ° W / 51.48167 ; - 0.19111 Owner Roman Abramovich Chairman Bruce Buck Head coach Maurizio Sarri League Premier League 2017 -- 18 Premier League , 5th of 20 Website Club website Home colours Away colours Current season Chelsea Football Club is a professional football club in London , England , that competes in the Premier League . Founded in 1905 , the club 's home ground since then has been Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won the First Division title in 1955 , followed by various cup competitions between 1965 and 1971 . The past two decades have seen sustained success , with the club winning 23 trophies since 1997 . In total , the club has won 28 major trophies ; six titles , eight FA Cups , five League Cups and four FA Community Shields , one UEFA Champions League , two UEFA Cup Winners ' Cups , one UEFA Europa League and one UEFA Super Cup . Chelsea 's regular kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest has been changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club and modernise its image . The current crest , featuring a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff , is a modification of the one introduced in the early 1950s . The club have the sixth - highest average all - time attendance in English football , and for the 2017 -- 18 season at 41,280 . Since 2003 , Chelsea have been owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich . In 2018 , they were ranked by Forbes magazine as the seventh most valuable football club in the world , at £ 1.54 billion ( $2.06 billion ) and in the 2016 -- 17 season it was the eighth highest - earning football club in the world , earned € 428 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Stadium 3 Crest and colours 3.1 Crest 3.2 Colours 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Records 6 Ownership and finances 6.1 Sponsorship 7 Popular culture 8 Chelsea Women 9 Players 9.1 Current squad 9.2 Other players under contract 9.3 Players on loan 9.4 U23 squad 10 Player of the Year 11 Notable managers 12 Management team 13 Club personnel 14 Honours 14.1 Domestic 14.1. 1 Leagues 14.1. 2 Cups 14.1. 3 Minor Cups 14.2 European 14.3 Doubles 15 Notes 16 Footnotes 17 See also 18 References 19 External links History Main article : History of Chelsea F.C. The first Chelsea team in September 1905 In 1904 , Gus Mears acquired the Stamford Bridge athletics stadium with the aim of turning it into a football ground . An offer to lease it to nearby Fulham was turned down , so Mears opted to found his own club to use the stadium . As there was already a team named Fulham in the borough , the name of the adjacent borough of Chelsea was chosen for the new club ; names like Kensington FC , Stamford Bridge FC and London FC were also considered . Chelsea were founded on 10 March 1905 at The Rising Sun pub ( now The Butcher 's Hook ) , opposite the present - day main entrance to the ground on Fulham Road , and were elected to the Football League shortly afterwards . The club won promotion to the First Division in their second season , and yo - yoed between the First and Second Divisions in their early years . They reached the 1915 FA Cup Final , where they lost to Sheffield United at Old Trafford , and finished third in the First Division in 1920 , the club 's best league campaign to that point . Chelsea attracted large crowds and had a reputation for signing big - name players , but success continued to elude the club in the inter-war years . Former Arsenal and England centre - forward Ted Drake became manager in 1952 and proceeded to modernise the club . He removed the club 's Chelsea pensioner crest , improved the youth set - up and training regime , rebuilt the side with shrewd signings from the lower divisions and amateur leagues , and led Chelsea to their first major trophy success -- the League championship -- in 1954 -- 55 . The following season saw UEFA create the European Champions ' Cup , but after objections from The Football League and the FA Chelsea were persuaded to withdraw from the competition before it started . Chelsea failed to build on this success , and spent the remainder of the 1950s in mid-table . Drake was dismissed in 1961 and replaced by player - coach Tommy Docherty . Chart showing the progress of Chelsea 's league finishes from 1906 to the present Docherty built a new team around the group of talented young players emerging from the club 's youth set - up and Chelsea challenged for honours throughout the 1960s , enduring several near - misses . They were on course for a treble of League , FA Cup and League Cup going into the final stages of the 1964 -- 65 season , winning the League Cup but faltering late on in the other two . In three seasons the side were beaten in three major semi-finals and were FA Cup runners - up . Under Docherty 's successor , Dave Sexton , Chelsea won the FA Cup in 1970 , beating Leeds United 2 -- 1 in a final replay . Chelsea took their first European honour , a UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup triumph , the following year , with another replayed win , this time over Real Madrid in Athens . The late 1970s through to the ' 80s was a turbulent period for Chelsea . An ambitious redevelopment of Stamford Bridge threatened the financial stability of the club , star players were sold and the team were relegated . Further problems were caused by a notorious hooligan element among the support , which was to plague the club throughout the decade . In 1982 , Chelsea were , at the nadir of their fortunes , acquired by Ken Bates for the nominal sum of £ 1 , although by now the Stamford Bridge freehold had been sold to property developers , meaning the club faced losing their home . On the pitch , the team had fared little better , coming close to relegation to the Third Division for the first time , but in 1983 manager John Neal put together an impressive new team for minimal outlay . Chelsea won the Second Division title in 1983 -- 84 and established themselves in the top division , before being relegated again in 1988 . The club bounced back immediately by winning the Second Division championship in 1988 -- 89 . Chelsea players celebrate their first UEFA Champions League title against Bayern Munich ( 2012 ) . After a long - running legal battle , Bates reunited the stadium freehold with the club in 1992 by doing a deal with the banks of the property developers , who had been bankrupted by a market crash . Chelsea 's form in the new Premier League was unconvincing , although they did reach the 1994 FA Cup Final with Glenn Hoddle . It was not until the appointment of Ruud Gullit as player - manager in 1996 that their fortunes changed . He added several top international players to the side , as the club won the FA Cup in 1997 and established themselves as one of England 's top sides again . Gullit was replaced by Gianluca Vialli , who led the team to victory in the League Cup Final , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final and the UEFA Super Cup in 1998 , the FA Cup in 2000 and their first appearance in the UEFA Champions League . Vialli was sacked in favour of Claudio Ranieri , who guided Chelsea to the 2002 FA Cup Final and Champions League qualification in 2002 -- 03 . In June 2003 , Bates sold Chelsea to Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich for £ 140 million . Over £ 100 million was spent on new players , but Ranieri was unable to deliver any trophies , and was replaced by José Mourinho . Under Mourinho , Chelsea became the fifth English team to win back - to - back league championships since the Second World War ( 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 ) , in addition to winning an FA Cup ( 2007 ) and two League Cups ( 2005 and 2007 ) . After a poor start to the 2007 - 2008 season , Mourinho was replaced by Avram Grant , who led the club to their first UEFA Champions League final , which they lost on penalties to Manchester United . Luiz Felipe Scolari took over from Grant , but was sacked after 7 months following poor results . Guus Hiddink then took over the club on an interim basis while continuing to manage the Russian national football team . Hiddink guided Chelsea to another FA Cup success , after which he left the club to return full time to the Russian managerial position . In 2009 -- 10 , his successor Carlo Ancelotti led them to their first Premier League and FA Cup Double `` , the team becoming the first English top - flight club to score 100 league goals in a season since 1963 . In 2012 , caretaker manager Roberto Di Matteo led Chelsea to their seventh FA Cup , and their first UEFA Champions League title , beating Bayern Munich 4 -- 3 on penalties , the first London club to win the trophy . In 2013 , interim manager Rafael Benítez guided Chelsea to win the UEFA Europa League against Benfica , becoming the first club to hold two major European titles simultaneously and one of five clubs , and the first British club followed by Manchester United , to have won all three of UEFA 's major club competitions . In the summer of 2013 , Mourinho returned as manager , leading Chelsea to League Cup success in March 2015 , and their fifth league title two months later . Mourinho was sacked after four months of the following season , with the club having lost 9 of their first 16 games and sitting only one point above the relegation zone . Two years later , under new coach Antonio Conte , Chelsea won its sixth English title . Stadium Main article : Stamford Bridge ( stadium ) Stamford Bridge , West Stand Chelsea have only had one home ground , Stamford Bridge , where they have played since the team 's foundation . It was officially opened on 28 April 1877 and for the first 28 years of its existence it was used almost exclusively by the London Athletic Club as an arena for athletics meetings and not at all for football . In 1904 the ground was acquired by businessman Gus Mears and his brother Joseph , who had also purchased nearby land ( formerly a large market garden ) with the aim of staging football matches on the now 12.5 acre ( 51,000 m2 ) site . Stamford Bridge was designed for the Mears family by the noted football architect Archibald Leitch , who had also designed Ibrox , Craven Cottage and Hampden Park . Most football clubs were founded first , and then sought grounds in which to play , but Chelsea were founded for Stamford Bridge . Starting with an open bowl - like design and one covered terrace , Stamford Bridge had an original capacity of around 100,000 . The early 1930s saw the construction of a terrace on the southern part of the ground with a roof that covered around one fifth of the stand . It eventually became known as the `` Shed End '' , the home of Chelsea 's most loyal and vocal supporters , particularly during the 1960s , 70s and 80s . The exact origins of the name are unclear , but the fact that the roof looked like a corrugated iron shed roof played a part . In the early 1970s , the club 's owners announced a modernisation of Stamford Bridge with plans for a state - of - the - art 50,000 all - seater stadium . Work began on the East Stand in 1972 but the project was beset with problems and was never completed ; the cost brought the club close to bankruptcy , culminating in the freehold being sold to property developers . Following a long legal battle , it was not until the mid-1990s that Chelsea 's future at the stadium was secured and renovation work resumed . The north , west and southern parts of the ground were converted into all - seater stands and moved closer to the pitch , a process completed by 2001 . When Stamford Bridge was redeveloped in the Bates era many additional features were added to the complex including two hotels , apartments , bars , restaurants , the Chelsea Megastore , and an interactive visitor attraction called Chelsea World of Sport . The intention was that these facilities would provide extra revenue to support the football side of the business , but they were less successful than hoped and before the Abramovich takeover in 2003 the debt taken on to finance them was a major burden on the club . Soon after the takeover a decision was taken to drop the `` Chelsea Village '' brand and refocus on Chelsea as a football club . However , the stadium is sometimes still referred to as part of `` Chelsea Village '' or `` The Village '' . Chelsea vs. West Bromwich Albion at Stamford Bridge on 23 September 1905 ; Chelsea won 1 -- 0 . The Stamford Bridge freehold , the pitch , the turnstiles and Chelsea 's naming rights are now owned by Chelsea Pitch Owners , a non-profit organisation in which fans are the shareholders . The CPO was created to ensure the stadium could never again be sold to developers . As a condition for using the Chelsea FC name , the club has to play its first team matches at Stamford Bridge , which means that if the club moves to a new stadium , they may have to change their name . Chelsea 's training ground is located in Cobham , Surrey . Chelsea moved to Cobham in 2004 . Their previous training ground in Harlington was taken over by QPR in 2005 . The new training facilities in Cobham were completed in 2007 . Stamford Bridge has been used for a variety of other sporting events since 1905 . It hosted the FA Cup Final from 1920 to 1922 , has held ten FA Cup Semi-finals ( most recently in 1978 ) , ten FA Charity Shield matches ( the last in 1970 ) , and three England international matches , the last in 1932 ; it was also the venue for an unofficial Victory International in 1946 . The 2013 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final was played at Stamford Bridge . View from the West Stand of Stamford Bridge during a Champions League game , 2008 In October 1905 it hosted a rugby union match between the All Blacks and Middlesex , and in 1914 hosted a baseball match between the touring New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox . It was the venue for a boxing match between world flyweight champion Jimmy Wilde and Joe Conn in 1918 . The running track was used for dirt track racing between 1928 and 1932 , greyhound racing from 1933 to 1968 , and Midget car racing in 1948 . In 1980 , Stamford Bridge hosted the first international floodlit cricket match in the UK , between Essex and the West Indies . It was also the home stadium of the London Monarchs American Football team for the 1997 season . The current club ownership have stated that a larger stadium is necessary in order for Chelsea to stay competitive with rival clubs who have significantly larger stadia , such as Arsenal and Manchester United . Owing to its location next to a main road and two railway lines , fans can only enter the ground via the Fulham Road exits , which places constraints on expansion due to health and safety regulations . The club have consistently affirmed their desire to keep Chelsea at their current home , but have nonetheless been linked with a move to various nearby sites , including the Earls Court Exhibition Centre , Battersea Power Station and the Chelsea Barracks . In October 2011 , a proposal from the club to buy back the freehold to the land on which Stamford Bridge sits was voted down by Chelsea Pitch Owners shareholders . In May 2012 , the club made a formal bid to purchase Battersea Power Station , with a view to developing the site into a new stadium , but lost out to a Malaysian consortium . The club subsequently announced plans to redevelop Stamford Bridge into a 60,000 - seater stadium . On 11 January 2017 it was announced that the stadium was given the go ahead from Hammersmith and Fulham council for the new 60,000 stadium to be built . However , on 31 May 2018 , the club released a statement via their website stating that `` Chelsea Football Club announces today that it has put its new stadium project on hold . No further pre-construction design and planning work will occur . '' The statement went on to elaborate that `` The decision was made due to the current unfavourable investment climate . '' Crest and colours Crest Chelsea have had four main crests , which all underwent minor variations . The first , adopted when the club was founded , was the image of a Chelsea pensioner , the army veterans who reside at the nearby Royal Hospital Chelsea . This contributed to the club 's original `` pensioner '' nickname , and remained for the next half - century , though it never appeared on the shirts . When Ted Drake became Chelsea manager in 1952 , he began to modernise the club . Believing the Chelsea pensioner crest to be old - fashioned , he insisted that it be replaced . A stop - gap badge which comprised the initials C.F.C. was adopted for a year . In 1953 , the club crest was changed to an upright blue lion looking backwards and holding a staff . It was based on elements in the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea with the `` lion rampant regardant '' taken from the arms of then club president Viscount Chelsea and the staff from the Abbots of Westminster , former Lords of the Manor of Chelsea . It also featured three red roses , to represent England , and two footballs . This was the first Chelsea crest to appear on the shirts , in the early 1960s . In 1986 , with Ken Bates now owner of the club , Chelsea 's crest was changed again as part of another attempt to modernise and because the old rampant lion badge could not be trademarked . The new badge featured a more naturalistic non-heraldic lion , in white and not blue , standing over the C.F.C. initials . This lasted for the next 19 years , with some modifications such as the use of different colours , including red from 1987 to 1995 , and yellow from 1995 until 1999 , before the white returned . With the new ownership of Roman Abramovich , and the club 's centenary approaching , combined with demands from fans for the popular 1950s badge to be restored , it was decided that the crest should be changed again in 2005 . The new crest was officially adopted for the start of the 2005 -- 06 season and marked a return to the older design , used from 1953 to 1986 , featuring a blue heraldic lion holding a staff . For the centenary season this was accompanied by the words ' 100 YEARS ' and ' CENTENARY 2005 -- 2006 ' on the top and bottom of the crest respectively . Colours Chelsea 's first home colours , used from 1905 until c. 1912 . Chelsea have always worn blue shirts , although they originally used the paler eton blue , which was taken from the racing colours of then club president , Earl Cadogan , and was worn with white shorts and dark blue or black socks . The light blue shirts were replaced by a royal blue version in around 1912 . In the 1960s Chelsea manager Tommy Docherty changed the kit again , switching to blue shorts ( which have remained ever since ) and white socks , believing it made the club 's colours more modern and distinctive , since no other major side used that combination ; this kit was first worn during the 1964 -- 65 season . Since then Chelsea have always worn white socks with their home kit apart from a short spell from 1985 to 1992 , when blue socks were reintroduced . Chelsea 's away colours are usually all yellow or all white with blue trim . More recently , the club have had a number of black or dark blue away kits which alternate every year . As with most teams , they have also had some more unusual ones . At Docherty 's behest , in the 1966 FA Cup semi-final they wore blue and black stripes , based on Inter Milan 's kit . In the mid-1970s , the away strip was a red , white and green kit inspired by the Hungarian national side of the 1950s . Other memorable away kits include an all jade strip worn from 1986 -- 89 , red and white diamonds from 1990 -- 92 , graphite and tangerine from 1994 -- 96 , and luminous yellow from 2007 -- 08 . The graphite and tangerine strip often appears in lists of the worst football kits ever . Support Chelsea fans at a match against Tottenham Hotspur , on 11 March 2006 Chelsea are among the most widely supported football clubs in the world . They have the sixth highest average all - time attendance in English football and regularly attract over 40,000 fans to Stamford Bridge ; they were the seventh best - supported Premier League team in the 2013 -- 14 season , with an average gate of 41,572 . Chelsea 's traditional fanbase comes from all over the Greater London area including working - class parts such as Hammersmith and Battersea , wealthier areas like Chelsea and Kensington , and from the home counties . There are also numerous official supporters clubs in the United Kingdom and all over the world . Between 2007 and 2012 , Chelsea were ranked fourth worldwide in annual replica kit sales , with an average of 910,000 . Chelsea 's official Twitter account has 9.8 million followers as of September 2017 . At matches , Chelsea fans sing chants such as `` Carefree '' ( to the tune of `` Lord of the Dance '' , whose lyrics were probably written by supporter Mick Greenaway ) , `` Ten Men Went to Mow '' , `` We All Follow the Chelsea '' ( to the tune of `` Land of Hope and Glory '' ) , `` Zigga Zagga '' , and the celebratory `` Celery '' , with the latter often resulting in fans ritually throwing celery . The vegetable was banned inside Stamford Bridge after an incident involving Arsenal midfielder Cesc Fàbregas at the 2007 League Cup Final . Mural at a Chelsea pub in Tashkent During the 1970s and 1980s in particular , Chelsea supporters were associated with football hooliganism . The club 's `` football firm '' , originally known as the Chelsea Shed Boys , and subsequently as the Chelsea Headhunters , were nationally notorious for football violence , alongside hooligan firms from other clubs such as West Ham United 's Inter City Firm and Millwall 's Bushwackers , before , during and after matches . The increase of hooligan incidents in the 1980s led chairman Ken Bates to propose erecting an electric fence to deter them from invading the pitch , a proposal that the Greater London Council rejected . Since the 1990s , there has been a marked decline in crowd trouble at matches , as a result of stricter policing , CCTV in grounds and the advent of all - seater stadia . In 2007 , the club launched the ' Back to the Shed ' campaign to improve the atmosphere at home matches , with notable success . According to Home Office statistics , 126 Chelsea fans were arrested for football - related offences during the 2009 -- 10 season , the third highest in the division , and 27 banning orders were issued , the fifth - highest in the division . Rivalries Main articles : West London derby , Arsenal F.C. -- Chelsea F.C. rivalry , Chelsea F.C. -- Tottenham Hotspur F.C. rivalry , and Chelsea F.C. -- Leeds United F.C. rivalry Chelsea have long - standing rivalries with North London clubs Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur . A strong rivalry with Leeds United dates back to several heated and controversial matches in the 1960s and 1970s , particularly the 1970 FA Cup Final . More recently a rivalry with Liverpool has grown following repeated clashes in cup competitions . Chelsea 's fellow West London sides Brentford , Fulham and Queens Park Rangers are generally not considered major rivals , as matches have only taken place intermittently due to the clubs often being in separate divisions . A 2004 survey by Planetfootball.com found that Chelsea fans consider their main rivalries to be with ( in descending order ) : Arsenal , Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United . In the same survey , fans of Arsenal , Fulham , Leeds United , QPR , Tottenham , and West Ham United named Chelsea as one of their three main rivals . In a 2008 poll conducted by the Football Fans Census , Chelsea fans named Liverpool , Arsenal and Manchester United as their most disliked clubs . In the same survey , `` Chelsea '' was the top answer to the question `` Which other English club do you dislike the most ? '' A 2012 survey , conducted among 1200 supporters of the top four league divisions across the country , found that many clubs ' main rivals had changed since 2003 and reported that Chelsea fans consider Tottenham to be their main rival , above Arsenal and Manchester United . Records Further information : List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics Frank Lampard is Chelsea 's all - time highest goalscorer . Chelsea 's highest appearance - maker is ex-captain Ron Harris , who played in 795 competitive games for the club between 1961 and 1980 . The record for a Chelsea goalkeeper is held by Harris 's contemporary , Peter Bonetti , who made 729 appearances ( 1959 -- 79 ) . With 103 caps ( 101 while at the club ) , Frank Lampard of England is Chelsea 's most capped international player . Frank Lampard is Chelsea 's all - time top goalscorer , with 211 goals in 648 games ( 2001 -- 2014 ) ; he passed Bobby Tambling 's longstanding record of 202 in May 2013 . Seven other players have also scored over 100 goals for Chelsea : George Hilsdon ( 1906 -- 12 ) , George Mills ( 1929 -- 39 ) , Roy Bentley ( 1948 -- 56 ) , Jimmy Greaves ( 1957 -- 61 ) , Peter Osgood ( 1964 -- 74 and 1978 -- 79 ) , Kerry Dixon ( 1983 -- 92 ) and Didier Drogba ( 2004 -- 12 and 2014 -- 2015 ) . Greaves holds the record for the most goals scored in one season ( 43 in 1960 -- 61 ) . Chelsea 's biggest winning scoreline in a competitive match is 13 -- 0 , achieved against Jeunesse Hautcharage in the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1971 . The club 's biggest top - flight win was an 8 -- 0 victory against Wigan Athletic in 2010 , which was matched in 2012 against Aston Villa . Chelsea 's biggest loss was an 8 -- 1 reverse against Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1953 . Officially , Chelsea 's highest home attendance is 82,905 for a First Division match against Arsenal on 12 October 1935 . However , an estimated crowd of over 100,000 attended a friendly match against Soviet team Dynamo Moscow on 13 November 1945 . The modernisation of Stamford Bridge during the 1990s and the introduction of all - seater stands mean that neither record will be broken for the foreseeable future . The current legal capacity of Stamford Bridge is 41,663 . Every starting player in Chelsea 's 57 games of the 2013 -- 14 season was a full international -- a new club record . Chelsea signed Fernando Torres for £ 50 million , then the record for a purchase by a British club . Chelsea hold the English record for the fewest goals conceded during a league season ( 15 ) , the highest number of clean sheets overall in a Premier League season ( 25 ) ( both set during the 2004 -- 05 season ) , and the most consecutive clean sheets from the start of a league season ( 6 , set during the 2005 -- 06 season ) . The club 's 21 -- 0 aggregate victory over Jeunesse Hautcharage in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1971 remains a record in European competition . Chelsea hold the record for the longest streak of unbeaten matches at home in the English top flight , which lasted 86 matches from 20 March 2004 to 26 October 2008 . They secured the record on 12 August 2007 , beating the previous record of 63 matches unbeaten set by Liverpool between 1978 and 1980 . Chelsea 's streak of eleven consecutive away league wins , set between 5 April 2008 and 6 December 2008 , is also a record for the English top flight . Their £ 50 million purchase of Fernando Torres from Liverpool in January 2011 was the record transfer fee paid by a British club until Ángel Di María signed for Manchester United in August 2014 for £ 59.7 million . Chelsea , along with Arsenal , were the first club to play with shirt numbers , on 25 August 1928 in their match against Swansea Town . They were the first English side to travel by aeroplane to a domestic away match , when they visited Newcastle United on 19 April 1957 , and the first First Division side to play a match on a Sunday , when they faced Stoke City on 27 January 1974 . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first British side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up ( no British or Irish players ) in a Premier League match against Southampton . In May 2007 , Chelsea were the first team to win the FA Cup at the new Wembley Stadium , having also been the last to win it at the old Wembley . They were the first English club to be ranked No. 1 under UEFA 's five - year coefficient system in the 21st century . They were the first team in Premier League history , and the first team in the English top flight since their great rivals Tottenham Hotspur in 1962 - 63 , to score at least 100 goals in a single season , reaching the milestone on the final day of the 2009 -- 10 season . Chelsea are the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League , after beating Bayern Munich in the 2012 final . Upon winning the 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League , Chelsea became the first English club to win all four European trophies and the only club to hold the Champions League and the Europa League at the same time . Ownership and finances Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich Chelsea Football Club were founded by Gus Mears in 1905 . After his death in 1912 , his descendents continued to own the club until 1982 , when Ken Bates bought the club from Mears ' great - nephew Brian Mears for £ 1 . Bates bought a controlling stake in the club and floated Chelsea on the AIM stock exchange in March 1996 . In July 2003 , Roman Abramovich purchased just over 50 % of Chelsea Village plc 's share capital , including Bates ' 29.5 % stake , for £ 30 million and over the following weeks bought out most of the remaining 12,000 shareholders at 35 pence per share , completing a £ 140 million takeover . Other shareholders at the time of the takeover included the Matthew Harding estate ( 21 % ) , BSkyB ( 9.9 % ) and various anonymous offshore trusts . After passing the 90 % share threshold , Abramovich took the club back into private hands , delisting it from the AIM on 22 August 2003 . He also took on responsibility for the club 's debt of £ 80 million , quickly paying most of it . Thereafter , Abramovich changed the ownership name to Chelsea FC plc , whose ultimate parent company is Fordstam Limited , which is controlled by him . Chelsea are additionally funded by Abramovich via interest free soft loans channelled through his holding company Fordstam Limited . The loans stood at £ 709 million in December 2009 , when they were all converted to equity by Abramovich , leaving the club themselves debt free , although the debt remains with Fordstam . Since 2008 the club have had no external debt . Chelsea did not turn a profit in the first nine years of Abramovich 's ownership , and made record losses of £ 140m in June 2005 . In November 2012 , Chelsea announced a profit of £ 1.4 million for the year ending 30 June 2012 , the first time the club had made a profit under Abramovich 's ownership . This was followed by a loss in 2013 and then their highest ever profit of £ 18.4 million for the year to June 2014 . Chelsea have been described as a global brand ; a 2012 report by Brand Finance ranked Chelsea fifth among football brands and valued the club 's brand value at US $398 million -- an increase of 27 % from the previous year , also valuing them at US $10 million more than the sixth best brand , London rivals Arsenal -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AA ( very strong ) . In 2016 , Forbes magazine ranked Chelsea the seventh most valuable football club in the world , at £ 1.15 billion ( $1.66 billion ) . As of 2016 , Chelsea are ranked eighth in the Deloitte Football Money League with an annual commercial revenue of £ 322.59 million . Sponsorship The Sauber F1 Team , an official partner of the club , displaying the Chelsea crest Chelsea 's kit has been manufactured by Nike since July 2017 . Previously , the kit was manufactured by Adidas , which was originally contracted to supply the club 's kit from 2006 to 2018 . The partnership was extended in October 2010 in a deal worth £ 160 million over eight years . This deal was again extended in June 2013 in a deal worth £ 300 million over another ten years . In May 2016 , Adidas announced that by mutual agreement , the kit sponsorship would end six years early on 30 June 2017 . Chelsea had to pay £ 40m in compensation to Adidas . In October 2016 , Nike was announced as the new kit sponsor , in a deal worth £ 900m over 15 years , until 2032 . Previously , the kit was manufactured by Umbro ( 1975 -- 81 ) , Le Coq Sportif ( 1981 -- 86 ) , The Chelsea Collection ( 1986 -- 87 ) , Umbro ( 1987 -- 2006 ) , and Adidas ( 2006 -- 2017 ) . Chelsea 's first shirt sponsor was Gulf Air , agreed during the 1983 -- 84 season . The club were then sponsored by Grange Farms , Bai Lin Tea and Simod before a long - term deal was signed with Commodore International in 1989 ; Amiga , an offshoot of Commodore , also appeared on the shirts . Chelsea were subsequently sponsored by Coors beer ( 1994 -- 97 ) , Autoglass ( 1997 -- 2001 ) , Emirates ( 2001 -- 05 ) , Samsung Mobile ( 2005 -- 08 ) and Samsung ( 2008 -- 15 ) . Chelsea 's current shirt sponsor is the Yokohama Rubber Company . Worth £ 40 million per year , the deal is second in English football to Chevrolet 's £ 50 million - per - year sponsorship of Manchester United . Following the door - opening of sleeve sponsor in the English League , Chelsea had Alliance Tyres as its first sleeve sponsor in the 2017 -- 18 season . For the 2018 -- 19 season , they have Hyundai Motor Company as the new sleeve sponsor . The club has a variety of other sponsors , which include Carabao , Delta Air Lines , Beats by Dre , Singha , EA Sports , Rexona , Hublot , Ericsson , William Hill , Levy Restaurants , Wipro , Grand Royal Whisky , Bangkok Bank , Guangzhou R&F , Mobinil , IndusInd Bank , and Ole777 . Popular culture Chelsea parade through the streets of Fulham and Chelsea after winning their league and cup double , May 2010 In 1930 , Chelsea featured in one of the earliest football films , The Great Game . One - time Chelsea centre forward , Jack Cock , who by then was playing for Millwall , was the star of the film and several scenes were shot at Stamford Bridge , including on the pitch , the boardroom , and the dressing rooms . It included guest appearances by then - Chelsea players Andrew Wilson , George Mills , and Sam Millington . Owing to the notoriety of the Chelsea Headhunters , a football firm associated with the club , Chelsea have also featured in films about football hooliganism , including 2004 's The Football Factory . Chelsea also appear in the Hindi film Jhoom Barabar Jhoom . In April 2011 , Montenegrin comedy series Nijesmo mi od juče made an episode in which Chelsea play against FK Sutjeska Nikšić for qualification of the UEFA Champions League . Up until the 1950s , the club had a long - running association with the music halls ; their underachievement often provided material for comedians such as George Robey . It culminated in comedian Norman Long 's release of a comic song in 1933 , ironically titled `` On the Day That Chelsea Went and Won the Cup '' , the lyrics of which describe a series of bizarre and improbable occurrences on the hypothetical day when Chelsea finally won a trophy . In Alfred Hitchcock 's 1935 film The 39 Steps , Mr Memory claims that Chelsea last won the Cup in 63 BC , `` in the presence of the Emperor Nero . '' Scenes in a 1980 episode of Minder were filmed during a real match at Stamford Bridge between Chelsea and Preston North End with Terry McCann ( played by Dennis Waterman ) standing on the terraces . The song `` Blue is the Colour '' was released as a single in the build - up to the 1972 League Cup Final , with all members of Chelsea 's first team squad singing ; it reached number five in the UK Singles Chart . The song has since been adopted as an anthem by a number of other sports teams around the world , including the Vancouver Whitecaps ( as `` White is the Colour '' ) and the Saskatchewan Roughriders ( as `` Green is the Colour '' ) . In the build - up to the 1997 FA Cup Final , the song `` Blue Day '' , performed by Suggs and members of the Chelsea squad , reached number 22 in the UK charts . Bryan Adams , a fan of Chelsea , dedicated the song `` We 're Gonna Win '' from the album 18 Til I Die to the club . Chelsea Women Chelsea also operate a women 's football team , Chelsea Football Club Women , formerly known as Chelsea Ladies . They have been affiliated to the men 's team since 2004 and are part of the club 's Community Development programme . They play their home games at Kingsmeadow , the home ground of the EFL League One club AFC Wimbledon . The club were promoted to the Premier Division for the first time in 2005 as Southern Division champions and won the Surrey County Cup nine times between 2003 and 2013 . In 2010 Chelsea Ladies were one of the eight founder members of the FA Women 's Super League . In 2015 , Chelsea Ladies won the FA Women 's Cup for the first time , beating Notts County Ladies at Wembley Stadium , and a month later clinched their first FA WSL title to complete a league and cup double . John Terry , former captain of the Chelsea men 's team , is the President of Chelsea Women . Players Current squad As of 14 July 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Willy Caballero DF Antonio Rüdiger DF Marcos Alonso MF Cesc Fàbregas 5 MF Jorginho 6 MF Danny Drinkwater 7 MF N'Golo Kanté 8 MF Ross Barkley 9 FW Álvaro Morata 10 MF Eden Hazard 11 MF Pedro 13 GK Thibaut Courtois 14 MF Tiémoué Bakayoko 15 DF Victor Moses 17 MF Charly Musonda Jr . No . Position Player 18 FW Olivier Giroud 21 DF Davide Zappacosta 22 MF Willian 23 FW Michy Batshuayi 24 DF Gary Cahill ( captain ) 27 DF Andreas Christensen 28 DF César Azpilicueta 30 DF David Luiz 31 DF Fikayo Tomori 33 DF Emerson 34 DF Ola Aina 38 MF Jérémie Boga 40 FW Izzy Brown 44 MF Ethan Ampadu For recent transfers , see 2018 -- 19 Chelsea F.C. season . Other players under contract As of 14 July 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player -- GK Bradley Collins -- GK Jared Thompson -- DF Fankaty Dabo -- DF Jay Dasilva -- DF Michael Hector -- DF Tomáš Kalas -- DF Todd Kane -- DF Matt Miazga -- DF Kenneth Omeruo -- DF Kurt Zouma -- MF Victorien Angban -- MF Ruben Loftus - Cheek No . Position Player -- MF Mason Mount -- MF Nathan -- MF Kasey Palmer -- MF Mario Pašalić -- MF Lucas Piazon -- MF Josimar Quintero -- MF Marco van Ginkel -- MF Charlie Wakefield -- MF Charlie Colkett -- FW Tammy Abraham -- FW Ike Ugbo -- FW Islam Feruz Players on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player -- GK Nathan Baxter ( on loan to Yeovil Town until 30 June 2019 ) -- GK Jamal Blackman ( on loan to Leeds United until 30 June 2019 ) -- GK Eduardo ( on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2019 ) -- DF Trevoh Chalobah ( on loan to Ipswich Town until 30 June 2019 ) -- DF Jake Clarke - Salter ( on loan to Vitesse until 30 June 2019 ) -- DF Reece James ( on loan to Wigan Athletic until 30 June 2019 ) -- DF Baba Rahman ( on loan to Schalke 04 until 30 June 2019 ) No . Position Player -- DF Dujon Sterling ( on loan to Coventry City until 30 June 2019 ) -- MF Kyle Scott ( on loan to Telstar until 30 June 2019 ) -- MF Lewis Baker ( on loan to Leeds United until 30 June 2019 ) -- MF Danilo Pantić ( on loan to Partizan until 30 June 2019 ) -- MF Ruben Sammut ( on loan to Falkirk until 30 June 2019 ) -- MF Kenedy ( on loan to Newcastle United until 30 June 2019 ) -- FW Joao Rodríguez ( on loan to Tenerife until 30 June 2019 ) U23 squad As of 5 July 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 48 MF Kylian Hazard 51 DF Joseph Colley 53 DF Josh Grant 54 MF Jacob Maddox 55 MF Luke McCormick 56 DF Richard Nartey 58 FW Charlie Brown 59 GK Marcin Bułka 60 MF Juan Castillo No . Position Player 61 GK Jamie Cumming 62 MF Conor Gallagher 63 DF Marc Guehi 65 MF George McEachran 67 FW Martell Taylor - Crossdale 68 MF Tariq Uwakwe 70 FW Callum Hudson - Odoi -- DF Renedi Masampu Main article : Chelsea F.C. Under - 23s and Academy Player of the Year Year Winner 1967 Peter Bonetti 1968 Charlie Cooke 1969 David Webb 1970 John Hollins 1971 John Hollins 1972 David Webb 1973 Peter Osgood Gary Locke Charlie Cooke 1976 Ray Wilkins 1977 Ray Wilkins Year Winner 1978 Micky Droy 1979 Tommy Langley 1980 Clive Walker 1981 Petar Borota 1982 Mike Fillery Joey Jones 1984 Pat Nevin 1985 David Speedie 1986 Eddie Niedzwiecki Pat Nevin 1988 Tony Dorigo Year Winner 1989 Graham Roberts 1990 Ken Monkou 1991 Andy Townsend 1992 Paul Elliott 1993 Frank Sinclair 1994 Steve Clarke 1995 Erland Johnsen Ruud Gullit 1997 Mark Hughes 1998 Dennis Wise 1999 Gianfranco Zola Year Winner 2000 Dennis Wise 2001 John Terry 2002 Carlo Cudicini 2003 Gianfranco Zola Frank Lampard 2005 Frank Lampard 2006 John Terry 2007 Michael Essien 2008 Joe Cole 2009 Frank Lampard Didier Drogba Year Winner 2011 Petr Čech 2012 Juan Mata 2013 Juan Mata 2014 Eden Hazard 2015 Eden Hazard 2016 Willian 2017 Eden Hazard 2018 N'Golo Kanté Source : Chelsea F.C. Notable managers Further information : List of Chelsea F.C. managers The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of Chelsea : Name Period Trophies Ted Drake 1952 -- 1961 First Division Championship , Charity Shield Tommy Docherty 1962 -- 1967 League Cup Dave Sexton 1967 -- 1974 FA Cup , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup John Neal 1981 -- 1985 Second Division Championship John Hollins 1985 -- 1988 Full Members Cup Bobby Campbell 1988 -- 1991 Second Division Championship , Full Members Cup Ruud Gullit 1996 -- 1998 FA Cup Gianluca Vialli 1998 -- 2000 FA Cup , League Cup , Charity Shield , UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Super Cup José Mourinho 2004 -- 2007 2013 -- 2015 3 Premier Leagues , 3 League Cups , FA Cup , Community Shield Guus Hiddink 2009 2015 -- 2016 FA Cup Carlo Ancelotti 2009 -- 2011 Premier League , FA Cup , Community Shield Roberto Di Matteo 2012 FA Cup , UEFA Champions League Rafael Benítez 2012 -- 2013 UEFA Europa League Antonio Conte 2016 -- 2018 Premier League , FA Cup Management team Maurizio Sarri is Chelsea 's current head coach Position Staff First team head coach Maurizio Sarri Assistant first team coach Vacant Vacant Technical director Guy Laurence Goalkeeper coach Gianluca Spinelli Assistant goalkeeper coach Henrique Hilário First team fitness coach Paolo Bertelli Julio Tous Chris Jones Assistant first team fitness coach Constantino Coratti Club Ambassador / Assistant to first team head coach Carlo Cudicini Consultant personal trainer / Nutritionist Tiberio Ancora Senior opposition scout Mick McGiven Medical director Paco Biosca Head of youth development Neil Bath Under - 21 team manager Adi Viveash Under - 18 team manager Andy Myers Head of match analysis James Melbourne Source : Chelsea F.C. Club Personnel Chelsea FC plc is the company which owns Chelsea Football Club . The ultimate parent company of Chelsea FC plc is Fordstam Limited and the ultimate controlling party of Fordstam Limited is Roman Abramovich . On 22 October 2014 , Chelsea announced that Ron Gourlay , after ten successful years at the club including five as Chief Executive , is leaving Chelsea to pursue new business opportunities . On 27 October 2014 , Chelsea announced that Christian Purslow is joining the club to run global commercial activities and the club do not expect to announce any other senior appointments in the near future having chairman Bruce Buck and Director Marina Granovskaia assumed the executive responsibilities . Guy Laurence was appointed as the club 's Chief Executive on 11 January 2018 , filling the vacancy following the departure of Michael Emenalo . Chelsea Ltd . Owner : Roman Abramovich Chelsea F.C. plc Board Chairman : Bruce Buck Directors : Eugene Tenenbaum and Marina Granovskaia Executive Board Chief Executive : Guy Laurence Club Secretary : David Barnard Chairman : Bruce Buck Directors : Eugene Tenenbaum and Marina Granovskaia Head of Global Commercial Activities : Christian Purslow Life President Lord Attenborough ( 1923 -- 2014 ) Vice-Presidents Peter Digby Sir Peter Harrison Joe Hemani John Leigh Anthony Reeves Alan Spence Source : Chelsea F.C. Honours Upon winning the 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League , Chelsea became the fourth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax and Bayern Munich . Chelsea are the first English club to have won all three major UEFA trophies . Domestic Leagues First Division / Premier League Winners ( 6 ) : 1954 -- 55 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Second Division Winners ( 2 ) : 1983 -- 84 , 1988 -- 89 Cups Diego Costa and John Terry holding the League Cup after Chelsea 's victory in 2015 FA Cup Winners ( 8 ) : 1969 -- 70 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2017 -- 18 Football League Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 1964 -- 65 , 1997 -- 98 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 FA Community Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1955 , 2000 , 2005 , 2009 Minor Cups Full Members Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1985 -- 86 , 1989 -- 90 European Didier Drogba holding the Champions League trophy after Chelsea 's victory in 2012 UEFA Champions League Winners ( 1 ) : 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League Winners ( 1 ) : 2012 -- 13 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 2 ) : 1970 -- 71 , 1997 -- 98 UEFA Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1998 Source : Chelsea F.C. Doubles 1997 -- 98 : League Cup and European Cup Winners ' Cup 2004 -- 05 : League and League Cup 2006 -- 07 : FA Cup and League Cup 2009 -- 10 : League and FA Cup 2011 -- 12 : FA Cup and UEFA Champions League 2014 -- 15 : League and League Cup Notes Jump up ^ Includes Caretaker manager Jump up ^ Won as Interim first team coach Jump up ^ Includes Interim manager ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One . Jump up ^ The trophy was known as the Charity Shield until 2002 , and as the Community Shield ever since . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's first cup final -- a century ago '' . Chelsea FC. 23 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team History -- Introduction '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Club Information '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Cabinet '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea win breaks London duck '' . Union of European Football Associations. 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea wins Europa on Ivanovic header '' . ESPNFC. 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea join illustrious trio '' . UEFA . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea centenary crest unveiled '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2004 . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time League Attendance Records '' . nufc.com. 22 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Please note , pre-war figures come from unreliable sources . ^ Jump up to : `` Attendances ( at home ) '' . Soccerstats.com . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russian businessman buys Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 2 July 2003 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Deloitte Football Money League 2018 '' . Deloitte . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of a Club '' . Chelsea F.C. 30 September 2004 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History -- 1905 -- 29 '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Between the Wars -- Big Names and Big Crowds '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Glanville ( 10 January 2004 ) . `` Little sign of change for Chelsea and their impossible dreams '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 15 March 2009 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Brian Glanville ( 27 April 2005 ) . `` The great Chelsea surrender '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Glanvill , Rick ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography -- The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years . Headline Book Publishing Ltd. p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1466 - 9 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 84 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 143 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea sack Ranieri '' . BBC Sport. 1 June 2004 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea appoint Mourinho '' . BBC Sport. 2 June 2004 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Barlow ( 12 March 2006 ) . `` Terry Eyes Back - to - Back Titles '' . Sporting Life . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea name Grant as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 20 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea 8 -- 0 Wigan '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 19 May 2012 ) . `` Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 Chelsea ( aet , 4 -- 3 pens ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Benfica 1 -- 2 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea claim last - gasp Europa League triumph '' . Agence France - Presse. 15 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 0 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Chelsea sack boss after Premier League slump '' . 17 December 2015 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea crowned Premier League champions after win at West Brom -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stadium History -- Introduction '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Veysey , Wayne ( 24 May 2005 ) . `` QPR take over Chelsea training ground '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's new training ground for the future '' . BBC London . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cup Final Statistics '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` England 's Matches : Unofficial '' . Englandfootballonline . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 final : Stamford Bridge '' . UEFA . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Blacks '' . Rugbyfootballhistory.com . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to SABR Day 2011 '' . BaseballGB.co.uk . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Wilde : The Original Explosive Thin Man '' . Cyberboxingzone.com . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stamford Bridge Speedway '' . guskuhn.net . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Invades England 1948 '' . speedcarworld.com . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty20 before Twenty20 '' . spincricket.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` London Monarchs '' . Britballnow.co.uk . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea chief : We will drop out of Europe 's elite without new stadium '' . BBC . 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyon confirms Blues will stay at Stamford Bridge '' . RTÉ Sport. 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Observer Stadium Story Denied '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . 9 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea deny they 're to ditch Stamford Bridge for 60,000 stadium at Earls Court '' . Daily Mail . UK . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea plan Bridge redevelopment '' . BBC Sport. 20 January 2006 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea FC lose fan vote on stadium '' . BBC . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea bid to buy Battersea power station in £ 1bn stadium plan '' . The Guardian . UK . 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's Battersea hopes end as Malaysian consortium completes deal '' . The Guardian . UK . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stamford Bridge : ' Slinky ' or Bird 's Nest ? Chelsea unveil new £ 500m stadium '' . The Independent . UK . 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chelsea 's new £ 500m stadium will be one of world 's best arenas ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea get the go ahead for new 60,000 Stamford Bridge stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Stadium plans on hold ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Metropolitan Borough Council '' . Civic Heraldry of England and Wales . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1980s Summary '' . Chelsea F.C . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Moor , Dave . `` Historical Kits -- Chelsea F.C. '' Historical Kits . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea -- Historical Football Kits '' . Historical Kits . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Glanvill , Rick ( 2006 ) . Chelsea Football Club : The Official History in Pictures . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1467 - 0 . p. 212 Jump up ^ Mears , Brian ( 2002 ) . Chelsea : Football Under the Blue Flag . Mainstream Sport . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 658 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chelsea Change Kits '' . Historical Kits . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mears ( 2002 ) . Chelsea : Football Under the Blue Flag . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Batty , Clive ( 2007 ) . Kings of the King 's Road : The Great Chelsea Team of the 60s & 70s . Vision Sports Publishing . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 22 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Eyes wide shut '' . The Observer. 12 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jamie . `` Chelsea are a more universally loved club ! Blues chief lauds 400million fan base '' . Daily Express . London . Jump up ^ `` The world 's most popular football club revealed : Man United , Liverpool F.C. , Arsenal F.C. , Barca , Real or Chelsea ? '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ `` Supporters Clubs Map '' . Chelsea F.C. official website . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Manchester United and Real Madrid top global shirt sale charts '' . Sporting Intelligence . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` League Table of Twitter Followers '' . Folos . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 150 . Jump up ^ `` '' Carefree '' audio sample `` . Fanchants.com . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Murray ( 17 April 2002 ) . `` Fans sent spinning after tossing salad '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Making a new start '' . BBC News . 2 May 2002 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bates : Chelsea 's driving force '' . BBC Sport. 2 July 2003 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer hooliganism : Made in England , but big abroad '' . BBC News . 2 June 1998 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics on football - related arrests and banning orders '' . Home Office . November 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 312 -- 318 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of the Arsenal - Chelsea rivalry and why it matters '' . The Guardian . 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . pp. 321 -- 325 . Jump up ^ `` Six very modern football rivalries '' . TalkSport. 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A brief guide to Chelsea 's rivalry with Liverpool '' . The Guardian . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Glanvill ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography . p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Football Rivalries : The Complete Results '' . Planetfootball.com . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The London Football Report 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Football Fans Census . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Football Rivalries : The Survey '' . The Daisy Cutter. 14 September 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Chelsea join illustrious trio '' . UEFA. 15 May 2013 . See also List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics List of Chelsea F.C. players List of Chelsea F.C. seasons List of Chelsea F.C. managers Arsenal F.C. -- Chelsea F.C. rivalry Chelsea F.C. -- Tottenham Hotspur F.C. rivalry London derbies References Batty , Clive ( 2004 ) . Kings of the King 's Road : The Great Chelsea Team of the 60s and 70s . Vision Sports Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9546428 - 1 - 3 . Batty , Clive ( 2005 ) . A Serious Case of the Blues : Chelsea in the 80s . Vision Sports Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 905326 - 02 - 5 . Glanvill , Rick ( 2006 ) . Chelsea FC : The Official Biography -- The Definitive Story of the First 100 Years . Headline Book Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1466 - 2 . Hadgraft , Rob ( 2004 ) . Chelsea : Champions of England 1954 -- 55 . Desert Island Books Limited . ISBN 1 - 874287 - 77 - 5 . Harris , Harry ( 2005 ) . Chelsea 's Century . Blake Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84454 - 110 - X . Ingledew , John ( 2006 ) . And Now Are You Going to Believe Us : Twenty - five Years Behind the Scenes at Chelsea FC . John Blake Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84454 - 247 - 5 . Matthews , Tony ( 2005 ) . Who 's Who of Chelsea . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84596 - 010 - 6 . Mears , Brian ( 2004 ) . Chelsea : A 100 - year History . Mainstream Sport . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 823 - 5 . Mears , Brian ( 2002 ) . Chelsea : Football Under the Blue Flag . Mainstream Sport . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 658 - 5 . External links London portal English football portal Association football portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelsea F.C. . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Chelsea F.C. '' dated 7 April 2007 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Chelsea F.C. at Premier League Chelsea F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results and fixtures Chelsea Football Club Players Managers History Honours Records and statistics Seasons Current season Home stadium Stamford Bridge Chelsea Pitch Owners Cobham Training Centre Other teams Women Under - 23s & Academy Media Chelsea TV Rivalries League record by opponent Arsenal rivalry Leeds United rivalry Tottenham rivalry West London derby Other In Europe Chelsea Headhunters Notable matches All articles Book : Chelsea F.C. Category : Chelsea F.C. Portal : Association football Commons : Chelsea F.C. 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-9163595130112036087 | Airboat | Airboat - wikipedia Airboat An airboat Airboating is a popular ecotourism attraction in the Florida Everglades An airboat , also known as a fanboat , is a flat - bottomed watercraft propelled by an aircraft - type propeller and powered by either an aircraft or automotive engine . They are commonly used for fishing , bowfishing , hunting , and ecotourism . Airboats are a very popular means of transportation in marshy and / or shallow areas where a standard inboard or outboard engine with a submerged propeller would be impractical , most notably in the Florida Everglades but also in the Indian River Lagoon , the Kissimmee and St. Johns rivers , and the Mekong River and Delta , as well as the Louisiana bayous and Mesopotamian Marshes . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Soviet airboats and aerosleds 2 History 2.1 Antecedents 2.2 Early airboats 2.3 First American airboats 3 Manufacture and design 4 Safety 4.1 Regulation 5 Rescue 6 Military use 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The characteristic flat - bottomed design of the airboat , in conjunction with the fact that there are no operating parts below the waterline , allows for easy navigation through shallow swamps and marshes ; in canals , rivers , and lakes ; and on ice and frozen lakes . This design also makes it ideal for flood and ice rescue operations . The airboat is pushed forward by the propeller , which produces a rearward column of air behind it . The resulting prop wash averages 150 miles per hour ( 241 km / h ) . Steering is accomplished by diverting that column of air left or right as it passes across the rudders , which the pilot controls via a `` stick '' located on the operator 's left side . Overall steering and control is a function of water current , wind , water depth , and propeller thrust . Airboats are very fast compared to comparably - sized motorboats : commercial airboats generally sail at speeds of around 35 miles per hour ( 30 kn ) and modified airboats can go as fast as 135 miles per hour ( 117 kn ) . Stopping and reversing direction are dependent upon high operator skill , since airboats do not have brakes . They are incapable of traveling in reverse , unless equipped with a reversible propeller . Some designs use a clam shell reversing device intended for braking or backing up very short distances but these systems are not commonly used . The operator and passengers , are typically seated in elevated seats that allow visibility over swamp vegetation . High visibility lets the operator and passengers see floating objects , stumps and other submerged obstacles , and animals in the boat 's path . In the United States , a typical good - quality airboat costs between $33,000 and $70,000 . In a developing country like Iraq , however , an airboat can be purchased for as little as 2.5 million Iraqi dinars , or $2,147 . In spite of their high cost , airboats are very widely used by civilians and tour operators : there are 12,164 airboats , 1,025 of them commercial , in Florida alone as of December 2017 . Airboats are widely used in other Gulf Coast states , especially Louisiana , but they can be found in rivers , marshes , and icy areas around the world , from Nebraska to Siberia . Soviet airboats and aerosleds ( edit ) Main article : Aerosled Airboats and airboat - like craft have been used in the Soviet Union and its successor states since the Second World War and possibly earlier . Some true airboats -- vessels that operated entirely in the water -- were used by the Soviet military in World War II . These true airboats include the NKL - 5 , a 1,200 kilograms ( 2,600 lb ) WWII armed boat reportedly capable of speeds up to 60 kilometres per hour ( 37 mph ; 32 kn ) . However , most Soviet airboats are aerosleds ( referred to as `` aerosanis '' in Russian ) . An aerosled is an aircraft propeller driven amphibious vehicle best described as a hybrid of a sled , airboat , and ground effect vehicle . Thousands of aerosleds were used as cargo and passenger vehicles in Siberia , where they excelled because they could cope equally well with the icy Siberian winter and the muddy , marshy conditions of Rasputitsa season ( similar to the American mud season ) , when raw or thawing snow makes travel by road impossible . Aerosleds are still in use today . The Tupolev A-3 Aerosledge is a quintessential example of this type of vehicle ; it can reach speeds of up to 120 kilometers per hour ( 74.6 mph ) on snow and 65 km / h ( 40.4 mph ) on water . History ( edit ) The earliest airboats date to 1915 , when they were used by the British Army in the World War I Mesopotamian Campaign . However , airboats were not widely used by civilians until the 1940s and 1950s , following the invention of a more practical airboat design in 1946 in Utah . Antecedents ( edit ) Dr. Alexander Graham Bell with his aircraft engine test boat and airboat ancestor , the Ugly Duckling The earliest ancestors of the airboat were waterborne vehicles for testing aircraft engines . The oldest ancestor of the airboat was the Ugly Duckling , an aircraft propeller testing vehicle built in 1905 in Nova Scotia , Canada by a team led by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell . Ugly Duckling was a catamaran - type boat propelled by an `` aerial propeller '' hooked up to a water - cooled aircraft engine weighing 2,500 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The makeshift raft - like vessel was unable to obtain a speed faster than 4 miles per hour ( 3.5 knots ) , though the `` rapid rotation of the propeller '' led Dr. Bell to believe that the vessel could have had a theoretical top speed of `` thirty or forty miles an hour , '' comparable to some modern airboats , if drag was completely eliminated . Brazilian aviation pioneer Santos Dumont built a similar catamaran vessel for testing an aircraft engine in 1907 , which he termed a hydrofoil . The Tellier brothers , French aviation pioneers , made major steps towards modern airboats with their 1907 speedboat La Rapière II ( Rapier II ) . La Rapière II was an 8 metres ( 26 ft ) long mahogany speedboat powered by an above water aircraft propeller hooked up to a 20 hp 4 cylinder Panhard - Levassor engine . The boat was steered by a conventional rudder in the water , which was hooked up to a ship 's wheel . La Rapière II could achieve speeds of up to 26 kilometres per hour ( 16 mph ; 14 kn ) with two people on board and 25 kilometres per hour ( 16 mph ; 13 kn ) with 3 - 4 people on board . Early airboats ( edit ) Early British Army airboats in Mesopotamia in 1918 The earliest true airboats date to 1915 . The British Army used airboats , which they referred to as Lambert `` Hydro - Glisseurs '' , in the Mesopotamian Campaign of the First World War . These `` Hydro - Glisseurs '' were small , flat - bottomed hydroplanes with metal - plated wooden hulls propelled by a large aircraft fan that allowed them to reach speeds of up to 55 miles per hour ( 48 kn ) . They were primarily used for reconnaissance on the Tigris River . The first of these airboats , HG 1 Ariel , was constructed using the engine and propeller of a wrecked Royal Australian Air Force Farman MF. 7 biplane and was provided to the forces in Mesopotamia by the British Raj . Following Ariel 's successful deployment in the campaign upriver to Kut in 1915 - 1916 , Britain ordered seven purpose - built airboats from Charles de Lambert 's eponymous company De Lambert . Eight of these vessels were in operation in 1917 , increasing to nine by the 1918 Armistice . A dedicated repair slipway for these boats was built at the Motor Repair Dockyard in Baghdad , indicating both their importance to the British war effort and the difficulty of maintaining them . A 1917 Scientific American cover depicting a British Army airboat on the Tigris River in Iraq Following the war , Lambert airboats were used as ferries on the shallow waters of the upper Yangtze River , on the Huangpu River , and elsewhere . Like their military counterparts , these airboats were manufactured in France , though they were assembled in Shanghai . They had drafts of only seven inches and could cruise at up to 32 miles per hour ( 28 kn ) . Lambert airboats were also used widely on the upper Missouri River and on the marshes of the Florida Everglades . Farman Aircraft , the company that built the engines for WWI military airboats , began producing civilian airboats in the 1920s . It marketed airboats for use as water taxis and as light cargo vessels or patrol boats for French colonial governments . Its airboats sold for 25,000 to 50,000 francs depending on the model , a price that proved too steep for potential buyers ; the company pulled out of the boat business by the end of the 1920s . Farman airboat prototype Le Ricocheur in 1924 . She was capable of speeds of up to 125 km / h ( 67.5 knots ) These early European airboats were significantly different from their modern counterparts . Compared to the airboats of today , early European airboats tended to be somewhat larger , had higher freeboards , and lacked a protective cage surrounding the propeller . They also had a different steering mechanism : early airboats were steered with a rudder in the water controlled by a steering wheel with throttle control provided by a gas pedal , like an automobile . More modern airboats use an air rudder controlled with a joystick for steering . Glenn Curtiss is credited with building a type of airboat in 1920 to help facilitate his hobby of bow and arrow hunting in the Florida backwoods . The millionaire , who later went on to develop the cities of Hialeah and Miami , combined his talents in the fields of aviation and design to facilitate his hobby , and the end result was Scooter , a 6 - passenger , closed - cabin , propeller - driven boat powered by an aircraft engine that allowed it to slip through wetlands at 50 miles per hour ( 43 kn ) . First American airboats ( edit ) Cecil Williams operating Alligator I , one of the first airboats , at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in 1946 Airboats first became popular in the United States following the invention of an airboat more suitable for wetland use in 1943 by Cecil Williams , Leo Young , and G. Hortin Jensen . Their boat , developed and used near Brigham City , Utah , is often erroneously considered the first airboat . At the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in northern Utah , Cecil S. Williams and G. Hortin Jensen sought a solution to the problem of conducting avian botulism studies in the shallow , marshy hinterlands . By installing a 40 - horsepower Continental aircraft engine , purchased for $99.50 , on a flat - bottomed 12 - foot long aluminum boat , they built one of the world 's first modern airboats . Their airboat , pictured at left , had no seat , so the skipper was forced to kneel in the boat . They dubbed it the Alligator I as a response to a joking comment from US Fish and Wildlife Service headquarters that they should `` get an alligator from Louisiana , saddle up and ride the critter during their botulism studies . '' Their airboat was the first to use an air rudder ( a rudder directing the propeller exhaust rather than the water ) , a major improvement in modern airboat design . The purpose of Williams , Young , and Jensen 's airboat was to help preserve and protect bird populations and animal life at the world 's largest migratory game bird refuge . The Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge near Brigham City , Utah is a wetlands oasis amid the Great Basin Desert and an essential stopping point for birds migrating across North America . The need for a practical way to navigate a challenging environment of wetlands , shallow water , and thick mud helped inspire Williams , Young , and Jensen to create the flat - bottom airboat , which they initially called an `` air thrust boat . '' Designs and subsequent improvements and practical use of the air thrust boats appears to have been a collaborative effort . LeeRue Allen , who worked at the Refuge since 1936 appears to have also been involved and helped to document a history of the events . Many of the early airboats built at the refuge in Utah were shipped to Florida . Early records show it cost roughly $1,600 to build a boat , including the engine . Other people -- all Floridians -- who are sometimes claimed to have invented the airboat include frog hunter Johnny Lamb , who allegedly built a 75 horsepower airboat in 1933 he called the `` whooshmobile '' and Chokoloskee Gladesmen Ernest and Willard Yates , who claim to have built an airboat in 1935 they steered via reins attached to a crude wooden rudder . Over the years a variety of designs were tried and through trial - and - error , the standard design used today arose : an open , flat bottom boat with an engine mounted on the back , the driver sitting in an elevated position , and a cage to protect the propeller from objects flying into them . The US Army Corps of Engineers uses an airboat to collect herbicide - resistant hydrilla from Lake Seminole in northern Florida Manufacture and design ( edit ) Airboat manufacturers tend to be small , family run businesses that assemble built - to - order boats . Most airboats are manufactured in the United States , although they are also built in Russia , , Italy , Finland , Japan , Australia , and elsewhere . Prior to 1950 , most airboats were manufactured in France by companies and individuals such as Farman , De Lambert , and René Couzinet . Modern , commercially manufactured airboat hulls are made of aluminum or fiberglass . The choice of material is determined by the type of terrain in which the vessel will be operated ; airboats intended for use in icy conditions will have sturdier polymer coated aluminum hulls while airboats intended for use in marshes will have lighter fiberglass hulls , for instance . Standard hunt / trail boats are 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) long with a two - to three - passenger capacity . Tour boats can be much larger , accommodating 18 passengers or more . Engines are either an air - cooled , 4 - or 6 - cylinder aircraft or water - cooled , large - displacement , V8 automotive engine , ranging from 50 to over 600 hp . Automotive engines tend to be less expensive due to readily - available replacement parts and less expensive high octane automotive gas . Since an opposed , 4 - or 6 - cylinder ( O4 or O6 ) aircraft powerplant contains fewer moving parts than a standard automotive engine , it is easier to repair and weighs less . However , automotive engines can be repaired by more - common car mechanics and do not require specialized repair personnel like aircraft engines do . Most of the sound produced by an airboat comes from the propeller , although the engine itself also contributes some noise . Modern airboat designs are significantly quieter thanks to mufflers and multi-blade carbon - fiber propellers . Safety ( edit ) Aft view of a safety cage during operation As with any vehicle , the safety of an airboat is dependent on the training and skill of its operator and the use of safety features like seat belts and flotation devices / life jackets . Airboats should only be piloted by trained and qualified operators , and knowledge of operational safety is essential when operating an airboat . Over 75 airboat accidents happened in Florida between 2014 and 2017 , resulting in seven deaths and 102 severe injuries . Most ( five of seven ) deaths were drownings , and 90 percent of accident victims were not wearing life jackets , even though only 30 percent knew how to swim . Not wearing a seat belt is another major predictor of injury in an accident : 40 percent of injured victims and the only two non-drowning fatalities were flung from their seats in the crashes . The most common injuries suffered in airboat accidents are severe cuts , bruises , and broken limbs . Other severe injuries are not uncommon : 10 percent of injured people suffered neck and back injuries requiring surgery and long - term pain medication and another 10 percent suffered traumatic head and brain injuries . Most airboat accidents -- 64 % -- are the fault of the operator , according to a 2017 analysis by the Miami New Times , almost always due to one of three factors : a lack of boating education or training ; a lack of safety equipment , such as seat belts or flotation devices , or a failure to properly use safety equipment ; or reckless behavior , including drug or alcohol consumption and improper lookout . The engine and propeller of an airboat are enclosed in a protective metal cage that prevents objects , such as tree limbs , branches , clothing , beverage containers , passengers , or wildlife , from coming into contact with the whirling propeller , which can cause traumatic injury to the operator and passengers or devastating damage to the vessel . Safety cages do not always work perfectly , however : people have had their fingers sliced off by airboat propellers , and tree branches entering safety cages have wrecked airboat propellers and sprayed the operators and passengers with woodchips and other shrapnel . Airboats are prone to capsizing and sinking because they are top - heavy , unstable , and extremely shallow draft . This makes them especially dangerous on the open sea or in rough or stormy conditions . Airboats with a `` long - belt gear reduction drive unit '' and an automobile engine avoid these risks because the long belt allows for the engine to be mounted inside the hull , which lowers the center of gravity and lowers the capsizing risk . Some companies and organizations , including Airboat West and the Los Alamos National Laboratory , have built airboats with low centers of gravity for use in windy or rough conditions or in rescues with obstacles like low - hanging power lines . Airboats can also be equipped with auotinflation devices , similar to car airbags or autoinflating personal life vests , that can reduce the risk of capsizing . In 1999 the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 's National Conservation Training Center , located in Shepherdstown , West Virginia , produced a 70 - minute training video entitled Airboat Safety -- Design - Operation - Maintenance in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Jacksonville , Florida . The video includes an early history of airboats and interviews with two airboat manufacturers in Florida . It was considered to be the only airboat video of its kind when it was made and may still be the only one with the range of airboat subject matter ever produced in the US . Since it was produced by the federal government of the United States , it is in the public domain . Five hundred copies of the video were produced . Regulation ( edit ) On March 30 , 2018 Gov. Rick Scott of Florida signed `` Ellie 's Law , '' which requires operators to complete CPR instruction and a course on airboats run by the state 's wildlife commission . The law is named after Elizabeth `` Ellie '' Goldenberg , who died from an airboat accident in Miami - Dade County the day after her graduation from college . Beginning July 1 , 2019 , airboat operators will need to be able to show proof they completed the training courses . Violations are a misdemeanor offense punishable by up to a $500 fine . Florida state law also stipulates that airboats must have an `` automotive - style factory muffler , underwater exhaust , or other manufactured device capable of adequately muffling the sound of the engine exhaust '' and an international orange flag that is at least 10 '' by 12 '' flying from a mast or flagpole that is at least 10 feet taller than the lowest point on the boat , in order to increase visibility and reduce the odds of a collision . Airboat operators , pilots , or drivers in Florida must be 14 or older . Rescue ( edit ) A resident is transported by airboat after Hurricane Katrina In recent years , airboats have proven indispensable for flood , shallow water , and ice rescue operations . As a result , they have grown in popularity for public safety uses . During the flooding of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina , August 29 , 2005 , airboats from across the United States rescued thousands of flood victims . Thirty airboats crewed by civilian volunteers evacuated over 1,100 patients and 4,000 medical personnel and family members from four downtown New Orleans hospitals in less than 36 hours . Numerous articles have been published in fire - rescue trade journals such as Fire Engineering and National Fire and Rescue Magazine describing the advantages , capabilities , and benefits of using airboats for water rescue operations , and providing in - depth description of actual water rescue incidents , including the flooding of New Orleans . Airboats are particularly effective at water rescues in shallow , marshy , or icy winter environments . Airboats are partially amphibious and can therefore navigate effectively over obstacles , such as partially submerged buildings and wreckage or sea ice , that would stop a normal boat . In ice rescues , use of airboats cuts the average rescue time from 45 to 60 minutes to seven to 12 minutes , according to data from Minnesota fire departments departments . They are also faster , larger , safer , and more durable than other small boats used in ice rescues . Though airboats are highly effective at water and ice rescues , airboats and helicopters do not work well together . Rotor wash from low - flying helicopters can push and even capsize airboats . During post-Katrina rescue operations , a helicopter 's rotor wash was reported to have capsized one airboat , and many airboats were blown into the sides of buildings , standing utility poles , and bridge pilings by low - flying helicopters . U.S. Customs and Border Protection patrols the Rio Grande River border in an airboat Military use ( edit ) Airboats are used by various militaries and border patrols around the world as well as by the U.S. Coast Guard . In addition to the aforementioned uses of airboats by the British Army in the Mesopotamian Campaign of WWI and by the Soviet Union in the Eastern Front of WWII , airboats have been used by the US Army and Iraqi security forces in the Vietnam and Iraq wars , respectively . US Special Forces Aircat airboat in Vietnam During the Vietnam War the Hurricane Aircat airboat was used by U.S. Special Forces and South Vietnamese troops to patrol riverine and marshy areas where larger boats could not go . Two of these airboats were also used by the Khmer National Navy after they were captured from the U.S. Special Forces by the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) in September 1967 . Airboats are also used in Texas and Iraq for border patrol . The airboats used in Iraq were supplied by American companies and assembled in Iraq by American civilian contractors , and they are used by both American and Iraqi forces to patrol the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , the marshes of southeastern Iraq , and the Shatt al - Arab waterway , the latter two of which include parts of the Iran - Iraq border . Modern Iraqi military airboats are 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) long , powered by 454 hp engines hooked up to 78 - inch ( 2.0 m ) Whirlwind propellers , and armed with M240 crew - served machine guns . The Nov / Dec 2007 issue of Airboating Magazine had an article on airboats used in Vietnam and in Iraq and has had numerous articles on airboats used by U.S Coast Guard and other state and county EMS units for rescue of ice fisherman and rescue in floods or after hurricanes . In 2013 the Iraqi Ministry of Oil purchased 20 airboats for use as personnel transport , patrol , and cable laying and light cargo boats in the rivers and marshes of Iraq . See also ( edit ) Hovercraft Hydrocopter Rotor ship , a similar type of vessel using a vertical `` pipe '' to propel the air Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In early aviation history the term airboat was applied to seaplanes or flying boats , i.e. amphibian aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water surfaces . Early airboats were known as `` hydroglisseurs '' ( airboat in French , lit . `` water slider '' ) , hydroplanes , hydrofoils , or other names . See e.g. Flying Volume 4 ( 1915 - 1916 ) and Cercle du Mononautisme Classique Archives historiques ( in French ) . Jump up ^ The source cited states the price of an airboat as $25,000 to $40,000 in 2004 , which is equal to between $33,000 and $53,000 in 2018 dollars . Jump up ^ Lambert refers to their manufacturer , the De Lambert company of France , and `` Hydro - Glisseur '' means `` airboat '' in French . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Rescue on The Chattahoochee '' . Fire Engineering . Vol. 159 no . 1 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Ideas in Boat Design '' . Helsinki , Finland : Arctic Airboat. 2015 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vi Gomes , Isabella ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Airboat Accidents Have Killed Seven and Injured Dozens in Recent Years '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airboats International -- About Us '' . Carrington , NSW , Australia : Airboats International . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( March 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Use of Airboats in Ice and Water Rescue Emergencies '' . Fire Engineering . Vol. 157 no . 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Owned Airboats '' . American Airboat Corp . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` تجهيز زوارق هوائة نهرية '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) ( in Arabic ) . Baghdad : جمهوريى العراق وزارة النفط شركة الاستكشاف النفطية. 2013 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 -- via Iraq Business News . Jump up ^ Mensik , Dan , ed . ( October 2017 ) . `` Uniting to Preserve Our River Rights '' ( PDF ) . RiverTalk . Fremont , NE : Nebraska Airboaters Association . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WWII navy information and facts '' . War is Over . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Mike ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` The remarkable part boat , part sled , part ground - effect Tupelov aerosled '' . New Atlas . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McLeavy , Roy , ( 1982 ) . `` Jane 's Surface Skimmers '' , pp 65 -- 67 , London , England : Jane 's Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 614 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Delano , Anthony ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) . Guy Gaunt : The Boy From Ballarat Who Talked America Into the Great War . Australian Scholarly Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 9781925333206 . ^ Jump up to : Grass , Ray ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` World 's first airboat hatched at Bear River refuge in ' 40s '' . Deseret News . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alexander Graham ; Adler , Cyrus ( 1907 ) . Aërial Locomotion : With a Few Notes of Progress in the Construction of an Aërodrome . Press of Judd & Detweiler , Incorporated . pp. 21 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives historiques '' . Cercle du Mononautisme Classique ( in French ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Les hydravions d'Alphonse Tellier ( PDF ) ( Report ) ( in French ) . hydroretro.net . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Hydro - Gliders '' the latest thing in Chinese transportation , expected to open the upper Yangtze to rapid navigation `` . Far Eastern Fortnightly . New York : The Far Eastern Bureau . 8 ( 1 ) : 6 . January 3 , 1921 . Jump up ^ `` Reminiscence of the Essen Raids '' . Flying . Vol. 4 no . 1 . New York City : Flying Association at the office of the Aero Club of America . January 1916 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Leonard Joseph ; Hughes , Robert Herbert Wilfrid ( 1921 ) . The Inland water transport in Mesopotamia . London Constable . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Farman , Avion ( 1922 ) . `` Hydroglisseurs Farman '' ( Press release ) ( in French ) . Boulogne Billancourt , France : Farman Aviation Works . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 -- via Gallica . Jump up ^ Curtiss , Richard . `` The 1920 Curtiss `` Scooter '' airboat `` . CurtissWay . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McIver , Stuart B. ( 1998 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Who Invented the Airboat ? '' . Dreamers , Schemers and Scalawags . Pineapple Press Inc . ISBN 9781561641550 . Jump up ^ World 's First Airboat https://scontent-sjc2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15109419_1779337522340086_2556976957131532493_n.jpg?oh=dbe23a6b7eb63dce33d92050b0c8f303&oe=59886030 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Trivia : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Airboat . '' U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service History -- Facebook . U.S. Department of the Interior . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge , Grassland Unit Restoration Project - Phase I '' . Ducks Unlimited . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Lee Rue . `` Oral History Program '' ( 1972 ) . History . Ogden , Utah : Weber State University . Jump up ^ Anderson , Lars ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lars Anderson : Talking Airboats : Can You Hear Me Now ? '' . The Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McLeavy , Roy , ( 1982 ) . `` Jane 's Surface Skimmers '' , pp 65 -- 67 , London , England : Jane 's Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 614 - 4 Jump up ^ Pearce , William ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Idroscivolanti and the Raid Pavia - Venezia '' . Old Machine Press . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Torsti tietää , Helsingin Sanomat , 28.3. 2010 s . D 7 Jump up ^ Ko . `` エアボート を 、 レジャー 用 として 、 救助 用 として 、 広く 日本 で 普及 させ たい '' . Airboats.jp ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Fresh Air Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Enfield , Samuel ; Burr , R. ; Badgett , R. ; et al. , eds. ( April 15 , 1966 ) . Airboats ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . San Francisco : Army Concept Team in Vietnam . R - 1590.0 -- via DTIC . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Butterman , Eric ( August 2013 ) . `` A boat that walks on water '' . ASME . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Ken ( 1999 ) . Airboat safety design , operation , maintenance ( Videodisk ) . Shepherdstown , WV : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Event occurs at 70 minutes . OCLC 79818231 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swisher , Skyler . `` Gov. Scott signs ' Ellie 's Law ' creating new safety rules for Everglades airboat operators '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Florida Atlantic University Diving and Boating Safety Committee ( February 2014 ) . Diving and Boating Safety Manual . Boca Raton : Florida Atlantic University Environmental Health and Safety . pp. 91 -- 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chapter 327.39 , The 2010 Florida Statutes ( including Special Session A ) , Statute No . Title XXIV of 2014 . Retrieved on July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mercedes , Cheryl ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` LIFE BEYOND KATRINA : Cajun couple rescues hundreds from flooded homes '' . WAFB . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Evacuation of New Orleans After The Levees Broke '' . Fire Engineering . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rescuing New Orleans -- Nov. / Dec. 2005 Jump up ^ `` You Want To Buy A What '' - March / April 2004 Jump up ^ Saving Lives Across America -- August 2004 Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Station Burlington Demonstrates New Airboat '' . Coast Guard News . Burlington , Vermont . February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2007 - 09 - 18 ) . Mobile Strike Forces in Vietnam 1966 -- 70 . New York : Osprey Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 9781846031397 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Conboy , Kenneth Bowra , and Mike Chappell , The War in Cambodia 1970 -- 75 , Men - at - arms series 209 , Osprey Publishing Ltd , London 1989 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 851 - X . pp. 23 Jump up ^ * Kenneth Conboy , FANK : A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces , 1970 -- 1975 , Equinox Publishing ( Asia ) Pte Ltd , Djakarta 2011 . ISBN 9789793780863 pp. 239 '' Jump up ^ Floyd , Faron . `` Whirl Wind Goes to Iraq '' . Whirlwind Propellers . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Airboatcapt2 ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Airboats in Iraq '' . Southern Airboat . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airboats . On the propulsion of ships by air propellers Italian racing `` Idroscivolanti '' of the 1930 's Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airboat&oldid=856862172 '' Categories : Motorboats Marine propulsion Boat types Hidden categories : CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Date and year Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of boat is used in the everglades | [
"Airboats are a very popular means of transportation in marshy and/or shallow areas where a standard inboard or outboard engine with a submerged propeller would be impractical, most notably in the Florida Everglades but also in the Indian River Lagoon, the Kissimmee and St. Johns rivers, and the Mekong River and Delta, as well as the Louisiana bayous and Mesopotamian Marshes.\n"
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"Airboats"
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-8216584832913161002 | Five-star rank | Five - star rank - wikipedia Five - star rank The insignia used by US generals and admirals of OF - 10 rank . A five - star rank is a very senior military rank , first established in the United States in 1944 , with a five - star general insignia , and corresponding ranks in other countries . The rank is that of the most senior operational military commanders , and within NATO 's `` standard rank scale '' it is designated by the code OF - 10 . Not all armed forces have such a rank , and in those that do the actual insignia of the `` five - star ranks '' may not contain five stars . For example : the insignia for the French OF - 10 rank maréchal de France contains 7 stars ; the insignia for the Portuguese marechal contains four gold stars ; and many of the insignia of the ranks in Commonwealth of Nations contain no stars at all . Typically , five - star officers hold the rank of general of the army , admiral of the fleet , field marshal , marshal or general of the air force , and several other similarly named ranks . Five - star ranks are extremely senior -- usually the highest ranks . As an active rank , the position exists only in a minority of countries and is usually held by only a very few officers during wartime . In times of peace , it is usually held only as an honorary rank . Traditionally , five - star ranks are granted to distinguished military commanders for notable wartime victories and / or in recognition of a record of achievement during the officer 's career , whether in peace or in war . Alternatively , a five - star rank ( or even higher ranks ) may be assumed by heads of state in their capacities as commanders - in - chief of their nation 's armed forces . Despite the rarity and seniority of five - star officers , even more senior ranks have been adopted in the United States , namely , admiral of the navy and general of the armies . Other names for highly senior ranks from the twentieth century include généralissime ( France ) , generalisimo ( Spain ) and generalissimus ( USSR ) . Contents 1 Australian five - star ranks 2 Brazilian five - star ranks 3 Croatian five - star ranks 4 Indian five - star ranks 5 Indonesian five - star ranks 6 Italian five - star ranks 7 Pakistani five - star ranks 8 Polish five - star ranks 9 Spanish five - star ranks 10 Thai five - star ranks 11 UK five - star ranks 12 U.S. five - star ranks 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References Australian five - star ranks ( edit ) Admiral of the fleet Field marshal Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force Only one Australian born officer ( Sir Thomas Blamey ) has held a substantive Australian five - star rank ( field marshal ) . HM King George VI and HRH Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh have held all three Australian five - star ranks in an honorary capacity , and have been the only holders of the Australian ranks of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the RAAF . Australian Army Field Marshal shoulder board RAN Admiral of the Fleet shoulder board Marshal of the RAAF sleeve / shoulder insignia Brazilian five - star ranks ( edit ) Five - star ranks in Brazil are only used in wartime . Marshal ( Brazil ) ( Marechal ) Grand Admiral ( Almirante ) Marshal of the Air ( Marechal - do - Ar ) Almirante Marechal Marechal - do - Ar Croatian five - star ranks ( edit ) Stožerni general ( lit . `` staff general '' , usually translated as general of the army ) awarded to six men , none of whom are in active duty . Admiral flote ( admiral of the fleet ) . The rank was called stožerni admiral ( lit . `` staff admiral '' ) until 1999 ; only Sveto Letica was awarded this rank -- in March 1996 , three months before his retirement . Croatian Armed Forces ( stožerni general ) insignia Croatian Navy ( admiral flote ) insignia Indian five - star ranks ( edit ) Flag used on the official car of Marshal of the Air Force in India . It has five stars on it . Admiral of the fleet , never been held Field marshal , held by K.M. Cariappa and Sam Manekshaw Marshal of the Air Force , held by Arjan Singh Field marshal epaulette Marshal of the Indian Air Force shoulder insignia Marshal of the Indian Air Force sleeve insignia Around 1998 , the Indian Air Force introduced gorget patches ( or collar tabs ) for its air officers . For marshals of the Indian Air Force , the patches display five stars . Indonesian five - star ranks ( edit ) The Indonesian five star ranks are : Jenderal besar ( grand general ) - only held by three people : Jenderal Besar Soedirman , Jenderal Besar Abdul Haris Nasution , Jenderal Besar Soeharto ( 2nd President of Indonesia ) Laksamana besar ( grand admiral ) - never awarded Marsekal besar ( grand marshal ) - never awarded Jenderal besar rank insignia Laksamana besar rank insignia Marsekal besar rank insignia Italian five - star ranks ( edit ) General of the Italian Army - shoulder board Admiral of the Italian Navy - sleeve General of the Italian Air Force - sleeve Pakistani five - star ranks ( edit ) Field marshal ( Pakistan Army five - star rank ) , Ayub Khan The following ranks have never been awarded : Admiral of the fleet Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force Polish five - star ranks ( edit ) Marshal of Poland ( Marszałek Polski ) is a Polish Army five - star rank . There are today no living marshals of Poland , since this rank is bestowed only on military commanders who have achieved victory in war . Marshal of Poland cap insignia Marshal of Poland shoulder - strap insignia Spanish five - star ranks ( edit ) Captain general ( Army ) Captain general of the Navy Air captain general ( Air Force ) These ranks have been reserved for the reigning monarch . Capitán general ( `` Captain general '' ) shoulder board Capitán general de la Armada ( `` Captain general of the Navy '' ) shoulder board and sleeve Capitán general del Aire ( `` Air captain general '' ) shoulder board and sleeve Thai five - star ranks ( edit ) Chom Phon ( Thai : จอมพล ) , Royal Thai Army Chom Phon Ruea ( Thai : จอมพล เรือ ) , Royal Thai Navy Chom Phon Akat ( Thai : จอมพล อากาศ ) , Royal Thai Air Force Chom Phon ( Field Marshal ) Chom Phon Ruea ( Admiral of the Fleet ) Chom Phon Akat ( Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force ) The monarch of Thailand is appointed to the three ranks automatically upon accession as he is the constitutional Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces . Since 1973 the three ranks have been reserved for members of the royal family . Uk five - star ranks ( edit ) The worn insignia of British five - star commanders do not contain stars ; the vehicle star plate , mounted on the front of a staff car , does display five stars . Admiral of the fleet ( awarded to 121 men to date ) Field Marshal ( awarded to 140 men to date ) Marshal of the Royal Air Force ( awarded to 27 men to date ) Captain General of the Royal Marines ( awarded to five members of the British Royal Family , currently held by Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex ) Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet shoulder board Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet sleeve lace Field Marshal Army epaulette Captain General of the Royal Marines epaulette Marshal of the RAF shoulder board Marshal of the RAF sleeve insignia Promotion to the ranks of Admiral of the Fleet and Marshal of the Royal Air Force is now generally held in abeyance in peacetime with exceptions for special circumstances . Promotion to the rank of Field Marshal was generally stopped in 1995 as a cost - cutting measure but is still made in some cases . The most recent appointments to five - star ranks are the promotions in 2012 of The Prince of Wales to honourary five - star rank in all three services , and of former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank to the honorary rank of Field Marshal . In 2014 the former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Stirrup was promoted to the honourary rank of Marshal of the Royal Air Force . During World War II and after , serving NATO , a small number of British five - star commanders have held the additional title Supreme Allied Commander , given operational control over all air , land , and sea units led by the four - star commanders of multi-national forces . US five - star ranks ( edit ) Fleet Admiral ( held by four officers ) General of the Army ( held by five officers ) General of the Air Force ( held by one officer ) Before the five - star ranks were established in 1944 , two officers had previously been promoted from their four - star ranks to the superior and unique ranks of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies : Admiral George Dewey ( appointment 1903 retroactive to 1899 , died 1917 ) and General John J. Pershing ( appointed 1919 , died 1948 ) . In 1944 the Navy and Army specified that these officers were considered senior to any officers promoted to the five - star ranks within their services ( but it was not clear if they were senior by rank or by seniority due to an earlier date of rank ) . Five - star ranks were created in the US military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank . US officers holding five - star rank never retire ; they draw full active duty pay for life . The five - star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley . Nine Americans have been promoted to five - star rank , one of them , Henry H. Arnold , in two services ( US Army then later in the US Air Force ) . As part of the bicentennial celebration , George Washington was , 177 years after his death , permanently made senior to all other US generals and admirals with the title General of the Armies effective on 4 July 1976 . The appointment stated he was to have `` rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army , past or present '' . During World War II and ( later ) serving NATO , a small number of American five - star commanders have also held the additional title of Supreme Allied Commander , given operational control over all air , land , and sea units led by the four - star commanders of multi-national forces . Fleet admiral collar device , sleeve stripes and shoulder board General of the Army shoulder strap General of the Air Force shoulder epaulet See also ( edit ) Ranks and insignia of NATO List of fleet and grand admirals List of field marshals List of marshals of the Air Force Design of US army insignia Heraldic origin of the use of five - pointed star Six - star rank Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Australian insignia for admiral of the fleet , field marshal and marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force , depending on the era , are either identical to , or very similar to , the British insignia . Currently , Prince Philip is the only holder of these Australian ranks . Note that although the highest active New Zealand rank is three - star , ( there are no New Zealand four - star rank holders ) , Prince Philip holds five - star ranks in the New Zealand Armed Forces . Jump up ^ With the exception of Thomas Blamey and the Englishman William Birdwood , who both held the rank of field marshal , all other holders of Australian five - star ranks have been ceremonial . Jump up ^ The following Americans have been promoted to five - star rank : Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy 15 December 1944 General of the Army George Marshall 16 December 1944 Fleet Admiral Ernest King 17 December 1944 General of the Army Douglas MacArthur 18 December 1944 Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz 19 December 1944 General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower 20 December 1944 General of the Army & Air Force Henry H. Arnold 21 December 1944 & 7 May 1949 Fleet Admiral William Halsey , Jr . 11 December 1945 General of the Army Omar Bradley 20 September 1950 General of the Armies George Washington 4 July 1976 , with an effective appointment date of 4 July 1776 The timing of the first seven appointments was to establish both a clear order of seniority and a near - equivalence between the Army and Navy services . In 1949 , Arnold was honored by being made the first , and to date only , general of the air force . He is the only American to serve in a five - star rank in two of its military services . By a Congressional Act of 24 March 1903 , Admiral George Dewey 's rank was established as admiral of the navy , a rank which was specified to be senior to the four - star rank of admiral and was equal to admiral of the fleet in the British Royal Navy . Admiral Dewey was the only individual ever appointed to this rank , which lapsed with his death on 16 January 1917 . Admiral of the navy was considered superior to fleet admiral during World War II . On 3 September 1919 , John Pershing was promoted to the rank of General of the Armies ( officially General of the Armies of the United States ) in recognition of his service during World War I. He is the only person promoted to this rank during their lifetime . ^ a During the United States Bicentennial year , George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94 - 479 passed on 19 January 1976 , with an effective appointment date of 4 July 1976 but having rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army , past or present . This restored Washington 's position as the most senior US military officer . Between the joint resolution concerning Washington 's rank , the fact that Omar Bradley was still alive , and thus still considered to be on active duty , and statements made and actions taken during and after World War II about the relationship between General of the Armies and General of the Army , it appears General of the Armies is superior in rank to General of the Army . ^ b No official law or regulation established exact seniority or reciprocity between Admiral of the Navy Dewey , and Generals of the Armies Washington and Pershing . While Congress clearly indicated that Washington was senior to Pershing , and also all other `` officers of the United States Army , '' and by decades of custom Pershing was considered senior to all 5 - star and other 4 - star generals of the US Army , nowhere is Dewey 's exact seniority established . As Washington was explicitly made senior only to Pershing and other officers of the US Army , ambiguity remains whether Admiral Dewey , with a date of rank as early as 1899 above a 4 - star , and senior to all later 5 - stars , is not actually senior to Washington by date of rank , and by operation of Naval custom making Dewey senior to all 5 - stars . As Dewey died ( and his rank died with him ) before Pershing was appointed to his final rank , and the Army and Navy were far more independent before the creation of the Department of Defense unified them , this could indicate Admiral of the Navy Dewey , not General of the Armies Washington , is actually the most senior ranking US military officer in US history . By definition , officers of each Armed Force rank amongst themselves by seniority . And when they serve with other Armed Services ( Army and Navy , for example ) , they rank amongst themselves by date of rank notwithstanding their parent Service . In the case of Dewey , he is undisputedly the senior most Navy officer ever to have served in the US Navy , and he had nearly 20 years of seniority over Pershing as a `` special rank , above 4 - star . '' Washington 's own , revised , date of rank in 1976 does not precede Dewey 's date of rank nearly 75 years before , nor did Congress describe in unambiguous wording that Washington was -- in fact -- senior to all officers of the US Army , as well as all other US Armed Forces including the US Navy . Had Congress chosen to explicitly so state , there would be no ambiguity , but it remains unsettled if -- in spite of the desired outcome that Washington be the senior US military officer to have ever served -- Congress ' ways and means achieved their object . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) , 2nd Edition , 1989 . `` five '' ... `` five - star adj. , ... ( b ) U.S. , applied to a general or admiral whose badge of rank includes five stars ; '' Jump up ^ Indian Air Force : : Collar Tabs Archived 2009 - 12 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Vexillology , Rank Plate Archived 2014 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heathcote , Tony ( 1999 ) . The British Field Marshals , 1736 -- 1997 : A Biographical Dictionary . Barnsley : Pen and Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 696 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prince Charles awarded highest military ranks by Queen '' . BBC News . 15 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Five Star Rank appointment '' . The British Monarchy. 16 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians '' . Ministry of Defence. 13 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : E. Kelly Taylor ( 2009 ) . America 's Army and the Language of Grunts : Understanding the Army Lingo Legacy . AuthorHouse . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4389 - 6249 - 8 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . pp. 1685 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 961 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 07 . Star officer grades General officer Flag officer Air officer By star ranks Six - star rank ( proposed ) Five - star rank Four - star rank Three - star rank Two - star rank One - star rank By titles Generalissimo Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Supreme Allied Commander Admiral of the Navy General of the Armies Generalfeldmarschall Field marshal Mareşal Marshal of the air force Marshal of the Russian Federation Marshal of the Soviet Union Mushir / Müşir Caudillo Magister militum Spāhbed Ispahsalar Beylerbey Constable of France Grand Domestic Dux bellorum Grand marshal Hetman Jenderal besar Reichsmarschall Sardar Serasker Strategos autokrator First marshal of the empire Dai - gensui Taewonsu Voivoda Wonsu Yuan shuai / Da yuan shuai Marshal of Yugoslavia Highest military ranks General officer Flag officer Air officer Ancient Autokrator Beylerbey Constable of France Domestic of the Schools Dux bellorum Grand Domestic Imperator Ispahsalar Magister militum Megas doux Polemarch Rigsmarsk Sardar Shōgun Spahbed Voivode Modern Admiral of the Navy Da yuan shuai Dai - gensui Field marshal ( Serbia and Yugoslavia ) First marshal of the empire General of the Air Force General of the Armies Generalfeldmarschall Generalissimo Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Grand marshal Chom Thap Thai Hetman Jenderal besar Marshal Mareşal Marshal of Italy Marshal of the air force Marshal of the Russian Federation Marshal of the Soviet Union Marshal of Yugoslavia Mushir Reichsmarschall Serasker Supreme Allied Commander Taewonsu Wonsu Yuan shuai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-star_rank&oldid=854343917 '' Categories : Military ranks 5 star officers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Thai - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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-8995154367660246664 | Electron transport chain | Electron transport chain - wikipedia Electron transport chain Jump to : navigation , search The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes . The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized , providing energy to power ATP synthase . Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane . An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration . Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1. 3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2H + 2e - ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2H + 2e - ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( FeIII ) + 2 H + in → Q + 2 cytochrome c ( FeII ) + 4 H + out When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol ) also exist , and , at high doses , are lethal . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=815125753 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . 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2622591873692685821 | List of FIFA World Cup finals | List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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-3807784005037825258 | 2024 Summer Olympics | 2024 Summer Olympics - wikipedia 2024 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` Paris 2024 '' redirects here . For the Summer Paralympics , see 2024 Summer Paralympics . Games of the XXXIII Olympiad Host city Paris , France Motto Made for sharing ( French : Venez partager ) Opening ceremony 2 August ( 83 months from now ) Closing ceremony 18 August Stadium Stade de France Summer < Tokyo 2020 Los Angeles 2028 > Winter < Beijing 2022 TBD 2026 > Part of a series on 2024 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) Controversies World and Olympic records Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC CNOSF POCOG The 2024 Summer Olympics ( French : Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad , and commonly known as Paris 2024 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event which will be hosted in Paris from 2 to 18 August 2024 . Having previously hosted the 1900 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics , Paris will become the second city after London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 ) to host the Olympic Games three times . 2024 will also mark the centennial of the 1924 Summer Olympics , which were held in the same city , and was the last time Paris held the Olympic Games . Bidding to host the Games started in 2015 with five candidate cities in contention , but Hamburg , Rome and Budapest withdrew , leaving Paris and Los Angeles as the remaining candidates . On 11 July , a proposal to elect the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics , which made Paris the host of the 2024 Summer Olympics . The formal announcement of the hosts for both Olympiads took place at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru , on 13 September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Sports 3 Venues 3.1 Grand Paris zone 3.2 Paris Centre zone 3.3 Versailles zone 3.4 Stand - alone venues 3.5 Non-competitive venues 3.6 Provisional football venues 4 Marketing 4.1 Mascot 4.2 Emblem 5 Media 5.1 Sponsors 6 Broadcasting rights 7 References 8 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Further information : Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics Paris , Hamburg , Budapest , Rome and Los Angeles were the five candidate cities . However , the process was hit by withdrawals , with political uncertainty and cost cited as deterring bidding cities . Hamburg withdrew its bid on 29 November 2015 after holding a referendum . Rome withdrew its bid on 21 September 2016 citing fiscal difficulties . On 22 February 2017 , Budapest withdrew its bid after a petition against the bid collected more signatures than necessary for a referendum . Following these withdrawals , the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne , Switzerland to discuss the 2024 and 2028 bid processes on 9 June 2017 . The International Olympic Committee formally proposed electing the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time in 2017 , a proposal which was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne . The IOC set up a process where the LA and Paris 2024 bid committees , and the IOC held meetings to discuss who would host in 2024 and who would host in 2028 . Following the decision to award the 2024 and 2028 games simultaneously , Paris was understood to be the preferred host for the 2024 Games . On 31 July 2017 , the IOC announced Los Angeles as the sole candidate for the 2028 games , opening Paris up to be confirmed as hosts for the 2024 Games . Both decisions were ratified at the 131st IOC Session on 13 September 2017 . Host city election ( edit ) Paris was elected as the host city on September 13 , 2017 at the 131st IOC Session in Lima , Peru . The two French IOC members , Guy Drut and Tony Estanguet were ineligible to vote in this host city election under the rules of the Olympic Charter . 2024 Summer Olympics bidding results City NOC name Votes Paris France Unanimous Sports ( edit ) In 2007 , the IOC established the concept of Olympics including 28 sports : 25 permanent ' core ' sports with 3 additional sports selected for each individual Games . On 8 September 2013 , IOC added wrestling to the Olympic programme for the 2020 and 2024 Games , representing one of these additional sports . FILA ( now known as United World Wrestling ) changed freestyle and Greco - Roman wrestling weight classes for men and decreased to 6 categories in order to add more weights for women . However , in August 2016 , the IOC added five sports to the 2020 Olympics , with plans to separately evaluate the existing 28 sports . No indication was given how this would affect the number of sports in 2024 . The Paris organizers are also in discussions with the IOC and various professional eSport organizations to introduce eSports as a medal - winning sport during the Olympics . Tony Estanguet of the Paris committee said that introducing eSports would help to make the Olympics more relevant to the younger generations : `` The youth , yes they are interested in esport and this kind of thing . Let 's look at it . Let 's meet them . Let 's try if we can find some bridges . '' During the Lima Session , the IOC approved the Rio 2016 sports program for Paris 2024 . New sports will be chosen during the 134th IOC Session in 2019 in Milan , Italy . The 2024 Summer Olympic programme would feature 28 sports encompassing 306 events . The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses . Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 34 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 4 ) Athletics ( 47 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Slalom ( 4 ) Sprint ( 12 ) Cycling BMX ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 10 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 10 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( Soccer ) ( 2 ) Golf ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 14 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Table tennis ( 4 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 2 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 15 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 12 ) Greco - Roman ( 6 ) Venues ( edit ) Grand Paris zone ( edit ) The Stade de France Venue Events Capacity Status Stade de France Opening and Closing Ceremonies 75 , 000 Existing Athletics Seine - Saint - Denis Aquatics ( swimming , diving and synchronised swimming ) 17 , 000 Water Polo Arena ( Piscine de Marville ) Water polo 5 , 000 Le Bourget - Pavillion I Badminton 7 , 000 Le Bourget - Pavillion II Volleyball 18 , 000 ( 13 , 000 + 5 , 000 ) Le Bourget Shooting Range Shooting 3 , 000 Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir , Colombes Hockey 15 , 000 ( 10 , 000 + 5 , 000 ) U Arena , Nanterre Gymnastics ( artistic , rhythmic and trampoline ) 17 , 000 Le Zénith Weightlifting 6 , 000 Paris Centre zone ( edit ) The Grand Palais Venue Events Capacity Status Champ de Mars Beach Volleyball 12 , 000 Eiffel Tower and river Seine Marathon Swimming 13 , 000 ( 3 , 000 sitting ) Triathlon Champs - Élysées Marathon ( finish ) 10 , 000 Race Walking Road Cycling Skateboarding ( street ) Grand Palais Fencing 8 , 000 Taekwondo Les Invalides Archery 6 , 000 Jardins des Tuileries Skateboarding ( park ) 5,000 Palais des Sports ( Paris ) Sport Climbing 5 , 000 Halle Georges Carpentier Table tennis 5 , 000 Stade Charléty Baseball 18 , 000 Softball Stade Jean - Bouin Rugby 20 , 000 Stade Roland Garros Tennis 24 , 000 ( main courts + 2 , 000 + 8x250 ) Court Philippe Chatrier Handball ( play - offs , as possible to cover the court to indoor configuration ) 15 , 000 Court Suzanne Lenglen Boxing ( only ) 10 , 000 Court des Serres Tennis 5 , 000 and all other courts ( tennis only ) Parc des Princes Football ( see above ) 48 , 000 or 61 , 000 Stade Pierre de Coubertin ( Paris ) Handball ( preliminaries ) 4 , 000 Karate Palais des sports Marcel - Cerdan Women 's Basketball ( preliminaries ) 4 , 000 Paris Arena I & II Judo 16 , 000 Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball ( last preliminary round and playoffs ) Wrestling 8 , 000 Versailles zone ( edit ) Palace of Versailles Venue Events Capacity Status Le Golf National Golf 35 , 000 Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Track cycling 10 , 000 ( 2 x 5 , 000 ) BMX ( racing and freestyle ) Modern Pentathlon ( fencing ) Château de Versailles Equestrian ( jumping , dressage , eventing country races at own park circuit ) 80 , 000 ( 22 , 000 + 58 , 000 ) Modern Pentathlon ( excluding fencing ) Élancourt Hill Mountain Bike 25 , 000 Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Vaires - sur - Marne Rowing 22 , 000 ( 10 , 000 + 12 , 000 ) Kayak Canoe slalom Marseille Sailing 5 , 000 Biarritz Surfing 5 , 000 Non-competitive venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status L'Île - Saint - Denis Olympic Village Le Bourget Media Village International Broadcast Centre Main Press Centre Provisional football venues ( edit ) Paris Le Havre Lens Lille Caen Valenciennes Sedan Le Mans Rennes Nantes Montbeliard Nancy Lyon St - Etienne Grenoble Strasbourg Marseille Nice Montpellier Toulouse Bordeaux 2024 Summer Olympics ( France ) Parc des Princes , 60,583 , Paris ( M / W quarterfinals , finals ) Stade Vélodrome , 67,394 , Marseille , ( M / W quarterfinal , M semi-final ) Parc Olympique Lyonnais , 59,186 , Lyon , ( M quarterfinal , W semi-final , M 3rd place ) Stade Pierre - Mauroy , 50,157 , Lille , ( W quarterfinal , M semi-final , W 3rd place ) Stade Matmut Atlantique , 42,115 , Bordeaux , ( M / W quarterfinal , W semi-final ) Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , 42,000 , Saint - Étienne , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Bollaert - Delelis , 38,223 , Lens , ( 3 preliminaries ) YellowPark , 40,000 , Nantes , ( 3 preliminaries ) Allianz Riviera , 35,624 , Nice , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stadium Municipal , 33,150 , Toulouse , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade de la Mosson , 32,939 , Montpellier , ( 3 preliminaries ) Roazhon Park , 29,778 , Rennes , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Océane , 25,178 , Le Havre , ( 3 preliminaries ) MMArena , 25,000 , Le Mans , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade du Hainaut , 24,926 , Valenciennes , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade de la Meinau , 24,230 , Strasbourg , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Louis Dugauguez , 23,189 , Sedan , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Michel d'Ornano , 21,500 , Caen , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Marcel Picot , 20,087 , Nancy , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade des Alpes , 20,068 , Grenoble , ( 3 preliminaries ) Stade Auguste Bonal , 20,025 , Montbéliard , ( 3 preliminaries ) Marketing ( edit ) Mascot ( edit ) Emblem ( edit ) Media ( edit ) Sponsors ( edit ) ( hide ) Sponsors of the 2024 Summer Olympics Worldwide Olympic Partners Alibaba Group Atos Bridgestone The Coca - Cola Company DowDuPont ( Dow Chemical Company ) General Electric Intel Omega SA Panasonic Procter & Gamble Samsung Electronics Toyota Visa Inc . Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Armenia -- APMTV Asia -- Dentsu ( rights to be sold to local broadcasters ) Brazil -- Grupo Globo Canada -- CBC / Radio - Canada , TSN , RDS China -- CCTV Europe -- Discovery Communications , Eurosport Germany -- ARD , ZDF Hungary -- MTVA Japan -- Japan Consortium Kosovo -- RTK MENA -- beIN Sports New Zealand -- Sky Television North Korea -- SBS Pacific Islands : -- Sky Television South Africa -- SABC , SuperSport South Korea -- SBS Sub-Saharan Africa -- Econet Media , SuperSport United States -- NBCUniversal United Kingdom -- BBC ^ 1 -- Included nations & territories are Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Niue , Palau , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Executive Board approve joint awarding plans for 2024 and 2028 Olympics '' . Inside the Games . 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David . `` Los Angeles makes deal to host 2028 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games : Paris & LA to host 2024 & 2028 respectively '' . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick . `` Exclusive : IOC vow to `` further adjust '' candidature process after Budapest 2024 withdrawal `` . Inside the Games . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five world - class cities in strong competition for Olympic Games 2024 -- IOC to contribute USD 1.7 billion to the local organising committee '' ( Press release ) . Lausanne , Switzerland : International Olympic Committee . 16 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rome 2024 Olympic bid collapses in acrimony Archived 21 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . at BBC News . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2024 Olympics : Budapest to drop bid to host Games '' . BBC . 22 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Budapest Withdraws Bid to Host 2024 Summer Olympics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budapest to withdraw bid for 2024 Olympics , leaving L.A. and Paris as only contenders '' . Los Angeles Times . February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting of the IOC Executive Board in Lausanne -- Information for the media '' . Olympic.org. 19 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bach Says Paris and LA Mayors Are ' Optimistic ' About Agreement After Initial Discussions - GamesBids.com '' . gamesbids.com . Jump up ^ `` Paris set to host 2024 Olympics , Los Angeles to be awarded 2028 Games by IOC '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games '' . Olympic.org. 8 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Olympic Games : Shortlisted International Federations Report '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . August 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 '' . Olympic.org. 3 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paris Olympic bid committee is open to esports on 2024 Olympic program '' . Associated Press . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Changes in Core Olympic Sports for Paris 2024 '' . Around the Rings. 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JO 2024 : les nouveaux sports seront connus en 2019 '' ( in French ) . L'Equipe. 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le FC Nantes aura son nouveau stade , le YellowPark , en 2022 '' ( in French ) . FranceInfo. 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 's Daily Deal Round - Up : Olympic partnerships for Discovery and more '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Canada to CBC / Radio - Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TSN , RDS to broadcast 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . TSN. 21 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in China '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 4 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards all TV and multiplatform broadcast rights in Europe to Discovery and Eurosport for 2018 -- 2024 Olympic Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Report : ARD and ZDF secure long - term Olympic deal '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Public Television Agrees Deal To Broadcast Summer And Winter Olympics Until 2024 '' . Hungary today . hungarytoday.hu. 20 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Japan '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 19 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 -- 2024 broadcast rights in Middle East and North Africa '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 27 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in New Zealand and Pacific Island Territories '' . Olympic.org. 23 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games '' . Olympic.org. 4 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC Awards 2018 - 2024 Broadcast Rights in Africa '' . IOC . Olympic.org. 10 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards Olympic Games broadcast rights to NBCUniversal through to 2032 '' . Olympic.org. 7 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : BBC to broadcast every Games up to and including 2024 '' . BBC Sport. 2 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Paris 2024 Paris 2024 ( IOC ) Preceded by Tokyo Summer Olympic Games Paris XXXIII Olympiad ( 2024 ) Succeeded by Los Angeles Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympic Games 131st Session of the International Olympic Committee ( Lima , Peru ) Elected cities Paris ( 2024 ) Los Angeles ( 2028 ) Cancelled bids Budapest Hamburg Rome Non-selected bids Boston Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics Grand Paris Zone Stade de France Seine - Saint - Denis Water Polo Arena ( Piscine de Marville ) Le Bourget Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir , Colombes U Arena , Nanterre Le Zénith Paris Centre Zone Champ de Mars Eiffel Tower and river Seine Champs Elysees Grand Palais Les Invalides Jardins des Tuileries Paris expo Porte de Versailles Halle Georges Carpentier Stade Charlety Stade Jean - Bouin Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court des Serres Parc des Princes Stade Pierre de Coubertin ( Paris ) Palais des sports Marcel - Cerdan Bercy Arena Versailles Zone Le Golf National Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Château de Versailles Élancourt Hill Football stadia Stade Vélodrome Parc des Princes Parc Olympique Lyonnais Stade Pierre - Mauroy Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes ( renovated ) Olympics portal 2020s portal France portal Paris portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Summer_Olympics&oldid=802360531 '' Categories : 2024 Summer Olympics 2024 in French sport 2024 in multi-sport events 2020s in Paris Summer Olympics in Paris Scheduled multi-sport events Summer Olympics by year Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 51 . 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-1773039062940491983 | 2018 American Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament | 2018 American Athletic conference Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 American Athletic conference Men 's Basketball tournament 2018 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Classification Division I Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 12 Site Amway Center Orlando , Florida Champions Cincinnati ( 1st title ) Winning coach Mick Cronin ( 1st title ) MVP Gary Clark ( Cincinnati ) Attendance 50,259 Television CBS , ESPNU , ESPN2 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2017 2019 → 2017 -- 18 American Athletic Conference men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 6 Cincinnati † 16 -- . 889 31 -- 5 . 861 No. 21 Houston 14 -- . 778 27 -- 8 . 771 No. 16 Wichita State 14 -- . 778 25 -- 8 . 758 Tulsa 12 -- 6 . 667 19 -- 12 . 613 Memphis 10 -- 8 . 556 21 -- 13 . 618 UCF 9 -- 9 . 500 19 -- 13 . 594 Temple 8 -- 10 . 444 17 -- 16 . 515 Connecticut 7 -- 11 . 389 14 -- 18 . 438 SMU 6 -- 12 . 333 17 -- 16 . 515 Tulane 5 -- 13 . 278 14 -- 17 . 452 East Carolina -- 14 . 222 10 -- 20 . 333 South Florida -- 15 . 167 10 -- 22 . 313 † 2018 AAC Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2018 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament ended the 2017 -- 18 season of the American Athletic Conference . It was held from March 8 through March 11 , 2018 at the Amway Center in Orlando , Florida . Regular - season champion Cincinnati won the tournament and with it the league 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Bracket 4 References Seeds ( edit ) All 12 conference teams participated in the conference tournament . The top four teams received a bye into the quarterfinals . Teams were seeded by record within the conference , with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records . Tiebreakers : win / loss record , head - to - head record , record against the highest ranked team outside of the tied teams , record against the second highest ranked team outside of the tied teams , etc . Seed School Conference Tiebreaker Cincinnati 16 -- 2 Wichita State 14 -- 4 1 -- 0 vs. Memphis Houston 14 -- 4 0 -- 1 vs. Memphis Tulsa 12 -- 6 5 Memphis 10 -- 8 6 UCF 9 -- 9 7 Temple 8 -- 10 8 Connecticut 7 -- 11 9 SMU 6 -- 12 10 Tulane 5 -- 13 1 -- 1 vs. Houston 11 East Carolina 5 -- 13 0 -- 2 vs. Houston 12 South Florida 3 -- 15 Schedule ( edit ) Game Time Matchup Score Television Attendance First round -- Thursday , March 8 Noon No. 8 Connecticut vs No. 9 SMU 73 -- 80 ESPNU 7,856 2 : 30 pm No. 5 Memphis vs No. 12 South Florida 79 -- 77 7 : 00 pm No. 7 Temple vs No. 10 Tulane 82 -- 77 7,918 9 : 30 pm No. 6 UCF vs No. 11 East Carolina 66 -- 52 Quarterfinals -- Friday , March 9 5 Noon No. 1 Cincinnati vs No. 9 SMU 61 -- 51 ESPN2 8,491 6 2 : 30 pm No. 4 Tulsa vs No. 5 Memphis 64 -- 67 7 7 : 00 pm No. 2 Wichita State vs No. 7 Temple 89 -- 81 ESPNU 8,680 8 9 : 30 pm No. 3 Houston vs No. 6 UCF 84 -- 56 Semifinals -- Saturday , March 10 9 1 : 00 pm No. 1 Cincinnati vs. No. 5 Memphis 70 -- 60 CBS 8,644 10 3 : 30 pm No. 2 Wichita State vs. No. 3 Houston 74 - 77 Championship -- Sunday , March 11 11 3 : 00 pm No. 1 Cincinnati vs. No. 3 Houston 56 -- 55 CBS 8,670 Game times in ET . Rankings denote tournament seeding . Bracket ( edit ) First round Thursday , March 8 Quarterfinals Friday , March 9 Semifinals Saturday , March 10 Championship Sunday , March 11 Cincinnati 61 9 SMU 51 8 Connecticut 73 9 SMU 80 Cincinnati 70 5 Memphis 60 Tulsa 64 5 Memphis 67 5 Memphis 79 12 South Florida 77 Cincinnati 56 Houston 55 Wichita State 89 7 Temple 81 7 Temple 82 10 Tulane 77 Wichita State 74 Houston 77 Houston 84 6 UCF 56 6 UCF 66 11 East Carolina 52 References ( edit ) College basketball portal Jump up ^ `` American Men 's Basketball Semifinals , Championship to be Broadcast on CBS in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/theamerican.sidearmsports.com/documents/2018/3/4/2018_MBB_Championship_Bracket_Final_.pdf?id=1650 hide 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT hide American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_American_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=830288984 '' Categories : American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 -- 18 American Athletic Conference men 's basketball season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 22 : 33 . About Wikipedia | where is the american conference tournament being played | [] | [] |
-7775217920258222525 | Rifling | Rifling - wikipedia Rifling Conventional rifling of a 90 mm M75 cannon ( production year 1891 , Austro - Hungary ) Rifling of a 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun . In firearms , rifling is the helical groove pattern that is machined into the internal ( bore ) surface of a gun 's barrel , for the purpose of exerting torque and thus imparting a spin to a projectile around its longitudinal axis during shooting . This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile by conservation of angular momentum , improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy over smoothbore designs . Rifling is often described by its twist rate , which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one full revolution , such as `` 1 turn in 10 inches '' ( 1 : 10 inches ) , or `` 1 turn in 254 mm '' ( 1 : 254 mm ) . A shorter distance indicates a `` faster '' twist , meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a higher spin rate . The combination of length , weight and shape of a projectile determines the twist rate needed to stabilize it -- barrels intended for short , large - diameter projectiles like spherical lead balls require a very low twist rate , such as 1 turn in 48 inches ( 122 cm ) . Barrels intended for long , small - diameter bullets , such as the ultra-low - drag , 80 - grain 0.223 inch bullets ( 5.2 g , 5.56 mm ) , use twist rates of 1 turn in 8 inches ( 20 cm ) or faster . In some cases , rifling will have twist rates that increase down the length of the barrel , called a gain twist or progressive twist ; a twist rate that decreases from breech to muzzle is undesirable , since it can not reliably stabilize the bullet as it travels down the bore . Extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates ; these projectiles must be inherently stable , and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel . Contents 1 History 1.1 Recent developments 1.1. 1 Polygonal rifling 1.1. 2 Extended range , full bore 1.1. 3 Gain - twist rifling 2 Manufacture 3 Construction and operation 4 Fitting the projectile to the bore 5 Twist rate 5.1 Expressing twist rate 5.2 Twist rate and bullet stability 5.3 Bullet spin 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Calculators for stability and twist History ( edit ) Traditional rifling of a 9 mm handgun barrel . Main article : Rifle Muskets were smoothbore , large caliber weapons using ball - shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity . Due to the high cost and great difficulty of precision manufacturing , and the need to load readily and speedily from the muzzle , musket balls were generally a loose fit in the barrels . Consequently , on firing the balls would often bounce off the sides of the barrel when fired and the final destination after leaving the muzzle was less predictable . This was countered when accuracy was more important , for example when hunting , by using a tighter combination of a closer to bore sized ball and a patch . The accuracy was improved , but still not reliable for precision shooting over long distances . Barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg , Germany in 1498 . In 1520 August Kotter , an armourer of Nuremberg , Germany improved upon this work . Though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century , it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century . The concept of stabilizing the flight of a projectile by spinning it was known in the days of bows and arrows , but early firearms using black powder had difficulty with rifling because of the fouling left behind by the combustion of the powder . The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol . Recent developments ( edit ) Polygonal rifling ( edit ) Conventional rifling ( left ) and polygonal rifling ( right ) . Both types of rifling use a spiraling pattern . Main article : Polygonal rifling The spiraling pattern ( here with polygonal rifling ) is shown . The grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges . More recently , polygonal rifling , a throwback to the earliest types of rifling , has become popular , especially in handguns . Polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land ( the grooves are the spaces that are cut out , and the resulting ridges are called lands ) reduces erosion of the barrel . Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy . Polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ , Heckler & Koch , Glock , Tanfoglio , and Kahr Arms , as well as the Desert Eagle . Extended range , full bore ( edit ) For tanks and artillery pieces , the extended range , full bore concept developed by Gerald Bull for the GC - 45 howitzer reverses the normal rifling idea by using a projectile with small fins that ride in the grooves , as opposed to using a projectile with a slightly oversized driving band which is forced into the grooves . Such guns have achieved significant increases in muzzle velocity and range . Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH 2000 . Gain - twist rifling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gain - twist rifling , also called progressive rifling , begins with very little change in the projectile 's angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat . This enables the bullet to remain essentially undisturbed and trued to the case mouth . After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel . By only gradually increasing the spin rate , torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel , rather than only at the throat where rifling is eroded through repeated rifling engagement . Gain - twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) . Colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain - twist rifling . Gain - twist rifling , however , is more difficult to produce than uniform rifling , and therefore is more expensive . The military has used gain - twist rifling in a variety of weapons such as the 6998200000000000000 ♠ 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun used in some current fighter jets and the larger 6998300000000000000 ♠ 30 mm GAU - 8 Avenger Gatling gun used in the A10 Thunderbolt II close air support jet . In these applications it allows lighter construction of the barrels by decreasing chamber pressures through the use of low initial twist rates but ensuring the projectiles have sufficient stability once they leave the barrel . It is seldom used in commercially available products , though notably on the Smith & Wesson Model 460 ( X-treme Velocity Revolver ) . Manufacture ( edit ) Rifling in a French 19th century cannon . Further information : internal ballistics An early method of introducing rifling to a pre-drilled barrel was to use a cutter mounted on a square - section rod , accurately twisted into a spiral of the desired pitch , mounted in two fixed square - section holes . As the cutter was advanced through the barrel it twisted at a uniform rate governed by the pitch . The first cut was shallow but as repeated cuts were made the cutter points were gradually expanded -- the blades were in slots in a wooden dowel which were gradually packed out with slips of paper -- until the required depth was obtained . The process was finished off by casting a slug of molten lead into the barrel , withdrawing it and using it with a paste of emery and oil to smooth the bore . Most rifling is created by either : cutting one groove at a time with a machine tool ( cut rifling or single point cut rifling ) ; cutting all grooves in one pass with a special progressive broaching bit ( broached rifling ) ; pressing all grooves at once with a tool called a `` button '' that is pushed or pulled down the barrel ( button rifling ) ; forging the barrel over a mandrel containing a reverse image of the rifling , and often the chamber as well ( hammer forging ) ; flow forming the barrel preform over a mandrel containing a reverse image of the rifling ( rifling by flow forming ) The grooves are the spaces that are cut out , and the resulting ridges are called lands . These lands and grooves can vary in number , depth , shape , direction of twist ( right or left ) , and twist rate . The spin imparted by rifling significantly improves the stability of the projectile , improving both range and accuracy . Typically rifling is a constant rate down the barrel , usually measured by the length of travel required to produce a single turn . Occasionally firearms are encountered with a gain twist , where the rate of spin increases from chamber to muzzle . While intentional gain twists are rare , due to manufacturing variance , a slight gain twist is in fact fairly common . Since a reduction in twist rate is very detrimental to accuracy , gunsmiths who are machining a new barrel from a rifled blank will often measure the twist carefully so they may put the faster rate , no matter how minute the difference is , at the muzzle end . Construction and operation ( edit ) A barrel of circular bore cross-section is not capable of imparting a spin to a projectile , so a rifled barrel has a non-circular cross-section . Typically the rifled barrel contains one or more grooves that run down its length , giving it a cross-section resembling an internal gear , though it can also take the shape of a polygon , usually with rounded corners . Since the barrel is not circular in cross-section , it can not be accurately described with a single diameter . Rifled bores may be described by the bore diameter ( the diameter across the lands or high points in the rifling ) , or by groove diameter ( the diameter across the grooves or low points in the rifling ) . Differences in naming conventions for cartridges can cause confusion ; for example , the projectiles of the . 303 British are actually slightly larger in diameter than the projectiles of the . 308 Winchester , because the ``. 303 '' refers to the bore diameter in inches ( bullet is . 312 ) , while the ``. 308 '' refers to the bullet diameter in inches ( 7.92 mm and 7.82 mm , respectively ) . Despite differences in form , the common goal of rifling is to deliver the projectile accurately to the target . In addition to imparting the spin to the bullet , the barrel must hold the projectile securely and concentrically as it travels down the barrel . This requires that the rifling meet a number of tasks : It must be sized so that the projectile will swage or obturate upon firing to fill the bore . The diameter should be consistent , and must not increase towards the muzzle . The rifling should be consistent down the length of the bore , without changes in cross-section , such as variations in groove width or spacing . It should be smooth , with no scratches lying perpendicular to the bore , so it does not abrade material from the projectile . The chamber and crown must smoothly transition the projectile into and out of the rifling . Rifling may not begin immediately forward of the chamber . There may be an unrifled throat ahead of the chamber so a cartridge may be chambered without pushing the bullet into the rifling . This reduces the force required to load a cartridge into the chamber , and prevents leaving a bullet stuck in the rifling when an unfired cartridge is removed from the chamber . The specified diameter of the throat may be somewhat greater than groove diameter , and may be enlarged by use if hot powder gas melts the interior barrel surface when the rifle is fired . Freebore is a groove - diameter length of smoothbore barrel without lands forward of the throat . Freebore allows the bullet to transition from static friction to sliding friction and gain linear momentum prior to encountering the resistance of increasing rotational momentum . Freebore may allow more effective use of propellants by reducing the initial pressure peak during the minimum volume phase of internal ballistics before the bullet starts moving down the barrel . Barrels with freebore length exceeding the rifled length have been known by a variety of trade names including paradox . When the projectile is swaged into the rifling , it takes on a mirror image of the rifling , as the lands push into the projectile in a process called engraving . Engraving takes on not only the major features of the bore , such as the lands and grooves , but also minor features , like scratches and tool marks . The relationship between the bore characteristics and the engraving on the projectile are often used in forensic ballistics . Fitting the projectile to the bore ( edit ) 57 - N - 231 standard 7.62 × 39mm military bullets with steel core - the one on the left is unfired , the one on the right is fired , with the rifling grooves visible . Notice the copper wash scraped off and the steel jacket is exposed on the groove marks . Three recovered 7.62 × 51mm NATO bullets ( next to an unfired cartridge ) , showing rifling marks imparting anti-clockwise spin Russian 122 mm shrapnel shell ( which has been fired ) showing rifling marks on the copper alloy driving band around its base , indicating clockwise spin Cannonball equipped with winglets for rifled cannons circa 1860 Ogival shell of the La Hitte system , 1858 , designed to engage with clockwise rifling The original firearms were loaded from the muzzle by forcing a ball from the muzzle to the chamber . Whether using a rifled or smooth bore , a good fit was needed to seal the bore and provide the best possible accuracy from the gun . To ease the force required to load the projectile , these early guns used an undersized ball , and a patch made of cloth , paper , or leather to fill the windage ( the gap between the ball and the walls of the bore ) . The patch provided some degree of sealing , kept the ball seated on the charge of black powder , and kept the ball concentric to the bore . In rifled barrels , the patch also provided a means to transfer the spin from the rifling to the bullet , as the patch is engraved rather than the ball . Until the advent of the hollow - base Minié ball , which obturates upon firing to seal the bore and engage the rifling , the patch provided the best means of getting the projectile to engage the rifling . In breech - loading firearms , the task of seating the projectile into the rifling is handled by the throat of the chamber . Next is the freebore , which is the portion of the throat down which the projectile travels before the rifling starts . The last section of the throat is the throat angle , where the throat transitions into the rifled barrel . The throat is usually sized slightly larger than the projectile , so the loaded cartridge can be inserted and removed easily , but the throat should be as close as practical to the groove diameter of the barrel . Upon firing , the projectile expands under the pressure from the chamber , and obturates to fit the throat . The bullet then travels down the throat and engages the rifling , where it is engraved , and begins to spin . Engraving the projectile requires a significant amount of force , and in some firearms there is a significant amount of freebore , which helps keep chamber pressures low by allowing the propellant gases to expand before being required to engrave the projectile . Minimizing freebore improves accuracy by decreasing the chance that a projectile will distort before entering the rifling . Twist rate ( edit ) For best performance , the barrel should have a twist rate sufficient to spin stabilize any bullet that it would reasonably be expected to fire , but not significantly more . Large diameter bullets provide more stability , as the larger radius provides more gyroscopic inertia , while long bullets are harder to stabilize , as they tend to be very backheavy and the aerodynamic pressures have a longer arm ( `` lever '' ) to act on . The slowest twist rates are found in muzzleloading firearms meant to fire a round ball ; these will have twist rates as low as 1 in 72 inches ( 180 cm ) , or slightly longer , although for a typical multi-purpose muzzleloader rifle , a twist rate of 1 in 48 inches ( 120 cm ) is very common . The M16A2 rifle , which is designed to fire the 5.56 × 45mm NATO SS109 ball and L110 tracer bullets , has a 1 in 7 - inch ( 18 cm ) or 32 calibers twist . Civilian AR - 15 rifles are commonly found with 1 in 12 inches ( 30 cm ) or 54.8 calibers for older rifles and 1 in 9 inches ( 23 cm ) or 41.1 calibers for most newer rifles , although some are made with 1 in 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or 32 calibers twist rates , the same as used for the M16 rifle . Rifles , which generally fire longer , smaller diameter bullets , will in general have higher twist rates than handguns , which fire shorter , larger diameter bullets . Expressing twist rate ( edit ) There are three methods in use to describe the twist rate : The , traditionally speaking , most common method expresses the twist rate in terms of the ' travel ' ( length ) required to complete one full projectile revolution in the rifled barrel . This method does not give an easy or straightforward understanding of whether a twist rate is relatively slow or fast when bores of different diameters are compared . The second method describes the ' rifled travel ' required to complete one full projectile revolution in calibers or bore diameters . T w i s t = L D b o r e ( \ displaystyle ( Twist ) = ( \ frac ( L ) ( D_ ( bore ) ) ) ) where : Twist = twist rate expressed in bore diameters L = the twist length required to complete one full projectile revolution ( in mm or in ) D = bore diameter ( diameter of the lands , in mm or in ) Note that the twist travel L and the bore diameter D must be expressed in a consistent unit of measure , i.e. metric ( mm ) or imperial ( in ) . The third method simply reports the angle of the grooves relative to the bore axis , measured in degrees . Note that the latter two methods have the inherent advantage of expressing twist rate as a ratio and give an easy understanding if a twist rate is relatively slow or fast even when comparing bores of differing diameters . Twist rate and bullet stability ( edit ) In 1879 , George Greenhill , a professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy ( RMA ) at Woolwich , London , UK developed a rule of thumb for calculating the optimal twist rate for lead - core bullets . This shortcut uses the bullet 's length , needing no allowances for weight or nose shape . The eponymous Greenhill Formula , still used today , is : T w i s t = C D 2 L × S G 10.9 ( \ displaystyle Twist = ( \ frac ( CD ^ ( 2 ) ) ( L ) ) \ times ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( SG ) ( 10.9 ) ) ) ) where : C = 150 ( use 180 for muzzle velocities higher than 2,800 f / s ) D = bullet 's diameter in inches L = bullet 's length in inches SG = bullet 's specific gravity ( 10.9 for lead - core bullets , which cancels out the second half of the equation ) The original value of C was 150 , which yields a twist rate in inches per turn , when given the diameter D and the length L of the bullet in inches . This works to velocities of about 840 m / s ( 2800 ft / s ) ; above those velocities , a C of 180 should be used . For instance , with a velocity of 600 m / s ( 2000 ft / s ) , a diameter of 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) and a length of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) , the Greenhill formula would give a value of 25 , which means 1 turn in 25 inches ( 640 mm ) . Improved formulas for determining stability and twist rates include the Miller Twist Rule and the McGyro program developed by Bill Davis and Robert McCoy . A Parrott rifle , used by both Confederate and Union forces in the American Civil War . If an insufficient twist rate is used , the bullet will begin to yaw and then tumble ; this is usually seen as `` keyholing '' , where bullets leave elongated holes in the target as they strike at an angle . Once the bullet starts to yaw , any hope of accuracy is lost , as the bullet will begin to veer off in random directions as it precesses . Conversely , too - high a rate of twist can also cause problems . The excessive twist can cause accelerated barrel wear , and coupled with high velocities also induce a very high spin rate which can cause projectile jacket ruptures causing high velocity spin stabilized projectiles to disintegrate in flight . Projectiles made out of mono metals can not practically achieve flight and spin velocities such that they disintegrate in flight due to their spin rate . Smokeless powder can produce muzzle velocities of approximately 1,600 m / s ( 5,200 ft / s ) for spin stabilized projectiles and more advanced propellants used in smoothbore tank guns can produce muzzle velocities of approximately 1,800 m / s ( 5,900 ft / s ) . A higher twist than needed can also cause more subtle problems with accuracy : Any inconsistency within the bullet , such as a void that causes an unequal distribution of mass , may be magnified by the spin . Undersized bullets also have problems , as they may not enter the rifling exactly concentric and coaxial to the bore , and excess twist will exacerbate the accuracy problems this causes . Bullet spin ( edit ) A bullet fired from a rifled barrel can spin at over 300,000 rpm ( 5 kHz ) , depending on the bullet 's muzzle velocity and the barrel 's twist rate . The general definition of the spin S ( \ displaystyle S ) of an object rotating around a single axis can be written as S = υ C ( \ displaystyle S = ( \ frac ( \ upsilon ) ( C ) ) ) where υ ( \ displaystyle \ upsilon ) is the linear velocity of a point in the rotating object ( in units of distance / time ) and C ( \ displaystyle C ) refers to the circumference of the circle that this measuring point performs around the axis of rotation . A bullet that matches the rifling of the firing barrel will exit that barrel with a spin S = υ 0 L ( \ displaystyle S = ( \ frac ( \ upsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( L ) ) ) where υ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ upsilon _ ( 0 ) ) is the muzzle velocity and L ( \ displaystyle L ) is the twist rate . For example , an M4 Carbine with a twist rate of 1 in 7 inches ( 177.8 mm ) and a muzzle velocity of 3,050 feet per second ( 930 m / s ) will give the bullet a spin of 930 m / s / 0.1778 m = 5.2 kHz ( 314,000 rpm ) . Excessive rotational speed can exceed the bullet 's designed limits and the resulting centrifugal force can cause the bullet to disintegrate radially during flight . See also ( edit ) Rifle Smoothbore Paradox gun Comparison microscope Gun barrel sequence ( James Bond ) Greenhill formula Glossary of firearms terminology Miller twist rate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Randy D. Smith . `` The . 54 Caliber Muzzleloader '' . Chuck Hawks . Jump up ^ `` Products : : Rifle Barrels : : Calibers and Twists '' . Shilen Rifles , Inc . Jump up ^ `` gain twist '' . MidwayUSA GunTec Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Dan Lilja . `` What makes a barrel accurate ? '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ W.S. Curtis . `` Long Range Shooting : A Historical Perspective '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 22 . ; Petzal , David E. , and Bourjaily , Phil , with Fenson , Brad . The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) ( San Francisco : WeldonOwen , 2014 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Product : Model 460XVR TM '' . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Henry ( 1840 ) . Engines of War , Or , Historical and Experimental Observations on Ancient and Modern Warlike Machines and Implements . London : Longman . pp. 108 -- 110 . OCLC 254626119 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Ballistics '' . Hornady . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Holland & Holland . `` Definition of a Paradox Gun '' . Classic Shooting Company . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sam Fadala ( 2006 ) . The Complete Blackpowder Handbook : The Latest Guns and Gear . Gun Digest . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 390 - 1 . Chapter 18 , The Cloth Patch Jump up ^ P.O. Ackley ( 1966 ) . Handbook for Shooters & Reloaders Volume II . Plaza Publishing . pages 97 - 98 Jump up ^ Daniel Lilja . `` Thoughts on Throats for the 50 BMG '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland . Alfred George Greenhill ( October 2003 ) . http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Greenhill.html Jump up ^ Mosdell , Matthew . The Greenhill Formula. http://www.mamut.net/MarkBrooks/newsdet35.htm ( Accessed 2009 AUG 19 ) Jump up ^ Miller , Don . How Good Are Simple Rules For Estimating Rifling Twist , Precision Shooting - June 2009 Jump up ^ R.L. McCoy ( April 1986 ) . `` McGyro '' ( TXT ) . JBM Ballistics ( BASIC ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GS CUSTOM BULLETS - The 22x64 Experiment '' . Jump up ^ `` 120mm Tank Gun KE Ammunition '' . Defense Update. 2006 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Calculating Bullet RPM '' . 3 June 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twist Rate '' . 18 August 2012 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rifling . Article on barrel making from an IHMSA shooter Article on barrel making from Lilja , a maker of world class competition barrels Article on making and measuring rifling by Lilja ; includes pictures of button rifling machine Article on rifle barrel manufacturing process including gundrilling , reaming , rifling , and finishing 6mmBR article on barrels Bore slugging tutorial , explaining now to determine the true bore and groove size and choose appropriate bullet diameters Calculating Bullet RPM -- Spin Rates And Stability Common rifling dimensions of revolver , pistol and rifle ammunition Calculators for stability and twist ( edit ) Bowman - Howell Twist Rate Calculator Miller Formula Calculator Drag / Twist Calculator based on Bob McCoy 's `` McGyro '' algorithm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifling&oldid=852827607 '' Categories : Artillery components Firearm components Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is rifling present in the bore of the barrel | [
"In firearms, rifling is the helical groove pattern that is machined into the internal (bore) surface of a gun's barrel, for the purpose of exerting torque and thus imparting a spin to a projectile around its longitudinal axis during shooting. This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile by conservation of angular momentum, improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy over smoothbore designs.\n"
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"for the purpose of exerting torque and thus imparting a spin to a projectile around its longitudinal axis during shooting"
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2116961814058344530 | African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896) | African - American civil rights movement ( 1865 -- 1896 ) - wikipedia African - American civil rights movement ( 1865 -- 1896 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the movement in the later 19th century . For the movement in the earlier 20th century , see African - American civil rights movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) . For the mid-20th century , see African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) . African - American topics History ( timeline ) ( hide ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Post-Civil War reform movements Civil Rights Movement Origins of the Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Movement Black Power movement Post -- Civil Rights era New Great Migration Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Back - to - Africa movement Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal The United States post -- Civil War anti-racial discrimination reform movements were aimed at eliminating racial discrimination against African Americans , improving educational and employment opportunities , and establishing electoral power . This period between 1865 and 1895 saw tremendous change in the fortunes of the black community following the elimination of slavery in the South . The year 1865 held two important events in the history of African Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment , which eliminated slavery , was ratified ; and Union troops arrived in June in Texas to enforce the Emancipation Proclamation , giving birth to the modern Juneteenth celebrations . Freedmen looked to start new lives as the country recovered from the devastation of the Civil War . Immediately following the Civil War , the federal government began a program known as Reconstruction aimed at rebuilding the states of the former Confederacy . The federal programs also provided aid to the former slaves and attempted to integrate them as citizens into society . During and after this period , blacks made substantial gains in their political power and many were able to move from abject poverty to land ownership . At the same time resentment by many whites toward these gains resulted in unprecedented violence led by the local chapters of the Ku Klux Klan , and later in the 1870s by such paramilitary groups as the Red Shirts and White League . In 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson , a landmark upholding `` separate but equal '' racial segregation as constitutional . It was a devastating setback for civil rights , as the legal , social , and political status of the black population reached a nadir . From 1890 to 1908 , beginning with Mississippi , southern states passed new constitutions and laws disenfranchising most blacks and excluding them from the political system , a status that was maintained in many cases into the 1960s . Much of the early reform movement during this era was spearheaded by the Radical Republicans , a faction of the Republican Party . By the end of the 19th century , with disenfranchisement in progress to exclude blacks from the political system altogether , the so - called lily - white movement also worked to substantially weaken the power of remaining blacks in the party . The most important civil rights leaders of this period were Frederick Douglass ( 1818 -- 1895 ) and Booker T. Washington ( 1856 -- 1915 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reconstruction 2 Kansas exodus 3 Political organization 3.1 Factionalism 3.2 Populism 4 Economic and social conditions 4.1 Urban elements 4.1. 1 Memphis 4.1. 2 Atlanta 4.1. 3 Philadelphia 5 Education 5.1 Secondary and collegiate education 5.2 Funding and philanthropy 6 Religion 6.1 Methodists 6.2 Baptists 6.3 Urban churches 6.4 Religious interpretation of history 7 Deteriorating status 7.1 Jim Crow laws and segregation 7.2 Militant resistance 7.3 Lynching 7.4 Public images 8 Leadership 8.1 Anna J. Cooper 8.2 Frederick Douglass 8.3 Key figures 9 Timeline 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Leadership 12.1. 1 Individual leaders 12.2 Gender 12.3 State and local studies 12.4 Primary sources 13 External links Reconstruction ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by President Abraham Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Of more immediate usefulness than the constitutional amendments , were laws passed by Congress to allow the federal government , through the new Justice Department and through the federal courts to enforce the new civil rights Even if the state governments ignored the problem . These included the Enforcement Acts of 1870 -- 71 and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for more than two years , but that changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless ; he escaped by one vote removal through impeachment . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily suspended many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen together with Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the US Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control by violence and fraud of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . But from 1868 elections in many southern states were increasingly surrounded by violence to suppress black voting . Rifle clubs had thousands of members . In 1874 paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting and disrupt the Republican Party to regain white political power in states across the South . Rable described them as the `` military arm of the Democratic Party . '' Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election between Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden . With a compromise Hayes won the White House , the federal government withdrew its troops from the South , abandoning the freedmen to white conservative Democrats , who regained power in state governments . Kansas Exodus ( edit ) Main article : Exodus of 1879 Following the end of Reconstruction , many blacks feared the Ku Klux Klan , the White League and the Jim Crow laws which continued to make them second - class citizens , . Motivated by important figures such as Benjamin `` Pap '' Singleton , as many as forty thousand Exodusters left the South to settle in Kansas , Oklahoma and Colorado . This was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War . In the 1880s , blacks bought more than 20,000 acres ( 81 km ) of land in Kansas , and several of the settlements made during this time ( e.g. Nicodemus , Kansas , which was founded in 1877 ) still exist today . Many blacks left the South with the belief that they were receiving free passage to Kansas , only to be stranded in St. Louis , Missouri . Black churches in St. Louis , together with Eastern philanthropists , formed the Colored Relief Board and the Kansas Freedmen 's Aid Society to help those stranded in St. Louis to reach Kansas . One particular group was the Kansas Fever Exodus , which consisted of six thousand blacks who moved from Mississippi , Louisiana and Texas to Kansas . Many in Louisiana were inspired to leave the state when the 1879 Louisiana Constitutional Convention decided that voting rights were a matter for the state , not federal , government , thereby clearing the way for the disenfranchisement of Louisiana 's black population . The exodus was not universally praised by African Americans ; indeed , Frederick Douglass was a critic . Douglass felt that the movement was ill - timed and poorly organized . Political organization ( edit ) Further information : Negro Republican Party First Colored Senator and Representatives : Sen. Hiram Revels ( R - MS ) , Rep. Benjamin Turner ( R - AL ) , Robert DeLarge ( R - SC ) , Josiah Walls ( R - FL ) , Jefferson Long ( R - GA ) , Joseph Rainey and Robert B. Elliott ( R - SC ) , 1872 Black men across the South obtained the right to vote in 1867 , and joined the Republican Party . The typical organization was through the Union League , a secret society organized locally but promoted by the national Republican Party . Eric Foner reports : By the end of 1867 it seemed that virtually every black voter in the South had enrolled in the Union League , the Loyal League , or some equivalent local political organization . Meetings were generally held in a black church or school . The Union Leagues promoted militia - like organizations in which the blacks banded together to protect themselves from being picked off one - by - one by harassers . Members were not allowed to vote the Democratic ticket . The Union Leagues and similar groups came under violent assault from the KKK after 1869 , and largely collapsed . Later efforts to revive the Union League failed . Black ministers provided much of the black political leadership , together with newcomers who had been free blacks in the North before the Civil War . Many cities had black newspapers that explained the issues and rallied the community . Factionalism ( edit ) Further information : Lily - white movement and Black - and - tan faction In state after state across the South , a polarization emerged inside the Republican Party , with the blacks and their carpetbagger allies forming the Black - and - tan faction , which faced the all - white `` lily - white '' faction of local white scalawag Republicans . ( The terms for the factions became common after 1888 , a decade after the end of Reconstruction . ) The blacks comprised the majority of Republican voters , but got a small slice of the patronage . They demanded more . Hahn explains the steps they took : Black assertiveness ... looked toward local political power and independence and began to construct a new political identity . Black laborers called white party leaders to account . They moved to control the county and district party machinery . They rejected white office - seekers and substituted black ones . They nominated all - black electoral slates . The black - and - tan element usually won the factional battle , but as scalawags lost intra-party battles , many started voting for the conservative or Democratic tickets . The Republican Party became `` blacker and blacker over time '' , as it lost white voters . The most dramatic episode was the Brooks -- Baxter War in Arkansas in 1874 . Michael Les Benedict says , `` Every modern history of Reconstruction stresses its ( factionalism ) contribution to the collapse of southern Republicanism . '' In terms of racial issues , Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins argues : White Republicans as well as Democrats solicited black votes but reluctantly rewarded blacks with nominations for office only when necessary , even then reserving the more choice positions for whites . The results were predictable : these half - a-loaf gestures satisfied neither black nor white Republicans . The fatal weakness of the Republican Party in Alabama , as elsewhere in the South , was its inability to create a biracial political party . And while in power even briefly , they failed to protect their members from Democratic terror . Alabama Republicans were forever on the defensive , verbally and physically . Populism ( edit ) See also : People 's Party ( United States ) and History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) § Populism In 1894 a wave of agrarian unrest swept through the cotton and tobacco regions of the South . The most dramatic impact came in North Carolina , where the poor white farmers who comprised the Populist party formed a working coalition with the Republican Party , then largely controlled by blacks in the low country , and poor whites in the mountain districts . They took control of the state legislature in both 1894 and 1896 , and the governorship in 1896 . The state legislature lowered property requirements , expanding the franchise for the white majority in the state as well as for blacks . In 1895 the Legislature rewarded its black allies with patronage , naming 300 black magistrates in eastern districts , as well as deputy sheriffs and city policemen . They also received some federal patronage from the coalition congressman , and state patronage from the governor . Determined to regain power , white Democrats mounted a campaign based on white supremacy and fears about miscegenation . The white supremacy election campaign of 1898 was successful , and Democrats regained control of the state legislature . But Wilmington , the largest city and one with a black majority , elected a biracial Fusionist government , with a white mayor and two - thirds of the city council being whites . Democrats had already planned to overthrow the government if they lost the election here and proceeded with the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 . The Democrats ran blacks and Fusionist officials out of town , attacking the only black newspaper in the state ; white mobs attacked black areas of the city , killing and injuring many , and destroying homes and businesses built up since the war . An estimated 2100 blacks left the city permanently , leaving it a white - majority city . There were no further insurgencies in any Southern states that had a successful black - Populist coalition at the state level . In 1899 the white Democratic - dominated North Carolina legislature passed a suffrage amendment disenfranchising most blacks . They would largely not recover the power to vote until after passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 Economic and social conditions ( edit ) The great majority of blacks in this period were farmers . Among them were four main groups , three of which worked for white landowners : tenant farmers , sharecroppers , and agricultural laborers . The fourth group were the blacks who owned their own farms , and were to some degree independent of white economic control . Urban elements ( edit ) The South had relatively few cities of any size in 1860 , But during the war , and afterward , refugees both black and white flooded in from rural areas . The growing black population produced a leadership class of ministers , professionals , and businessmen . These leaders typically made civil rights a high priority . Of course , great majority of blacks in urban America were unskilled or low skilled blue - collar workers . Historian August Meier reports : From the late 1880 's there was a remarkable development of Negro business -- banks and insurance companies , undertakers and retail stores ... It occurred at a time when Negro barbers , tailors caterers , trainmen , blacksmiths , and other artisans were losing their white customers . Depending upon the Negro market , the promoters of the new enterprises naturally upheld the spirit of racial self - help and solidarity . Memphis ( edit ) Further information : Memphis riots of 1866 and History of Memphis , Tennessee Blacks in Memphis under attack , Harper 's Weekly , 26 May 1866 During the war thousands of slaves escaped from rural plantations to Union lines , and the Army established a contraband camp next to Memphis , Tennessee . By 1865 there were 20,000 blacks in the city , a sevenfold increase from the 3,000 before the war . The presence of black Union soldiers was resented by Irish Catholics in the city , who competed with blacks for unskilled labor jobs . In 1866 there was a major riot with whites attacking blacks . Forty - five blacks were killed , and nearly twice as many wounded ; much of their makeshift housing was destroyed . By 1870 , the black population was 15,000 in a city total of 40,226 . Robert Reed Church ( 1839 -- 1912 ) , a freedman , was the South 's first black millionaire . He made his wealth from speculation in city real estate , much of it after Memphis became depopulated after the yellow fever epidemics . He founded the city 's first black - owned bank , Solvent Savings Bank , ensuring that the black community could get loans to establish businesses . He was deeply involved in local and national Republican politics and directed patronage to the black community . His son became a major politician in Memphis . He was a leader of black society and a benefactor in numerous causes . Because of the drop in city population , blacks gained other opportunities . They were hired to the police force as patrolmen and retained positions in it until 1895 , when imposed segregation forced them out . Atlanta ( edit ) Atlanta , Georgia had been devastated in the war , but as a major railroad center it rebuilt rapidly afterwards , attracting many rural migrants . From 1860 to 1870 Fulton County ( Of which Atlanta was the county seat ) more than doubled in population , from 14,000 to 33,000 . In a pattern seen across the South , many freedmen moved from plantations to towns or cities for work and to gather in communities of their own . Fulton County went from 20.5 % black in 1860 to 45.7 % black in 1870 . Atlanta quickly became a leading national center of black education . The faculty and students provided a supportive environment for civil rights discussions and activism . Atlanta University was established in 1865 . The forerunner of Morehouse College opened in 1867 , Clark University opened in 1869 . What is now Spelman College opened in 1881 , and Morris Brown College in 1885 . This would be one of several factors aiding the establishment of one of the nation 's oldest and best - established African American elite in Atlanta . Philadelphia ( edit ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania was one of the largest cities north of the Mason -- Dixon line , and attracted many free blacks before the Civil War . They generally lived in the Southwark and Moyamensing neighborhoods . By the 1890s , the neighborhoods had a negative reputation in terms of crime , poverty , and mortality . W.E.B. Du Bois , in his pioneering sociological study The Philadelphia Negro ( 1899 ) , undermined the stereotypes with experimental evidence . He shaped his approach to segregation and its negative impact on black lives and reputations . The results led Du Bois to realize that racial integration was the key to democratic equality in American cities . Education ( edit ) Further information : Black school The African - American community engaged in a long - term struggle for quality public schools . Historian Hilary Green says it `` was not merely a fight for access to literacy and education , but one for freedom , citizenship , and a new postwar social order . '' The black community and its white supporters in the North emphasized the critical role of education is the foundation for establishing equality in civil rights . Anti-literacy laws for both free and enslaved black people had been in force in many southern states since the 1830s , The widespread illiteracy made it urgent that high on the African - American agenda was creating new schooling opportunities , including both private schools and public schools for black children funded by state taxes . The states did pass suitable laws during Reconstruction , but the implementation was weak in most rural areas , and with uneven results in urban areas . After Reconstruction ended the tax money was limited , but local blacks and national religious groups and philanthropists helped out . Integrated public schools meant local white teachers in charge , and they were not trusted . The black leadership generally supported segregated all - black schools . The black community wanted black principals and teachers , or ( in private schools ) highly supportive whites sponsored by northern churches . Public schools were segregated throughout the South during Reconstruction and afterward into the 1950s . New Orleans was a partial exception : its schools were usually integrated during Reconstruction . In the era of Reconstruction , the Freedmen 's Bureau opened 1000 schools across the South for black children using federal funds . Enrollments were high and enthusiastic . Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks and by the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 Freedmen were enrolled as students in public schools . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north . By the end of Reconstruction , however , state funding for black schools was minimal , and facilities were quite poor . Many Freedman Bureau teachers were well - educated Yankee women motivated by religion and abolitionism . Half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks , and one - sixth were northern whites . Black men slightly outnumbered black women . The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners , who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation . As a group , only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality ; they were the ones most likely to remain teachers . Secondary and collegiate education ( edit ) Almost all colleges in the South were strictly segregated ; a handful of northern colleges accepted black students . Private schools were established across the South by churches , and especially by northern denominations , to provide education after elementary schooling . They focused on secondary level ( high school ) work and provided a small amount of collegiate work . Tuition was minimal , so national and local churches often supported the colleges financially , and also subsidized some teachers . The largest dedicated organization was the American Missionary Association , chiefly sponsored by the Congregational churches of New England . In 1900 Northern churches or organizations they sponsored operated 247 schools for blacks across the South , with a budget of about $1 million . They employed 1600 teachers and taught 46,000 students . At the collegiate level the most prominent private schools were Fisk University in Nashville , Atlanta University , and Hampton Institute in Virginia . A handful were founded in northern states . Howard University was a federal school based in Washington . In 1890 , Congress expanded the land - grant plan to include federal support for state - sponsored colleges across the South . It required southern states with segregated systems to establish black colleges as land - grant institutions so that all students would have an opportunity to study at such places . Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was of national importance because it set the standards for industrial education . Of even greater influence was Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers , founded in 1881 by the state of Alabama and led by Hampton alumnus Booker T. Washington until his death in 1915 . Elsewhere , in 1900 there were few black students enrolled in college - level work . Only 22 blacks graduated from college before the Civil War . Oberlin College in Ohio was a pioneer ; it graduated its first black student in 1844 . The number of black graduates rose rapidly : 44 graduated in the 1860s ; 313 in the 1870s ; 738 in the 1880s ; 1126 in the 1890s ; and 1613 in the decade 1900 -- 1909 . They became professionals ; 54 % became teachers ; 20 % became clergyman ; others were physicians , lawyers or editors . They averaged about $15,000 in wealth . Many provided intellectual and organizational support for civic projects , especially civil rights activities at the local level . While the colleges and academies were generally coeducational , historians until recently largely ignored the role of women as students and teachers . Funding and philanthropy ( edit ) Funding for education for blacks in the South came from multiple sources . From 1860 to 1910 , religious denominations and philanthropies contributed about $55 million . Blacks themselves through their churches , contributed over $22 million . The southern states spent about $170 million in tax dollars on black schools , and about six times that amount for white schools . Much philanthropy from rich Northerners focused on the education of blacks in the South . By far the largest early funding came from the Peabody Education Fund . The money was donated by George Peabody , originally of Massachusetts , who made a fortune in finance in Baltimore and London . He gave $3.5 million to `` encourage the intellectual , moral , and industrial education of the destitute children of the Southern States . '' The John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen was created in 1882 with $1.5 million for `` Uplifting the legally emancipated population of the Southern states and their posterity . '' After 1900 , even larger sums came from Rockefeller 's General Education Board , from Andrew Carnegie and from the Rosenwald Foundation . By 1900 , the black population in the United States had reached 8.8 million ; it was based overwhelmingly in the rural South . The school - age population was 3 million ; half of them were in attendance . They were taught by 28,600 teachers , the vast majority of whom were black . Schooling ( for both whites and blacks ) was geared to teaching the three R 's to younger children . There were only 86 high schools for blacks in the entire South , plus 6 in the North . These 92 schools had 161 male teachers , and 111 female teachers ; they taught 5200 students in the high school grades . In 1900 there were only 646 blacks who graduated from high school . Religion ( edit ) Black churches played a powerful role in the African - American civil rights movement . They were the core community group around which black Republicans organize their partisanship . The great majority of the black Baptist and Methodist churches rapidly became independent of the primarily white national or regional denominations after 1865 . Black Baptist congregations set up their own associations and conventions . Their ministers became leading political spokesman for their congregations . Black women found their own space and church - sponsored organizations , ranging from choirs to missionary projects , to church schools and Sunday schools . In San Francisco there were three black churches in the early 1860s . They all sought to represent the interests of the black community , provided spiritual leadership and rituals , organized help for the needy , and fought against attempts to deny blacks their civil rights . The San Francisco black churches had decisive support from the local Republican Party . In the 1850s , the Democrats controlled the state and enacted anti-black legislation . Even though black slavery had never existed in California , the laws were harsh . The Republican Party came to power in the early 1860s , and rejected exclusion and legislative racism . Republican leaders joined black activists to win the legal rights , especially in terms of the right to vote , the right to attend public schools , equal treatment in public transportation , and equal access to the court system . Black Americans , once freed from slavery , were very active in forming their own churches , most of them Baptist or Methodist , and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles . In a process of self - segregation , practically all blacks left white churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained ( apart from some Catholic churches in Louisiana ) . Four main organizations competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen . They were the African Methodist Episcopal Church , founded in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church , founded in New York City ; the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church ( which was sponsored by the white Methodist Episcopal Church , South ) , and the well - funded Methodist Episcopal Church ( Northern white Methodists ) . By 1871 the Northern Methodists had 88,000 black members in the South , and had opened numerous schools for them . The blacks during Reconstruction Era were politically the core element of the Republican Party , and the ministers played a powerful political role . Their ministers could be more outspoken since they did not primarily depend on white support , in contrast to teachers , politicians , businessmen , and tenant farmers . Acting on the principle expounded by Charles H. Pearce , an AME minister in Florida : `` A man in this State can not do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people , '' over 100 black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction . Several served in Congress and one , Hiram Revels , in the U.S. Senate . Methodists ( edit ) Bishop Henry McNeal Turner , AME leader in Georgia . The most well organized and active of the black churches was the African Methodist Episcopal church ( AME ) . In Georgia , AME Bishop Henry McNeal Turner ( 1834 -- 1915 ) became a leading spokesman for justice and equality . He served as a pastor , writer , newspaper editor , debater , politician , the chaplain of the Army , and a key leader of emerging black Methodist organization in Georgia and the Southeast . In 1863 during the Civil War , Turner was appointed as the first black chaplain in the United States Colored Troops . Afterward , he was appointed to the Freedmen 's Bureau in Georgia . He settled in Macon , Georgia , and was elected to the state legislature in 1868 during Reconstruction . He planted many AME churches in Georgia . In 1880 he was elected as the first southern bishop of the AME Church after a fierce battle within the denomination . He fought Jim Crow laws . Turner was the leader of black nationalism and promoted emigration of blacks to Africa . He believed in separation of the races . He started a back - to - Africa movement in support of the black American colony in Liberia . Turner built black pride by proclaiming `` God is a Negro . '' There was a second all - black Methodist Church , the smaller African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ( AMEZ ) . AMEZ remained smaller than AME because some of its ministers lacked the authority to perform marriages , and many of its ministers avoided political roles . Its finances were weak , and in general its leadership was not as strong as AME . However it was the leader among all Protestant denominations in ordaining women and giving them powerful roles . One influential leader was bishop James Walker Hood ( 1831 -- 1918 ) of North Carolina . He not only created and fostered his network of AMEZ churches in North Carolina , but he also was the grand master for the entire South of the Prince Hall Masonic Lodge , a secular organization that strengthen the political and economic forces inside the black community . In addition to all - black churches , many black Methodists were associated with the Northern Methodist Church . Others were associated with the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church CME ; CME was an organ of the white Southern Methodist Church . In general , the most politically active black ministers affiliated with AME . Baptists ( edit ) Black Baptists broke from the white churches and formed independent operations across the South , rapidly forming state and regional associations . Unlike the Methodists , who had a hierarchical structure led by bishops , the Baptist churches were largely independent of each other , although they pooled resources for missionary activities , especially missions in Africa . The Baptist women worked hard to carve out a partially independent sphere inside the denomination . Urban churches ( edit ) The great majority of blacks lived in rural areas where services were held in small makeshift buildings . In the cities black churches were more visible . Besides their regular religious services , the urban churches had numerous other activities , such as scheduled prayer meetings , missionary societies , women 's clubs , youth groups , public lectures , and musical concerts . Regularly scheduled revivals operated over a period of weeks reaching large , appreciative and noisy crowds . Charitable activities abounded concerning the care of the sick and needy . The larger churches had a systematic education program , besides the Sunday schools , and Bible study groups . They held literacy classes to enable older members to read the Bible . Private black colleges , such as Fisk in Nashville , often began in the basement of the churches . Church supported the struggling small business community . Most important was the political role . Churches hosted protest meetings , rallies , and Republican party conventions . Prominent laymen and ministers negotiated political deals , and often ran for office until disfranchisement took effect in the 1890s . In the 1880s , the prohibition of liquor was a major political concern that allowed for collaboration with like - minded white Protestants . In every case , the pastor was the dominant decision - maker . His salary ranged from $400 a year to upwards of $1500 , plus housing -- at a time when 50 cents a day was good pay for unskilled physical labor . Increasingly the Methodists reached out to college or seminary graduates for their ministers , but most Baptists felt that education was a negative factor that undercut the intense religiosity and oratorical skills they demanded of their ministers . After 1910 , as blacks migrated to major cities in both the North and the South , there emerged the pattern of a few very large churches with thousands of members and a paid staff , headed by an influential preacher . At the same time there were many `` storefront '' churches with a few dozen members . Religious interpretation of History ( edit ) Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Deteriorating status ( edit ) Further information : Nadir of American race relations After 1880 legal conditions worsened for blacks , and they were almost powerless to resist . The Northern allies in the Republican Party made an effort in 1890 to stop the deteriorating legal conditions by congressional legislation , but failed . Every southern state passed codes requiring segregation in most public places . These persisted until 1964 , when they were repealed by Congress . They are known as Jim Crow laws . The Southern states In the 1890 -- 1905 period systematically reduced the number of blacks allowed to vote to about 2 % through restrictions that skirted the 15th amendment , because they did not explicitly mention race . These restrictions included literacy requirements , voter - registration laws , and poll taxes . The U.S. Supreme Court in 1896 ruled in favor of Jim Crow in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson , declaring that `` separate but equal '' facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th Amendment . Jim Crow laws and segregation ( edit ) Main article : Jim Crow laws Typically in the Black Codes across the seven states of the lower South in 1866 intermarriage was illegal . The new Republican legislatures in six states repealed the restrictive laws . After the Democrats returned to power , the restriction was reimposed . Not until 1967 did the United States Supreme Court , in Loving v. Virginia rule that all provisions like it in 16 states were unconstitutional . A major concern in the 1860s was how to draw the line between black and white in a society in which white men and black slave women had fathered numerous children . On the one hand , a person 's reputation , as black or white , was usually decisive . On the other hand , most laws used a `` one drop of blood '' criteria to the effect that one black ancestor legally put a person in the Black category . Legal segregation was imposed only in schooling , and marriage , but that changed in 1880s when new Jim Crow laws mandated the physical separation of the races in public places . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the successes of the civil rights movement in 1964 -- 65 Political activities on behalf of equality often centered around transportation issues , such as segregation on streetcars and railroads . Beginning in the 1850s , lawsuits were filed against segregated streetcars and railroads in both the North and South . Some notable plaintiffs included Elizabeth Jennings Graham in New York , Charlotte L. Brown and Mary Ellen Pleasant in San Francisco , Ida B. Wells in Memphis , Tennessee and Robert Fox in Louisville , Kentucky . Militant resistance ( edit ) Further information : Ku Klux Klan , White League , and Red Shirts ( Southern United States ) Lynching ( edit ) Main article : Lynching in the United States Lynch mob attacks on blacks , especially in the South , rose at the end of the 19th century . The perpetrators were rarely or never arrested or convicted . Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States , mostly from 1882 to 1901 . The peak year was 1892 . The frequency of lynchings and the episodes that sparked them varied from state to state as functions of local race relations . Lynching was higher in the context of worsening economic conditions for poor rural whites in heavily black counties , especially the low price of cotton in the 1890s . Ida B. Wells ( 1862 -- 1931 ) used her newspaper in Memphis Tennessee to attack lynchings ; fearful for her life , she fled to the more peaceful precincts of Chicago in 1892 where she continued her one - person crusade . Nationally organized opposition to lynching began with the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) in 1909 . There were 82 lynchings in 1909 , and 10 in 1929 . Public images ( edit ) In the mainstream national and local media of the late 19th century , `` Blacks were persistently stereotyped as criminals , savages , or comic figures . They were superstitious , lazy , violent , immoral , the butt of humor , and the source of danger to civilized life . '' Booker T. Washington , the young college president from Alabama , became famous for his articulate challenges to the extremely negative stereotypes . According to his biographer Robert J. Norrell , Washington : challenged the ideological positions of white Southerners on several fronts . His emphasis on black progress countered the white supremacists insistence on black degeneracy and criminality . His declaration of affection and loyalty to white Southerners defied the white nationalists believe that all blacks were ethnic enemies . The same time , Washington demonstrated to white Northerners that he and his fellow blacks were loyal , patriotic Americans , the rightful and deserving inheritors of Lincoln 's interpretation of democratic values ... African - Americans accepted the inherently competitive nature of American society and wanted only a fair chance to prove themselves . Leadership ( edit ) Much of the black political leadership in this area came from the ministry , and from Union Civil War veterans . The white political leadership featured veterans and lawyers . Ambitious young black men had a difficult time becoming lawyers , with few exceptions such as James T. Rapier , Aaron Alpeoria Bradley and John Mercer Langston . The upper class among the black population was largely mulatto and had been free before the war . During Reconstruction , 19 of the 22 black members of Congress were mulattoes . These wealthier , mixed - race blacks represented the majority of the leaders in the civil rights movement of the 20th century as well . Hahn reports that the mulatto element held disproportionate power in the black political community in South Carolina and Louisiana . Many of the leaders , however , were also dark - skinned and former slaves . Anna J. Cooper ( edit ) In 1892 Anna J. Cooper ( 1858 -- 1964 ) published A Voice from the South : By A Woman from the South . It led to many speeches where she called for civil rights and woman 's rights . A Voice from the South was one of the first articulations of Black feminism . The book advanced a vision of self - determination through education and social uplift for African - American women . Its central thesis was that the educational , moral , and spiritual progress of black women would improve the general standing of the entire African - American community . She says that the violent natures of men often run counter to the goals of higher education , so it is important to foster more female intellectuals because they will bring more elegance to education . This view was criticized by some as submissive to the 19th - century cult of true womanhood , but others label it as one of the most important arguments for black feminism in the 19th century . Cooper advanced the view that it was the duty of educated and successful black women to support their underprivileged peers in achieving their goals . The essays in A Voice from the South also touched on a variety of topics , from racism and the socioeconomic realities of black families to the administration of the Episcopal Church . Frederick Douglass , ( 1818 -- 1895 ) Frederick Douglass ( edit ) Frederick Douglass ( 1818 -- 1895 ) , an escaped slave , was a tireless abolitionist before the war . He was an author , publisher , lecturer and diplomat afterward . His biographer argues : The most influential African American of the nineteenth century , Douglass made a career of agitating the American conscience . He spoke and wrote on behalf of a variety of reform causes : women 's rights , temperance , peace , land reform , free public education , and the abolition of capital punishment . But he devoted the bulk of his time , immense talent , and boundless energy to ending slavery and gaining equal rights for African Americans . These were the central concerns of his long reform career . Douglass understood that the struggle for emancipation and equality demanded forceful , persistent , and unyielding agitation . And he recognized that African Americans must play a conspicuous role in that struggle . Less than a month before his death , when a young black man solicited his advice to an African American just starting out in the world , Douglass replied without hesitation : `` Agitate ! Agitate ! Agitate ! Key figures ( edit ) Norris Wright Cuney ( 1846 -- 1898 ) , Galveston , Texas union organizer and chairman of the Republican Party of Texas . Timothy Thomas Fortune ( 1856 -- 1928 ) , journalist , publisher , and founder of the National Afro - American League John Mercer Langston ( 1829 -- 1897 ) , Virginia attorney , U.S. House representative , and president of Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute ( now Virginia State University ) . Isaac Myers ( 1835 -- 1891 ) , trade unionist , founder of Colored National Labor Union Robert Smalls ( 1839 -- 1915 ) , Civil War Union hero , U.S. House representative from South Carolina and founder of the Republican Party of South Carolina . Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin ( 1842 -- 1924 ) editor , organizer , suffragist and founder of the Woman 's Era , the first newspaper by and for African - American women Sojourner Truth ( 1797 -- 1883 ) , speaker and activist Booker T. Washington ( 1856 -- 1915 ) , educator , author , and first head of the Tuskeegee Institute . Ida B. Wells ( 1862 -- 1931 ) , journalist , newspaper editor , and activist Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the American civil rights movement 1863 - Emancipation Proclamation frees three of the 4 million slaves , 1863 -- 65 . 1863 - The first black to become a college president is Daniel Payne , at Wilberforce University in Ohio , When it comes under the control of the African Methodist Episcopal Church . 1865 - Congress establishes the Freedman 's Bureau . 1865 - The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolishes slavery in the handful of remaining Border states . 1865 - Shaw Institute was founded in Raleigh , NC , as the first historically black college ( HBCU ) in the South . 1865 - Every southern state passed Black Codes that restricted the Freedmen , who were emancipated but not yet full citizens ; the Freedman 's Bureau blocks enforcement of these laws . 1865 -- Atlanta University is founded by the American Missionary Association . 1866 - Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed establishing that all persons born in the United States are now citizens . 1866 - The first chapter of the Ku Klux Klan is formed in Pulaski , Tennessee , a paramilitary insurgent group , made up of white Confederate veterans , to enforce white supremacy . 1866 - The U.S. Army regiment of Buffalo Soldiers ( African Americans ) formed . 1866 - Lincoln Institute , later renamed Lincoln University , is founded by returning black Union soldiers . 1867 - Howard University founded in Washington , D.C. Funded by the federal government . 1868 - The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; guarantees citizenship and requires that state governments provide due process and equal protection . 1870 - The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prevents the restriction of the vote based on race , color or previous condition of servitude . 1870 - Hiram Rhodes Revels becomes the first black member of the Senate ; Joseph Rainey becomes the first black member of the U.S. House of Representatives . 1871 - US Civil Rights Act of 1871 passed , also known as the Klan Act . 1872 - P.B.S. Pinchback is sworn in as the first black Governor of a state of the United States of America . 1873 - In the Slaughterhouse Cases the Supreme Court votes excludes state laws from being subject to the 14th amendment . 1873 - The Colfax and Coushatta Massacres - Murders of black and white Republicans in Louisiana . 1874 - Founding of paramilitary groups that acted as the `` military arm of the Democratic Party '' : the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi , and North and South Carolina . They terrorized blacks and Republicans , turning them out of office , killing some , disrupting rallies , and suppressing voting . 1875 - Civil Rights Act of 1875 Becomes law . 1876 - The Hamburg Massacre occurs when local people riot against African Americans who were trying to celebrate the Fourth of July . 1877 - With the Compromise of 1877 , federal troops are withdrawn from the South ending Reconstruction . 1879 - Exodus of 1879 , where thousands of African Americans migrated to Kansas . 1880 - In Strauder v. West Virginia , the Supreme Court rules that blacks could not be excluded from juries . 1880s - Segregation of public transportation . Tennessee segregated railroad cars , followed by Florida ( 1887 ) , Mississippi ( 1888 ) , Texas ( 1889 ) , Louisiana ( 1890 ) , Alabama , Kentucky , Arkansas , and Georgia ( 1891 ) , South Carolina ( 1898 ) , North Carolina ( 1899 ) , Virginia ( 1900 ) , Maryland ( 1904 ) , and Oklahoma ( 1907 ) . 1881 - Booker T. Washington opens the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute ( HBCU ) in Tuskegee , Alabama . 1883 - The United States Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 as unconstitutional . The Court declared that the Fourteenth Amendment forbids states , but not citizens , from discriminating . 1885 - A biracial populist coalition achieved power in Virginia ( briefly ) . 1885 - African - American Samuel David Ferguson was ordained a bishop of the Episcopal church . 1886 - Norris Wright Cuney , becomes the chairman of the Texas Republican Party , the most powerful role held by any African American in the South during the 19th century . 1890 - Mississippi passes a new constitution that effectively disfranchised most blacks ( poll taxes , residency and literacy tests ) . 1892 - Ida B. Wells publishes her pamphlet Southern Horrors : Lynch Law in All Its Phases . 1893 - Ida B. Wells , Frederick Douglass , Irvine Garland Penn , and Ferdinand Lee Barnett publish The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not At the World 's Columbian Exposition and protest black exclusion from the Chicago World 's Fair . 1895 - Booker T. Washington delivered his Atlanta Compromise address at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta , Georgia . 1895 - W.E.B. Du Bois is the first African American to be awarded a Ph. D. by Harvard University . 1896 - Wright Cuney is unseated as the chairman of the Texas Republican Party . 1896 - In Plessy v. Ferguson , the Supreme Court upheld racial segregation of `` separate but equal '' public facilities . See also ( edit ) African American portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of civil rights in the United States . African - American civil rights movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) in popular culture African - American culture 19th - century African - American civil rights activists Black school Nadir of American race relations African - American history Timeline of the African - American civil rights movement Timeline of racial tension in Omaha , Nebraska References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 - 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents Jump up ^ Robert J. Kaczorowski , `` To Begin the Nation Anew : Congress , Citizenship , and Civil Rights after the Civil War . '' American Historical Review 92.1 ( 1987 ) : 45 - 68 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stephen Cresswell , `` Enforcing the Enforcement Acts : The Department of Justice in Northern Mississippi , 1870 -- 1890 . '' Journal of Southern History 53 # 3 ( 1987 ) : 421 - 440 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 - 54 ^ Jump up to : Gates , Henry Louis ( 1999 ) . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . Basic Civitas Books . p. 722 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Benjamin `` Pap '' Singleton , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel Milo ( 1981 ) . Black Migration in America : A Social Demographic History . Duke University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0449 - X . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell Irvin ( 1992 ) . Exodusters : Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00951 - 3 . Jump up ^ Romero , Patricia W. ( 1968 ) . I Too Am America : Documents from 1619 to the Present . Publishers Agency . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 87781 - 206 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sernett , Milton C. ( 1997 ) . Bound for the Promised Land : African American Religion and the Great Migration . Duke University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1993 - 4 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , `` Black Reconstruction Leaders at the Grass Roots '' in Leon F. Litwack ; August Meier , eds. ( 1991 ) . Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century . p. 221 . ISBN 9780252062131 . Jump up ^ Steven Hahn , A Nation under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South , from Slavery to the Great Migration ( 2003 ) pp 174 - 84 . Jump up ^ Michael W. Fitzgerald ( 2000 ) . The Union League Movement in the Deep South : Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction . LSU Press . pp. 2 -- 8 , 235 , 237 . ISBN 9780807126332 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Abbott , For Free Press and Equal Rights : Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) pp 303 - 7 Jump up ^ Paul D. Casdorph , `` Lily - White Movement , '' Handbook of Texas Online , accessed March 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hahn , A Nation under Our Feet ( 2003 ) p 253 . Jump up ^ Hahn , A Nation under Our Feet ( 2003 ) p 254 . Jump up ^ Michael W. Fitzgerald , `` Republican Factionalism and Black Empowerment : The Spencer - Warner Controversy and Alabama Reconstruction , 1868 -- 1880 . '' Journal of Southern History 64 # 3 ( 1998 ) : 473 - 494 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict ( 2006 ) . Preserving the Constitution : Essays on Politics and the Constitution in the Reconstruction Era . p. 247 . ISBN 9780823225538 . Jump up ^ Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins ( 1977 ) . The Scalawag In Alabama Politics , 1865 - 1881 . p. 134 . ISBN 9780817305574 . Jump up ^ Helen G. Edmonds , The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina , 1894 -- 1901 ( 1951 ) . pp 97 - 136 Jump up ^ Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum , `` ' The Vampire That Hovers Over North Carolina ' : Gender , White Supremacy , and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 , '' Southern Cultures 4 # 3 ( 1998 ) pp. 6 - 30 online Jump up ^ Edward Royce , The Origins of Southern Sharecropping ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ James R. Irwin and Anthony Patrick O'Brien . `` Where Have All the Sharecroppers Gone ? : Black Occupations in Postbellum Mississippi . '' Agricultural History 72 # 2 ( 1998 ) : 280 - 297 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ralph Shlomowitz , `` ' Bound ' or ' Free ' ? Black Labor in Cotton and Sugarcane Farming , 1865 -- 1880 . '' Journal of Southern History 50.4 ( 1984 ) : 569 - 596 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sharon Ann Holt , `` Making freedom pay : Freedpeople working for themselves , North Carolina , 1865 -- 1900 . '' Journal of Southern History 60 # 2 ( 1994 ) : 229 - 262 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution ( 1988 ) pp 396 - 98 . Jump up ^ Howard N. Rabinowitz , Race Relations in the Urban South , 1865 -- 1890 ( 1978 ) pp 61 - 96 , 240 - 48 . Jump up ^ James Illingworth , Crescent City Radicals : Black Working People and the Civil War Era in New Orleans . ( PhD dissertation , University of California Santa Cruz , 2015 ) online . Jump up ^ August Meier ( 1963 ) . Negro Thought in America , 1880 - 1915 : Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington . p. 139 . ISBN 0472061186 . Jump up ^ for detailed national report on the numbers of black businessmen and their finances in 1890 , see Andrew F. Hilyer , `` The Colored American in Business , '' pp 13 - 22 in National Negro Business League ( U.S. ) ( 1901 ) . Proceedings of the National Negro Business League : Its First Meeting Held in Boston , Massachusetts , August 23 and 24 , 1900 ... ^ Jump up to : James G. Ryan , `` The Memphis Riots of 1866 : Terror in a Black Community during Reconstruction '' , Journal of Negro History ( 1977 ) 62 # 3 : 243 - 257 , at JSTOR . Jump up ^ Art Carden and Christopher J. Coyne , `` An Unrighteous Piece of Business : A New Institutional Analysis of the Memphis Riot of 1866 '' , Mercatus Center , George Mason University , July 2010 , accessed 1 February 2014 Jump up ^ Rachel Kranz ( 2004 ) . African - American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 9781438107790 . Jump up ^ Christopher Caplinger , `` Yellow Fever Epidemics '' , Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) University of West Virginia , Historical Census Browser , 1860 census Jump up ^ Roger Lane , William Dorsey 's Philadelphia and Ours : On the Past and Future of the Black City in America ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Martin Bulmer , `` W.E.B. Du Bois as a Social Investigator : The Philadelphia Negro , 1899 , '' in Martin Bulmer , Kevin Bales , and Kathryn Kish Sklar , eds . The Social Survey in Historical Perspective , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1991 ) pp 170 - 88 . Jump up ^ Hilary Green , Educational Reconstruction : African American Schools in the Urban South , 1865 -- 1890 ( Fordham UP , 2016 ) p 15 Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction pp 96 - 102 , 144 - 46 , 322 Jump up ^ Heather Andrea Williams , Self - Taught : African American Education in Slavery and Freedom ( U of North Carolina Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Betty Jamerson Reed ( 2011 ) . School Segregation in Western North Carolina : A History , 1860s - 1970s . McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 9780786487080 . Jump up ^ Nell Irvin Painter ( 1992 ) . Exodusters : Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 9780393352511 . Jump up ^ Louis R. Harlan , `` Desegregation in New Orleans Public Schools During Reconstruction . '' American Historical Review 67 # 3 ( 1962 ) : 663 - 675 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ Louis R. Harlan , Separate and Unequal : Public School Campaigns and Racism in the Southern Seaboard States , 1901 -- 1915 ( 1958 ) pp 3 - 44 online . Jump up ^ Butchart , Ronald E. ( 2010 ) . Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3420 - 6 . Jump up ^ Krowl , Michelle A. ( September 2011 ) . `` Review of Butchart , Ronald E. , Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 '' . H - SAWH , H - Net Reviews . Jump up ^ F. Erik Brooks , and Glenn L. Starks . Historically Black Colleges and Universities : An Encyclopedia ( Greenwood , 2011 ) pp 11 - 132 describes the 66 colleges opened by 1900 ; most are still active today . ^ Jump up to : Joe M. Richardson , Christian Reconstruction : The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks , 1861 -- 1890 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Annual Report : Hampton Negro Conference . 1901 . p. 59 . Jump up ^ James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) pp 33 - 78 online . Jump up ^ Kassie Freeman ( 1998 ) . African American Culture and Heritage in Higher Education Research and Practice . p. 146 . Jump up ^ Alton Hornsby ( 2011 ) . Black America : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 633 . Jump up ^ W.E. Burghardt Du Bois ; Augustus Granville Dill , eds. ( 1910 ) . The College - bred Negro America . pp. 29 , 45 , 66 -- 70 , 73 , 75 -- 81 , 99 . Jump up ^ Marybeth Gasman , `` Swept under the rug ? A historiography of gender and Black colleges . '' American Educational Research Journal 44 # 4 ( 2007 ) : 760 - 805 . online ^ Jump up to : Negro Year Book : An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro ... 1913 . p. 180 . Jump up ^ `` George Peabody Library History '' . Johns Hopkins University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . After the Civil War he funded the Peabody Education Fund which established public education in the South . Jump up ^ Negro Year Book : An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro ... 1913 . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss , Dangerous donations : Northern philanthropy and southern Black education , 1902 -- 1930 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Annual Report : Hampton Negro Conference . Hampton Institute Press . 1901 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Hahn , A Nation under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South , from Slavery to the Great Migration ( 2003 ) pp 230 -- 34 . Jump up ^ John M. Giggie , After redemption : Jim Crow and the transformation of African American religion in the Delta , 1875 -- 1915 ( 2007 ) . ( DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195304039.001. 0001 online ) Jump up ^ Kenneth Bailey , `` The Post -- Civil War Racial Separations in Southern Protestantism , '' Church History ( 1977 ) 46 # 4 pp 453 - 73 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya , The Black Church in the African American Experience ( Duke University Press , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham , Righteous Discontent : The Women 's Movement in the Black Baptist Church , 1880 -- 1920 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Philip M. Montesano , `` San Francisco Black Churches in the Early 1860 's '' California Historical Quarterly ( 1973 ) 52 # 2 pp 145 - 152 Jump up ^ Robert J. Chandler , `` Friends in Time of Need : Republicans and Black Civil Rights in California during the Civil War Era '' Arizona & the West ( 1982 ) 24 # 4 pp 319 - 340 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Daniel W. Stowell ( 1998 ) . Rebuilding Zion : The Religious Reconstruction of the South , 1863 - 1877 . Oxford UP . pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Clarence Earl Walker , A Rock in a Weary Land : The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ William W. Sweet , `` The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1914 ) 7 # 3 pp. 147 - 165 in JSTOR at p . Jump up ^ Donald Lee Grant ( 1993 ) . The Way It Was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) p 93 Jump up ^ Stephen Ward Angell , Henry McNeal Turner and African - American Religion in the South ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Edwin S. Redkey , `` Bishop Turner 's African Dream . '' Journal of American History 54 # 2 ( 1967 ) : 271 - 290 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Andre E. Johnson , `` God is a Negro : The ( Rhetorical ) Black Theology of Bishop Henry McNeal Turner . '' Black Theology 13.1 ( 2015 ) : 29 - 40 . Jump up ^ Andre E. Johnson , The Forgotten Prophet : Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and the African American Prophetic Tradition ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Canter Brown , Jr. and Larry Eugene Rivers , For a Great and Grand Purpose : The Beginnings of the AMEZ Church in Florida , 1864 -- 1905 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ David G. Hackett , `` The Prince Hall Masons and the African American Church : The Labors of Grand Master and Bishop James Walker Hood , 1831 -- 1918 . '' Church History 69 # 4 ( 2000 ) : 770 - 802 . online Jump up ^ Raymond R. Sommerville , An Ex-colored Church : Social Activism in the CME Church , 1870 -- 1970 ( Mercer University Press , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) pp 282 - 83 Jump up ^ Walter H. Brooks , `` The Evolution of the Negro Baptist Church . '' Journal of Negro History 7 # 1 ( 1922 ) : 11 - 22 . free in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ; Barry Hankins ( 2015 ) . Baptists in America : A History . pp. 149 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Sandy Dwayne Martin , Black Baptists and African Missions : The Origins of a Movement , 1880 -- 1915 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham , Righteous discontent : The women 's movement in the Black Baptist church , 1880 -- 1920 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Shirley Hamilton , `` African American Women Roles In The Baptist Church : Equality Within the National Baptist Convention , USA . '' ( MA Thesis , Wake Forest University , 2009 ) . online ^ Jump up to : Howard N. Rabinowitz , Race Relations in the Urban South : 1865 -- 1890 ( 1978 ) , pp 208 - 213 Jump up ^ Gunnar Myrdal , An American Dilemma ( 1944 ) pp 858 - 78 Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr. , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) pp 52 - 53 Jump up ^ Howard N. Rabinowitz , `` From exclusion to segregation : Southern race relations , 1865 -- 1890 . '' Journal of American History 63 # 2 ( 1976 ) : 325 - 350 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard E. Welch , `` The Federal Elections Bill of 1890 : Postscripts and Prelude . '' Journal of American History 52 # 3 ( 1965 ) : 511 - 526 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jane Elizabeth Dailey , Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore , and Bryant Simon , Jumpin'Jim Crow : Southern politics from civil war to civil rights ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ J. Morgan Kousser , `` Plessy v. Ferguson . '' Dictionary of American History ( 2003 ) 6 : 370 - 371 . online Jump up ^ Peter Wallenstein , `` Reconstruction , Segregation , and Miscegenation : Interracial Marriage and the Law in the Lower South , 1865 -- 1900 . '' American Nineteenth Century History 6 # 1 ( 2005 ) : 57 - 76 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The strange career of Jim Crow ( 1955 ; 3rd ed. 1974 ) online Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Roger A. Fischer , `` A pioneer protest : the New Orleans street - car controversy of 1867 . '' Journal of Negro History 53 # 3 ( 1968 ) : 219 - 233 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 148 , 150 - 153 , 155 - 159 , 162 - 164 . ISBN 019937192X . Jump up ^ Elaine Elinson , San Francisco 's own Rosa Parks , San Francisco Chronicle , January 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ Johnson , Jason B. ( February 10 , 2005 ) . `` A day for ' mother of civil rights ' / Entrepreneur sued to desegregate streetcars in 1860s '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Duster , Alfreda ( 1970 ) . Crusade for Justice . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . pp. xviii . ISBN 0 - 226 - 89344 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Maria , A Place at the Table : Struggles for Equality in America , Oxford University Press , USA , 2001 , p. 36 Jump up ^ see `` Lynchings : By State and Race , 1882 - 1968 '' . University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute . ; also Lynchings by year Jump up ^ W. Fitzhugh Brundage , Lynching in the new South ( 1993 ) pp. 103 - 190 . Jump up ^ Elwood M. Beck and Stewart E. Tolnay . `` The killing fields of the deep south : the market for cotton and the lynching of blacks , 1882 -- 1930 . '' American Sociological Review ( 1990 ) : 526 - 539 . online Jump up ^ Jacqueline Jones Royster , ed. , Southern horrors and other writings : The anti-lynching campaign of Ida B. Wells , 1892 -- 1900 ( 1997 ) , with primary and secondary documents . Jump up ^ Robert L. Zangrando , The NAACP crusade against lynching , 1909 -- 1950 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , `` Introduction , '' to Rayford W. Logan The Betrayal of the Negro , from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson ( 1997 ) . p. xiv online . Foner 's 1997 introduction is paraphrasing the 1965 2nd edition of Logan 's book . Jump up ^ Robert J. Norrel ( 2005 ) . The House I Live In : Race in the American Century . Oxford UP . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Ronald W. Walters and Robert C. Smith , African American Leadership ( 1999 ) p 13 . Jump up ^ Hahn , A nation under our feet ( 2003 ) p 261 . Jump up ^ Howard N. Rabinowitz , Race , Ethnicity , and Urbanization : Selected Essays ( 1994 ) , p. 183 Jump up ^ Washington , Mary Helen ( 1988 ) . A Voice from the South : Introduction . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. xxvii -- liv . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506323 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ritchie , Joy ; Kate Ronald ( 2001 ) . Available Means : An Anthology of Women 's Rhetoric ( s ) . Pittsburgh , PA : University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 163 -- 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5753 - 9 . Jump up ^ Roy E. Finkenbine . `` Douglass , Frederick '' ; American National Biography Online 2000 . Accessed March 16 , 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of the Reconstruction Era Carle , Susan D. Defining the Struggle : National Racial Justice Organizing , 1880 -- 1915 ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) . 404pp . Davis , Hugh . `` We will be satisfied with nothing less '' : the African American struggle for equal rights in the North during Reconstruction. ( 2011 ) . Finkelman , Paul , ed . Encyclopedia of African American History , 1619 - 1895 ( 3 vol. 2006 ) 700 articles by experts Foner , Eric ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution . Harper and Row . Foner , Eric . `` Rights and the Constitution in Black Life during the Civil War and Reconstruction . '' Journal of American History 74.3 ( 1987 ) : 863 - 883 . online Frankel , Noralee . Break Those Chains at Last : African Americans 1860 -- 1880 ( 1996 ) . excerpt ; for high school audience Hahn , Steven . A nation under our feet : Black political struggles in the rural South , from slavery to the great migration ( 2003 ) ; Pulitzer Prize ; excerpt ; online review Jenkins , Jeffery A. , Justin Peck , and Vesla M. Weaver . `` Between Reconstructions : Congressional Action on Civil Rights , 1891 -- 1940 . '' Studies in American Political Development 24 # 1 ( 2010 ) : 57 - 89 . online Logan , Rayford . The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson ( 2nd ed. 1965 ) . Lowery , Charles D. Encyclopedia of African - American civil rights : from emancipation to the present ( Greenwood , 1992 ) . online Strickland , Arvarh E. , and Robert E. Weems , eds . The African American Experience : An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide ( Greenwood , 2001 ) . 442pp ; 17 topical chapters by experts . Swinney , Everette . `` Enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment , 1870 -- 1877 . '' Journal of Southern History 28 # 2 ( 1962 ) : 202 - 218 . in JSTOR . Woodward , C. Vann . Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 ( 1951 ) . Leadership ( edit ) Chesson , Michael B. `` Richmond 's Black Councilman , 1871 -- 96 , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) pp 191 -- 222 . Dray , Philip . Capitol men : the epic story of Reconstruction through the lives of the first Black congressmen ( 2010 ) . Foner , Eric . Freedom 's Lawmakers : A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction ( 1993 ) . Gatewood , Willard B. ( 2000 ) . Aristocrats of color : the Black elite , 1880 - 1920 . University of Arkansas Press . Holt , Thomas . Black over white : Negro political leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction ( 1979 ) . Holt , Thomas C. `` Negro State Legislators in South Carolina during Reconstruction , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) pp 223 -- 49 . Hume , Richard L. `` Negro delegates to the state constitutional conventions of 1867 -- 69 , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) pp 129 -- 54 Hume , Richard L. and Jerry B. Gough . Blacks , Carpetbaggers , and Scalawags : The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction ( LSU Press , 2008 ) ; statistical classification of delegates . Jenkins , Jeffery A. , and Boris Heersink . `` Republican Party Politics and the American South : From Reconstruction to Redemption , 1865 -- 1880 . '' ( 2016 paper t the 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association ) ; online . Meir , August . `` Afterword : New Perspectives on the Nature of Black Political Leadership during Reconstruction . '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) ppe 393 - 406 . Pitre , Merline . Through Many Dangers , Toils , and Snares : The Black Leadership of Texas , 1868 -- 1900 Eakin Press , 1985 . Rabinowitz , Howard N. , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) , 422 pages ; 16 chapters by experts , on leaders and key groups . Rankin , David C. `` The origins of Negro leadership in New Orleans during Reconstruction , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) 155 -- 90 . Smith , Jessie Carney , ed . Encyclopedia of African American Business ( 2 vol . Greenwood 2006 ) . excerpt Vincent , Charles . `` Negro Leadership and Programs in the Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1868 . '' Louisiana History ( 1969 ) : 339 - 351 . in JSTOR Walters , Ronald W. ; Robert C. Smith ( 1999 ) . African American leadership . SUNY Press . Individual Leaders ( edit ) Anderson , Eric . `` James O'Hara of North Carolina : Black Leadership and local government '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) 101 - 128 . Brock , Euline W. `` Thomas W. Cardozo : Fallible Black Reconstruction Leader . '' Journal of Southern History 47.2 ( 1981 ) : 183 - 206 . in JSTOR Grosz , Agnes Smith . `` The Political Career of Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback . '' Louisiana Historical Quarterly 27 ( 1944 ) : 527 - 612 . Harlan , Louis R. Booker T. Washington : The Making of a Black Leader , 1856 -- 1901 ( 1972 ) . Harris , William C. `` Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi : Conservative Assimilationist . '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) . 3 - 38 . Harris , William C. `` James Lynch : Black Leader in Southern Reconstruction , '' Historian ( 1971 ) 34 # 1 pp 40 -- 61 , DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb00398. x Haskins , James . Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback ( 1973 ) . Hine , William C. `` Dr. Benjamin A. Boseman , Jr. : Charleston 's Black Physician - Politician , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) pp 335 -- 62 . Klingman , Peter D. `` Race and Faction in the Public Career of Florida 's Josiah T. Walls . '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) . 59 - 78 . Klingman , Peter D. Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction ( 1976 ) . Lamson , Peggy . The Glorious Failure : Black Congressman Robert Brown Elliott and the Reconstruction in South Carolina ( 1973 ) . McFeely , William S. Frederick Douglass ( 1995 ) . Moneyhon , Carl H. `` George T. Ruby and the Politics of Expediency in Texas , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) pp 363 -- 92 . Norrell , Robert J. `` Booker T. Washington : Understanding the Wizard of Tuskegee , '' Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 42 ( 2003 - 4 ) pp. 96 -- 109 in JSTOR Norrell , Robert J. Up from history : The life of Booker T. Washington ( 2009 ) . Reidy , Joseph P. `` Karen A. Bradley : Voice of Black Labor in the Georgia Lowcountry , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) pp 281 -- 309 . Richardson , Joe M. `` Jonathan C. Gibbs : Florida 's Only Negro Cabinet Member . '' Florida Historical Quarterly 42.4 ( 1964 ) : 363 - 368 . in JSTOR Russell , James M. and Thornbery , Jerry . `` William Finch of Atlanta : The Black Politician as Civic Leader , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) pp 309 -- 34 . Schweninger , Loren . `` James Rapier of Alabama and the Noble Cause of Reconstruction , '' in Howard N. Rabinowitz , ed . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era ( 1982 ) . 79 - 100 . Woody , Robert H. `` Jonathan Jasper Wright , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of South Carolina , 1870 -- 77 . '' Journal of Negro History 18.2 ( 1933 ) : 114 - 131 . in JSTOR Gender ( edit ) Bond , Beverly G. `` ' Every Duty Incumbent Upon Them ' : African - American Women in Nineteenth Century Memphis . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 59.4 ( 2000 ) : 254 . Clinton , Catherine . `` Bloody terrain : Freedwomen , sexuality and violence during reconstruction . '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 76.2 ( 1992 ) : 313 - 332 . in JSTOR Edwards , Laura F. Gendered Strife and Confusion : The Political Culture of Reconstruction ( 1997 ) . Farmer - Kaiser , Mary . Freedwomen and the Freedmen 's Bureau : Race , Gender , and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation ( Fordham Univ Press , 2010 ) . online review Frankel , Noralee . Freedom 's women : Black women and families in Civil War era Mississippi ( 1999 ) . Hunter , Tera W. To ' Joy My Freedom : Southern Black Women 's Lives and Labors after the Civil War ( Harvard University Press , 1997 ) . Oglesby , Catherine . `` Gender and History of the Postbellum US South . '' History Compass 8.12 ( 2010 ) : 1369 - 1379 ; historiography , mostly of white women . Olson , Lynne . Freedom 's daughters : The unsung heroines of the civil rights movement from 1830 to 1970 ( 2001 ) . State and local studies ( edit ) Cresswell , Stephen . Multiparty Politics in Mississippi , 1877 -- 1902 ( 1995 ) . Davis , D.F. , et al. `` Before the Ghetto : Black Detroit in the Nineteenth Century . '' Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine ( 1977 ) 6 # 1 pp. 99 -- 106 in JSTOR Doyle , Don H. New Men , New Cities , New South : Atlanta , Nashville , Charleston , Mobile , 1860 -- 1910 ( 1990 ) excerpt Drago , Edmund L. Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia : A Splendid Failure ( 1992 ) Green , Hilary . Educational Reconstruction : African American Schools in the Urban South , 1865 -- 1890 ( Fordham UP , 2016 ) , Case studies of Richmond , Virginia , and Mobile , Alabama . online review Hornsby , Jr. , Alton , ed . Black America : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia ( 2 vol 2011 ) excerpt Hornsby , Jr. , Alton . A Short History of Black Atlanta , 1847 -- 1993 ( 2015 ) . Jenkins , Wilbert L. Seizing the New Day : African Americans in Post -- Civil War Charleston . ( 2003 ) . Jewell , Joseph O. Race , social reform , and the making of a middle class : The American Missionary Association and Black Atlanta , 1870 -- 1900 ( 2007 ) . Rabinowitz , Howard N. Race Relations in the Urban South : 1865 -- 1890 ( 1978 ) Wharton , Vernon Lane . The Negro in Mississippi : 1865 -- 1890 ( 1947 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Foner , Philip , ed . The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass : Reconstruction and After ( 1955 ) . Smith , John David . We Ask Only for Even - handed Justice : Black Voices from Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1877 ( 2nd ed. 2014 ) Work , Monroe N. ( 1912 ) . Negro Year Book and Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro . , First edition was 1913 . Reid , Whitelaw ( 1866 ) . After the War : A Southern Tour . , detailed coverage by Yankee journalist , with focus on Freedmen . Richardson , Joe M. `` The Negro in Post Civil - War Tennessee : A Report by a Northern Missionary . '' Journal of Negro Education 34.4 ( 1965 ) : 419 - 424 . in JSTOR ; primary source . Wells - Barnett , Ida B. Southern horrors and other writings : the anti-lynching campaign of Ida B. Wells , 1892 -- 1900 . Ed . Jacqueline Jones Royster . Bedford Books , 1997 . Winegarten , Ruthie , ed. ( 2014 ) . Black Texas Women : A Sourcebook . University of Texas Press . pp. 44 -- 69 . External links ( edit ) `` African American Perspectives : Pamphlets from the Daniel A.P. Murray Collection , 1818 -- 1907 '' Most are from 1875 to 1900 . Booker T. Washington Papers , vol 1 - 3 `` Booker T. Washington : The Man and the Myth Revisited . 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7954565179363611976 | The 5th Wave (novel) | The 5th Wave ( novel ) - Wikipedia The 5th Wave ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( discuss ) . ( August 2016 ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . 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( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 5th Wave The cover art of The 5th Wave Author Rick Yancey Cover artist Allied Integrated Marketing Country United States Language English Series The 5th Wave Genre Science fiction Publisher Penguin Group Publication date May 8 , 2013 Media type Print ( Hardback ) Pages 457 ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 16241 - 1 Followed by The Infinite Sea The 5th Wave is a young adult science fiction novel by American author Rick Yancey , published in 2013 , and is the first installment in The 5th Wave trilogy . Critics have compared the book favorably to The Hunger Games and The Road , and noted that it `` should do for aliens what Twilight did for vampires . '' Sony Pictures released a film adaptation in January 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Waves 4 Reception 5 Sequels 6 Film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Set roughly in present - day Dayton , Ohio , The 5th Wave follows 16 - year - old Cassie Sullivan as she tries to survive in a world devastated by the waves of an alien invasion that have already devastated the Earth 's population and knocked humankind back to the Stone Age . She is headed to a `` training '' facility established by the aliens in the hopes of saving her five - year - old brother , Sam , who was taken there . Cassie comes across a gas station where she finds a wounded soldier . She kills him after mistaking the crucifix in his hand for a gun . This intensely disturbs her . While on an Ohio highway , on her way to find her brother , she comes across the recently deceased . Cassie is then suddenly shot in the leg by an unknown sniper . She takes cover under a car and has to make a difficult choice : try to flee the area and risk being shot by the sniper , or bleed to death under the car . The plot then jumps to Ben Parish , Cassie 's crush in high school , who is sick with the disease spread during the 3rd Wave ; he is tended to by a friend named Chris . Ben is taken by soldiers to a woman named Dr. Pam and miraculously recovers from his disease . Dr. Pam tells him the Others raided his camp , Camp Haven at Wright - Patterson Air Force Base , by inhabiting human hosts and posing as refugees . Dr. Pam puts Ben through a program called `` Wonderland '' and takes him to a hospital room , where Chris sits wired to a chair . Dr. Pam lets Ben look through a special eyepiece to find that a creature is attached to Chris 's brain , which Dr. Pam confirms is an Other . She explains to Ben that the only way to kill the creature inside is to kill the host , which Reznik , a senior drill instructor , pressures Ben into doing . Commander Vosch , who killed Cassie 's father at their refugee camp , meets Ben in his room . Vosch is straightforward and tells Ben they will all die , but not without a fight . He gives Ben a position in Camp Haven 's new army , and he becomes Private Zombie . Cassie awakens in a four - poster bed hooked up to an IV machine and with her wounds nearly healed . She meets her savior , Evan Walker , who tells her they are in his rural country house , and he 'd found her on the highway , crawling in blood . Cassie insists that she must go to Camp Haven to save her brother , but Evan is unsure that she is fit enough for the journey yet , and so they stay . Over time , the two grow closer . One night , Cassie and Evan get into a fight , but Evan ends it by saying that Cassie saved him , rather than vice versa , and kisses her . Sammy Sullivan , Cassie 's brother , has arrived at Camp Haven via the bus on which he was taken . The soldiers at Camp Haven mark the children : greens for unhealthy , reds for healthy . Sammy is marked red . He is called to be processed and cleaned . He is put through the Wonderland program and asked many questions relating to his personal life . After Sammy is fully processed , Dr. Pam offers to let him see an Other . Ben Parish , now Private Zombie , has been assigned to squad 53 . His squad sergeant , Sergeant Reznik , is a cruel , uncaring man who taunts his members about their personal lives , which he learned about via the Wonderland program . He takes a liking to a member of another squad . Another member is added to squad 53 , Sammy Sullivan , whom Reznik calls `` Private Nugget '' . Reznik taunts Nugget , Zombie blurts out , `` Leave him alone ! '' , and Reznik punches Zombie in his throat , but respects his spirit and appoints him as the new leader of squad 53 . During a fire drill at Camp Haven , Nugget is scared , so Zombie slings him on his shoulder and runs with him . Zombie slows the squad down by 45 seconds , angering them . Private Tank goes `` Dorothy '' , ( meaning crazy ) , and pulls his gun out . Private Flintstone takes Tank down before anyone is hurt . Tank is later found dead in the P&D ( Process and Disposal ) hangar and is replaced by Private Ringer , whom Zombie had previously taken a liking to . Ringer attempts to improve the squad 's marksmanship and succeeds ; Squad 53 skyrockets through the ranks and graduates with the other top three squads . Cassie continuously confronts the dilemma of whether or not to trust Evan . Either way , Evan and Cassie continue building a relationship . While Evan leaves for one of his night hunts , which Cassie suspects are something far more terrible than he lets on , she searches through his things for any evidence that points to Evan 's being one of the Others . She finds her M16 in Evan 's barn under a blanket , but Evan casually says that he simply found it near her when he found her . After a few more days , Cassie feels she is fit enough for the journey and Evan , against Cassie 's wishes , sets out with her , burning his house down as a distraction to the Others . Zombie and his squad are on their first patrol . They are given special headsets with lenses that can supposedly distinguish between a human and an Other . The squad is attacked , and Private Oompa is killed . Zombie and Ringer pursue their assailants , while Private Poundcake covers them from above with his sniper . While under the cover of a building , Ringer cuts out her implant , and her head lights up green through Zombie 's lens . They piece the evidence together and conclude that Camp Haven is not a human training camp , but an `` Other death camp '' . They find that their assailant is Reznik and kill him . Reznik is holding a piece of equipment with a map of green spots : the implants . Ringer and Zombie return to the squad and explain to them what they know . Flintstone , who is skeptical , snatches the equipment away and pulls a switch . He drops dead . Zombie is reluctant to leave whilst Nugget is still at Camp Haven and has Ringer shoot him , so that his story will look real . Zombie is then evacuated by a helicopter to Camp Haven . While on their journey , Cassie and Evan are attacked by a group of juvenile soldiers . Cassie is shocked as she watches Evan take them down with ease , though he injures his thigh and buttocks in the process . Once the soldiers are taken down , Cassie makes Evan confirm that he is the Silencer who shot her , while he is awkwardly stripping his clothing to treat his wounds . Cassie initially decides to leave him there to bleed to death , but afterwards decides to help him . The two then orchestrate a plan wherein Evan has little involvement , though he strongly disapproves of this . Cassie arrives at the base on a bus and is called for processing . Dr. Pam meets with her , and Cassie knocks her unconscious . While Cassie is trying to locate Sammy , Dr. Pam awakens and is tricked by Cassie and dies . Zombie awakens in a hospital bed and sees Vosch , who tells him that Zombie will be put through Wonderland . After Vosch leaves , Zombie escapes and steals an outfit from a dead guard . Cassie finds Sammy / Nugget and meets Zombie , but the three are captured by Vosch . Vosch attempts to kill Nugget by electrocuting him . It is revealed that Evan has planted bombs and hacked into the base 's mainframe . When Vosch heads to Control , Evan appears and kills the soldiers guarding Zombie , Cassie , and Sam . Evan says goodbye before allegedly setting off `` eyes '' , the same bombs Vosch used to destroy Cassie 's refugee camp . The members of Squad 53 arrive and save Zombie , Cassie , and Sam . They ride off as Camp Haven is destroyed . Characters ( edit ) Cassiopeia Marie Sullivan or `` Cassie '' -- the novel 's protagonist , is 16 years old , short , and has curly strawberry - blonde hair . Before the waves hit , she had a crush on Ben Parish , a popular football player . She later has a relationship with her `` silencer '' , Evan Walker . Evan Walker -- a boy from rural Ohio who lived with his large family ; he is described as having chocolate brown eyes and brown hair . His family and girlfriend were all killed during the 3rd Wave . He has a brief relationship with Cassie . Benjamin Thomas Parish / Zombie -- a popular football player and honors student at Cassie 's high school ; he is described as tall , buff , and dark haired . While in high school , Cassie had a crush on Ben , but he never noticed her . After the 3rd Wave , Ben contracts the plague but is `` rescued '' by soldiers who take him to Camp Haven . There , he becomes a part of Squad 53 and is renamed Zombie . Zombie soon discovers the `` soldiers '' are actually aliens in disguise . He manages to escape with Cassie and Sammy . Sissy Parish - Ben 's little sister . She was killed by an other while escaping her house with Ben , and he left her behind , he keeps her locket she wore around her neck in her memory . She was described by Cassie to be hoisted onto Ben 's shoulders after his football games , and she would join him in a parade . He says he misses Sissy terribly . Samuel Jackson Sullivan / Nugget / Sammy -- Cassie 's younger brother who is 5 years old ; he is described as having messy brown hair and large , teddy bear eyes . He is taken away from the refugee camp where he , his father , and Cassie had stayed . He is taken to Camp Haven to join Squad 53 , after being renamed Nugget . Nugget and Zombie become good friends , and Zombie acts like Sam 's big brother . Sammy manages to escape with Cassie and Zombie at the end of the novel . Ringer / Marika -- a girl who joins Squad 53 after Tank , a former member , goes `` Dorothy '' ( slang for crazy ) ; she is described as tall and skinny , with pale white skin and long , glossy , straight black hair , three quarters Asian and a quarter Apache . She is the best shot in the group and is very quiet , yet scary . She and Zombie become friends , and she helps him shoot better . She is often threatening and serious toward the other squad members , but can also be vulnerable at times . Commander Vosch -- the leader of the soldiers and the mastermind behind the plans . He is very sadistic , cruel , and unfeeling . He at first is shown as a `` hero '' to those at Cassie 's refugee camp , but he soon reveals his true nature by personally killing Cassie 's father , destroying the camp , and abducting the children , including Sam , to fight . He is also responsible for Camp Haven and becomes familiar with Cassie , Ringer , and Ben Parish . Dumbo -- a member of Squad 53 ; he is around 12 years old , has huge ears , and is good with medicine and anatomy . Teacup / Allison -- a member of Squad 53 ; she is seven years old . Originally , she was the only girl , and was the youngest in the squad before Nugget and Ringer arrived . Poundcake -- a member of Squad 53 ; he is around 8 years old , large and chubby , and rarely speaks , but is good with a gun . Flintstone -- the former leader of Squad 53 ; he was around 16 years old and had a unibrow . He often challenged Zombie 's authority , mainly in jealousy over taking his job as leader . After Zombie reveals Reznik 's device , Flintstone takes it and accidentally kills himself with it . Tank -- a former member of Squad 53 . He went `` Dorothy '' ( crazy ) and was taken away . Dumbo and Zombie discover him dead in the P&D ( Processing and Disposal ) hangar . Kenny / Oompa -- a member of Squad 53 ; he was around 8 or 9 years old , chubby , and had crooked teeth . After Zombie sets off an explosion , Oompa is impaled with shrapnel and dies after an unsuccessful attempt to save him . Waves ( edit ) First Wave : Lights Out : During the first wave , the Others release an EMP wave that takes out all electronics / lights / technology and kills half a million people by shorting out all moving vehicles , including planes in mid-flight . Second wave : Surf 's Up : The Others , realizing that roughly 40 percent of Earth 's population lives within 60 miles ( 97 km ) of coastline , drop enormous rods `` twice as tall as the Empire State Building and three times as heavy '' ( 45 ) onto the Earth 's fault lines , causing massive tsunamis that wipe out three billion people . Third wave : Pestilence : The Others launch a scheme to infect as many remaining survivors as possible with a deadly virus . Using the Earth 's birds as carriers ( via falling excrement ) , the plague claims 97 percent of remaining survivors . The virus , which resembles an advanced form of Ebola , causes victims to slowly bleed to death until eventually `` you 've become a viral bomb . And when you explode , you blast everyone around you with the virus '' ( 46 ) . Fourth wave : Silencers : After the 3rd wave , the remaining human population tries desperately to survive off whatever resources remain by looting , all the while clinging to the hope that `` the people in charge '' , wherever they may be , are working toward a solution . Eventually , this belief seems legitimate when an impressive battalion of soldiers ( with functioning vehicles ) arrives at the makeshift camp where Cassie , Sam , and her father are staying . The soldiers and commander , however , only appear interested in the children and promptly load them onto waiting buses before ordering all the adults into the camp barracks . Once the humans are surrounded , Commander Vosch orders a massacre and kills everyone at the camp . Cassie , however , narrowly escapes and witnesses her father 's death by Vosch 's hand . At this moment , the 4th wave becomes clear : not all `` humans '' are actually humans . Fifth wave : The Fifth wave is referenced in `` The Last Star '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception of the book has been very positive . It received starred reviews from both Publishers Weekly and Kirkus , and reviewers have noted that it has broad audience appeal , blurring the lines between young adult and adult fiction , and between genre and mainstream fiction , so that it can not be easily wedged into one genre despite having many of the characteristics of young adult fiction . The New York Times listed it as one of the best young adult books of 2013 , and it was a Goodreads finalist for Best Young Adult Fantasy or Science Fiction novel in 2013 . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : The 5th Wave ( series ) The 5th Wave is the first book in a trilogy . The second book in the series , The Infinite Sea , was released on September 16 , 2014 . The third book in the series , The Last Star , was released on May 24 , 2016 . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The 5th Wave ( film ) A film adaption with the same name was released on January 22nd 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vilkomerson , Sara ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` The 5th Wave '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Twilight time for aliens in Rick Yancey 's ' 5th Wave ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Book Review : The 5th Wave by Rick Yancey '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE 5TH WAVE by Rick Yancey Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Justin ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` ' The 5th Wave , ' by Rick Yancey '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Schulten , Katherine ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` What Are the Best Things You 've Read , Watched , Heard or Played This Year ? '' . The Learning Network . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction 2013 -- Goodreads Choice Awards '' . Goodreads . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Brissey , Breia ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` ' The Infinite Sea ' : Watch the trailer for Rick Yancey 's ' 5th Wave ' sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Yancey , Rick ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` The Last Star : The Final Book of The 5th Wave '' . Amazon . G.P. Putnam 's Sons Books for Young Readers . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The 5th Wave book trailers compilation on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_5th_Wave_(novel)&oldid=800789144 '' Categories : 2010s science fiction novels 2013 American novels Alien invasions in novels American novels adapted into films American science fiction novels American young adult novels Children 's science fiction novels Novels set in Ohio The 5th Wave Works about child soldiers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 43 . 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-3087022607231391838 | Alcoholics Anonymous | Alcoholics Anonymous - wikipedia Alcoholics Anonymous Alcoholics Anonymous logo Sobriety token or `` chip '' , given for specified lengths of sobriety , on the back is the Serenity Prayer . Here green is for six months of sobriety ; purple is for nine months . Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is an international mutual aid fellowship whose stated purpose is to enable its members to `` stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety . '' It was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Bob Smith in Akron , Ohio . With other early members , Bill Wilson and Bob Smith developed AA 's Twelve Step program of spiritual and character development . AA 's initial Twelve Traditions were introduced in 1946 to help the fellowship be stable and unified while disengaged from `` outside issues '' and influences . The Traditions recommend that members remain anonymous in public media , altruistically help other alcoholics , and that AA groups avoid official affiliations with other organizations . They also advise against dogma and coercive hierarchies . Subsequent fellowships such as Narcotics Anonymous have adopted and adapted the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions to their respective primary purposes . The first female member , Florence Rankin , joined AA in March 1937 , and the first non-Protestant member , a Roman Catholic , joined in 1939 . The first Black AA group was established in 1945 in Washington DC by Jim S. , an African - American physician from Virginia . AA membership has since spread internationally `` across diverse cultures holding different beliefs and values '' , including geopolitical areas resistant to grassroots movements . Close to 2 million people worldwide are members of AA as of 2016 . AA 's name is derived from its first book , informally called `` The Big Book '' , originally titled Alcoholics Anonymous : The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered From Alcoholism . Contents 1 Oxford Group origins 2 The Big Book , the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions 3 Organization and finances 4 Program 4.1 Meetings 4.2 Confidentiality 5 Spirituality 6 Disease concept of alcoholism 7 Canadian and United States demographics 8 Effectiveness 9 Relationship with institutions 9.1 Hospitals 9.2 Prisons 9.3 United States court rulings 9.4 American treatment industry 9.5 United Kingdom treatment industry 10 Criticism 10.1 Thirteenth Stepping 10.2 Moderation or abstinence 10.3 Cultural identity 11 Literature 12 AA in film 12.1 Films about Alcoholic Anonymous 12.2 Films where primary plot line includes AA 13 AA in Television 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Oxford Group origins ( edit ) Main article : History of Alcoholics Anonymous AA sprang from The Oxford Group , a non-denominational movement modeled after first - century Christianity . Some members founded the Group to help in maintaining sobriety . `` Grouper '' Ebby Thacher was Wilson 's former drinking buddy who approached Wilson saying that he had `` got religion '' , was sober , and that Wilson could do the same if he set aside objections to religion and instead formed a personal idea of God , `` another power '' or `` higher power '' . Feeling a `` kinship of common suffering '' and , though drunk , Wilson attended his first Group gathering . Within days , Wilson admitted himself to the Charles B. Towns Hospital after drinking four beers on the way -- the last alcohol he ever drank . Under the care of William Duncan Silkworth ( an early benefactor of AA ) , Wilson 's detox included the deliriant belladonna . At the hospital a despairing Wilson experienced a bright flash of light , which he felt to be God revealing himself . Following his hospital discharge Wilson joined the Oxford Group and recruited other alcoholics to the Group . Wilson 's early efforts to help others become sober were ineffective , prompting Silkworth to suggest that Wilson place less stress on religion and more on `` the science '' of treating alcoholism . Wilson 's first success came during a business trip to Akron , Ohio , where he was introduced to Robert Smith , a surgeon and Oxford Group member who was unable to stay sober . After thirty days of working with Wilson , Smith drank his last drink on 10 June 1935 , the date marked by AA for its anniversaries . While Wilson and Smith credited their sobriety to working with alcoholics under the auspices of the Oxford Group , a Group associate pastor sermonized against Wilson and his alcoholic Groupers for forming a `` secret , ashamed sub-group '' engaged in `` divergent works '' . By 1937 , Wilson separated from the Oxford Group . AA Historian Ernest Kurtz described the split : ... more and more , Bill discovered that new adherents could get sober by believing in each other and in the strength of this group . Men ( no women were members yet ) who had proven over and over again , by extremely painful experience , that they could not get sober on their own had somehow become more powerful when two or three of them worked on their common problem . This , then -- whatever it was that occurred among them -- was what they could accept as a power greater than themselves . They did not need the Oxford Group . In 1955 , Wilson acknowledged AA 's debt , saying `` The Oxford Groupers had clearly shown us what to do . And just as importantly , we learned from them what not to do . '' Among the Oxford Group practices that AA retained were informal gatherings , a `` changed - life '' developed through `` stages '' , and working with others for no material gain , AA 's analogs for these are meetings , `` the steps '' , and sponsorship . AA 's tradition of anonymity was a reaction to the publicity - seeking practices of the Oxford Group , as well as AA 's wish to not promote , Wilson said , `` erratic public characters who through broken anonymity might get drunk and destroy confidence in us . '' The Big Book , the Twelve Steps and the Twelve Traditions ( edit ) To share their method , Wilson and other members wrote the initially - titled book , Alcoholics Anonymous : The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism , from which AA drew its name . Informally known as `` The Big Book '' ( with its first 164 pages virtually unchanged since the 1939 edition ) , it suggests a twelve - step program in which members admit that they are powerless over alcohol and need help from a `` higher power '' . They seek guidance and strength through prayer and meditation from God or a Higher Power of their own understanding ; take a moral inventory with care to include resentments ; list and become ready to remove character defects ; list and make amends to those harmed ; continue to take a moral inventory , pray , meditate , and try to help other alcoholics recover . The second half of the book , `` Personal Stories '' ( subject to additions , removal and retitling in subsequent editions ) , is made of AA members ' redemptive autobiographical sketches . In 1941 , interviews on American radio and favorable articles in US magazines , including a piece by Jack Alexander in The Saturday Evening Post , led to increased book sales and membership . By 1946 , as the growing fellowship quarreled over structure , purpose , and authority , as well as finances and publicity , Wilson began to form and promote what became known as AA 's `` Twelve Traditions , '' which are guidelines for an altruistic , unaffiliated , non-coercive , and non-hierarchical structure that limited AA 's purpose to only helping alcoholics on a non-professional level while shunning publicity . Eventually he gained formal adoption and inclusion of the Twelve Traditions in all future editions of the Big Book . At the 1955 conference in St. Louis , Missouri , Wilson relinquished stewardship of AA to the General Service Conference , as AA grew to millions of members internationally . Organization and finances ( edit ) Main article : Twelve Traditions A regional service center for Alcoholics Anonymous AA says it is `` not organized in the formal or political sense '' , and Bill Wilson called it a `` benign anarchy '' . In Ireland , Shane Butler said that AA `` looks like it could n't survive as there 's no leadership or top - level telling local cumanns what to do , but it has worked and proved itself extremely robust . '' Butler explained that `` AA 's ' inverted pyramid ' style of governance has helped it to avoid many of the pitfalls that political and religious institutions have encountered since it was established here in 1946 . '' In 2006 , AA counted 1,867,212 members and 106,202 AA groups worldwide . The Twelve Traditions informally guide how individual AA groups function , and the Twelve Concepts for World Service guide how the organization is structured globally . A member who accepts a service position or an organizing role is a `` trusted servant '' with terms rotating and limited , typically lasting three months to two years and determined by group vote and the nature of the position . Each group is a self - governing entity with AA World Services acting only in an advisory capacity . AA is served entirely by alcoholics , except for seven `` nonalcoholic friends of the fellowship '' of the 21 - member AA Board of Trustees . AA groups are self - supporting , relying on voluntary donations from members to cover expenses . The AA General Service Office ( GSO ) limits contributions to US $3,000 a year . Above the group level , AA may hire outside professionals for services that require specialized expertise or full - time responsibilities . Like individual groups , the GSO is self - supporting . AA receives proceeds from books and literature that constitute more than 50 % of the income for its General Service Office . In keeping with AA 's Seventh Tradition , the Central Office is fully self - supporting through the sale of literature and related products , and through the voluntary donations of AA members and groups . It does not accept donations from people or organizations outside of AA . In keeping with AA 's Eighth Tradition , the Central Office employs special workers who are compensated financially for their services , but their services do not include traditional `` 12th Step '' work of working with alcoholics in need . All 12th Step calls that come to the Central Office are handed to sober AA members who have volunteered to handle these calls . It also maintains service centers , which coordinate activities such as printing literature , responding to public inquiries , and organizing conferences . Other International General Service Offices ( Australia , Costa Rica , Russia , etc . ) are independent of AA World Services in New York . Program ( edit ) See also : Twelve - step program § Twelve Steps AA 's program extends beyond abstaining from alcohol . Its goal is to effect enough change in the alcoholic 's thinking `` to bring about recovery from alcoholism '' through `` an entire psychic change , '' or spiritual awakening . A spiritual awakening is meant to be achieved by taking the Twelve Steps , and sobriety is furthered by volunteering for AA and regular AA meeting attendance or contact with AA members . Members are encouraged to find an experienced fellow alcoholic , called a sponsor , to help them understand and follow the AA program . The sponsor should preferably have experience of all twelve of the steps , be the same sex as the sponsored person , and refrain from imposing personal views on the sponsored person . Following the helper therapy principle , sponsors in AA may benefit from their relationship with their charges , as `` helping behaviors '' correlate with increased abstinence and lower probabilities of binge drinking . AA 's program is an inheritor of Counter-Enlightenment philosophy . AA shares the view that acceptance of one 's inherent limitations is critical to finding one 's proper place among other humans and God . Such ideas are described as `` Counter-Enlightenment '' because they are contrary to the Enlightenment 's ideal that humans have the capacity to make their lives and societies a heaven on earth using their own power and reason . After evaluating AA 's literature and observing AA meetings for sixteen months , sociologists David R. Rudy and Arthur L. Greil found that for an AA member to remain sober a high level of commitment is necessary . This commitment is facilitated by a change in the member 's worldview . To help members stay sober AA must , they argue , provide an all - encompassing worldview while creating and sustaining an atmosphere of transcendence in the organization . To be all - encompassing AA 's ideology places an emphasis on tolerance rather than on a narrow religious worldview that could make the organization unpalatable to potential members and thereby limit its effectiveness . AA 's emphasis on the spiritual nature of its program , however , is necessary to institutionalize a feeling of transcendence . A tension results from the risk that the necessity of transcendence , if taken too literally , would compromise AA 's efforts to maintain a broad appeal . As this tension is an integral part of AA , Rudy and Greil argue that AA is best described as a quasi-religious organization . Meetings ( edit ) AA meetings are `` quasi-ritualized therapeutic sessions run by and for , alcoholics '' . They are usually informal and often feature discussions . Local AA directories list a variety of weekly meetings . Those listed as `` closed '' are available to those with a self professed `` desire to stop drinking , '' which can not be challenged by another member on any grounds . `` Open '' meetings are available to anyone ( nonalcoholics can attend as observers ) . At speaker meetings , one or two members tell their stories , while discussion meetings allocate the most time for general discussion . Some meetings are devoted to studying and discussing the AA literature . AA meetings do not exclude other alcoholics , though some meetings cater to specific demographics such as gender , profession , age , sexual orientation , or culture . Meetings in the United States are held in a variety of languages including Armenian , English , Farsi , Finnish , French , Japanese , Korean , Russian , and Spanish . While AA has pamphlets that suggest meeting formats , groups have the autonomy to hold and conduct meetings as they wish `` except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole '' . Different cultures affect ritual aspects of meetings , but around the world `` many particularities of the AA meeting format can be observed at almost any AA gathering '' . Confidentiality ( edit ) US courts have not extended the status of privileged communication , such as that enjoyed by clergy and lawyers , to AA related communications between members . Spirituality ( edit ) A study found an association between an increase in attendance to AA meetings with increased spirituality and a decrease in the frequency and intensity of alcohol use . The research also found that AA was effective at helping agnostics and atheists become sober . The authors concluded that though spirituality was an important mechanism of behavioral change for some alcoholics , it was not the only effective mechanism . Since the mid-1970s , a number of ' agnostic ' or ' no - prayer ' AA groups have begun across the U.S. , Canada , and other parts of the world , which hold meetings that adhere to a tradition allowing alcoholics to freely express their doubts or disbelief that spirituality will help their recovery , and these meetings forgo use of opening or closing prayers . There are online resources listing AA meetings for atheists and agnostics . Disease concept of alcoholism ( edit ) Main article : Disease theory of alcoholism More informally than not , AA 's membership has helped popularize the disease concept of alcoholism , though AA officially has had no part in the development of such postulates which had appeared as early as the late eighteenth century . Though AA initially avoided the term `` disease '' , in 1973 conference - approved literature categorically stated that `` we had the disease of alcoholism . '' Regardless of official positions , from AA 's inception most members have believed alcoholism to be a disease . Though cautious regarding the medical nature of alcoholism , AA has let others voice opinions . The Big Book states that alcoholism `` is an illness which only a spiritual experience will conquer . '' Ernest Kurtz says this is `` The closest the book Alcoholics Anonymous comes to a definition of alcoholism . '' In his introduction to The Big Book , non-member William Silkworth said those unable to moderate their drinking have an allergy . Addressing the allergy concept , AA said `` The doctor 's theory that we have an allergy to alcohol interests us . As laymen , our opinion as to its soundness may , of course , mean little . But as ex-problem drinkers , we can say that his explanation makes good sense . It explains many things for which we can not otherwise account . '' AA later acknowledged that `` alcoholism is not a true allergy , the experts now inform us . '' Wilson explained in 1960 why AA had refrained from using the term `` disease '' : We AAs have never called alcoholism a disease because , technically speaking , it is not a disease entity . For example , there is no such thing as heart disease . Instead there are many separate heart ailments or combinations of them . It is something like that with alcoholism . Therefore , we did not wish to get in wrong with the medical profession by pronouncing alcoholism a disease entity . Hence , we have always called it an illness or a malady -- a far safer term for us to use . Canadian and United States demographics ( edit ) AA 's New York General Service Office regularly surveys AA members in North America . Its 2014 survey of over 6,000 members in Canada and the United States concluded that , in North America , AA members who responded to the survey were 62 % male and 38 % female . Average member sobriety is slightly under 10 years with 36 % sober more than ten years , 13 % sober from five to ten years , 24 % sober from one to five years , and 27 % sober less than one year . Before coming to AA , 63 % of members received some type of treatment or counseling , such as medical , psychological , or spiritual . After coming to AA , 59 % received outside treatment or counseling . Of those members , 84 % said that outside help played an important part in their recovery . The same survey showed that AA received 32 % of its membership from other members , another 32 % from treatment facilities , 30 % were self - motivated to attend AA , 12 % of its membership from court -- ordered attendance , and only 1 % of AA members decided to join based on information obtained from the Internet . People taking the survey were allowed to select multiple answers for what motivated them to join AA . Effectiveness ( edit ) Main article : Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous Studies of AA 's efficacy have produced inconsistent results . While some studies have suggested an association between AA attendance and increased abstinence or other positive outcomes , other studies have not . The Surgeon General of the United States 2016 Report on Alcohol , Drugs , and Health states `` Well - supported scientific evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of twelve - step mutual aid groups focused on alcohol and twelve - step facilitation interventions . '' Relationship with institutions ( edit ) Hospitals ( edit ) Many AA meetings take place in treatment facilities . Carrying the message of AA into hospitals was how the co-founders of AA first remained sober . They discovered great value of working with alcoholics who are still suffering , and that even if the alcoholic they were working with did not stay sober , they did . Bill Wilson wrote , `` Practical experience shows that nothing will so much insure immunity from drinking as intensive work with other alcoholics '' . Bill Wilson visited Towns Hospital in New York City in an attempt to help the alcoholics who were patients there in 1934 . At St. Thomas Hospital in Akron , Ohio , Smith worked with still more alcoholics . In 1939 , a New York mental institution , Rockland State Hospital , was one of the first institutions to allow AA hospital groups . Service to corrections and treatment facilities used to be combined until the General Service Conference , in 1977 , voted to dissolve its Institutions Committee and form two separate committees , one for treatment facilities , and one for correctional facilities . Prisons ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , AA meetings are held in hundreds of correctional facilities . The AA General Service Office has published a workbook with detailed recommendations for methods of approaching correctional - facility officials with the intent of developing an in - prison AA program . In addition , AA publishes a variety of pamphlets specifically for the incarcerated alcoholic . Additionally , the AA General Service Office provides a pamphlet with guidelines for members working with incarcerated alcoholics . United States court rulings ( edit ) See also : Rational Recovery § Court - mandated 12 - step program attendance United States courts have ruled that inmates , parolees , and probationers can not be ordered to attend AA . Though AA itself was not deemed a religion , it was ruled that it contained enough religious components ( variously described in Griffin v. Coughlin below as , inter alia , `` religion '' , `` religious activity '' , `` religious exercise '' ) to make coerced attendance at AA meetings a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the constitution . In 2007 , the Ninth Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals stated that a parolee who was ordered to attend AA had standing to sue his parole office . American treatment industry ( edit ) In 1939 , High Watch Farm in Kent , Connecticut was founded by Bill Wilson and Marty Mann . Sister Francis who owned the farm tried to gift the spiritual retreat for alcoholics to Alcoholics Anonymous , however citing the sixth tradition Bill W. turned down the gift but agreed to have a separate non-profit board run the facility composed of AA members . Bill Wilson and Marty Mann served on the High Watch board of directors for many years . High Watch was the first and therefore the oldest 12 step based treatment center in the world still operating today . In 1949 , the Hazelden treatment center was founded and staffed by AA members , and since then many alcoholic rehabilitation clinics have incorporated AA 's precepts into their treatment programs . 32 % of AA 's membership was introduced to it through a treatment facility . United Kingdom treatment industry ( edit ) A cross-sectional survey of substance - misuse treatment providers in the West Midlands found fewer than 10 % integrated twelve - step methods in their practice and only a third felt their consumers were suited for Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous membership . Less than half were likely to recommend self - help groups to their clients . Providers with nursing qualifications were more likely to make such referrals than those without them . A statistically significant correlation was found between providers ' self - reported level of spirituality and their likelihood of recommending AA or NA . Criticism ( edit ) See also : Twelve - step program Thirteenth stepping ( edit ) `` Thirteenth - stepping '' is a pejorative term for AA members approaching new members for dates . A study in the Journal of Addiction Nursing sampled 55 women in AA and found that 35 % of these women had experienced a `` pass '' and 29 % had felt seduced at least once in AA settings . This has also happened with new male members who received guidance from older female AA members , in pursuit of sexual company . The authors suggest that both men and women need to be prepared for this behavior or find Male only or female - only groups . However , this is a small survey compared to the estimated 2 million members ( 2016 ) and many women have reported feeling safe in AA . AA 's pamphlet on sponsorship suggests that men be sponsored by men and women be sponsored by women . Moderation or abstinence ( edit ) See also : Alcoholism § Management Stanton Peele argued that some AA groups apply the disease model to all problem drinkers , whether or not they are `` full - blown '' alcoholics . Along with Nancy Shute , Peele has advocated that besides AA , other options should be readily available to those problem drinkers who are able to manage their drinking with the right treatment . The Big Book says `` moderate drinkers '' and `` a certain type of hard drinker '' are able to stop or moderate their drinking . The Big Book suggests no program for these drinkers , but instead seeks to help drinkers without `` power of choice in drink . '' Cultural identity ( edit ) One review of AA warned of detrimental iatrogenic effects of twelve - step philosophy and concluded that AA uses many methods that are also used by cults . A subsequent study concluded , however , that AA 's program bore little resemblance to religious cults because the techniques used appeared beneficial . Another study found that the AA program 's focus on admission of having a problem increases deviant stigma and strips members of their previous cultural identity , replacing it with the deviant identity . A survey of group members , however , found they had a bicultural identity and saw AA 's program as a complement to their other national , ethnic , and religious cultures . Literature ( edit ) Alcoholics Anonymous publishes several books , reports , pamphlets , and other media , including a periodical known as the AA Grapevine . Two books are used primarily : Alcoholics Anonymous ( the `` Big Book '' ) and Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions , the latter explaining AA 's fundamental principles in depth . The full text of each of these two books is available on the AA website at no charge . Alcoholics Anonymous : the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism ( multiple PDFs ) ( 4th ed . ) . 2011 . ISBN 1 - 893007 - 16 - 2 . 575 pages . Also available in libraries . Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions ( multiple PDFs ) . 2002 . ISBN 0 - 916856 - 01 - 1 . 192 pages . Also available in libraries . `` Home Page '' . AA Grapevine . Alcoholics Anonymous . ISSN 0362 - 2584 . OCLC 319167052 . Also available in libraries . AA in film ( edit ) Films about alcoholic Anonymous ( edit ) My Name Is Bill W. -- dramatized biography of co-founder Bill Wilson . When Love Is Not Enough : The Lois Wilson Story -- a 2010 film about the wife of founder Bill Wilson , and the beginnings of Alcoholics Anonymous and Al - Anon . Bill W. -- a 2011 biographical documentary film that tells the story of Bill Wilson using interviews , recreations , and rare archival material . Films where primary plot line includes AA ( edit ) A Walk Among the Tombstones ( 2015 ) , a mystery / suspense film based on Lawrence Block 's books featuring Matthew Scudder , a recovering alcoholic detective whose AA membership is a central element of the plot . When a Man Loves a Woman -- an airline pilot 's wife attends AA meetings in a residential treatment facility . Clean and Sober -- an addict ( alcohol , cocaine ) visits an AA meeting to get a sponsor . Days of Wine and Roses -- a 1962 film about a married couple struggling with alcoholism . Jack Lemmon 's character attends an AA meeting in the film . Drunks -- a 1995 film starring Richard Lewis as an alcoholic who leaves an AA meeting and relapses . The film cuts back and forth between his eventual relapse and the other meeting attendants . Come Back , Little Sheba -- A 1952 film based on a play of the same title about a loveless marriage where the husband played by Burt Lancaster is an alcoholic who gets help from 2 members of the local AA chapter . A 1977 TV drama was also based on the play . I 'll Cry Tomorrow -- A 1955 film about singer Lillian Roth played by Susan Hayward who goes to AA to help her stop drinking . The film was based on Roth 's autobiography of the same name detailing her alcoholism and sobriety through AA . You Kill Me -- a 2007 crime - comedy film starring Ben Kingsley as a mob hit man with a drinking problem who is forced to accept a job at a mortuary and go to AA meetings . Smashed -- a 2012 drama film starring Mary Elizabeth Winstead . An elementary school teacher 's drinking begins to interfere with her job , so she attempts to get sober in AA . Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot -- a 2018 biography / comedy / drama by Gus Van Sant , based on the life of cartoonist John Callahan . AA in television ( edit ) In the Seinfeld episode The Apology ( 1997 ) , George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) becomes increasingly frustrated with what he perceives as Jason Hanky 's ( James Spader ) failure to give him a proper apology . George ultimately calls Jason 's sponsor and accuses Jason of skipping Step 9 . Jason sarcastically apologizes to George throughout the episode . Chuck Lorre 's Mom ( 2013 - ) , follows dysfunctional daughter / mother duo Christy and Bonnie Plunkett , who are estranged for years while simultaneously struggling with addiction . They attempt to pull their lives and relationships together by trying to stay sober and visiting Alcoholics Anonymous . The show also explores themes of alcoholism , drug addiction and relapse . See also ( edit ) Alcoholics Anonymous portal Addiction recovery groups Al - Anon / Alateen Calix Society Community reinforcement approach and family training ( CRAFT ) Drug rehabilitation Group psychotherapy Intervention counseling List of twelve - step groups Recovery model Self - help groups for mental health Stepping Stones ( home ) Substance abuse Washingtonian movement Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : AA Grapevine ( 15 May 2013 ) , A.A. Preamble ( PDF ) , AA General Service Office , retrieved 13 May 2017 Jump up ^ Michael Gross ( 1 December 2010 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous : Still Sober After 75 Years '' . American Journal of Public Health . 100 : 2361 -- 2363 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2010.199349 . PMC 2978172 . PMID 21068418 . Jump up ^ Mäkelä 1996 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : `` The Twelve Traditions '' . The AA Grapevine . Alcoholics Anonymous . 6 ( 6 ) . November 1949 . ISSN 0362 - 2584 . OCLC 50379271 . Jump up ^ Chappel , JN ; Dupont , RL ( 1999 ) . `` Twelve - Step and Mutual - Help Programs for Addictive Disorders '' . Psychiatric Clinics of North America . 22 ( 2 ) : 425 -- 46 . doi : 10.1016 / S0193 - 953X ( 05 ) 70085 - X . PMID 10385942 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1939 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous . New York : Works Publishing Company . p . Original Manuscript p. 217 . Jump up ^ Bamuhigire , Oscar Bamwebaze ( 2009 ) . Healing power of self love : enhance your chances of recovery from addiction through the . ( S.l. ) : Iuniverse Inc. p. x . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44010 - 137 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kurtz 1991 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous . 3rd . ed. , New York : AA World Services . 1976 . p. 483 . Jump up ^ Mustikhan , Ahmar ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` First black AA group to celebrate 70th anniversary today in Washington DC '' . CNN iReport . Jump up ^ Tonigan , Scott J ; Connors , Gerard J ; Miller , William R ( December 2000 ) . `` Special Populations in Alcoholics Anonymous '' ( PDF ) . Alcohol Health and Research World . 22 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 285 . PMID 15706756 . Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous ( April 2016 ) . `` ESTIMATES OF A.A. GROUPS AND MEMBERS AS OF JANUARY 1 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . cf . Alcoholics Anonymous ( 2001 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . p. xxiii . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheever , Susan ( 2004 ) . My name is Bill : Bill Wilson : his life and the creation of Alcoholics Anonymous . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 129 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0154 - X . Jump up ^ Pass It On , 1984 , p 117 . Jump up ^ Kurtz 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Pittman , Bill `` AA the Way it Began '' 1988 , Glenn Abbey Books Jump up ^ Kurtz 1991 , p. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Kurtz 1991 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Kurtz 1991 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Kurtz 1991 , p. 46 - 47 . Jump up ^ GSOwatch.aamo.info Jump up ^ Anonymous , Alcoholics . `` AA Big Book , preface '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholics Anonymous . Anonymous Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Alexander ( 1 March 1941 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous '' ( PDF ) . Saturday Eventing Post ( Reprinted in booklet form ed . ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . ISBN 0 - 89638 - 199 - 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Pass It On , 1984 , p. 359 ^ Jump up to : `` AA Fact File '' ( PDF ) . General Service Office of Alcoholics Anonymous . 2007 . Jump up ^ Bill W. ( 1957 ) . `` benign + anarchy '' Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age : A Brief History of A.A. Harper and Brothers . p. 224 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Steven ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Group avoids politics of alcohol '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill . `` The A.A. Service Manual Combined with Twelve Concepts for World Services '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A.A. GSO Guidelines : Finances '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholics Anonymous General Service Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GSO 2007 Operating Results '' . Alcoholics Anonymous General Services Office . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Gross Profit from Literature ~ 8 , 6M ( 57 % ) , Contributions ~ $6.5 M ( 43 % ) Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Financial Questions '' . Fort Worth central office of Alcoholics Anonymous . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alcoholics Anonymous : International General Service Offices '' . Alcoholics Anonymous website . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , Keith ; Kaskutas , Lee Ann ( 1995 ) . `` World Views of Alcoholics Anonymous , Women for Sobriety , and Adult Children of Alcoholics / Al - Anon Mutual Help Groups '' . Addiction Research & Theory . 3 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 243 . doi : 10.3109 / 16066359509005240 . Jump up ^ Bill W. 2002 , Appendix II , p. 567 Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous ( 4th ed . ) . New York : AA World Services . 2002 . pp. xxix . ISBN 9781893007178 . ^ Jump up to : `` This is AA '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholics Anonymous Work Services , Inc. 1984 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Questions & Answers on Sponsorship Jump up ^ `` A Newcomer Asks . '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , Inc. 1980 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Zemore , S.E. ; Kaskutas , L.A. & Ammon , L.N. ( August 2004 ) . `` In 12 - step groups , helping helps the helper '' . Addiction. 99 ( 8 ) : 1015 -- 1023 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2004. 00782. x . PMID 15265098 . Jump up ^ Rudy , David R. ; Greil , Arthur L. ( 1989 ) . `` Is Alcoholics Anonymous a Religious Organization ? : Meditations on Marginality '' . Sociological Analysis . 50 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 3710917 . JSTOR 3710917 . Jump up ^ Leach , Barry ; Norris , John L. ; Dancey , Travis ; Bissell , Leclair ( 1969 ) . `` Dimensions of Alcoholics Anonymous : 1935 -- 1965 '' . Substance Use & Misuse. 4 ( 4 ) : 509 . doi : 10.3109 / 10826086909062033 . Jump up ^ The A.A. Group 2016 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Anonymous , Alcoholics . `` SMF - 177 : Information on Alcoholics Anonymous '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholics Anonymous . AA World Services Inc . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ The A.A. Group 2016 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find a Meeting '' . Inter-Group Association of A.A. of New York . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Native American Indian General Service Office of Alcoholics Anonymous ( NAIGSO - AA ) '' . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cf . A.A. for the Native North American ( PDF ) , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , 2009 , retrieved 29 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Alcoholics Anonymous ( A.A. ) Meetings in Los Angeles County , California '' . Alcoholics Anonymous in Staten Island , N. Y . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The A.A. Group ( PDF ) , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , 19 October 2016 ( 1990 ) , retrieved 29 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Suggestions For Leading Beginners Meetings '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Mäkelä 1996 , p. 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Coleman , Phyllis ( December 2005 ) . `` Privilege and Confidentiality in 12 - Step Self - Help Programs : Believing The Promises Could Be Hazardous to an Addict 's Freedom '' . The Journal of Legal Medicine . 26 ( 4 ) : 435 -- 474 . doi : 10.1080 / 01947640500364713 . ISSN 0194 - 7648 . OCLC 4997813 . PMID 16303734 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jan ( 15 June 1994 ) . `` Faith in Confidentiality of Therapy Is Shaken '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelly , John F. et al. Spirituality in Recovery : A Lagged Mediational Analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous ' Principal Theoretical Mechanism of Behavior Change Alcoholism : Clinical and Experimental Research Vol. 35 , No. 3 March 2011 pp. 1 -- 10 Jump up ^ C. , Roger ( Nov 2011 ) . `` A History of Agnsotic Groups in Alcoholics Anonymous : Part 1 '' . Humanist Network News . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous , Without the Religion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.agnosticaanyc.org/worldwide.html for example is a directory of agnostic AA meetings Jump up ^ Rush , Benjamin ( 1805 ) . Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind . Philadelphia : Bartam . Jump up ^ Is A.A. for You ? ( PDF ) , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , 11 January 2017 , retrieved 14 May 2017 ^ Jump up to : Kurtz , Ernest ( 2002 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous and the disease concept of alcoholism '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly . 20 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 5 -- 39 . doi : 10.1300 / j020v20n03_02 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous page xxx Jump up ^ Living Sober . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Gately , Iain ( 2008 ) . Drink : A Cultural History of Alcohol . Penguin Group . p. 417 . ISBN 9781592403035 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcoholics Anonymous 2014 Membership Survey '' ( PDF ) . AA World Services . 2014 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Blodgett , Wagner ( 2014 ) . `` Estimating the efficacy of Alcoholics Anonymous without self - selection bias : an instrumental variables re-analysis of randomized clinical trials '' . Alcoholism : Clinical and Experimental Research . 38 ( 11 ) : 2688 -- 94 . doi : 10.1111 / acer. 12557 . PMC 4285560 . PMID 25421504 . Lay summary . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Walitzer , Dermen , Barrick ( 2009 ) . `` Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out - patient treatment : a randomized clinical trial '' . Addiction. 104 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 401 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2008. 02467. x . PMC 2802221 . PMID 19207347 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Litt , Kadden , Kabela - Cormier , Petry ( 2009 ) . `` Changing network support for drinking : network support project 2 - year follow - up '' . J Consult Clin Psychol. 77 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 42 . doi : 10.1037 / a0015252 . PMC 2661035 . PMID 19309183 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Moos , Rudolf H. ; Moos , BS ( June 2006 ) . `` Participation in Treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous : A 16 - Year Follow - Up of Initially Untreated Individuals '' . Journal of Clinical Psychology . 62 ( 6 ) : 735 -- 750 . doi : 10.1002 / jclp. 20259 . PMC 2220012 . PMID 16538654 . Jump up ^ Moos , Rudolf H. ; Moos , BS ( February 2006 ) . `` Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders '' . Addiction. 101 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 222 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2006. 01310. x . PMC 1976118 . PMID 16445550 . Jump up ^ Ferri M , Amato L , Davoli M. Cochrane Review . Alcoholics Anonymous . 19 July 2006 Jump up ^ Ståhlbrandt , Henriettæ ; Johnsson , Kent O. ; Berglund , Mats ( 2007 ) . `` Two - Year Outcome of Alcohol Interventions in Swedish University Halls of Residence : A Cluster Randomized Trial of a Brief Skills Training Program , Twelve - Step Influenced Intervention , and Controls '' ( PDF ) . Alcoholism : Clinical and Experimental Research . 31 ( 3 ) : 458 -- 66 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 0277.2006. 00327. x . PMID 17295731 . Jump up ^ Terra , Mauro Barbosa ; Barros , Helena Maria Tannhauser ; Stein , Airton Tetelbom ; Figueira , Ivan ; Palermo , Luiz Henrique ; Athayde , Luciana Dias ; Gonçalves , Marcelo de Souza ; Da Silveira , Dartiu Xavier ( 2008 ) . `` Do Alcoholics Anonymous Groups Really Work ? Factors of Adherence in a Brazilian Sample of Hospitalized Alcohol Dependents '' . American Journal on Addictions. 17 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 53 . doi : 10.1080 / 10550490701756393 . PMID 18214722 . Jump up ^ https://addiction.surgeongeneral.gov/sites/default/files/chapter-5-recovery.pdf Page 5 - 2 Jump up ^ Cheever , Susan ( 14 June 1999 ) . `` Bill W. : The Healer '' . Time Magazine . p. 201 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . by helping another alcoholic , he could save himself Jump up ^ B. , Dick ( 1997 ) . `` Turning point '' . Turning Point : A History of Early A.A. 's Spiritual Roots and Successes ( Volume 10 ed . ) . Good Book Publishing Company . p. 110 . ISBN 9781885803078 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Bill went back to Towns constantly to work on alcoholics there , simply trying to help others had kept him from even thinking of drinking Jump up ^ Lois ( 1979 ) . Lois remembers : memoirs of the co-founder of Al - Anon and wife of the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Al - Anon Family Group Headquarters . p. 95 . ISBN 9780910034234 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . simply trying to help other had kept him from even thinking of drinking Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous ( 3rd ed . ) . Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . 1976 . p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Treatment Committee '' . AA Area 62 ( South Carolina ) . n.d . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corrections Workbook '' ( PDF ) . New York : Alcoholics Anonymous Word Services , Inc. 1995 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Corrections Catalog '' . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . The titles include : Carrying the Message into Correctional Facilities , Where Do I Go From Here ? , A.A. in Prison : Inmate to Inmate , A.A. in Correctional Facilities , It Sure Beats Sitting in a Cell , Memo to an Inmate Who May be an Alcoholic , A Message to Corrections Administrators Jump up ^ `` AA Guidelines from GSO : Cooperating with Court , DWI and Similar Programs '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Judge Levine ( 11 June 1996 ) . `` IN THE MATTER OF DAVID GRIFFIN , APPELLANT , v. THOMAS A. COUGHLIN III , AS COMMISSIONER OF THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONAL SERVICES , ET AL. , RESPONDENTS '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Honeymar ( 1997 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous As a Condition of Drunk Driving Probation : When Does It Amount to Establishment of Religion '' . Columbia Law Review . 97 ( 2 ) : 437 -- 472 . doi : 10.2307 / 1123367 . JSTOR 1123367 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( 8 September 2007 ) . `` Appeals court says requirement to attend AA unconstitutional '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Inouye v. Kemna , 504 F. 3d 705 , 714 n . 9 ( 9th Cir. 2007 ) ( `` ( T ) he AA / NA program involved here has such substantial religious components that governmentally compelled participation in it violated the Establishment Clause . '' ) . Jump up ^ Robertson 1988 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Day , E ; Gaston , RL ; Furlong , E ; Murali , V ; Copello , A ( December 2005 ) . `` United Kingdom substance misuse treatment workers ' attitudes toward 12 - step self - help groups '' . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment . 29 ( 4 ) : 321 -- 327 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsat. 2005.08. 009 . PMID 16311185 . Jump up ^ Bogart , Cathy J. ; Bogart , Cathy J. ( 2003 ) . `` ' 13th - Stepping : ' Why Alcoholics Anonymous Is Not Always a Safe Place for Women '' . Journal of Addictions Nursing : A Journal for the Prevention and Management of Addictions. 14 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 47 . doi : 10.1080 / 10884600305373 . ISSN 1548 - 7148 . OCLC 34618968 . Jump up ^ Questions and Answers on Sponsorship , page 10 . 2005 . Jump up ^ Peele 1989 . Jump up ^ Shute , Nancy ( September 1997 ) . `` The drinking dilemma : by calling abstinence the only cure , we ensure that the nation 's $100 billion alcohol problem wo n't be solved '' . U.S. News & World Report . 123 ( 9 ) : 54 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Alcoholics Anonymous page 20 - 1 , 24 Jump up ^ Alexander , Francesa ; Rollins , Michele ( 1985 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous : the unseen cult '' ( PDF ) . California Sociologist . Los Angeles : California State University . 17 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 48 . ISSN 0162 - 8712 . OCLC 4025459 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Right , Kevin B. W ( 1997 ) . `` Shared Ideology in Alcoholics Anonymous : A Grounded Theory Approach '' . Journal of Health Communication . 2 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 99 . doi : 10.1080 / 108107397127806 . PMID 10977242 . Jump up ^ Levinson , D. ( 1983 ) . Galanter , Marc , ed . `` Current status of the field : An anthropological perspective on the behavior modification treatment of alcoholism '' . Recent Developments in Alcoholism . New York : Plenum Press . 1 : 255 -- 261 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 3617 - 4_14 . ISSN 0738 - 422X . PMID 6680227 . Jump up ^ Wilcox 1998 , p. 109 -- 124 . Jump up ^ A WorldCat search for materials authored by Alcoholics Anonymous and more specific divisions of the organization ( AA Grapevine , World Services , General Service Conference , World Service Meeting ) yields well over 500 results . Jump up ^ Turner , Adrian . `` Review : My Name Is Bill W '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Jeff ( 1 May 1989 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : My Name Is Bill W '' . People . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` When Love Is Not Enough : The Lois Wilson Story -- TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Review : ' When Love Is Not Enough : The Lois Wilson Story ' '' . Variety . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Urycki , Mark ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Bill W. documentary at CIFF '' . Kent , Ohio : WKSU . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( 18 May 2012 ) . `` ' Bill W . ' cuts through the anonymity '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Laudatory but never simplistic , `` Bill W . '' is a thoroughly engrossing portrait of Wilson , his times and the visionary fellowship that is his legacy . Jump up ^ Macnab , Geoffrey ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` A Walk Among The Tombstones , film review : Neeson could sleepwalk down these mean streets '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 29 April 1994 ) . `` Review / Film : When a Man Loves a Woman ; A Woman Under the Influence '' . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 10 August 1988 ) . `` Review : Clean and Sober '' . Chicago Sun - Times / rogerebert.com . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 18 January 1963 ) . `` Movie Review : Days of Wine and Roses '' . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Drunks ' '' . USA : Variety . 11 September 1995 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 24 December 1952 ) . `` Come Back , Little Sheba '' . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 13 January 1956 ) . `` Screen : Return From Alcoholism ; ' I 'll Cry Tomorrow ' Is Film at Music Hall Susan Hayward Seen in Lillian Roth Story Lana Turner as ' Diane ' '' . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' I 'll Cry Tomorrow ' '' . USA : Variety . 31 December 1954 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( 6 July 2007 ) . `` Hi , I 'm Frank and I 'm an alcoholic hitman in `` You Kill Me '' `` . The Seattle Times . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 6 July 2007 ) . `` Rehab for the reaper '' . Toronto Star . Canada . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` A Relationship 's Glue Is Made of Alcohol '' . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https : www.imdb.com/title/tt6288124/ ? ref_ = nv_sr_1 The Morning After starring Dick Van Dyke as a salesman struggling with alcoholism . References ( edit ) Bill W. ( 1955 ) . `` Alcoholics Anonymous : the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism '' ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . OCLC 269381 Bill W. ( 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous : the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism ( 4th ed . ) . New York , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . ISBN 1 - 893007 - 16 - 2 . OCLC 408888189 . Edwards , Griffith ( April 2002 ) . Alcohol : The World 's Favorite Drug ( 1st ed . ) . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28387 - 3 . OCLC 48176740 . Klaus Mäkelä ; World Health Organization . Regional Office for Europe ; et al. ( 1996 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous as a mutual - help movement : a study in eight societies . Madison , Wis : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 15000 - 3 . OCLC 33242907 . Mitchel , Dale ( 2002 ) . Silkworth : the little doctor who loved drunks . Center City , Minn : Hazelden . ISBN 1 - 56838 - 794 - 6 . OCLC 51063745 . Pass It on : The Story of Bill Wilson and how the A.A. Message Reached the World . New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services . December 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 916856 - 12 - 0 . OCLC 12308065 . Peele , Stanton ( 1999 ) . The Diseasing of America : how we allowed recovery zealots and the treatment industry to convince us we are out of control . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 4643 - 5 . OCLC 39605271 . Questions & Answers on Sponsorship ( PDF ) , Alcoholics Anonymous World Services , Inc , 16 June 2016 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 December 2009 , retrieved 13 May 2017 Robertson , Nan ( 1988 ) . Getting Better : Inside Alcoholics Anonymous . New York : Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 06869 - 1 . LCCN 87031153 . OCLC 17260252 . OL 4127115W . Vaillant , George E. ( 1995 ) . The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 60377 - X . OCLC 31605790 . Wilcox , D.M. ( 1998 ) . Alcoholic thinking : Language , culture , and belief in Alcoholics Anonymous . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96049 - 8 . Kurtz , Ernest ( 1991 ) . Not - God : a history of Alcoholics Anonymous . Center City , Minn : Hazelden Pittman . ISBN 0894860658 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alcoholics Anonymous . AA official website A History of Agnostic Groups in AA Original 1938 Manuscript available at Biblio. wiki ( public domain ) Alcoholics Anonymous History Effectiveness Concepts Twelve Steps Twelve Traditions Higher Power Serenity Prayer Literature The Big Book Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions The Little Red Book Day by Day People Bill W . Dr. Bob Jim Burwell Sister Ignatia Marty Mann Carl Jung Lois W . William Duncan Silkworth Rowland Hazard III Ebby Thacher Related Al - Anon / Alateen Alcoholism Bill Wilson House Disease theory of alcoholism Hazelden Foundation The Oxford Group Stepping Stones Charles B. Towns Drama Bill W. and Dr. Bob My Name Is Bill W . When Love Is Not Enough : The Lois Wilson Story Bill W. ( 2012 ) Category Portal Alcohol and health Specific interactions Note : see Template : Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses Aging Alcohol - induced mood disorders Brain Cancer breast cancer Sleep Tolerance Weight Substance abuse prevention Sobriety Alcohol - free zone Alcohol detoxification Alcohol rehabilitation Alcoholics Anonymous Sober companion Alcohol limitation 0 - 0 - 1 - 3 Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Alcohol education Alcohol server training Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages Addiction medicine Alcoholism Disulfiram - like drugs : disulfiram , calcium carbimide , cyanamide Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol Dionysian Mysteries Social issues Alcohol advertising on college campuses Alcohol - free beverage definition controversy Alcohol self - medication Native Americans Binge drinking 0.08 BAC Blackout ( alcohol - related amnesia ) College student alcoholism Domestic violence Drinking games / pregaming Driving under the influence Drunkorexia Dry January Adult Children of Alcoholics Family systems French paradox High - functioning alcoholic ( HFA ) moonshine contamination Rum - running black market Sex Sin tax / Pigovian tax General Alcohol ( drug ) Short - term effects of alcohol consumption Long - term effects of alcohol consumption Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholics_Anonymous&oldid=865546985 '' Categories : Alcoholics Anonymous Non-profit organizations based in New York City Organizations established in 1935 Therapeutic community Twelve - step programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 16 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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3461796820621659407 | Protein biosynthesis | Protein biosynthesis - wikipedia Protein biosynthesis RNA is transcribed in the nucleus ; once completely processed , it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome ( shown in very pale grey behind the tRNA ) . Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins ; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export . Translation , the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes , is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway , along with generation of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , aminoacylation of transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , co-translational transport , and post-translational modification . Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps . They are principally during transcription ( phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template ) and translation ( phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA ) . The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates . The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain . Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA . However , when a protein must be available on short notice or in large quantities , a protein precursor is produced . A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification . A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence ( an N - terminal signal peptide ) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes , i.e. , targets them for secretion . The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum . Preproproteins have both sequences ( inhibitory and signal ) still present . In protein synthesis , a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base - pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA . The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain , and the tRNAs , no longer carrying amino acids , are released . This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome , formed of two main chains of RNA , called ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , and more than 50 different proteins . The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it , capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain . Protein biosynthesis , although very similar , is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transcription 2 Translation 3 Events during or following protein translation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Transcription ( genetics ) Diagram showing the process of transcription In transcription an mRNA chain is generated , with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template . This strand is called the template strand . Transcription can be divided into 3 stages : initiation , elongation , and termination , each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed . Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus , where the DNA is held and is never able to leave . The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases of opposite strands . The sugar and the phosphate in each strand are joined together by stronger phosphodiester covalent bonds . The DNA is `` unzipped '' ( disruption of hydrogen bonds between different single strands ) by the enzyme helicase , leaving the single nucleotide chain open to be copied . RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from the 3 - prime ( 3 ' ) end to the 5 - prime ( 5 ' ) end , while it synthesizes a single strand of messenger RNA in the 5 ' - to - 3 ' direction . The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure , but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA . The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores , and migrates into the cytoplasm . The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells , as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA , which needs no post-transcriptional modification , whereas , in eukaryotic cells , the first product is called primary transcript , that needs post-transcriptional modification ( capping with 7 - methyl - guanosine , tailing with a poly A tail ) to give hnRNA ( heterogeneous nuclear RNA ) . hnRNA then undergoes splicing of introns ( noncoding parts of the gene ) via spliceosomes to produce the final mRNA . Translation ( edit ) Main article : Translation ( biology ) Diagram showing the process of translation Diagram showing the translation of mRNA and the synthesis of proteins by a ribosome Phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA . The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as translation . In eukaryotes , translation occurs in the cytoplasm , where the ribosomes are located . Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit that surround the mRNA . In translation , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the trinucleotide genetic code . This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein . Translation proceeds in four phases : activation , initiation , elongation , and termination ( all describing the growth of the amino acid chain , or polypeptide that is the product of translation ) . In activation , the correct amino acid ( AA ) is joined to the correct transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . While this is not , in the technical sense , a step in translation , it is required for translation to proceed . The AA is joined by its carboxyl group to the 3 ' OH of the tRNA by an ester bond . When the tRNA has an amino acid linked to it , it is termed `` charged '' . Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to 5 ' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors ( IF ) , other proteins that assist the process . Elongation occurs when the next aminoacyl - tRNA ( charged tRNA ) in line binds to the ribosome along with GTP and an elongation factor . Termination of the polypeptide happens when the A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon ( UAA , UAG , or UGA ) . When this happens , no tRNA can recognize it , but releasing factor can recognize nonsense codons and causes the release of the polypeptide chain . The capacity of disabling or inhibiting translation in protein biosynthesis is used by some antibiotics such as anisomycin , cycloheximide , chloramphenicol , tetracycline , streptomycin , erythromycin , puromycin , etc . Events during or following protein translation ( edit ) Main articles : Proteolysis , Posttranslational modification , and Protein folding Events that occur during or following biosynthesis include proteolysis , post-translational modification and protein folding . Proteolysis may remove N - terminal , C - terminal or internal amino - acid residues or peptides from the polypeptide . The termini and side - chains of the polypeptide may be subjected to post-translational modification . These modifications may be required for correct cellular localisation or the natural function of the protein . During and after synthesis , polypeptide chains often fold to assume , so called , native secondary and tertiary structures . This is known as protein folding and is typically required for the natural function of the protein . See also ( edit ) Central dogma of molecular biology Cistron Gene expression Genetic code Operon Peptide synthesis Protein production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kafri M , Metzl - Raz E , Jona G , Barkai N. 2016 . The Cost of Protein Production . Cell Rep 14 : 22 -- 31 . https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.015 ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . New York : Garland Science . p. 760 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce . Molecular Biology of the Cell , 5e . New York : Garland Science , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation . From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute . A website focused primarily on Protein Synthesis . Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications General Peptide bond Protein biosynthesis Proteolysis Racemization N-O acyl shift N terminus Acetylation Carbamylation Formylation Glycation Methylation Myristoylation ( Gly ) C terminus Amidation Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) O - methylation Detyrosination Single specific AAs Serine / Threonine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Glycosylation Methylidene - imidazolone ( MIO ) formation Tyrosine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Sulfation Porphyrin ring linkage Adenylylation Flavin linkage Topaquinone ( TPQ ) formation Detyrosination Cysteine Palmitoylation Prenylation Aspartate Succinimide formation Glutamate Carboxylation Methylation Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Asparagine Deamidation Glycosylation Glutamine Transglutamination Lysine Methylation Acetylation Acylation Adenylylation Hydroxylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation ADP - ribosylation Deamination Oxidative deamination to aldehyde O - glycosylation Imine formation Glycation Carbamylation Succinylation Arginine Citrullination Methylation ADP - ribosylation Proline Hydroxylation Histidine Diphthamide formation Adenylylation Tryptophan C - mannosylation Crosslinks between two AAs Cysteine - Cysteine Disulfide bond Methionine - Hydroxylysine Sulfilimine bond Lysine - Tyrosylquinone Lysine tyrosylquinone ( LTQ ) formation Tryptophan - Tryptophylquinone Tryptophan tryptophylquinone ( TTQ ) formation Three consecutive AAs ( chromophore formation ) Serine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine p - Hydroxybenzylidene - imidazolinone formation Histidine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine 4 - ( p - hydroxybenzylidene ) - 5 - imidazolinone formation Crosslinks between four AAs Allysine - Allysine - Allysine - Lysine Desmosine Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_biosynthesis&oldid=825964844 '' Categories : Gene expression Proteins Biosynthesis Metabolism Protein biosynthesis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do the amino acids come from in protein synthesis | [
"In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.[3]\n"
] | [
"tRNA molecules"
] |
7346670353003094316 | German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin | German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin - wikipedia German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin Graf Zeppelin after her launching on 8 December 1938 History Germany Name : Graf Zeppelin Namesake : Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin Builder : Deutsche Werke Laid down : 28 December 1936 Launched : 8 December 1938 Fate : Sunk as a target ship on 16 August 1947 General characteristics Class and type : Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carrier Displacement : 33,550 long tons ( 34,088.4 t ) ( full load ) Length : 262.5 m ( 861 ft 2.6 in ) Beam : 36.2 m ( 118 ft 9.2 in ) Draft : 8.5 m ( 27 ft 10.6 in ) Installed power : 200,000 shaft horsepower ( 149,140.0 kW ) Propulsion : 4 geared turbines Speed : 33.8 kn ( 62.6 km / h ; 38.9 mph ) Range : 8,000 nmi ( 14,816.0 km ; 9,206.2 mi ) at 19 kn ( 35.2 km / h ; 21.9 mph ) Complement : 1,720 Armament : 16 × 15 cm SK C / 28 guns 12 × 10.5 cm SK C / 33 guns 22 × 3.7 cm SK C / 30 guns 28 × 2 cm FlaK guns Armor : Belt : 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) Flight deck : 45 mm ( 1.8 in ) Main deck : 60 mm ( 2.4 in ) Aircraft carried : Proposed complement of 42 1930 proposal : 30 fighters & 12 dive bombers 1939 proposal : 12 fighters & 30 dive bombers The German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was the lead ship in a class of two carriers of the same name ordered by the Kriegsmarine . She was the only aircraft carrier launched by Germany and represented part of the Kriegsmarine 's attempt to create a well - balanced oceangoing fleet , capable of projecting German naval power far beyond the narrow confines of the Baltic and North Seas . The carrier would have had a complement of 42 fighters and dive bombers . Construction on Graf Zeppelin began on 28 December 1936 , when her keel was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel . Named in honor of Graf ( Count ) Ferdinand von Zeppelin , the ship was launched on 8 December 1938 , and was 85 % complete by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 . Graf Zeppelin was not completed and was never operational due to shifting construction priorities necessitated by the war . She remained in the Baltic for the duration of the war ; with Germany 's defeat imminent , the ship 's custodian crew scuttled her just outside Stettin in March 1945 . The Soviet Union raised the ship in March 1946 , and she was ultimately sunk in weapons tests north of Poland 17 months later . The wreck was discovered by a Polish survey ship in July 2006 . Contents 1 Design 2 Construction and cancellation 3 Fate after the war 3.1 Discovery in 2006 4 Notes 4.1 Footnotes 4.2 Citations 5 References 6 External links Design ( edit ) Main article : Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carrier Projected recognition drawing of Graf Zeppelin had she been completed in September 1942 Graf Zeppelin was 262.5 meters ( 861.2 ft ) long overall ; she had a beam of 36.2 m ( 118.8 ft ) and a maximum draft of 8.5 m ( 27.9 ft ) . At full combat load , she would have displaced 33,550 long tons ( 34,088.4 t ) . The ship 's propulsion system consisted of four Brown , Boveri & Cie geared turbines with sixteen oil - fired , ultra-high - pressure LaMont boilers . The power plant was rated at 200,000 shaft horsepower ( 149,140.0 kW ) and a top speed of 33.8 knots ( 62.6 km / h ; 38.9 mph ) . Graf Zeppelin had a projected cruising radius of 8,000 nautical miles ( 14,816.0 km ; 9,206.2 mi ) at a speed of 19 kn ( 35.2 km / h ; 21.9 mph ) . She would have had a crew of 1760 officers and enlisted men , plus flight crews . The ship 's primary offensive power would have been its aircraft complement . Graf Zeppelin would have carried 42 aircraft as designed : 12 navalized Junkers Ju 87 `` Stuka '' dive bombers , 10 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters , and 20 Fieseler Fi 167 torpedo bombers . Later during the construction process , the aerial complement was reworked to consist of thirty Ju 87s and twelve Bf 109s , and the Fi 167s were removed altogether . As designed , Graf Zeppelin was to be fitted with eight 15 cm SK C / 28 guns for defense against surface warships . This number was later increased to sixteen . Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of ten 10.5 cm SK C / 33 guns -- later increased to twelve -- twenty - two 3.7 cm SK C / 30 guns , and twenty - eight 2 cm guns . The ship 's flight deck was protected with up to 45 millimeters ( 1.8 in ) of Wotan Weich steel armor . A 60 mm ( 2.4 in ) thick armored deck was located under the deck to protect the ship 's vitals from aerial attacks . Graf Zeppelin had a waterline armor belt that was 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) thick in the central area of the ship . Construction and cancellation ( edit ) The keel for Graf Zeppelin in December 1936 On 16 November 1935 , the contract for Flugzeugträger A ( Aircraft carrier A ) -- later christened Graf Zeppelin -- was awarded to the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel . Construction of the ship was delayed since Deutsche Werke was working at capacity , and the slipway needed for Graf Zeppelin was occupied by the new battleship Gneisenau , which was launched on 8 December 1936 . Work started on Graf Zeppelin on 28 December , when her keel was laid down . She was launched on 8 December 1938 , the 24th anniversary of the Battle of the Falkland Islands , and she was christened by Helene von Zeppelin , the daughter of the ship 's namesake . At the launching ceremony , Hermann Göring gave a speech . By the end of 1939 , she was 85 % complete , with a projected completion by the middle of 1940 . By September 1939 , one carrier - borne wing , Trägergruppe 186 , had been formed by the Luftwaffe at Kiel Holtenau , composed of three squadrons equipped with Bf 109s and Ju 87s . Meanwhile , the German conquest of Norway in April 1940 further eroded any chance of completing Graf Zeppelin . Now responsible for defending Norway 's long coastline and numerous port facilities , the Kriegsmarine urgently needed large numbers of coastal guns and anti-aircraft batteries . During a naval conference with Hitler on 28 April 1940 , Admiral Erich Raeder proposed halting all work on Graf Zeppelin , arguing that even if she was commissioned by the end of 1940 , final installation of her guns would need another ten months or more ( her original fire control system had been sold to the Soviet Union under an earlier trade agreement ) . Hitler consented to the stop work order , allowing Raeder to have Graf Zeppelin 's 15 cm guns removed and transferred to Norway . The carrier 's heavy flak armament of twelve 10.5 cm guns had already been diverted elsewhere . In July 1940 , Graf Zeppelin was towed from Kiel to Gotenhafen ( Gdynia ) and remained there for nearly a year . While there , she was used as a storage depot for Germany 's hardwood supply . Just before Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the carrier was again moved , this time to Stettin , to safeguard her from Soviet air attacks . By November , the German army had pushed deep enough into Russian territory to remove any further threat of air attack and Graf Zeppelin was returned to Gotenhafen . There , she was used as a store ship for timber . Graf Zeppelin moored at Stettin in mid-1941 By the time Raeder met with Hitler for a detailed discussion of naval strategy in April 1942 , the usefulness of aircraft carriers in modern naval warfare had been amply demonstrated . British carriers had crippled the Italian fleet at Taranto in November 1940 , critically damaged the German battleship Bismarck in May 1941 and prevented battleship Tirpitz from attacking two convoys bound for Russia in March 1942 . In addition , a Japanese carrier raid on Pearl Harbor had devastated the American battle fleet in December 1941 . Raeder , anxious to secure air protection for the Kriegsmarine 's heavier surface units , informed Hitler that Graf Zeppelin could be finished in about a year , with another six months required for sea trials and flight training . On 13 May 1942 , with Hitler 's authorization , the German Naval Supreme Command ordered work resumed on the carrier . But daunting technical problems remained . Raeder wanted newer planes , specifically designed for carrier use . Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring , head of the Luftwaffe , replied that the already overburdened German aircraft industry could not possibly complete the design , testing and mass production of such aircraft before 1946 . Instead , he proposed converting existing aircraft ( again the Junkers Ju 87 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 ) as a temporary solution until newer types could be developed . Training of carrier pilots at Travemünde would also resume . The converted carrier aircraft were heavier versions of their land - based predecessors and this required a host of changes to Graf Zeppelin 's original design : the existing catapults needed modernization ; stronger winches were necessary for the arresting gear ; the flight deck , elevators and hangar floors also required reinforcement . Changes in naval technology dictated other alterations as well : installation of air search radar sets and antennas ; upgraded radio equipment ; an armored fighter - director cabin mounted on the main mast ( which in turn meant a heavier , sturdier mast to accommodate the cabin 's added weight ) ; extra armoring for the bridge and fire control center ; a new curved funnel cap to shield the fighter - director cabin from smoke ; replacing the single - mount 20mm AA guns with quadruple Flakvierling 38 guns ( with a corresponding increase in ammunition supply ) to improve overall AA defense ; and additional bulges on either side of the hull to preserve the ship 's stability under all this added weight . The German naval staff hoped all these changes could be accomplished by April 1943 , with the carrier 's first sea trials taking place in August that year . Towards that end , Chief Engineer Wilhelm Hadeler was reassigned to oversee Graf Zeppelin 's completion . Hadeler planned on getting the two inner shafts and their respective propulsion systems operational first , giving the ship an initial speed of 25 -- 26 knots , fast enough for sea trials to commence and for conducting air training exercises . By the winter of 1943 -- 1944 she was expected to be combat - ready . On the night of 27 -- 28 August 1942 , while still moored at Gotenhafen , Graf Zeppelin was the target of the only Allied air attack aimed at her during the war . Three Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster heavy bombers from 106 Squadron were dispatched against the German aircraft carrier , each one carrying a single `` Capital Ship '' bomb , a 5,600 lb ( 2,540 kg ) device with a shaped charge warhead intended for armored targets . One pilot , who was unable to see the carrier due to haze , dropped his bomb instead on the estimated position of the German battleship Gneisenau . Another believed he had scored a direct hit on Graf Zeppelin , but there is no known record of the ship suffering any damage from a bomb strike that night . Graf Zeppelin in drydock in March 1943 On 5 December 1942 , Graf Zeppelin was towed back to Kiel and placed in a floating drydock . It seemed she might well see completion after all , but by late January 1943 Hitler had become so disenchanted with the Kriegsmarine , especially with what he perceived as the poor performance of its surface fleet , that he ordered all of its larger ships taken out of service and scrapped . Raeder was shortly relieved of command and replaced with the Commander of Submarines Karl Dönitz . Though Admiral Dönitz eventually persuaded Hitler to void most of the order , work on all new surface ships and even those nearing completion , including Graf Zeppelin , was halted . On 30 January 1943 , all major work on the ship ceased , though some limited , temporary work continued until March . In April 1943 Graf Zeppelin was again towed eastward , first to Gotenhafen , then to the roadstead at Swinemünde and finally berthed at a back - water wharf in the Parnitz River , two miles ( 3 km ) from Stettin , where she had been briefly docked in 1941 . There she languished for the next two years with only a 40 - man custodial crew in attendance . When Red Army forces neared the city in April 1945 , the ship 's Kingston valves were opened , flooding her lower spaces and settling her firmly into the mud in shallow water . A ten - man engineering squad then rigged the vessel 's interior with demolition and depth charges in order to hole the hull and destroy vital machinery . At 6pm on 25 April 1945 , just as the Soviets entered Stettin , commander Wolfgang Kähler radioed the squad to detonate the explosives . Smoke billowing from the carrier 's funnel confirmed the charges had gone off , rendering the ship useless to her new owners for many months to come . Fate after the war ( edit ) Graf Zeppelin in Soviet custody at Świnoujście , April 5 , 1947 . Bow view of a model of Graf Zeppelin , at the Aeronauticum . The carrier 's history and fate after Germany 's surrender was unknown outside the Soviet Union for decades after the war . The Soviets could not repair the ship in the length of time specified by the terms of the Allied Tripartite Commission , so she was designated a `` Category C '' ship . This classification required that she would be destroyed or sunk in deep water by 15 August 1946 . Instead , the Soviets decided to salvage the damaged ship and it was refloated in March 1946 . A number of speculations from Western historians about the ship 's fate arose in the decades after the end of the war . According to German historian Erich Gröner , after the Soviets raised the scuttled ship , they towed her to Leningrad . While en route , she reportedly struck a mine off Finland during a storm . After arriving in Leningrad , Graf Zeppelin was broken up for scrap in 1948 -- 1949 . Naval historians Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau state that the ship was towed out of Stettin in September 1947 , but she never arrived in Leningrad ; they speculated that a mine sank the ship while she was under tow . According to Soviet records , on 19 March 1947 , the Council of Ministers decreed the destruction of former German ships . The first ship to be sunk , Lützow , was sunk off Swinemunde on 22 July 1947 . On 14 August Graf Zeppelin was towed into Swinemunde harbor , and two days later to its final position . It was subjected to five series of controlled explosions of 180 mm ( 7.1 in ) shells and FAB series bombs . The first test imitated a FAB - 1000 detonation in the exhaust funnel and lesser bombs below the flight deck . The second in the series was a single FAB - 1000 explosion above the flight deck . The third , the fourth and the fifth series imitated penetration of FAB - 100 , FAB - 250 and FAB - 500 bombs at flight deck , hangar deck and gun battery deck levels . These bombs were placed in cutouts in their target decks to imitate the effects of dive bombing . Graf Zeppelin remained afloat , and Admiral Yury Rall ordered a torpedo strike . A torpedo fired from an Elco PT boat exploded in the anti-torpedo bulge but did not penetrate the belt armor . A torpedo fired by the destroyer Slavny penetrated the unprotected hull section below the bow elevator ; Graf Zeppelin sank 25 minutes later . Discovery in 2006 ( edit ) The exact position of the wreck was unknown for decades . On 12 July 2006 , the research vessel RV St. Barbara , a ship belonging to the Polish oil company Petrobaltic , found a 265 - meter - long ( 869 ft ) wreck 55 km ( 34 mi ) north of Władysławowo , which they thought was most likely Graf Zeppelin . The wreck rests at a depth of more than 80 m ( 260 ft ) below the surface . After the wreck was located , the Polish Navy began a two - day survey of the wreckage to confirm its identity . Using remote - controlled underwater robots , they concluded that they were `` 99 % certain '' it was Graf Zeppelin . Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wotan Weich '' -- `` Wotan soft '' -- was a type of steel armor developed by the German navy . It had a breaking strength of 65 -- 75 kilograms / square millimeters and expanded up to 25 percent . `` Wotan Hart '' -- `` Wotan Hard '' -- was more rigid and had a breaking strength of 85 -- 96 kg / mm and expanded up to 20 percent . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chesneau , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Gröner , p. 71 Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. 44 Jump up ^ Gröner , p. x Jump up ^ Breyer , p. 11 Jump up ^ Gardiner & Chesneau , p. 226 Jump up ^ Israel , pp. 67 -- 69 ^ Jump up to : Gardiner & Chesneau , p. 227 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1984 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Schenk , p. 143 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1985 ) , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Gröner , p. 72 Jump up ^ Schenk , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , p. 47 Jump up ^ Barker , p. 283 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1985 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Lake , p. 50 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 21 Jump up ^ Mann & Jörgensen , pp. 139 -- 141 Jump up ^ Whitley ( 1985 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. 48 Jump up ^ Kuzin & Litinskii , p. 161 Jump up ^ Rohwer & Monakov , p. 199 Jump up ^ Shirokorad , pp. 108 -- 112 . Jump up ^ `` ' Nazi aircraft carrier ' located '' . BBC News . 28 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Boyes , Roger ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Divers find Hitler 's aircraft carrier '' . The Times . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . References ( edit ) Barker , Lt. Cmdr Edward L. ( March 1954 ) . `` War Without Aircraft Carriers '' . Proceedings . Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Proceedings . OCLC 61522996 . Burke , Stephen ( Sep 2007 ) . Without Wings : The Story of Hitler 's Aircraft Carrier . Victoria : Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4251 - 2216 - 7 . Breyer , Siegfried ( 1989 ) . Graf Zeppelin : The German Aircraft Carrier . Atglen : Schiffer Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0887402429 . Chesneau , Roger ( 1998 ) . Aircraft Carriers of the World , 1914 to the Present An Illustrated Encyclopedia . London : Brockhampton Press . p. 288 . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 875 - 9 . Gröner , Erich ( 1990 ) . German Warships : 1815 -- 1945 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 790 - 9 . Israel , Ulrich H. - J. ( 1994 ) . Graf Zeppelin : Einziger Deutscher Flugzeugträger . Hamburg : Verlag Koehler / Mittler . ISBN 3782206029 . Kuzin , V.P. ; Litinskii , D. Iu. ( 2008 ) . `` Avianosets `` Graf Zeppelin '' -- boevoi trofei Krasnoi Armii ( Aircraft Carrier Graf Zeppelin -- Battle Trophy of the Red Army ) `` . Warship International . Toledo : International Naval Research Organization . 45 ( 2 ) : 161&ndash , 165 . ISSN 0043 - 0374 . OCLC 1647131 . Lake , Jon ( 2002 ) . Lancaster Squadrons 1942 - 43 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 313 - 6 . Mann , Chris ; Jörgensen , Christer ( 2003 ) . Hitler 's Arctic War : the German campaigns in Norway , Finland , and the USSR , 1940 -- 1945 . New York , NY : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 31100 - 1 . Marshall , Francis L. ( 1994 ) . Sea Eagles : The Operational History of the Messerschmitt Bf 109T . Walton on Thames : Air Research Publications . ISBN 1871187230 . Reynolds , Clark G. ( January 1967 ) . `` Hitler 's Flattop : The End of the Beginning '' . Proceedings . United States Naval Institute Proceedings . OCLC 61522996 . Rohwer , Jürgen ; Monakov , Mikhail S. ( 2001 ) . Stalin 's Ocean - going Fleet . London : Frank Cass . ISBN 0714648957 . Schenk , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` German Aircraft Carrier Developments '' . Warship International . Toledo : International Naval Research Organization . 45 ( 2 ) : 129&ndash , 158 . ISSN 0043 - 0374 . OCLC 1647131 . Shirokorad , Alexander ( 2004 ) . Флот , который уничтожил Хрущёв ( Flot , kotoryi unichtozhil Khruschev ( in Russian ) . Moscow : AST publishers . ISBN 5 - 9602 - 0027 - 9 . Whitley , M.J. ( July 1984 ) . Warship 31 : Graf Zeppelin , Part 1 . VIII . Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 85177 - 354 - 0 . Whitley , M.J. ( 1985 ) . Warship 33 : Graf Zeppelin , Part 2 . IX . Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 984 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Launching Ceremony of the Graf Zeppelin Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carriers Graf Zeppelin List of Kriegsmarine ships Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in April 1945 Shipwrecks 1 Apr : Awa Maru 2 Apr : USS Dickerson , U-321 3 Apr : Brummer , USS S - 16 , U-1221 , U-2542 , U-3505 4 Apr : USS Dickerson , U-237 , U-749 , U-3003 5 Apr : U-242 , USS S - 17 6 Apr : Amatsukaze , USS Bush , USS Colhoun , USS Leutze , USS Morris , USS Newcomb , USS Witter 7 Apr : Asashimo , Hamakaze , Isokaze , Isuzu , Kasumi , USS LST - 447 , Oldenburg , USS PGM - 18 , U-1195 , Yahagi , Yamato 8 Apr : U-774 , U-1001 9 Apr : Admiral Scheer , U-677 , U-747 , U-804 , U-843 , U-982 , U-1065 , U-2509 , U-2514 , U-3512 10 Apr : U-878 , Weser 12 Apr : USS Mannert L. Abele , U-486 13 Apr : U-1024 14 Apr : Belgian Airman , U-235 , U-1206 15 Apr : U-103 , U-285 , U-1063 , U-1235 16 Apr : HMCS Esquimalt , Lützow , USS Pringle , U-78 , U-880 , U-1274 17 Apr : Goya 19 Apr : Aquila , U-251 , U-548 , U-879 21 Apr : U-636 22 Apr : USS Swallow , U-518 23 Apr : USS Eagle Boat 56 , U-183 24 Apr : USS Frederick C. Davis , U-108 , U-546 25 Apr : Graf Zeppelin , TA 32 , U-326 28 Apr : U-56 29 Apr : U-56 , U-286 , U-307 , U-1017 30 Apr : HMS Goodall , TA 43 , U-879 , U-1107 Unknown date : USS Snook , U-246 , U-325 , U-396 , U-398 , U-548 , U-857 , U-1055 Other incidents 2 Apr : USS Dickerson 5 Apr : USS Thornton 6 Apr : USS Defense , USS Emmons , USS Mullany , USS Rodman 12 Apr : USS Lindsey , U-1024 . USS Zellars 14 Apr : USS Sigsbee 15 Apr : HMS Ekins , USS Laffey 16 Apr : USS Bryant , Goya , USS Harding 19 Apr : USS Tolman 27 Apr : HMS Redmill 30 Apr : U-3525 1944 1945 1946 March 1945 May 1945 Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1947 Shipwrecks 5 Jan : Varvassi 13 Mar : Empire Jonquil 22 Mar : Empire Contamar 3 Apr : Stancliffe 16 Apr : Grandcamp , High Flyer , Wilson B. Keene 23 Apr : Samtampa , HMS Warspite 29 Apr : HMS Witherington 8 May : Muirchú 13 May : General Botha 17 May : USS Oklahoma 22 May : USS Mallard 31 May : Berlin 4 Jun : Emperor June ( unknown date ) : Ourang Medan 17 Jul : Ramdas 21 Jul : Nascopie 22 Jul : Lützow 31 Jul : USS Chewink 16 Aug : Graf Zeppelin 18 Aug : Rovena 25 Aug : USS S - 24 6 Sep : Matagalpa 13 Sep : HMAS Warrnambool 6 Oct : USS Crittenden 21 Oct : U-190 11 Nov : Aqueity 20 Nov : U-234 28 Nov : U-530 Unknown date : Ponaganset , U-858 , U-889 Other incidents 1 Jan : Jan Steen 19 Jan : Wanganella 21 Jan : HMS Bonaventure 17 Mar : RFA Wave Laird 28 Mar : Clio 5 Apr : Empire Chamois 14 Apr : Queen Elizabeth 16 Apr : Texas City disaster 18 Jul : Exodus 8 Sep : Ocean Vigour 1946 1948 Coordinates : 55 ° 31 ′ 03 '' N 18 ° 17 ′ 09 '' E / 55.51750 ° N 18.28583 ° E / 55.51750 ; 18.28583 GND : 4198900 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin&oldid=866455799 '' Categories : Graf Zeppelin - class aircraft carriers World War II aircraft carriers of Germany Shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea Proposed aircraft carriers Germany -- Soviet Union relations 1938 ships Maritime incidents in April 1945 Maritime incidents in 1947 Ships sunk as targets Proposed ships of Germany Ships built in Kiel Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 13 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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1035292918754036597 | Thomas & Friends | Thomas & Friends - wikipedia Thomas & Friends Jump to : navigation , search Thomas & Friends Thomas the Tank Engine Also known as ' ' Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( original title ) Genre Television series Created by Britt Allcroft Based on The Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry Christopher Awdry Written by Rev. W. Awdry ( 1984 -- 95 ) Christopher Awdry ( 1986 -- 95 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 98 ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2002 ) Various ( 2002 -- present ) Sharon Miller ( 2008 -- 12 ; head writer ) Andrew Brenner ( 1991 -- 92 , 1998 , 2013 -- present ; head writer ) Directed by David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Steve Asquith ( 2002 , 2004 -- 08 ) Greg Tiernan ( 2009 -- 12 ) David Baas ( 2013 -- 14 ) David Stoten ( 2014 -- present ) Rob Silvestri ( feature length specials 2013 -- 14 ) Don Spencer ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dianna Basso ( 2015 -- present ) Voices of See List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Narrated by Ringo Starr UK / US : ( 1984 -- 90 ) Michael Angelis UK : ( 1991 -- 2012 ) George Carlin US : ( 1991 -- 96 ) Alec Baldwin US : ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Michael Brandon US : ( 2003 -- 12 ) Pierce Brosnan UK / US : ( 2008 ; The Great Discovery ) Mark Moraghan UK / US : ( 2013 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Mike O'Donnell Junior Campbell ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Robert Hartshorne ( 2004 -- 16 ) Ed Welch ( 2004 -- 08 ) Peter Hartshorne ( 2011 -- 16 ) Chris Renshaw ( 2016 -- present ) Oliver Davis ( 2016 -- present ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 21 No. of episodes 512 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 86 , 2002 ) Angus Wright ( 1991 -- 98 ) Peter Urie ( 2002 -- 03 ) Jocelyn Stevenson ( 2003 -- 06 ) Christopher Skala ( 2007 -- 11 ) Marion Edwards ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lenora Hume ( 2009 -- 10 ) Karen Barnes ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kallan Kagan ( 2013 -- 17 ) Jeff Young ( 2013 -- 15 ) Steven Hecht ( 2013 -- 15 ) Michael Carrington ( 2013 -- 14 ) Christopher Keenan ( 2014 -- present ) Edward Catchpole ( 2015 ) Marianne Culbert ( 2016 ) Kyle MacDougall ( 2016 -- present ) Jamie LeClaire ( 2016 -- present ) Phil LaFrance ( 2016 -- present ) Producer ( s ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 98 ) Robert D. Cardona ( 1984 -- 86 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1991 -- 98 ) Phil Fehrle ( 2002 -- 03 ) Simon Spencer ( 2004 -- 08 ) Nicole Stinn ( 2008 -- 12 ) Ian McCue ( 2011 -- 17 ) Halim Jabbour ( 2013 ) Robert Anderson ( 2013 ; 2015 -- present ) Brian Lynch ( 2013 -- 15 ) Jennifer Hill ( 2014 -- 15 ) Lynda Craigmyle ( 2016 ) Jane Sobol ( 2016 ) Tracy Blagdon ( 2016 -- present ) Micaela Winter ( 2016 -- present ) Location ( s ) Clapham Junction ( 1984 ) Clearwater Studios Battersea ( 1984 ) Shepperton Studios ( 1986 -- 2008 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Editor ( s ) Michael Dixon ( 1984 ) Rebecca de Burgh Mound ( 1986 ) John Wright ( 1991 -- 2002 ) Kate Buckland ( 2004 -- 08 ) Kevin Pavlovic ( 2009 -- 12 ) Adam Garner ( 2013 -- present ) Gavin Ebedes ( 2014 -- present ) Running time 4 - 5 minutes ( 1984 -- 2003 ) ; 7 minutes ( 2004 -- 08 ) ; 9 - 10 minutes ( 17 min. ; one episode ) ( 2004 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Central ITV ( 1984 - 86 ) FilmFair ( 1984 - 96 ) Woodland Animations ( 1984 - 96 ) Clearwater Features ( 1984 -- 86 ) The Britt Allcroft Company ( 1984 -- present ) Thames Television ( 1991 - 92 ) Gullane Entertainment ( 1999 -- present ) HiT Entertainment ( 2003 -- present ; Mattel ) Hot Animation ( 2004 - 2008 ) Cosgrove Hall Films ( 2005 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Distributor Various distributors Release Original network ITV ( UK ; 1984 -- 2006 , 2013 -- present ) Channel 5 ( UK ; 2005 -- present ) Cartoon Network ( UK ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) , Nick Jr . Too ( UK ; 2006 -- present ) FOUR ( NZ ; 2011 -- 16 ) TVNZ 2 ( NZ ; 2016 -- present ) Cartoonito ( UK ; 2017 -- present ) PTV ( US ; 1989 -- 98 ( only as a segment on Shining Time Station ) ) PBS KIDS ( US ; 2004 -- present ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) Fox Family ( US ; 1998 -- 2001 ) PBS KIDS Sprout / Sprout ( US ; 2005 -- 15 ) Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 1 - 5 ) 16 : 9 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 6 -- 10 ) 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 11 ) 16 : 9 1080p ( HDTV ) ( CGI ) ( Series 12 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1984 -- 95 ) Dolby Surround ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2003 -- present ) Original release 9 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 09 ) -- present External links Website www.thomasandfriends.com Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( simply referred to as Thomas & Friends or Thomas the Tank Engine ) is a British children 's television series . It had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry . These books follow the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised locomotives and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher , during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories from the first four series are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precursors 1.2 Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its success 1.3 Thomas & Friends and its recent developments 2 Cast 3 List of productions 3.1 Television series 3.2 Films , specials , and miniseries 3.3 Home video history 4 Production 4.1 Characters 4.2 Storytelling 4.3 Models 4.4 Face movements 4.5 Music 4.6 Head writer 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Internet popularity 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official websites 8.2 Other sites History Precursors Before the airing of the first episode of Thomas & Friends in 1984 , previous attempts had been made to adapt Awdry 's stories for television , but not all attempts were successful . The first was in 1953 , when the editor of the Railway Series books , Eric Marriott , was approached by the BBC , who wished to use live - action model trains to re-create two stories from Awdry 's first book , The Three Railway Engines . The engines were portrayed by 00 gauge Hornby Dublo models and driven on authentic sets in the style of the original illustrations . The first episode , based on `` The Sad Story of Henry '' , was broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 June 1953 from Lime Grove Studios . The live broadcast did not fare well . Reportedly , a failure to switch the points caused the model of Henry to derail and viewers of the live broadcast witnessed a human hand , said to be the one of a crew member , picking him up and placing him back on the rails . Models moved jerkily , and all effects and music had to be superimposed . By 23 June , news of the broadcast hit the front pages of the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail . Awdry himself branded the episode as `` unprofessional '' , and the point - switching debacle as an `` elementary mistake '' . As a result , the second episode scheduled for 28 June 1953 was put on hold , and then later cancelled . After the `` Sad Story of Henry '' fiasco , the BBC did attempt to rescue the project by offering to give Awdry and the Railway Series publishers greater creative control over the production of the episodes , but the publishers declined the offer , preferring to focus on publishing new books for the series . Nearly twenty years later , the BBC incorporated Awdry 's stories once again . Fourteen years before Thomas and Friends was aired , Ted Ray , sitting in a stationmaster 's office , read out five Railway Series books between 20 September to 2 October 1970 on the popular television story - telling show Jackanory . Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its Success In 1979 , British television producer Britt Allcroft was producing a documentary on the Bluebell Railway , a heritage railway in Sussex which actually featured in the Railway Series book Stepney the Bluebell Engine . As part of her research before filming , Allcroft read some books in The Railway Series and was highly entertained and impressed with the stories which Awdry had written , later remarking that `` there was something in the stories that I felt I could develop that would connect with children . I saw a strong emotional content that would carry with little children 's experiences with life . '' Allcroft worked to convince Awdry that she could , with funding , convert the stories into a successful television show . Her efforts were successful , and she purchased the television rights from the publishers of The Railway Series at a cost of what was then £ 50,000 ( $74,000 in U.S. dollars at the time ) . Allcroft still had to work to raise the money to finance production and , despite showing a keen interest , wanted a level of creative control which she did not want to forego . In the end , after several years of searching and having to place a second mortgage on her home , Allcroft raised sufficient funding from her local bank manager . By 1981 , Allcroft had secured the finances to produce the show , she started to assemble the crew , including producer and director David Mitton , also the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd. ; crew member Steve Asquith ; American - born producer Robert D. Cardona ; and the selected team of composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The series started production in 1984 by Allcroft 's production company , The Britt Allcroft Company ; Clearwater Features Ltd . ( Mitton and Cardona 's company ) ; and the ITV company Central Independent Television . The series was originally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in house studio in Battersea , a suburb of London , for Series 1 . It later relocated to Shepperton Studios , Middlesex , southwest of London for subsequent series . The use of moving models was seen at the time of the series ' conception as an effective method of animating the stories . Locomotives and other vehicles were operated by radio , while humans and animals were static figures . Stop - motion was occasionally employed for instances in which a human or animal character would move . Hand - drawn animation was used in Series 3 to create bees . The first series ( 1984 ) used stories from the first eight books , along with one specially written by the Rev. W. Awdry , Thomas 's Christmas Party . The second series ( 1986 ) used stories from Book 9 ( Edward the Blue Engine ) to Book 30 ( More About Thomas the Tank Engine ) . This book was unusual , as it was written specifically by Christopher Awdry to be adapted by the show . At that time , it was a contractual obligation that the series could only adapt stories that appeared in print . The series also used a story from a Thomas Annual , `` Thomas and Trevor '' , and a specially written stand - alone story , Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree . The second series was actually a 27 - episode series , as a single ( unaired ) episode ( `` The Missing Coach '' ) was in the process of being filmed , but despite being filmed it was never shown because Allcroft decided it was too confusing for young viewers . The production team went on to use `` Thomas , Percy and the Coal '' instead . In between production of the second and third series , the production team were focused in producing two other television series : Tugs , which ran for one series from 1988 to 1990 for Television South ( TVS ) ; and the American television series Shining Time Station , which repackaged Thomas & Friends for the American television market from 1989 to 1995 . Just before production of series three , Clearwater closed on 31 December 1990 , with The Britt Allcroft Company becoming the sole producer . Series three was broadcast in 1991 for Thames Television . It was made at a cost of £ 1.3 million ( approximately $9.3. million in U.S. dollars at the time ) . The series was a combination of episodes derived from The Railway Series , stories in the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends magazine ( written by the series ' current head writer , Andrew Brenner ) , and a couple of original stories by Allcroft and Mitton . One of the primary reasons for diverging from the original books was that many of the stories not yet used featured large numbers of new characters , which would be expensive to produce . Another reason was that the producers wanted more stories about Thomas , the nominal main character . Awdry worried that the new stories would be unrealistic ( see Henry the Green Engine for more details ) . Robert D. Cardona left as producer , while Britt Allcroft joined David Mitton as co-producer . Angus Wright took over as executive producer . Series four was broadcast in 1994 on Cartoon Network . The producers planned to introduce some new female characters , including motor car Caroline , Nancy , and The Refreshment Lady . Some commentators took this as a response to accusations of sexism levelled against the series two years earlier . In reality , these were not `` new '' characters , but creations of Awdry from the original Railway Series books . Series four was almost entirely based on The Railway Series . The narrow gauge engines were introduced , and were the focus of a number of episodes . Only one original story ( `` Rusty to the Rescue '' , written by Allcroft and Mitton ) was used , but this took certain elements of plot and dialogue from Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine . The fifth series ( 1998 ) , also broadcast on Cartoon Network , was a radical shift , as all episodes were written by Allcroft and Mitton with no further stories being adapted from the `` Railway Series '' . This series saw the introduction of new characters , such as Cranky , The Horrid Lorries and Old Slow Coach . It also focused on more dramatic and edgy plot - lines , with more severe accidents , than in the earlier seasons . After series 5 , Angus Wright stepped down as executive producer . Thomas and the Magic Railroad was released in July 2000 in the UK , Canada , and the United States . It featured new characters created by Allcroft , along with characters from the show that introduced Thomas to the U.S. , Shining Time Station . Despite high production values and the popularity of the show , the film was criticised by British reviewers who were unfamiliar with Shining Time Station . The movie was well received by young children on both sides of the Atlantic , but made only $19.7 million at the box office , against a cost of $19 million to produce . The film was broadcast on BBC1 on 1 January 2004 and again on 29 December 2008 . Thomas & Friends and its recent developments The Britt Allcroft Company ( which changed its name to Gullane Entertainment in 1999 ) was purchased by HiT Entertainment in September 2003 , a company specialising in children 's entertainment . The sixth and seventh series ( both broadcast on CITV ) continued to introduce action - packed storylines and new characters , and saw the introduction of a writing staff . The sixth series in 2002 was notable for its attempt to create a spin - off based on the successful `` Bob the Builder '' series . Two episodes introduced a group of construction machine characters known as `` The Pack '' . The spin - off did n't materialise for some time . Eventually , in 2006 , thirteen episodes were released straight to DVD as a collection called On Site with Thomas . The fact that older sets were used and the episodes were shot on 35mm camera ( as opposed to the digital camera used at the time of the episodes ' release ) suggest it was filmed some time before Series 8 . In Series 7 ( 2003 ) the programme title was officially shortened to Thomas & Friends , this name having been used on merchandise and video covers for three years previously . Phil Fehrle replaced Allcroft and Mitton as producer , though Mitton remained as the director . Executive producer Angus Wright was replaced by Peter Urie and Allcroft as executive producers for Series 6 . In 2003 , Allcroft stepped down as executive producer , making Urie the sole executive producer for Gullane Entertainment , and Jocelyn Stevenson was the executive producer for HiT Entertainment . The eighth series ( 2004 ) was the first released directly to VHS and DVD as four episodes in the US and six in the UK were released before airing on television on Nick Jr. in the UK and PBS in the US . It introduced a number of significant changes to the show . Many of the original founding team involved in the original show since 1984 left the production , notably Britt Allcroft , director and writer David Mitton , and original composers Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The latter two had been embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with HiT before their departure . Steve Asquith , who was part of the original production team since 1984 , took over as director , while Simon Spencer replaced Phil Fehrle as producer . A new theme song and incidental music were composed by Ed Welch and Robert Hartshorne , respectively . Episode runtime was increased to seven minutes . The series was produced using digital video camera , creating a somewhat different look for the show . Other changes included the additions of CGI educational sequences and transitions between stories . Executive producer Peter Urie also left , while Jocelyn Stevenson remained in her role as executive producer . Sam Barlow became the story executive , while Abi Grant and Paul Larson served as script editors . This series saw the adoption of a centralised cast , including Thomas the Tank Engine , Edward , Henry , Gordon , James , Percy , Toby and Emily . HiT Entertainment was itself then acquired by Apax Partners , a private equity company , in March 2005 . A straight - to - video film , Calling All Engines ! , was released shortly before Series 9 in 2005 . While featuring characters from Thomas and the Magic Railroad , it was not a direct sequel . It proved successful , which resulted in more direct - to - video specials being produced . Series 9 ( 2005 ) and 10 ( 2006 ) saw the expansion of the supporting cast with new and old characters . From Series 9 the narrator would call out the episodes ' names and from Series 11 the theme song was sung starting with the sound of a train whistle . Series 10 aired with twenty - eight episodes rather than the twenty - six of previous years . The eleventh series ( 2007 ) was filmed in high definition format . Twenty episodes aired in the original broadcast , while six were released directed to DVD as Engines and Escapades . Jocelyn Stevenson had stepped down as executive producer after Series 10 , with Christopher Skala taking her place as executive producer for Series 11 . Sharon Miller became the script editor from Series 9 to 11 . Series 12 ( 2008 ) saw the introduction of CGI effects ( provided by HiT Entertainment 's subsidiary Hot Animation ) , with the intent of producing the show entirely in CGI the following year . The traditional models and sets were still used , but with computer animated faces superimposed on the models to allow for changing facial expressions . Humans and animals were fully computer animated to allow for walking movement . Only twenty episodes were broadcast ( the U.S. broadcast featured six additional episodes from Engines and Escapades ) . Sharon Miller became the head writer , starting with Series 12 . HiT announced multiple changes to the show beginning in 2009 . One new aspect was the introduction of live - action host segments to Thomas ' home video releases . The host took the form of a character who worked on The Fat Controller 's ( Sir Topham Hatt 's ) railway , who would instruct viewers in craft projects . For the final 2 DVDs released for Season 12 in 2009 , the host was named Mr. Arkwright ( played by Robert Slate ) . In 2010 , beginning with the DVD Splish splash splosh , the host was named Mr. Perkins ( played by Ben Forster ) and has remained host ever since . For budgetary reasons , the other major changes were a move to production in CGI , rather than using physical models , and the addition of a voice cast to support the established narrator . The DVD feature , Hero of the Rails , was the first Thomas & Friends production to show these changes , and Series 13 was the first television series in the new format . The CGI animation for the series was provided by Nitrogen Studios of Vancouver . In September 2010 , Apax was preparing to sell off HiT Entertainment and its franchises , including Thomas -- regarded as the single most valuable asset -- in order to help clear HiT 's debts , and in February 2012 , sold the company , along with the Thomas properties , to US toy giant Mattel . During production of Series 16 ( 2012 ) , Sharon Miller stepped down as head writer , and Andrew Brenner , who had written some Thomas stories in the third series , assumed the role after serving as script editor for `` Blue Mountain Mystery '' . Additionally , Sam Barlow stepped down as story executive after the sixteenth series , and the production of the CGI animation was moved from Nitrogen Studios ( of Vancouver ) to Arc Productions ( of Toronto ) . King of the Railway and Series 17 , both released during 2013 , serve as the first special and series developed by the new animation and production team respectively . 2014 saw Tale of the Brave and Series 18 , the second special and series animated by Arc , respectively . And in the following year , 2015 saw The Adventure Begins , a special coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the franchise ; and Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure . Series 19 began airing that same year . 2016 saw some changes . Longtime composers Robert and Peter Hartshorne , father and son team , left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took over . 2016 also saw Thomas & Friends : The Great Race and Series 20 began airing the same year . Cast Main article : List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Originally , a narrator was used as the only voice in the series until 2008 . Britt Allcroft thought it essential to convey the episode as a story that would be read from a book at home . Individual voice - over actors were given to both the UK and US dubs of the Series , following the switch to full CGI animation in 2009 . List of Productions Television series Main article : List of Thomas & Friends episodes Series Year Episodes DVD release date ( R2 ) DVD release date ( R4 ) 1984 26 31 January 2005 2 May 2006 1986 18 April 2005 13 April 2006 1991 -- 92 23 January 2006 6 July 2006 1994 -- 95 24 July 2006 8 September 2006 5 1998 5 February 2007 8 September 2006 6 2002 2 July 2007 5 January 2009 7 2003 14 January 2008 4 June 2009 8 28 July 2008 4 June 2009 9 2005 19 January 2009 2 March 2010 10 2006 28 17 May 2010 2 June 2010 11 2007 26 26 July 2010 2 June 2011 12 2008 20 21 February 2011 1 March 2012 13 13 February 2012 14 22 July 2013 15 2011 7 July 2014 16 2012 25 May 2015 17 2013 -- 14 26 18 July 2016 18 2014 -- 15 19 June 2017 19 2015 -- 17 20 2016 -- 17 28 21 2017 Films , specials , and miniseries Main article : Thomas & Friends ( franchise ) § Direct - to - video specials Home video history Main article : Thomas and Friends video releases Over the history of the programme , the TV episodes and specials have been released for home viewing in a variety of compilations , formats and languages , by a variety of publishing houses . Production Characters Further information : List of Thomas & Friends railway engines , List of Thomas & Friends narrow - gauge engines , Arlesdale Railway , List of Thomas & Friends rolling stock , List of Thomas & Friends non-rail vehicles , List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends , and Thomas the Tank Engine film characters Storytelling Up until Series 12 , narration and dialogue were performed by a single storyteller . This was the choice of Allcroft , who wanted the television stories to be an extension of the way they would be told at home in a comforting environment . All character emotions would come from the nuances of the storyteller 's voice , in conjunction with facial expressions , music , and actions on - screen . Models The original live action models were filmed on an extensive model railway layout built at the studios . The models were built to the 1 : 32 scale , known in model railway circles as `` Gauge 1 '' . The locomotives used chassis made by Märklin with specially made bodies . Along with the moving - eye and eyelid mechanisms and clay faces , these bodies also included smoke generators . Coaches and trucks were made using Tenmille kits . Later models were constructed entirely from scratch . Some of the models from the sister television series Tugs were reused in later episodes of the series . From Series 5 to 12 , some larger - scale models were used for the narrow gauge characters , to more easily fit the complex mechanisms into them while retaining a sufficient level of detail . In Series 6 , the characters known as `` the Pack '' ( construction machines ) were also constructed on a large scale , and larger models of Thomas and Percy were made to interact with them . In the ninth series , another larger Thomas model was built to the same scale as the narrow gauge engines to provide greater possibilities for interaction . It was joined by a large version of James in the tenth series . In 2009 , some of these models were put on display in a special exhibit at Drayton Manor Theme Park 's Thomas Land . Nitrogen Studios , who provided the animation for the series from series 12 to 16 , also has some of the original models on display . Face movements At the show 's conception in 1984 , live action model animation would not deliver lip sync , but show co-creator Britt Allcroft and model director David Mitton did not see this as an inhibition . About 20 years later however , with advancement in technology , the show saw the introduction of CGI by HIT Entertainment 's subsidiary HOT Animation . At first this was used to generate smoke and other effects , but later , HIT ( the current owners of Thomas ) announced its intent to introduce a fully CGI series in 2009 . With Series 12 , CGI by Nitrogen Studios was used to animate characters ' faces and to make people and animals mobile within the stories . The following series saw a transition to full CGI animation . Music Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell composed the show 's original main title theme , incidental music and songs , which were used for series 1 -- 7 comprising 182 episodes between 1984 and 2003 . In 2004 , Robert Hartshorne took O'Donnell and Campbell 's place as composer , while Ed Welch became the show 's songwriter from Series 8 to The Great Discovery , and Welch left after The Great Discovery . Hartshorne took his place as songwriter from Series 12 and onwards . From Day of the Diesels / 2011 - 2016 , Robert 's son Peter Hartshorne helped him with the music . In 2016 the Hartshornes left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took their places . Head writer This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since series 12 , there has been a head writer for the series . Prior to the introduction of a head writer , the script editor performed similar duties . Sharon Miller served as head writer from series 12 -- 16 and stepped down after series 16 and was replaced by Andrew Brenner , who had written many `` Thomas '' stories for various magazines as well as his own original stories , several of which were later adapted for television episodes for Series 3 and Series 5 , for which he had remained uncredited . Brenner had been a writer of several other children 's animated series , such as Angelina Ballerina , Tractor Tom , Fireman Sam , The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers , Spot , Poppy Cat , and Binka , as well as being the creator of Caribou Kitchen , and Humf and writer for several magazines featuring children 's characters such as The Real Ghostbusters , Fireman Sam , Scooby - Doo , Tom and Jerry , and Thomas 's sister series Tugs and has written scripts and took over as head writer for Thomas for King of the Railway and onwards . Sharon Miller has also been the voice director since the second CGI animated film Misty Island Rescue , and continues to work on the series in this capacity . Script editors Abi Grant ( series 6 ) Jan Page ( series 7 ) Abi Grant and Paul Larson ( series 8 ) Sharon Miller ( series 9 - 11 ) Becky Evans ( series 16 , last few episodes ) Head writer Sharon Miller ( series 12 -- 16 ) Andrew Brenner ( series 17 -- present ) Broadcast This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends was originally broadcast on ITV until 1992 . In the United States , the series premiered on PBS Kids in 2004 . The series had first appeared only as sequences on Shining Time Station during the program 's run from 1989 to 1995 . The sequences of the series later aired in 1996 on Mr. Conductor 's Thomas Tales . The series aired on Storytime with Thomas on Fox Family ( now Freeform ) from 1998 to 2001 . When Thomas & Friends premiered on PBS , it was first distributed from 2004 to 2007 by Connecticut Public Television and by WNET from 2008 onwards . The program airs in Australia on ABC Kids and on FOUR in New Zealand . In Canada , it plays on TVO , Family Jr. , and Knowledge Kids . Reception Critical response Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars stating `` Parents can be assured that this series has educational aspects as well as behavioral modeling . The Thomas the Tank Engine stories were conceived by a young British boy early in the 20th century , who would listen to the trains as they chuffed through the countryside . The stories he told his son -- who has consequently passed them on to his own son -- have been documented in books and toy train models . Since the series was introduced to television viewers in the 1980s , Thomas & Friends has seen a healthy fan base sprout worldwide . Some of the expressions on the train 's faces can be a tiny bit creepy , but the intention behind the animation is good , as follows the tradition of a well - told story . '' Internet popularity In the 2010s , Thomas & Friends became the subject of several internet memes , and was even the centerpiece of an article for The New Yorker , which explored supposedly totalitarian subtexts present in the show . References Notes Jump up ^ `` Universal Studios Home Entertainment HIT Entertainment And Universal Studios Home Entertainment Enter Into Distribution Pact For Thomas & Friends ® , Angelina Ballerina ® , Barney & Friends ® , Bob The Builder ® And HIT 's Greater Preschool Portfolio In North America '' ( Press release ) . CNW Group . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boomerang UK And Cartoonito UK March 2017 Highlights '' . RegularCapital : Cartoon Network International News . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The TV Series -- A History of Thomas on Screen '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory , Michael ; Whitlock , Natalie . `` Thomas the Tank Engine and TV '' . Ultimate Guide to Thomas the Tank Engine . TLC . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Rhodri ( 19 May 2005 ) . `` Still Building Steam at 60 '' . The Journal . Newcastle - upon - Tyne : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Storytellers '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bluebell Railway -- FAQ '' . Bluebell Railway . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the £ 1billion Tank Engine '' . Daily Mirror. 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Friends ( Television prodyction ) . 60 Minutes . 1995 . Event occurs at 2 : 50 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bfi Film & Tv Database Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends '' . Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Case for the Missing Coach '' . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Drove Thomas To Success ? '' . sodor-island.net . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Thomas the Tank Engine Man . Heinemann . p. 318 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 96909 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sibley , p320 Jump up ^ Sibley , p309 Jump up ^ http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/ThomasTheTankEngine?from=Main.ThomasTheTankEngine#Darker and Edgier Jump up ^ `` Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FE Investegate Gullane Ent. PLC Announcements Gullane Ent. PLC : Offer by HIT Entertainment '' . Investegate.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIT TAKES OVER GULLANE . News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 5 September 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Dohmann QC '' . Blackstone Chambers . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hickman '' . Blackstone Chambers . 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apax buys Hit for £ 490m News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 21 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce Brosnan Announced As New Narrator For Thomas & Friends '' . ( Press Release ) . HIT Entertainment . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends and Bob the Builder Move to CGI Animation in 2009 Broadcast Season '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bob the Builder owner prepares for a disposal '' . Business-sale.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Thomas the Tank Engine sale steaming ahead `` , Daily Mail Online , 19 September 2010 '' . Daily Mail . 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas The Tank Engine ' For Sale Cheap '' . Deadline London . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbie maker Mattel to buy Thomas the Tank Engine owner '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arc Productions Comes On Board As Animation Studio For HIT Entertainment 's Thomas & Friends '' . Hit Entertainment . 6 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends : The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Ringo Starr , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft , Robert D. Cardona : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 1 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 2 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 2 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 3 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 3 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fourth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 4 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fifth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 5 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 6 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 6 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection : Series 7 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas the Tank Engine : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 7 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 8 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 8 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 9 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 9 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Complete Series 10 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Marc Seal , Wayne Jackman , Simon Nicholson , James Mason : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 10 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 11 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 11 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas and Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 12 DVD 2011 : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Andrew Viner , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Wayne Jackman , Anna Starkey : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Series 12 '' . Ezydvd.com.au. 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Series 13 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Ben Small , Teresa Gallagher , Keith Wickham , Matt Wilkinson , Togo Igawa , Kerry Shale , Jules de Jongh , Greg Tiernan , Nicole Stinn , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Allan Plenderleith , David Richard Fox , Miranda Larson , Robyn Charteris , Louise Kramskoy , Alan Hescott : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 14 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete 16th Series ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 17 '' . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Complete Series 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Land exhibit '' . Thomaslanduk.co.uk . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` How Thomas the Tank Engine Works '' . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hit reveals new look for Bob and Thomas '' . ( Press Release ) . Licensing.biz. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends - TV Review '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Funniest Things The Internet Has Ever Done With Thomas The Tank Engine '' . smosh . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Repressive Authoritarian Soul of Thomas the Tank Engine '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas and Friends . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thomas and Friends Official websites Official website Awdry Family Site Other sites Thomas and Friends at TV.com Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends on IMDb ( hide ) The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends Engines Thomas Edward Henry Gordon James Percy Toby Duck Donald and Douglas Oliver Emily Bill and Ben Diesel Mavis Salty Harvey Diesel 10 Narrow - gauge engines Skarloey Rheneas Sir Handel Peter Sam Rusty Duncan Duke Minimum - gauge engines Mike Bert Rex Other characters The Fat Controller The Thin Controller Annie and Clarabel Bertie Harold Terence Trevor Major characters in The Railway Series Minor characters in The Railway Series Railways North Western Skarloey Culdee Fell Arlesdale Mid Sodor Sodor & Mainland The Other Railway Places The Island of Sodor Locations in Thomas and Friends The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry List of Railway Series books Major characters Minor characters Authors Rev. W.V. Awdry ( creator ) Christopher Awdry Illustrators C. Reginald Dalby John T. Kenney Peter and Gunvor Edwards Clive Spong Thomas & Friends , the television show Characters Railway engines Narrow - gauge engines Arlesdale engines Rolling stock Non-rail vehicles People and animals Film characters Television series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Films and specials Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) Calling All Engines ! ( 2005 ) The Great Discovery ( 2008 ) Hero of the Rails ( 2009 ) Misty Island Rescue ( 2010 ) Day of the Diesels ( 2011 ) Blue Mountain Mystery ( 2012 ) King of the Railway ( 2013 ) Tale of the Brave ( 2014 ) The Adventure Begins ( 2015 ) Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ( 2015 ) The Great Race ( 2016 ) Journey Beyond Sodor ( 2017 ) Production List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Merchandise Annuals Day out with Thomas My Thomas Story Library Thomas Land at Drayton Manor Thomas the Tank Engine pictureback books Related Shining Time Station PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Thomas & Friends ( since 1989 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Bob the Builder ( since 1998 ) Cyberchase ( since 2000 ) SciGirls ( since 2010 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( February 19 , 2018 ) Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block Ringo Starr Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental Journey Beaucoups of Blues Ringo Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Ringo the 4th Bad Boy Stop and Smell the Roses Old Wave Time Takes Time Vertical Man I Wanna Be Santa Claus Ringo Rama Choose Love Liverpool 8 Y Not Ringo 2012 Postcards from Paradise Give More Love Live albums Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux 4 - Starr Collection Ringo Starr and His Third All - Starr Band - Volume 1 VH1 Storytellers King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Extended Versions Tour 2003 Ringo Starr and Friends Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your Past Starr Struck : Best of Ringo Starr , Vol. 2 The Anthology ... So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Books Postcards From the Boys Related Articles Discography Song list Filmography The Concert for Bangladesh Ring O ' Records Scouse the Mouse Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Ringo ( 1978 film ) `` Brush with Greatness '' Thomas & Friends Shining Time Station The Hollywood Vampires Bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Beatles Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band People / Artists Maureen Starkey ( first wife ) Zak Starkey ( son ) Barbara Bach ( second wife ) Francesca Gregorini ( stepdaughter ) George Harrison Mark Hudson Harry Nilsson Vini Poncia Book Wikiquote Ringo Starr singles 1970s 1970 `` Beaucoups of Blues '' / `` Coochy Coochy '' 1971 `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' 1972 `` Back Off Boogaloo '' / `` Blindman '' 1973 `` Photograph '' / `` Down and Out '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' 1976 `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` You Do n't Know Me at All '' ( Europe ; except UK ) `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Las Brisas '' ( Mexico ) 1977 `` Wings '' `` Drowning in the Sea of Love '' `` Sneaking Sally Through the Alley '' ( Australia ) 1978 `` Tango All Night '' ( Spain ) `` Lipstick Traces ( On a Cigarette ) '' `` Heart on My Sleeve '' `` Tonight '' 1980s 1981 `` Wrack My Brain '' 1982 `` Private Property '' `` In My Car '' ( Germany ) 1984 `` I Keep Forgettin ' '' ( Mexico ) 1985 `` Sun City '' ( with Artists United Against Apartheid ) 1986 `` You Know It Makes Sense '' `` Act Naturally '' ( with Buck Owens ) 1990s 1991 `` You Never Know '' ( promo ) `` Do n't Go Where the Road Do n't Go '' `` Weight of the World '' 1998 `` La De Da '' `` King of Broken Hearts '' ( promo ) `` One '' ( promo ) `` Mr. Double - It - Up '' ( promo ) 1999 `` Come On Christmas , Christmas Come On '' ( promo ) 2000s 2003 `` Never Without You '' `` Imagine Me There '' ( promo ) 2005 `` Fading In Fading Out '' ( promo ) 2007 `` Liverpool 8 '' 2009 `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' ( with Peter Kay 's Animated All Star Band ) `` Walk with You '' ( with Paul McCartney ) 2010s 2012 `` Wings '' 2015 `` Postcards from Paradise '' 2017 `` Give More Love '' George Carlin Albums Burns and Carlin at the Playboy Club Tonight Take - Offs and Put - Ons FM & AM Class Clown Occupation : Foole Toledo Window Box An Evening with Wally Londo Featuring Bill Slaszo On the Road A Place for My Stuff Carlin on Campus Playin ' with Your Head What Am I Doing in New Jersey ? Parental Advisory : Explicit Lyrics Jammin ' in New York Back in Town You Are All Diseased Complaints and Grievances George Carlin on Comedy Life Is Worth Losing It 's Bad for Ya I Kinda Like It When a Lotta People Die Compilations Indecent Exposure Classic Gold The Little David Years ( 1971 -- 1977 ) HBO specials On Location Again ! Carlin at Carnegie On Campus Playin ' with Your Head What Am I Doing in New Jersey ? Doin ' It Again Jammin ' in New York Back in Town 40 Years of Comedy You Are All Diseased Complaints and Grievances Life Is Worth Losing It 's Bad for Ya Books Sometimes a Little Brain Damage Can Help Brain Droppings Napalm and Silly Putty More Napalm and Silly Putty When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops ? Three Times Carlin : An Orgy of George Last Words Watch My Language Related articles Seven dirty words Bill & Ted `` D'oh - in ' in the Wind '' Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation The George Carlin Show The Kraft Summer Music Hall Shining Time Station Thomas & Friends MusicBrainz : cd153bb1 - c5b1 - 4c08 - a00a - d7f5959decd6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_%26_Friends&oldid=808246877 '' Categories : Thomas & Friends 1984 British television programme debuts 1980s British children 's television series 1990s British children 's television series 2000s British children 's television series 2010s British children 's television series 1980s British animated television series 1990s British animated television series 2000s British animated television series 2010s British animated television series British children 's animated television programmes Channel 5 ( UK ) television programmes Computer - animated television series ITV children 's television programmes Nick Jr. shows Rail transport in fiction PBS network shows Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows Fox Family shows Fuji Television shows Television programs based on children 's books Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series by HIT Entertainment Television series by ITV Studios Television series revived after cancellation Trains in fiction Treehouse TV shows TVOntario shows Family Channel shows English - language television programs Preschool education television series Children 's comedy television series Children 's fantasy television series PBS Kids shows Television series by WNET TV5 ( Philippines ) shows Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who replaced ringo starr on thomas the tank engine | [
"\n\nThomas & Friends\n\n\n\nThomas the Tank Engine\n\n\n\nAlso known as\n''Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends (original title)\n\n\nGenre\nTelevision series\n\n\nCreated by\nBritt Allcroft\n\n\nBased on\nThe Railway Series\nby Rev. W. Awdry\nChristopher Awdry\n\n\nWritten by\n\n\n\nRev. W. Awdry (1984–95)\nChristopher Awdry (1986–95)\nBritt Allcroft (1984–98)\nDavid Mitton (1984–2002)\nVarious (2002–present)\nSharon Miller (2008–12; head writer)\nAndrew Brenner (1991–92, 1998, 2013–present; head writer)\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nDavid Mitton (1984–2003)\nSteve Asquith (2002, 2004–08)\nGreg Tiernan (2009–12)\nDavid Baas (2013–14)\nDavid Stoten (2014–present)\nRob Silvestri (feature length specials 2013–14)\nDon Spencer (2014–15)\nDianna Basso (2015–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nVoices of\nSee List of Thomas & Friends voice actors\n\n\nNarrated by\n\n\n\nRingo Starr UK/US: (1984–90)\nMichael Angelis UK: (1991–2012)\nGeorge Carlin US: (1991–96)\nAlec Baldwin US: (1998–2003)\nMichael Brandon US: (2003–12)\nPierce Brosnan UK/US: (2008; The Great Discovery)\nMark Moraghan UK/US: (2013–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\n\n\n\nMike O'Donnell\nJunior Campbell\n(1984–2003)\nRobert Hartshorne (2004–16)\nEd Welch (2004–08)\nPeter Hartshorne (2011–16)\nChris Renshaw (2016–present)\nOliver Davis (2016–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of series\n21\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n512 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nBritt Allcroft (1984–86, 2002)\nAngus Wright (1991–98)\nPeter Urie (2002–03)\nJocelyn Stevenson (2003–06)\nChristopher Skala (2007–11)\nMarion Edwards (2009–15)\nLenora Hume (2009–10)\nKaren Barnes (2011–13)\nKallan Kagan (2013–17)\nJeff Young (2013–15)\nSteven Hecht (2013–15)\nMichael Carrington (2013–14)\nChristopher Keenan (2014–present)\nEdward Catchpole (2015)\nMarianne Culbert (2016)\nKyle MacDougall (2016–present)\nJamie LeClaire (2016–present)\nPhil LaFrance (2016–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nDavid Mitton (1984–98)\nRobert D. Cardona (1984–86)\nBritt Allcroft (1991–98)\nPhil Fehrle (2002–03)\nSimon Spencer (2004–08)\nNicole Stinn (2008–12)\nIan McCue (2011–17)\nHalim Jabbour (2013)\nRobert Anderson (2013; 2015–present)\nBrian Lynch (2013–15)\nJennifer Hill (2014–15)\nLynda Craigmyle (2016)\nJane Sobol (2016)\nTracy Blagdon (2016–present)\nMicaela Winter (2016–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\n\n\n\nClapham Junction (1984)\nClearwater Studios Battersea (1984)\nShepperton Studios (1986–2008)\nNitrogen Studios (2008–12)\nArc Productions (2013–16)\nJam Filled Toronto (2016–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nMichael Dixon (1984)\nRebecca de Burgh Mound (1986)\nJohn Wright (1991–2002)\nKate Buckland (2004–08)\nKevin Pavlovic (2009–12)\nAdam Garner (2013–present)\nGavin Ebedes (2014–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n4-5 minutes (1984–2003); 7 minutes (2004–08); 9-10 minutes (17 min.; one episode) (2004–present)\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nCentral ITV (1984-86)\nFilmFair (1984-96)\nWoodland Animations (1984-96)\nClearwater Features (1984–86)\nThe Britt Allcroft Company (1984–present)\nThames Television (1991-92)\nGullane Entertainment (1999–present)\nHiT Entertainment (2003–present; Mattel)\nHot Animation (2004-2008)\nCosgrove Hall Films (2005)\nNitrogen Studios (2008–12)\nArc Productions (2013–16)\nJam Filled Toronto (2016–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nVarious distributors[1]\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\n\n\n\nITV (UK; 1984–2006, 2013–present)\nChannel 5 (UK; 2005–present)\nCartoon Network (UK; 1994–2001)\nNick Jr. (UK; 1999-2016), Nick Jr. Too (UK; 2006–present)\nFOUR (NZ; 2011–16)\nTVNZ 2 (NZ; 2016–present)\nCartoonito (UK; 2017–present)[2]\nPTV (US; 1989–98 [only as a segment on Shining Time Station])\nPBS KIDS (US; 2004–present)\nNick Jr. (UK; 1999-2016)\nFox Family (US; 1998–2001)\nPBS KIDS Sprout/Sprout (US; 2005–15)\n\n\n\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\n4:3 480i (NTSC) 576i (PAL) (SDTV) (filmed) (Series 1-5)\n16:9 480i (NTSC) 576i (PAL) (SDTV) (filmed) (Series 6–10)\n16:9 1080i (HDTV) (filmed) (Series 11)\n16:9 1080p (HDTV) (CGI) (Series 12 – present)\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio format\n\n\n\nStereo (1984–95)\nDolby Surround (1998–2002)\nDolby Digital 5.1 (2003–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal release\n9 October 1984 (1984-10-09) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.thomasandfriends.com\n\n"
] | [
"Michael Angelis"
] |
-7662814363074852003 | The Shining (film) | The Shining ( film ) - wikipedia The Shining ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Shining Theatrical release poster by Saul Bass Directed by Stanley Kubrick Produced by Stanley Kubrick Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick Diane Johnson Based on The Shining by Stephen King Starring Jack Nicholson Shelley Duvall Scatman Crothers Danny Lloyd Music by Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Cinematography John Alcott Edited by Ray Lovejoy Production company The Producer Circle Company Peregrine Productions Hawk Films Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date May 23 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) October 2 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 02 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 146 minutes ( Premiere ) 144 minutes ( American ) 119 minutes ( European ) Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $19 million Box office $44.4 million ( North America ) The Shining is a 1980 horror film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick and co-written with novelist Diane Johnson . The film is based on Stephen King 's 1977 novel The Shining . The Shining is about Jack Torrance ( Jack Nicholson ) , an aspiring writer and recovering alcoholic , who accepts a position as the off - season caretaker of the isolated historic Overlook Hotel in the Colorado Rockies . Wintering over with Jack is his wife Wendy Torrance ( Shelley Duvall ) and young son Danny Torrance ( Danny Lloyd ) , who possesses `` the shining '' , an array of psychic abilities that allow Danny to see the hotel 's horrific past . The hotel 's current cook , Dick Hallorann ( Scatman Crothers ) , also has this ability and is able to telepathically communicate with Danny . The hotel had a previous winter caretaker who went crazy and killed his wife , two daughters and then himself . After a winter storm leaves the Torrances snowbound , Jack 's sanity deteriorates due to the influence of the supernatural forces that inhabit the hotel , placing his wife and son in danger . Supporting roles are provided by Barry Nelson , Philip Stone , Joe Turkel , Anne Jackson , and Tony Burton . Production took place almost exclusively at EMI Elstree Studios with sets strongly based on real locations . Kubrick often worked with a small crew which allowed him to do many takes , sometimes to the exhaustion of the actors and staff . The new Steadicam was used in several scenes giving it an innovative and immersive look and feel . Because of inconsistencies , ambiguities , symbolism , and differences from the book , there has been much speculation into the meanings and actions in the movie . Unlike Kubrick 's previous works , which developed audiences gradually through word - of - mouth , The Shining was released as a mass - market film , initially opening in two U.S. cities on Memorial Day , then nationwide within a month . The European release of The Shining a few months later was 25 minutes shorter due to Kubrick 's removal of most of the scenes taking place outside the environs of the hotel . Although contemporary responses from critics were mixed , assessment became more favorable in following decades , and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made . American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time . Critics , scholars , and crew members ( such as Kubrick 's producer Jan Harlan ) have discussed the film 's enormous influence on popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Genesis 3.2 Casting 3.3 Shooting 3.3. 1 Interior sets 3.3. 2 Exterior locations 3.3. 3 Shooting 3.3. 4 Steadicam 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Post-release edit 6 European version 7 Home media 8 Reception 8.1 Initial reviews 8.2 Reappraisal 8.3 Analysis of change in perception 8.4 Response by Stephen King 8.5 Awards and nominations 9 Social interpretations 9.1 Native Americans 9.2 Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust 10 Literary allusions 11 Ambiguities in the film 11.1 Ghosts vs. cabin fever 11.2 The two Gradys 11.3 The photograph 11.4 Spatial layout of the Overlook Hotel 12 Comparison with the novel 12.1 Motivation of ghosts 12.2 Room number 12.3 Jack Torrance 12.4 Danny Torrance 12.5 Wendy Torrance 12.6 Stuart Ullman 12.7 Family dynamics 12.8 Plot differences 12.9 Film adaptation commentary 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain - isolated Overlook Hotel , which is twenty - five miles from the closest town , to be interviewed for the position of winter caretaker . Once hired , Jack plans to use the hotel 's solitude to write . The hotel , built on the site of a Native American burial ground , becomes snowed - in during the winter ; it is closed from October to May . Manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker , Charles Grady , developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself . In Boulder , Jack 's son , Danny Torrance , has a terrifying premonition about the hotel , viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door , and then falls into a trance . Jack 's wife , Wendy , tells a doctor that Danny has an imaginary friend named Tony , and that Jack has given up drinking because he dislocated Danny 's shoulder following a binge . The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour . The chef , Dick Hallorann , surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream . Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability , which he calls `` shining '' . Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel , particularly room 237 . Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a `` shine '' to it along with many memories , not all of which are good . He also tells Danny to stay away from room 237 . A month passes ; while Jack 's writing goes nowhere , Danny and Wendy explore the hotel 's hedge maze , and Hallorann goes to Florida . Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall , and Danny has frightening visions . Jack , increasingly frustrated , starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts . Danny 's curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the room 's door open . Later , Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter . After she awakens him , Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny . Danny arrives and is visibly traumatized with a bruise on his neck , causing Wendy to accuse Jack of abusing him . Jack wanders into the hotel 's Gold Room and meets a ghostly bartender named Lloyd . Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage . Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a `` crazy woman in one of the rooms '' attempted to strangle him . Jack investigates room 237 , encountering the ghost of a dead woman , but tells Wendy that he saw nothing . Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room , now filled with ghosts attending a ball . He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must `` correct '' his wife and child and that Danny has reached out to Hallorann using his `` talent '' . Meanwhile , Hallorann grows concerned about what 's going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado . Danny starts calling out `` redrum '' and goes into a trance , referring to himself as `` Tony '' . While searching for Jack , Wendy discovers he has been typing pages of a repetitive manuscript : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' . She begs Jack to leave the hotel with Danny , but he threatens her before she knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat . She drags him into the kitchen and locks him in the pantry , but she and Danny are both trapped at the hotel : Jack has disabled the hotel 's two - way radio and snowcat . Later , Jack converses through the pantry door with Grady , who unlocks the door . Danny writes `` REDRUM '' on the outside of the bathroom door in the family 's living quarters . When Wendy sees the word reversed in the bedroom mirror , the word is revealed to be `` MURDER '' . Jack begins hacking through the quarters ' main door with a firefighter 's axe . Wendy sends Danny through the bathroom window , but it will not open sufficiently for her to pass . Jack breaks through the bathroom door , shouting `` Here 's Johnny ! '' , but retreats after Wendy slashes his hand with a butcher 's knife . Hearing Hallorann arriving in a snowcat he borrowed , Jack leaves the room . He murders Hallorann with the axe in the lobby and pursues Danny into the hedge maze . Wendy runs through the hotel looking for Danny , encountering ghosts and the cascade of blood Danny envisioned in Boulder . She also finds Hallorann 's corpse in the lobby . Danny lays a false trail to mislead Jack , who is following his footprints , before hiding behind a drift . Danny escapes from the maze and reunites with Wendy ; they escape in Hallorann 's snowcat , while Jack freezes to death in the snow . In an old photograph in the hotel hallway dated July 4 , 1921 , Jack Torrance smiles front and center amid a crowd of party revelers at the Overlook . Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as Jack Torrance Shelley Duvall as Wendy Torrance Danny Lloyd as Danny Torrance Scatman Crothers as Dick Hallorann Barry Nelson as Stuart Ullman Philip Stone as ( Delbert ) Grady Joe Turkel as Lloyd Anne Jackson as Doctor Tony Burton as Larry Durkin Lia Beldam as Young Woman In Bath Billie Gibson as Old Woman In Bath Barry Dennen as Bill Watson David Baxt as Forest Ranger # 1 Manning Redwood as Forest Ranger # 2 Lisa Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 1 ) Louise Burns as Grady Daughter ( # 2 ) Robin Pappas as Nurse Alison Coleridge as Secretary ( Susie ) Burnell Tucker as Policeman Jana Sheldon as Stewardess Kate Phelps as Receptionist Norman Gay as Injured guest In the shorter European cut , all of the scenes involving Jackson and Burton are cut ( although their names still appear in the credits ) . Dennen is on - screen in both versions of the film , albeit to a limited degree ( and with no dialogue ) in the shorter cut . The actresses who played the ghosts of the murdered Grady daughters , Lisa and Louise Burns , are identical twins ; however , the characters in the book and film script are merely sisters , not twins . In the film 's dialogue , Mr. Ullman identifies them as `` about eight and ten . '' Nonetheless , they are frequently referred to in discussions about the film as `` the Grady twins . '' The resemblance in the staging of the Grady girls and the `` Twins '' photograph by Diane Arbus has been noted both by Arbus ' biographer , Patricia Bosworth , the Kubrick assistant who cast and coached them , Leon Vitali , and by numerous Kubrick critics . Although Kubrick both met Arbus personally and studied photography under her during his youthful days as photographer for Look magazine , Kubrick 's widow says he did not deliberately model the Grady girls on Arbus ' photograph , in spite of widespread attention to the resemblance . Production ( edit ) Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene of The Shining . Genesis ( edit ) Before making The Shining , Stanley Kubrick had directed the 1975 movie Barry Lyndon , a highly visual period film about an Irish man who attempts to make his way into the British aristocracy . Despite its technical achievements , the film was not a box office success in the United States and was derided by critics for being too long and too slow . Kubrick , disappointed with Barry Lyndon 's lack of success , realized he needed to make a film that would be commercially viable as well as artistically fulfilling . Stephen King was told that Kubrick had his staff bring him stacks of horror books as he planted himself in his office to read them all : `` Kubrick 's secretary heard the sound of each book hitting the wall as the director flung it into a reject pile after reading the first few pages . Finally one day the secretary noticed it had been a while since she had heard the thud of another writer 's work biting the dust . She walked in to check on her boss and found Kubrick deeply engrossed in reading The Shining . '' Speaking about the theme of the film , Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality . There 's an evil side to it . One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly '' . Casting ( edit ) Nicholson was Kubrick 's first choice for the role of Jack Torrance ; other actors considered included Robert De Niro ( who claims the film gave him nightmares for a month ) , Robin Williams , and Harrison Ford , all of whom met with Stephen King 's disapproval . In his search to find the right actor to play Danny , Kubrick sent a husband and wife team , Leon and Kersti Vitali , to Chicago , Denver , and Cincinnati to create an interview pool of 5,000 boys over a six - month period . These cities were chosen since Kubrick was looking for a boy with an accent which fell in between Jack Nicholson 's and Shelley Duvall 's speech patterns . Shooting ( edit ) Interior sets ( edit ) The set design for the interior scenes of the Overlook Hotel was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel ( It was renamed Majestic Yosemite Hotel on March 1 , 2016 . ) The Ahwahnee 's lobby was the model for the set of the lobby created at Elstree Studios . Having chosen King 's novel as a basis for his next project , and after a pre-production phase , Kubrick had sets constructed on soundstages at EMI Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , Britain . Some of the interior designs of the Overlook Hotel set were based on those of the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park . To enable him to shoot the scenes in chronological order , he used several stages at EMI Elstree Studios in order to make all sets available during the complete duration of production . The set for the Overlook Hotel was at the time the largest ever built at Elstree , including a life - size re-creation of the exterior of the hotel . In February 1979 , the set at Elstree was badly damaged in a fire , causing a delay in the production . Exterior locations ( edit ) Timberline Lodge in Oregon served as the exterior of the Overlook Hotel . While most of the interior shots , and even some of the Overlook exterior shots , were shot on studio sets , a few exterior shots were shot on location by a second - unit crew headed by Jan Harlan . Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park , Montana was the filming location for the aerial shots of the opening scenes , with the Volkswagen Beetle driving along Going - to - the - Sun Road . The Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was filmed for a few of the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel ; notably absent in these shots is the hedge maze , something the Timberline Lodge does not have . Outtakes of the opening panorama shots were later used by Ridley Scott for the closing moments of the original cut of the film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . Shooting ( edit ) Screenplay from The Shining at LACMA exhibit . The Shining had a prolonged and arduous production period , often with very long workdays . Principal photography took over a year to complete , due to Kubrick 's highly methodical nature . Actress Shelley Duvall did not get along with Kubrick , frequently arguing with him on set about lines in the script , her acting techniques and numerous other things . Duvall eventually became so overwhelmed by the stress of her role that she became physically ill for months . At one point , she was under so much stress that her hair began to fall out . The shooting script was being changed constantly , sometimes several times a day , adding more stress . Jack Nicholson eventually became so frustrated with the ever - changing script that he would throw away the copies that the production team would give to him to memorize , knowing that it was just going to change anyway . He learned most of his lines just minutes before filming them . Nicholson was living in London with his then - girlfriend Anjelica Huston and her younger sister , Allegra , who testified to his long shooting days . Joe Turkel stated in a 2014 interview that they rehearsed the `` bar scene '' for six weeks , starting at 9 a.m. and finishing at 10 : 30 p.m. each day , with Turkel recollecting that his clothes would be soaked in his own sweat by the end of every day 's shoot . He also added that it was his favorite scene in the film . For the final Gold Room sequence , Kubrick instructed the extras ( via megaphone ) not to talk , `` but to mime conversation to each other . Kubrick knew from years of scrutinizing thousands of films that extras could often mime their business by nodding and using large gestures that look fake . He told them to act naturally to give the scene a chilling sense of time - tripping realism as Jack walks from the seventies into the roaring twenties '' . Original typewriter from the film . For the international versions of the film , Kubrick shot different takes of Wendy reading the typewriter pages in different languages . For each language , a suitable idiom was used : German ( Was du heute kannst besorgen , das verschiebe nicht auf morgen -- `` Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today '' ) , Italian ( Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca -- `` The morning has gold in its mouth '' ) , French ( Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' -- `` One ' here you go ' is worth more than two ' you 'll have it ' '' , the equivalent of `` A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush '' ) , Spanish ( No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano -- `` No matter how early you get up , you ca n't make the sun rise any sooner . '' ) These alternate shots were not included with the DVD release , where only the English phrase `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was used . The door that Jack chops through with the axe near the end of the film was a real door . Kubrick had originally shot this scene with a fake door , but Nicholson , who had worked as a volunteer fire marshal , tore it down too quickly . Jack 's line , `` Heeeere 's Johnny ! '' , is taken from Ed McMahon 's famous introduction to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , and was improvised by Nicholson . Kubrick , who had lived in England for some time , was unaware of the significance of the line , and nearly used a different take . Carson later used the Nicholson clip to open his 1980 anniversary show on NBC . During production , Kubrick screened David Lynch 's Eraserhead ( 1977 ) to the cast and crew , to convey the mood he wanted to achieve for the film . Steadicam ( edit ) Similar 2007 Steadicam and video equipment . The Shining was among the first half - dozen films ( after the 1976 films Bound for Glory , Marathon Man , and Rocky ) , to use the newly developed Steadicam , a stabilizing mount for a motion picture camera , which mechanically separates the operator 's movement from the camera 's , allowing smooth tracking shots while the operator is moving over an uneven surface . It essentially combines the stabilized steady footage of a regular mount with the fluidity and flexibility of a handheld camera . The inventor of the Steadicam , Garrett Brown , was heavily involved with the production of The Shining . Brown has described his excitement taking his first tour of the sets which offered `` further possibilities for the Steadicam '' . This tour convinced Brown to become personally involved with the production . Kubrick was not `` just talking of stunt shots and staircases '' . Rather he would use the Steadicam `` as it was intended to be used -- as a tool which can help get the lens where it 's wanted in space and time without the classic limitations of the dolly and crane '' . Brown used an 18 mm Cooke lens that allowed the Steadicam to pass within an inch of walls and door frames . Brown published an article in American Cinematographer about his experience , and contributed to the audio commentary on the 2007 DVD release . The Overlook Hotel 's Colorado Lounge set was modeled in large parts on the Ahwahnee Hotel 's Great Lounge Kubrick personally aided in modifying the Steadicam 's video transmission technology . Brown states his own abilities to operate the Steadicam were refined by working on Kubrick 's film . For this film , Brown developed a two - handed technique , which enabled him to maintain the camera at one height while panning and tilting the camera . In addition to tracking shots from behind , the Steadicam enabled shooting in constricted rooms without flying out walls , or backing the camera into doors . Brown notes that : One of the most talked - about shots in the picture is the eerie tracking sequence which follows Danny as he pedals at high speed through corridor after corridor on his plastic Big Wheel tricycle . The soundtrack explodes with noise when the wheel is on wooden flooring and is abruptly silent as it crosses over carpet . We needed to have the lens just a few inches from the floor and to travel rapidly just behind or ahead of the bike . This required the Steadicam to be on a special mount modeled on a wheelchair in which the operator sat while pulling a platform with the sound man . The weight of the rig and its occupants proved to be too much for the original tires however , resulting in a blowout one day that almost caused a serious crash . Solid tires were then mounted on the rig . Kubrick also had a highly accurate speedometer mounted on the rig so as to duplicate the exact tempo of a given shot so that Brown could perform take after identical take . Brown also discusses how the scenes in the hedge maze were shot with a Steadicam . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The stylistically modernist art - music chosen by Kubrick is similar to the repertoire he first explored in 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Although the repertoire was selected by Kubrick , the process of matching passages of music to motion picture was left almost entirely at the discretion of music editor Gordon Stainforth , whose work on this film is known for the attention to fine details and remarkably precise synchronization without excessive splicing . The soundtrack album on LP was withdrawn due to problems with licensing of the music . It remains only available on vinyl ( there has never been a CD release ) and is difficult to find . The LP soundtrack omits some pieces heard in the film , and also includes complete versions of pieces of which only fragments are heard in the film . The non-original music on the soundtrack is as follows : `` Lontano '' by György Ligeti , Ernest Bour conducting the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra ( Wergo Records ) `` Music for Strings , Percussion and Celesta '' by Béla Bartók , Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra ( Deutsche Grammophon ) `` Utrenja '' -- excerpts from the `` Ewangelia '' and `` Kanon Paschy '' movements by Krzysztof Penderecki , Andrzej Markowski conducting the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra ( Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` The Awakening of Jacob '' , `` De Natura Sonoris No. 1 '' ( the latter not on the soundtrack album , Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ) and `` De Natura Sonoris No. 2 '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by Andrzej Markowski , Polskie Nagrania Records ) `` Home '' , performed by Henry Hall and the Gleneagles Hotel Band ( Columbia Records ) `` It 's All Forgotten Now '' by Al Bowlly , performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on the soundtrack album ) `` Masquerade '' , performed by Jack Hylton and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) `` Kanon ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki ( not on soundtrack ) `` Polymorphia ( for string orchestra ) '' by Krzysztof Penderecki , Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Henryk Czyż ( not on soundtrack ) `` Midnight , the Stars and You '' by Al Bowlly , performed by Ray Noble and His Orchestra ( not on soundtrack ) Upon their arrival at Elstree Studios , Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind were shown the first version of the film by Kubrick : `` The film was a little on the long side . There were great gobs of scenes that never made it to the film . There was a whole strange and mystical scene in which Jack Nicholson discovers objects that have been arranged in his working space in the ballroom with arrows and things . He walks down and thinks he hears a voice and a ghost throws a ball back to him . None of that made it to the final film . We scored a lot of those . We did n't know what was going to be used for sure '' . Carlos has said that she was so disillusioned by Kubrick 's actions that she vowed never to work with him again . Her own music was released in its near entirety in 2005 as part of her Rediscovering Lost Scores compilation . Post-release edit ( edit ) After its premiere and a week into the general run ( with a running time of 146 minutes ) , Kubrick cut a scene at the end that took place in a hospital . The scene shows Wendy in a bed talking with Mr. Ullman who explains that Jack 's body could not be found ; he then gives Danny a yellow tennis ball , presumably the same one that Jack was throwing around the hotel . This scene was subsequently physically cut out of prints by projectionists and sent back to the studio by order of Warner Bros. , the film 's distributor . This cut the film 's running time to 144 minutes . As noted by Roger Ebert : If Jack did indeed freeze to death in the labyrinth , of course his body was found -- and sooner rather than later , since Dick Hallorann alerted the forest rangers to serious trouble at the hotel . If Jack 's body was not found , what happened to it ? Was it never there ? Was it absorbed into the past and does that explain Jack 's presence in that final photograph of a group of hotel party - goers in 1921 ? Did Jack 's violent pursuit of his wife and child exist entirely in Wendy 's imagination , or Danny 's , or theirs ? ... Kubrick was wise to remove that epilogue . It pulled one rug too many out from under the story . At some level , it is necessary for us to believe the three members of the Torrance family are actually residents in the hotel during that winter , whatever happens or whatever they think happens . European version ( edit ) For its release in Europe , Kubrick cut about 25 minutes from the film . The excised scenes included a longer meeting between Jack and Watson at the hotel , Danny being attended by a doctor ( Anne Jackson ) including references to Tony and how Danny was once injured by Jack in a drunken rage , more footage of Hallorann 's attempts to get to the hotel during the snowstorm including a sequence with a garage attendant ( Tony Burton ) , extended dialogue scenes at the hotel , and a scene where Wendy discovers a group of skeletons in the hotel lobby during the climax . Jackson and Burton are credited in the European print , despite their scenes being excised from the movie . According to Harlan , Kubrick decided to cut some sequences because the film was `` not very well received '' , and after Warner Bros. complained about its ambiguity and length . The scene where Jack writes obsessively on the typewriter `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was shot changing the language of the typescript in Italian , French , Spanish , and German , because the film would be dubbed in these languages in their respective countries : Italian : Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca ( `` The morning has gold in ( its ) mouth '' , the equivalent of the English proverb `` The early bird catches the worm '' ) Spanish : No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano ( `` Waking up earlier wo n't make the dawn come sooner . '' ) German : Was Du heute kannst besorgen , das verschiebe nicht auf Morgen ( `` Do n't put off until tomorrow what you can do today '' ) French : Un `` Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux `` Tu l'auras '' ( `` One ' Yours ' is better than two ' You will have it ' `` ) In the Italian version , Nicholson was dubbed by Giancarlo Giannini ; Kubrick sent him a congratulations letter for his excellent work as voice actor . Two alternative takes were used in a British television commercial . Home media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The U.S. premiere by ABC on May 6 , 1983 started with a placard saying , `` TONIGHT 'S FILM DEALS WITH THE SUPERNATURAL , AS A POSSESSED MAN ATTEMPTS TO DESTROY HIS FAMILY . '' With the movie 's ambiguities , it is not known how Kubrick felt about or if he agreed with this proclamation . The placard also said that the film was edited for television and warned about the content . The U.S. region 1 DVD of the film is the longer ( 144 minute ) edit of the film . The European ( including UK ) region 2 DVD is the shorter ( 119 minute ) version . On British television , the short version played on Channel 4 once and on Sky Movies numerous times in the mid-nineties . All other screenings , before and since these , have been on either ITV or ITV4 and have been the longer U.S. edit . The German DVD shows the short version , as seen in German television screenings . In accordance with stipulations contained in Kubrick 's will , DVD releases show the film in open matte ( i.e. , with more picture content visible than in movie theaters ) . The scene in which Wendy discovers her husband 's work ( consisting only of a simple proverb : `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' repeatedly typed on numerous pages ) was shot with different proverbs in at least five languages ( English , French , Spanish , Italian and German ) . Nevertheless , most DVD releases show the English version , disregarding the dub language . DVDs in both regions contain a candid fly - on - the - wall 33 - minute documentary made by Kubrick 's daughter Vivian ( who was 17 when she filmed it ) entitled Making The Shining , originally shown on British television in 1980 . She also provided an audio commentary track about her documentary for its DVD release . It appears even on pre-2007 editions of The Shining on DVD , although most DVDs of Kubrick films before then were devoid of documentaries or audio commentaries . It has some candid interviews and very private moments caught on set , such as arguments with cast and director , moments of a no - nonsense Kubrick directing his actors , Scatman Crothers being overwhelmed with emotion during his interview , Shelley Duvall collapsing from exhaustion on the set , and Jack Nicholson enjoying playing up to the behind - the - scenes camera . Reception ( edit ) Initial reviews ( edit ) The Shining had a slow start at the box office , but gained momentum , eventually doing well commercially during the summer of 1980 and making Warner Bros. a profit . It opened at first to mixed reviews . Janet Maslin of The New York Times lauded Nicholson 's performance and praised the Overlook Hotel as an effective setting for horror , but wrote that `` the supernatural story knows frustratingly little rhyme or reason ( ... ) Even the film 's most startling horrific images seem overbearing and perhaps even irrelevant . '' Variety was critical , saying , `` With everything to work with , ... Kubrick has teamed with jumpy Jack Nicholson to destroy all that was so terrifying about Stephen King 's bestseller . '' A common initial criticism was the slow pacing , which was highly atypical of horror films of the time . Roger Ebert did not review the film on his television show when first released , and in print complained that it was hard to connect with any of the characters . It was the only one of Kubrick 's last nine films to receive no nominations at all from either the Oscars or Golden Globes , but was nominated for a pair of Razzie Awards , including Worst Director and Worst Actress ( Duvall ) , in the first year that award was given . Reappraisal ( edit ) Tim Cahill of Rolling Stone noted in an interview with Kubrick that by 1987 there was already a `` critical reevaluation of ( The Shining ) in process '' . As with most Kubrick films , more recent analyses have treated the film more favorably . Viewers subsequently decided the slow pacing actually contributes to the film 's hypnotic quality . Film website Rotten Tomatoes , which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics , gives the film a score of 87 % `` Certified Fresh '' . In 2006 , Roger Ebert , who was initially critical of the work , inducted The Shining into his Great Movies series , saying , `` Stanley Kubrick 's cold and frightening The Shining challenges us to decide : Who is the reliable observer ? Whose idea of events can we trust ? ( ... ) It is this elusive open - endedness that makes Kubrick 's film so strangely disturbing . '' Horror film critic Peter Bracke reviewing the Blu - ray release in Hi - Def Digest writes : Just as the ghostly apparitions of the film 's fictional Overlook Hotel would play tricks on the mind of poor Jack Torrance , so too has the passage of time changed the perception of The Shining itself . Many of the same reviewers who lambasted the film for `` not being scary '' enough back in 1980 now rank it among the most effective horror films ever made , while audiences who hated the film back then now vividly recall being `` terrified '' by the experience . The Shining has somehow risen from the ashes of its own bad press to redefine itself not only as a seminal work of the genre , but perhaps the most stately , artful horror ever made . The Shining is widely acclaimed by today 's critics , and has become a staple of pop culture . In 2001 , the film was ranked 29th on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills list and Jack Torrance was named the 25th greatest villain on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains list in 2003 . In 2005 , the quote `` Here 's Johnny ! '' was ranked 68 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list . It was named the all - time scariest film by Channel 4 , Total Film labeled it the 5th greatest horror film , and Bravo TV named one of the film 's scenes 6th on their list of the 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In addition , film critics Kim Newman and Jonathan Romney both placed it in their top ten lists for the 2002 Sight & Sound poll . Director Martin Scorsese placed The Shining on his list of the 11 scariest horror films of all time . Mathematicians at London 's King 's College used statistical modeling in a study commissioned by Sky Movies to conclude that The Shining was the `` perfect scary movie '' due to a proper balance of various ingredients including shock value , suspense , gore and size of the cast . It was voted the 62nd greatest American film ever made in a 2015 poll conducted by BBC . Analysis of change in perception ( edit ) In 1999 , Jonathan Romney discussed Kubrick 's perfectionism and dispelled others ' initial arguments that the film lacked complexity : `` The final scene alone demonstrates what a rich source of perplexity The Shining offers ( ... ) look beyond the simplicity and the Overlook reveals itself as a palace of paradox '' . Romney further explains : The dominating presence of the Overlook Hotel -- designed by Roy Walker as a composite of American hotels visited in the course of research -- is an extraordinary vindication of the value of mise en scène . It 's a real , complex space that we do n't just see but come to virtually inhabit . The confinement is palpable : horror cinema is an art of claustrophobia , making us loath to stay in the cinema but unable to leave . Yet it 's combined with a sort of agoraphobia -- we are as frightened of the hotel 's cavernous vastness as of its corridors ' enclosure ... The film sets up a complex dynamic between simple domesticity and magnificent grandeur , between the supernatural and the mundane in which the viewer is disoriented by the combination of spaciousness and confinement , and an uncertainty as to just what is real or not . Response by Stephen King ( edit ) Author Stephen King was an executive producer for a faithful 1997 adaptation , and continues to hold mixed feelings regarding Kubrick 's version . Speaking about the theme of the film , Kubrick stated that `` there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality . There 's an evil side to it . One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious ; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly '' . Stephen King has been quoted as saying that although Kubrick made a film with memorable imagery , it was poor as an adaptation and that it is the only adaptation of his novels that he could `` remember hating '' . However , in King 's 1981 nonfiction book Danse Macabre , he listed Kubrick 's film among those he considered to have `` contributed something of value to the ( horror ) genre '' and mentioned it as one of his `` personal favorites '' . Before the 1980 movie King often said he gave little attention to the film adaptations of his work . King himself was suffering from alcoholism at the time he wrote the novel , therefore giving a strong autobiographical element to the story . He has expressed disappointment that his novel 's important themes , such as the disintegration of family and the dangers of alcoholism , are less prevalent in the film . King also viewed the casting of Nicholson as a mistake , arguing it would result in a rapid realization among audiences that Jack would ultimately go mad , due to Nicholson 's famous identification with the character of McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) . King had suggested that a more `` everyman '' - like actor such as Jon Voight , Christopher Reeve , or Michael Moriarty play the role , so that Jack 's subsequent descent into madness would be more unnerving . In an interview with the BBC , King also criticized Shelley Duvall 's performance in the film , stating `` ( S ) he 's basically just there to scream and be stupid , and that 's not the woman that I wrote about . '' Over the years , contradictions have arisen in the discussion of King 's criticisms . The author once suggested that he disliked the film 's downplaying of the supernatural ; King had envisioned Jack as a victim of the genuinely external forces haunting the hotel , whereas King felt Kubrick had viewed the haunting and its resulting malignancy as coming from within Jack himself . In October 2013 , however , journalist Laura Miller wrote that the discrepancy between the two was almost the complete opposite : the Jack Torrance of the novel was corrupted by his own choices -- particularly alcoholism -- whereas in Kubrick 's adaptation the causes are actually more surreal and ambiguous : King is , essentially , a novelist of morality . The decisions his characters make -- whether it 's to confront a pack of vampires or to break 10 years of sobriety -- are what matter to him . But in Kubrick 's The Shining , the characters are largely in the grip of forces beyond their control . It 's a film in which domestic violence occurs , while King 's novel is about domestic violence as a choice certain men make when they refuse to abandon a delusional , defensive entitlement . As King sees it , Kubrick treats his characters like `` insects '' because the director does n't really consider them capable of shaping their own fates . Everything they do is subordinate to an overweening , irresistible force , which is Kubrick 's highly developed aesthetic ; they are its slaves . In King 's `` The Shining '' , the monster is Jack . In Kubrick 's , the monster is Kubrick . King 's oft - cited remark about Kubrick being a man who `` thinks too much and feels too little '' is often misconstrued as a remark on Kubrick 's obsessive and detached approach to directing actors , but it is actually a less disparaging reference to Kubrick 's skepticism regarding the verisimilitude of the supernatural , which emerged in pre-production conversations between King and Kubrick . The full context of King 's well - known quote is : Parts of the film are chilling , charged with a relentlessly claustrophobic terror , but others fall flat . Not that religion has to be involved in horror , but a visceral skeptic such as Kubrick just could n't grasp the sheer inhuman evil of The Overlook Hotel . So he looked , instead , for evil in the characters and made the film into a domestic tragedy with only vaguely supernatural overtones . That was the basic flaw : because he could n't believe , he could n't make the film believable to others . What 's basically wrong with Kubrick 's version of The Shining is that it 's a film by a man who thinks too much and feels too little ; and that 's why , for all its virtuoso effects , it never gets you by the throat and hangs on the way real horror should . Mark Browning , a critic of King 's work , observed that King 's novels frequently contain a narrative closure that completes the story , which Kubrick 's film lacks . Browning has in fact argued that King has exactly the opposite problem of which he accused Kubrick . King , he believes , `` feels too much and thinks too little '' . King was also disappointed by Kubrick 's decision not to film at The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park , Colorado , which inspired the story ( a decision Kubrick made since the hotel lacked sufficient snow and electricity ) . However , King finally supervised the 1997 television adaptation also titled The Shining , filmed at The Stanley Hotel . The animosity of King toward Kubrick 's adaptation has dulled over time . During an interview segment on the Bravo channel , King stated that the first time he watched Kubrick 's adaptation , he found it to be `` dreadfully unsettling '' . Nonetheless , writing in the afterword of Doctor Sleep , King professed continued dissatisfaction with the Kubrick film . He said of it `` ... of course there was Stanley Kubrick 's movie which many seem to remember -- for reasons I have never quite understood -- as one of the scariest films they have ever seen . If you have seen the movie but not read the novel , you should note that Doctor Sleep follows the latter which is , in my opinion , the True History of the Torrance Family . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result Razzie Award Worst Actress Shelley Duvall Nominated Worst Director Stanley Kubrick Saturn Award Best Director Best Supporting Actor Scatman Crothers Won Best Horror Film Nominated Best Music Wendy Carlos Rachel Elkind Social interpretations ( edit ) The film 's iconic sequence in which Jack places his head on the broken door and says , `` Here 's Johnny ! '' , echoes scenes in both D.W. Griffith 's Broken Blossoms and the Swedish horror film The Phantom Carriage . Film critic Jonathan Romney writes that the film has been interpreted in many different ways ; as being about the crisis in masculinity , sexism , corporate America , and racism : `` It 's tempting to read The Shining as an Oedipal struggle not just between generations but between Jack 's culture of the written word and Danny 's culture of images ... '' Romney writes , `` Jack also uses the written word to more mundane purpose -- to sign his ' contract ' with the Overlook . ' I gave my word , ' ( ... ) which we take to mean ' gave his soul ' in the ( ... ) Faustian sense . But maybe he means it more literally -- by the end ( ... ) he has renounced language entirely , pursuing Danny through the maze with an inarticulate animal roar . What he has entered into is a conventional business deal that places commercial obligation ( ... ) over the unspoken contract of compassion and empathy that he seems to have neglected to sign with his family . '' These varied interpretations spawned the 2012 documentary Room 237 , directed by Rodney Ascher , which provides an in - depth exploration of various interpretations of , and myths surrounding , the film . Native Americans ( edit ) Among interpreters who see the film reflecting more subtly the social concerns that animate other Kubrick films , one of the earliest and most well - known viewpoints was discussed in an essay by ABC reporter Bill Blakemore entitled `` Kubrick 's ' Shining ' Secret : Film 's Hidden Horror Is The Murder Of The Indian '' , first published in The Washington Post on July 12 , 1987 . He believes that indirect references to American killings of Native Americans pervade the film as exemplified by the Indian logos on the baking powder in the kitchen and Indian artwork that appears throughout the hotel , though no Native Americans are ever seen . Stuart Ullman tells Wendy that when building the hotel a few Indian attacks had to be fended off since it was constructed on an Indian burial ground . Blakemore 's general argument is that the film as a whole is a metaphor for the genocide of Native Americans . He notes that when Jack kills Hallorann , the dead body is seen lying on a rug with an Indian motif . The blood in the elevator shafts is , for Blakemore , the blood of the Indians in the burial ground on which the hotel was built . As such , the fact that the date of the final photograph is July 4 is meant to be deeply ironic . Blakemore writes , As with some of his other movies , Kubrick ends The Shining with a powerful visual puzzle that forces the audience to leave the theater asking , `` What was that all about ? '' The Shining ends with an extremely long camera shot moving down a hallway in the Overlook , reaching eventually the central photo among 21 photos on the wall . The caption reads : `` Overlook Hotel - July 4th Ball - 1921 . '' The answer to this puzzle , is that most Americans overlook the fact that July Fourth was no ball , nor any kind of Independence day , for native Americans ; that the weak American villain of the film is the re-embodiment of the American men who massacred the Indians in earlier years ; that Kubrick is examining and reflecting on a problem that cuts through the decades and centuries . Blakemore also sees this film as similar to other Kubrick films where evil forces get weak men to do their bidding . Film writer John Capo sees the film as an allegory of American imperialism . This is exemplified by many clues ; the closing photo of Jack in the past at a 4th of July party , or Jack 's earlier citation of the Rudyard Kipling poem `` The White Man 's Burden '' . The poem has been interpreted as rationalizing the European colonization of non-white people , while Jack 's line has been interpreted as referring to alcoholism , from which he suffers . Geoffrey Cocks and Kubrick 's concern with the Holocaust ( edit ) Film historian Geoffrey Cocks has extended Blakemore 's idea that the film has a subtext about Native Americans to arguing that the film indirectly reflects Stanley Kubrick 's concerns about the Holocaust ( Both Cocks ' book and Michael Herr 's memoir of Kubrick discuss how he wanted his entire life to make a film dealing directly with the Holocaust , but could never quite get the handle on it that satisfied him ) . Cocks is a cultural historian best known for describing the impact of the Holocaust on subsequent Western culture . Cocks , writing in his book The Wolf at the Door : Stanley Kubrick , History and the Holocaust , proposed a controversial theory that all of Kubrick 's work is informed by the Holocaust ; there is , he says , a strong ( though hidden ) holocaust subtext in The Shining . This , Cocks believes , is why Kubrick 's screenplay goes to emotional extremes , omitting much of the novel 's supernaturalism and making the character of Wendy much more hysteria - prone . Cocks places Kubrick 's vision of a haunted hotel in line with a long literary tradition of hotels in which sinister events occur , from Stephen Crane 's short story `` The Blue Hotel '' ( which Kubrick admired ) to the Swiss Berghof in Thomas Mann 's novel The Magic Mountain , about a snowbound sanatorium high in the Swiss Alps in which the protagonist witnesses a series of events which are a microcosm of the decline of Western culture . In keeping with this tradition , Kubrick 's film focuses on domesticity and the Torrances ' attempt to use this imposing building as a home which Jack Torrance describes as `` homey '' . Cocks claims that Kubrick has elaborately coded many of his historical concerns into the film with manipulations of numbers and colors and his choice of musical numbers , many of which are post-war compositions influenced by the horrors of World War II . Of particular note is Kubrick 's use of Penderecki 's The Awakening of Jacob to accompany Jack Torrance 's dream of killing his family and Danny 's vision of past carnage in the hotel , a piece of music originally associated with the horrors of the Holocaust . As such , Kubrick 's pessimistic ending in contrast to Stephen King 's optimistic one is in keeping with the motifs that Kubrick wove into the story . Cocks ' work has been anthologized and discussed in other works on Stanley Kubrick films , but sometimes with skepticism . In particular , Julian Rice writing in the opening chapter of his book Kubrick 's Hope believes Cocks ' views are excessively speculative and contain too many strained `` critical leaps '' of faith . Rice holds that what went on in Kubrick 's mind can not be replicated or corroborated beyond a broad vision of the nature of good and evil ( which included concern about the Holocaust ) , but Kubrick 's art is not governed by this one single obsession . Diane Johnson , co-screenwriter for The Shining , commented on Cocks ' observations and holds that preoccupation with the Jewish Holocaust on Kubrick 's part could very likely have motivated his decision to place the hotel on a Native American burial ground , although Kubrick never directly mentioned it to her . Literary allusions ( edit ) Geoffrey Cocks notes that the film contains many allusions to fairy tales , both Hansel and Gretel and the Three Little Pigs , with Jack Torrance identified as the Big Bad Wolf , which Bruno Bettelheim interprets as standing for `` all the asocial unconscious devouring powers '' that must be overcome by a child 's ego . The saying `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' appeared first in James Howell 's Proverbs in English , Italian , French and Spanish ( 1659 ) . Ambiguities in the film ( edit ) Roger Ebert notes that the film does not really have a `` reliable observer '' , with the possible exception of Dick Hallorann . Ebert believes various events call into question the reliability of Jack , Wendy , and Danny at various points . This leads Ebert to conclude that : Kubrick is telling a story with ghosts ( the two girls , the former caretaker and a bartender ) , but it is n't a `` ghost story '' , because the ghosts may not be present in any sense at all except as visions experienced by Jack or Danny . Ebert ultimately concludes that `` The movie is not about ghosts but about madness and the energies '' . Likewise , film critic James Berardinelli ( who is generally much less impressed with the film than Ebert ) , notes that `` King would have us believe that the hotel is haunted . Kubrick is less definitive in the interpretations he offers . '' He dubs the film a failure as a ghost story , but brilliant as a study of `` madness and the unreliable narrator . '' Ghosts vs. cabin fever ( edit ) In some sequences , there is a question of whether or not there are ghosts present . In the scenes where Jack sees ghosts he is always facing a mirror , or in the case of his storeroom conversation with Grady , a reflective , highly polished door . Film reviewer James Berardinelli notes `` It has been pointed out that there 's a mirror in every scene in which Jack sees a ghost , causing us to wonder whether the spirits are reflections of a tortured psyche . '' In Hollywood 's Stephen King , Tony Magistrale writes : Kubrick 's reliance on mirrors as visual aids for underscoring the thematic meaning of this film portrays visually the internal transformations and oppositions that are occurring to Jack Torrance psychologically . Through ... these devices , Kubrick dramatizes the hotel 's methodical assault on Torrance 's identity , its ability to stimulate the myriad of self - doubts and anxieties by creating opportunities to warp Torrance 's perspective on himself and ( his family ) . Furthermore the fact that Jack looks into a mirror whenever he `` speaks '' to the hotel means , to some extent , that Kubrick implicates him directly into the hotel 's `` consciousness '' , because Jack is , in effect , talking to himself . Ghosts are the implied explanation for Jack 's escape from the locked storeroom . In an interview by scholar Michel Ciment , Kubrick stated : It seemed to strike an extraordinary balance between the psychological and the supernatural in such a way as to lead you to think that the supernatural would eventually be explained by the psychological : ' Jack must be imagining these things because he 's crazy . ' This allowed you to suspend your doubt of the supernatural until you were so thoroughly into the story that you could accept it almost without noticing ... It 's not until Grady , the ghost of the former caretaker who axed to death his family , slides open the bolt of the larder door , allowing Jack to escape , that you are left with no other explanation but the supernatural . The two gradys ( edit ) Early in the film , Stuart Ullman tells Jack of a previous caretaker , Charles Grady , who , in 1970 , succumbed to cabin fever , murdered his family and then killed himself . Later , Jack meets a ghostly butler named Grady . Jack says he knows about the murders , claiming to recognize Grady from pictures ; however , the butler introduces himself as Delbert Grady . Gordon Dahlquist of The Kubrick FAQ argues that the name change `` deliberately mirrors Jack Torrance being both the husband of Wendy / father of Danny and the mysterious man in the July Fourth photo . It is to say he is two people : the man with choice in a perilous situation and the man who has ' always ' been at the Overlook . It 's a mistake to see the final photo as evidence that the events of the film are predetermined : Jack has any number of moments where he can act other than the way he does , and that his ( poor ) choices are fueled by weakness and fear perhaps merely speaks all the more to the questions about the personal and the political that The Shining brings up . In the same way Charles had a chance -- once more , perhaps -- to not take on Delbert 's legacy , so Jack may have had a chance to escape his role as ' caretaker ' to the interests of the powerful . It 's the tragic course of this story that he chooses not to . '' Dahlquist 's argument is that Delbert Grady , the 1920s butler , and Charles Grady , the 1970s caretaker , rather than being either two different people or the same are two ' manifestations ' of a similar entity ; a part permanently at the hotel ( Delbert ) and the part which is given the choice of whether to join the legacy of the hotel 's murderous past ( Charles ) , just as the man in the photo is not exactly Jack Torrance , but nor is he someone entirely different . Jack in the photo has ' always ' been at the Overlook , Jack the caretaker chooses to become part of the hotel . The film 's assistant editor Gordon Stainforth has commented on this issue , attempting to steer a course between the continuity - error explanation on one side and the hidden - meaning explanation on the other ; `` I do n't think we 'll ever quite unravel this . Was his full name Charles Delbert Grady ? Perhaps Charles was a sort of nickname ? Perhaps Ullman got the name wrong ? But I also think that Stanley did NOT want the whole story to fit together too neatly , so ( it is ) absolutely correct , I think , to say that ' the sum of what we learn refuses to add up neatly ' . '' Kubrick 's other doubling / mirroring effects in the film : `` Jack 's interview with Ullman , whose confident affability contrasts with Jack 's unconvincing nonchalance , pairs off with the meeting between Wendy and a female doctor , whose somber and professional womanhood reacts in stunned disbelief to Wendy 's explanation for an old injury inflicted on Danny by his drunken father . During the interview , Jack and Ullman are joined by a hotel employee named Bill Watson , whose only real distinction ( and function ) is his striking physical resemblance to Jack , especially when seen from behind . The Grady sisters who look like twins but who are actually doubles ( their ages of eight and ten are established in Jack 's interview with Ullman ) . On two occasions Ullman says goodbye to two young female employees . In the Miami bedroom , two paintings showing a black nude woman on opposite walls ( mirroring ) are seen just before Hallorann experiences a `` shining '' . Two versions of the same nude woman inhabit the green bathroom in Room 237 . The film not only contains two mazes ( the hedges outside , which are , appropriately , 13 feet high , and the model inside ) , but the Overlook itself is a maze and , significantly , breaks down into two sections , one old and one remodeled , one past , one present . ( During Wendy 's initial tour of the kitchen with Hallorann she remarks that it is like a maze , and she later characterizes the fast - emptying hotel as `` like a ghost ship '' . ) There are two Jack Torrances , the one who goes mad and freezes to death in present time and the one who appears in a 1921 photograph that hangs on the gold corridor wall inside the Overlook . '' The photograph ( edit ) At the end of the film , the camera moves slowly towards a wall in the Overlook and a 1921 photograph , revealed to include Jack Torrance seen at the middle of a 1921 party . In an interview with Michel Ciment , Kubrick overtly declared that the photograph suggests that Jack was a reincarnation of an earlier official at the hotel . Still , this has not stopped interpreters from developing alternative readings , such as that Jack has been `` absorbed '' into the Overlook Hotel . Film critic Jonathan Romney , while acknowledging the absorption theory , wrote As the ghostly butler Grady ( Philip Stone ) tells him during their chilling confrontation in the men 's toilet , ' You 're the caretaker , sir . You 've always been the caretaker . ' Perhaps in some earlier incarnation Jack really was around in 1921 , and it 's his present - day self that is the shadow , the phantom photographic copy . But if his picture has been there all along , why has no one noticed it ? After all , it 's right at the center of the central picture on the wall , and the Torrances have had a painfully drawn - out winter of mind - numbing leisure in which to inspect every corner of the place . Is it just that , like Poe 's purloined letter , the thing in plain sight is the last thing you see ? When you do see it , the effect is so unsettling because you realise the unthinkable was there under your nose -- overlooked -- the whole time . Spatial layout of the Overlook hotel ( edit ) Screenwriter Todd Alcott has noted : Much has been written , some of it quite intelligent , about the spatial anomalies and inconsistencies in The Shining : there are rooms with windows that should not be there and doors that could n't possibly lead to anywhere , rooms appear to be in one place in one scene and another place in another , wall fixtures and furniture pieces appear and disappear from scene to scene , props move from one room to another , and the layout of the Overlook makes no physical sense . Artist Juli Kearns first identified and created maps of spatial discrepancies in the overall layout of the Overlook Hotel location , the interiors of which were constructed in studios in England . These spatial discrepancies included windows appearing in impossible places , such as in Stuart Ullman 's office which is surrounded by interior hallways , and apartment doorways positioned in places where they can not possibly lead to apartments . Rob Ager is another proponent of this theory . Jan Harlan , an Executive Producer on The Shining , was asked about the discontinuity of sets by Xan Brooks of The Guardian and confirmed the discontinuity was intentional , `` The set was very deliberately built to be offbeat and off the track , so that the huge ballroom would never actually fit inside . The audience is deliberately made not to know where they 're going . People say The Shining does n't make sense . Well spotted ! It 's a ghost movie . It 's not supposed to make sense . '' Harlan further elaborated to Kate Abbot for the same newspaper , `` Stephen King gave him the go - ahead to change his book , so Stanley agreed -- and wrote a much more ambiguous script . It 's clear instantly there 's something foul going on . At the little hotel , everything is like Disney , all kitsch wood on the outside -- but the interiors do n't make sense . Those huge corridors and ballrooms could n't fit inside . In fact , nothing makes sense . '' Comparison with the novel ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film differs from the novel significantly with regard to characterization and motivation of action . The most obvious differences are those regarding the personality of Jack Torrance ( the source of much of author Stephen King 's dissatisfaction with the film ) . Motivation of ghosts ( edit ) In the film , the motive of the ghosts is apparently to `` reclaim '' Jack ( even though Grady expresses an interest in Danny 's `` shining '' ability ) , who seems to be a reincarnation of a previous caretaker of the hotel , as suggested by the 1920s photograph of Jack at the end of the film and Jack 's repeated claims to have `` not just a deja vu '' . The film is even more focused on Jack ( as opposed to Danny ) than the novel . Room number ( edit ) The room number 217 has been changed to 237 . Timberline Lodge , located on Mt . Hood in Oregon , was used for the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel . The Lodge requested that Kubrick not depict Room 217 ( featured in the book ) in The Shining , because future guests at the Lodge might be afraid to stay there , and a nonexistent room , 237 , was substituted in the film . Contrary to the hotel 's expectations , Room 217 is requested more often than any other room at Timberline . There are fringe analyses relating this number change to rumors that Kubrick faked the first moon landing , as there are approximately 237,000 miles between Earth and Moon ( average is 238,855 miles ) and the movie is a subtle confession of his involvement . Another theory is an obsession with the number 42 and its forms in the movie and the product of the digits in 237 is 42 . Jack Torrance ( edit ) The novel presents Jack as initially likable and well - intentioned but haunted by the demons of alcohol and authority issues . Nonetheless , he becomes gradually overwhelmed by the evil forces in the hotel . At the novel 's conclusion , the hotel forces have possessed Jack 's body and proceed to destroy all that is left of his mind during a final showdown with Danny , leaving a monstrous entity that Danny is able to divert while he , Wendy and Dick Halloran escape . The film 's Jack is established as somewhat sinister much earlier in the story and dies in a different manner . Jack actually kills Dick Hallorann in the film , but only wounds him in the novel . King attempted to talk Stanley Kubrick out of casting Jack Nicholson even before filming began , on the grounds that he seemed vaguely sinister from the very beginning of the film , and had suggested Jon Voight among others for the role . Only in the novel does Jack hear the haunting , heavy - handed voice of his father with whom he had a troubled relationship . In both the novel and film , Jack 's encounter with the ghostly bartender is pivotal to Jack 's deterioration . However , the novel gives much more detail about Jack 's problems with drinking and alcohol . The film prolongs Jack 's struggle with writer 's block . Kubrick 's co-screenwriter Diane Johnson believes that in King 's novel , Jack 's discovery of the scrapbook of clippings in the boiler room of the hotel which gives him new ideas for a novel catalyzes his possession by the ghosts of the hotel , while at the same time unblocking his writing . Jack is no longer a blocked writer , but now filled with energy . In her contribution to the screenplay , Johnson wrote an adaptation of this scene , which to her regret Kubrick later excised , as she felt this left the father 's change less motivated . Kubrick showed Jack 's continued blockage quite late in the film with the `` all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' scene , which does not appear in the novel . Stephen King has openly stated on the DVD commentary of the 1997 mini-series of The Shining that the character of Jack Torrance was partially autobiographical , as he was struggling with both alcoholism and unprovoked rage toward his family at the time of writing . Tony Magistrale wrote about Kubrick 's version of Jack Torrance in Hollywood 's Stephen King : Kubrick 's version of Torrance is much closer to the tyrannical Hal ( from Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey ) and Alex ( from Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange ) than he is to King 's more conflicted , more sympathetically human characterization . From Thomas Allen Nelson 's Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : `` When Jack moves through the reception area on his way to a ' shining ' over the model maze , he throws a yellow tennis ball past a stuffed bear and Danny 's Big Wheel , which rests on the very spot ( a Navajo circle design ) where Hallorann will be murdered . '' Jack 's tennis ball mysteriously rolls into Danny 's circle of toy cars just before the boy walks through the open door of Room 237 . `` In the film 's opening , the camera from above moves over water and through mountains with the ease of a bird in flight . Below , on a winding mountain road , Jack 's diminutive yellow Volkswagen journeys through a tree - lined maze , resembling one of Danny 's toy cars or the yellow tennis ball seen later outside of Room 237 . '' Danny Torrance ( edit ) Danny Torrance is considerably more open about his supernatural abilities in the novel , discussing them with strangers such as his doctor . In the film , he is quite secretive about them even with his prime mentor Dick Halloran , who also has these abilities . ( The same is true of Dick Halloran , who in his journey back to the Overlook in the book , talks with others with the `` shining '' ability , while in the film he lies about his reason for returning to the Overlook . ) Danny in the novel is generally portrayed as unusually intelligent across the board . In the film , he is more ordinary , though with a preternatural gift . In the novel , Danny is much more bonded to his father than in the film . Although Danny has supernatural powers in both versions , the novel makes it clear that his apparent imaginary friend `` Tony '' really is a projection of hidden parts of his own psyche , though heavily amplified by Danny 's psychic `` shining '' abilities . At the end it is revealed that Danny Torrance 's middle name is `` Anthony '' . Wendy Torrance ( edit ) Wendy Torrance in the film is relatively meek , submissive , passive , gentle , and mousy ; this is shown by the way she defends Jack even in his absence to the doctor examining Danny . It is implied she has perhaps been abused by him as well . In the novel , she is a far more self - reliant and independent personality who is tied to Jack in part by her poor relationship with her parents . In the novel , she never displays hysteria or collapses the way she does in the film , but remains cool and self - reliant . Writing in Hollywood 's Stephen King , author Tony Magistrale writes about the mini-series remake : De Mornay restores much of the steely resilience found in the protagonist of King 's novel and this is particularly noteworthy when compared to Shelley Duvall 's exaggerated portrayal of Wendy as Olive Oyl revisited : A simpering fatality of forces beyond her capacity to understand , much less surmount . Co-screenwriter Diane Johnson stated that in her contributions to the script , Wendy had more dialogue , and that Kubrick cut many of her lines , possibly due to his dissatisfaction with actress Shelley Duvall 's delivery . Johnson believes the earlier draft of the script portrayed Wendy as a more - rounded character . Stuart Ullman ( edit ) In the novel , Jack 's authority issues are triggered by the fact that his interviewer , Ullman , is highly authoritarian , a kind of snobbish martinet . The film 's Ullman is far more humane and concerned about Jack 's well - being , as well as smooth and self - assured . Only in the novel does Ullman state that he disapproves of hiring Jack but higher authorities have asked that Jack be hired . Ullman 's bossy nature in the novel is one of the first steps in Jack 's deterioration , whereas in the film , Ullman serves largely as an expositor . In Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation , author Greg Jenkins writes `` A toadish figure in the book , Ullman has been utterly reinvented for the film ; he now radiates charm , grace and gentility . '' From Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze : Ullman tells Jack that the hotel 's season runs from May 15 to October 30 , meaning the Torrances moved in on Halloween . On Ullmann 's desk next to a small American flag sits a metal cup containing pencils and a pen -- and a miniature replica of an ax . `` When Ullman , himself all smiles , relates as a footnote the story about the former caretaker who ' seemed perfectly normal ' but nevertheless cut up his family with an ax , Jack 's obvious interest ( as if he 's recalling one of his own nightmares ) and his insincere congeniality ( early signs of a personality malfunction ) lead the viewer to believe that the film 's definition of his madness will be far more complex . '' Family dynamics ( edit ) Stephen King provides the reader with a great deal of information about the stress in the Torrance family early in the story , including revelations of Jack 's physical abuse of Danny and Wendy 's fear of Danny 's mysterious spells . Kubrick tones down the early family tension and reveals family disharmony much more gradually than does King . In the film , Danny has a stronger emotional bond with Wendy than with Jack , which fuels Jack 's rather paranoid notion that the two are conspiring against him . Plot differences ( edit ) In the novel Jack recovers his sanity and goodwill through the intervention of Danny while this does not occur in the film . Writing in Cinefantastique magazine , Frederick Clarke suggests `` Instead of playing a normal man who becomes insane , Nicholson portrays a crazy man attempting to remain sane . '' In the novel , Jack 's final act is to enable Wendy and Danny to escape the hotel before it explodes due to a defective boiler , killing him . The film ends with the hotel still standing . More broadly , the defective boiler is a major element of the novel 's plot , entirely missing from the film version . Because of the limitations of special effects at the time , the living topiary animals of the novel were omitted and a hedge maze was added , acting as a final trap for Jack Torrance as well as a refuge for Danny . In the film , the hotel possibly derives its malevolent energy from being built on an Indian burial ground . In the novel , the reason for the hotel 's manifestation of evil is possibly explained by a theme present in King 's previous novel Salem 's Lot as well as Shirley Jackson 's The Haunting of Hill House : a physical place may absorb the evils that transpire there and manifest them as a vaguely sentient malevolence . The film 's Hallorann speaks to Danny about that phenomenon occurring at the Overlook . In the novel , Jack does a great deal of investigation of the hotel 's past through a scrapbook , a subplot almost omitted from the film aside from two touches : a brief appearance of the scrapbook beside the typewriter , and Jack 's statement to the ghost of Grady that he knows his face from an old newspaper article describing the latter 's horrific acts . Kubrick in fact shot a scene where Jack discovers the scrapbook but removed it during post-production , a decision which co-screenwriter Diane Johnson lamented . Some of the film 's most famous iconic scenes , such as the ghost girls in the hallway and the torrent of blood from the elevators , are unique to the film . The most notable of these would be the typewritten pages Wendy discovers on Jack 's desk . Similarly , many of the most memorable lines of dialogue ( `` Words of wisdom '' and `` Here 's Johnny ! '' ) are heard exclusively in the film . Film adaptation commentary ( edit ) Although Stephen King fans were critical of the novel 's adaptation on the grounds that Kubrick altered and reduced the novel 's themes , a defense of Kubrick 's approach was made in Steve Biodrowski 's review of the film . He argues that as in earlier films , Kubrick stripped out the back story of the film , reducing it down to a `` basic narrative line '' , making the characters more like archetypes . His review of the film is one of the few to go into detailed comparison with the novel . He writes , `` The result ... ( is ) a brilliant , ambitious attempt to shoot a horror film without the Gothic trappings of shadows and cobwebs so often associated with the genre . '' In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible , otherwise delete it . ( October 2017 ) Both parodies and homages to The Shining are prominent in UK and U.S. popular culture , particularly in films , TV shows , video games and music . Images and scenes frequently referenced are : the Grady girls in the hallway , the word `` Redrum '' , the blood spilling out of the elevator doors and Jack sticking his head through the hole in the bathroom door , saying , `` Here 's Johnny . '' The tricycle scene in which Danny sees the Grady girls and the `` here 's Johnny '' scene are seen on a drive - in theatre screen in the movie Twister just before a tornado rips the screen down . Director Tim Burton ( who credits Kubrick as an influence ) modeled the characters of Tweedledum and Tweedledee on the Grady girls in his version of Alice in Wonderland ( like so many viewers of the film , Burton identifies the girls as twins in spite of Ullman 's dialogue to the contrary ) . The Simpsons episode `` Treehouse of Horror V '' includes a parody titled `` The Shinning '' . In addition , Sherri and Terri , the twins in Bart 's 4th grade class , are visually similar to the Grady girls . Remington Steele episode `` Etched In Steele '' includes a reference to The Shining when Steele uses one of his customary cinematic references to explain the concept of writer 's block to his colleague Laura Holt . Five episodes of the drama Gilmore Girls reference the film . One episode contains Lorelai 's line `` Well , we like our Internet slow , okay ? We can turn it on , walk around , dance , make a sandwich . With DSL , there 's no dancing , no walking , and we 'd starve . It 'd be all work and no play . Have you not seen The Shining , Mom ? '' Kate Bush 's 1982 album The Dreaming contains the song `` Get Out of My House '' , inspired primarily by the novel . Sound clips of Ullman warning Jack about cabin fever with Jack 's reassurances appear in Swedish goth band Katatonia 's song `` Endtime '' on the album Brave Murder Day . The plot of the film is the basis for the music video for `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars . American heavy metal band Slipknot pay homage to the film in their first music video for their song `` Spit It Out '' , directed by Thomas Mignone . The video consists of conceptual imagery of the bandmembers each portraying characters enacting iconic scenes from the film , with Joey Jordison as Danny Torrance ; Shawn Crahan and Chris Fehn as the Grady twins ; Corey Taylor as Jack Torrance ; Mick Thomson as Lloyd the Bartender ; Craig Jones as Dick Hallorann ; James Root as Wendy Torrance ; Paul Gray as Harry Derwent ; and Sid Wilson as the corpse in the bathtub . The video was banned from MTV for overtly graphic and violent depictions , including Corey Taylor 's smashing through a door with an axe and the scene wherein James Root viciously assaults Corey Taylor with a baseball bat . Mignone and the band eventually re-edited a less violent version , which was subsequently aired on MTV . `` Here 's Johnny ! '' was parodied by British comedian Lenny Henry in a controversial advertisement for Premier Inn . Johnny Cage parodies the `` here 's Johnny '' scene as part of his fatality in Mortal Kombat X where he shoves his hands behind the opponent in which he then says the line by peeping his face through the opened torso . In the Scream Queens episode `` Pumpkin Patch '' , Chanel demands that her pumpkin patch party have an exact replica of the hedge maze which plays a central part of the episode . Also in the episode , Chanel # 5 has two twin boyfriends , Rodger and Dodger . The Little Sisters in the fallen underwater utopia Rapture , introduced in the 2007 video game BioShock , were partly inspired by the Grady twins . The Angry Birds Movie contains a scene with two pigs dressed as the Grady sisters . The song `` Enjoy Your Slay '' by American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills is inspired primarily by the novel as well as the film adaption . The song also features Stanley Kubrick 's grandson Sam Kubrick as guest vocalist . The tv show `` Psych '' has an episode titled `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' in which the plot and characters are based on film . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal United Kingdom portal 1980s portal Horror portal List of ghost films A Nightmare on Face Time , a 2012 episode of South Park parodying the film Room 237 , a 2012 documentary about interpretations of The Shining Treehouse of Horror V , a 1994 episode of The Simpsons that features a sketch parodying the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` Nicholson and Shelley Duvall in Kubrick 's ' The Shining ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Derek ( October 2 , 1980 ) . `` From the archive , 2 October 1980 : Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining - review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHINING '' . 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Simon & Schuster ( 2009 ) p. 214 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3B10XziCZU?t=50s Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 437 Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Read the alternative phrases to ' All work and no play makes Jack a '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jack Nicholson in interview with Michel Ciment in Kubrick : The Definitive Edition p. 198 Jump up ^ Roberts , Chris . `` Eraserhead , The Short Films Of David Lynch '' . uncut.co.uk . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Serena Ferrara , Steadicam : Techniques and Aesthetics ( Oxford : Focal Press , 2000 ) , 26 -- 31 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 426 Jump up ^ Brown , G. ( 1980 ) The Steadicam and The Shining . American Cinematographer . Reproduced at ( 1 ) without issue date or pages given Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 436 Jump up ^ Barham , J.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Incorporating Monsters : Music as Context , Character and Construction in Kubrick 's The Shining '' . Terror Tracks : Music and Sound in Horror Cinema . London , UK : Equinox Press . pp. 137 -- 170 . ISBN 1845532023 . Jump up ^ Gengaro , Christine Lee ( 2013 ) . Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 190 . ISBN 9780810885646 . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , Vincent ( 1999 ) . Listening to Stanley Kubrick : The Music in His Films . Da Capo Press . p. 448 . ISBN 9780306809064 . Jump up ^ Sbravatti , Valerio ( 2010 ) . `` The Music in The Shining '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ LoBrutto , p. 447 Jump up ^ http://www.wendycarlos.com/+rls2.html Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . 47 ( 562 ) : 221 . Nov 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Shine On ... and Out '' . www.visual-memory.co.uk . Jump up ^ Wurm , Gerald . `` Shining ( Comparison : International Version - US Version ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . movie-censorship.com . Jump up ^ Wigley , Samuel . `` Producing The Shining : Jan Harlan on Kubrick '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shining on exxagon ^ Jump up to : Gerke , Greg ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) . `` On Newfound Footage from Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . BIG OTHER . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( April 30 , 1983 ) . `` This Week 's Movies '' . TV Guide : A5 -- A6 . Jump up ^ `` Opening teaser for the network television airing ... - the - overlook - hotel '' . Jump up ^ Stanley Kubrick ( 1980 ) . The Shining ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( DVD ) . Warner Brothers . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Shining Anniversary : Stanley Kubrick & His Mysterious Classic '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` Movie Review : THE SHINING '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Shining -- Excerpt from Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray Review : The Shining ( 1980 ) High - Def Digest '' . Bluray.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak Previews : Titles and Airdate Guide '' . Epguides.com. 2013 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ DiMare , Philip ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 440 . ISBN 9781598842975 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Quelle horreur ! ' The Shining ' was not only snubbed , it was Razzed ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lindrea , Victoria ( February 25 , 2007 ) . `` Blowing raspberries at Tinseltown '' . BBC News Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Peter ( January 20 , 2005 ) . `` The Morning Read -- So bad , they 're almost good -- A love of movies lies behind the Razzies '' . The Orange County Register : p. 1 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( Associated Press ) ( February 26 , 2005 ) . `` 25 Years of Razzing Hollywood 's Stinkers '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel ( Sun - Sentinel Company ) : p. 7D . Jump up ^ Marder , Jenny ( February 26 , 2005 ) . `` Razzin ' The Dregs of Hollywood Dreck -- Film : Cerritos ' John Wilson Marks His Golden Raspberry Awards ' 25th Year With A Guide To Cinematic Slumming '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram : p . A1 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Tim ( August 27 , 1987 ) . `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Stanley Kubrick in 1987 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shining '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Great Movies : The Shining '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures '' . Documentaryfilms.net . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Scary Moments : Channel 4 Film '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jamie Graham ( 2005 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Total Film -- Shock Horror ! '' . Totalfilm.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kim Newman 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Jonathan Romney 's choices in the Sound and Sound Top Ten poll 2002 Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` 11 Scariest Horror Movies of All Time '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shining named perfect scary movie '' . BBC News . 2004 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` King 's College News `` Mathematicians declare The Shining perfect scary movie '' `` . Kcl.ac.uk. 2004 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 greatest American films '' . BBC . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sight & Sound Stanley Kubrick 1928 - 99 Resident Phantoms '' . BFI. 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Rapture : The WD Interview '' , Writer 's Digest , May / June 2009 Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1981 ) . Danse Macabre . Berkley Press . pp. 415 -- 417 . ISBN 0425104338 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick v. King '' . TheIntellectualDevotional.com . October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC News - Stephen King ' nervous ' about reaction to Shining sequel Jump up ^ Stephen King ( interviewee ) , Laurent Bouzerau ( writer , director , producer ) ( 2011 ) . A Night at the Movies : The Horrors of Stephen King ( Television production ) . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` What Stanley Kubrick got wrong about `` The Shining '' `` . Salon . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quoted in '' . Thewordslinger.com. 2008 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stephen King on the big screen by Mark Browning p. 239 Jump up ^ `` Den svenska filmens Guldålder '' ( in Swedish ) Thorellifilm Jump up ^ Original Scene from `` The Phantom Carriage '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Blakemore 's essay has gone on to be discussed in several books on Kubrick particularly Julien Rice 's Kubrick 's Hope as well as a study of Stephen King films Stephen King on the Big Screen by Mark Browning . It is also assigned in many college film courses , and discussed ubiquitously on the Internet Jump up ^ Blakemore is best known as a spearhead for global warming issues and having been ABC News ' Vatican Correspondent since 1970 . Jump up ^ Capo , John ( 2004 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Tailslate.net '' . Tailslate.net . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Cocks ; James Diedrick ; Glenn Perusek , eds. ( 2006 ) . Depth of Field : Stanley Kubrick , Film , and the Uses of History ( 1st ed . ) . Madison , Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0299216146 . Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , ch. 11 . Jump up ^ Rice , Julian ( 2008 ) . Kubrick 's Hope : Discovering Optimism from 2001 to Eyes Wide Shut . Scarecrow Press , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Cocks , Diedrich & Perusek 2006 , p. 59 , Writing The Shining , essay by Diane Johnson . Jump up ^ `` James Howell Quotes '' . Famousquotesandauthors.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( June 18 , 2006 ) . `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Shining ( 1980 ) '' . REELVIEWS.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollywood 's Stephen King by Tony Magistrale Palgrave Macmillan 2003 pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Kubrick by Michel Ciment , 1983 , Holt Rinehart Winston ^ Jump up to : `` Kubrick FAQ - The Shining Part 2 '' . Visual-memory.co.uk. 1921 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen , Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze , p. 206 - 207 Jump up ^ `` The Kubrick Site : Kubrick speaks in regard to ' The Shining ' '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Todd Alcott ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Todd Alcott : What Does the Protagonist Want ? '' . Todd Alcott . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 10 Most Outrageous Theories About What The Shining Really Means - Angela Watercutter 29 March 2013 Wired.com Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald ( 1 Aug 2011 ) . `` Spatial Awareness in The Shining '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Duke Nukem finally figures out what 's wrong in The Shining 's Overlook Hotel '' . Joystiq.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Xan ( 18 Oct 2012 ) . `` Shining a light inside Room 237 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Kate ( 29 Oct 2012 ) . `` How we made Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Movie Junk Archive : Stephen King 's The Shining Jump up ^ TV Guide , April 26 -- May 2 , 1997 Jump up ^ Among many other places , this is suggested in The Modern Weird Tale by S.T. Joshi , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining '' . Timberline Lodge . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jr. , Thomas P. Deering , . `` Deering Thesis : Timberline Lodge Second Floor Plan '' . www.tomdeering.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How far away is the moon ? : : NASA Space Place '' . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Back . But What Does It Mean ? Aide to Kubrick on ' Shining ' Scoffs at ' Room 237 ' Theories '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze . Indiana University Press . p. 325 -- 326 . ISBN 0253213908 . Jump up ^ See Chapter 55 , That Which Was Forgotten . Jump up ^ King discusses this in an interview he gave at the time of the TV remake of The Shining in the New York Daily News `` The Shining By the Book '' . Jump up ^ Creepshows : The Illustrated Stephen King Movie Guide By Stephen Jones Published by Watson - Guptill , 2002 p. 20 Jump up ^ Magistrale , Tony . Stephen King : America 's Storyteller , p. 120 . ABC - CLIO , 2010 . ISBN 9780313352287 . See also novel , Chapter 26 , Dreamland . Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ DVD of The Shining TV mini-series directed by Mick Garris Studio : Warner Home Video DVD Release Date : January 7 , 2003 Jump up ^ p. 100 of Hollywood 's Stephen King By Tony Magistrale Published by Macmillan , 2003 Jump up ^ Nelson , Thomas Allen , Kubrick : Inside a Film Artist 's Maze p. 203 , 209 , 214 Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Randy . Stanley Kubrick : Seven Films Analyzed p. 233 . McFarland . See novel 's Chapter 17 , The Doctor 's Office , and chapter 20 , Talking with Mr. Ullman Jump up ^ Rasmussen , 233 - 4 . See also novelChapter 16 , Danny . Jump up ^ Tony 's real identity is revealed in Chapter 54 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dale . American Nightmares : The Haunted House Formula in American Popular Fiction , p. 95 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 9780299268732 . See also the novel Chapter 5 , Phone Booth , and Chapter 6 , Night Thoughts . Jump up ^ Magistrale , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Johnson essay 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Jack 's disdain for Ullman is the main subject of Chapter 1 of the novel , setting up Jack 's authority issues . Jump up ^ p. 74 of Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation : Three Novels , Three Films by Greg Jenkins , published by McFarland , 1997 Jump up ^ Nelson , p. 200 , 206 , 210 Jump up ^ Rasmussen , 233 - 4 . See also novel Chapter 6 , Night Thoughts . ' Jump up ^ Clarke , Frederick ( 1996 ) . `` The Shining '' . Cinefastique. 28 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dale ( 1999 ) . American nightmares : the haunted house formula in American popular fiction . Popular Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 879727 - 89 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining '' . Pages.prodigy.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Kubrick 's -- The Shining -- By Harlan Kennedy '' . Americancinemapapers.homestead.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cinema of the occult : new age , satanism , Wicca , and spiritualism in film , by Carrol Lee Fry , notes similarities to both the Jackson story and Poe 's The Fall of the House of Usher ( p. 230 ) . Jump up ^ The chapter is analyzed at length in Magistrale , Toney ( 1998 ) . Discovering Stephen King 's The shining : . Wildside Press . pp. 39 -- following . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55742 - 133 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining Adapted : An Interview with Diane Johnson '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` KevinBroome.com '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Shining ( 1980 ) Review '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Biodrowsky is a former editor of the print magazine Cinefantastique Jump up ^ `` ' Secret Window ' achieves horror with suspense , silence '' . Western Herald . 2004 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . `` The Shining '' has cemented a spot in horror pop culture . Jump up ^ Simon Hill . `` The Shining Review '' . Celluloid Dreams . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . This film has embedded itself in popular culture ... Jump up ^ Mark Blackwell ( 2005 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Deep End : Christiane Kubrick '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Images from his films have made an indelible impression on popular culture . Think of ( ... ) Jack Nicholson sticking his head through the door saying ' Here 's Johnny ' in The Shining . Jump up ^ `` Shining tops screen horrors '' . BBC News . 2003 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . The scene in The Shining has become one of cinema 's iconic images ... Jump up ^ `` Stephen Chow 's `` Kungfu Hustle '' salutes to Kubrick 's `` The Shining '' ( in Chinese ) `` . 2004 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( May 10 , 1996 ) . `` Dorothy and Toto Had It Easier '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Mr. de Bont has the gleeful opportunity to stage an elaborate sequence at a drive - in theater playing `` The Shining '' , and then blow Mr. Nicholson 's famously evil grin right off the screen . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton took a ' Shining ' to Tweedledee and Tweedledum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy by Gary Westfahl states , `` While the scope of reference to fantastic fiction in The Simpsons is vast , there are two masters of the genre whose impact on The Simpson supersedes that of all others : Stanley Kubrick and Edgar Allan Poe . '' p. 1232 Jump up ^ `` The Family Dynamic '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2003 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ; Travers , Ben . `` 12 Haunting TV Homages to ' The Shining ' IndieWire '' . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Etched in Steele transcription '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Ritch ( 2008 ) . Gilmore girls and the politics of identity : Essays on Family and Feminism in the Television Series . McFarland . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3727 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gaffaweb - Kate Bush - THE GARDEN - Kate 's KBC article - Issue 12 ( Oct 1982 ) - About The Dreaming '' . Gaffa.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Katatonia -- Brave Murder Day '' . Hailmetal.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD , `` Making of The Kill music video '' -- Jared Leto and Matt Wachter talk about the song 's meaning . Jump up ^ Dirty Horror Spotlight : Slipknot Dirty Horror Posted January 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ 10 Great Pop Culture Homages To The Shining Flavorwire - Posted Sept 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Premier Inn ' horror ' ad banned from children 's network '' . BBC News . 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cage family reunites in Mortal Kombat X '' . Made For Gaming. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scream Queens tries to manufacture camp magic in `` Pumpkin Patch '' `` . www.avclub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ @ IGLevine ( 29 November 2014 ) . `` RT @ CanadianEm : @ IGLevine Did A Clockwork Orange inspire Bioshock in any way , shape or form ? -- - Not really , but : www.whorange.net/. a / 6a00e5506da997883301901e0ed31c970b - pi '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Murthi , Vikram ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Movie : New TV Spot Features Bizarre ' Shining ' Reference We 're Sure Kids Will Understand & Enjoy '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills release ' Shining ' - inspired song featuring Sam Kubrick -- listen - News - Alternative Press '' . Alternative Press . Jump up ^ `` Ice Nine Kills Celebrates The Shining Anniversary With Themed Track That Includes Stanley Kubrick 's Grandson ! - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heeeeere 's Lassie ! Psych 's James Roday Dishes on The Shining Tribute ; Plus , See Carlton Go Cray - Cray '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Psych : `` Heeeeere 's Lassie ! '' `` . 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Shining ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Shining ( film ) . The Shining on IMDb The Shining at the TCM Movie Database The Shining at Box Office Mojo The Shining at Rotten Tomatoes The Shining at Metacritic Stanley Kubrick , which includes `` The Kubrick Site '' and `` The Kubrick FAQ '' Kubrick 's The Shining , a shot - by - shot analysis by Juli Kearns The Overlook Hotel , ephemera related to The Shining Staircases to Nowhere : Making Stanley Kubrick 's ' The Shining ' , an oral history told by several crew members Stephen King 's The Shining Novels The Shining ( 1977 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Characters Jack Torrance Danny Torrance Adaptations The Shining ( 1980 film ) The Shining ( 1997 miniseries ) Other Room 237 Stanley Kubrick Feature films Fear and Desire ( 1953 ) Killer 's Kiss ( 1955 ) The Killing ( 1956 ) Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) Lolita ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1980 ) Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) Eyes Wide Shut ( 1999 ) Short films Day of the Fight ( 1951 ) Flying Padre ( 1951 ) The Seafarers ( 1953 ) Related films World Assembly of Youth ( 1952 ) Strangers Kiss ( 1983 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures ( 2001 ) Dark Side of the Moon ( 2002 ) Colour Me Kubrick ( 2005 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Boxes ( 2008 ) Room 237 ( 2012 ) S Is for Stanley ( 2016 ) Related topics Archive Bibliography Filmography and awards Influence Interpretations of 2001 Personal life Political and religious beliefs Recurring cast members Unrealized projects People Alan Conway Anthony Frewin Jan Harlan Christiane Kubrick Vivian Kubrick Ruth Sobotka Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Book VIAF : 316751759 GND : 4475809 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shining_(film)&oldid=806976576 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980 horror films 1980s ghost films 1980s psychological films British films British horror films American films American haunted house films American psychological horror films Films directed by Stanley Kubrick Screenplays by Stanley Kubrick Films about domestic violence Films about dysfunctional families Films about writers Films based on works by Stephen King Films set in Colorado Films set in hotels Films shot in California Films shot in Colorado Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in Montana Films shot in Oregon Supernatural horror films Films shot at Elstree Studios Films shot at Pinewood Studios Warner Bros. films Films based on American horror novels Films produced by Stanley Kubrick Uxoricide in fiction Filicide in fiction Telepathy in fiction Film scores by Wendy Carlos Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Articles that may contain original research from October 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles with trivia sections from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 05 : 49 . 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1911685611534832142 | Martin Van Buren | Martin Van Buren - wikipedia Martin Van Buren Jump to : navigation , search `` Van Buren '' redirects here . For other uses , see Van Buren ( disambiguation ) . Martin Van Buren 8th President of the United States In office March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Vice President Richard M. Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Succeeded by William Henry Harrison 8th Vice President of the United States In office March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by John C. Calhoun Succeeded by Richard M. Johnson United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office August 8 , 1831 -- April 4 , 1832 Nominated by Andrew Jackson Preceded by Louis McLane Succeeded by Aaron Vail ( Acting ) 10th United States Secretary of State In office March 28 , 1829 -- May 23 , 1831 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by Henry Clay Succeeded by Edward Livingston 9th Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1829 -- March 12 , 1829 Lieutenant Enos T. Throop Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Succeeded by Enos T. Throop United States Senator from New York In office March 4 , 1821 -- December 20 , 1828 Preceded by Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Attorney General of New York In office February 17 , 1815 -- July 8 , 1819 Governor Daniel D. Tompkins John Tayler ( Acting ) DeWitt Clinton Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley Member of the New York State Senate In office 1813 -- 1820 Preceded by Edward Philip Livingston Succeeded by John I. Miller Surrogate of Columbia County , New York In office 1808 -- 1813 Preceded by James I. Van Alen Succeeded by James Vanderpoel Personal details Maarten van Buren ( 1782 - 12 - 05 ) December 5 , 1782 Kinderhook , New York , U.S. July 24 , 1862 ( 1862 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 79 ) Kinderhook , New York , U.S. Resting place Kinderhook Cemetery Nationality American Political party Democratic - Republican ( 1799 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1825 -- 48 ; 1852 -- 62 ) Free Soil ( 1848 -- 52 ) Spouse ( s ) Hannah Hoes ( m . 1807 ; d . 1819 ) Children Abraham , John , Martin Jr. , Smith , and Winfield . Parents Abraham Van Buren Maria Hoes Van Alen Profession Lawyer , politician Signature Nickname ( s ) Old Kinderhook , The Little Magician Martin Van Buren ( born Maarten van Buren ; December 5 , 1782 -- July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . A founder of the Democratic Party , he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government , including eighth Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) and tenth Secretary of State ( 1829 -- 1831 ) , both under Andrew Jackson . Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson 's policies . The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection . During his half - century of public service , he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level ; at the end of his life , he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln 's policies during the American Civil War . Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen . Of Dutch descent , he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language . A delegate to a political convention at age 18 , he quickly moved from local to state politics , gaining fame both as a political organizer and an accomplished lawyer . Elected to the U.S. Senate by the New York State Legislature in 1821 , he reorganized the Democratic - Republican Party in New York and established the Albany Regency to keep it in power . Van Buren supported William H. Crawford for President in the 1824 election . John Quincy Adams was then made president in a contingent election . The supporters of Jackson , who had won a plurality of the popular and electoral vote , coalesced around Jackson to create the new Democratic Party . Van Buren , alarmed by the nationalist policies of the Adams administration , soon joined them . Van Buren was a major supporter and organizer for Jackson in the 1828 election , and ran for Governor of New York in the hope of using his personal popularity to boost Jackson 's campaign . Jackson and Van Buren were elected , and after serving as governor for two months , Van Buren resigned to become Jackson 's Secretary of State . During Jackson 's eight years as President , Van Buren was a key advisor , and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party , particularly in New York . He resigned as Secretary of State in 1831 to help resolve the Petticoat affair . Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as American Minister to Britain . Van Buren 's nomination was rejected by the Senate , cutting short his service in London , but he was elected Vice President in the 1832 election . With Jackson 's strong support , Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention , and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election . As President , Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837 ; hostile newspapers called him `` Martin Van Ruin '' . He attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury , rather than in state banks , but Congress would not approve of this until 1840 . In foreign affairs , he denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union , unwilling to upset the balance of free and slave states in the Missouri Compromise , and hoping to avoid war with Mexico over Texas annexation . Additionally , relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair . In the 1840 election , Van Buren was voted out of office , losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison . Van Buren was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844 , but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas caused him to lose to James K. Polk , who went on to win the election . In the 1848 election , Van Buren ran unsuccessfully as the candidate of the anti-slavery Free Soil Party . He returned to the Democratic fold to endorse Franklin Pierce ( 1852 ) , James Buchanan ( 1856 ) , and Stephen A. Douglas ( 1860 ) for the presidency . His increasingly abolitionist views and support for the Union led him to support Abraham Lincoln after the start of the American Civil War . Van Buren 's health began to fail in 1861 , and he died in July 1862 at age 79 . He has been generally ranked as a below - average president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 2.1 U.S. Senate and national politics 3 Secretary of State 3.1 Petticoat affair 4 Vice-Presidency 5 Presidential election of 1836 6 Presidency 1837 -- 1841 6.1 White House hostess 6.2 Panic of 1837 6.3 Indian removals 6.4 Mormons 6.5 Texas 6.6 British North America 6.7 United States v . The Amistad 6.8 Cabinet 6.9 Judicial appointments 6.10 Midterm elections of 1838 6.11 Presidential election of 1840 7 Election of 1844 8 Later life 9 Memorials and popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Books by Van Buren 13.2 Books about Van Buren 14 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Record of Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church `` Maarten '' Van Buren ( Dutch sp . ) baptism December 15 , 1782 Martin Van Buren was born on December 5 , 1782 , in the village of Kinderhook , New York about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Albany on the Hudson River . He was the first President not born a British subject , or even of British ancestry . He was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen of the village of Buurmalsen , near the town of Buren in the Netherlands , who had come to North America in 1631 and had purchased a plot of land on Manhattan Island ; his son Martin Cornelisen took the surname Van Buren . His father , Abraham Van Buren ( 1737 -- 1817 ) , owned and operated an inn and tavern , and Martin was born in a house that was attached to the tavern . Abraham Van Buren supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution as a captain in the Albany County Militia 's 7th Regiment , and later joined the Jeffersonian Republicans . He was active in local politics and government , and served as Kinderhook 's town clerk from 1787 to 1797 . In 1776 , Abraham Van Buren married Maria Hoes ( or Goes ) Van Alen ( 1747 -- 1818 ) , the widow of Johannes Van Alen . Although both Abraham and Maria Van Buren were fifth generation residents of the Province of New York , all of their forebears were of Dutch ancestry , as was the case for most of Kinderhook 's residents , and they still spoke Dutch as their first language . The future president was baptized on December 15 , 1782 , as `` Maarten Van Buren '' , the original Dutch spelling of his name . He had four full siblings and three half - siblings . From his mother 's first marriage : Marytje ( or Maria ) Van Alen ( 1768 -- 1829 ) , married John L. Hoes . John I. Van Alen ( 1770 -- 1805 ) James I. Van Alen ( 1772 - 1822 ) , who practiced law with Van Buren for a time and also served as a member of Congress ( 1807 -- 1809 ) . From his parents ' marriage : Dirckie `` Derike '' Van Buren ( 1777 -- 1865 ) , married Barent Hoes ( 1777 -- 1853 ) . Barent Hoes was the brother of Martin Van Buren 's wife , and served in local offices including town clerk . Jannetje ( Called `` Hannah '' or `` Jane '' ) Van Buren ( 1780 -- 1838 ) , who never married and who resided with her sister Dirckie Van Buren and brother - in - law Barent Hoes . Lawrence Van Buren ( 1786 -- 1868 ) , a store owner and attorney who served as a militia officer in the War of 1812 and held local offices including Kinderhook Town Supervisor , postmaster , and presidential elector in 1852 . Abraham Van Buren ( 1788 -- 1836 ) , an attorney who served as Columbia County Surrogate after Martin Van Buren and James I. Van Alen . Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse and briefly studied Latin at the Kinderhook Academy and at Washington Seminary in Claverack . His formal education ended in 1796 , when he began reading law at the office of Peter Silvester and his son Francis , prominent Federalist attorneys in Kinderhook . Van Buren learned early to interact with people from varied ethnic , income , and societal groups , which he would later use to his advantage as a political organizer . Hannah Van Buren He was small in stature ; as an adult he was 5 feet 6 inches tall , and was often referred to as `` Little Van . '' When he first began his legal studies , he often presented an unkempt appearance in rough , homespun clothing . The Silvesters admonished Van Buren about how crucial a lawyer 's clothing and personal appearance were to the success of his practice . He accepted their advice and patterned his clothing , appearance , bearing and conduct after theirs . After six years under the Silvesters , the elder Silvester and Democratic - Republican political figure John Peter Van Ness suggested that Van Buren 's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic - Republican attorney . Accepting this advice , he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness 's brother William P. Van Ness , a political lieutenant of Aaron Burr. Van Buren was admitted to the New York bar in 1803 . Van Buren married Hannah Hoes , his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his first cousin , on February 21 , 1807 , in Catskill , New York . Like Van Buren , she was raised in a Dutch home ; she spoke primarily Dutch , and spoke English with a distinct accent . The couple had five sons : Abraham ( 1807 -- 1873 ) a graduate of West Point and career military officer John ( 1810 -- 1866 ) , graduate of Yale and Attorney General of New York Martin , Jr. ( 1812 -- 1855 ) , secretary to his father and editor of his father 's papers until a premature death from tuberculosis Winfield Scott ( born and died in 1814 ) Smith Thompson ( 1817 -- 1876 ) , an editor and special assistant to his father during Van Buren 's presidency . After 12 years of marriage , Hannah Van Buren contracted tuberculosis and died on February 5 , 1819 , at the age of 35 . Martin Van Buren never remarried . Early political career ( edit ) Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18 if not before ; he attended a Democratic - Republican Party convention in Troy , New York where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the 6th Congressional District seat . He formed a law partnership with his half - brother James I. Van Alen and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics . He was a supporter of Aaron Burr , and allied himself with the George Clinton faction of the Democratic - Republican Party . Van Buren supported Daniel D. Tompkins for Governor over incumbent Morgan Lewis in 1807 . Tompkins won , and his allies won a majority in the state legislature . As a result , Van Buren was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County , New York , replacing Van Alen , who had supported Lewis . He served as Surrogate from 1808 until 1813 , when the Federalist Party gained a majority in the state legislature and replaced him . Van Buren was a member of the New York State Senate from 1813 to 1820 , and in 1813 joined the opposition party -- New York Democratic - Republicans who fought DeWitt Clinton for control of that party in New York . Van Buren served as New York Attorney General from 1815 to 1819 . He replaced William Floyd as a presidential elector in 1820 , and voted for James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins . Though he never served in the military , during the War of 1812 Van Buren worked in the State Senate to pass war measures , including bills to expand the New York Militia and increase soldier pay . In addition , he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of William Hull during Hull 's court - martial following the surrender of Detroit . In the winter of 1814 -- 15 he collaborated with Winfield Scott on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in anticipation of another military campaign in 1815 . The reorganization would have included a position for Van Buren at a rank to be determined , but the war 's end in February 1815 ended their work on the project . He initially opposed DeWitt Clinton 's plan for the Erie Canal , but relented when the Bucktails , the anti-DeWitt Clinton Democratic - Republicans , were able to gain a majority on the Erie Canal Commission ; he supported a bill to finance its construction through the sale of state bonds . From 1816 to 1829 , Van Buren served as a member of the University of the State of New York Board of Regents . In 1817 , Van Buren 's connection with so - called `` machine politics '' started when he created the first political organization encompassing all of New York , the Bucktails . The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York . Van Buren gained the nickname of `` Little Magician '' for the skill with which he exploited the `` spoils system '' . He was a member of the 1820 state constitutional convention , where he favored expanded voting rights , but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting . He was the leading figure in the Albany Regency , a group of Bucktail leaders who for more than a generation dominated New York politics and influenced national politics . The Regency , together with other political organizations such as Tammany Hall , played a major role in expanding the spoils system and making it a recognized and accepted procedure . While organizing and overseeing the operations of the Regency , Van Buren resided in Albany ; his housemate was Roger Skinner , a lifelong bachelor who was also a key Van Buren lieutenant in the State Senate and as Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York . Van Buren was the prime architect of the first nationwide political party : the Jacksonian Democrats or Democratic Party , which evolved from the Democratic - Republicans and relied on party loyalty and patronage to prevent contentious sectional issues , including tariffs and slavery , from becoming national crises . In Van Buren 's words , `` Without strong national political organizations , there would be nothing to moderate the prejudices between free and slaveholding states . '' As had James Madison and other Democratic Party organizers who favored states ' rights and local control , Van Buren was struggling to find an institutional solution to the Constitution 's seeming inability to prevent concentration of power in an administrative republic . Early in his life Van Buren owned a slave , a man named Tom who served as his personal valet . Tom ran away in 1814 and eventually settled in Canada , with Van Buren making no effort to locate him . In 1824 Tom was found to be living in Worcester , Massachusetts . Since he still legally owned Tom ( under New York 's gradual emancipation law , slavery was scheduled to be completely abolished in the state in 1827 ) , Van Buren privately agreed to sell Tom to the finder for $50 , provided the finder , a resident of Rensselaer County , could guarantee that Tom would be captured without violence . He could not make such a guarantee , and his willingness to pay was lessened by the knowledge that Tom would be emancipated in fewer than three years even if he was re-enslaved , so Tom remained free , as Van Buren probably intended . ( Allowing Tom to remain in Massachusetts unmolested without notice enabled Van Buren to avoid offending southern slave owners , as he would do if he publicly allowed a former slave to remain free . At the same time , he avoided offending northern abolitionists , which he would do if he captured and re-enslaved a former slave . ) U.S. Senate and National politics ( edit ) Gubernatorial portrait of Martin Van Buren by Daniel Huntington In February 1821 Van Buren was elected a U.S. Senator from New York , defeating incumbent Nathan Sanford , who ran as the Clintonian candidate . Van Buren initially favored internal improvements , such as road repairs and canal construction ; he proposed a constitutional amendment in 1824 to authorize such undertakings , but changed his position the following year . He voted for the tariffs of 1824 and 1828 , and then gradually abandoned this protectionist position , later supporting tariffs `` for revenue only . '' In the presidential election of 1824 , Van Buren supported the nominee of a Congressional caucus , Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford , and received the electoral votes of Georgia for Vice President . None of the presidential candidates -- Crawford , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , or Henry Clay -- had received a majority of the electoral college votes , so the choice fell to the United States House of Representatives . The House had to choose from among the top three candidates , so Clay was eliminated . Van Buren had originally hoped to block John Quincy Adams by denying him the state of New York , which was divided between supporters of Crawford and Adams . However , Representative Stephen Van Rensselaer swung New York to Adams . Adams won , and appointed Clay as Secretary of State . Because Clay had supported Adams in the House election , Jackson and Crawford supporters alleged corruption . After the House contest , Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed , and began looking forward to 1828 . He switched his support early from Crawford , whose ill health after a stroke had made him a less than viable candidate , to Andrew Jackson , who had won the popular vote in 1824 . Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams after he received fewer popular votes , and eagerly looked forward to a rematch . Always notably courteous in his treatment of opponents , Van Buren showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Henry Clay , and he voted for Clay 's confirmation as Secretary of State , notwithstanding Jackson 's `` corrupt bargain '' charge . At the same time , he opposed the Adams - Clay plans for internal infrastructure improvements ( roads , canals , bridges , etc . ) and declined to support U.S. participation in the Congress of Panama . As chair of the Judiciary Committee , he brought forward a number of measures for the improvement of judicial procedure , including one ( not adopted ) , which would have required a super-majority vote by the United States Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional . In May 1826 , Van Buren joined with Senator Thomas Hart Benton in reporting on patronage in the executive branch , going against his own use of the spoils system to propose , in vain , that Presidents not be able to remove officeholders at will , and that Presidents report to Congress on the reason for dismissal of federal position holders . The 1828 `` Tariff of Abominations '' was recognized as his work . Since Democrats , especially Southerners , were generally opposed to tariffs that increased the price of manufactured goods from the North but did not benefit the raw materials produced in the South , Van Buren could normally have been expected to oppose tariffs . Political observers of the time viewed Van Buren 's efforts to pass the 1828 tariff as part of the campaign to elect Jackson as President . Anticipating that most Southerners would vote for Andrew Jackson no matter who else was running , Van Buren intended the tariff proposed by Jackson 's Northern Democratic supporters in Congress to attract to Jackson 's candidacy Northern voters , who generally favored high tariffs to protect the manufactured goods they produced . Van Buren voted in favor , later adopting the cover story that he had done so only in response to instructions from the New York State Legislature . Most Democrats , especially Southerners , continued to oppose tariffs after 1828 . Van Buren 's political opponents in the Democratic Party used his 1828 vote against him for years afterwards to prevent him from obtaining Southern support for his candidacies . Van Buren was not an exceptional orator like Henry Clay or Daniel Webster , but his more important speeches show careful preparation and his opinions carried weight ; the oft - repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by scrutiny of his senatorial career . In February 1827 , he was re-elected to the Senate by a large majority . He became one of the recognized managers of the Jackson campaign , and his tour of Virginia , the Carolinas , and Georgia in the spring of 1827 won support for Jackson from Crawford as Van Buren sought to reorganize and unify `` the old Republican party '' behind Jackson . At the state level , Jackson 's committee chairs would split up the responsibilities around the state and organize volunteers at the local level . `` Hurra Boys '' would plant hickory trees ( in honor of Jackson 's nickname , `` Old Hickory '' ) or hand out hickory sticks at rallies . In 1828 Van Buren ran for Governor of New York in an effort to use his personal popularity to bolster Jackson 's chances of carrying New York in the presidential election . Jackson defeated Adams handily , leading the pro-Adams New York American to editorialize `` Organization is the secret of victory . By the want of it we have been overthrown . '' Van Buren won his election , and resigned from the Senate to start the gubernatorial term , which began on January 1 , 1829 . Van Buren 's tenure as New York governor is the second shortest on record . While his term was short , he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law ( an early form of deposit insurance ) through the Legislature . Secretary of state ( edit ) On March 5 , 1829 , President Jackson appointed Van Buren Secretary of State , an office which probably had been promised him before the 1828 elections , and Van Buren resigned the governorship on March 12 . He was succeeded by his Lieutenant Governor , Enos T. Throop , a member of the Regency . As Secretary of State , Van Buren sought congeniality with the Kitchen Cabinet , Jackson 's informal advisers . He sometimes opposed Jackson in the matter of removing political appointees from office to replace them with Jackson loyalists , but also saw to the replacement of postmasters in New York with Van Buren loyalists . In July 1829 , Rutgers College awarded Van Buren the honorary degree of LL. D . No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren 's tenure , but he achieved several notable successes , such as settling long - standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the Napoleonic Wars . He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the British West Indies colonies and concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that gained American merchants access to the Black Sea . Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the Maine - New Brunswick boundary dispute with Great Britain , gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the Oregon Country , concluding a commercial treaty with Russia , and persuading Mexico to sell Texas . Van Buren also advised Jackson informally on matters of domestic policy -- in the controversy over the Bank of the United States , he sided with Jackson . He also allied with Jackson on the Indian Removal Act . After the breach between Jackson and Calhoun , which culminated with the Nullification Crisis , Van Buren 's position as one of Jackson 's primary political supporters and policy advisors clearly branded him as the most prominent candidate for the vice presidency in 1832 , and Jackson 's most likely successor in 1836 . Petticoat Affair ( edit ) Mrs Floride Calhoun , a leader of the `` petticoats '' Further information : Petticoat affair In Jackson 's first term , Van Buren won the president 's lasting regard by his courtesies to Peggy Eaton , wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton , whom the wives of the cabinet members and others had shunned over the circumstances surrounding their marriage and her alleged moral failures as a cabinet wife . Led by Floride Calhoun , wife of Vice President Calhoun , these women ( the `` petticoats '' ) socially ostracized the Eatons , refused to pay courtesy calls at their home or receive them as visitors , and denied them invitations to social events . Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration , Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy to gain political leverage . As a widower , Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the Cabinet wives , and he supported Jackson 's position that criticism of the Eatons would not be tolerated . By siding with Jackson , Van Buren helped create a counter-coalition that weakened Calhoun . The dispute was resolved when Van Buren offered to resign ; in April 1831 , Jackson accepted , and took the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of Cabinet members whose wives were part of the anti-Eaton coalition . Postmaster General William T. Barry , who had sided with Jackson and Van Buren , was the lone cabinet member to stay , and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington , first as governor of Florida Territory , and then as minister to Spain . Vice-presidency ( edit ) After resigning as Secretary of State , Van Buren remained in office until June 1831 , and continued to play a part in Jackson 's Kitchen Cabinet . In August 1831 Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as Minister to the Court of St. James ( Britain ) and he arrived in London in September . He was cordially received , but in February he learned his nomination was rejected by the Senate on January 25 , 1832 . The rejection was attributed to Van Buren 's instructions while Secretary of State to Louis McLane , the American minister to Britain , which concerned the opening of the West Indies trade , and repudiated the foreign policy of Jackson 's predecessors , which the Senate claimed was a breach of decorum . The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun , who had opposed Van Buren 's confirmation , believing that Van Buren had attempted to keep him from becoming vice president by making overtures to Henry Clay to run on a ticket with William H. Crawford , Van Buren 's preferred candidate for president in 1824 . Calhoun also opposed Van Buren for his role in the Petticoat Affair and his work on the 1828 tariff . When the vote on Van Buren 's nomination was taken , enough pro-Calhoun Democrats refrained from voting to produce a tie , thus giving Calhoun , in his role as presiding officer , the ability to cast a vote . He voted against Van Buren , and so achieved `` vengeance '' on Van Buren . Calhoun was elated , convinced that he had ended Van Buren 's career . `` It will kill him dead , sir , kill him dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick , '' Calhoun exclaimed to a friend within earshot of Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton . A painting of Van Buren by Francis Alexander , c. 1830 -- 1840 Benton recognized the significance of Calhoun 's action , saying `` You have broken a minister and made a vice president . '' John Tyler , then serving as a Senator from Virginia , also recognized Calhoun 's overreach , writing to a friend that `` Van Buren is elevated by the silly thing of rejecting him . '' As Benton and Tyler foresaw , Calhoun 's move backfired , by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics , thus raising him in both Jackson 's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party . Far from ending Van Buren 's career , Calhoun 's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren 's candidacy for vice president . After a brief tour of Europe , Van Buren reached New York on July 5 , 1832 . The May 1832 Democratic National Convention , the party 's first , had nominated him for vice president on the Jackson ticket . Van Buren 's nomination was not as strongly supported as Jackson 's , particularly among southerners who recalled his work on the tariff in 1828 , but he somewhat placated southerners by denying the right of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia without the consent of the slave states . The Jackson - Van Buren ticket won the election of 1832 by a landslide , and Van Buren took office as Vice President in March 1833 . During his time in office Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson 's primary advisors and confidants , and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833 . Jackson 's confidence in Van Buren was further demonstrated after Jackson named Benjamin F. Butler , Van Buren 's political ally and former law partner , to serve as Attorney General , and John Forsyth , another Van Buren ally , to serve as Secretary of State . Van Buren 's support of Jackson in the Nullification Crisis and the decision not to recharter the Second Bank of the United States made him a target of Jackson 's most vocal opponents . Van Buren was threatened with violence , including explicit comments from Senator George Poindexter of Mississippi , which prompted Van Buren to carry pistols for self - defense . However he also demonstrated both the willingness and the ability to work with his opponents , cooperating with Clay and Calhoun ( now a Senator ) to pass the compromise Tariff of 1833 , which helped end the Nullification Crisis . During one contentious debate on the bank issue , Van Buren presided over the Senate as Clay spoke passionately about the harm he believed Jackson 's bank policy would cause . Directing his remarks to Van Buren , Clay asked rhetorically whether Van Buren would approach Jackson and persuade him to change his mind . After Clay concluded , observers wondered how Van Buren would react . Van Buren 's response was to descend from the rostrum and ask Clay if he could borrow a pinch of snuff . Caught off guard , Clay reflexively handed over his snuff box . Van Buren took a pinch , bowed to Clay , and left the chamber , both deflating the effect of Clay 's remarks and preventing tension from escalating , as would have happened if Van Buren had attempted to reply directly . Presidential election of 1836 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1836 1836 electoral vote results Jackson , not running in 1836 , was determined to make Van Buren his successor in order to continue the Jackson administration 's policies . This conclusion on Jackson 's part soon became public . When the Democratic Convention met in Baltimore , Maryland in May , 1835 , 18 months before the election , the delegates nominated Van Buren unanimously . Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination : Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky , and former senator William Cabell Rives of Virginia . Southern Democrats , and Van Buren himself , strongly preferred Rives. Jackson , on the other hand , strongly preferred Johnson . Again , Jackson 's considerable influence prevailed , however , Johnson received the required two - thirds vote only after New York Senator Silas Wright prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in his favor . On the issue of slavery , Van Buren moved to obtain the support of southerners by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported the maintaining of slavery in states where it had already existed . Regarding the national bank , Van Buren made clear that he opposed rechartering a national bank . To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery , Van Buren cast the tie - breaking Senate vote in favor of engrossing a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws , thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South . Martin Van Buren 's competitors in the election of 1836 were three members of the newly established Whig Party . Still a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson 's anti-bank policies but lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a coherent platform , the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the election to the House of Representatives , where each state delegation would have one vote and the Whigs would stand a better chance of winning . They were : Hugh White of Tennessee , Daniel Webster of Massachusetts , and William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank , the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension , and attacked Jackson for `` acts of aggression and usurpation of power . '' The Whigs nominated New York Anti-Mason Francis Granger and former Democrat John Tyler of Virginia for vice president . Richard Johnson , Van Buren 's running mate , was a hero of the War of 1812 , and claimed to have killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames . Since Harrison was campaigning for president as the `` hero of Tippecanoe , '' Johnson 's friends countered with : Rumpsey , dumpsey , rumpsey dumpsey , Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh ! Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes , only 50.9 percent of the total , and 170 electoral votes . Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes , White receiving 26 and Webster 14 . Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state 's 11 electoral votes . Van Buren 's victory resulted from a combination of his own attractive political and personal qualities , Jackson 's popularity and endorsement , the organizational power of the Democratic party , and the inability of the Whig Party -- at this point -- to muster an effective candidate and campaign . Johnson , however , received only 147 electoral votes , 70 more than his closest contender , Francis Granger , but one less than the number required to elect . Virginia 's electors had remained loyal to Van Buren , who carried the state by a close margin , but instead , they all refused to vote for Johnson . Van Buren was the first president to be born after the United States Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain . On February 8 , 1837 , the U.S. Senate convened , and in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment chose the vice president from the two top electoral vote recipients , Johnson , and Granger . Johnson won the contingent vote , 33 - 17 , and became the nation 's ninth vice president . Presidency 1837 -- 1841 ( edit ) File : VAN BUREN , Martin - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Van Buren as President Main article : Presidency of Martin Van Buren White House hostess ( edit ) For the first half of his presidency , Van Buren , who had been a widower for many years , did not have a specific person fill the role of White House hostess at administration social events , but tried to assume such duties himself . When his eldest son Abraham Van Buren married Angelica Singleton in 1838 , he quickly acted to install his daughter - in - law as his hostess . She solicited the advice of her distant relative , Dolley Madison , who had moved back to Washington after her husband 's death , and soon the president 's parties livened up . After the 1839 New Year 's Eve reception , the Boston Post raved : `` ( Angelica Van Buren is a ) lady of rare accomplishments , very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired . '' As the nation endured a deep economic depression , Angelica van Buren 's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading on European court life ( and her naive delight in being received as the Queen of the United States when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage ) . Newspaper coverage of this , in addition to the claim that she intended to re-landscape the White House grounds to resemble the royal gardens of Europe , was used in a political attack on her father - in - law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman Charles Ogle . He referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential `` household '' in his famous Gold Spoon Oration . The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the President as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election . Panic of 1837 ( edit ) The modern balaam and his ass , an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson , shown riding a donkey , while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly . When Van Buren entered office , the nation 's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over . Two months into his presidency , on May 10 , 1837 , some important state banks in New York , running out of hard currency reserves , refused to convert paper money into gold or silver , and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit . This financial crisis would become known as the Panic of 1837 . The Panic was followed by a five - year depression in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs . Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions , as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks . Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats , along with Andrew Jackson 's economic policies , specifically his 1836 Specie Circular . Cries of `` rescind the circular ! '' went up and former President Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order , believing that it had to be given enough time to work . Others , like Nicholas Biddle , believed that Jackson 's dismantling of the Bank of the United States was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic . To deal with the crisis , the Whigs proposed rechartering the national bank . The president countered by proposing the establishment of an independent U.S. treasury , which would take the politics out of the nation 's money supply ; the government would hold all of its money balances in the form of gold or silver and would be restricted from printing paper money at will , a measure designed to prevent inflation . Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837 ; but that was too much for state banking interests , and an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840 . The independent treasury lasted only one year -- the Whigs , who won a congressional majority and the presidency in the 1840 elections , promptly repealed the law . By the time Congress finally acted , the nation 's economy had been mired in a depression for nearly four years ; the problems would continue into the early 1840s . More important for Van Buren 's immediate future , the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign . Indian removals ( edit ) In 1838 , Van Buren directed General Winfield Scott to forcibly institute the removal of all those Cherokee who had not complied with the 1835 Treaty of New Echota -- by departing from the Southeastern United States and moving west ( to present day Oklahoma ) . The Cherokee were herded violently into internment camps , where they were kept for the summer of 1838 . The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought , but in the fall , the Cherokee reluctantly agreed to transport themselves west . During the Cherokee removal , part of the Trail of Tears , some 20,000 people were involuntarily relocated . In the course of Van Buren 's presidency the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian nations . The administration also contended with the Seminole in Florida , who engaged the army in a seven - year battle . Known as the Second Seminole War , the battle began in 1835 during Jackson 's presidency . Fighting was not resolved until 1842 , after Van Buren had left office . It is regarded as the longest and most costly of the nation 's Indian conflicts . Mormons ( edit ) In 1839 , Joseph Smith , Jr. , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , visited Van Buren to plead for the U.S. to help roughly 20,000 Mormon settlers of Independence , Missouri ( who were forced from the state during the 1838 Mormon War . ) The Governor of Missouri , Lilburn Boggs , had issued an executive order on October 27 , 1838 , known as the `` Extermination Order '' . It authorized troops to use force against Mormons to `` exterminate or drive ( them ) from the state '' . In 1839 , after moving to Illinois , Smith and his party appealed to members of Congress and to President Van Buren to intercede for the Mormons . According to Smith 's grandnephew , Van Buren said to Smith , `` Your cause is just , but I can do nothing for you ; if I take up for you I shall lose the vote of Missouri '' . Texas ( edit ) In a bold step , Van Buren reversed Andrew Jackson 's policies and sought peace at home , as well as abroad . Instead of settling a financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government by force , Van Buren wanted to seek a diplomatic solution . In an action that upset political leaders of the pro-slavery states , in August 1837 , Van Buren denied Texas ' formal request to join the United States , partly to prevent the upset of the slave state / free state balance in the Missouri Compromise , and partly because he hoped to avoid a possible war with Mexico over Texas annexation . British North America ( edit ) British subjects in Lower Canada ( now Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838 respectively , protesting their lack of responsible government . The rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Charles Duncombe . `` Destruction of the Caroline '' , illustration by John Charles Dent ( 1881 ) While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly ( following the December 7 Battle of Montgomery 's Tavern ) , many of the rebels fled across the Niagara River into New York , where Mackenzie began recruiting volunteers in Buffalo . On December 13 , Mackenzie declared establishment of the Republic of Canada and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara River . Several hundred volunteers procured the steamboat Caroline to deliver supplies and arms to Navy Island from Fort Schlosser . To deter an imminent invasion , British forces crossed to the American bank of the river , where they burned and sank the ship . When an American was killed and others wounded , considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war , and a British ship was burned in revenge . Soon afterward , Mackenzie 's `` republic '' collapsed , and the rebels withdrew into the U.S. ; the initial uprising in Lower Canada by then collapsed as well . Van Buren , looking to avoid a war with Great Britain , sent General Winfield Scott to the border with broad discretionary powers for its protection and its peace . Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis , and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British . Also , in early January 1838 , the president proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue , a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law discouraging the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts . Simultaneously Charles Duncombe and Robert Nelson helped foment a largely American militia , the Hunters ' Lodge / Frères chasseurs , which carried out several attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838 , collectively known as the Patriot War . The administration followed through on its enforcement of the Neutrality Act , encouraged the prosecution of filibusters , and actively deterred U.S. citizens from subversive activities abroad . In the long term , the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy Anglo -- American and U.S. -- Canadian relationships in the 20th century ; it also led , more immediately , to a backlash among citizens against the overreach of federal authority , which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections . Another crisis surfaced in late 1838 , in the disputed territory on the Maine -- New Brunswick frontier , where Americans were settling on disputed land claimed by the United States and Great Britain . Both American and New Brunswick lumberjacks cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838 -- 39 . On December 29 , New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American 's estate near the Aroostook River . American woodcutters rushed to stand guard . A shouting match , known as the Battle of Caribou , ensued . Tensions quickly boiled over into a near war with both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other 's citizens . The crisis seemed ready to turn into an armed conflict . British troops began to gather on the Saint John River . The American press clamored for war ; `` Maine and her soil , or BLOOD ! '' screamed one editorial . `` Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away ! '' Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget . To settle the crisis , Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States . They agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically . Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area to show military resolve and more importantly to lower the tensions . Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration . The dispute was put to rest a few years later , with the signing of the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty . United States V. . The Amistad ( edit ) The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and parties , as well as United States law , resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839 , . The Van Buren administration supported the Spanish government 's demand that the ship and its cargo ( including the Africans ) be turned over to them . When a Federal District Court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home , the administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court . In February 1840 , former President ( and sitting U.S. Representative from Massachusetts ) John Quincy Adams argued passionately for the Africans ' right to freedom . Attorney General Henry D. Gilpin presented the government 's case . In March 1841 , the Supreme Court issued its final verdict : the Amistad Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home . The unique nature of the case , people of color testifying in federal court , and being represented by prominent lawyers , heightened public interest in the saga , as did the participation of former president Adams . The Amistad case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North . It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery . Cabinet ( edit ) Portrait of Martin Van Buren The Van Buren Cabinet Office Name Term President Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1841 Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of State John Forsyth 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of Treasury Levi Woodbury 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett 1837 -- 1841 Attorney General Benjamin Butler 1837 -- 1838 Felix Grundy 1838 -- 1840 Henry D. Gilpin 1840 -- 1841 Postmaster General Amos Kendall 1837 -- 1840 John M. Niles 1840 -- 1841 Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson 1837 -- 1838 James K. Paulding 1838 -- 1841 Martin Van Buren announced his intention `` to follow in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor '' , and retained all but one of Jackson 's cabinet . Judicial appointments ( edit ) Main article : Martin Van Buren judicial appointments Van Buren appointed two Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : John McKinley -- confirmed September 25 , 1837 Peter Vivian Daniel -- confirmed March 2 , 1841 Van Buren also appointed eight other federal judges , all to United States district courts . Midterm elections of 1838 ( edit ) The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the 1838 election cycle , as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the U.S. House and Senate . Also , while the Democratic Party retained a majority in both chambers , a split among House Democrats led to Whig Congressman Robert M.T. Hunter being elected Speaker of the House for the 26th Congress . Likewise , state elections in 1837 and 1838 were disastrous for the Democrats , and the partial economic recovery in 1838 was offset by a second commercial crisis later that year . Presidential election of 1840 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1840 1840 electoral vote results Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the 1840 Democratic National Convention , but he and his party faced a difficult election in 1840 . Van Buren 's presidency had been problematic , with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn ; also of concern were several divisive issues -- slavery , western expansion , and tensions with Great Britain -- that provided opportunities for Van Buren 's political opponents , and even some fellow Democrats to criticize him . Although Van Buren 's renomination was never in doubt , Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket . Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker James K. Polk of Tennessee as Van Buren 's new running mate . With William Henry Harrison , Johnson 's former commander and comrade - in - arms and the `` Hero of Tippecanoe , '' emerging as a likely Whig presidential contender , Van Buren was reluctant to drop the Democrats ' own hero from the ticket . The convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states . The Whigs did select Harrison as their nominee , and presented him to the nation as the antithesis of the president , whom they derided as ineffective , corrupt , and effete . Van Buren was blamed for the hard economic times , and ridiculed as `` Martin Van Ruin '' . Van Buren 's rather elegant personal style was also an easy target for Whig attacks , such as the Gold Spoon Oration . Van Buren remained optimistic about his chances for reelection until October 1840 , by which time it became unlikely that he would defeat Harrison . An astonishing 80 percent of eligible voters went to the polls on election day . Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033 , and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60 . Additionally , Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the U.S. House and the Senate . A linguistic legacy of the 1840 campaign was attributed to Van Buren himself -- the expression `` OK . '' Although some language experts attribute OK to other proposed origins , including words from the Choctaw or Wolof languages , and others to an abbreviation of `` oll korrect , '' misspellings attributed to Andrew Jackson , the prevailing opinion is that it derives from `` Old Kinderhook , '' one of the many nicknames for Van Buren . The first recorded use of `` OK '' in the sense of approval dates back to 1839 when a newspaper referred to a Democratic meeting of `` the roarers , the butt - enders , ringtails and OKs , '' adding , `` the allusion was probably to those who put their OK on the nomination of Van Buren . '' Election of 1844 ( edit ) On the expiration of his term , Van Buren returned to his estate , Lindenwald in Kinderhook , where he planned his return to the White House . He seemed likely to be nominated by the Democrats in 1844 , but in April of that year a Van Buren letter to William H. Hammett was made public . In it , Van Buren opposed the immediate annexation of Texas , but said that he would support annexation once the state of war between Texas and Mexico was resolved . President John Tyler had pursued the annexation of Texas as his chief foreign policy goal , and many Democrats , particularly in the South , were anxious to quickly complete the annexation of Texas . Van Buren 's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of pro-slavery Democrats ; he began the Democratic National Convention with a majority of the delegates , but with no southern support he could not reach the two - thirds threshold required for nomination . He won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot , with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states . Van Buren 's name was withdrawn after eight ballots , and a dark horse , James K. Polk , received the nomination and went on to win the 1844 presidential election . After taking office , Polk used George Bancroft as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London . Van Buren declined , partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention , and partly because he was content in his retirement . Later Life ( edit ) 1858 portrait by GPA Healy , on display at the White House Van Buren had resisted the slightest interference with the institution of slavery in the states where it existed . After leaving the White House , Van Buren grew increasingly opposed to slavery , and his earlier views about its constitutional standing gave way over time to acceptance of anti-slavery positions including opposing slavery 's expansion into newly organized western states . In 1848 , he was nominated for president by two minor parties , first by the `` Barnburner '' faction of the Democratic Party in New York , then by the Free Soil Party , with whom the `` Barnburners '' coalesced . The Barnburners and Free Soilers opposed Democratic nominee Lewis Cass , who opposed the Wilmot Proviso and was otherwise seen as friendly to slavery . In addition , Van Buren , who had been denied the 1844 nomination in part due to the efforts of Cass supporters , may have run in order to exact a measure of revenge by denying Cass the presidency . Van Buren won no electoral votes , but finished second to Whig nominee Zachary Taylor in New York , taking enough votes from Cass to give the state -- and perhaps the election -- to Taylor . Daguerreotype of Martin Van Buren , circa 1855 Unlike many anti-slavery Democrats of the 1840s and 1850s , who later joined the Republican Party , Van Buren and most of his followers remained in the Democratic fold . Those followers include his son John Van Buren and Samuel J. Tilden , who later served as Governor of New York and was the Democratic nominee for President in 1876 . Van Buren supported Franklin Pierce for President in 1852 , and James Buchanan in 1856 , though he later opposed the Buchanan administration 's efforts to accommodate the southern states when they threatened secession . In the election of 1860 , he supported Stephen A. Douglas , the candidate of northern Democrats , and helped create a fusion ticket in New York of Democratic electors pledged to both Douglas and John C. Breckinridge , but Abraham Lincoln carried New York and every northern state except New Jersey . Once the American Civil War began , Van Buren made public his support for the Union , and supported Abraham Lincoln 's efforts to prevent the southern states from seceding . In April 1861 , former President Pierce wrote to the other living former Presidents and asked them to consider meeting in order to use their stature and influence to propose a negotiated end to the war . Pierce asked Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-President to issue a formal call . Van Buren 's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting , since he was the former President who had served most recently , or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal . Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce 's proposal public , and nothing more resulted from it . Van Buren 's health began to fail later in 1861 , and he was bedridden with pneumonia during the fall and winter of 1861 -- 62 . He did not recover , and died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate in Kinderhook at 2 : 00 a.m. on July 24 , 1862 , at the age of 79 . He is buried in the Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church Cemetery , as are his wife Hannah , his parents , and his son Martin Van Buren , Jr . He is the only U.S. president to have been alive during both the U.S. Revolutionary War and the U.S. Civil War . As of 2017 , he is the most recent Democrat elected to succeed an incumbent Democratic president who had served two presidential terms . Memorials and popular culture ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Van Buren 's home in Kinderhook , New York , which he called Lindenwald , is now the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Counties are named for Van Buren in Michigan , Iowa , Arkansas , and Tennessee . A mountain , a ship , three state parks and numerous towns were named after him . During the 1988 presidential campaign , George H.W. Bush , a Yale University graduate and member of the Skull and Bones secret society , was attempting to become the first incumbent Vice President to win election to the presidency since Van Buren . In the comic strip Doonesbury artist Garry Trudeau depicted members of Skull and Bones as attempting to rob Van Buren 's grave , apparently intending to use the relics in a ritual that would aid Bush in the election . On the television show Seinfeld , the episode `` The Van Buren Boys '' is about a fictional street gang that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him , including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up . Eight fingers signifies Van Buren , the eighth President . Van Buren is portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in the 1997 film Amistad . The film depicts the controversy and legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on La Amistad slave ship . See also ( edit ) Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Charlotte Dupuy , slave who worked for Van Buren at Decatur House , while her suit for freedom against Henry Clay proceeded List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who owned slaves U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ pronunciation ( help info ) ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Life in Brief '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , Noah ( 2006 ) . The Essential Book of Presidential Trivia . Random House . p. 44 . ISBN 9780307432186 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . 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Jump up ^ Collier , Edward Augustus ( 1914 ) . A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time . New York , NY : Knickerbocker Press . p. 551 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States , 1639 - 1989 : Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church Baptism Entry , Marytje Van Alen '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancestry.com , LLC . August 20 , 1768 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record , Vol. 82 -- 83 . New York , NY : New York Genealogical and Biographical Society . 1951 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Baptism record , Johannes Van Alen : U.S. Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States , 1639 -- 2000 '' . Ancestry.com . Ancestry.com , Inc . August 15 , 1770 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Irelan , John Robert ( 1887 ) . History of the Life , Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren . Chicago , IL : Fairbanks and Palmer . p. 605 . 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Jump up ^ Marsh , Dwight Whitney ( 1895 ) . Marsh Genealogy : Giving Several Thousand Descendants of John Marsh of Hartford , Ct. 1636 - 1895 . Amherst , MA : Carpenter & Morehouse . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Van Buren 1867 , pp. 103 -- 114 Jump up ^ Derthick 1999 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Bob ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Xlibris . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 4257 - 0473 - 5 . Jump up ^ Van Buren , Martin , author ; West , Elizabeth Howard , editor ( 1910 ) . Calendar of the papers of Martin Van Buren . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 72 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dodd , William Edward ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Holland , William M. ( 1836 ) . The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren . Belknap & Hammersley . pp. 269 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Krabbendam , Hans , editor ( 2009 ) . Four Centuries of Dutch - American Relations : 1609 -- 2009 . State University of New York Press . p. 251 . ISBN 9781438430133 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 44 . ISBN 9780742522442 . Jump up ^ Shea , M.V. , editor - in - chief ( 1920 ) . The World Book Encyclopedia , Volume 10 . W.F. Quarrie & Co. p. 6026 . Jump up ^ Stoddard , William Osborn ( 1887 ) . Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren . Frederick A. Stokes . p. 284 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 51 . ISBN 9781604567731 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 138 . 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Affairs of State : The Untold History of Presidential Love , Sex , and Scandal , 1789 -- 1900 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1834 - 5 . Jump up ^ Watson , Harry L. ( 2006 ) . Liberty and Power : The Politics of Jacksonian America . New York , NY : Hill & Wang . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 6547 - 9 . Jump up ^ Corps , Terry ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6850 - 2 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 646 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward Shepard ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Co. p. 224 . Jump up ^ Polk , James Knox ( 1886 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : January - June 1845 . University of Tennessee Press . p. 357 . ISBN 9780870499470 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1991 ) . 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Rowman & Littlefield . p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Irelan , John Robert ( 1887 ) . `` History of the Life , Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren , Eighth President of the United States '' . Chicago : Fairbanks and Palmer Publishing Company . p. 230 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Mentor Johnson , 9th Vice President ( 1837 - 1841 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Senate , Office of the Historian . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford University Press . pp. 508 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Nowlan , Robert A . The American Presidents , Washington to Tyler : What They Did , What They Said , What Was Said About Them , With Full Source Notes . McFarland Books . p. 319 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , 8th Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Senate , Office of the Historian . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Michael ( 2013 ) . Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch . CQ Press . p. 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Elections '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Campaigns and Elections '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` How a ' faithless elector ' in Georgia could cost Donald Trump an electoral college vote '' . The Washington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bomboy , Scott ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caroli , Betty Boyd ( 2003 ) . First Ladies . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 5 - 16676 - 0 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Van Buren 's Presidential Hostess '' . America 's Story . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Carl ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` First Ladies Never Married to Presidents : Angelica Van Buren '' . National First Ladies Library . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Domestic affairs '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh , Donald T. Critchlow , Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 210 . ISBN 0742511898 Jump up ^ Seigenthaler , John ; Schlesinger , Arthur Meier , Jr. ( 2004 ) . James K Polk . Macmillen . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lansford , Tom ; Woods , Thomas E. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877 . 10 . New York : Marshall Cavendish . p. 1046 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7758 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 456 . Jump up ^ Gouge , William A. ; Dorfman , Joseph ( 2007 ) . A Short History of Money and Banking . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Van Mises Institute . p. 22 . ISBN 9781610163422 . Jump up ^ Sturgis , Amy H. ( 2006 ) . The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal . Greenwood . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0313336584 . Jump up ^ Anderson , William ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0820312541 . Jump up ^ `` History.com '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Landry , Alysa Landry ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Martin Van Buren : The Force Behind the Trail of Tears '' . Verona , New York : Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hauptman , Laurence M. ( 1999 ) . Conspiracy of Interests : Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0547 - 1 . Jump up ^ Missall , John ; Missall , Mary Lou ( 2016 ) . `` History of the Seminole Wars '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Jane F. ( 1994 ) . Removal Aftershock : The Seminoles ' Struggles to Survive in the West , 1836 - 1866 . Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 845 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Extermination Order '' . LDS FAQ . Archived from the original on 26 February 2005 . Retrieved 22 August 2005 . Jump up ^ Boggs , Extermination Order Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph Fielding ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . `` Church History and Modern Revelation '' . 4 . Deseret : 167 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Ann Eliza Young ; John Bartholomew Gough ; Mary Ashton Rice Livermore ( 1876 ) . Wife no . 19 , or , the story of a life of bondage . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Joseph ( 2014 ) . The American Past : A Survey of American History . Boston : Wadsworth : Cengage Learning . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 94653 - 3 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ( 1999 ) . Presidents of the United States of America . Washington , DC : White House Historical Association . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 72 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1997 ) . Agent of Destiny : The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3128 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Reader 's Companion to the American Presidency . New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 78889 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Foreign Affairs '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robert Budd ( 1890 ) . `` The Patriot War '' . The Detroit Evening News , revised for the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lacroix , Patrick ( 2016 ) . `` Choosing Peace and Order : National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland , 1837 -- 42 '' . The International History Review . 38 ( 5 ) : 943 -- 960 . Jump up ^ `` 1837 - Aroostook War '' . Historycentral . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The High Comedy of the Bloodless Aroostook War '' . Stonington , Maine : New England Historical Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States v . The Amistad , Findlaw , accessed 30 March 2013 Jump up ^ Kidder , David S. ; Oppenheim , Noah D. ( 2007 ) . The Intellectual Devotional : American History ; Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently about Our Nation 's Past . TID Volumes , LLC . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 744 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Amistad Story '' . Amistad : Seeking Freedom in Connecticut . National Park Service 's National Register of Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Narrative '' . Teaching and Civic Outreach Resources Amistad : The Federal Courts and the Challenge to Slavery -- Historical Background and Documents . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Judicial Center : Search by Nominating President ; Martin Van Buren '' . Federal Judicial Center . Federal Judicial Center Foundation . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Divisions of the House of Representatives '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Division in the Senate , 1789 - Present '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Mob in Search of a Speaker '' . House.gov . US House of Representatives . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Gerald ( 2002 ) . The Invention of Party Politics : Federalism , Popular Sovereignty , and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2744 - 4 . Jump up ^ Churella , Albert J. ( 2013 ) . The Pennsylvania Railroad : Building an Empire , 1846 - 1917 . 1 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0812207629 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic National Political Conventions 1832 - 2008 '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Jonathan ( 2016 ) . From Confederation to Nation : The Early American Republic , 1789 - 1848 . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 91621 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Elizabeth L. ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . Knickerbocker : The Myth behind New York . New Brusnwick , NJ : Rivergate Books . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4516 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Faber , Harold ( November 10 , 1991 ) . `` Sunday Outing ; House Where the Legacy Of Van Buren Lives On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Jacqueline ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` OK , So Here 's The Real Story Of Where ' OK ' Comes From '' . Huffington Post . New York , NY . Jump up ^ Lederer , Richard ; McCullagh , Caroline ( 2012 ) . American Trivia . Gibbs Smith . pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 9781423622789 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1996 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume IX ( January - June 1845 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 947 - 5 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1993 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume VIII ( September - December 1844 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 777 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Robert S. ( March 1955 ) . `` The Democratic National Convention of 1844 '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , John Trotwood ; Foster , Austin Powers ( 1923 ) . Tennessee : The Volunteer State , 1769 -- 1923 . S.J. Clarke Publishing Company . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dale L. ( 1999 ) . Bear Flag Rising : The Conquest of California , 1846 . New York : Forge : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 86685 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 405 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Cole , p. 405 Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , First Inaugural , March 4 , 1837 AMDOCS : Documents for the Study of American History '' . Vlib.us . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . I must go into the Presidential chair with the inflexible and uncompromising opponent of every attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slaveholding States , and also with a determination equally decided to resist the slightest interference with it in the States where it exists . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Claudine L. ( 2006 ) . The Abolitionist Movement . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33180 - 4 . Jump up ^ Current , Richard N. ( 1996 ) . The Civil War Era , 1848 -- 1873 : History of Wisconsin . Stevens , WI : Worsalla Publishing Company . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 87020 - 122 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reichley , James ( 1992 ) . The Life of the Parties : A History of American Political Parties . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 0888 - 9 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency in 4 Volumes , Volume 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stebbins , Homer Adolph ( 1913 ) . A Political History of the State of New York , 1865 -- 1869 . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1940 ) . New York City Guide . Albany , NY : New York State Historical Association . p. 415 . Jump up ^ Whittier , John Greenleaf ( 1975 ) . The Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier , Volume II : 1828 -- 1845 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 52830 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frémont , Jessie Benton ( 1993 ) . The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01942 - 3 . Jump up ^ Macy , Jesse ( 1900 ) . Political Parties in the United States , 1846 -- 1861 . New York , NY : The MacMillan Company . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren : The American Presidents Series : The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . New York : Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04715 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Leslie Whittaker ( 1988 ) . Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies . Metuchen , NJ : Scarecrow Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butler , William Allen ( 1862 ) . Martin Van Buren : Lawyer , Statesman and Man . New York , NY : D. Appleton and Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Brian & the C - SPAN staff ( 2000 ) . Who 's Buried in Grant 's Tomb ? : A Tour of Presidential Gravesites . Washington , DC : National Cable Satellite Corporation . ISBN 1 - 881846 - 07 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murse , Tom ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected '' . ThoughCo . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years in the Making : Lindenwald Celebrates `` Being Forty and Fabulous '' `` . Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Washington , DC : National Park Service . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . The American Presidents Series : Martin Van Buren , The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 170 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Van Buren Boys '' . Seinfeld Scripts . SeinfeldScripts.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Spielberg 's `` Amistad '' ( 1997 ) `` . University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brooke , John L. ( 2010 ) . Columbia Rising : Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3323 - 0 . Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1959 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231022883 . Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) ( 1888 ) . Martin Van Buren ( Kindle ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton , Mifflin and Co . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 1 . OCLC 396967 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 5 . Widner , Edward L. ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren . The American Presidents ( Kindle ed . ) . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 8 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1984 ) . The Presidency of Martin Van Buren . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0238 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Books by Van Buren ( edit ) These were published posthumously : Van Buren , Martin ( 1867 ) . Van Buren , Abraham ; Van Buren , John , eds . Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States . New York : Hurd and Houghton . ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0 . Van Buren , Martin ( 1920 ) . Fitzpatrick , John Clement , ed . The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren . Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918 . II . Washington D.C. : Govt . Print . Off . ISBN 0 - 678 - 00531 - 1 . Books about Van Buren ( edit ) Alexander , Holmes ( 1935 ) . The American Talleyrand : Martin Van Buren . Curtis , James C. ( 1970 ) . The Fox at Bay : Martin Van Buren and the Presidency , 1837 -- 1841 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1214 - 5 . Derthick , Martha ( 13 June 1999 ) . Dilemmas of Scale in America 's Federal Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64039 - 8 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Gammon , Samuel Rhea ( 1922 ) . The Presidential Campaign of 1832 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Henretta , James A. ( 2004 ) . `` Martin Van Buren '' . In Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis . The American Presidency . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 38273 - 9 . Holt , Michael F. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505544 - 3 . Lynch , Denis Tilden ( 1929 ) . An Epoch and a Man : Martin Van Buren and His Times . New York : H. Liveright . Niven , John ( 1983 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503238 - 3 . Schouler , James ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America : 1831 -- 1847 . Democrats and Whigs. 4 . Washington , D.C. : W.H. Morrison . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2009 ) . Party Over Section : The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1640 - 4 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 . Wiley . pp. 109 -- 154 . ISBN 9781118609293 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMartin Van Burenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity White House biography United States Congress . `` Martin Van Buren ( id : V000009 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Martin Van Buren : A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress The Papers of Martin Van Buren at Cumberland University American President : Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia Inaugural Address ( March 4 , 1837 ) , at the Miller Center Martin Van Buren National Historic Site ( Lindenwald ) , National Park Service `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , May 3 , 1999 Works by Martin Van Buren at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Martin Van Buren at Internet Archive Offices and distinctions Legal offices Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Attorney General of New York 1815 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley U.S. Senate Preceded by Nathan Sanford Senator ( Class 1 ) from New York 1821 -- 1828 Served alongside : Rufus King , Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Preceded by William Smith Chairperson of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1823 -- 1828 Succeeded by John Macpherson Berrien Political offices Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Governor of New York 1829 Succeeded by Enos T. Throop Preceded by Henry Clay United States Secretary of State 1829 -- 1831 Succeeded by Edward Livingston Preceded by John C. Calhoun Vice President of the United States 1833 -- 1837 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson President of the United States 1837 -- 1841 Succeeded by William Henry Harrison Diplomatic posts Preceded by Louis McLane United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1831 -- 1832 Succeeded by Aaron Vail Acting Party political offices Preceded by John C. Calhoun Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1832 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1836 , 1840 Succeeded by James K. Polk New political party Free Soil nominee for President of the United States 1848 Succeeded by John P. Hale Honorary titles Preceded by John Quincy Adams Oldest living President of the United States 1848 -- 1862 Succeeded by James Buchanan Articles related to Martin Van Buren Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama first 100 days Trump first 100 days Book Category Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Dan Quayle ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017 -- present ) Category Commons Governors and Lieutenant Governors of New York Governors G. Clinton Jay G. Clinton Lewis Tompkins Tayler D. Clinton Yates D. Clinton Pitcher Van Buren Throop Marcy Seward Bouck Wright Young Fish Hunt Seymour Clark King Morgan Seymour Fenton Hoffman J. Adams Dix Tilden Robinson Cornell Cleveland Hill Flower Morton Black T. Roosevelt Odell Higgins Hughes White J. Alden Dix Sulzer Glynn Whitman Smith Miller Smith F. Roosevelt Lehman Poletti Dewey Harriman Rockefeller Wilson Carey M. Cuomo Pataki Spitzer Paterson A. Cuomo Lieutenant Governors Van Cortlandt S. Van Rensselaer J. Van Rensselaer Broome Tayler Clinton Tayler Swift Tayler Root Tallmadge Pitcher P. Livingston Dayan Throop Stebbins Oliver E. Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul Italics indicate acting officeholders United States Senators from New York Class 1 Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand Class 3 R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer Attorneys General of New York Benson Varick Burr M. Lewis Lawrence J. Hoffman Spencer Woodworth Hildreth Van Vechten Hildreth Emmet Van Vechten M. Van Buren Oakley Talcott Bronson Beardsley Hall Barker J. Van Buren Jordan Chatfield Stow O Hoffman Cushing Tremain Myers Dickinson Cochrane Martindale Champlain Barlow Pratt Fairchild Schoonmaker Ward , Sr . Russell O'Brien Tabor Rosendale Hancock Davies Cunneen Mayer Jackson O'Malley Carmody Parsons Woodbury M.E. Lewis Newton Sherman Ottinger Ward , Jr . Bennett Goldstein Javits Lefkowitz Abrams Koppell Vacco Spitzer Cuomo Schneiderman United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James 's Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1785 -- 1811 John Adams ( 1785 -- 1788 ) Thomas Pinckney ( 1792 -- 1796 ) Rufus King ( 1796 -- 1803 ) James Monroe ( 1803 -- 1807 ) William Pinkney ( 1808 -- 1811 ) Jonathan Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1811 -- 1812 ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1815 -- 1893 John Quincy Adams ( 1815 -- 1817 ) Richard Rush ( 1818 -- 1825 ) Rufus King ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Albert Gallatin ( 1826 -- 1827 ) James Barbour ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Louis McLane ( 1829 -- 1831 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1831 -- 1832 ) Aaron Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Andrew Stevenson ( 1836 -- 1841 ) Edward Everett ( 1841 -- 1845 ) Louis McLane ( 1845 -- 1846 ) George Bancroft ( 1846 -- 1849 ) Abbott Lawrence ( 1849 -- 1852 ) Joseph R. Ingersoll ( 1852 -- 1853 ) James Buchanan ( 1853 -- 1856 ) George M. Dallas ( 1856 -- 1861 ) Charles Adams Sr. ( 1861 -- 1868 ) Reverdy Johnson ( 1868 -- 1869 ) John Lothrop Motley ( 1869 -- 1870 ) Robert C. Schenck ( 1871 -- 1876 ) Edwards Pierrepont ( 1876 -- 1877 ) John Welsh ( 1877 -- 1879 ) James Russell Lowell ( 1880 -- 1885 ) Edward J. Phelps ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1893 -- present Thomas F. Bayard Sr. ( 1893 -- 1897 ) John Hay ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Joseph Choate ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Whitelaw Reid ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Walter Page ( 1913 - 1918 ) John W. Davis ( 1918 -- 1921 ) George Harvey ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Frank B. Kellogg ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Alanson B. Houghton ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Andrew W. Mellon ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Robert Bingham ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( 1938 -- 1940 ) John G. Winant ( 1941 -- 1946 ) W. Averell Harriman ( 1946 ) Lewis W. Douglas ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Walter S. Gifford ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Winthrop W. Aldrich ( 1953 -- 1957 ) John Hay Whitney ( 1957 -- 1961 ) David K.E. Bruce ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Walter H. Annenberg ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Anne Armstrong ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Kingman Brewster Jr. ( 1977 -- 1981 ) John J. Louis Jr. ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Charles H. Price II ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Henry E. Catto Jr. ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Raymond G.H. Seitz ( 1991 -- 1994 ) William J. Crowe ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Philip Lader ( 1997 -- 2001 ) William Stamps Farish III ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Robert H. Tuttle ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Louis Susman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Matthew Barzun ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Woody Johnson ( 2017 -- ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first president born a citizen of the united states | [
"Martin Van Buren (born Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A founder of the Democratic Party, he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government, including eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and tenth Secretary of State (1829–1831), both under Andrew Jackson. Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson's policies. The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection. During his half-century of public service, he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level; at the end of his life, he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln's policies during the American Civil War. Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen.[4] Of Dutch descent, he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language."
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"Martin Van Buren"
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6619639249466190687 | Texas General Land Office | Texas General Land Office - wikipedia Texas General Land Office Jump to : navigation , search Texas General Land Office Seal of the Texas General Land Office Stephen F. Austin State Office Building Agency overview Formed 22 December 1836 ; 180 years ago ( 1836 - 12 - 22 ) Jurisdiction Texas public lands Headquarters Stephen F. Austin State Office Building 1700 N. Congress Ave Austin , Texas 78701 30 ° 16 ′ 46 '' N 97 ° 44 ′ 22 '' W / 30.27944 ° N 97.73944 ° W / 30.27944 ; - 97.73944 Agency executive George P. Bush , Land Commissioner Website glo.texas.gov The Texas General Land Office ( GLO ) is a state agency of the U.S. state of Texas , responsible for managing lands and mineral rights properties that are owned by the state . The GLO also manages and contributes to the state 's Permanent School Fund . The agency has its headquarters in the Stephen F. Austin State Office Building in Downtown Austin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role and remit 2 History 3 Texas Land Commissioner 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Role and remit ( edit ) The General Land Office 's main role is to manage Texas 's publicly owned lands , by negotiating and enforcing leases for the use of the land , and sometimes by making sales of public lands . Royalties and proceeds from land sales are added to the state 's Permanent School Fund , which helps to fund public education within the state . The agency is also responsible for keeping records of land grants and titles and for issuing maps and surveys of public lands . Since 2011 the GLO has managed The Alamo in San Antonio . The management of the Alamo was transferred to the General Land Office after allegations of mismanagement were directed at the prior manager , the Daughters of the Republic of Texas . History ( edit ) The Congress of the Republic of Texas established the General Land Office on 22 December 1836 ( making the GLO the oldest existing Texas public agency ) . The agency 's constitutional purpose was to `` superintend , execute , and perform all acts touching or respecting the public lands of Texas . '' Since its establishment the agency has been located in Austin , although a relocation to Houston was briefly attempted during the Texas Archive War . One former home of the GLO , the Old Land Office Building , is a registered historic place and now serves as the Texas State Capitol Visitor 's Center . When Texas was annexed into the United States in 1845 , it kept control of all of its public lands from its time as a sovereign state . As a result , Texas is the only US state to control all of its own public lands ; all federal lands in Texas were acquired by purchase ( e.g. military bases ) or donation ( e.g. national parks ) . Texas 's public lands were significantly enlarged by the US Submerged Lands Act of 1953 and the resolution of the ensuing Tidelands Controversy . Because Texas 's historical territorial waters originated with the Republic , the US Supreme Court ruled in 1960 that Texas was in the unique position of owning territory out to three leagues ( 10.35 miles ) from its coastline ( significantly more than the three miles controlled by other coastal states ) . All of these lands ( and the oil and gas deposits beneath them ) are managed by the General Land Office . Texas Land commissioner ( edit ) Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office Incumbent George P. Bush since January 2 , 2015 Style The Honorable Term length Four years , no term limits Formation Texas Constitution Website Official Website The head of the General Land Office is the Texas Land Commissioner , a statewide public official elected every four years . The current land commissioner is George P. Bush , who was elected on 4 November 2014 . On June 19 , 2017 , Bush announced he would be running for re-election to the Texas Land Commissioner position , focusing on veteran issues , protection for the Gulf Coast from future disasters , continue to renovate the Alamo , and financing Texas children 's education . See also ( edit ) Texas portal Permanent School Fund References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Locations and Hours '' . Texas General Land Office . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Satija , Neena ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` All Eyes on Land Office if George P. Bush Wins '' . Texas Tribune . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Texas General Land Office '' . Texas General Land Office . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Beth ( 26 July 2011 ) . `` Control of Alamo Begins to Shift Away From DRT '' . Texas Tribune . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Texas General Land Office ! '' . Texas General Land Office . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , John G. ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` GENERAL LAND OFFICE '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States , J. Res. 8 , enacted March 1 , 1845 , 5 Stat. 797 . Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union , J. Res. 1 , enacted December 29 , 1845 , 9 Stat. 108 . Jump up ^ Wissert , Will ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` George P Bush seeks re-election as Texas land commissioner '' . Associated Press . New York City : Star Tribune Media Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Texas state agencies Executive Dept. of Agriculture Alcoholic Beverage Commission Animal Health Commission Dept. of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services Attorney General School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Brazos River Authority State Cemetery Comptroller of Public Accounts School for the Deaf Board of Dental Examiners Commission on Environmental Quality Education Agency Employees Retirement System Ethics Commission Facilities Commission Dept. of Family and Protective Services Film Commission Forest Service Office of the Governor Guadalupe - Blanco River Authority Health and Human Services Commission Dept. of State Health Services Higher Education Coordinating Board Historical Commission Dept. of Housing and Community Affairs Dept. of Information Resources Dept. of Insurance Commission on Jail Standards General Land Office Library and Archives Commission Dept. of Licensing and Regulation Lottery Commission Lower Colorado River Authority Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Parks and Wildlife Preservation Board Dept. of Public Safety Railroad Commission Real Estate Commission Residential Construction Commission Soil and Water Conservation Board Teacher Retirement System Texas A&M University System Dept. of Transportation Trinity River Authority University of Houston System University of North Texas System University of Texas System Texas State University System Texas Tech University System Workforce Commission Juvenile Justice Department Legislative House of Representatives Senate Judicial Courts of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Dept. of Criminal Justice State Bar Supreme Court Current statewide political officials of Texas U.S. Senators John Cornyn Ted Cruz State government Greg Abbott , Governor Dan Patrick , Lieutenant Governor & President of the Senate Rolando Pablos , Secretary of State ( appointed ) Ken Paxton , Attorney General Glenn Hegar , Comptroller ( Treasurer equivalent ) George P. Bush , Land Commissioner Sid Miller , Agriculture Commissioner Christi Craddick , Ryan Sitton , Wayne Christian , Railroad Commissioners Senate Juan Hinojosa , President pro tempore In the Texas Senate , there are no majority or minority leaders . House Joe Straus , Speaker Dennis Bonnen , Speaker pro tempore In the Texas House , there are no majority or minority leaders . Supreme Court ( civil ) Nathan Hecht , Chief Justice Don Willett Debra Lehrmann John P. Devine Paul W. Green Jeff Brown Jeffrey S. Boyd Phil Johnson Eva Guzman Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Sharon Keller , Presiding Justice Mary Lou Keel Bert Richardson Kevin Patrick Yeary Scott Walker Michael Keasler Barbara Hervey Elsa Alcala David Newell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_General_Land_Office&oldid=786470410 '' Categories : State agencies of Texas Government agencies established in 1836 Land management in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 June 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | general land office of the state of texas | [] | [] |
7589057670587466731 | Reunited (song) | Reunited ( song ) - Wikipedia Reunited ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Reunited '' Single by Peaches & Herb from the album 2 Hot B - side `` Easy as Pie '' Released March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1977 Genre R&B Length 5 : 46 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Dino Fekaris Freddie Perren Producer ( s ) Freddie Perren Peaches & Herb singles chronology `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' ( 1978 ) `` Reunited '' ( 1979 ) `` We 've Got Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Reunited '' was a hit song for R&B vocal duo Peaches & Herb . As the second single release from their 1978 album , 2 Hot , the song was a huge crossover smash , topping both the pop and soul charts . It spent four weeks at number one on both the R&B singles chart and the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1979 and sold over 2 million copies . Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1979 . In Canada , `` Reunited '' likewise reached number one and was the No. 9 song for the year . The song was written by Dino Fekaris and Freddie Perren , and was the sequel song to the duo 's 1968 hit `` ( We 'll Be ) United '' , which was itself a cover of The Intruders ' original 1966 hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Sales and certifications 3 Cover versions 4 Sampled versions 5 Uses in popular culture 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia 8 Canada Netherlands New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard R&B U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 58 Canada 9 New Zealand 18 UK 27 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Cash Box 9 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) A version by Louise Mandrell and R.C. Bannon reached # 13 on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1979 . It was regularly covered by Faith No More as the intro song to the live shows on their 2009 / 2010 reunion tour . It was sung by David Hasselhoff at the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 . Lulu recorded a version with Cliff Richard for her Together album . Raven - Symoné and Bobb'e J. Thompson sang `` Reunited '' in 2005 in the season 3 episode of That 's So Raven , `` The Grill Next Door '' . Sampled versions ( edit ) South Korean rapper Cho PD sampled in First Love ( 첫사랑 ) from the 2007 album Money Talks . Uses in popular culture ( edit ) Peaches and Herb 's version appears in a 2014 TV commercial for H&R Block . It appears in the TV shows Son of the Beach , Haven , Grounded for Life , King of the Hill , Brooklyn Nine - Nine and was also used as the theme for the BBC TV series Stars Reunited between 2003 and 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 454 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Intruders - ( We 'll Be ) United '' . YouTube . 2008 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ( We 'll Be ) United - Peaches & Herb '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Reunited ( Peaches & Herbs ) with lyrics '' . YouTube . 2010 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Peaches & Herb on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1942 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 32 , No. 13 , December 22 , 1979 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1979 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Enter Reunited in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Preceded by `` Heart of Glass '' by Blondie Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 5 -- 26 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Hot Stuff '' by Donna Summer Preceded by `` Disco Nights ( Rock - Freak ) '' by GQ Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single April 28 - May 19 , 1979 Succeeded by `` I Wanna Be with You ( Part 1 ) '' by The Isley Brothers Peaches & Herb Studio albums 2 Hot Singles `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' `` Reunited '' Related topics Freddie Perren Meritxell Negre Book : Peaches & Herb Louise Mandrell Notable singles `` Everlasting Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Too Hot to Sleep '' `` I 'm Not Through Loving You Yet '' `` Maybe My Baby '' `` I Wanna Say Yes '' `` Some Girls Have All the Luck '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' Collaboration singles `` Reunited '' ( with R.C. Bannon ) Related articles Barbara Mandrell Irlene Mandrell This 1970s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1970s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reunited_(song)&oldid=804061684 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1978 songs Peaches & Herb songs R.C. Bannon songs Louise Mandrell songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Vocal duets Songs written by Freddie Perren RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Dino Fekaris Polydor Records singles 1970s pop song stubs 1970s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song reunited and it feels so good | [
"\n\n\"Reunited\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Peaches & Herb\n\n\nfrom the album 2 Hot\n\n\nB-side\n\"Easy as Pie\"\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 1979 (1979-03)\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch single\n\n\nRecorded\n1977\n\n\nGenre\nR&B\n\n\nLength\n5:46\n\n\nLabel\nPolydor\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\nDino Fekaris\nFreddie Perren\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nFreddie Perren\n\n\nPeaches & Herb singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Shake Your Groove Thing\"\n(1978)\n\"Reunited\"\n(1979)\n\"We've Got Love\"\n(1979)\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Peaches & Herb"
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