Datasets:
lighteval
/
natural_questions_helm

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
id
stringlengths
15
20
title
stringlengths
1
116
document
stringlengths
629
523k
question
stringlengths
15
100
long_answers
sequence
short_answers
sequence
-3222033536570672063
Roger Dean Stadium
Roger Dean Stadium - wikipedia Roger Dean Stadium Jump to : navigation , search Roger Dean Stadium Full name Roger Dean Stadium Location 4751 Main Street Jupiter , Florida 33458 ( 561 ) 775 - 1818 26 ° 53 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 06 ′ 59 '' W  /  26.89111 ° N 80.11639 ° W  / 26.89111 ; - 80.11639 Owner Palm Beach County Operator Jupiter Stadium Limited Capacity 6,871 Field size Left Field : 335 ft Left - Center : 380 ft Center Field : 400 ft Right - Center : 375 ft Right Field : 325 ft Surface Grass Construction Broke ground March 6 , 1997 Opened February 28 , 1998 Construction cost US $28 million ( $41.1 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous Structural engineer Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Services engineer Bredson & Associates , Inc . General contractor Case Contracting Company Tenants GCL Cardinals ( GCL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Jupiter Hammerheads ( FSL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Montreal Expos ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- 2002 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- present ) Palm Beach Cardinals ( FSL ) ( 2003 -- present ) GCL Marlins ( GCL ) ( 2003 -- present ) Miami Marlins ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 2003 -- present ) Roger Dean Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky - box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie - level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state - of - the - art conditioning rooms . History ( edit ) Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals , until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria . The Expos , now known as the Washington Nationals , then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera , Florida . Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne . Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium 's history in spring training , 1998 . In September 2012 , the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic . Spain , France , Israel , and South Africa took part in the qualifier . Roger Dean Stadium References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knight , Graham . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Baseball Pilgrimages . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jarvis , Gary . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Minor League Ballparks . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Baseball Sports Facilities '' . Bredson & Associates , Inc . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( September 13 , 2004 ) . `` Teams Face Repairs at Spring Training Facilities '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McGwire Christens New Park for Cards '' . Southeast Missourian . Cape Girardeau , Missouri . March 1 , 1998 . pp. 1B , 4B . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dorado , Juan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Roger Dean Stadium to Host World Baseball Classic Qualifier '' . TCPalm. Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Roger Dean Stadium Official website Stadium Fact Sheet Miami Marlins Spring training ballpark St. Louis Cardinals Spring training ballpark Roger Dean Stadium Minor League Ball Parks Roger Dean Stadium Views -- Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues Miami Marlins Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv . Jupiter Hammerheads Greensboro Grasshoppers Short A Batavia Muckdogs Rookie Gulf Coast League Marlins DSL Marlins Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Montreal Expos Now the Washington Nationals Based in Montreal , Quebec ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Franchise Seasons Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Opening Day starting pitchers Player of the Year Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Jarry Park Olympic Stadium Hiram Bithorn Stadium Spring training City Island Ball Park Municipal Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Space Coast Stadium Culture `` The Happy Wanderer '' Youppi ! Expo 67 TSN The Cap Lore Blue Monday Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Meilleure équipe de baseball David Cone 's perfect game Rivalries Toronto Blue Jays Retired numbers 8 10 10 30 42 Championships National League East : 1981 ( second half ) Seasons ( 36 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 St. Louis Cardinals Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams Game 6 of the 2011 World Series 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Matheny Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals Dominican Summer League Cardinals World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Stadiums of the Grapefruit League Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Champion Stadium Charlotte Sports Park Ed Smith Stadium First Data Field Florida Auto Exchange Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Hammond Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South LECOM Park Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Spectrum Field Ballparks in the Florida State League North Division Florida Auto Exchange Stadium Osceola County Stadium Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Radiology Associates Field at Jackie Robinson Ballpark Spectrum Field Steinbrenner Field South Division Charlotte Sports Park First Data Field Hammond Stadium LECOM Park Roger Dean Stadium Current ballparks in the Gulf Coast League East First Data Field Roger Dean Stadium Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Northeast Champion Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Pirate City Complex Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Northwest Bobby Mattick Training Center at Englebert Complex Carpenter Complex George M. Steinbrenner Field Joker Marchant Stadium South Charlotte Sports Park Ed Smith Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South Lee County Sports Complex NAIA World Series Ballparks Kokernot Field ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Soos Park ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Phil Welch Stadium ( 1962 -- 1969 , 1974 -- 1978 ) Phoenix Municipal Stadium ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Herschel Greer Stadium ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Chaparral Stadium ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Harris Field ( 1984 -- 1991 , 2000 -- present ) Sec Taylor Stadium ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Lewis and Clark Park ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Drillers Stadium ( 1998 ) Roger Dean Stadium ( 1999 ) Tournaments 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Dean_Stadium&oldid=801989433 '' Categories : Florida State League ballparks Minor league baseball venues Spring training ballparks Grapefruit League venues Miami Marlins spring training venues Montreal Expos spring training venues St. Louis Cardinals spring training venues Baseball venues in Florida Sports venues completed in 1998 Jupiter , Florida Sports venues in Palm Beach County , Florida NAIA World Series venues 1998 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 07 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where do the st louis cardinals do spring training
[ "\nRoger Dean Stadium\n\n\n\n\nFull name\nRoger Dean Stadium\n\n\nLocation\n4751 Main Street\nJupiter, Florida 33458\n(561) 775-1818\n\n\nCoordinates\n26°53′28″N 80°06′59″W / 26.89111°N 80.11639°W / 26.89111; -80.11639\n\n\nOwner\nPalm Beach County\n\n\nOperator\nJupiter Stadium Limited[1]\n\n\nCapacity\n6,871[2]\n\n\nField size\nLeft Field: 335 ft\nLeft-Center: 380 ft\nCenter Field: 400 ft\nRight-Center: 375 ft\nRight Field: 325 ft\n\n\nSurface\nGrass\n\n\nConstruction\n\n\nBroke ground\nMarch 6, 1997[1]\n\n\nOpened\nFebruary 28, 1998\n\n\nConstruction cost\nUS$28 million\n($41.1 million in 2016 dollars[3])\n\n\nArchitect\nPopulous\n\n\nStructural engineer\nBliss & Nyitray, Inc.\n\n\nServices engineer\nBredson & Associates, Inc.[4]\n\n\nGeneral contractor\nCase Contracting Company\n\n\nTenants\n\n\n\nGCL Cardinals (GCL) (1998–present)\nJupiter Hammerheads (FSL) (1998–present)\nMontreal Expos (MLB) (spring training) (1998–2002)\nSt. Louis Cardinals (MLB) (spring training) (1998–present)\nPalm Beach Cardinals (FSL) (2003–present)\nGCL Marlins (GCL) (2003–present)\nMiami Marlins (MLB) (spring training) (2003–present)\n\n" ]
[ "Roger Dean Stadium" ]
2713486364025049151
List of Dallas Mavericks seasons
List of Dallas Mavericks seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Mavericks seasons The Dallas Mavericks are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas , Texas . They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Mavericks began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1980 -- 81 season . In their inaugural season , they posted a win - loss record of 15 -- 67 . From 1983 to 1990 , the Mavericks , led by key players including Mark Aguirre , Brad Davis and Rolando Blackman , made the postseason six out of seven times , appearing in the Conference Finals in 1988 . For the rest of the decade the Mavericks were dreadful : they bottomed out with an 11 -- 71 record and the worst average point differential in NBA history during the 1992 -- 93 season . This was followed by a 13 -- 69 mark in the 1993 -- 94 season -- easily the worst two - season record in NBA history -- and the Mavericks did not win more than thirty - six games in any season until 1999 -- 2000 . The Mavericks returned to prominence in the 2000s , coinciding with the franchise 's purchase by Mark Cuban . Leading by the trio of Dirk Nowitzki , Michael Finley and Steve Nash , they returned to the playoffs in 2001 and to the Conference Finals in 2003 . While Nash and Finley left in 2004 and 2005 respectively , Nowitzki emerged as the team 's leader , leading the Mavericks to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2006 , only to lose to the Miami Heat . After a series of early exits from the playoffs , the Mavericks returned to the NBA Finals again in 2011 and won their first NBA Championship . The Mavericks have played 36 seasons , and advanced to the playoffs in 21 of those seasons . They have won three division titles , have been conference champions two times and have won one NBA Championship . Their overall record ( including playoffs ) is 1573 wins and 1527 losses . Contents 1 Table key 2 Seasons 2.1 All - time records 3 Notes 4 References Table key ( edit ) COY Coach of the Year Finish Final position in league or division standings GB Games behind first - place team in division Italics Season in progress Losses Number of regular season losses FMVP Finals Most Valuable Player MVP Most Valuable Player ROY Rookie of the Year SMOY Sixth Man of the Year SPOR Sportmanship Award Wins Number of regular season wins Seasons ( edit ) Note : Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . NBA Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff berth Season League Conference Finish Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards Ref . 1980 -- 81 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 15 67 . 183 37 -- -- 1981 -- 82 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 28 54 . 341 20 -- -- 1982 -- 83 NBA Western 8th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 15 -- -- 1983 -- 84 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 43 39 . 524 Won First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 -- 1984 -- 85 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 8 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 1 -- 1985 -- 86 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 7 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 -- 1986 -- 87 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 1 -- 1987 -- 88 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 53 29 . 646 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 Roy Tarpley ( SIX ) 1988 -- 89 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 13 -- -- 1989 -- 90 NBA Western 6th Midwest 3rd 47 35 . 573 9 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 0 -- 1990 -- 91 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 28 54 . 341 27 -- -- 1991 -- 92 NBA Western 12th Midwest 5th 22 60 . 268 33 -- -- 1992 -- 93 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 11 71 . 134 44 -- -- 1993 -- 94 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 13 69 . 159 45 -- -- 1994 -- 95 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 36 46 . 439 26 -- Jason Kidd ( ROY ) 1995 -- 96 NBA Western T - 12th Midwest 5th 26 56 . 317 33 -- -- 1996 -- 97 NBA Western 11th Midwest 4th 24 58 . 293 40 -- -- 1997 -- 98 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 20 62 . 244 42 -- -- 1998 -- 99 NBA Western 11th Midwest 5th 19 31 . 380 18 -- -- 1999 -- 00 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 40 42 . 488 15 -- -- 2000 -- 01 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 53 29 . 646 5 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 -- 2001 -- 02 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Timberwolves ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 -- 2002 -- 03 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 -- Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2003 -- 04 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 52 30 . 634 6 Lost First Round ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 Antawn Jamison ( SIX ) 2004 -- 05 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 58 24 . 707 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 -- 2005 -- 06 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 Won First Round ( Grizzlies ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 Lost NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Avery Johnson ( COY ) 2006 -- 07 NBA Western 1st Southwest 1st 67 15 . 817 -- Lost First Round ( Warriors ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( MVP ) 2007 -- 08 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 51 31 . 622 5 Lost First Round ( Hornets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2008 -- 09 NBA Western 6th Southwest 3rd 50 32 . 610 Won First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 1 Jason Terry ( SIX ) 2009 -- 10 NBA Western 2nd Southwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2010 -- 11 NBA Western 3rd Southwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Finals ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( FMVP ) 2011 -- 12 NBA Western 7th Southwest 3rd 36 30 . 545 14 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 0 -- 2012 -- 13 NBA Western 10th Southwest 4th 41 41 . 500 19 -- -- 2013 -- 14 NBA Western 8th Southwest 4th 49 33 . 598 13 Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 -- 2014 -- 15 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 50 32 . 610 6 Lost First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2015 -- 16 NBA Western 6th Southwest 2nd 42 40 . 512 25 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 -- 2016 -- 17 NBA Western 11th Southwest 5th 33 49 . 402 28 -- -- 2017 -- 18 NBA Western 13th Southwest 4th 24 58 . 293 28 -- -- All - time records ( edit ) Statistic Wins Losses Win % Regular season record ( 1980 -- present ) 1,539 1,529 . 502 Postseason record ( 1980 -- present ) 91 105 . 464 All - time regular and post-season record ( 1980 -- present ) 1,630 1,634 . 515 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The formula is as followed : G a m e s b e h i n d = ( T e a m A ′ s w i n s − T e a m B ′ s w i n s ) + ( T e a m B ′ s l o s s e s − T e a m A ′ s l o s s e s ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Games ) \ \ mathrm ( behind ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( TeamA 's ) \ \ mathrm ( wins ) - \ mathrm ( TeamB 's ) \ \ mathrm ( wins ) ) + ( \ mathrm ( TeamB 's ) \ \ mathrm ( losses ) - \ mathrm ( TeamA 's ) \ \ mathrm ( losses ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( 2 ) ) ) ) Jump up ^ Kidd shared Rookie of the Year honors with Grant Hill of the Detroit Pistons . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . References ( edit ) General `` Dallas Mavericks '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Wright , Kyle ; The NBA from Top to Bottom : A History of the NBA from the No. 1 Team to the No . 1,153 ; pp. 74 , 115 - 116 . ISBN 9780595697960 Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 81 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 -- 82 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- 84 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 -- 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 -- 87 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 -- 88 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 -- 89 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 91 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 92 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 -- 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Dallas Mavericks Founded in 1980 Based in Dallas , Texas Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Draft history Expansion Draft Head coaches Current season Arenas Reunion Arena Moody Coliseum American Airlines Center General managers Norm Sonju Keith Grant Frank Zaccanelli Nelson Sr . Nelson Jr . G League affiliates Fort Worth Flyers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Texas Legends Retired numbers 12 15 22 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2011 Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 2006 2011 Division Championships ( 3 ) 2007 Rivals Houston Rockets Culture and lore Don Carter Mark Cuban Nellie Ball Moody Madness German Wunderkind `` Eminence Front '' Media TV KTXA Fox Sports Southwest Radio KESN - FM KFLC - AM Announcers Mark Followill Derek Harper Chuck Cooperstein Brad Davis Victor Villalba Dallas Mavericks seasons Franchise History Seasons 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Mavericks_seasons&oldid=846288680 '' Categories : Dallas Mavericks seasons Dallas Mavericks lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the last time the mavericks made the playoffs
[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nLeague\n\nConference\n\nFinish\n\nDivision\n\nFinish\n\nWins\n\nLosses\n\nWin%\n\nGB\n\nPlayoffs\n\nAwards\n\nRef.\n\n\n\n1980–81\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n12th\n\nMidwest\n\n6th\n\n15\n\n67\n\n.183\n\n37\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[2]\n\n\n1981–82\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n10th\n\nMidwest\n\n5th\n\n28\n\n54\n\n.341\n\n20\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[3]\n\n\n1982–83\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n8th\n\nMidwest\n\n4th\n\n38\n\n44\n\n.463\n\n15\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[4]\n\n\n1983–84\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n4th\n\nMidwest\n\n2nd\n\n43\n\n39\n\n.524\n\n2\n\nWon First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2 Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–1\n\n—\n\n[5]\n\n\n1984–85\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n4th\n\nMidwest\n\n3rd\n\n44\n\n38\n\n.537\n\n8\n\nLost First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1\n\n—\n\n[6]\n\n\n1985–86\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n4th\n\nMidwest\n\n3rd\n\n44\n\n38\n\n.537\n\n7\n\nWon First Round (Jazz) 3–1 Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–2\n\n—\n\n[7]\n\n\n1986–87\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n2nd\n\nMidwest\n\n1st\n\n55\n\n27\n\n.671\n\n—\n\nLost First Round (SuperSonics) 3–1\n\n—\n\n[8]\n\n\n1987–88\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n3rd\n\nMidwest\n\n2nd\n\n53\n\n29\n\n.646\n\n1\n\nWon First Round (Rockets) 3–1 Won Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–2 Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–3\n\nRoy Tarpley (SIX)\n\n[9]\n\n\n1988–89\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n9th\n\nMidwest\n\n4th\n\n38\n\n44\n\n.463\n\n13\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[10]\n\n\n1989–90\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n6th\n\nMidwest\n\n3rd\n\n47\n\n35\n\n.573\n\n9\n\nLost First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–0\n\n—\n\n[11]\n\n\n1990–91\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n12th\n\nMidwest\n\n6th\n\n28\n\n54\n\n.341\n\n27\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[12]\n\n\n1991–92\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n12th\n\nMidwest\n\n5th\n\n22\n\n60\n\n.268\n\n33\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[13]\n\n\n1992–93\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n13th\n\nMidwest\n\n6th\n\n11\n\n71\n\n.134\n\n44\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[14]\n\n\n\n1993–94\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n13th\n\nMidwest\n\n6th\n\n13\n\n69\n\n.159\n\n45\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[15]\n\n\n1994–95\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n10th\n\nMidwest\n\n5th\n\n36\n\n46\n\n.439\n\n26\n\n—\n\nJason Kidd (ROY)[b]\n\n[17]\n\n\n1995–96\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\nT-12th\n\nMidwest\n\n5th\n\n26\n\n56\n\n.317\n\n33\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[18]\n\n\n1996–97\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n11th\n\nMidwest\n\n4th\n\n24\n\n58\n\n.293\n\n40\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[19]\n\n\n1997–98\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n10th\n\nMidwest\n\n5th\n\n20\n\n62\n\n.244\n\n42\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[20]\n\n\n1998–99[c]\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n11th\n\nMidwest\n\n5th\n\n19\n\n31\n\n.380\n\n18\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[22]\n\n\n1999–00\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n9th\n\nMidwest\n\n4th\n\n40\n\n42\n\n.488\n\n15\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[23]\n\n\n2000–01\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n5th\n\nMidwest\n\n3rd\n\n53\n\n29\n\n.646\n\n5\n\nWon First Round (Jazz) 3–2 Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–1\n\n—\n\n[24]\n\n\n2001–02\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n4th\n\nMidwest\n\n2nd\n\n57\n\n25\n\n.695\n\n1\n\nWon First Round (Timberwolves) 3–0 Lost Conference Semifinals (Kings) 4–1\n\n—\n\n[25]\n\n\n2002–03\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n3rd\n\nMidwest\n\n2nd\n\n60\n\n22\n\n.732\n\n—\n\nWon First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–3 Won Conference Semifinals (Kings) 4–3 Lost Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–2\n\n—\n\n[26]\n\n\n2003–04\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n5th\n\nMidwest\n\n3rd\n\n52\n\n30\n\n.634\n\n6\n\nLost First Round (Kings) 4–1\n\nAntawn Jamison (SIX)\n\n[27]\n\n\n2004–05\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n4th\n\nSouthwest\n\n2nd\n\n58\n\n24\n\n.707\n\n1\n\nWon First Round (Rockets) 4–3 Lost Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–2\n\n—\n\n[28]\n\n\n2005–06\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n4th\n\nSouthwest\n\n2nd\n\n60\n\n22\n\n.732\n\n3\n\nWon First Round (Grizzlies) 4–0 Won Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3 Won Conference Finals (Suns) 4–2 Lost NBA Finals (Heat) 4–2\n\nAvery Johnson (COY)\n\n[29]\n\n\n2006–07\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n1st\n\nSouthwest\n\n1st\n\n67\n\n15\n\n.817\n\n—\n\nLost First Round (Warriors) 4–2\n\nDirk Nowitzki (MVP)\n\n[30]\n\n\n2007–08\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n7th\n\nSouthwest\n\n4th\n\n51\n\n31\n\n.622\n\n5\n\nLost First Round (Hornets) 4–1\n\n—\n\n[31]\n\n\n2008–09\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n6th\n\nSouthwest\n\n3rd\n\n50\n\n32\n\n.610\n\n4\n\nWon First Round (Spurs) 4–1 Lost Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–1\n\nJason Terry (SIX)\n\n[32]\n\n\n2009–10\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n2nd\n\nSouthwest\n\n1st\n\n55\n\n27\n\n.671\n\n—\n\nLost First Round (Spurs) 4–2\n\n—\n\n[33]\n\n\n2010–11\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n3rd\n\nSouthwest\n\n2nd\n\n57\n\n25\n\n.695\n\n4\n\nWon First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–2 Won Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–0 Won Conference Finals (Thunder) 4–1 Won NBA Finals (Heat) 4–2\n\nDirk Nowitzki (FMVP)\n\n[34]\n\n\n2011–12[d]\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n7th\n\nSouthwest\n\n3rd\n\n36\n\n30\n\n.545\n\n14\n\nLost First Round (Thunder) 4–0\n\n—\n\n[37]\n\n\n2012–13\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n10th\n\nSouthwest\n\n4th\n\n41\n\n41\n\n.500\n\n19\n\n—\n\n—\n\n[38]\n\n\n2013–14\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n8th\n\nSouthwest\n\n4th\n\n49\n\n33\n\n.598\n\n13\n\nLost First Round (Spurs) 4–3\n\n—\n\n\n\n\n2014–15\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n7th\n\nSouthwest\n\n4th\n\n50\n\n32\n\n.610\n\n6\n\nLost First Round (Rockets) 4–1\n\n—\n\n\n\n\n2015–16\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n6th\n\nSouthwest\n\n2nd\n\n42\n\n40\n\n.512\n\n25\n\nLost First Round (Thunder) 4–1\n\n—\n\n\n\n\n2016–17\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n11th\n\nSouthwest\n\n5th\n\n33\n\n49\n\n.402\n\n28\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\n\n\n2017–18\n\nNBA\n\nWestern\n\n13th\n\nSouthwest\n\n4th\n\n24\n\n58\n\n.293\n\n28\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\n" ]
[ "2015–16" ]
8151647875285831077
Quill
Quill - wikipedia Quill Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Quill ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Quill and a parchment Feathers in stages of being made into quills Ink bottle and quill Quill with stripped barbs and insets of tips A quill pen is a writing implement made from a moulted flight feather ( preferably a primary wing - feather ) of a large bird . Quills were used for writing with ink before the invention of the dip pen , the metal - nibbed pen , the fountain pen , and , eventually , the ballpoint pen . The hand - cut goose quill is rarely used as a calligraphy tool , because many papers are now derived from wood pulp and wear down the quill very quickly . However , it is still the tool of choice for a few professionals and provides an unmatched sharp stroke as well as greater flexibility than a steel pen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Sources 3 Uses 4 History 5 Today 6 Music 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) In a carefully prepared quill the slit does not widen through wetting and drying with ink . It will retain its shape adequately and only requires infrequent sharpening and can be used time and time again until there is little left of it . The hollow shaft of the feather ( the calamus ) acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip by capillary action . Sources ( edit ) The strongest quills come from the primary flight feathers discarded by birds during their annual moult . Generally the left wing ( it is supposed ) is favored by the right - handed majority of writers because the feather curves away from the sight line , over the back of the hand . The quill barrel is cut to six or seven inches in length , so no such consideration of curvature or ' sight - line ' is necessary . Additionally , writing with the left - hand in the long era of the quill was discouraged , and quills were never sold as left and right - handed , only by their size and species . Goose feathers are most commonly used ; scarcer , more expensive swan feathers are used for larger lettering . Depending on availability and strength of the feather , as well as quality and characteristic of the line wanted by the writer , other feathers used for quill - pen making include feathers from the crow , eagle , owl , hawk , and turkey . On a true quill the barbs are always stripped off completely on the trailing edge . ( The pinion for example only has significant barbs on one side of the barrel . ) Later a fashion developed for stripping partially and leaving a decorative top of a few barbs . The fancy , fully plumed quill is mostly a Hollywood invention and has little basis in reality . Most , if not all , manuscript illustrations of scribes show a quill devoid of decorative barbs , or at least mostly stripped . Uses ( edit ) Quill pens were used to write the vast majority of medieval manuscripts , the Magna Carta and the Declaration of Independence . Quill pens are still used today mainly by professional scribes and calligraphers . Quills are also used as the plectrum material in string instruments , particularly the harpsichord . History ( edit ) Sharpening a quill Quills were the primary writing instrument in the western world from the 6th to the 19th century . The best quills were usually made from goose , swan , and later turkey feathers . Quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen , mass production beginning in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham . Quill pens were the instrument of choice during the medieval era due to their compatibility with parchment and vellum . Before this the reed pen had been used , but a finer letter was achieved on animal skin using a cured quill . Other than written text , they were often used to create figures , decorations , and images on manuscripts , although many illuminators and painters preferred fine brushes for their work . The variety of different strokes in formal hands was accomplished by good penmanship as the tip was square cut and rigid , exactly as it is today with modern steel pens . It was much later , in the 1600s , with the increased popularity of writing , especially in the copperplate script promoted by the many printed manuals available from the ' Writing Masters ' , that quills became more pointed and flexible . According to the Supreme Court Historical Society , 20 goose - quill pens , neatly crossed , are placed at the four counsel tables each day the U.S. Supreme Court is in session ; `` most lawyers appear before the Court only once , and gladly take the quills home as souvenirs . '' This has been done since the earliest sessions of the Court . Quills are denominated from the order in which they are fixed in the wing ; the first is favoured by the expert calligrapher , the second and third quills being very satisfactory also , plus the pinion feather . Flags the 5th and 6th feathers are also used . No other feather on the wing would be considered suitable by a professional scribe . Information can be obtained on the techniques of curing and cutting quills In order to harden a quill that is soft , thrust the barrel into hot ashes , stirring it till it is soft ; then taking it out , press it almost flat upon your knees with the back of a penknife , and afterwards reduce it to a roundness with your fingers . If you have a number to harden , set water and alum over the fire ; and while it is boiling put in a handful of quills , the barrels only , for a minute , and then lay them by . An accurate account of the Victorian process by William Bishop , from researches with one of the last London quill dressers , is recorded in the Calligrapher 's Handbook cited on this page . Today ( edit ) Line art representation of a quill pen A quill knife was the original primary tool used for cutting and sharpening quills , known as `` dressing '' . Following the decline of the quill in the 1820s , after the introduction of the maintenance - free , mass - produced steel dip nib by John Mitchell , knives were still manufactured but became known as desk knives , stationery knives or latterly as the name stuck `` pen '' knives . A `` pen '' knife by contrast has two flat sides . This distinction is not recognised by modern traders , dealers or collectors who define a quill knife as any small knife with a fixed or hinged blade , including such items as ornamental fruit knives . Music ( edit ) Plectra for psalteries and lutes can be cut similarly to writing pens . The rachis , the portion of the stem between the barbs , not the calamus , of the primary flight feathers of birds of the crow family was preferred for harpsichords . In modern instruments , plastic is more common , but they are often still called `` quills '' . The lesiba uses a quill attached to a string to produce sound . See also ( edit ) Crowquill pen The spiny barbs of a porcupine In a zoological context , a spine is a hard , needle - like anatomical structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thor Hanson ( 31 July 2012 ) . Feathers : The Evolution of a Natural Miracle . Basic Books . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02878 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : John Koster . `` Quill '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` How the court works . '' Supreme Court Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` The Court and Its Traditions . '' Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Child , Heather ( 1985 ) . The Calligraphers Handbook . A & C Black UK . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 2695 - X . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 6th edition , 1823 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quills . A brief history of writing instruments Tutorial on Medieval method of creating quills ( hide ) Pens Types Active pen Ballpoint / biro Demonstrator Digital Dip Fountain Fudepen Gel Ink brush Light Qalam Quill Rastrum Reed Rollerball Ruling Skin Stylus Technical ( rapidograph ) Markers Dry erase Highlighter Paint Permanent UV Parts and tools Blotting paper Ink blotter Inkwell Nib ( Flex nibs ) Penknife Pounce Pen inks Alizarine Fountain pen India / Indian Iron gall Stark 's Other Ballpoint pen drawing Ballpoint pen knife Counterfeit banknote detection pen Birmingham pen trade Birmingham Pen Trade Heritage Association Pen Museum Kalamos Pen computing Penmanship Pen painting Pen spinning Retipping Related Calligraphy Cartooning Pencil Mechanical pencil Narayam List of pen types , brands and companies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quill&oldid=800934309 '' Categories : Feathers Writing implements Poultry products Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did quill pens go out of use
[]
[]
2171715398457232959
Say Yes to the Dress
Say Yes to the Dress - wikipedia Say Yes to the Dress Jump to : navigation , search For other versions of the show , see Say Yes to the Dress ( disambiguation ) . Say Yes to the Dress Genre Reality Narrated by Roger Craig Smith Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 270 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Grace Inge Camera setup Multiple Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Half Yard Productions Release Original network TLC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release October 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Big Bliss Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Randy to the Rescue External links Website www.tlc.com/tv-shows/say-yes-to-the-dress Production website www.halfyardproductions.com/productions/say-yes-dress Say Yes to the Dress is an American reality television series on TLC which follows events at Kleinfeld Bridal in Manhattan . Kleinfeld Bridal recently expanded into the Canadian market by adding a store in Toronto . The series shows the progress of individual sales associates , managers , and fitters at the store , along with profiling brides as they search for the perfect wedding dress . Common themes include overwhelming advice of friends and family , the ability of the `` perfect dress '' to help a bride overcome personal difficulty , struggle with weight and body image concerns , and the challenge of staying in budget , especially in the case of dresses by Kleinfeld 's exclusive designer , Pnina Tornai ( one of the few designers ever mentioned by name in the show ) . Dresses sold on the show range from $1,300 to $40,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Mara Urshel 1.2 Ronald Rothstein 1.3 Randy Fenoli 1.4 Dorothy Silver 1.5 Nicole Sacco 1.6 Nitsa Glezelis 1.7 Joan Roberts 1.8 Camille Coffey 1.9 Vera Skenderis 1.10 Audrey Pisani 1.11 Keasha Rigsby 1.12 Debbie Asprea 2 Episodes 3 Spinoffs 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Mara Urshel ( edit ) Mara Urshel is one of the co-owners of Kleinfeld . Earlier in her career in the retail industry , she served as senior vice president and general merchandise manager at Saks Fifth Avenue . She worked there for twenty years . After she left Saks , she was employed by Casual Corner and Geoffrey Beene Company in executive management positions . She then purchased the Kleinfeld Bridal store with Ronald Rothstein and Wayne Rogers on July 9 , 1999 . Ronald Rothstein ( edit ) Ronald ( Ronnie ) Rothstein is one of the co-owners of Kleinfeld . He was successful academically ; he graduated from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1964 and received his law degree from the University of Miami in 1968 . He then became a member of the Florida Bar . In 1976 , he started his own consumer products company named Oh Dawn , but after eight years , he sold Oh Dawn to an American Stock Exchange company . He did however stay on in an executive capacity for several more years . On July 9 , 1999 he purchased the Kleinfeld Bridal store with Mara Urshel and Wayne Rogers . Randy Fenoli ( edit ) Main article : Randy Fenoli Randy Fenoli is the Fashion Director for Kleinfeld . He was born in Mt . Vernon , Illinois , and grew up with a love of fashion . He began sewing dresses when he was only nine years old . When he got older , he branched out into the areas of make - up artistry , hair styling , and entertainment . He then enrolled with the New York 's Fashion Institute of Technology . Later , he was offered a job working for Vivian Dessy Diamond , of the Vivian Diamond company . He was then offered a job at Kleinfeld and has been there ever since . Dorothy Silver ( edit ) Dorothy Silver is the Director of Sales and Merchandising for Kleinfeld . She began her career in New York as a floor manager at Bonwit Teller , but she has spent the majority of her twenty - five years in the retail industry at Kleinfeld . She works alongside Nicole Sacco and Joan Roberts . Nicole Sacco ( edit ) Nicole Sacco is the Director of Fittings and Sales at Kleinfeld . She has worked there for thirteen years and has many responsibilities , primarily helping consultants with their clients , whether it 's finding a dress , closing the sale , or just making sure the client is happy . She works alongside Dorothy Silver and Joan Roberts . Nitsa Glezelis ( edit ) Nitsa Glezelis is the Director of Alterations at Kleinfeld . She was born in Kos , Greece , and has been in the retail industry since she was twelve years old . She has worked at Kleinfeld for eighteen years . She works alongside Vera Skenderis . Joan Roberts ( edit ) Joan Roberts is the Director of Sales / Bridal Manager at Kleinfeld . Before coming to Kleinfeld , she had worked in the retail industry for twenty five years . She works alongside Nicole Sacco and Dorothy Silver . Camille Coffey ( edit ) Camille Coffey is one of the several bridal consultants at Kleinfeld . She was first introduced to Kleinfeld when she was shopping for a dress to wear to her son 's wedding . She applied for a job and has been working there ever since . Vera Skenderis ( edit ) Vera Skenderis is the Alterations Manager at Kleinfeld . She was born in Athens , Greece . She comes from Albanian parents whom moved to Greece early in life. She has been working in the retail industry for thirty - four years . She works alongside Nitsa Glezelis . Audrey Pisani ( edit ) Audrey Pisani is one of the several bridal consultants at Kleinfeld . She was born in Brooklyn and has worked in the retail industry for twenty years . Fifteen of those years has been spent working in bridal wear . Keasha Rigsby ( edit ) Keasha Rigsby is one of the several bridal consultants at Kleinfeld . She has been working in the retail industry for fifteen years . Six of those years has been spent working in bridal wear . She was first introduced to Kleinfeld when she was shopping for wedding dresses with her cousin . She met one of the co-owners , Ronnie Rothstein , applied for a job , and has been working there ever since . Keasha has not appeared on Say Yes to the Dress since the January 2011 season . She will be appearing on a new show entitled Keasha 's Perfect Dress on the Canadian Slice network . This show will follow Keasha as she opens a new bridal salon . Debbie Asprea ( edit ) Debbie Asprea is one of the several bridal consultants at Kleinfeld . She has been working in the retail industry for eighteen years . She has been with Kleinfeld for fifteen of those eighteen years . She attributes her love of fashion to her father , who was a dress contractor . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Say Yes to the Dress episodes Season Episodes Season Premiere Season Finale 6 October 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) November 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) 24 July 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) December 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 26 ) 18 March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) July 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 31 ) 19 September 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 11 ) December 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) 5 24 April 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) July 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 30 ) 6 18 January 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 7 18 October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) December 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 30 ) 8 18 June 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 15 ) August 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 17 ) 9 19 December 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 28 ) March 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) 10 18 August 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 11 18 February 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 21 ) May 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 23 ) 12 17 October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) 13 18 March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) June 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) 14 20 March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 15 16 March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) Spinoffs ( edit ) Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta ( July -- September 2010 ; July 2011 -- ) is the first spinoff , which focuses on Bridals by Lori , a bridal shop in Atlanta , Georgia . Other than the shop , staff and production company ( NorthSouth Productions produced the Atlanta series ) , the elements are the same as the original series . The Atlanta series itself also led to two spinoffs : Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids ( July 2011 -- ) is a spinoff focused on bridesmaid dresses and the bridesmaid showroom at Bridals by Lori . Say Yes to the Dress : Monte 's Take ( July 2011 -- February 2012 ) is a podcast hosted by Monte Durham , the bridal image consultant at Bridals by Lori ; and TLC Interactive Producer Candace Keener . The weekly podcast provides listeners wedding tips and tricks . Say Yes to the Dress : Big Bliss ( September -- October 2010 ; April 2011 -- ) is the second spin - off . The shop , staff , venue and producers are the same as the original series , except that all of Kleinfeld 's clientele on this program are brides that are plus - sized . Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best ( April 2011 -- August 2013 ) : Randy Fenoli , Kleinfeld 's fashion director , uses top ten lists and past episode clips to share his tips on a variety of bridal categories . Randy to the Rescue ( June 2012 -- August 2013 ) : Randy Fenoli travels across the country where lucky brides - to - be get a special consultation with Randy , where he will give a few pointers on how to improve their bridal style . Say Yes to the Dress : Australia ( 2016 ) : An international adaptation of the format on TLC Australia , featuring couture wedding gown designer Adam Dixon . The series is the first local production on the channel . Say Yes to the Dress : UK ( 2016 ) the second international adaptation that premiered on TLC UK Say Yes to the Dress : Ireland ( 2017 ) which premiered on the RTÉ 2 . Say Yes to the Dress : Asia ( 2017 ) was also created for TLC Asia , shot in Malaysia with Malaysian hosts , featuring 18 Southeast Asian women and their dresses . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nadelson , Reggie ( February 18 , 2012 ) . `` Virginal or strapless ? How New York says Yes to the dress '' . BBC Magazine . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coffin J. 2010 . Teenagers Portrayed in Television . Journal of Psychology 41 Jump up ^ `` ' Say Yes to the Dress ' Season 13 to Premiere Friday , March 6 on TLC '' . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mara , Co-Owner of Kleinfeld : Say Yes to the Dress : TLC '' . Tlc.howstuffworks.com . January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie , Co-Owner of Kleinfeld : Say Yes to the Dress : TLC '' . Tlc.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Seams : About our Bloggers '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Nicole '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Nicole -- Say Yes To The Dress Blog : TLC '' . Blogs.discovery.com . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Nitsa '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Joan '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Camile '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Designer Bios '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Audrey '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Slice commissions `` Keasha 's Perfect Dress '' `` . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Keasha '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes to the Dress Debbie '' . Kleinfeldbridal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BRIDESMAIDS GET THE SPOTLIGHT ON TLC 'S NEWEST INSTALLMENT OF `` SAY YES TO THE DRESS '' `` . TLC Press Release . May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TLC Gets Married to Another Installment of `` Say Yes to the Dress '' `` . The Futon Critic . March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TLC : `` About Randy To The Rescue '' Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Auditions : Say Yes To The Dress : Australia '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Say Yes to the Dress : Asia official webpage External links ( edit ) Official website Kleinfeld Bridal Bridals by Lori Pnina Tornai Say Yes to the Dress : Monte 's Take Podcast ( hide ) TLC original programming 7 Little Johnstons 10 Years Younger 48 Hours 90 Day Fiancé All About Sex Breaking Amish Buying Naked Cake Boss Curvy Brides Extreme Cheapskates Four Weddings Gypsy Sisters A Haunting Home Sweet Bus I Am Jazz I Found The Gown Leah Remini : It 's All Relative The Little Couple Little People , Big World Long Island Medium Long Lost Family Love , Lust or Run My 600 Pound Life My Big Fat Fabulous Life My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding My Giant Life My Strange Addiction Next Great Baker Kate Plus 8 Kindred Spirits OutDaughtered Outrageous 911 Our Little Family Paranormal Lockdown Randy to the Rescue Say Yes to the Dress Say Yes to the Dress : Atlanta Say Yes to the Dress : Bridesmaids Say Yes to the Dress : Randy Knows Best Say Yes to the Dress : The Big Day Secretly Pregnant Sex Sent Me to the ER Something Borrowed , Something New The Willis Family Too Close to Home Untold Stories of the E.R. Who Do You Think You Are ? See also Template : Former TLC Programming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Yes_to_the_Dress&oldid=814712683 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2007 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Television shows set in New York City TLC ( TV network ) programs Wedding television shows Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 13 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who died on say yes to the dress
[]
[]
8197773990426049753
List of African countries by area
List of african countries by area - wikipedia List of african countries by area Below is a list of all countries in Africa , in order of geographical area . Sudan was , with an area of 2,505,813 km2 , formerly the largest country in Africa , until South Sudan formally split from it in 2011 . Rank Flag Name Area Algeria 02381740 ! 2,381,741 km ( 919,595 sq mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo 02344858 ! 2,344,858 km ( 905,355 sq mi ) Sudan 01861484 ! 1,861,484 km ( 718,723 sq mi ) Libya 01759540 ! 1,759,540 km ( 679,362 sq mi ) Chad 01284000 ! 1,284,000 km ( 495,755 sq mi ) 6 Niger 01267000 ! 1,267,000 km ( 489,191 sq mi ) 7 Angola 01246700 ! 1,246,700 km ( 481,354 sq mi ) 8 Mali 01240192 ! 1,240,192 km ( 478,841 sq mi ) 9 South Africa 01221037 ! 1,221,037 km ( 471,445 sq mi ) 10 Ethiopia 01104300 ! 1,104,300 km ( 426,373 sq mi ) 11 Mauritania 01030700 ! 1,030,700 km ( 397,955 sq mi ) 12 Egypt ( Excluding Asian section ) 01001449 ! 1,001,449 km ( 386,662 sq mi ) 13 Tanzania 00945203 ! 945,203 km ( 364,945 sq mi ) 14 Nigeria 00923768 ! 923,768 km ( 356,669 sq mi ) 15 Namibia 00825418 ! 825,418 km ( 318,696 sq mi ) 16 Mozambique 00801590 ! 801,590 km ( 309,496 sq mi ) 17 Zambia 00752614 ! 752,614 km ( 290,586 sq mi ) 18 South Sudan 00644329 ! 644,329 km ( 248,777 sq mi ) 19 Somalia 00637657 ! 637,657 km ( 246,201 sq mi ) 20 Central African Republic 00622984 ! 622,984 km ( 240,535 sq mi ) 21 Madagascar 00587041 ! 587,041 km ( 226,658 sq mi ) 22 Botswana 00581726 ! 581,726 km ( 224,606 sq mi ) 23 Kenya 00580367 ! 580,367 km ( 224,081 sq mi ) 24 Cameroon 00475442 ! 475,442 km ( 183,569 sq mi ) 25 Morocco 00446550 ! 446,550 km ( 172,414 sq mi ) * * 26 Zimbabwe 00390757 ! 390,757 km ( 150,872 sq mi ) 27 Republic of the Congo 00342000 ! 342,000 km ( 132,047 sq mi ) 28 Côte d'Ivoire 00322460 ! 322,460 km ( 124,503 sq mi ) 29 Burkina Faso 00274000 ! 274,000 km ( 105,792 sq mi ) 30 Gabon 00267668 ! 267,668 km ( 103,347 sq mi ) 31 Guinea 00245857 ! 245,857 km ( 94,926 sq mi ) 32 Ghana 00238534 ! 238,534 km ( 92,098 sq mi ) 33 Uganda 00236040 ! 236,040 km ( 91,136 sq mi ) 34 Senegal 00196723 ! 196,723 km ( 75,955 sq mi ) 35 Tunisia 00163610 ! 163,610 km ( 63,170 sq mi ) 36 Malawi 00118484 ! 118,484 km ( 45,747 sq mi ) 37 Eritrea 00117600 ! 117,600 km ( 45,406 sq mi ) 38 Benin 00112622 ! 112,622 km ( 43,484 sq mi ) 39 Liberia 00111369 ! 111,369 km ( 43,000 sq mi ) 40 Sierra Leone 00071740 ! 71,740 km ( 27,699 sq mi ) 41 Togo 00056785 ! 56,785 km ( 21,925 sq mi ) 42 Guinea - Bissau 00036125 ! 36,125 km ( 13,948 sq mi ) 43 Lesotho 00030355 ! 30,355 km ( 11,720 sq mi ) 44 Equatorial Guinea 00028051 ! 28,051 km ( 10,831 sq mi ) 45 Burundi 00027830 ! 27,830 km ( 10,745 sq mi ) 46 Rwanda 00026798 ! 26,798 km ( 10,347 sq mi ) 47 Djibouti 00023200 ! 23,200 km ( 8,958 sq mi ) 48 Swaziland 00017364 ! 17,364 km ( 6,704 sq mi ) 49 Gambia 00010380 ! 10,380 km ( 4,008 sq mi ) 50 Cape Verde 00004033 ! 4,033 km ( 1,557 sq mi ) 51 Comoros 00002235 ! 2,235 km ( 863 sq mi ) 52 Mauritius 00002040 ! 2,040 km ( 788 sq mi ) 53 São Tomé and Príncipe 00000964 ! 964 km ( 372 sq mi ) 54 Seychelles 00000451 ! 451 km ( 174 sq mi ) * * -- Excluding all disputed lands ( Western Sahara and Spanish territories ) See also ( edit ) List of Asian countries by area List of European countries by area List of Oceanian countries by area List of South American countries by area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : : Names '' . CIA . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNGEGN List of Country Names '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of countries , territories and currencies '' . Europa . 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : : Area '' . CIA . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and special administrative regions Australia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands China Hong Kong Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British - Irish Agreement Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf . Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely / mostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty . Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island New Zealand Tokelau France French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands Lists of countries by geographical rankings Area Total Exclusive Economic Zone Forest Irrigated Extreme points Elevation highest average lowest Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Westernmost Perimeter Coastline length Land border length Number of bordering countries land - only land and maritime maritime - only List of countries and territories by border / area ratio Other Freshwater resources withdrawal Time zones List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African_countries_by_area&oldid=809230180 '' Categories : Lists of countries in Africa Lists by area Lists of countries by geography Talk About Wikipedia Română اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which is the largest country in eastern africa
[]
[]
3086198572574575584
Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
Timeline of Young People 's rights in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Timeline of Young People 's rights in the United Kingdom The timeline of children 's rights in the United Kingdom includes a variety of events that are both political and grassroots in nature . The UK government maintains a position that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) is not legally enforceable and is hence ' aspirational ' only , although a 2003 ECHR ruling states that , `` The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realising these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child . '' Eighteen years after ratification , the four Children 's Commissioners in the UK ( including those for the three devolved administrations ) have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation , making children 's rights recognised and legally binding . Opponents of children 's rights often raise the objection that rights must entail responsibilities . The children 's rights movement asserts rather that children have rights which adults , states and the government have a responsibility to uphold . Overall , a 2008 report stated that there had been no improvement in children 's rights in the UK since 2002 . Warning that there is a `` widely held fear of children and young people '' in the UK , the report says : `` The incessant portrayal of children as thugs and yobs '' not only reinforces the fears of the public but also influences policy and legislation . '' The report does not address the question of the degree to which the fear of uncontrolled children in the UK is justified . The UNCRC defines children , for the purposes of the Convention , as persons under the age 18 , unless domestic legislation provides otherwise . In that spirit , this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority , which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18 . Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man , Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK , the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations , so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies . Contents 1 Pre-19th century 2 19th century 3 20th century 4 21st century 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Pre-19th century ( edit ) Timeline of pre-19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image Pre-16th century The care of orphans was particularly commended to bishops and monasteries during the Middle Ages . Many orphanages practised a form of `` binding - out '' in which children , as soon as they were old enough , were given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and their learning an occupation . Common law maintaining the King 's peace was administered by the Court of Common Pleas ( England ) dealing with civil cases between parties by ordering the fine of debts and seizure of the goods of outlaws . Following the Peasants ' Revolt , British constables were authorised under a 1383 statute to collar vagabonds and force them to show their means of support ; if they could not , the penalty was gaol . Under a 1494 statute , vagabonds could be sentenced to the stocks for three days and nights ; in 1530 , whipping was added . The assumption was that vagabonds were unlicensed beggars . January 1561 Scotland The national Church of Scotland set out a programme for spiritual reform , setting the principle of a school teacher for every parish church and free education . This was provided for by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland , passed in 1633 , which introduced a tax to pay for this programme . 1367 -- 1607 Ireland Suppression of the Brehon Laws which enumerated the rights and responsibilities of fostered children , their birth - parents and foster - parents . The Brehon Law concept of family was eroded and the Gaelic tradition of fosterage lost . It was ultimately replaced by the State controlled Poor Law system . 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law The Poor Law was the social security system operating in England and Wales from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century . The Impotent poor was a classification of poverty used to refer to those poor considered deserving of poor relief ; a vagrant was a person who could work , but preferred not to . The law did not distinguish between the impotent poor and the criminal , so both received the same punishments . The law provided for `` the putting out of children to be apprentices '' . 17th century Where an unmarried mother concealed the death of her baby , she was presumed guilty of infanticide unless she could prove that the baby was born dead . This requirement that the defendant prove her innocence was a reversal of the normal practice of requiring the prosecution to prove the defendant 's guilt . Women were acquitted of this charge if they could demonstrate that they had prepared for the birth of the baby , for example by acquiring bedding . In 1678 children aged 10 were deemed able to engage in consensual sex . 1732 -- 1744 Bastardy In 1732 , a woman pregnant with a `` bastard '' was required to declare the fact and to name the father . In 1733 , the putative father became responsible for maintaining his illegitimate child ; failing to do so could result in gaol . The parish would then support the mother and child , until the father agreed to do so , whereupon he would reimburse the parish -- although this rarely happened . In 1744 , a bastard took the ' settlement ' of its mother ( under the Poor Law , a person 's place of origin or later established residence , being the parish responsible for the person if destitute ) regardless of where the child was actually born . Previously , a bastard took settlement from its place of birth . The mother was to be publicly whipped . 1739 The Foundling Hospital Established in London by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram as a home for the `` education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children . '' Children were seldom taken after they were twelve months old . On reception they were sent to wet nurses in the countryside , where they stayed until they were about four or five years old . At sixteen girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years ; at fourteen , boys became apprentices in varying occupations for seven years . 1779 The Penitentiary Act Drafted by Prison reformer John Howard , the Act introduced state prisons as an alternative to the death penalty or transportation . The prison population had risen after the US Declaration of Independence , because the American Colonies had been used as the destination for transported criminals . Howard 's 1777 report had identified appalling conditions in most of the prisons he inspected . The Howard League for Penal Reform emerged as a result , publishing in 2006 the findings of an independent inquiry by Lord Carlile of Berriew QC into physical restraint , solitary confinement and forcible strip searching of children in prisons , secure training centres and local authority secure children 's homes . 1795 Speenhamland system An amendment to the Poor Law , named after a meeting at the Pelican Inn in Speenhamland , Berkshire , where the local magistrates or squirearchy devised the system as a means to alleviate hardship caused by a spike in grain prices . Families were paid extra to top up wages to a set level , which varied according to the number of children and the price of bread . For example , if bread was 1s 2d a loaf , the wages of a family with two children was topped up to 8s 6d . If bread rose to 1s 8d the wages were topped up to 11s 0d . The system aggravated the underlying causes of poverty , allowing employers ( often farmers ) to pay below subsistence wages , because the parish made up the difference to keep their workers alive . Low incomes remained unchanged and the poor rate contributors subsidised the farmers , so that landowners sought other means of dealing with the poor e.g. the workhouse . The Poor Law Commissioners ' Report of 1834 called the Speenhamland System a `` universal system of pauperism . '' 1796 Thomas Spence Publication of The Rights of Infants by the revolutionary philosopher. ( 11 ) 19th century ( edit ) Timeline of 19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 1802 UK Parliament The Factory Acts were a series of Acts of Parliament passed to limit the number of hours worked by women and children , first in the textile industry , then later in all industries . The Factories Act 1802 , sometimes called the `` Health and Morals of Apprentices Act , '' 1806 Philanthropic Society The Society was incorporated by Act of Parliament , sanctioning its work with juvenile delinquents and began by opening homes where children were trained in cottage industries working under the instruction of skilled tradesmen . Remaining central in development of measures dealing with young offenders the Society is now the charity , Catch 22 , formerly Rainer . 1818 Ragged schools A cobbler , John Pounds , began to use his shop in Portsmouth as a base for educational activity for local poor children neglected by other institutions . Part of his concern was also to educate his disabled nephew . The Ragged School movement subsequently found powerful support in active philanthropists when public attention was aroused to the prevalence of juvenile delinquency by Thomas Guthrie in 1840 . An estimated 300,000 children passed through the London Ragged Schools alone between the early 1840s and 1881 1818 Elizabeth Fry After visiting Newgate Prison , Fry became particularly concerned at the conditions in which women prisoners and their children were held . Fry later presented evidence to the House of Commons in 1818 , which led to the interior of Newgate being rebuilt with individual cells . 1834 Workhouse The workhouse system was set up in England and Wales under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , although many individual houses existed before this legislation . Inmates entered and left as they liked and would receive free food and accommodation . However , workhouse life was made as harsh and degrading as possible so that only the truly destitute would apply . Accounts of the terrible conditions in some workhouses include references to women who would not speak and children who refused to play . 1838 Charles Dickens Oliver Twist , Dickens ' second novel , is the first in the English language to centre upon a child protagonist throughout . The book calls attention to various contemporary social evils , including the Poor Law , which required that poor people work in workhouses , child labour and the recruitment of children as criminals . A later character , Jo in Bleak House , is portrayed as a street child , relentlessly pursued by a police inspector . 1839 Custody of Infants Act Custody of children under 7 years old was assigned to mothers 1840 Mettray Penal Colony In Mettray , north of the city of Tours , France a private reformatory , without walls , was opened by penal reformer Frédéric - Auguste Demetz in 1840 for the rehabilitation of young males aged between 6 and 21 . At that time children and teenagers were routinely imprisoned with adults . Boys who were mostly deprived , disadvantaged or adandoned children , many of whom had committed only Summary offences or petty crime , were housed . Their heads were shaved , they wore uniforms , and up to age 12 spent most of the day studying arithmetic , writing and reading . Older boys had one hour of classes , with the rest of the day spent working . Reformatory Schools were modelled on Mettray , and the Borstal system , established in 1905 , separated adolescents from adult prisoners . In the twentieth century Mettray became the focus for Michel Foucault because of its various systems and expressions of power and led Foucault to suggest that Mettray began the descent into modern penal theories and their inherent power structures . 1847 Juvenile Offenders Act The Act allowed children under the age of fourteen to be tried summarily before two magistrates , speeding up the process of trial for children , and removing it from the publicity of the higher courts . The age limit was raised to sixteen in 1850 . 1850 Irish Workhouse Returns , 8 June 1850 . The number of children aged 15 years and younger in Irish Workhouses reaches its historic high , at 115,639 . 1854 Reformatory Schools Mary Carpenter 's research and lobbying contributed to the Youthful Offenders Act 1854 and the Reformatory Schools ( Scotland ) Act 1854 . These enabled voluntary schools to be certified as efficient by the Inspector of Prisons , and allowed courts to send them convicted juvenile offenders under 16 for a period of 2 to 5 years , instead of prison . Parents were required to contribute to the cost . Carpenter 's 1851 publication Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes and for Juvenile Offenders was the first to coin the term ' Dangerous Classes ' with respect to the lower classes , and the perceived propensity to criminality , of poor people . 1857 Industrial Schools The Industrial Schools Act 1857 allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school , resolving the problems of juvenile delinquency by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment into a boarding school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind . In 1986 Professor Sir Leon Radzinowitz noted the practice of Economic conscription , where , ' there was a network of 208 schools : 43 reformatories , 132 industrial schools , 21 day industrial schools and 12 truant schools ' by the eve of the First World War , alongside a negligible education system for the poor . 1870 UK Government Prior to the Elementary Education Act 1870 act , very few schools existed , other than those run by the Church . The National Education League was established to promote elementary education for all children , free from religious control . The Act first introduced and enforced compulsory school attendance between the ages of 5 and 12 , with school boards set up to ensure that children attended school ; although exemptions were made for illness and travelling distance . The London School Board was highly influential and launched a number of political careers . The Church / State ethical divide in schooling , persists into the present day . 1870 Thomas John Barnardo The first of 112 Barnardo 's Homes was founded , with destitution as the criterion for qualification . The project was supported by the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury and the first Earl Cairns . The system of operation was broadly as follows : infants and younger girls and boys are chiefly `` boarded out '' in rural districts ; girls above 14 years of age are sent to ' industrial training homes ' to be taught useful domestic occupations ; boys above 17 years old are first tested in labour homes and then placed in employment at home , sent to sea or emigrated ; boys between 13 -- 17 years old were trained for trades for which they may be mentally or physically fitted . 1880 UK Government Following campaigning by the National Education League the Elementary Education Act 1880 made schooling compulsory until the age of ten and also established attendance officers to enforce attendance , so that parents who objected to compulsory education , arguing they needed children to earn a wage , could be fined for keeping their children out of school . School leaving age was raised with successive Acts from ten to age fourteen in 1918 . 1885 UK Government Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raises age of consent from 13 to 16 , introduced measures intended to protect girls from sexual exploitation and widens the criminalisation of male homosexual behaviour . 1891 UK Government The practice of ' spiriting ' i.e. kidnapping children for work in the Americas , had been sanctioned by the Privy Council since 1620 , but the Custody of Children Act ( the ' Barnardo 's Act ) legalised the work of private emigration societies for removing poor children from workhouses , industrial schools , reformatories and private care facilities , to British colonies . 1899 UK Government The Elementary Education ( Defective and Epileptic Children ) Act allowed school authorities to make arrangements for ascertaining which children , by reason of mental or physical defect , were incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in the ordinary schools . 20th century ( edit ) Timeline of 20th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 1904 UK Government The Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act gave the NSPCC a statutory right to intervene in child protection cases . 1905 UK Government A specialist juvenile offenders court was tried in Birmingham , and formally established in the Children Act 1908 , along with juvenile courts . Borstals , a kind of youth prison , were established under the Prevention of Crime Act , with the aim of separating youths from adult prisoners . 1910 Home Office Allegations in John Bull of abuse at a boys ' reformatory , the Akbar Nautical Training School , Heswall , included accusations that boys were gagged before being birched , that boys who were ill were caned as malingerers , and that punishments included boys being drenched with cold water or being made to stand up all night for a trivial misdemeanour . John Bull further alleged that boys had died as a result of such punishments . The Home Office investigation rejected the allegations , but found that there had been instances of `` irregular punishments '' . 1914 New Ideals in Education Conferences In 1914 the first Montessori Conference was held in the UK , at a beachside village called East Runton , Norfolk , at the site of the first Montessori School created outside Italy . The organisers were Rev Bertrand Hawker ( whose house and grounds hosted the conference ) , Edmond Holmes ( a previous chief Inspector of Schools ) , and Earl Lytton . The heroes of the conference were Homer Lane , Harriet Finlay Johnson and Norman MacMunn . They went on to form a committee to organise annual conferences founded on ' liberating the child ' , they called the events New Ideals in Education Conferences . They went on to have ' experimental days ' that celebrated and shared good practice for liberating the child . People who spoke at the conferences included Percy Nunn ( first director of Institute of Education ) , Lord Baden Powell , The Rt Hon . H.A.L Fisher MP cabinet war member for Education , Dr Arthur Brock ( therapist to Wilfred Owen ) . They helped through legislation , practice and teacher training , to define the good primary school as child centred , group work , project work , learning through creativity , self - expression , peer teaching , play . They new from the beginning that they may fail with the secondary schools because of exams , national curriculum , and parents . 1915 A.S. Neill In 1915 the teacher A.S. Neill wrote his first book in his Dominie series of semi-autobiographical novels , A Dominie 's Log . This was the first of his writings to promote and advocate for children 's rights in UK schools , especially the rights to play , to protection and to control their own learning . He went on to found what is now the oldest school based on children 's rights , Summerhill ( 1921 ) . The school and Neill 's writings went on to influence schools and education systems around the world , including the UK . January 1916 UK Government In the early years of the 20th century the National Service League had urged compulsory military training for all men aged between 18 and 30 . After the outbreak of World War I , two million men enlisted voluntarily , some in Pals battalions but mostly in regular regiments and corps . Enthusiasm diminished as casualties increased , and the Military Service Act of January 1916 introduced conscription . Boys from the age of 18 were liable to be called up for service Men of Class 1 ( that is , 18 - year - olds ) , once enrolled , were given the option of returning home or remaining with the Colours and undergoing special training until they were 19 . At the start of 1914 the British Army had a reported strength of 710,000 men including reserves . By the end of the war almost 1 in 4 of the total male population of the UK had joined , over five million men , and almost half the infantry were 19 or younger . Conscription ceased with the termination of hostilities on 11 November 1918 and all conscripts were discharged , if they had not already been so , on 31 March 1920 . 1918 Maternity and Child Welfare Act The War prompted the government to direct funds towards infant welfare centres , and the Act encouraged local authorities to continue this work by introducing the principle of free ante - natal care and free medical care of under - fives . Most of the work was undertaken by volunteers , who were able to claim support for the resources they used . These measures taken together contributed to an astonishing decline in infant mortality in the first three decades of the 20th century . 1919 Save the Children Fund In the aftermath of the Great War social reformer Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton documented the terrible misery in which the children of Central , Eastern and Southern Europe were plunged , and believing there was no such thing as an `` enemy '' child , founded the Save the Children Fund in London to address their needs . The Save the Children International Union ( SCIU ) was founded in Geneva in 1920 with Save the Children and Swedish Rädda Barnen as leading members . Jebb went on to draft the Declaration of the Rights of the Child . 1921 Summerhill School As portrayed in his Dominie book , A Dominie Abroad ( Herbert Jenkins , 1923 ) , A.S. Neill founded what would become known as Summerhill School in Hellerau , a suburb of Dresden . It was part of an International school called the Neue Schule . Neill moved his school to Sonntagsberg in Austria . By 1923 Neill had moved to the town of Lyme Regis in the south of England , to a house called Summerhill where he began with 5 pupils . The school continued there until 1927 , when it moved to the present site at Leiston in the county of Suffolk , taking the name of Summerhill with it . The Secretary of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child wrote in support of the school when it faced closure from Government inspectors , that it ' surpasses all expectations ' in its implementation of children 's rights , particularly Article 12 . Children 's BBC made a four - part drama called Summerhill based on its fight for survival against the government . March 1921 Family Planning Marie Stopes opened the UK 's first family planning clinic in London , the Mothers ' Clinic , offering a free service to married women and gathering scientific data about contraception . The opening of the clinic created a major social impact on the 20th century , marking the start of a new era in fertility control by promising an opportunity for the modern world to break out of the Malthusian Trap . A Eugenicist , Stopes ' brand of Feminism sought selective breeding to achieve racial purity , sterilisation of those ' unfit for parenthood ' . 1932 Children and Young Persons ( Scotland ) Act The Act provided for young offenders , to be sent to an Approved School , put on probation , or put into the care of a `` fit person '' . Courts could , in addition , still sentence male juvenile offenders , as previously , to be `` whipped with not more than six strokes of a birch rod by a constable '' . 1932 / 33 UK Government The Children and Young Persons Act 1932 broadened the powers of juvenile courts in England and Wales and introduced supervision orders for children at risk . The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 provided for young offenders , to be sent to an Approved School , put on probation , or put into the care of a `` fit person '' . Courts could , in addition , still sentence male juvenile offenders , as previously , to be `` whipped with not more than six strokes of a birch rod by a constable '' . The Act also introduced Remand Homes for youths temporarily held in custody , to await a court hearing . The Home Office maintained a team of inspectors who visited each institution from time to time . Offenders , as well as receiving academic tuition , were assigned to work groups for such activities as building and bricklaying , metalwork , carpentry and gardening . Approved schools were known for strict discipline , and were essentially `` open '' institutions from which it was relatively easy to abscond . This allowed the authorities to claim that they were not `` Reformatories '' , and set them apart from Borstal . The age of criminal responsibility was raised from 7 to 8 , and no - one could be hanged for an offence committed under the age of 18 . The Act consolidated most existing child protection legislation , enforcing strict punishments for anyone over 16 found to have neglected a child . Guidelines on the employment of school - age children were set , with a minimum age of 14 for full - time employment . November 1938 Kindertransport A few days after Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany , a delegation of British Jewish leaders , appealed in person to the Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , on the eve of a major Commons debate on refugees . They requested that the British government permit the temporary admission of Jewish children and teenagers who would later re-emigrate , among other measures . The Jewish community promised to pay guarantees for the refugee children . The Cabinet decided that the nation would accept unaccompanied children ranging from infants up to teenagers under the age of 17 . April 1939 UK Government The Military Training Act sought to ' call up ' boys from age 18 as ' militiamen ' , to distinguish them from the regular army . The intention was for conscripts to undergo six months basic training before being discharged into an active reserve , for subsequent recall to short training periods and an annual camp . Superseded by the National Service ( Armed Forces ) Act 1939 enacted immediately by Parliament on 3 September 1939 - the date of declaration of war on Germany . Liability to full - time conscription was enforced on all males between 18 and 41 . By 1942 , all male British subjects resident in Great Britain aged 18 -- 50 were liable to call - up , with only a few categories exempted , and female subjects aged 20 -- 29. National Service ( No 2 ) Act 1941 1944 UK Government In 1939 the government had considered raising school leaving age to 15 , but this was delayed by the onset of World War Two . The Education Act succeeded in extending compulsory education to age 15 , which took effect from 1947 . 1945 UNESCO Following dissolution of the League of Nations , the United Nations was founded on 24 October , but had already in 1943 begun operating UNRRA , a relief organization to combat famine and disease in liberated Europe . UNESCO was also established with Julian Huxley as the first Director General , standing at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education . Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society , and one of the liberal intellectual elite of the time who believed in birth control and ' voluntary ' sterilization for the `` virtual elimination of the few lowest and most degenerate types '' . Huxley 's six - year term of office , defined in the Charter , was reduced to two years , and UNESCO 's education programme became a collaboration with the International Bureau of Education , of which Jean Piaget was Director from 1929 until 1968 . Piaget had declared during the second world war in 1940 : `` The common wealth of all civilizations is the education of the child . '' 11 December 1946 United Nations General Assembly The first major step on behalf of children taken by the United Nations , was UNICEF 's creation in 1946 co-founded by Maurice Pate and Ludwik Rajchman to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries devastated by World War II . Two years later , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly . 1947 UK Government After World War II the National Service Act 1947 and subsequent measures ordained peacetime conscription of all males aged 18 for a set period ( originally 1 year , later two years ) until National Service ceased in 1960 , with final Demobilization in 1963 . 1,132,872 men were conscripted after 1945 to serve the British Army on reaching the age of 18 . About 125,000 served in an active theatre of operations , and were expected to fight guerrillas or cope with riots or civil war situations with minimal training in such combat situations as Korea , Malaya , Suez and Aden . July 1948 UK Government The War landed more than a million children , evacuated from town centres , on to local councils with inadequate resources to care for them . Many were placed in foster homes and became emotionally disturbed , reacting by bed - wetting , stealing and running away . After the war , children who had no families to return to , became ' nobody 's children ' . The Children Act 1948 finally brought together responsibility for children without adequate parents , formerly dealt with under the Poor Law , and responsibility for delinquent children in Remand Homes , formerly under the aegis of Local Education Authorities , with the requirement for every County and County Borough to establish a Children 's Committee and appoint a Children 's Officer . This has been the basis on which social workers have acted on behalf of children ever since . Detention Centres , under the Prison Department of the Home Office , were later introduced for miscreants , designed to administer a `` short sharp shock '' to older teenagers through drilling , physical jerks , military - style discipline , and cold showers before dawn . 1950s Society and media Teenagers first came to public attention during the war years , when there were fears of juvenile delinquency . By the 1950s , the media presented the teenagers in terms of generational rebellion . The exaggerated moral panic among politicians and the older generation was typically belied by the growth in intergenerational cooperation between parents and children . Many working - class parents , enjoying newfound economic security , eagerly took the opportunity to encourage their teens to enjoy more adventurous lives . Schools were falsely portrayed as dangerous blackboard jungles under the control of rowdy kids . The media distortions of the teens as too affluent , and as promiscuous , delinquent , counter-cultural rebels do not reflect the actual experiences of ordinary young adults , particularly young women , 20 November 1959 United Nations General Assembly An expanded version of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child , covering children 's rights , maternal protection , health , adequate food , shelter and education , was adopted by the General Assembly in 1959 as a milestone in the commitment of world governments to focus on the needs of children -- an issue once considered peripheral to development , but serving as a moral , rather than legally binding framework . 1967 Court Lees Approved School The Gibbens report into allegations of excessive punishment at the school prompted Home Secretary Roy Jenkins to announce its immediate closure , and the need to phase out corporal punishment in all Approved Schools . Under the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 responsibility for Approved Schools was devolved from the Home Office to local social services authorities , and they were renamed `` Community Homes with Education '' . 1968 Scotland Following publication of the Kilbrandon report in 1964 , the Social Work ( Scotland ) Act 1968 set up the Scottish Children 's Hearings system and revolutionised juvenile justice in Scotland by removing children in trouble from the criminal courts . The institutional framework for supporting children and families established on the basis of the key recommendations of the report has been largely unchanged since it was introduced in 1971 . Changes from the latest review , currently under way in 2008 , are planned for implementation from 2010 . 1970 United Kingdom Having concluded that the historical causes for fixing 21 years as the age of majority were no longer relevant to contemporary society , the Latey Committee 's recommendation was accepted , that the age of majority , including voting age , should be reduced to 18 years . 1972 UK Government The Children Act 1972 set the minimum school leaving age at 16 . After the 1972 Act schools were provided with temporary buildings to house their new final year , known as ROSLA ( Raising School Leaving Age ) buildings and were delivered to schools as self - assembly packs . Although not designed for long - term use , many schools continued using them . 1972 Murder of Maxwell Confait Three boys aged 14 , 15 and 18 with a mental age of eight confessed under police questioning to starting the fire that killed the victim . They were convicted of arson , manslaughter and murder . In subsequent developments it became apparent that their confessions were untrue and that they had been extracted by improper police pressure . The case caused a major review of police procedures and of how suspects are treated , particularly children and `` the educationally subnormal '' . After a successful appeal court hearing , the publication of a book , The Confait Confessions by Christopher Price and Jonathan Caplan , and the setting up of two major inquiries , some of the most radical reforms of the prosecution process ever to have taken place were instituted . The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 gave new rights to police suspects and made the tape - recording of police interviews compulsory . The Phillips Commission , which reported in 1981 , proposed a national prosecution service , one of whose aims would be to attempt to ensure that prosecution evidence was properly scrutinised , and that weak cases such as the one relating to the murder of Confait would not even reach the courts . The Crown Prosecution Service eventually came into being in 1986 . 1981 1981 Brixton riot One of the most serious riots in the 20th century fuelled by racial and social discord , brought black and white youth into violent confrontation with thousands of police . Further riots ensued that year throughout Britain . The Scarman Report detailed a loss of confidence and mistrust in the police and their methods of policing after liaison arrangements between police , community and local authority had collapsed . Recommendations for policing reforms were introduced in 1984 . However , the 1999 MacPherson Inquiry into teenager Stephen Lawrence 's murder , found that Scarman 's recommendations had been ignored , and concluded that the Metropolitan Police Service was institutionally racist . 1984 UK Government Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Part IV 37 ( 15 ) . A child is defined as under 17 years old . The Act provides for an Appropriate adult to be called to the police station whenever a child has been detained in police custody . 1985 The Children 's Society The first refuge is opened for runaways . After 20 + years of campaigning , the government in 2008 set out plans to improve work with the estimated 100,000 under - 16s who run away from home or care each year . 1985 House of Lords Gillick competence ruling in the case Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority , which sought to decide in medical law whether a child is able to consent to his or her own medical treatment , without the need for parental permission or knowledge . A child is defined as 16 years or younger . The ruling , which applies in England and Wales ( but not in Scotland ) , is significant in that it is broader in scope than merely medical consent . It lays down that the authority of parents to make decisions for their minor children is not absolute , but diminishes with the child 's evolving maturity ; except in situations that are regulated otherwise by statute , the right to make a decision on any particular matter concerning the child shifts from the parent to the child when the child reaches sufficient maturity to be capable of making up his or her own mind on the matter requiring decision . 1986 Child Migrants Scandal Social worker Margaret Humphreys ' received a letter from a woman in Australia who had been sent on a boat from the UK to a children 's home in Australia , age four , and wanted help in tracing her parents in Britain . Humphrey 's subsequent research exposed the abuses of private emigration societies operating under the 1891 Custody of Children Act - a key subtext of which was the aim of supplying Commonwealth countries with sufficient `` white stock '' particularly in relation to Australia . A Department of Health Report shows that at least 150,000 children aged between 3 and 14 were sent to Commonwealth countries , in a programme that did not end until 1967 . The children -- the majority of whom were already in some form of social or charitable care -- were cut off from their families and even falsely informed that they were orphans . Most were sent with the promise of a better life -- but the reality was often very different , with many facing abuse and a regime of unpaid labour . A number of organisations , including Fairbridge , Barnardo 's , the Salvation Army , the Children 's Society and Catholic groups , were involved in sending children abroad . 1986 Wales , Bryn Estyn Although Care workers in Clwyd had been convicted of sex abuse as long ago as 1976 , with allegations and investigations in Gwynedd in the 1980s , the scandal was only exposed after Alison Taylor , a children 's home head in Gwynedd , pressed her concerns at the highest levels . During police investigations into Ms Taylor 's concerns in 1986 - 87 , the authorities constructed a `` wall of disbelief '' from the outset . An inquiry ordered by the Home Secretary in 1996 into quality of care and standards of education , found both to be below acceptable levels in all the homes investigated . 1989 United Nations General Assembly The UN Convention on Children 's Rights was adopted into international law . 1989 UK Government The Children Act 1989 was intended as the main piece of legislation setting out the legal framework for child protection procedures e.g. enquiries and conferences and introduced the notion of parental responsibility . Provisions apply to all children under 18 . It was very wide - ranging and covered all paid childcarers outside the parental home for under - 8 's , adoption and fostering , and aspects of family law including divorce . Although the Act aimed to enshrine consistency with the UNCRC approach that ' the best interests of the child are pre-eminent ' , UN monitoring committee reports issued in 1995 and 2002 noted that the principle of primary consideration for the best interests of the child was not consistently reflected in legislation and policies affecting children . 1990 / 1991 The Pindown Enquiry Allan Levy QC inquired into a method of discipline used in Staffordshire children 's homes in the 1980s . Pindown was named after the notion that it would `` pin down the problem '' relating to a particular `` difficult '' child , and involved locking children in `` pindown rooms '' , sometimes for periods of weeks or months . The 2000 Kilgallon report into Northumberland housing for children with special needs revealed that Pindown tactics were employed between 1972 and 1984 . 12 July 1990 Phillip Knight The 17 - year - old died in custody at HM Prison Swansea as a result of self - inflicted injuries . An inquest yielded an open verdict . Knight was the first of 30 children to die in custody since 1990 . The inquest into 16 - year - old Joseph Scholes ' death in custody in March 2002 led the coroner to support the call for a public inquiry . 1991 United Kingdom UK ratification of United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , with a number of reservations . UNCRC defines a child as under 18 years old , unless an earlier age of majority is recognised by a country 's law . February 1993 James Bulger The murder of two - year - old James Bulger , by Jon Venables and Robert Thompson , both aged 10 , prompted national debate about the relationship between Childhood and criminality , which led to abolition in 1998 of the distinction with regard to criminal responsibility between young persons aged at least 14 and children aged between 10 and 14 . June 1994 Fred West After their children alerted authorities to the West 's rape of their daughter , investigations revealed that between 1967 and 1987 , Fred and his wife Rosemary tortured , raped and murdered at least 12 girls and young women , whose disappearance had previously gone unnoticed . The case highlighted the inadequacies of the National Missing Persons Bureau and eventually gave rise to the National Policing Improvement Agency established in 2007 . February 1995 United Nations The committee responsible for monitoring implementation of UNCRC issued first concluding observations on the UK 's progress . 1990 -- 1996 UK Government Concerns about children in residential care led to the commissioning of 10 public enquiries between 1990 and 1996 , including the Utting report ( 1991 ) and the Warner report ( 1992 ) , which exposed large - scale institutional abuse of children and young people . Sir William Utting CBE was Chief Inspector of Social Services during the period when the worst cases of abuse happened . Asked why safeguarding steps were not taken when he was directly responsible for overseeing Social Services , he replied : `` ... the crude answer to that question would be ignorance . There were tremendous pressures , I think , on everybody in the system at that time to deny that those of us working in the system and accepted by the community as being ' devoted to the interests of children ' were in fact exploiting them and abusing them . So there was a period of ignorance and ... denial and then the ... process of the revelation of these awful things that had gone on for a long time . '' 1998 UK Government The Human Rights Act 1998 received Royal Assent , mostly coming into force in 2002 . January 1998 UK Government The Public Interest Disclosure Act received Royal Assent , paving the way for whistleblowers of child abuse and other illegal corporate activities to receive support and protection via the industrial tribunal system . Employees such as those in the army , are excluded 1998 UK Government The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 abolished the distinction in England and Wales with regard to criminal responsibility between young persons aged at least 14 and children aged between 10 and 14 . Hitherto , a child over 10 but under 14 was deemed in law to be doli incapax , i.e. incapable of crime , unless the prosecution could satisfy the court that a particular child was in fact of such maturity , education and social development as to rebut that presumption . ( Children under 10 in England and Wales remain doli incapax , as they have been since the minimum age for criminal responsibility was raised from 8 to 10 under the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 ; power under the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 to raise the minimum age from 10 to 14 has never been implemented . In Scotland the minimum age remains at 8 , but the presumption of doli incapax also remains ) . Describing Youth Courts as the ' secret garden ' of the legal system , Home Secretary Jack Straw established the Youth Justice system , with Restorative Justice premised as the key underlying principle for resolving youth crime . 1999 UK Government Protection of Children Act 1999 required a list to be kept of persons considered unsuitable to work with children . 1999 Professor Sir Roy Meadow In the trial of Sally Clark accused of murdering her two babies at age 11 weeks and 8 weeks , Meadow 's testimony as expert witness postulated Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy , or MSbP , convinced that many apparent cot deaths were in fact the result of child abuse brought on by MSbP . Clark 's conviction was overturned in 2003 , after 3 years of wrongful imprisonment . Throughout the 1990s Meadow had contributed to a number of convictions of ( mostly ) women whose children had suffered apparent cot deaths and a greater number of parents , whom Meadow suspected of MSbP , had their children forcibly removed and taken into care . Meadow was struck off the medical register , but reinstated in 2006 after an appeal . The Society of Expert Witnesses had commented that the severity of his punishment would cause many professionals to reconsider whether to stand as expert witnesses . 1999 UK Government Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the historic aim to end child poverty in a generation . At that time , the UK had the worst child poverty rate in the European Union . The Government set ambitious targets to cut child poverty by a half by 2010 , en route to eradicating it by 2020 . 2000 UK Government The Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 changed the age of consent for male homosexual sexual activities and defined the offence of Abuse of Trust , generally to protect 16 - and 17 - year - olds from sexual advances , both homosexual and heterosexual , from those in positions of trust . February 2000 Sir Ronald Waterhouse The report of an inquiry about abuse in Bryn Estyn and other children 's homes in North Wales between 1974 and 1990 was released , which included a recommendation for creation of the post of Children 's Commissioner to prevent such scandals in the future . March 2000 Summerhill School wins Court Case Defended by the international human rights barrister , Sir Geoffrey Robertson QC , after three days at the Royal Courts of Justice , Summerhill won its right to continue to be based on children 's rights . The DfES accepted its demands , expressed in a joint agreement . The agreement was voted on by the children from the school in the court room . This agreement accepted the right of children at Summerhill to control their own learning , and has been used by Home Educators as part of their legal fights with the government . Summerhill is now the most legally protected school in the country with a unique inspection process that is the first to include the voices of children , preceding the newly announced OFSTED plans to take account of students ' views . Summerhill is the only school that has direct input into its inspections through legally appointed experts . Its children have continued to lobby for all children to have the rights they have , attending and lobbying at the UN Special Session on the Child ( 2002 ) and the UNESCO conference of Education Ministers when a student spoke during the closing ceremony . 8 September 2000 United Nations The Millennium Development Declaration was signed by 189 countries , setting the Millennium Development Goals as targets for monitoring progress . November 2000 Murder of Damilola Taylor Research into the backgrounds of four teenagers accused of murdering Damilola Taylor found that some had been excluded from school , all had substantial histories of serious offending and antisocial behaviour , and had come to police attention before they were 10 . 21st century ( edit ) Timeline of 21st century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 2001 Wales Children 's Commissioner for Wales was appointed . 2001 Sarah 's Law Following the abduction and murder of eight - year - old Sarah Payne , the News of the World newspaper spearheaded a controversial campaign for the government to allow controlled access to the Sex Offenders Register , so that parents with young children could know if a child sex - offender was living in their area . The campaign derived from the USA 's so - called Megan 's Law , operating in honour of murder victim Megan Kanka and allowing publication of a sex offender 's photograph and address . 2002 UK Government The Care Standards Act reformed the law relating to the inspection and regulation of various care institutions including children 's homes , and created the new post of Director of Children 's Rights with the power to investigate individual cases . October 2002 The UK committee responsible for monitoring the implementation of the UNCRC in the UK issued its second concluding observations on the UK 's progress . 2003 Northern Ireland The Commissioner for Children and Young People for Northern Ireland was appointed . 2003 UK Government The Sexual Offences Act 2003 lowered the age of consent for certain sexual activities from 18 to 16 in England and Wales . Section 45 defines a `` child '' for the purposes of the Protection of Children Act 1978 as a person under 18 years , rather than under 16 years , of age . Despite a previous `` deep lack of understanding '' of incidents of abuse in children 's homes run by Islington , Margaret Hodge is appointed Children 's Minister in June 2003 . 29 January 2003 Victoria Climbie The Laming report on the murder of Victoria Climbie recommended the creation of the post of Children 's Commissioner and generated legislation known as Every Child Matters . A revised Children Act based on Every Child Matters was enacted in 2004 . December 2003 Sir Michael Bichard After the murder of Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells , the Bichard report severely criticised the Chief Constable of Humberside Police for ordering the destruction of criminal records of child abusers as required under the Protection of Children Act 1999 . A revised registration scheme for people working with children and vulnerable adults was recommended . The report also revealed that investigation into the murders was severely compromised by involvement of some of the police officers in child pornography , or were Operation Ore suspects . Zahid Mubarek Inquiry After a long legal battle by the family , the Law Lords ordered Home Secretary David Blunkett to hold an Inquiry into Zahid 's murder . Sentenced to 3 months imprisonment in Feltham Young Offenders ' Institution for stealing razors and interfering with a motor vehicle , the 19 - year - old was murdered by his cell - mate on the eve of returning home in 2000 . The report 's findings are a ' devastating indictment ' of the prison system , to which teenagers are routinely consigned . Scotland The Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People was appointed , with Children 's Hearings and the Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration as significant components of children 's rights in Scotland . 2005 England The Children 's Commissioner for England was appointed . September 2005 United Nations General Assembly A Special Summit on the Millennium Development Goals reviewed progress since 2000 on the Goals , which included halving the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015 . November 2005 Ampleforth College A monk admitted to 20 incidents of child abuse at a leading Catholic boarding school . At least six paedophiles were active for decades following a decision by former Abbot Basil Hume not to call in police during his tenure , which commenced in 1963 . March 2006 British Army An independent review commissioned by the Minister for Armed Forces into circumstances surrounding the deaths of four soldiers recruited under the age of 18 at Princess Royal Barracks , Deepcut between 1995 and 2002 , concludes that the deaths were self - inflicted , despite a catalogue of allegations of misconduct at the relevant times . The call for a public enquiry is rejected . 2006 End Child Poverty Following the Make Poverty History march and Live 8 events , NGOs launch a coalition to secure the Government 's 1999 pledge to halve the numbers of children living below the poverty line by 2010 and eliminate child poverty by 2020 . February 2006 Howard League for Penal Reform Publication of Lord Carlile 's inquiry into the treatment of children in penal custody . The 47 recommendations include : severely restricting physical intervention ; stopping the Strip searching of children ; and an end to prison segregation . 2007 Jersey Social Worker Simon Bellwood was dismissed after making a complaint about a `` Dickensian '' system in a secure unit where children as young as 11 were routinely locked up for 24 hours or more , in solitary confinement . Police subsequently commenced investigations at the site of former children 's home Haut de la Garenne . July 2007 UK Government The third report on progress is issued to the UN Committee responsible for monitoring implementation of the UNCRC . 2007 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 The Act was extended to apply to prisoners and young offenders killed or injured whilst in custody , with effect from April 2008 . From monitoring and analysis of deaths in custody , NGO INQUEST propose an independent , overarching standing commission on custodial deaths , with statutory powers to address the breadth of social and political issues that arise when these deaths occur . November 2007 Scottish Government Following publication of the Shaw report `` Historical Abuse Systemic Review : Residential Schools and Children 's Homes in Scotland 1950 to 1995 '' , the Scottish Government proposed a truth and reconciliation forum for victims of historic abuse . The discussion paper named `` Acknowledgement and Accountability '' will be published 2008 / 9 . 9 June 2008 United Kingdom The Children 's Commissioner for Wales , Children 's Commissioner for England , Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People and the Commissioner for Children and Young People , Northern Ireland jointly report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , in preparation for the 30th Anniversary of the International Year of the Child . The remit of individual UK Commissioners differ in the devolved administrations , however the first report by federal Commissioners is unanimous in calling for incorporation of UNCRC into domestic legislation and a ban on police indefinitely keeping children 's DNA on record . Amongst 100 recommendations are : increasing the age of criminal responsibility ; a reduction in the number of children in custody ; and a public inquiry into the deaths of 30 children in custody over the past 10 years . UK 's main NGO 's including UNICEF and CRAE also attended the Pre Sessional Working Group with the UN Committee . 12 Children and Young People represented England as well . November 2008 Death of Baby P After details of the tragic life and death of the 17 - month - old at the hands of his parent and carers , whilst on the ' At Risk ' register of Haringey Social Services were revealed , Ofsted confirmed that between April 2007 and August 2008 , 282 children died of neglect , abuse or in the care system . Of that total , 72 died in accidents , stabbings or shootings while in foster or residential care , while the remaining 210 died of abuse or neglect at the hands of their families . This means that 12 children are killed by abuse each month . 1 May 2012 Protection of Freedoms Act Part 1 , Chapter 2 gives a child the right to prevent their biometric information ( e.g. fingerprints ) from being collected by an educational establishment and requires the processing of biometric information to be discontinued should the child object at any time . The right of a child to refuse the collection of their biometric information stands regardless of whether parental consent is offered or not . It also requires one parent to provide consent for the processing of biometric data and if any parent is to object to such collection of data the data processing must be discontinued . See also ( edit ) List of children 's rights topics List of Acts of Parliament List of youth rights topics Student rights Timeline of children 's rights in the United States Youth rights References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extract from Sahin v Germany , Grand Chamber judgment of the ECHR , 8 July 2003 , as quoted in `` 4 . Memorandum from Allan Levy QC and Peter Newell '' , Joint Committee on Human Rights . Retrieved 18 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 34 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Travis , A. `` Children 's jail staff given wider powers of restraint '' , The Guardian , London , 19 June 2007 ... Jump up ^ Adtunji , J. `` Prisons : Child secure units still use adult restraint methods , says inspector '' , The Guardian , London , 9 July 2008 ... ^ Jump up to : ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 4 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 33 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Heinze , Rudolph W. ( 1976 ) . The proclamations of the Tudor kings , p. 118 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20938 - 2 Jump up ^ Records of the Parliament of Scotland official website . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Sophie pp37 - 55 : Liberty , order and law under native Irish rule Jump up ^ Crimes tried at the Old Bailey . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Crimes tried at the Old Bailey . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , P. `` Workhouses - the Story of Workhouses . '' Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Coram : 1668 - 1751 '' . Retrieved 7 / 25 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Victorian London - Health and Hygiene - Hospitals - Foundling Hospital '' . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Howard League for Penal Reform . Jump up ^ Shore , Heather . `` The Idea of Juvenile Crime in 19th - century England '' Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... History Today , vol. 2 ( 6 ) , June 2000 . Jump up ^ Goodchild , Sophie . `` The 200 - year - old Asbos ( they make Blair 's Britain seem a soft touch ) '' , The Independent , London , 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Catch 22 '' . Archived from the original on 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.infed.org/youthwork/ragged_schools.htm Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fry ( 1780 - 1845 ) . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ England and Wales Poor Law History Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . `` Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses '' Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Foucault , Michel . Discipline and Punish . London : Penguin Books 1977 . p. 293 . Jump up ^ The Duty Of The State Towards The Pauper Children Of Ireland , 1909 Archived 29 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . p. 254 . To access report , scroll down and click View / Open . Jump up ^ Radzinowicz , Leon ; Hood , Roger ( 1990 ) . The emergence of penal policy in Victorian and Edwardian England Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 825663 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Parishes in Barnet '' , British History Online . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Faith school judgment fails to consider human rights angle '' . Ekklesia . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas John Barnardo ( ' The Doctor ' ) '' . Infed.org . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Retrieved 25 August 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.goldonian.org/barnardo/child_migrationl.htm A child Migration timeline . The Goldonian . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Elementary Education of Defective and Epileptic Children '' . Br Med J. 2 : 1207 -- 8 . 1899 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.2026. 1207 . PMC 2412294 . PMID 20758708 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Birmingham '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 985 . Jump up ^ `` Borstal - What 's in a Name ? '' . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Historical abuse in residential child care in Scotland 1950 - 1995 : A literature review , The Scottish Government , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Neil . `` It was our duty to protect these children in remand homes . Instead they were sexually abused by staff for years '' Archived 8 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Herald , Glasgow , 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . www.workhouses.org.uk `` Reformatories and Industrial Schools '' , workhouses.org.uk . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ A.S. Neill . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ World War 1 Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC History . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Call - up Notice . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Long , Long Trail - Recruitment . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Meller , Helen . Medicine , Biology and Women 's Bodies , 1840 - 1940 Archived 22 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Company history . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Summerhill School . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ CBBC Summerhill drama . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Lees Approved School Affair '' , World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` UK 's ' Schindler ' awaits Nobel vote '' BBC News Online , London , 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Education leaving age . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Hubback D. ( 1989 ) . `` Julian Huxley and eugenics '' , in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. ( eds ) , Evolutionary studies : a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley . Macmillan , London . Jump up ^ Armytage W.H.G. ( 1989 ) . `` The first Director - General of UNESCO '' , in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. ( eds ) , Evolutionary studies : a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley . Macmillan , London , p. 188 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Education Historical Note . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Education Directors . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Jean Piaget . International Bureau of Education . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Briefing . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ UN Chronicle 1965 review after UNICEF received the Nobel Peace Prize . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . British Armed Forces & National Service website . Retrieved 6 September 2008 Jump up ^ ' Warfare to Welfare ' . Community Care Article . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ Linklater , Magnus ; Holman , Bob . `` Letter to The Times prompted huge response and The Children Act of 1948 '' , The Times , London , 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Melanie Tebbutt , Making Youth : A History of Youth in Modern Britain ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Selina Todd , and Hilary Young . `` Baby - Boomers to ' Beanstalkers ' Making the Modern Teenager in Post-War Britain . '' Cultural and Social History 9 # 3 ( 2012 ) : 451 - 467 . Jump up ^ Tisdall , Laura ( 2015 ) . `` Inside the ' blackboard jungle ' male teachers and male pupils at English secondary modern schools in fact and fiction , 1950 to 1959 '' . Cultural and Social History . 12 ( 4 ) : 489 -- 507 . doi : 10.1080 / 14780038.2015. 1088265 . Jump up ^ Mills , Helena ( 2016 ) . `` Using the personal to critique the popular : women 's memories of 1960s youth '' . Contemporary British History . 30 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 483 . doi : 10.1080 / 13619462.2016. 1206822 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Resolution 1386 adopted at the 14th session of the General Assembly . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ UN Background Note . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal Punishment In British Reformatories And Institutions '' , World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) The 1964 Kilbrandon report . Retrieved 26 August 2008 Jump up ^ ' Offender management ' in Scotland : the first hundred years Archived 21 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Law Reform Commission Paper Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 24 August 2008 Jump up ^ Education leaving age . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarman Report '' , BBC News Online , London , 27 April 2004 . Jump up ^ The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry , The Stationery Office , 1999 . Jump up ^ Guide for Appropriate Adults Archived 26 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Home Office . Jump up ^ `` Our children are missing : Most vulnerable youngsters are targeted '' . The Independent , London , 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Children 's services - Young runaways : a strategy at last - Log in to Children & Young People Now '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Rosemary ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` Safe Refuges to stop child runaways sleeping rough '' . The Times , London . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) A child migration timeline . The Goldonian . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ( 15 November 2009 ) . `` Brown to apologise to care home children sent to Australia and Canada '' . London : Guardian . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) ' Former British Child Migrants . Retrieved 28 November 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Questions and answers that surround a catalogue of abuse against children '' . The Guardian , London , 16 February 2000 . Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ UNCRC Monitoring committee 2nd report Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 4 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Inquiry reveals abuse at Northumberland homes '' . Community Care , 13 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` INQUEST - United Campaigns For Justice '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary - General - TREATY I - IV - 15. asp ^ Jump up to : `` UN Convention on the Rights of the Child : reporting process '' Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Every Child Matters . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ House of Commons - Health - Second Report Jump up ^ `` Sex abuse priest given four years '' . BBC News Online , London , 23 September 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Exclusive : UK social worker blows the whistle on Jersey Jump up ^ Hill , Amelia . `` Judge admits : Britain 's youth courts ' in chaos ' '' . The Observer , London , 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1999/ukpga_19990014_en_1 Jump up ^ Boseley , Sarah . `` Paediatricians reluctant to court ' backlash ' '' . The Guardian , London , 19 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Confusion over doctors ' role in protecting children Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations , UNICEF 1999 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Narey , Martin . `` Do n't give up on poor children '' . guardian.co.uk ( blog ) , 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ House of Lords - Explanatory Note Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 9 / 5 / 00 . `` After Waterhouse , what ? '' Community Cares . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Summerhill Court Case . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student evidence . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student report for IHEU Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student speech . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly . 55 / 2 . United Nations Millennium Declaration '' , United Nations . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF - Monitoring and statistics - Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) monitoring Jump up ^ Early warning . Community Care , 5 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Director of Children 's Rights . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Commissioner . Announcement of Appointment . Archived 30 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Paul ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Another minister under fire : call for Hodge to quit over child abuse scandal '' . The Independent , London . Jump up ^ Victoria Climbie Inquiry - Phase Two Archived 12 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dickson , Niall ( 17 December 2002 ) . `` Climbie : Legacy of an inquiry '' . BBC News Online , London . Note : Up to Victoria 's death , the police , the social services department of many local authorities , the National Health Service , the NSPCC , and local churches all had contact with her , and noted the signs of abuse . Jump up ^ `` Aims '' Archived 1 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Every Child Matters . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ The Bichard Report Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ First phase of the Mubarek inquiry Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Zahid Mubarek case '' . BBC News Online , 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Devastating indictment ' of prisons '' . BBC News Online , London , 29 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration : Frequently Asked Questions Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Branagan , Mark ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` Ampleforth child abuse scandal hushed up by Basil Hume '' . Yorkshire Post , Leeds . Jump up ^ `` Deepcut Review '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ End Child Poverty - Why End Child Poverty ? Jump up ^ Press release Archived 20 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Howard League for Penal Reform , 17 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Press release from Operation Rectangle . States of Jersey Police , 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Resources and practice - Every Child Matters '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice Briefing Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Haldane Society article Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ An independent review of the systems in place to protect children and keep them safe in residential care between 1950 - 1995 . The Scottish Government , November 2007 . Jump up ^ Scottish Parliament Written answers , 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Policy & Practice : Children 's commissioners - Four nations '' , Children and Young People Now . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Rosemary ( 11 December 2008 ) . `` Safeguards ' still not in place to prevent repeat of Baby P case ' '' . The Times , London . Graham , Dr. Olga. ( 2009 ) Autism : The Teratogen Fallout . Toronto : Free Press 777 . Rights are needed for children with autism regarding training and educating using visual methodology , proper diagnosis and treatment etc . Rights of children to a non-hazardous environment has become urgent . http://autismfallout.com External links ( edit ) Child Advocacy Documents - Worldwide Peter Higginbotham 's history of the workhouse Andrew Roberts ' Mental Health History Timeline International Legal Standards for Children 's Rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_young_people%27s_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=856051515 '' Categories : Children 's rights in the United Kingdom Child care History of youth British history timelines Youth in the United Kingdom Human rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 14 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the age of majority change from 21 to 18 in the uk
[ "The UNCRC defines children, for the purposes of the Convention, as persons under the age 18, unless domestic legislation provides otherwise. In that spirit, this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority, which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18. Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK, the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations, so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies.\n" ]
[ "1970" ]
-7333968262605442623
Hunter Tylo
Hunter Tylo - wikipedia Hunter Tylo Hunter Tylo Tylo at the 2012 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Deborah Jo Hunter ( 1962 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1962 ( age 56 ) Fort Worth , Texas , U.S. Other names Deborah Morehart Alma mater Fordham University Occupation Actress , author Years active 1980 -- present Spouse ( s ) Tom Morehart ( m . 1980 ; div. 1984 ) Michael Tylo ( m . 1987 ; div. 2005 ) Gersson Archila ( m . 2009 ; annulled 2018 ) Children Hunter Tylo ( born Deborah Jo Hunter , July 3 , 1962 ) is an American actress , author and former model . She is best known for her role as Taylor Hayes ( 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- ) on The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Lawsuit 3 Personal life 3.1 Marriages and children 3.2 Religion 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Tylo was born Deborah Jo Hunter in Fort Worth , Texas , the daughter of Jo Anne and Morris Jabez Hunter . She is of Cherokee Native American descent on her mother 's side . She has an older brother Jay , who passed away August 29 , 2018 , and a younger brother named Cliff . Tylo has been credited as Deborah Morehart ; Morehart was the last name of her first husband . Career ( edit ) In 1984 , credited as Deborah Morehart , Tylo appeared in the sorority slasher film The Initiation with future Melrose Place actress Daphne Zuniga . Tylo subsequently became well known after playing regular roles in US daytime soap operas . Her television debut was on All My Children in 1985 . She was fired from the role in 1988 , on the grounds of having a relationship with another cast member , Michael Tylo ( whom she married in 1987 ) . In 1989 , she was cast as Marina Toscano on Days of Our Lives . The character was a rival who caused trouble for one of the soap 's most popular couples , Steven `` Patch '' Johnson and Kayla Brady . Tylo later said , `` Everyone hated my character. ( ... ) I hated her . They ( producers ) said they were going to do something with her , but they never did . ( ... ) I dreaded going to work for the last few weeks I was on the show . '' The character was killed off and Tylo left the series in 1990 . Discouraged by her lack of success on soap operas , Tylo decided to quit acting , and enrolled at Fordham University in the Bronx , New York , intending to be a pre-med student . As she and her husband were preparing to move to New York City , she was offered a role of Dr. Taylor Hayes on The Bold and the Beautiful . She initially resisted the part but eventually relented . She began her tenure in 1990 , while still pursuing her degree at Fordham . In 2000 , Tylo released her autobiography , Making a Miracle . Tylo left The Bold and the Beautiful in 2002 . She returned to the show in 2004 for a two - episode appearance as a vision . In May 2005 , she returned as a series regular and left the series again in July 2013 . In 2014 she returned to the show for a several weeks story arc . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 1996 , Tylo was cast in the primetime soap opera Melrose Place and opted to leave The Bold and the Beautiful to take the role . However , she was fired by Melrose Place producer Aaron Spelling prior to filming any episodes for the series , when she announced she was pregnant . The character she was to play , Taylor McBride , was recast , Lisa Rinna taking the role . Tylo quickly returned to The Bold and the Beautiful . Tylo sued Spelling on grounds of discrimination for being pregnant and won $4.8 million from a Los Angeles jury . Spelling argued that Tylo 's pregnancy rendered her unable to play the character , who was supposed to be a sexy seductress . During the trial , Tylo published pictures of herself while pregnant which showed that she retained a slim figure . Prior to trial , during the discovery phase of the litigation , Tylo 's lawyers won a partial victory in an interlocutory appeal challenging a lower court 's order compelling her to answer a broad range of personal questions . The Court of Appeal established Tylo 's right to refuse to answer questions in her deposition about marital problems and psychological treatment , although the Court sustained the portion of the order which compelled her to answer questions about her efforts to become pregnant , her husband 's ability or inability to impregnate her , and communications with her agent with respect to her efforts and ability to become pregnant . The case is widely recognized as an important one in establishing the right of privacy in deposition and the right of actresses to continue to work while pregnant . Personal Life ( edit ) Marriages and children ( edit ) Tylo has been married three times and has four children . She married her first husband , Tom Morehart , in 1980 . They have a son , Christopher `` Chris '' Morehart , and divorced in 1984 . In 1987 , she married actor Michael Tylo , with whom she had daughters Izabella Gabrielle and Katya Ariel Tylo and son Michael Edward `` Mickey '' Tylo , Jr . In 1998 , the couple 's daughter Katya was diagnosed with a rare cancer of the eye called retinoblastoma . Doctors removed the affected right eye and began chemotherapy . Later in the year a tumor was detected in Katya 's other eye ; that tumor inexplicably disappeared . Katya recovered and wears a prosthetic right eye . The couple divorced in 2005 . On October 18 , 2007 , their son , Michael Tylo , Jr. , drowned in the family pool in Henderson , Nevada . The Clark County Coroner concluded that Michael Tylo , Jr. 's death was caused by `` drowning due to seizure disorder , '' and was ruled accidental . In May 2008 , Tylo filed a restraining order against boyfriend Corey Cofield , claiming that he had acted violently towards her and her children . Shortly after the death of her mother , Joanne Hunter , on November 29 , 2009 , Tylo married Gersson Archila in a secret ceremony in Las Vegas , Nevada . The marriage was annulled on August 30 , 2018 due to Court findings of Gersson being of poor moral character ; 3 convicted counts of spousal abuse , auto theft , drug paraphernalia , misrepresentation by false identity , and hiding a criminal past . Religion ( edit ) Tylo is a born again Christian . She attributes her daughter Katya 's recovery from cancer to constant prayer and credits her faith for helping her deal with the death of her son , Michael . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref 1984 The Initiation Alison Credited as Deborah Morehart Final Cut Anna Credited as Deborah Morehart Longshot Rachel Montgomery A Place Called Home Billie Jeeters TV film They Are Among Us June TV film 2005 Down and Derby Teri Montana Hammerhead : Shark Frenzy Amelia Lockhart Syfy TV film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref 1985 -- 88 All My Children Robin McCall Credited as Deborah Morehart 1989 -- 90 Days of Our Lives Marina Toscano Zorro Senora Del Reynoso Episode : `` Family Business '' 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- The Bold and the Beautiful Dr. Taylor Hayes Series regular ( 1990 -- 2002 ; 2005 -- 13 ) Guest ( 2004 , 2014 ) Recurring role ( 2018 -- ) The Maharaja 's Daughter Messua Shandar TV miniseries 1994 -- 95 Burke 's Law Ingrid Rose Penelope Jordan Episode : `` Who Killed the Hollywood Headshrinker ? '' ( 1995 ) Episode : `` Who Killed the Soap Star ? '' ( 1994 ) Baywatch Heather Episode : `` Windswept '' 1997 Diagnosis : Murder Claire McKenna Episode : `` Physician , Murder Thyself '' 2003 She Spies Dr. Marks / Andres Sarlin Episode : `` Daze of Future Past '' 2015 Queens of Drama Herself Series regular Awards and nominations ( edit ) Tylo has been listed twice on People magazine 's list of `` 50 Most Beautiful People In The World '' . Year Award Work Result Ref Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Actress The Bold and the Beautiful Won 1995 Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Love Story ( shared with Katherine Kelly Lang and Ronn Moss ) Nominated 1997 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Actress Won 1998 Telvis Award for Most Popular Television Stars in Finland -- ( shared with John McCook ) Won 1999 Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated 2002 Telvis Award for Favorite Foreign Actress Won 2003 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Plot Twist -- ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , marla ( 17 June 1993 ) . `` Three 's A Charm After Two Bad Starts , Hunter Tylo Comes Into Her Own In ` B & B ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo : Biography '' . tvguide.com . ^ Jump up to : `` A Real - Life ' The Bold & the Beautiful ' Wedding '' . etonline.com . December 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Beth ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` B&B 's Tylo Leaving , Too ! '' . soapoperadigest.com . Jump up ^ Text of Tylo v. Superior Court ( Spelling Entertainment Group , Inc . ) ( 1997 ) 55 CA4th 1379 is available from : ceb.com ^ Jump up to : Smolowe , Jill ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` A Soap Star 's Devastating Loss '' . people.com . Jump up ^ Gray , Mark ; Nudd , Tim ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Actress Hunter Tylo 's Son Drowns '' . People.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Noelle ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Hunter Tylo 's Son Dies in Accidental Drowning '' . Usmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Hunter Tylo married in secret ceremony '' . Soapcentral . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ( December 1 , 1997 ) . `` Thrown a Curve '' . people.com . Jump up ^ `` People : Praise Be '' . Beaver County Times . October 14 , 1998 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo : ' Nothing More Painful Than Losing a Child ' '' . people.com . November 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Har , Marla ( June 17 , 1993 ) . `` Three 's a Charm '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Executive producers : Lee Phillip Bell and William J. Bell ; Head writer : William J. Bell ( June 6 , 1990 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 25 . Episode 804 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` They 're Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 23 -- 24 . August 16 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' Queens of Drama ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards List '' . boldandbeautiful.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hunter Tylo . Hunter Tylo Official Site Hunter Tylo on IMDb Hunter Tylo on the Net Retinoblastoma International WorldCat Identities BNF : cb15521833j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1369 9955 SNAC : w6m051vx VIAF : 48879930 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunter_Tylo&oldid=863149924 '' Categories : 1962 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Texas American evangelicals American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American people of Cherokee descent Fordham University alumni Living people People from Fort Worth , Texas Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays taylor on bold and the beautiful
[ "Hunter Tylo (born Deborah Jo Hunter, July 3, 1962) is an American actress, author and former model. She is best known for her role as Taylor Hayes (1990–2002, 2004, 2005–13, 2014, 2018–) on The Bold and the Beautiful.\n" ]
[ "Hunter Tylo" ]
7452514419411081428
Raviv Ullman
Raviv Ullman - wikipedia Raviv Ullman Raviv Ullman Ullman during the production of Choice in 2015 Raviv Ullman ( 1986 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1986 ( age 32 ) Eilat , Israel Other names Ricky Ullman Occupation Actor , musician Years active 1997 -- present Raviv Ullman ( Hebrew : רביב אולמן ‎ ; born January 24 , 1986 ) , is an Israeli - American actor and musician . He is best known for playing Phil Diffy , the main character in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future . The actor was credited as Ricky Ullman from 1997 until 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early Career : 1997 -- 2003 2.2 Prominence in television : 2004 -- 2009 2.2. 1 Phil of the Future and Disney 2.2. 2 Rita Rocks and other television and film 2.2. 3 Music 2.3 Post-television career : 2009 -- Present 2.3. 1 Theater 2.3. 2 Music 2.3. 3 Filmmaking 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Films 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ullman was born in Eilat , Israel , to American parents Laura ( née Ehrenkranz ) , a teacher , and Brian Ullman , a printer . He has a younger sister and younger brother named Tali and Nadav , respectively . After his first birthday , his family left their kibbutz in Israel for Norwalk , Connecticut , USA , and then to Fairfield , Connecticut the following year . When Ullman was younger , his father worked as a clown . While attending summer camp , he played Peter Pan , which helped him discover his talents in acting , singing , dancing , and reading drama novels . Ullman was raised in the Conservative and Orthodox denominations of Judaism . His maternal grandfather , Joseph Ehrenkranz , was an Orthodox rabbi in Stamford , Connecticut . Ullman is a first cousin , twice removed , of Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman . Lieberman 's mother and Ullman 's matrilineal great - grandmother were sisters . Ullman taught himself how to play the trombone . Ullman was selected to attend the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation ( HOBY ) youth leadership program of Connecticut in March 2002 where he was selected as the `` outstanding ambassador '' enabling him to attend the HOBY World Leadership Congress in the summer of 2002 . He went to Hillel Academy and is a graduate of Fairfield Warde High School . He was active in National Conference of Synagogue Youth . Career ( edit ) Early career : 1997 -- 2003 ( edit ) Ullman 's first professional role was as Louis in the national touring company of The King and I along with Jesse McCartney . Other productions he worked on include Peter Pan at the Polka Dot Playhouse , The Music Man with the New England Repertory Company , and Just People at the Long Wharf Theatre . He received a 1998 -- 1999 Best Actor nomination from the Connecticut Critics ' Awards for his character Stanley in Stamford Theater Work 's A Rosen by Any Other Name . He had small roles in film and television shows , notably portraying Christopher Knight in the 2000 movie Growing Up Brady . Prominence in television : 2004 -- 2009 ( edit ) Phil of the Future and Disney ( edit ) Ullman is best known for his starring role as Phil Diffy , a teen from the year 2121 on Disney Channel 's Phil of the Future , a series that debuted June 2004 . He also starred as Roscoe in Disney 's made - for - television film Pixel Perfect . During this period , Ullman appeared in other Disney Channel programming like and was an identified member of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , and appeared with other members of the Circle in the music video for `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes , '' where he sang as well as played the drums . Rita Rocks and other television and film ( edit ) In 2004 , Ullman starred as Sam in ABC Family 's television film Searching for David 's Heart . He appeared in a string of independent films including The Big Bad Swim and Driftwood ( 2006 ) , Normal Adolescent Behavior ( 2007 ) , and Prom Wars ( 2008 ) . During this period , he guest - starred in TV shows like Big Love and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Ullman was cast as Kip in the Lifetime sitcom Rita Rocks , which premiered in 2009 . His character was the drummer in the titular character 's band and her daughter 's boyfriend . The show was canceled after two seasons . While Ullman previously went by the stage name Ricky , he started using his real name in 2006 when he guest - starred on an episode of House and continued to use Raviv on all projects since . Music ( edit ) In June 2006 , Ullman and a few of his friends created parody hip - hop music videos under the name the Webee Boys . In December 2006 , Ullman met actor Douglas Smith of Big Love fame and together they formed a band called Goodbye Ian . The group expanded to as many as seven people and later changed its name to His Orchestra . Ullman plays drums and glockenspiel in the band , which released its debut album , Field Guide to the Wilds , on February 24 , 2009 . Post-television career : 2009 -- present ( edit ) Theater ( edit ) After completing Rita Rocks in 2009 , Ullman had some small roles in short films , television , and film but began to focus his career on theater acting , starring in Off - Broadway and regional theater productions . From January 2012 to March 24 , 2012 , Ullman starred as the character Alex in the New Group 's production of Russian Transport Off - Broadway in New York . On April 30 , 2012 , it was announced that Ullman joined the cast of Alena Smith 's new Off - Broadway play The Bad Guys . It began performances on May 22 at the McGinn / Cazale Theater on the Upper West Side in New York City . In 2014 , Ullman acted opposite of Holly Hunter and Richard Chamberlain in the first revival of Sticks and Bones . Sticks and Bones opened November 6 , 2014 and closed December 14 , 2014 . Ullman 's last professional acting credit was in 2015 . However , he has acted since , starring in the 2017 benefit play Right Before I Go at The Town Hall . Music ( edit ) Ullman is an accomplished musician and plays drums and guitar . He has worked as a touring musician , notably with Soko on her 2012 tour . Ullman was a member of the band Reputante , which released their 2013 debut on Julian Casablancas ' record label Cult Records . He departed the band sometime in 2015 . With Reputante members James Levy and Jimmy Giannopoulos , Ullman helped form the band Lolawolf with actress Zoë Kravitz . They released their self - titled debut EP on February 4 , 2014 . He left Lolawolf before the release of their first full - length record , Come Down , in October 2014 . Filmmaking ( edit ) In October 2016 , Ullman announced his project Standing Ground , a documentary that explores the Standing Rock Sioux Nation , the North Dakota Access Pipeline and the fossil fuels industry . Production of the film took place throughout 2017 . Ullman also directs music videos . Personal life ( edit ) Ullman speaks fluent Hebrew and keeps a kosher kitchen . Ullman is an environmentalist and has called himself `` a fourth generation activist '' . He works with TAP ( Teens AIDS Prevention ) . Ullman lives in Brooklyn , New York . Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1998 Crossfire Aziz 2000 Growing Up Brady Christopher Knight TV movie The Boys of Sunset Ridge John Burroughs at 13 Pixel Perfect Roscoe TV movie Searching for David 's Heart Sam TV movie Costume Party Capers : The Incredibles Himself TV movie 2005 Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Eric Voice Totally Suite New Year 's Eve Himself TV movie 2006 The Big Bad Swim Hunter McCarthy Driftwood David Forrester That Guy Logan TV Movie 2007 Normal Adolescent Behavior Price The Violin David Short 2008 Prom Wars Percy Mother Goose Parade Himself How to Make Love to a Woman Scott Conners The Trouble with Cali Lois 2011 A Sense of Humor Laughing Man Short 2013 Contest Rip 2015 The Other Side Jacob TBD Spring Break ' 83 Billy Filming completed in 2007 ; release postponed . Television ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 2002 Guiding Light Jacky Episode dated 16 May 2002 Law & Order : Criminal Intent 1st Boy Episode : `` Crazy '' ( January 13 , 2002 ) 2004 -- 2006 Phil of the Future Phil Diffy 43 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Danny Spencer Episode : `` Obscene '' ( October 12 , 2004 ) 2005 That 's So Raven Jake Haskell `` On Top of Old Oaky '' ( April 22 , 2005 ) 2006 Big Love Donna 's makeout partner Episode : `` Eclipse '' ( April 2 , 2006 ) House Jeremy Episode : `` Fools for Love '' ( October 31 , 2006 ) 2007 Cold Case Phil DiPreta , ' 98 Episode : `` That Woman '' ( September 30 , 2007 ) 2007 Phineas and Ferb Additional voices Episode : `` Rollercoaster / Candace Loses It '' ( August 17 , 2007 ) 2008 The Middleman Derek Episode : `` The Obsolescent Cryogenic Meltdown '' ( August 11 , 2008 ) 2008 -- 2009 Rita Rocks Kip 40 episodes 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Ben Episode : `` The Time Is Now '' ( May 4 , 2011 ) 2015 Broad City Reginald Carolla Episode : `` In Heat '' ( January 14 , 2015 ) Stage ( edit ) Year Play Role Venue Notes The King and I Louis National tour 1999 A Rosen By Any Other Name Stanley 2005 Dead End Tommy Ahmanson Theatre 2012 Russian Transport Alex The New Group @ Theatre Row 2012 The Bad Guys Paul McGinn / Cazale Theatre 2014 The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner Gunthorpe Stage 2 2014 Deathtrap Clifford Anderson Bucks County Playhouse 2014 Sticks and Bones Rick The Pershing Square Signature Center 2015 Bad Jews Jonah Geffen Playhouse 2015 Choice Hunter Huntington Theatre 2018 Right Before I Go The Town Hall One - night benefit References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Linda Tishler ( 19 November 2004 ) . `` Fairfield youth is ' Phil of the Future ' on Disney Channel '' . Jewish Ledger . Fairfield , Connecticut . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fairfield Actor in Disney Channel Program This June '' . Fairfield Citizen News . 19 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Ullman '' . NNDB . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ricky Ullman : Jewish A'Phil'iation '' . Babaganews . Behrman House . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A teen idol with a difference '' . December 9 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Judie ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` Jewish Geography : The Celebrity Edition '' . Jewish Ledger . Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Screen capture from House '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The following film posters feature his real name : 1 , 2 Jump up ^ `` Webee Boys on MySpace Music '' . MySpace . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` His Orchestra on MySpace Music '' . MySpace . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWW TV : STICKS AND BONES ' Richard Chamberlain , Holly Hunter , Bill Pullman & More Meet the Press ! Video '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Huntington Theatre Company '' . www.huntingtontheatre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Standing Ground - A Documentary Film '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` I Was Very on Edge : Zoe Kravitz Explains Why Her New Band Lolawolf Came Together at Just the Right Time '' . ELLE. 2014 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Standing Ground - A Documentary Film '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAST '' . Right Before I Go A New Play by Stan Zimmerman December 4 , 2018 Town Hall NYC . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ League , The Broadway . `` Ricky Ullman -- Broadway Cast & Staff IBDB '' . www.ibdb.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` The New Group Closes RUSSIAN TRANSPORT '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Michael Braun et al. Star in Second Stage Theatre 's THE BAD GUYS , Opening Tonight , 6 / 4 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Photo Flash : Meet the Cast of Atlantic Theater 's LONELINESS OF THE LONG DISTANCE RUNNER '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Marakay . `` BWW Reviews : DEATHTRAP With Marsha Mason at Bucks County Playhouse '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Grigware , Don . `` BWW Reviews : BAD JEWS a Riotous Dramedy at the Geffen '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Huntington Theatre Company '' . www.huntingtontheatre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Raviv Ullman on IMDb VIAF : 169363828 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raviv_Ullman&oldid=835883456 '' Categories : 1986 births American male child actors American drummers American male stage actors American male television actors American people of Israeli descent Israeli emigrants to the United States Jewish Israeli male actors Israeli people of American descent Jewish American male actors Living people Actors from Fairfield , Connecticut People from Eilat 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played phil in phil of the future
[ "Raviv Ullman (Hebrew: רביב אולמן‎; born January 24, 1986), is an Israeli-American actor and musician. He is best known for playing Phil Diffy, the main character in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future. The actor was credited as Ricky Ullman from 1997 until 2006." ]
[ "Raviv Ullman" ]
8591386536447886161
Celestial pole
Celestial pole - wikipedia Celestial pole Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The north and south celestial poles and their relation to axis of rotation , plane of orbit and axial tilt . Diagram of the path of the celestial north pole around the ecliptic north pole . The beginning of the four `` astrological ages '' of the historical period are marked with their zodiac symbols : the Age of Taurus from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age , the Age of Aries from the Middle Bronze Age to Classical Antiquity , the Age of Pisces from Late Antiquity to the present , and the Age of Aquarius beginning in the mid-3rd millennium . The north and south celestial poles are the two imaginary points in the sky where the Earth 's axis of rotation , indefinitely extended , intersects the celestial sphere . The north and south celestial poles appear permanently directly overhead to an observer at the Earth 's North Pole and South Pole , respectively . As the Earth spins on its axis , the two celestial poles remain fixed in the sky , and all other points appear to rotate around them , completing one circuit per day ( strictly , per sidereal day ) . The celestial poles are also the poles of the celestial equatorial coordinate system , meaning they have declinations of + 90 degrees and − 90 degrees ( for the north and south celestial poles , respectively ) . The celestial poles do not remain permanently fixed against the background of the stars . Because of a phenomenon known as the precession of the equinoxes , the poles trace out circles on the celestial sphere , with a period of about 25,700 years . The Earth 's axis is also subject to other complex motions which cause the celestial poles to shift slightly over cycles of varying lengths ; see nutation , polar motion and axial tilt . Finally , over very long periods the positions of the stars themselves change , because of the stars ' proper motions . An analogous concept applies to other planets : a planet 's celestial poles are the points in the sky where the projection of the planet 's axis of rotation intersects the celestial sphere . These points vary because different planets ' axes are oriented differently ( the apparent positions of the stars also change slightly because of parallax effects ) . Celestial bodies other than Earth also have similarly defined celestial poles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Finding the north celestial pole 2 Finding the south celestial pole 2.1 Method one : The Southern Cross 2.2 Method two : Canopus and Achernar 2.3 Method three : The Magellanic Clouds 2.4 Method four : Sirius and Canopus 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Finding the north celestial pole ( edit ) Over the course of an evening in the Northern Hemisphere , circumpolar stars appear to circle around the north celestial pole . Polaris ( within 1 ° of the pole ) is the nearly stationary bright star just to the right of the center of this star trail photo . See also : Pole star and Polar alignment The north celestial pole currently is within a degree of the bright star Polaris ( named from the Latin stella polaris , meaning `` pole star '' ) . This makes Polaris useful for navigation in the northern hemisphere : not only is it always above the north point of the horizon , but its altitude angle is always ( nearly ) equal to the observer 's geographic latitude . Polaris can , of course , only be seen from locations in the northern hemisphere . Polaris is near the celestial pole for only a small fraction of the 25,700 - year precession cycle . It will remain a good approximation for about 1,000 years , by which time the pole will have moved to be closer to Alrai ( Gamma Cephei ) . In about 5,500 years , the pole will have moved near the position of the star Alderamin ( Alpha Cephei ) , and in 12,000 years , Vega ( Alpha Lyrae ) will become our north star , but it will be about six degrees from the true north celestial pole . To find Polaris , face north and locate the Big Dipper ( Plough ) and Little Dipper asterisms . Looking at the `` cup '' part of the Big Dipper , imagine that the two stars at the outside edge of the cup form a line pointing upward out of the cup . This line points directly at the star at the tip of the Little Dipper 's handle . That star is Polaris , the North Star . Finding the south celestial pole ( edit ) Play media A series of shots show the rotation of Earth 's axis relative to the south celestial pole . The Magellanic Clouds and the Southern Cross are clearly visible . Near the end of the video , the Moon rises and illuminates the scene . The south celestial pole over the Very Large Telescope . Locating the south celestial pole The south celestial pole is visible only from the Southern Hemisphere . It lies in the dim constellation Octans , the Octant . Sigma Octantis is identified as the south pole star , over a degree away from the pole , but with a magnitude of 5.5 it is barely visible on a clear night . Method one : the Southern Cross ( edit ) The south celestial pole can be located from the Southern Cross ( Crux ) and its two `` pointer '' stars α Centauri and β Centauri . Draw an imaginary line from γ Crucis to α Crucis -- the two stars at the extreme ends of the long axis of the cross -- and follow this line through the sky . Either go four - and - a-half times the distance of the long axis in the direction the narrow end of the cross points , or join the two pointer stars with a line , divide this line in half , then at right angles draw another imaginary line through the sky until it meets the line from the Southern Cross . This point is 5 or 6 degrees from the south celestial pole . Very few bright stars of importance lie between Crux and the pole itself , although the constellation Musca is fairly easily recognised immediately beneath Crux . Method two : Canopus and Achernar ( edit ) The second method uses Canopus ( the second - brightest star in the sky ) and Achernar . Make a large equilateral triangle using these stars for two of the corners . The third imaginary corner will be the south celestial pole . If Canopus has not yet risen , the second - magnitude Alpha Pavonis can also be used to form the triangle with Achernar and the pole . Method three : the Magellanic clouds ( edit ) The third method is best for a moonless and cloudless night as it uses two faint ' clouds ' in the southern sky . These are marked in astronomy books as Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . These ' clouds ' are actually galaxies close to our own Milky Way . Make an equilateral triangle , the third point of which is the south celestial pole . Method four : Sirius and Canopus ( edit ) A line from Sirius , the brightest star in the sky , through Canopus , the second - brightest , continued for the same distance lands within a couple of degrees of the pole . In other words , Canopus is halfway between Sirius and the pole . See also ( edit ) Celestial sphere Celestial equator Circumpolar star Orbital pole Polaris Pole star References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jim Kaler Professor Emeritus of Astronomy , University of Illinois . `` Measuring the sky A quick guide to the Celestial Sphere '' . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Loyola University Chicago . `` Earth - Sky Relationships and the Celestial Sphere '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swirling Star Trails Over Yepun '' . Picture of the Week . ESO . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) visual representation of finding Polaris using the Big Dipper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celestial_pole&oldid=822311758 '' Categories : Celestial coordinate system Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 17 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the north (or south) celestial pole appear in charleston
[]
[]
980490922094444831
Batting order (baseball)
Batting order ( baseball ) - wikipedia Batting order ( baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the term `` batting order '' as used in baseball . For usage of the term in cricket , see Batting order ( cricket ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lineup card from a 2001 spring training game between the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Braves In baseball , the batting order or batting lineup is the sequence in which the members of the offense take their turns in batting against the pitcher . The batting order is the main component of a team 's offensive strategy . In Major League Baseball , the batting order is set by the manager , who before the game begins must present the home plate umpire with two copies of his team 's lineup card , a card on which a team 's starting batting order is recorded . The home plate umpire keeps one copy of the lineup card of each team , and gives the second copy to the opposing manager . Once the home plate umpire gives the lineup cards to the opposing managers , the batting lineup is final and a manager can only make changes under the Official Baseball Rules governing substitutions . If a team bats out of order , it is a violation of baseball 's rules and subject to penalty . According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary , a team has `` batted around '' when each of the nine batters in the team 's lineup has made a plate appearance , and the first batter is coming up again during a single inning . Dictionary.com , however , defines `` bat around '' as `` to have every player in the lineup take a turn at bat during a single inning . '' It is not an official statistic . Opinions differ as to whether nine batters must get an at - bat , or if the opening batter must bat again for `` batting around '' to have occurred . In modern American baseball , some batting positions have nicknames : `` leadoff '' for first , `` cleanup '' for fourth , and `` last '' for ninth . Others are known by the ordinal numbers or the term # - hole ( 3rd place hitter would be 3 - hole ) . In similar fashion , the third , fourth , and fifth batters are often collectively referred to as the `` heart '' or `` meat '' of the batting order , while the seventh , eighth , and ninth batters are called the `` bottom of the lineup , '' a designation generally referring both to their hitting position and to their typical lack of offensive prowess . At the start of each inning , the batting order resumes where it left off in the previous inning , rather than resetting to start with the # 1 hitter again . If the current batter has not finished his at - bat , by either putting a ball in play or being struck - out , and another baserunner becomes a third out , such as being picked - off or caught stealing , the current batter will lead off the next inning , with the pitch count reset to 0 - 0 . While this ensures that the players all bat roughly the same number of times , the game will almost always end before the last cycle is complete , so that the # 1 hitter ( for example ) almost always has one plate appearance more than the # 9 hitter , which is a significant enough difference to affect tactical decisions . This is not a perfect correlation to each batter 's official count of `` at - bats , '' as a sacrifice ( bunt or fly ) that advances a runner , or a walk ( base on balls or hit by pitch ) is not recorded as an `` at - bat '' as these are largely out of the batter 's control and should not hurt his batting average ( base hits per at - bats . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of the Set Batting Order 1.2 Contrast with Cricket 2 Positions in the lineup 2.1 # 1 2.2 # 2 2.3 # 3 2.4 # 4 2.5 # 5 , # 6 2.6 # 7 , # 8 2.7 # 9 3 Bragan 's Brainstorm 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Development of the set batting order ( edit ) Early forms of baseball or rounders from the mid 19th - Century did not require a fixed batting order , any player who was not on base could be called upon to bat . The concept of a set batting order is said to have been invented by Alexander Cartwright , who also instituted rules such as the foul ball and tagging the runner ( as opposed to pegging him with the ball ) , and devised the shortstop position . In the early days of baseball , the rules did not require that the batting order be announced before game time . This permitted strategic decisions regarding batting order to occur while the game was in progress . For example , Cap Anson was known to wait to see if the first two men got on base in the first inning . If they did not , he would wait and hit in the next inning . However , in the 1880s , organized baseball began mandating that the batting order be disclosed before the first pitch . For example , Rule 36 ( `` The Batsman 's Position -- Order of Batting '' ) in The Playing Rules of Professional Base Ball Clubs of 1896 stated the following : `` The Batsmen must take their positions within the batsmen 's lines ... in the order in which they are named in the batting order , which batting order must be submitted by the Captains of the opposing teams to the Umpire before the game , and this batting order must be followed except in the case of a substitute player , in which case the substitute must take the place of the original player in the batting order . After the first inning the first striker in each inning shall be the batsman whose name follows that of the last man who completed his turn ... in the preceding inning . '' Contrast with cricket ( edit ) Main article : Batting order ( cricket ) In cricket , the batting order is generally fixed so that players are sure of their role within the team , but there is no obligation to submit a definitive batting order and stick to it . A batsman can be `` promoted '' to a higher spot ( or conversely , demoted to a lower one ) in the batting order according to the team 's wishes . The idea of a `` revolving '' batting order is unique to baseball , in which the on - deck batter at the time the final out is made in one inning becomes the lead - off batter ( unless the current batter had not been struck - out or put a ball in play , in which case he returns as the lead - off batter with a 0 - 0 reset pitch count ) in the next inning ( unless his spot is taken by a pinch - hitter ) . In the shorter form of cricket , there is only one inning per side , while in the longer form each side bats a maximum of two times . In a typical innings of this latter form , all eleven players on the team will have a chance to bat , and the innings finishes when 10 players are out . In the team 's second innings , the batting order is usually maintained , but the team can make any changes it desires . As in baseball , many batting order configurations are possible , but a standard order might be : Two opening batsmen - able players who can negotiate a typically difficult period of play . Four middle order batsmen - specialist batsmen who may be more attacking . A wicket - keeper - the equivalent of the catcher , who is also expected to contribute with the bat . Four bowlers - the equivalent of pitchers ; players who may or may not have any ability with the bat . It has been noted that the concept of a batting order in baseball is `` profoundly democratic ; no matter how good a hitter you are , you have to wait your turn . '' In that respect , although baseball , like cricket , `` may have begun as a gentlemen 's game , '' Americans gravitated toward baseball as a better embodiment of the country 's egalitarian ideal , and as a symbol of cultural as well as political independence from the British colonial legacy . However , it should also be remembered that in cricket a single innings lasts hours or even days , and there are periods in which batting can be markedly easier or more difficult . A related factor is that a single ball is used in an innings for around 80 overs ( approximately 5 hours of play ) . At the beginning of an innings , therefore , when bowlers are fresh and the ball is hard , it would be appreciably more challenging for the non-specialist batsmen to make an impact . Conversely , if such a player bats when the ball is old and the bowlers are tired , he can thrive , and this can often be a great source of pleasure to spectators , as insult is added to injury for the other side . Finally , in cricket , there is no such thing as a designated hitter , so even if a bowler has no batting ability , he will still be required to bat , usually as the last man in the order . Positions in the lineup ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) # 1 ( edit ) The first player in the batting order is known as the leadoff hitter . The leadoff batter is traditionally an individual with a high on - base percentage , plate discipline , bat control , good speed , and the ability to steal bases . His goal is to ensure the team has baserunners when the later , more powerful hitters come to bat . Once on base , his main goal is to get into scoring position ( that is , 2nd or 3rd base ) as quickly as possible , either through steals , hit and run plays or intelligent baserunning decisions , and then on to score . His need for a high on - base percentage ( OBP ) exceeds that of the other lineup spots . Because leadoff hitters are selected primarily for their speed and ability to reach base , they are typically not power hitters , but contact hitters . Leadoff hitters typically hit mostly singles and doubles and draw walks to get on base . However , speed is not essential , as was shown by Wade Boggs , but it is highly desired among leadoff hitters . However , today 's model for a leadoff hitter developed only gradually . An early `` job description '' for a leadoff hitter by baseball pioneer Henry Chadwick in 1867 advised only , `` Let your first striker always be the coolest hand of the nine . '' By 1898 , though , a Sporting Life article noted , `` It is customary to have a small , active fellow who can hit , run and steal bases , and also worry a pitcher into a preliminary base on balls , as a leader in the list . '' Examples of classic leadoff hitters are Phil Rizzuto , Richie Ashburn , Maury Wills , Lou Brock , Pete Rose , Rod Carew , Tim Raines , and Ichiro Suzuki , with some having somewhat more power ( Lou Whitaker , Rickey Henderson , Paul Molitor , Derek Jeter , Carlos Gómez , Gerardo Parra , Johnny Damon ) . It should be noted that the term `` leadoff hitter '' can be used interchangeably to describe not only the first batter on the lineup card , but also the first batter up in any particular inning . For example , if , in the second inning , the fifth batter in the lineup card is the first batter up , it will be said that he is leading off or that he is the leadoff batter for that particular inning . # 2 ( edit ) The second batter is usually a contact hitter with the ability to bunt or sacrifice a baserunner over or get a hit . His main goal is to move the leadoff man into scoring position and to avoid grounding into double plays . Managers often like to have a left - handed hitter bat second because of the potential gap in the infield defense caused by the first baseman holding the leadoff batter . As early as 1892 , it was recognized that a left - handed hitter in the second spot would make it easier for a man on base to steal second . On a very good team this batter can have characteristics of both a leadoff hitter and a power hitter ( Manny Machado , Curt Flood , Joe Morgan , Robin Yount , Alan Trammell ) , in some such cases abandoning the advantage of having a left - hand hitter in favor of a good right - handed hitter . # 3 ( edit ) The third batter , in the three - hole , is generally the best all - around hitter on the team , often hitting for a high batting average but not necessarily very fast . Part of his job is to reach base for the cleanup hitter , and part of it is to help drive in baserunners himself . Third - place hitters are best known for `` keeping the inning alive '' . However , in recent years , some managers have tended to put their best slugger in this position . Typically the greatest hitters for a combination of power and OBP on their teams bat third , as is shown by the use of such hitters as Babe Ruth , Mel Ott , Ted Williams , Willie Mays , Chipper Jones , Barry Bonds , Mickey Mantle , Carl Yastrzemski , Albert Pujols , Joey Votto , Andrew McCutchen , Miguel Cabrera , Ken Griffey Jr. , Josh Hamilton , Evan Longoria , José Bautista , Edwin Encarnación , Mike Trout , and Hank Aaron in this position in the lineup . Even without the combination of extreme power ( Yogi Berra , Al Kaline , George Brett ) or high batting average ( Ernie Banks , Harmon Killebrew , Johnny Bench , Mike Schmidt , Reggie Jackson ) this batting position contains an inordinate number of hitters who eventually become members of the Baseball Hall of Fame . # 4 ( edit ) The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter , also known as the cleanup spot and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team , often the one with the most power and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits ( double , triple , or home run ) . Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean - up man , so that the fourth batter can `` clean '' the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs . His main goal is to drive in runs , although he is expected to score runs as well . Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent , and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations ( such as the bases loaded with two out ) . Examples of # 4 hitters include Lou Gehrig , Eddie Mathews , Willie McCovey , Billy Williams , Tony Pérez , Eddie Murray , Daniel Murphy , Alex Rodriguez , Prince Fielder , David Ortiz , Edgar Martínez , and Ryan Howard . The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that , at the beginning of the game , if at least one of the first three batters reaches base with a single - base hit or walk , a home run will result in two or more runs rather than just one ( a `` solo '' home run ) . If all three players reach base , thereby loading the bases , the cleanup hitter has the chance to hit a grand slam , scoring four runs . But even without the grand slam , this batter can extend an inning with a high batting average and frequent walks . However , since home runs were a rarity before 1920 , the concept of slotting a home run hitter fourth was slow to develop . However , the need for a good run producer in that position was recognized from the early days in baseball history , as demonstrated by Cap Anson generally penciling his name there . As power came to play a larger role in the game , the tendency to bat home run hitters fourth developed accordingly . In 1904 , sportswriter Tim Murnane stated unequivocally that `` The heavy hitter of the team is located at the fourth place . '' The # 3 and # 4 hitters can often be switched in roles . For example , the 2011 Detroit Tigers had Miguel Cabrera as their # 4 hitter but moved him to the # 3 hitter after acquiring Prince Fielder as a free agent before the 2012 season . # 5 , # 6 ( edit ) The fifth and sixth ( and sometimes seventh ) batters have traditionally been RBI men , with the main goal of driving runners home , especially with sacrifice flies . The 3rd , 4th and 5th hitters in the lineup are called the `` heart of the order '' , signifying their collective ability to get on base , hit for power and drive in runs . Modern sabermetric baseball theories suggests that even the 5th and 6th batters should have high on - base percentages , though this approach has not been universally adopted . The fifth batter is usually a team 's second - best power hitter , and his purpose is often to `` protect '' the clean - up hitter in the batting order . He is expected to pose enough of a threat that the opposing team refrains from intentionally walking the clean - up hitter in potential scoring situations . The sixth hitter serves as a backup to the fifth hitter in case he fails to score runs or to drive more in himself if another scoring opportunity presents itself . # 7 , # 8 ( edit ) The seventh and eighth batters are often not as powerful as the earlier batters , and do not have as high a batting average . They are often players who are in the lineup more because of their defensive ability ( typically catcher , second baseman or shortstop ) than their ability as hitters . They are still expected to produce ( as is the case for any regular starter ) , but they have less pressure in those spots . The main pressure on the eighth hitter comes when there are two outs : in this case , he must battle the pitcher to get on base so that the ninth hitter can come up . That way , even if the ninth hitter gets out , the top of the order comes up next . Very often the # 7 hitter is a catcher , commonly the slowest baserunner on a team whose lack of speed would contribute to a large number of double plays higher in the order even if he is a good hitter ( Bill Freehan ) . The eighth batter is often a good contact hitter , and can be used as a back - up # 2 hitter . In leagues without designated hitters ( DHs ) , the catcher often bats eighth , as they are often employed for their defensive skills and handling of the pitching staff , and tend to have a relatively low batting average . However , this is by no means always the case . In a situation where the pitcher is batting in the # 9 slot , # 8 hitters are sometimes intentionally walked to get to the pitcher 's spot in the # 9 hole ; however , with two outs the opposing pitcher is expected to battle the # 8 hitter , so in the event of an out the pitcher leads off the following inning . # 9 ( edit ) In the presence of the designated hitter , the ninth batter is often like the second leadoff . Ninth - hitters tend to be fast , and have a decent on - base percentage like the leadoff hitter . In leagues where the DH rule is not in effect , the starting pitcher almost always fills the ninth spot , although relief pitchers may occupy a different spot due to a double switch . If there is a man on first or second base with fewer than two outs when the ninth hitter is up , he almost always bunts . However , a notable alternative exists to this , in which the pitcher or weakest hitter actually bats in the 8th slot , and another player with decent OBP and speed bats in the 9th slot , thus creating a kind of second leadoff hitter , at the bottom of the lineup , that loops to the top of the order afterwards . This has been used sparingly in the major leagues , but was notably employed by St. Louis Cardinals manager Tony La Russa in the second half of the 1998 baseball season , and again in August 2007 and in 2008 , and by Milwaukee Brewers manager Ned Yost in 2008 . Joe Maddon is currently placing the pitcher in the # 8 spot during the beginning of the 2017 Cubs season . Bragan 's brainstorm ( edit ) In 1957 major league manager Bobby Bragan placed his best hitter in the leadoff position and the remainder of his lineup in descending batting average order . Earnshaw Cook in his 1966 book , Percentage Baseball , claimed that , using a computer , Bragan 's lineup would result in 1 to 2 more wins per season . A recent computer simulation demonstrates the superiority of Bragan 's lineup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baseball Explained by Phillip Mahony , McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived 2014 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dickson , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 82 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batted around - Define Batted around at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` MLB : Here 's a Perplexing Question to Bat Around '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerard , David P. ( 2013 ) . Baseball GPA : A New Statistical Approach to Performance and Strategy . McFarland . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 9780786472567 . ^ Jump up to : Zirin , Dave ( 2008 ) . A People 's History of Sports in the United States : 250 Years of Politics . New York , USA : The New Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781595581006 . ^ Jump up to : James , Bill ( 2010 ) . The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract . USA : Simon and Schuster . p. 40 . ISBN 9781439106938 . Jump up ^ Henry Chadwick , ed. ( 1896 ) . Spalding 's Base Ball Guide and Official League Book for ... : Volume 1896 . American Sports Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Knight , Jullian ( 2013 ) . Cricket For Dummies . John Wiley & Son . ISBN 9781118480342 . Jump up ^ http://cricket.about.com/od/cricketforbeginners/tp/How-To-Interpret-A-Cricket-Batting-Order.htm ^ Jump up to : Alvin L. Hall ; et al. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture , 2000 . McFarland . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 9780786481705 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/5-of-the-best-innings-by-the-tail-enders-in-international-cricket ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( Third Edition ) . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 193 , 498 . ISBN 9780393073492 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Peter ( 2006 ) . A Game of Inches : The Stories Behind the Innovations that Shaped Baseball . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 218 -- 220 . ISBN 9781566636773 . Jump up ^ MLB.com La Russa shakes up lineup . August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Official Site of The St. Louis Cardinals : News : Notes : La Russa to bat pitcher eighth External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly Single Slap bunt Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Passed ball Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Baseball positions Pitchers by role Ace pitcher Starting pitcher Relief pitcher Middle relief pitcher Long reliever Setup man Closer Left - handed specialist by style Power pitcher Control pitcher Ground ball pitcher Fly ball pitcher Switch pitcher Defensive players by number Pitcher ( 1 / P ) Catcher ( 2 / C ) First baseman ( 3 / 1B ) Second baseman ( 4 / 2B ) Third baseman ( 5 / 3B ) Shortstop ( 6 / SS ) Left fielder ( 7 / LF ) Center fielder ( 8 / CF ) Right fielder ( 9 / RF ) by type Pitcher Catcher Infielder Outfielder Utility player Utility infielder Position player Fourth outfielder Corner outfielder Offensive players by role Batter Runner Batting order ( 1 -- 9 ) Designated hitter Pinch hitter Pinch runner Lead off Leadoff hitter Cleanup hitter by style Clutch hitter Contact hitter Power hitter Switch hitter Non-players Official scorer Umpire Manager Coaches Batboy Ball boy / girl General manager Related Captain Battery Disabled list Phantom ballplayer Platoon system Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batting_order_(baseball)&oldid=805390996 '' Categories : Batting ( baseball ) Baseball positions Baseball strategy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from July 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the clean up hitter in baseball
[ "The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter, also known as the cleanup spot and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team, often the one with the most power and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits (double, triple, or home run).[13] Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean-up man, so that the fourth batter can \"clean\" the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs. His main goal is to drive in runs, although he is expected to score runs as well. Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent, and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations (such as the bases loaded with two out). Examples of #4 hitters include Lou Gehrig, Eddie Mathews, Willie McCovey, Billy Williams, Tony Pérez, Eddie Murray, Daniel Murphy, Alex Rodriguez, Prince Fielder, David Ortiz, Edgar Martínez, and Ryan Howard." ]
[ "fourth player in the batting order" ]
-108112845754333522
Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)
Anything you can do ( I can do better ) - wikipedia Anything you can do ( I can do better ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Anything You Can Do '' is a song composed by Irving Berlin for the 1946 Broadway musical , Annie Get Your Gun . The song is a duet , with one male singer and one female singer attempting to outdo each other in increasingly complex tasks . In the musical , the song sets the scene for the climactic sharpshooting contest between Annie Oakley and Frank Butler . Its most memorable lines are , `` Anything you can do I can do better ; I can do anything better than you . '' The song was first performed in Annie Get Your Gun by Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton . During the song , they argue playfully about who can , for example , sing softer , sing higher , sing sweeter , and hold a note for longer , and boast of their abilities and accomplishments , such as opening safes and living on bread and cheese , although Annie always seems to counter Frank 's argument . Neither can `` bake a pie , '' though . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable versions 2 Other recorded versions 3 Variants 4 References Notable versions ( edit ) Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton from original cast recording ( 1946 ) . Bing Crosby , Dick Haymes and The Andrews Sisters - recorded for Decca Records on March 19 , 1947 . Groucho Marx and his daughter Melinda Marx ( a child at the time ) in home movie footage used for select TV specials . Ethel Merman and Howard Keel ( 1950 ) Betty Hutton and Howard Keel in the 1950 film version of the musical Mary Martin and John Raitt on the 1957 National Tour recording Doris Day and Robert Goulet for the Columbia Records album Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Ethel Merman and Bruce Yarnell in the 1966 revival recording . Dusty Springfield and Freddie Paris on Bandstand ( 1967 ) . Robert Morse and an office computer in 1968 TV series That 's Life , episode S1E11 `` Bobby 's Pink Slip '' Barbara Walters and Howard Cosell on Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell in 1975 debating who interviews people better . Ethel Merman and Miss Piggy ( 1976 ) in The Muppet Show , episode 1.22 In 1963 , Heidi Brühl and Robert Trehy performed a German version in the stage version of this musical at the Theater des Westens in Berlin . In 1977 , Tina Arena and John Bowles recorded a version for their album Tiny Tina and Little John . In 1990 , Kidsongs released Ride the Roller Coaster , which contained a version of this song . Fran Drescher and Madeline Zima ( 1994 ) in The Nanny , episode S1E22 `` I Do n't Remember Mama '' Michael Jordan and Mia Hamm , Gatorade `` Michael vs. Mia '' commercial ( 1997 ) , performed by Sophia Ramos Bernadette Peters and Tom Wopat in the 1999 Broadway revival version of the musical Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso in a 2007 Mercedes - Benz commercial with Mika Häkkinen performing the last line . Blaire Elbert and Madeline Powell Cactus Cuties Performed at Cactus Theatere in Texas in 2008 . American rapper J. Cole used the `` Anything you can do '' line in his 2010 single `` Who Dat '' . Lindsay Pearce sang a mashup of `` Anything Goes '' / `` Anything You Can Do '' in the Glee 2011 third - season premiere , `` The Purple Piano Project '' . Dirty Rice sampled the opening lines of the song in the 116 Clique song `` Envy '' off the 2011 album Man Up by the 116 Clique . Julianne Hough and Derek Hough on their Move Live on Tour in 2014 Dame Shirley Bassey performed this song with the group BLAKE on the 2016 TV Special titled , David Walliams Celebrates Dame Shirley Bassey Barbra Streisand and Melissa McCarthy perform the duet as part of Streisand 's 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway , with altered lyrics . Lusamine and Guzma MMD on a popular video on the website YouTube . AP - 5 and Chopper on the Star Wars Rebels 2017 episode `` Double Agent Droid . '' Darci Lynne Farmer and Terry Fator with their two puppets , Petunia and Winston on the finale of season 12 of America 's Got Talent . Other recorded versions ( edit ) Ethel Merman and Neilson Taylor ( 1973 ) Judy Garland and Howard Keel ( Pre-Production of film Annie Get Your Gun ) The Majors Von Trapp Children ( Song is on their Live in Concert DVD . ) Variants ( edit ) Peter Tosh : `` I 'm the Toughest '' Neil Patrick Harris and Hugh Jackman : Live performance , 2011 Tony Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annie Get Your Gun listing at Internet Broadway Database ibdb.com , accessed November 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mordden , Ethan ( 8 August 2013 ) . Anything Goes : A History of American Musical Theatre . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 931357 - 0 . Jump up ^ Flinn , Caryl ( 2007 ) . Brass Diva : The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman . University of California Press . p. 455 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Corp. , Hal Leonard ( 1 February 2006 ) . Lyrics ( Songbook ) : Complete Lyrics for Over 1000 Songs from Broadway to Rock . Hal Leonard . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4584 - 6657 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV.com entry on episode S1E11 of That 's Life Jump up ^ Schechter , Scott ( 25 August 2006 ) . Judy Garland : The Day - by - Day Chronicle of a Legend . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3555 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris and Former Tony Host Hugh Jackman Face Off '' . Playbill . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Irving Berlin , Dorothy Fields , and Herbert Fields ' Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 ) Characters Annie Oakley Frank Butler Chief Sitting Bull Buffalo Bill Pawnee Bill Adaptations Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 film ) Annie du Far - West ( 1950 French operetta ) Recordings Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Annie Get Your Gun - 1986 London Cast ( 1986 ) Music `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` I 'm an Indian , Too '' `` I Got Lost In His Arms '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' '' `` Anything You Can Do '' Related Songs ( fuller list ) Irving Berlin songs `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` All Alone '' `` All by Myself '' `` All My Life '' `` Always '' `` Any Bonds Today ? '' `` Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) '' `` The Best Thing for You ( Would Be Me ) '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Change Partners '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` Count Your Blessings '' `` Daddy , Come Home '' `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` Easter Parade '' `` Follow the Crowd '' `` Get Thee Behind Me Satan '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` God Bless America '' `` Happy Holiday '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Heaven Watch the Philippines '' `` How About Me ? '' `` How Deep Is the Ocean ? '' `` How 's Chances ? '' `` I Got Lost in His Arms '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' ( and the Moon at Night ) '' `` I Used to Be Color Blind '' `` I Want To Go Back To Michigan '' `` I 'm an Indian Too '' `` I 'm Gonna Pin My Medal on the Girl I Left Behind '' `` I 'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket '' `` I 've Got My Captain Working for Me Now '' `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' `` Is n't This a Lovely Day ? '' `` It 's a Lovely Day Today '' `` Lazy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' `` Let 's Have Another Cup of Coffee '' `` Let 's Take an Old - Fashioned Walk '' `` Mandy '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` The Near Future '' `` No Strings ( I 'm Fancy Free ) '' `` Now It Can Be Told '' `` Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning '' `` Play a Simple Melody '' `` A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody '' `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' `` Reaching for the Moon '' `` Remember '' `` San Francisco Bound '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Sisters '' `` Slumming on Park Avenue '' `` The Song Is Ended ( but the Melody Lingers On ) '' `` Stay Down Here Where You Belong '' `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' `` Supper Time '' `` That International Rag '' `` That Mysterious Rag '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Top Hat , White Tie and Tails '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When I Lost You '' `` White Christmas '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` You Can Have Him '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` You Keep Coming Back Like a Song '' `` You 'd Be Surprised '' `` You 're Just in Love '' `` You 're Laughing at Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anything_You_Can_Do_(I_Can_Do_Better)&oldid=813094098 '' Categories : Songs from Annie Get Your Gun Songs written by Irving Berlin 1946 songs Doris Day songs Vocal duets The Muppets songs Songs with feminist themes Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the song anything you can do from
[ "\"Anything You Can Do\" is a song composed by Irving Berlin for the 1946 Broadway musical, Annie Get Your Gun.[1] The song is a duet, with one male singer and one female singer attempting to outdo each other in increasingly complex tasks." ]
[ "Annie Get Your Gun" ]
6622535765292739695
Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game
Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game - wikipedia Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game New York Knicks Philadelphia Warriors 147 169 Total New York Knicks 26 42 38 41 147 Philadelphia Warriors 42 37 46 44 169 Date March 2 , 1962 Venue Hershey Sports Arena , Hershey , Pennsylvania Attendance 4,124 Wilt Chamberlain set the single - game scoring record in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) by scoring 100 points for the Philadelphia Warriors in a 169 -- 147 win over the New York Knicks on March 2 , 1962 , at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . It is widely considered one of the greatest records in basketball . Chamberlain set five other league records that game including most free throws made , a notable achievement , as he was regarded as a poor free throw shooter . The teams broke the record for most combined points in a game ( 316 ) . That season , Chamberlain averaged a record 50.4 points per game , and he had broken the NBA single - game scoring record ( 71 ) earlier in the season in December with 78 points . The third - year center had already set season scoring records in his first two seasons . In the fourth quarter , the Knicks began fouling other players to keep the ball away from Chamberlain , and they also became deliberate on offense to reduce the number of possessions for Philadelphia . The Warriors countered by committing fouls of their own to get the ball back . The game was not televised , and no video footage of the game has been recovered ; there are only audio recordings of the game 's fourth quarter . The NBA was not yet a major sports league and struggled to compete against college basketball . The attendance at this game was around half of capacity , and no members of the New York press were at the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prologue 2 Game report 2.1 First three quarters 2.2 Breaking records 2.3 Finale 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Box score 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Prologue ( edit ) Chamberlain was in his third season in the NBA , having set season scoring records in each of his first two seasons with 37.6 and then 38.4 points per game . Frank McGuire , the Warriors ' new coach , started the season vowing to get the ball to Chamberlain `` two - thirds of the time . '' Sports Illustrated wrote that McGuire 's `` eventual effect may be to measurably change the character of professional basketball from the brawling , hustling , cigar - in - the - face and eye - on - the - till game it has been for decades to the major league sport which it longs and deserves to be . '' He was determined to play Chamberlain every minute of every game ; the 7 - foot - 1 - inch ( 2.16 m ) and 260 - pound ( 120 kg ) center had missed only eight minutes and 33 seconds that season due to disqualification in a game from technical fouls . In three earlier games that week , Chamberlain had scored 67 , 65 , and 61 points respectively , giving him an already - record 15 times scoring 60 or more points in his career . He was closing in on 4,000 points for the season , needing 237 more ; no other player had ever scored 3,000 points at that point . On December 8 , 1961 , in a triple overtime game versus the Los Angeles Lakers , he set a new NBA record by scoring 78 points , breaking the record of 71 previously set by Elgin Baylor . Legendary Laker broadcaster Chick Hearn often told the story that after the game , he asked Baylor if it bothered him that Chamberlain had an extra 15 minutes to break the record . According to Hearn , Baylor said he was n't concerned because `` someday that guy is going to score 100 '' . Rival center Bill Russell predicted , `` ( Chamberlain ) has the size , strength , and stamina to score one hundred some night . '' In a high school game in 1955 , Chamberlain had scored 90 points in a 123 -- 21 victory . The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote , `` Chamberlain might have hit 100 if he had played the entire 32 minutes . '' George Mikan ( # 99 ) , here shown in his collegiate uniform , dominated the NBA before Chamberlain . Before Chamberlain , the most dominant big man in the NBA was 6 - foot - 10 - inch ( 2.08 m ) George Mikan . In November 1950 , the Fort Wayne Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting to limit the impact of the Minneapolis Lakers ' Mikan . The Pistons attempted 13 shots in the game , and won 19 -- 18 . NBA President Maurice Podoloff said , `` In our game , with the number of stars we have , we of necessity run up big scores . '' In the 1950 -- 51 season , teams averaged just above 80 points per game . The NBA introduced the 24 - second shot clock in 1954 , and league scoring and attendance increased . By the 1961 -- 62 season , teams were averaging 119 points each game . Chamberlain that season was one of 37 black players in the league , the NBA having started integration of blacks in 1950 . With their emergence , the NBA game was stylistically being played faster and above the rim . Many of the league 's great players were black , and blacks believed they were limited by a league quota of four black players per team . Critics suggested that basketball was becoming uninteresting with taller players dominating . Warriors teammate Joe Ruklick thought that `` the attitude ( among white players in the NBA ) was , in my opinion , ' ( Chamberlain ) is a freak who will come and go . There will never be a black guy doing this again . ' '' Chamberlain , nicknamed Dipper , was revolutionizing the sport with his slam dunks , nicknamed the Dipper Dunk . Traditionalists considered dunking poor sportsmanship , and their occurrence was rare . As the league 's second tallest player , Chamberlain began dunking more regularly . He was still more of a finesse player , preferring fadeaway shots and finger rolls . He rarely dunked forcefully . Teammate Paul Arizin believed Chamberlain did not want to be perceived as great merely from being tall . There was little advance excitement about the pending Warriors - Knicks game that Friday . Only five games remained in the regular season , with the Warriors ( 46 -- 29 ) in second place -- eleven games behind the Boston Celtics -- and the Knicks in last place . Chamberlain had spent the night before the game in New York City , partying all night with a female companion before dropping her off at her home at 6 am With no sleep and suffering from a hangover , he boarded the train to Philadelphia at 8 am , met several friends at the Philadelphia train station , and had a long lunch with them , thus almost missing the team bus to Hershey . The other players were similarly bored . Warriors player York Larese said : `` The biggest thrill in my life was to see that . There was nothing exciting about the Knicks playing the Warriors in Hershey . Chocolate was more exciting . '' The game was played at Hershey Sports Arena , an old drafty gym originally built for ice hockey . The league occasionally played games in remote towns to attract new fans . This was the Warriors ' third `` home '' game of the season in Hershey , which was 85 miles ( 137 km ) from Philadelphia . The Warriors ' Tom Meschery called the arena `` god - forsaken place ... The town of Hershey was built around a huge chocolate factory ; everything there became permeated with the smell of chocolate . It was practically impossible to stay indoors ; people felt sick . I was just dreaming to leave the place as fast as I could . '' On a cold , rainy Friday night , only 4,124 spectators paid to see the game , more to see players from the Philadelphia Eagles , the local American football team , play an exhibition basketball game against their colleagues from the Baltimore Colts before the NBA game started . The arena 's capacity was over 8,000 , and Warriors owner Eddie Gottlieb was infamous for exaggerating attendance numbers . Warriors home attendance had dropped from 7,000 in Chamberlain 's rookie season to less than 5,000 in this , his third , season . College basketball had started offering doubleheaders during the Great Depression to provide customers value for their money . Fans had grown accustomed to watching two games , so doubleheaders in the NBA became common . The National Basketball Association was still struggling in its 16th season , not yet a major sports league and less established than college basketball . The league was hardly national , with only one team , the Los Angeles Lakers , west of St. Louis . The NBA received low television ratings , and this game was not televised . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) considered not renewing the league 's television contract . No members from the New York press were present as reporters were in Florida covering spring training for the New York Yankees and the expansion New York Mets . With few in the media present , the Warriors ' publicist was tasked this night with being the stringer for the Associated Press ( AP ) , United Press International ( UPI ) , and The Philadelphia Inquirer . Only two photographers were at the game . The Knicks were shorthanded with their starting center , Phil Jordon , out sick . Jordon 's illness was officially reported as influenza but it was widely suspected he was simply hung over . Jordon , in an early - season game , had played Chamberlain even , scoring 33 points to the Warriors center 's 34 . The Knicks instead started 6 - foot - 10 - inch ( 2.08 m ) , 220 - pound ( 100 kg ) , second - year player Darrall Imhoff , a strong defensive player in college who led the California Golden Bears to the NCAA championship in 1959 and won a gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics . New York also had 6 - foot - 9 - inch ( 2.06 m ) , 210 - pound ( 95 kg ) , backup center Cleveland Buckner , a better shooter than a defender who Chamberlain overpowered for an NBA record 28 points in one quarter two days earlier . Game report ( edit ) First three quarters ( edit ) According to McGuire , the game did not start with any game plan to get Chamberlain 100 points . After a few minutes , the Warriors led 19 -- 3 , and their star center had already scored 13 points and made his first five shots . At the end of the first quarter , the Knicks trailed 42 -- 26 , and in his typical style , Chamberlain had already scored 23 points , making all nine of his free throws . Free throws were the weakest part of his game , making barely more than half in his first seasons . He had started shooting free throws underhanded that season per McGuire 's suggestion . Chamberlain at that point was thinking more about a free throw shooting record than scoring a lot of points ; the NBA record was 24 free throws made in a game . Imhoff was soon benched because of foul trouble . After one foul , he snapped at the referee , `` Well , why do n't you just give the guy a hundred now and we 'll all go home ! '' Neither referee had ever been a lead official before , and Imhoff privately wished a stronger lead was working the game . By halftime , the Warriors had lost some of their edge , but still led 79 -- 68 . Chamberlain 's point total stood at 41 . The Warriors felt little excitement , as he had scored 60 or more points on 15 previous occasions . `` I often came into the locker room with 30 or 35 points , therefore , 41 points was not a big deal '' , Chamberlain later explained . During halftime , the Warriors ' Guy Rodgers said , `` Let 's get the ball to Dip . Let 's see how many he can get . '' McGuire agreed . This simple tactic proved unstoppable . Soon , he had surpassed the 50 - point barrier , causing arena speaker Dave Zinkoff to fire up the previously sleepy crowd . Chamberlain also kept his cool despite getting perpetually triple and quadruple - teamed by the Knicks , who did not shy away from hard fouls to distract the center . McGuire was irate and demanded that the referees call more fouls , but Chamberlain could not be stopped . He scored another 28 points to lift his Warriors to a commanding 125 -- 106 lead by the end of the third quarter . His own total stood at 69 , nine shy of his previous scoring record . The Knicks ' third center , Dave Budd , who alternated with the foul - troubled Imhoff at pivot , later stated that resistance was futile : `` You could n't play ( Chamberlain ) conventionally because he was so big . The only thing you could attempt to do was either front him , and in that case they 'd try to lob it in to him , or beat him down the floor and set up where he wanted to get and force him out a couple of extra steps . The guy weighed 300 or 270 ( pounds ) , so that was n't easy , either . '' Chamberlain now realized he could break his own 73 - point scoring record ( for a regulation 48 - minute game ) or his record 78 points , set in triple overtime . Breaking records ( edit ) Dave Zinkoff , the public address announcer , began announcing Chamberlain 's point total after each of his baskets . With ten minutes to play in the game , Warriors forward Tom Meschery sensed the team concept breaking down . The team 's offense had shifted to getting Chamberlain the ball and then stopping and watching instead of cutting and moving without the ball . Chamberlain needed 25 points with eight minutes remaining to reach 100 , a rate equivalent to 150 points in a full game . He scored his 79th point with 7 : 51 left , breaking his own record and sending the crowd into a frenzy . The 4,124 spectators screamed , `` Give it to Wilt ! Give it to Wilt ! '' After he reached 80 , the crowd yelled for 100 . Chamberlain thought , `` Man , these people are tough . I 'm tired . I 've got 80 points and no one has ever scored 80 . '' The Warriors continued giving Chamberlain the ball . Warrior Al Attles later explained , `` We wanted that Wilt got the record , because we all liked him . '' Attles himself led by example , passing up on an easy layup so that Chamberlain could score points 88 and 89 , five minutes before the end . With six minutes remaining , the Knicks began intentionally fouling any Warrior except Chamberlain , keeping the ball out of the center 's hands . New York also began moving the ball slowly and using as much of the shot clock as possible to leave fewer opportunities for Chamberlain to score . Effectively , they played the opposite of what a normal club would do if they faced a deficit , willingly giving up many easy points instead of making attempts to rally back . Meschery said the Warriors lobbed the ball in from the sideline across the floor directly to Chamberlain , who would use his size and strength to get the ball . Chamberlain was the only Warrior to make a field goal in almost four minutes before Meschery made a jump shot at 4 : 15 . Philadelphia began quickly fouling New York with around four minutes left , reciprocating the intentional foul strategy . Warriors coach Frank McGuire at one point pulled out his entire starting five , save Chamberlain , and replaced them with bench players . The intention was to foul the Knicks , get the ball back after free throws and give Chamberlain the ball . Thus each team spent the last minutes fouling each other . The Warriors ended with 25 personal fouls , and the Knicks with 32 , and lost Imhoff and Willie Naulls with six fouls . With 2 : 12 left , Chamberlain had 94 points , and he scored on a fadeaway for his 96th point . His next basket at 1 : 19 came off a lob pass from York Larese for a powerful dunk that was rare for Chamberlain . Gary M. Pomerantz in his book Wilt , 1962 : The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era wrote that Chamberlain 's usual `` Dipper Dunk '' was `` a considerably less emphatic basket stuff , like a rock that barely ripples the pond . '' With less than a minute left in the game , Chamberlain set up in the post . Ruklick passed to Rodgers , who passed to Chamberlain close to the basket , but he missed the shot . Ted Luckenbill rebounded and passed it back to Chamberlain , who missed again . Luckenbill again rebounded and this time passed to Ruklick , who eschewed an easy layup and instead lobbed a high pass to Chamberlain . With 46 seconds left , Chamberlain got free from the five Knicks , jumped high and put the ball into the basket to hit the century mark . Eyewitness accounts of the historic basket differ as to whether Chamberlain merely laid the ball in or actually stuffed the ball through the hoop for an alley - oop slam dunk . In any event , the arena exploded in a frenzy and over 200 spectators stormed the floor , wanting to touch the hero of the night . Ruklick immediately ran to the scorer 's table to ensure that he was officially credited with the assist . Finale ( edit ) For years , the belief was that the final 46 seconds of the game were not played after Chamberlain scored his 100th point due to the celebration on the court ; Chamberlain himself was quoted as having made that claim . However , recordings from the WCAU radio broadcast include announcer Bill Campbell resuming his play - by - play call after Chamberlain 's 100th point and calling the game to its conclusion . A copy of the radio broadcast of the game was only uncovered in 1988 . WCAU 's original game tape had been recorded over by one of its engineers , a standard practice in those days . However , a Philadelphian had recorded with a Dictaphone part of Campbell 's coverage in the fourth quarter , but only the Warriors possessions . Two years later , a reel - to - reel tape of Campbell 's entire fourth quarter call surfaced ; Jim Trelease , then a college student at the University of Massachusetts , had recorded a 3 am re-broadcast of the fourth quarter of the game . The NBA merged the reel - to - reel with the Dictaphone tape , which also included a short postgame show . German sports journalist Gunter Bork specified that the interruption resulting from Chamberlain 's 100th point lasted for nine minutes , after which play continued . Over the years , Harvey Pollack , who at the time was in charge of publicity and statistics for the Warriors , has given conflicting statements on the question . In a 1992 book , he was twice quoted as saying that the game ended with 46 seconds remaining . But in a 2002 interview quoted by Chamberlain biographer Robert Cherry , Pollack said that the last 46 seconds were played , and that Chamberlain just stood in the middle circle , waiting for the game to end and not wanting to touch the ball , as `` 100 sounded better than 102 '' . The game 's official box score notes that Warrior Joe Ruklick missed two free throws after the break . Ruklick said he planned to miss the second free throw in hopes that Chamberlain might rebound it and get 102 points . The radio postgame show reported the Warriors defeating the Knicks 169 -- 150 . However , the official scorer 's report recorded the game as 169 -- 147 , a discrepancy that has never been explained . Chamberlain made 36 of 63 field - goals and 28 of 32 free throws , the latter a far better rate than his roughly 50 % career average . In two earlier games at Hershey that season , Chamberlain had made a combined 27 of 38 free throws , 71 percent . The basket rims at the arena were aged , flimsy , and forgiving . Balls would bounce off of typical firm rims , whereas balls near the rim in Hershey were apt to get a good roll and fall in . Playing all 48 minutes of the game , Chamberlain set NBA records for field goals attempted ( 63 ) and made ( 36 ) , free throws made ( 28 ) , most points in a quarter ( 31 ) , and half ( 59 ) . He averaged 73 points in four games that week , exceeding 60 in all of them . Rodgers finished with a game - high 20 assists and later said : `` It was the easiest game ever for me to get assists , all I had to do was pass it to Wilt . '' Attles was a defensive specialist who rarely scored , yet went 8 -- 8 from the field and hit his single free throw . He later lamented , `` In the game where I literally could n't miss , Wilt had to go out and score 100 . '' The Warriors and Knicks combined for a record 316 points . Philadelphia fell short of the Boston Celtics ' then - record of 173 points in a game . It was not uncommon for late - season NBA games to feature little defense . Celtics guard Bob Cousy said that the level of play in the NBA decreased as the season progressed , and `` defenses are out of gas '' by the end of the season . The following night , Chamberlain got permission to travel back to New York with three Knicks players . According to Cherry , Chamberlain drifted in and out of sleep and got a kick overhearing the New York players talk about the `` S.O.B. who scored 100 points on us '' . On March 4 , the Warriors played the Knicks again in Madison Square Garden , and Imhoff got a standing ovation for `` holding '' Chamberlain to 58 points . Aftermath ( edit ) `` True , over-anxiousness caused Wilt to miss some shots he 'd ordinarily make . But he made some he would n't have dared taken under ordinary circumstances . Long jumpers from 25 -- 30 feet out with two and three men clinging onto the wiry , 260 - pound frame . Power - packed dunk shots when he had to bull through , around and over a tight knot of defenders . Blazing speed that carried him downcourt for layups after he had launched the fast break with a rebound himself . He earned every point . '' -- Jack Kiser , The Philadelphia Inquirer The record was not highly anticipated like the four - minute mile had been . In Philadelphia , there was little fanfare in The Philadelphia Inquirer or The Philadelphia Bulletin , which both had a box on the front page announcing the achievement with a story in the sports section . Philadelphia Daily News had no mention on its cover . The Bulletin wrote , `` Thus was fulfilled a prophecy made the first time the magnificent 7'1 '' scoring star of the Warriors played a game in the National Basketball Association three years ago . '' New York City papers ran stories from the news agencies . The New York Times and The New York Herald Tribune ran the AP story on pages 14 and 11 , respectively . The New York Daily News ran the UPI story on page 26 . The New York Post gave prominent back - page coverage to Chamberlain 's feat on Sunday . The New York Daily News on Sunday wrote , `` Basketball is not prospering because most normal sized American youngsters or adults can not identify themselves with the freakish stars ... You just ca n't sell a seven - foot basket stuffing monster to even the most gullible adolescent . '' In his prime , Chamberlain was such a dominant scorer that his feat was mostly taken for granted . Warriors player Al Attles said that after Chamberlain 's previous record 78 - point game , `` It was only a matter of time until he reached 100 , you could wait for it . '' Warriors coach Frank McGuire initially thought the same thing , then said , `` I always thought it was inevitable that he would do it . But when he did , I stopped and thought about it . I could n't believe it . '' Chamberlain thanked his teammates . `` It would n't even have been close to possible without them . They wanted me to get it as much I did . '' He added , `` They had to do more than just give up open shots . They had to avoid fouls and pass me the ball in traffic . '' Knicks ' player Richie Guerin felt the Warriors broke a code of honor in sports by embarrassing an opponent and setting a record outside the normal flow of the game . Although effusive in his praise of Chamberlain , Guerin nonetheless estimated that if the game had played out normally , Chamberlain would have finished 15 to 20 points shy of 100 . Chamberlain countered he could have scored 140 if the Knicks `` had played straight - up basketball . '' New York coach Eddie Donovan suggested , `` The game was a farce . They would foul us and we would foul them . '' The Knicks ' Naulls stated , `` The game was not a fluke ... I thought it was absolutely authentic . '' Imhoff said Zinkoff 's announcements did not help the Knicks ' cause . Johnny Kerr of the Syracuse Nationals marveled , `` How about this : He 's the world 's worst free - throw shooter and he 's 28 out of 32 ! '' Cousy figured the game must have gone out of control , just as when Cousy had 29 assists when the Celtics scored 173 points against Minneapolis . Boston coach Red Auerbach laughed , `` He 's playing against nobody . '' Bill Russell smiled and said , `` The Big Fella finally did it . '' In a conversation with Naulls after the game , Chamberlain predicted he would win his NBA championships but still be known for his individualism , versus Russell who was credited for making his team -- the Boston Celtics -- great . Two days after the historic feat , Chamberlain made a guest appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show . Chamberlain finished the season with a record of 50.4 points per game . He scored a record 4,029 points , more than the division - winning Warriors in 1947 -- 48 scored as a team . He played in a record 3,882 minutes -- including every minute of 79 ( a record ) of 80 games . He averaged 48.5 minutes per game . An NBA game is 48 minutes , but Chamberlain played in 10 overtime periods in seven games . He was second in the league in field goal percentage at . 506 and made 61 percent of his free throws , a career high . The Warriors finished the season with a 49 -- 31 record . They lost in the conference finals of the playoffs to the Celtics , losing the seventh game 109 -- 107 . The closest Chamberlain came again to 100 was 73 and 72 points the next season , when he also averaged 44.8 points . The NBA in 1964 widened the lane from 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) to 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) to limit Chamberlain , and he averaged 36.9 that season . Legacy ( edit ) Chamberlain ( # 13 ) predicted comparisons to Bill Russell ( left ) . The anniversary of the game was not widely commemorated until its silver anniversary in 1987 . By that time , the NBA had grown to be a popular sports league with average attendance of 13,000 fans per game and star players like Magic Johnson , Larry Bird , and Michael Jordan . The Warriors ' PR director Harvey Pollack said an impossible 40,000 people claimed to have seen the game , and some even testified it took place in Madison Square Garden . Chamberlain later stated it was one of his favorite games , but not the favorite : that title belonged to the match in which he grabbed an NBA record 55 rebounds against perennial rival Bill Russell . He did not want to feed the criticism that he was more interested in personal stardom than winning . Although Chamberlain won two NBA championships and was the NBA 's all - time leading scorer and rebounder when he retired , he was mostly remembered as the man who had single - handedly scored 100 points in a game . Chamberlain publicly embraced the 100 - point game in his final years . On a radio show commemorating the game 's 31st anniversary in 1993 , he said , `` As time goes by , I feel more a part of that 100 - point game . '' He explained that growing up on the streets , he would have been derisively labelled a gunner , a glory - hound , for attempting 63 shots . `` You take that many shots on the playground , and no one ever wants you on their team again . '' He said he took shots he normally would not , noting that in contests which he considered to be better he scored 50 to 60 points on around 75 percent shooting , as opposed to his 57 percent shooting in the 100 - point game . He was proud that people who knew nothing about basketball would point out the game to their kids when they saw him . `` I know that it has been my tag . I am definitely proud of it . But it was definitely a team effort . You had to see some of the things my teammates did to get me the ball ... It was almost like a circus out there for a while . '' Two other participants were profoundly affected . Firstly , Knicks center Darrall Imhoff was branded as the player who let Chamberlain score 100 on him , although he only played 20 of 48 minutes and was not on the court when it happened . On the other hand , the game immortalized little - used Warriors reserve player Joe Ruklick as the man who gave Chamberlain the 100 - point assist . Decades later , The New York Times interviewed Ruklick and found out that he refers to himself as `` a walking footnote '' of one of basketball 's greatest moments . The game also produced the famous picture of Chamberlain sitting on a bench , holding up a paper with a scribbled `` 100 '' . The photograph was actually a matter of improvisation : when Warriors PR manager Harvey Pollack entered the Warriors locker room , he took a paper and scribbled the number on it , and Associated Press photographer Paul Vathis who was there at the game ( not for professional reasons , but rather because he wanted to give his son a treat ) took the now - famous photo . Cherry calls it the `` ultimate picture '' of Wilt Chamberlain . Chamberlain 's 100 points is widely considered one of basketball 's greatest records . Decades after his record , many NBA teams did not even average 100 points as fewer field goals per game were being attempted . The closest any player has gotten to 100 points was the Los Angeles Lakers ' Kobe Bryant , who scored 81 in a 122 -- 104 win over the Toronto Raptors on January 22 , 2006 . Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win , Bryant created his own shot -- mostly from the outside -- in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter . Chamberlain , playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful , accounted for 59 percent of his team 's points , compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers ' 122 points . Bryant afterwards said Chamberlain 's record was `` unthinkable ... It 's pretty exhausting to think about it . '' David Thompson broke Chamberlain 's record for points in a quarter by scoring 32 in the first quarter of his 73 - point game . Adrian Dantley tied the record of 28 free throws made in a regular season game on January 4 , 1984 , but through the 2010 -- 11 season , all of Chamberlain 's other records set that day still stand . Twenty years after the Warriors and Knicks combined for 316 points , the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Milwaukee Bucks 171 -- 166 in triple overtime on March 6 , 1982 , for a total of 337 points . That record was broken more quickly as the Detroit Pistons defeated the Denver Nuggets 186 -- 184 ( also in triple overtime ) on December 13 , 1983 , for 370 points . Pomerantz wrote in his 2005 book that the lack of videotape of the 100 - point game `` only added to its mystique . '' For a while , NBA Commissioner David Stern 's office phone would play Campbell 's call of the 100 - point basket to callers on hold : `` He made it ! He made it ! He made it ! A Dipper Dunk ! '' Kerry Ryman , who was 14 years old when he attended the game , claimed to have left the arena with the basketball that Chamberlain used to score his famous basket . The ball was auctioned by Leland 's Auction in 2000 for $551,844 , which was the then - third highest sports memorabilia auction price . After controversy over the ball 's authenticity , the sale was suspended . The ball was relisted months later and sold for only $67,791 . Attles contends that Chamberlain gave him the actual 100 - point ball . In 2014 , Josh Pastner , then head coach of the Memphis Tigers , stated that his father , who was a ballboy for the Warriors , had taped the game starting in the second quarter . Pastner 's father had been attempting to locate the footage among his many boxes , but he also conceded that the footage might be lost . In 1961 -- 62 , the NBA 's three highest scoring averages were by black players ( Chamberlain , Baylor , Walt Bellamy ) . Oscar Robertson , a Hall of Famer , believes the NBA would have lost its small television contract and not survived without the emergence of black superstars . `` People heard about Wilt scoring a 100 , averaging 50 a night , and they wanted to see the guy do it ... I believe Wilt Chamberlain single - handedly saved the league . '' Naulls wrote , `` Wilt had rung the bell of freedom loud and clear , shouting , ' Let my people be free to express themselves . ' For we were and will be for all time those who withstood the humiliation of racial quotas even to the point of the NBA 's facing extinction because of retarded expression and stagnating growth . '' Box score ( edit ) Source March 2 , 1962 Boxscore Philadelphia Warriors 169 , New York Knicks 147 Scoring by quarter : 42 -- 26 , 37 -- 42 , 46 -- 38 , 44 -- 41 Pts : Wilt Chamberlain 100 Rebs : Wilt Chamberlain 25 Asts : Guy Rodgers 20 Pts : Richie Guerin 39 Rebs : Dave Budd 10 Asts : Richie Guerin 6 Hershey Sports Arena , Hershey , Pennsylvania Attendance : 4,124 Referees : Willie Smith and Pete D'Ambrosio Legend Pos Position Min Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goals attempted FTM Free throws made FTA Free throws attempted Reb Rebounds Ast Assists PF Personal fouls Pts Points Philadelphia Warriors Player Pos Min FGM FGA FTM FTA Reb Ast PF Pts Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin 31 7 18 5 0 16 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 40 7 12 7 16 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain 48 36 63 28 32 25 100 Rodgers , Guy Guy Rodgers 48 9 12 7 20 5 11 Attles , Al Al Attles 34 8 8 5 6 17 Larese , York York Larese 14 5 5 9 Conlin , Ed Ed Conlin 14 0 0 0 0 Ruklick , Joe Joe Ruklick 8 0 0 0 Luckenbill , Ted Ted Luckenbill 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 Team rebounds 02 Team totals 240 63 115 43 52 60 39 25 169 New York Knicks Player Pos Min FGM FGA FTM FTA Reb Ast PF Pts Naulls , Willie Willie Naulls 43 9 22 13 15 7 5 31 Green , Johnny Johnny Green 21 7 0 0 7 5 6 Imhoff , Darrall Darrall Imhoff 20 7 6 0 6 7 Guerin , Richie Richie Guerin 46 13 29 13 17 8 6 5 39 Butler , Al Al Butler 32 13 0 0 7 8 Buckner , Cleveland Cleveland Buckner 33 16 26 8 0 33 Budd , Dave Dave Budd 27 6 8 10 13 Butcher , Donnie Donnie Butcher 18 6 6 5 10 01 Team rebounds 02 Team totals 240 57 118 33 41 60 17 32 147 Wilt Chamberlain 's statistics by quarter Quarter Min FGM FGA FTM FTA Reb Ast PF Pts 1st 12 7 14 9 9 10 0 0 23 2nd 12 7 12 5 18 3rd 12 10 16 8 8 6 0 28 4th 12 12 21 7 10 5 0 31 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game List of career achievements by Wilt Chamberlain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swede Halbrook of the Syracuse Nationals was 7 feet 3 inches ( 2.21 m ) Jump up ^ Despite playing for Philadelphia , Chamberlain lived in Manhattan ; he commuted to Philadelphia each day for the team 's activities . Jump up ^ Starters Meschery , Attles , Rodgers , and Arizin were replaced by reserves Ruklick , Larese , Ed Conlin and Ted Luckenbill . Jump up ^ Associated Press wrote that Chamberlain scored 54 points . It also reported Imhoff played all 48 minutes , while Wilt , 1962 said he fouled out near the end of the game . Jump up ^ George Gervin broke that record seven hours later by scoring 33 points in a quarter . Carmelo Anthony later tied Gervin 's record . The current record of 37 is held by Klay Thompson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 97 , 99 Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Wilt , 1962 : The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era . New York : Crown . p. 80 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 5160 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cave , Ray ( October 30 , 1961 ) . `` Mcguire Raises A Standard '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. xviii , 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Curry , Chuck . ( 2001 , October 24 ) . `` A Tribute to Wilt Chamberlain '' , NBA.com . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 159 -- 60 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 31 -- 2 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` History of the Shot Clock '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures . October 22 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 33 -- 4 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 52 -- 3 , 186 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 53 , 123 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 57 -- 8 , 112 -- 3 , 122 Jump up ^ Povich , Shirley ( December 8 , 1958 ) . `` Basketball Is For The Birds '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 22 -- 3 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 20 , 36 -- 7 , 57 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Bork , Gunter ( 1995 ) . Basketball Sternstunden ( in German ) . Munich : Copress . pp. 33 -- 35 . ISBN 3 - 7679 - 0456 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Quotebook from Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point Game '' . hoophall.com . February 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 11 , 24 , 74 -- 5 Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Meschery : The First Russian in the NBA '' . sport-express.ru . Sport Express Daily . January 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 117 -- 18 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. xiii , 102 , 106 ^ Jump up to : `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point Game '' . hoophall.com . February 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. xiii , 56 -- 7 , 111 ^ Jump up to : Pluto 2000 , p. 220 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 62 , 81 ^ Jump up to : Cherry , Robert ( 2004 ) . Wilt : Larger than Life . Chicago : Triumph Books . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 672 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Charlotte Observer ; Elder , Jeff ; ( January 18 , 2007 ) Page 1E `` Truth about Wilt scoring 100 points . '' Retrieved on April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 37 -- 8 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Cherry 2004 , pp. 109 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 147 , 168 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Pluto 2000 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Cherry 2004 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 169 , 172 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Berkow , Ira ( July 2 , 2002 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; A Footnote To History After 40 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pluto , Terry ( 2000 ) . Tall Tales : The Glory Years of the NBA . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 217 -- 222 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8766 - 6 . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( February 1 , 2006 ) . `` Remembering 100 '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott . ( March 2 , 1987 ) . `` 100 Astonishing Points 25 Years Ago Today , Wilt Chamberlain Made NBA History . '' Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Schneider , Marv . Associated Press . ( March 5 , 1982 ) . `` A 20th Anniversary Sneaks Up on Wilt '' , The Deseret News , page 2D . Jump up ^ `` '' Wilt 1962 '' By Gary M. Pomerantz `` . Crown Publishing Group ( Random House ) . ( The web page 's interactive audio broadcast of the game uses Adobe Flash Player . ) Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Frank ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` From Wilt 's big night , a tale of the tape In 1962 , a radio listener in a college dormitory turned on his reel - to - reel recorder -- and preserved history forever '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trelease , Jim ( June 4 , 2005 ) . `` Wilt 's Big Night '' . Weekend America ( Interview ) . Interview with Radke , Bill . American Public Media . Archived from the original ( RealAudio ) on February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maaddi , Rob . ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Wilt 's 100 - point game Brings Back Memories '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 179 -- 80 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 180 Jump up ^ `` Wilt Chamberlain NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com. 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 116 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Adande , J.A. ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Where There 's Wilt ... '' Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 112 -- 3 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 112 Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Warriors at New York Knicks Box Score , March 4 , 1962 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( February 10 , 2007 ) . `` Until his Dying Day , Wilt was Invincible '' . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 188 -- 9 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Cherry 2004 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt : ' I Maybe Could have Scored 140 ' '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 186 Jump up ^ `` Wilt Chamberlain 100 Point Game '' . EdSullivan.com . SOFA Entertainment . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cherry 2004 , pp. 106 , 117 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 123 Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 193 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz 2005 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 159 , 182 , 196 ^ Jump up to : Pluto 2000 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Pluto 2000 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Hunt , Donald ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty years later : Wilt 's 100 - point game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roundtable : Reliving Wilt 's feats '' . SI.com . Time Inc . March 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports ' 10 Greatest Records '' . SportingNews.com . American City Business Journals . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Are all sports records made to be broken ? '' . Chron.com . Hearst Communications . Associated Press . July 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Sorry , Wilt : You 're no Kobe '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors vs. Los Angeles Lakers recap '' . ESPN.com . January 22 , 2006 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` In Most Areas , Good or Bad , Kobe Bryant Has Simply Done More '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` What was more impressive : Chamberlain 's 100 point game or Kobe 's 81 ? '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Better scoring night : Kobe 's 81 or Wilt 's 100 ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Barry ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe vs. Wilt '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 40 stats you wo n't believe about Kobe Bryant 's historic NBA career '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 23 , 2006 ) . `` 81 for the Books '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Through the 2004 -- 05 Season . `` Regular Season Records : Points '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ This Date in History . NBA.com . Retrieved on January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , pp. 177 -- 9 , 186 -- 7 , 208 -- 15 Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( July 22 , 2002 ) . `` Collectors already cashing in on hoop star '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gardner , Sam ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Does footage of Chamberlain 's 100 - point game actually exist ? '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Pomerantz 2005 , p. 204 Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . Philadelphia 76ers . NBA.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Video : Wilt 's 100 Point Game at NBA.com . ( Adobe Flash ) ( hide ) Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilt_Chamberlain%27s_100-point_game&oldid=841799614 '' Categories : Wilt Chamberlain 1961 -- 62 NBA season New York Knicks games Philadelphia Warriors games Hershey , Pennsylvania National Basketball Association games 1962 in sports in Pennsylvania March 1962 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français עברית Latviešu Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 04 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
wilt chamberlain stats in the 100 point game
[]
[]
1440196187190436708
Automotive industry in Russia
Automotive industry in Russia - wikipedia Automotive industry in Russia Jump to : navigation , search Lada Vesta went into production in 2015 Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia , directly employing around 600,000 people or 1 % of the country 's total workforce . Russia produced 1,303,989 vehicles in 2016 , ranking 16th among car - producing nations in 2016 , and accounting for 1.4 % of the worldwide production . The main local brands are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ , while KamAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer . Eleven foreign carmakers have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Soviet era 1.3 Post-Soviet adjustments 1.4 2000 to 2008 1.5 Global financial crisis 1.6 Recent developments 2 Manufacturers 2.1 Domestic car brands 2.2 Foreign car brands 2.3 Commercial and heavy vehicles 2.4 Short - lived projects 3 Economic and political significance 4 Sales statistics 4.1 Manufacturers 4.2 Car models 4.3 Best - selling model by year 5 Factories 5.1 Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast 5.2 Kaluga 5.3 Volga Federal District 5.4 Rest of Russia 6 Manufacturers of automobile engines 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Yakovlev & Freze ( 1896 ) Hippolyte Romanov 's electric bus in Gatchina The Russian Empire had a long history of progress in the development of machinery . As early as in the eighteenth century Ivan I. Polzunov constructed the first two - cylinder steam engine in the world , while Ivan P. Kulibin created a human - powered vehicle that had a flywheel , a brake , a gearbox , and roller bearings . One of the world 's first tracked vehicles was invented by Fyodor A. Blinov in 1877 . In 1896 , the Yakovlev engine factory and the Freze carriage - manufacturing workshop manufactured the first Russian petrol - engine automobile , the Yakovlev & Freze . The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was marked by the invention of the earliest Russian electrocar , nicknamed the `` Cuckoo '' , which was created by the engineer Hippolyte V. Romanov in 1899 . Romanov also constructed a battery - electric omnibus . In the years preceding the 1917 October Revolution , Russia produced a growing number of Russo - Balt , Puzyryov , Lessner , and other vehicles , held its first motor show in 1907 and had car enthusiasts who successfully participated in international motor racing . A Russo - Balt car placed 9th in the Monte Carlo Rally of 1912 , despite the extreme winter conditions that threatened the lives of the driver and riding mechanic on their way from Saint Petersburg , 2nd in the San Sebastián Rally and covered more than 15,000 km in Western Europe and Northern Africa in 1913 . The driver of the car , Andrei P. Nagel , was personally awarded by Emperor Nicholas II for increasing the prestige of the domestic car brand . By 1915 , about 1,000 motor vehicles had been built in Russia . Imported vehicles vastly exceeded domestic production , with the latter accounting for less than 10 % of total stock by 1914 . In February 1916 the Tsarist government allocated funds for the construction of six automotive plants : AMO in Moscow , Russo - Balt in the village of Fili , the State Plant of Military Self - Propelled Vehicles ( KZVS ) in Mytishchi , Russian Renault in Rybinsk , Aksai in Nakhichevan - on - Don , and Lebedev in Yaroslavl . None of the plants were completed before the October Revolution . Soviet era ( edit ) See also : Automobile industry of the Soviet Union The AvtoVAZ assembly line in 1969 After the 1917 October Revolution , Russo - Balt was nationalised on August 15 , 1918 , and renamed to Prombron by the new leadership . It continued the production of Russo - Balt cars and launched a new model on October 8 , 1922 , while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT - derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers , the AMO - F - 15 . About 6,000 -- 6,500 F - 15s were built in the years 1924 -- 1931 . In 1927 , engineers from the Scientific Automobile & Motor Institute ( NAMI ) created the first original Soviet car NAMI - I , which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow , between 1927 and 1931 . In 1929 , due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner , the Ford Motor Company , the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy established GAZ . A year later , a second automobile plant was founded in Moscow , which would become a major Soviet car maker after World War II and earn nationwide fame under the name Moskvitch . The beginning of the 1960s saw the release of the Moskvitch 408 , intended to be an economy car that would spread the use of cars among the population . Other manufacturers such as MZMA , GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars intended for the mass market . The Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people 's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport . For reasons of cost - efficiency , it was decided to produce the car on the basis of an existing , modern foreign model . After considering several options , the Fiat 124 was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design , being easy to manufacture and repair . The plant was built in just 4 years ( 1966 -- 1970 ) in the small town of Stavropol Volzhsky , which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed Togliatti to commemorate Palmiro Togliatti . At the same time , the Izhmash car plant was established in the city of Izhevsk as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant , with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union . It produced Moskvitchs and Moskvitch - based kombi hatchbacks . KaMAZ , Europe 's largest heavy truck plant , was built in Naberezhnye Chelny , while GAZ , ZIL , UralAZ , KrAZ , MAZ , BelAZ , and plants continued to produce other types of trucks . By the early 1980s , Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants , which produced vehicles for various market segments . In late 1987 , the industry produced 2 million cars , satisfying 45 % of the domestic demand . Post-Soviet adjustments ( edit ) In the early 1990s the Russian car market expanded dramatically , largely due to a drastic cut on import duties , so that by 1993 foreign - made imported cars made up 49 % of all sales . At the same time , Russian automakers were integrated into a market economy and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support , economic turmoil , criminal activities and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s . The main domestic manufacturers in the early 1990s were AvtoVAZ , AZLK , IzhAvto , GAZ and UAZ . Some of them , like AvtoVAZ , turned to cooperation with other companies ( such as GM - AvtoVAZ ) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis . By 1993 , total output was down 14 % compared to 1990 levels . Lada 's declining sales during the 1990s , and toughening European Union emissions requirements , saw exports to Western Europe discontinued by the end of the decade . Lada had enjoyed particularly strong sales in Britain , peaking at more than 30,000 sales a year in the late 1980s , but had failed to remain competitive with other budget brands over the subsequent few years . 850,000 cars were sold in 1996 . As demand kept rising , local brands continued to be affected by a reputation for poor manufacturing quality . In was estimated in 1996 that a newly bought AvtoVAZ car needed $1 - 2,000 worth of repairs to bring it to a comfortable level of safety . The 1998 Russian financial crisis affected the industry , as car manufacturers stopped using imported components because of higher import prices . Nevertheless , the industry quickly recovered in subsequent years . In 1997 , car production increased by 13.2 % in comparison with 1996 and achieved 981,000 . AvtoVAZ and UAZ extended their output by 8.8 and 52 percent respectively , whereas KamAZ doubled it . The overall truck production in Russia increased by 7 percent , reaching 148,000 in 1997 and 184,000 in 2000 . The overall production of cars rose from about 800,000 in 1993 to more than 1.16 million in 2000 , or 965,000 ( 969,235 according to OICA ) excluding commercial vehicles . Throughout the 1990s , the unavailability of dealer financing meant that cars had to be purchased in cash . 2000 to 2008 ( edit ) Lada Samara assembly line in 2005 In the early 2000s , the Russian economy recovered . Russian metal companies , having achieved significant profits on foreign markets , sought to invest in Russia 's automotive sector . Siberian Aluminum initially bought Pavlovo Bus Factory and accumulated increasing ownership stakes in GAZ . At the same time , Severstal gained control of UAZ . In 2001 Ford became the first western manufacturer to establish its own assembly plant in Russia , investing $150 million in their Vsevolozhsk factory , manufacturing the Ford Focus , which briefly became the best - selling foreign - branded car in Russia . In 2003 Russian manufacturers still accounted for over 90 % of car production in Russia , either under their own brand or in partnership with a foreign company . The six main automotive groups were AvtoVAZ , SOK Group , Kamaz , RusPromAvto , SeverstalAvto and AZLK . Just 11,000 cars were locally assembled by foreign manufacturers in 2002 . Macroeconomic trends were strong and growing incomes of the population led to a surging demand , and by 2005 the Russian car market was booming . In 2005 , 1,446,525 new cars were sold , including 832,200 Russian models and 614,325 foreign ones . During the first quarter of 2005 , foreign - branded cars outsold local ones for the first time in Russian history ( including used imports ) . Foreign companies started to massively invest in production in Russia : the number of foreign cars produced in the Russian Federation surged from 157,179 in 2005 to 456,500 in 2007 . To keep up with the competition , local brands launched more modern - looking models , such as Lada Kalina . The value of the Russian market grew at a brisk pace : 14 % in 2005 , 36 % in 2006 and 67 % in 2007 -- making it the world 's fastest growing automotive market by 2008 . Foreign companies started flocking to enter Russia in the 2000s , seeing it as a local production location and export powerhouse . Russia 's labour , material and energy costs were only 1 / 6 compared to those in Western Europe . To boost the market share of locally produced vehicles , the Russian government implemented several protectionist measures and launched programs to attract foreign producers into the country . In late 2005 , the Russian leadership enacted legislation to create special economic zones ( SEZ ) with the aim of encouraging investments by foreign automotive companies . The benefits of operating in the special economic zones include tax allowances , exemption from asset and land taxes and protection against changes in the tax regime . Some regions also provide extensive support for large investors ( over $100 million . ) These include Saint Petersburg / Leningrad Oblast ( Toyota , GM , Nissan ) and Kaluga Oblast ( VW ) . Kaluga has been especially successful in attracting foreign companies , as has been Kaliningrad Oblast . Global financial crisis ( edit ) President Vladimir Putin meeting with AvtoVAZ employees in the company 's factory in Tolyatti . Russia 's automotive industry was hit hard by the late 2000s recession . Production of passenger cars dropped from 1,470,000 units in 2008 to just 597,000 units in 2009 . Lorry production fell from 256,000 to 91,000 in the same period . In late 2008 , the Russian government introduced protectionist measures , worth $5 billion , to improve the situation in the industry . This included $2 billion of bailouts for troubled companies and $3 billion of credits for buyers of Russian cars . Prime minister Vladimir Putin described the move as vital in order to save jobs . The tariffs for imported foreign cars and trucks were increased to a minimum of 50 % and go up to 100 % . The tariffs are linked to the engine size of the vehicle . The increased duties led to protests in Russian cities , most notably in Vladivostok , where the importation of Japanese cars is an important sector of the city 's economy . To compensate for the losses of the Vladivostok businesses , Prime Minister Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok . The move was completed in 2009 , and the factory now employs about 700 locals . It was planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010 . The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a car scrappage scheme in March 2010 . Under the scheme , buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles ( 20,000 USD ) . Sales of Russia 's largest carmaker Avtovaz doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result , and the company returned to profit . Recent developments ( edit ) By the end of 2010 , automotive production had returned to pre-crisis levels . Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced , with Avtovaz 's Lada models topping the list . In the first 7 months of 2010 , sales of Lada cars increased by 60 % , the Korean KIA reported a jump of 101 % , and Chevrolet 's sales rose by 15 % . In 2010 , Russia was the world 's 15th largest producer of cars . The Russian automotive industry currently ( as of 2010 ) accounts for about 2 % of worldwide car production . The market share of Russian - branded vehicles fell to 34 % in 2010 and to 21 % in 2012 . At the same time , the market share of foreign - branded cars made in Russia kept rising , reaching 45 % in 2012 . Imported vehicles account for a sizable portion of the Russian automotive market : in 2014 they made up 27 % of cars and 46 % of trucks . The 2014 economic crisis led to a new fall in car sales and production levels , and reduced forecasts for future growth . The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016 . Lada cars accounted for 34.6 % of the total , down from 41.6 % five years earlier . Almost half of those cars were over ten years old , and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva . Manufacturers ( edit ) Cars produced in Russia between 1997 - 2015 The Russian automotive industry can be divided into four types of companies : local brand producers , foreign OEMs , joint ventures and Russian companies producing foreign brands . In 2008 , there were 5,445 companies manufacturing vehicles and related equipment in Russia . The volume of production and sales amounted to 1,513 billion rubles . Cars with diesel engines are not popular in Russia , accounting for just 7.6 % of all sales as of 2015 , compared to half of the market in much of Western Europe . There are 145,000 natural gas vehicles in Russia as of 2016 , or 0.3 % of all vehicles in the country . The sale of leaded gasoline was outlawed in 2003 . Domestic car brands ( edit ) The four most popular cars in Russia in 2009 were all AvtoVAZ models . The economy car Lada Priora topped the list with 84,779 sold units . Lada Samara was second with 77,679 units sold in Russia , and the classic Lada 2105 / 2107 was third with sales of 57,499 . Lada 2105 was expected to considerably increase sales following the car scrappage scheme launched in March 2010 . The higher - end Lada Kalina was the fourth most sold car in Russia in 2009 , selling 52,499 units that year . In the light commercial vehicle sector , the GAZelle van , manufactured by GAZ has been very popular , occupying a market share of 49 % in 2009 and selling 42,400 units . The Avtoperevozchik magazine declared GAZelle as the most successful vehicle of 2009 in the Russian automotive market . The largest company of Russia 's automotive industry is Avtovaz , located in the city of Tolyatti . It currently employs more than 130,000 people , and its Lada models dominate the Russian car market . Avtovaz models account for about 50 % of Russia 's total car production . Russian car manufacturing companies are represented by two associations , ASM - Holding ( АСМ - холдинг ) and the Association of Russian Automakers ( Объединением автопроизводителей России ) . Foreign car brands ( edit ) Hyundai Solaris , the first foreign car to top Russian sales chart Russia 's second largest car manufacturer is Avtotor , located in Kaliningrad Oblast . Avtotor performs SKD , CKD or full - cycle assembly of foreign models , such as BMW , Kia , and General Motors ' Cadillac and Chevrolet vehicles . In 2009 , Avtotor produced 60,000 cars and accounted for 10 % of Russian car production . Avtoframos , the third largest car manufacturer , produced 49,500 cars in 2009 . Its plant is located in the south - east part of the city of Moscow . Avtoframos is a joint venture between France 's Renault and the Moscow city administration , but is majority owned by Renault . The company manufactures Renault Logan and Renault Sandero models . The ratio of Russian - made parts is 54 % . The figure was expected to rise to 74 % by 2012 . The fourth and fifth largest carmakers in Russia are Volkswagen and Ford , respectively . In total , the five largest companies of the industry account for 80 % of all cars made in Russia . In 2016 , Hyundai Solaris became the first foreign - branded car to be the best - selling vehicle in the country since sales statistics began in 1970 . Commercial and heavy vehicles ( edit ) The GAZelle NEXT van , produced by GAZ , is popular on the light commercial vehicle market In the heavy vehicle sector , the largest company is the truckmaker KaMAZ . It is also one of the largest companies in the whole Russian automotive industry . In 2010 , KaMAZ sold a total of 32,293 trucks ; 28,254 in Russia and 4,039 in foreign countries . Another very important company is GAZ , which makes vans , trucks and busses , among other products . Its most popular product is the GAZelle van , which has a market share of 49 % in the light commercial vehicle market . In 2009 , the company launched an improved version , called GAZelle Business . In the bus sector , the GAZ Group Bus Division occupied a market share of 77 % . In 2009 it sold 6,169 buses in the small - class , 1,806 in the medium class and 1,156 in the large class . Russia 's largest tractor maker , and one of the largest machine building companies in the world , is Concern Tractor Plants , located in Cheboksary . The company employs around 45,000 people . Short - lived projects ( edit ) Marussia B2 The Marussia brand , produced by Marussia Motors , became the first modern sports car and the first supercar produced in Russia . The Marussia B1 was launched on 16 December 2008 in the New Manezh Hall in Moscow . On 10 September 2010 the first Marussia Motors show room opened in Moscow . Marussia Motors was led by Nikolay Fomenko , a notable Russian showman , singer , actor and racer . His company acquired a ' significant stake ' in the Virgin Racing Formula One team , which was renamed Marussia Virgin Racing from 2011 . This team is to become the first ever Russian - owned team in Formula One . Marussia Motors declared bankruptcy and ceased both support for their F1 team and overall trading in 2014 . Another short - lived project was the Yo - mobile , a city car that could burn both gasoline and natural gas and was connected to a pair of electric motors . The car was introduced on 13 December 2010 in Moscow , a product of a joint venture between Yarovit , a producer of trucks based in St. Petersburg , Russia and the Onexim investment group , headed by Mikhail Prokhorov , who was the leader and financier of the project . In 2014 the entire project was sold to the Russian government for a nominal sum , thus signalling the abandonment of the idea . No actual vehicles other than a few concept cars were ever produced . Economic and political significance ( edit ) The main administration building of Avtovaz in Togliatti Russia 's automotive industry is a significant economic sector . It directly employs 600,000 people and supports around 2 -- 3 million people in related industries . It is politically a very important part of the country 's economy : firstly , due to the large number of employed people and secondly , because many citizens depend on the social services provided by automotive companies . For example , the well - being of the giant AvtoVAZ factory in Tolyatti is massively important to the city or to the region of Samara Oblast . Tolyatti is a typical monotown , a city whose economy is dependent on a single company . The factory employed around 100,000 people of the city 's population of 700,000 in 2009 . In 2009 , former President Dmitry Medvedev launched the Medvedev modernisation programme , which aims to diversify Russia 's raw materials and energy - dominated economy , turning it into a modern high - tech economy based on innovation . Following this , Russia 's automotive industry has been in the spotlight due to its great potential for modernisation . Former Prime Minister and current President Vladimir Putin has taken a personal interest in the automotive industry . In a symbolic gesture of support , Putin made a highly publicized road trip on the new Amur Highway in August 2010 , driving 2,165 kilometers in a Lada Kalina Sport . Putin described the car as `` excellent , even beyond my expectations '' , and praised it as `` comfortable '' and `` almost noise - free . '' The event was intended to show support for AvtoVAZ , which was recovering from the serious economic crisis . Sales statistics ( edit ) Top ten manufacturers and car models on the Russian market according to AEB sales figures for 2016 : Manufacturers ( edit ) Rank Brand Sales Market share Renault - Nissan ( includes AvtoVAZ ) 477,279 33.5 % VW Group 156,712 11.0 % Kia 149,567 10.5 % Hyundai Group 145,300 10.2 % 5 Toyota Group 118,685 8.3 % 6 GAZ 55,803 3.9 % 7 UAZ 48,848 3.4 % 8 Mercedes - Benz 43,912 3.1 % 9 Ford 42,528 3.0 % 10 General Motors 31,737 2.2 % Total 1,425,791 100 % Car models ( edit ) Rank Model Sales Group Hyundai Solaris 90,380 Hyundai Motor Group Lada Granta 87,726 Renault Kia Rio 87,662 Hyundai Motor Group Lada Vesta 55,174 Renault 5 Volkswagen Polo 47,702 Volkswagen Group 6 Renault Duster 44,001 Renault 7 Toyota RAV4 30,603 Toyota 8 Chevrolet Niva 29,844 General Motors 9 Renault Logan 29,565 Renault 10 Lada Largus 29,341 Renault Best - selling model by year ( edit ) 2008 : Lada 2105 / 2107 2009 : Lada Priora 2010 : Lada 2105 / 2107 2011 : Lada Kalina 2012 : Lada Priora 2013 : Lada Granta 2014 : Lada Granta 2015 : Lada Granta 2016 : Hyundai Solaris Factories ( edit ) Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast ( edit ) The Hyundai plant in Saint Petersburg Hyundai : established in 2010 , produced over 200,000 vehicles in 2016 . As of 2016 the plant is the second largest in Russia , and employs 2,200 workers . Nissan : started production in June 2009 , produced 33,600 vehicles in 2015 . Toyota : manufactured 39,000 vehicles in 2016 . Toyota Motors Manufacturing Russia ( TMMR ) , 224 - ha factory in Shushary laid down in 2005 and launched production on December 21 , 2007 . In 2007 it produced 20,000 2.4 L and 3.5 L Toyota Camry vehicles per year . General Motors : opened in July 2008 , closed in 2015 . Scania AB , truck plant Scania - Piter , established in 2002 . Produces Scania P , R , G . MAN Truck & Bus truck plant , established in 2013 . Ford Sollers in Vsevolozhsk : opened in 2002 . It was the first foreign - owned car plant to be established in Russia . Caterpillar Inc. in Tosno , established in 2000 , produces rigid dump trucks . Kaluga ( edit ) Volkswagen Group Rus in Kaluga Volkswagen : started production in November 2007 , produced 110,000 cars in 2016 . A 200 m2 facility with a projected full annual output capacity of 150,000 vehicles , reached during 2010 , with employees rising to 3,000 . All vehicles produced were initially semi knock downs ( SKD ) , with full production planned to start 2010 . Served by Grabtsevo Airport , part of Volkswagen Group Russia ( OOO Volkswagen Rus ) . Peugeot Citroen Mitsubishi Automotive : opened in April 2010 , produced 25,733 vehicles in 2015 . Volvo Vostok truck plant in Kaluga , established in 2009 . Produces Volvo FH , Volvo FMX , Volvo FM , Renault Premium , Renault Kerax . Volga federal district ( edit ) Nizhny Novgorod - GAZ , produced 41,691 vehicles in 2015 . The plant also Volkswagen and Skoda vehicles due to a partnership between Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group . Tolyatti AvtoVAZ , produced 356,602 vehicles in 2015 . GM - AvtoVAZ , produced 34,218 vehicles in 2015 . Izhevsk : IzhAvto ( Nissan ) , produced 72,884 vehicles in 2015 . Naberezhnye Chelny : Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny , produced 10,000 vehicles in 2015 . Yelabuga : Ford Sollers , produced 10,300 vehicles in 2015 . Naberezhnye Chelny : Kamaz truck plant , also produces Mercedes - Benz trucks under a joint venture established in 2010 . Produces Mercedes - Benz Axor , Mercedes - Benz Actros , Mercedes - Benz Unimog . Syzran : JBC truck plant , established in 2014 on the production facilities of the former RosLada plant . Produces JBC SY1041 , JBC SY1060 . Rest of Russia ( edit ) Mazda Sollers plant in Vladivostok Kaliningrad : Avtotor ( Kia , Hyundai , BMW ) , produced 92,200 vehicles in 2015 . Moscow : Renault Russia , produced 73,633 vehicles in 2015 . Vladivostok : Sollers ( Toyota , Mazda ) , produced 31,823 vehicles in 2015 . Cherkessk - Derways ( Lifan , Geely , Great Wall Hover , Chery ) , produced 24,800 cars in 2014 . Argun : ChechenAvto - produced 6,700 cars in 2016 . Yaroslavl , Komatsu Limited established in 2010 , produces rigid dump trucks . Miass , Iveco truck plant ( Iveco AMT , former joint venture Iveco - UralAZ ) established in 1994 . Produces Iveco Trakker , Iveco Stralis . Uzlovaya : Great Wall Motors plant under construction . Esipovo , Moscow Oblast : Mercedes - Benz plant under construction . Lipetsk : Lifan plant under construction . Manufacturers of automobile engines ( edit ) AvtoVAZ , based in Togliatti and established in 1966 . Manufactures gasoline engines for passenger cars under the Lada brand . Cummins Kama , based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 2006 as a joint venture between Cummins and Kamaz . Manufactures diesel engines for trucks under the Kamaz brand . Ford Sollers , engine plant established in 2015 . Kamaz , based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 1969 . Manufactures diesel engines for heavy - duty trucks and large buses under the brands KAMAZ , NefAZ , and also for the BTR - 80 . Tutaev Motor Plant ( TMZ ) , based in Tutaev and established in 1969 . Manufactures diesel engines for heavy trucks under the brands MZKT ( MZKT - 742910 ) , BAZ . Ulyanovsk Motor Plant ( UMZ ) , based in Ulyanovsk and established in 1944 , part of the GAZ Group . Manufactures gasoline and gasoline - gas engines for light commercial vehicles and SUVs under the brands GAZ ( GAZ Gazelle , GAZ Sobol ) , UAZ ( UAZ - 3151 military performance ) . Volkswagen Group Rus , plant in Kaluga producing 1.6 MPI engines . Yaroslavl Motor Plant ( YaMZ ) , based in Yaroslavl and established in 1916 ( as Autoworks ) , 1958 ( conversion to the production of engines ) , part of the GAZ Group . Manufactures diesel engines for trucks , small buses , large buses , armored vehicles , armored personnel carriers under the brands UralAZ , PAZ ( PAZ - 3205 , PAZ - 4234 ) , LiAZ ( LiAZ - 5256 ) , BTR - 80 , GAZ Tigr ( AMZ Tigr ) , BAZ , MAZ , KrAZ , MZKT , BelAZ ( younger models with BelAZ - 7540 - 7547 to BelAZ - 7547 ) , MoAZ ( MoAZ - 7505 ) . Zavolzhye Motor Plant ( ZMZ ) , based in Zavolzhye and established in 1958 , owned by UAZ . Manufactures petrol and diesel engines for off - road vehicles , light commercial vehicles and small buses under the brands UAZ , PAZ ( PAZ - 3203 , PAZ - 3204 , PAZ - 3205 ) . ZiL , based in Moscow and established in 1916 . Manufactures gasoline engines for medium trucks under the brands ZiL ( ZiL - 4331 ) . See also ( edit ) List of automobile manufacturers of Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Statistics '' . OICA . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill M. Polzunov ` s Engine : Innovation in Eighteenth Century Russia / / Icon : Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology . Volume 8 . 2002 . P. 127 Jump up ^ Kelly M.A. Russian Motor Vehicles : The Czarist Period 1784 to 1917 . Veloce Publishing Ltd. 2009 . P. 8 Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2009 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2009 ) , p. 50ff Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2009 ) , pp. 71 - 72 Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Andrei Platonovich Nagel ( the organiser of the first Russian auto show ) '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Scalextric Rally Champions . Vol . I : The interwar period . Altaya. 2008 . pp. 20 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne to Moscow '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , R.W. ( 1990 ) . From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy : Continuity and Change in the Economy of the U.S.S.R. Springer . pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 9781349099337 . Jump up ^ `` Хроника : неудачное рождение российской автомобильной промышленности '' . За рулем . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` The AMO , known and unknown '' . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Oldtimer picture gallery . The AMO - F - 15 '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , ( 2009 ) p. 78 - 79 Jump up ^ `` The Ford Motor Company in the Soviet Union in the 1920s - 1930s '' . Jump up ^ `` Soviet Fordism in Practice -- Yale University '' . Jump up ^ `` Was the original Fiat better than the Lada ? '' . Total Car Magazine . Archived from the original on 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AVTOVAZ Joint Stock Company History '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` The history of Togliatti '' . Archived from the original on 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` The history of the Russian automotive industry : IzhAvto '' . Za Rulem . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Begley , Jason ; Collis , Clive ; Morris , David . `` THE RUSSIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT '' ( PDF ) . Applied Research Centre in Sustainable Regeneration . ^ Jump up to : Ireland , R. Duane ; Hoskisson , Robert ; Hitt , Michael . Understanding Business Strategy : Concepts and Cases . Cengage Learning . ISBN 032428246X . Jump up ^ Ireland A.D. , Hoskisson R. , Hitt M. Understanding Business Strategy : Concepts and Cases . Cengage Learning . 2005 . P. 145 Jump up ^ Glazunov M. Business in Post-Communist Russia : Privatisation and the Limits of Transformation . Routledge. 2013 . Pp. 80 - 82 Jump up ^ O'Neal M. Democracy , Civic Culture and Small Business in Russia 's Regions : Social Processes in Comparative Historical Perspective . Routledge. 2015 . P. 81 Jump up ^ `` The Passenger Cars Market in Russia '' . Business Information Service for the Newly Independent States ( BISNIS ) . 8 April 1997 . Archived from the original on 8 April 1997 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AVTOVAZ Joint Stock Company History '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russian Car Market Overview '' . Business Information Service for the Newly Independent States ( BISNIS ) . 13 February 1998 . Archived from the original on 13 February 1998 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Industry Sector Analysis : Russian Automotive Industry '' . U.S. Foreign Commercial Service . 8 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2004 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The post-Soviet automobile industry : first signs of revival ) '' . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Rosstat data '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Overview of the Russian Automotive Sector / / Kalicki J.H. , Lawson E.K. Russian - Eurasian Renaissance ? U.S. Trade and Investment in Russia and Eurasia . Stanford University Press . 2003 . P. 219 Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Rosstat data '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OICA data '' . Archived from the original on 9 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tavernise , Sabrina ( 6 December 2000 ) . `` Siberian Aluminum Bolsters Role at Carmaker '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Емельянова , Екатерина ( 5 April 2005 ) . `` Остановка по требованию '' . Kommersant . p. 21 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ A Review Of The Russian Automotive Component Sector ( PDF ) . International Finance Corporation . 2004 . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Glazunov , Mikhail ( 2013 ) . Business in Post-Communist Russia : Privatisation and the Limits of Transformation . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 9781135021504 . Jump up ^ Vahtra , Peeter ; Zashev , Peter ( July 2008 ) . `` Russian automotive manufacturing sector -- an industry snapshot for foreign component manufacturers '' ( PDF ) . Turku School of Economics . ^ Jump up to : Krkoska , Libor ; Spencer , Alan ( 2008 ) . `` Automotive Industry in Russia : Impact of foreign investments in car assembly plants on suppliers ' entry '' ( PDF ) . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wielgat , Andrea ( 2003 ) . `` Russian return : investment begins to flow back into the Russian auto industry '' . Automotive Industries . Jump up ^ Smolchenko , Anna ( 15 April 2005 ) . `` Foreign Automakers Line Up to Enter Russia '' . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BASIC INDICATORS OF ORGANISATIONS BY KIND OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY `` MANUFACTURE OF TRANSPORT MEANS AND EQUIPMENT '' `` . Federal Statistics Agency . 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Car import curbs have Russians on streets '' . Financial Times . 21 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tom ( 22 December 2008 ) . `` Protesters beaten as anger grows at Russian car import tax '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Controversial higher tax on Russian car imports comes into effect '' . RIA Novosti. 12 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Putin Is Turning Vladivostok into Russia 's Pacific Capital '' ( PDF ) . Russia Analytical Digest . Institute of History , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ( 82 ) : 9 -- 12 . 12 July 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia 's car sector stalls , but foreigners still investing '' . Russia Beyond the Headlines. 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avtovaz in profit thanks to Russia car scrappage scheme '' . BBC News . 12 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Rozhnov , Konstantin ( 7 March 2010 ) . `` What will save the Russian car industry ? '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Car production reaches pre-crisis level '' . Voice of Russia . 13 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Minister Vladimir Putin is confident that the automotive industry in Russia 's Far East has a future '' . Premier.gov.ru. 7 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Car production clicks into top gear '' . Russia Today . 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia gaining the importance in the world car industry '' . Autostat Analytic Agency . 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An overview of the Russian and CIS automotive industry '' ( PDF ) . EY . Archived from the original on 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia may ban import of cars if West applies new sanctions : paper '' . Reuters. 18 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapoza , Kenneth . `` Russia 's Incredibly Shrinking Auto Industry '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Парк легковых автомобилей в России к началу 2016 года вырос умеренно , но 40 - миллионный барьер взял '' . Автостат ИНФО . Archived from the original on 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brand structure of passenger car parc on 01.01. 2011 '' . Autostat.ru . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emerging Trends and Future Prospects in Russian Automotive Industry '' . Growth Consulting . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russians still dislike diesel '' . eng.autostat.ru . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics '' . NGV Global Knowledgebase . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Этилированный бензин могут запретить '' . РИА Новости ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Самые популярные автомобили в России за 10 месяцев 2009 года '' . NEWSru.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAZ Group Annual Report 2009 '' . GAZ Group . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Московский международный автомобильный салон '' . РИА Новости ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Renault says Avtoframos ' 10 output up 70 % to 87,600 vehicles '' . RIA Novosti. 25 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Full Year 2016 : Hyundai Solaris ends 45 years of Lada domination '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Archived from the original on 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KAMAZ in January '' . KaMAZ . January 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Marussia Motors has launched its Moscow plant and started the official sales of its cars Archived 25 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Marussia Motors website ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Russian buys ' significant ' stake in Virgin '' . TheF1Times.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Formula One . `` Marussia ceases trading and makes all 200 staff redundant '' . Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Andrew E. ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Russian Billionaire Backs New Hybrid Car '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Popova , Nadia ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` Russian Billionaire Ventures Into Hybrid Cars '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ 08.04. 2014 . `` One of Russia 's wealthiest men sells Yo - Mobile project for 1 euro - PravdaReport '' . English.pravda.ru . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ INFOGRAPHICS AvtoVAZ ecosystem in Russia , May 2013 Archived 3 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` From Lada the Car to Winnie the Pooh '' . Russia Today . 16 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Putin 's Lada Kalina Sport Image galleries RIA Novosti Archived 8 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... En.rian.ru . Retrieved on 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Putin travels by Lada Kalina Video RIA Novosti Archived 3 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... En.rian.ru . Retrieved on 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Russian PM hits freshly - built highway in a nationally - made car -- RT Archived 31 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Rt.com . Retrieved on 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Year 2016 ends with 11 % car market decrease - AEB ^ Jump up to : `` Sales of cars and light commercial vehicles '' . AEB Rus ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Карта заводов : где и какие автомобили собирают в России '' . Autonews . Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai St. Petersburg plant will start the production of new Solaris on 15 February '' . Rusautonews. 8 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Продажа в России '' . Hyundai.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan celebrates the 10th anniversary of St Petersburg plant with the launch of the new Nissan Murano '' . Global Newsroom . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Опубликована статистика производства автомобилей в России в 2015 году '' ( in Russian ) . Wroom.ru . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Toyota plant has increased production by 19 % in 2016 '' . Rusautonews. 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kostyakova , Elena ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Toyota запустила огромный завод в Питере '' ( Toyota has launched a huge plant in St. Petersburg ) . autonews.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jeff ; Stoll , John D. ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` GM to Close Russian Assembly Plant '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vsevolozhsk plant - About company '' . Ford Sollers . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vsevolozhsk plant '' . Ford Sollers . Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Volkswagen Group Rus '' . Volkswagengrouprus.ru . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Volkswagen Plant in Kaluga '' . Volkswagen-Media-Services.com ( Press release ) . Volkswagen AG . 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen Group starts full production in Russia '' . VolkswagenAG.com . Volkswagen AG . 20 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Central and Eastern European automotive market - Russia '' . EY . Archived from the original on 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the Nizhny Novgorod plant '' . Volkswagengrouprus.ru . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz Trucks Vostok eröffnet Produktionsstandort in Russland '' . Mercedes - Benz Trucks Vostok ( in German ) . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The assembly of Chinese vehicles began in Russia '' . eng.autostat.ru . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avtotor plans to maintain the production levels in 2016 '' . Rusautonews. 19 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Сокращение производства на черкесском Derways '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Chechenavto '' is ready to increase the assembly of LADA cars in 2017 `` . eng.autostat.ru . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall will establish a factory in Tula Region in 2018 '' . Rusautonews. 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daimler Localizes Production in Russia With New $280 Mln Mercedes - Benz Plant '' . Sputniknews.com . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese automaker Lifan to begin plant construction in Lipetsk on July 16 '' . Russia & India Report . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ford opens $275 million engine plant in Russia '' . Reuters. 3 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 000 engines produced at the VW engine plant in Kaluga '' . Rusautonews. 23 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile manufacturers of Russia . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobiles of the Russian Federation . ( hide ) Economy of Russia History Soviet Union Privatization Financial crises 1998 2014 -- 2017 Monetary reforms in Russia ( 1991 1998 ) National Priority Projects Stabilization Fund Great Recession in Russia Medvedev modernisation programme Natural resources Agriculture Energy Coal Electricity Geothermal power Natural gas Nuclear power Oil reserves Renewable energy Fishery Timber Hunting Mining Industry Engineering Aircraft Automotive Defence Rolling stock manufacturers Shipbuilding Space industry Tractor , timber and agricultural machinery Food industry Petroleum industry Pharmaceutical industry Chemical industry Metallurgy Pipe Industry Science and technology Infrastructure Telecommunications Transport Rail Vehicle registration plates Services Gambling Grocery retailing Information technology Tourism Finance Russian ruble Account Chamber Banking ( Banks Central Bank of Russia ) Federal budget Moscow Exchange National Pension Fund Social Insurance Fund Tax Code Billionaires Regional economies Natural resources of Primorsky Krai Federal subjects by GRP Federal subjects by GDP per capita Federal subjects by HDI Federal subjects by unemployment rate Economic regions Central Ural North Caucasus Volga West Siberian East Siberian Volga - Vyatka Northwestern Central Black Earth Far Eastern Northern Other Companies Exports Trade unions Russian oligarch Category Commons Russia articles History Timeline Proto - Indo - Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism ‎ Postal Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal Automotive industry in Russia Automotive industry Economy of Russia Transport in Russia Mass - market Avtotor AvtoVAZ GM - AvtoVAZ Lada Lada Izhevsk PSA Bronto VIS Derways GAZ Group GAZ Bus Division UralAZ Kamaz NefAZ Renault Russia Sollers Ford Sollers Sollers - Isuzu Naberezhnye Chelny UAZ Volgabus Special vehicles BAZ Kombat Armouring Silant TREKOL Uralvagonzavod VMZ Yarovit Former NAMI NATI GolAZ ZiL Defunct AMUR Avtokam AvtoKuban AZLK Moskvitch Doninvest TagAZ Fiat - Sollers KZKT Marussia Motors SeAZ SOK Yo - Mobile the company is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business joint ventures Automotive industry Car Motor vehicle By country Africa Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Libya Kenya Morocco Namibia Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Myanmar Cambodia China manufacturers Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan manufacturers Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Uzbekistan Europe Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic automobiles Denmark Finland France manufacturers Germany manufacturers Greece Hungary Italy manufacturers Ireland Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia manufacturers Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden manufacturers Switzerland Ukraine Yugoslavia United Kingdom manufacturers North America Canada Mexico United States manufacturers South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand Data Automobile sales by model Best - selling automobiles Countries by motor vehicle production Countries by car exports Countries by vehicles per capita Top manufacturers History Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 History of the automobile History of the internal combustion engine History of the motorcycle Timeline of motor vehicle brands Manufacturers Automobile manufacturers marques Motorcycle manufacturers Truck manufacturers Minor automotive manufacturing groups Organisations Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems European Automobile Manufacturers Association Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Related topics Auto and motor shows Automotive design Automotive engineering Automotive standards People Category Commons List Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Russia&oldid=841377706 '' Categories : Automotive industry by country Industry in Russia Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Башҡортса Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the most popular car in russia
[ "The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016. Lada cars accounted for 34.6% of the total,[58] down from 41.6% five years earlier.[59] Almost half of those cars were over ten years old, and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva.[58]" ]
[ "the classic Lada Riva" ]
861206340638478582
Tuskegee Airmen
Tuskegee Airmen - Wikipedia Tuskegee Airmen For other uses , see Tuskegee Airmen ( disambiguation ) . Tuskegee Airmen ( unofficial ) Emblems of wing Active 1940 -- 1948 Country United States Branch United States Army Air Corps United States Army Air Forces United States Air Force Role trained for aerial combat Part of graduates assigned to the 332nd Fighter Group ( 99th Fighter Squadron , 100th Fighter Squadron , 301st Fighter Squadron , 302d Fighter Squadron ) , 477th Medium Bombardment Group ( 616th Bombardment Squadron , 617th Bombardment Squadron , 618th Bombardment Squadron , 619th Bombardment Squadron ) Nickname ( s ) Red Tails Red - Tail Angels Motto ( s ) Spit Fire Engagements World War II The Tuskegee Airmen / tʌsˈkiːɡiː / is the popular name of a group of African - American military pilots ( fighter and bomber ) who fought in World War II . They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces . The name also applies to the navigators , bombardiers , mechanics , instructors , crew chiefs , nurses , cooks and other support personnel . All black military pilots who trained in the United States trained at Moton Field , the Tuskegee Army Air Field , and were educated at Tuskegee University , located near Tuskegee , Alabama . The group included five Haitians from the Haitian Air Force , and one pilot from Trinidad. . It also included a Hispanic or Latino airman born in the Dominican Republic . Although the 477th Bombardment Group trained with North American B - 25 Mitchell bombers , they never served in combat . The 99th Pursuit Squadron ( later , 99th Fighter Squadron ) was the first black flying squadron , and the first to deploy overseas ( to North Africa in April 1943 , and later to Sicily and Italy ) . The 332nd Fighter Group , which originally included the 100th , 301st , and 302nd Fighter Squadrons , was the first black flying group . It deployed to Italy in early 1944 . In June 1944 , the 332nd Fighter Group began flying heavy bomber escort missions , and in July 1944 , with the addition of the 99th Fighter Squadron , it had four fighter squadrons . The 99th Fighter Squadron was initially equipped with Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk fighter - bomber aircraft . The 332nd Fighter Group and its 100th , 301st and 302nd Fighter Squadrons were equipped for initial combat missions with Bell P - 39 Airacobras ( March 1944 ) , later with Republic P - 47 Thunderbolts ( June -- July 1944 ) , and finally with the aircraft with which they became most commonly associated , the North American P - 51 Mustang ( July 1944 ) . When the pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group painted the tails of their P - 47s red , the nickname `` Red Tails '' was coined . The red markings that distinguished the Tuskegee Airmen included red bands on the noses of P - 51s as well as a red rudder ; the P - 51B and D Mustangs flew with similar color schemes , with red propeller spinners , yellow wing bands and all - red tail surfaces . The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African - American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces . During World War II , black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws and the American military was racially segregated , as was much of the federal government . The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to discrimination , both within and outside the army . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Background 1.2 Testing 1.3 The First Lady 's flight 2 Formation 3 Combat assignment 3.1 Active air units 4 Tuskegee Airmen bomber units 4.1 Formation 4.2 Command difficulties 5 War accomplishments 5.1 Controversy over escort record 6 Postwar 7 Legacy and honors 8 Artistic depictions of the Tuskegee Airmen 9 In popular culture 10 Squadron images 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography 15 External links Origins ( edit ) See also : Civilian Pilot Training Program Background ( edit ) The P - 51C Mustang flown by Commemorative Air Force in the colors and markings of Lieutenant Colonel Lee Archer Tuskegee Airman P - 51 Mustang taken at Airventure . This particular P - 51C is part of the Red Tail Project The Stearman Kaydet training aircraft used by the Tuskegee Airmen , bearing the name Spirit of Tuskegee Portrait of Tuskegee airman Edward M. Thomas by photographer Toni Frissell , March 1945 Before the Tuskegee Airmen , no African - American had been a U.S. military pilot . In 1917 , African - American men had tried to become aerial observers , but were rejected . African - American Eugene Bullard served in the French air service during World War I , because he was not allowed to serve in an American unit . Instead , Bullard returned to infantry duty with the French . The racially motivated rejections of World War I African - American recruits sparked more than two decades of advocacy by African - Americans who wished to enlist and train as military aviators . The effort was led by such prominent civil rights leaders as Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , labor union leader A. Philip Randolph , and Judge William H. Hastie . Finally , on 3 April 1939 , Appropriations Bill Public Law 18 was passed by Congress containing an amendment by Senator Harry H. Schwartz , designating funds for training African - American pilots . The War Department managed to put the money into funds of civilian flight schools willing to train black Americans . War Department tradition and policy mandated the segregation of African - Americans into separate military units staffed by white officers , as had been done previously with the 9th Cavalry , 10th Cavalry , 24th Infantry Regiment and 25th Infantry Regiment . When the appropriation of funds for aviation training created opportunities for pilot cadets , their numbers diminished the rosters of these older units . In 1941 , the War Department and the Army Air Corps , under pressure -- three months before its transformation into the USAAF -- constituted the first all - black flying unit , the 99th Pursuit Squadron . Due to the restrictive nature of selection policies , the situation did not seem promising for African - Americans since , in 1940 , the U.S. Census Bureau reported there were only 124 African - American pilots in the nation . The exclusionary policies failed dramatically when the Air Corps received an abundance of applications from men who qualified , even under the restrictive requirements . Many of the applicants already had participated in the Civilian Pilot Training Program , unveiled in late December 1938 ( CPTP ) . Tuskegee University had participated since 1939 . Testing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The U.S. Army Air Corps had established the Psychological Research Unit 1 at Maxwell Army Air Field , Montgomery , Alabama , and other units around the country for aviation cadet training , which included the identification , selection , education , and training of pilots , navigators , and bombardiers . Psychologists employed in these research studies and training programs used some of the first standardized tests to quantify IQ , dexterity and leadership qualities to select and train the best - suited personnel for the roles of bombardier , navigator , and pilot . The Air Corps determined that the existing programs would be used for all units , including all - black units . At Tuskegee , this effort continued with the selection and training of the Tuskegee Airmen . The War Department set up a system to accept only those with a level of flight experience or higher education which ensured that only the most able and intelligent African - American applicants were able to join . The first Lady 's flight ( edit ) The budding flight program at Tuskegee received a publicity boost when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt inspected it in March 1941 , and flew with African - American chief civilian instructor C. Alfred `` Chief '' Anderson . Anderson , who had been flying since 1929 , and was responsible for training thousands of rookie pilots , took his prestigious passenger on a half - hour flight in a Piper J - 3 Cub . After landing , she cheerfully announced , `` Well , you can fly all right . '' The subsequent brouhaha over the First Lady 's flight had such an impact it is often mistakenly cited as the start of the CPTP at Tuskegee , even though the program was already five months old . Eleanor Roosevelt used her position as a trustee of the Julius Rosenwald Fund to arrange a loan of $175,000 to help finance the building of Moton Field . Formation ( edit ) Major James A. Ellison returns the salute of Mac Ross , as he reviews the first class of Tuskegee cadets ; flight line at U.S. Army Air Corps basic and advanced flying school , with Vultee BT - 13 trainers in the background , Tuskegee , Alabama , 1941 On 11 September 1941 , the 99th Pursuit Squadron was activated at Chanute Field in Rantoul , Illinois . A cadre of 271 enlisted men was trained in aircraft ground support trades at Chanute , beginning in July 1941 ; the skills being taught were so technical that setting up segregated classes was deemed impossible . This small number of enlisted men became the core of other black squadrons forming at Tuskegee and Maxwell Fields in Alabama . The Tuskegee program officially began June 1941 with the 99th Pursuit Squadron at Tuskegee University . The unit consisted of 47 officers and 429 enlisted men , and was backed by an entire service arm . After primary training at Moton Field , they were moved to the nearby Tuskegee Army Air Field , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the west for conversion training onto operational types . Consequently , Tuskegee Army Air Field became the only Army installation performing three phases of pilot training ( basic , advanced , and transition ) at a single location . Initial planning called for 500 personnel in residence at a time . By mid-1942 , over six times that many were stationed at Tuskegee , even though only two squadrons were training there . War poster featuring a Tuskegee Airman Tuskegee Army Airfield was similar to already - existing airfields reserved for training white pilots , such as Maxwell Field , only 40 miles ( 64 km ) distant . African - American contractor McKissack and McKissack , Inc. was in charge of the contract . The company 's 2,000 workmen , the Alabama Works Progress Administration , and the U.S. Army built the airfield in only six months . The construction was budgeted at $1,663,057 . The airmen were placed under the command of Captain Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , one of only two black line officers then serving . During training , Tuskegee Army Air Field was commanded first by Major James Ellison . Ellison made great progress in organizing the construction of the facilities needed for the military program at Tuskegee . However , he was transferred on 12 January 1942 , reputedly because of his insistence that his African - American sentries and Military Police had police authority over local Caucasian civilians . His successor , Colonel Frederick von Kimble , then oversaw operations at the Tuskegee airfield . Contrary to new Army regulations , Kimble maintained segregation on the field in deference to local customs in the state of Alabama , a policy that was resented by the airmen . Later that year , the Air Corps replaced Kimble . His replacement had been the director of instruction at Tuskegee Army Airfield , Major Noel F. Parrish . Counter to the prevalent racism of the day , Parrish was fair and open - minded and petitioned Washington to allow the Tuskegee Airmen to serve in combat . Instrument certificate for Tuskegee Airman Robert M. Glass , signed by Parrish The strict racial segregation the U.S. Army required gave way in the face of the requirements for complex training in technical vocations . Typical of the process was the development of separate African - American flight surgeons to support the operations and training of the Tuskegee Airmen . Before the development of this unit , no U.S. Army flight surgeons had been black . Training of African - American men as aviation medical examiners was conducted through correspondence courses until 1943 , when two black physicians were admitted to the U.S. Army School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Field , Texas . This was one of the earliest racially integrated courses in the U.S. Army . Seventeen flight surgeons served with the Tuskegee Airmen from 1941 - 49 . At that time , the typical tour of duty for a U.S. Army flight surgeon was four years . Six of these physicians lived under field conditions during operations in North Africa , Sicily , and Italy . The chief flight surgeon to the Tuskegee Airmen was Dr. Vance H. Marchbanks , Jr. , MD , a childhood friend of Benjamin Davis . The accumulation of washed - out cadets at Tuskegee and the propensity of other commands to `` dump '' African - American personnel on the post exacerbated the difficulties of administering Tuskegee . A shortage of jobs for them made these enlisted men a drag on Tuskegee 's housing and culinary departments . Trained officers were also left idle , as the plan to shift African - American officers into command slots stalled , and white officers not only continued to hold command , but were joined by additional white officers assigned to the post . One rationale behind the non-assignment of trained African - American officers was stated by the commanding officer of the Army Air Forces , General Henry `` Hap '' Arnold : `` Negro pilots can not be used in our present Air Corps units since this would result in Negro officers serving over white enlisted men creating an impossible social situation . '' Combat assignment ( edit ) Eight Tuskegee Airmen in front of a P - 40 fighter aircraft The 99th was finally considered ready for combat duty by April 1943 . It shipped out of Tuskegee on 2 April , bound for North Africa , where it would join the 33rd Fighter Group and its commander , Colonel William W. Momyer . Given little guidance from battle - experienced pilots , the 99th 's first combat mission was to attack the small strategic volcanic island of Pantelleria in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea lanes for the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 . The air assault on the island began 30 May 1943 . The 99th flew its first combat mission on 2 June . The surrender of the garrison of 11,121 Italians and 78 Germans due to air attack was the first of its kind . The 99th then moved on to Sicily and received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its performance in combat . Col. Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , commander of the Tuskegee Airmen 332nd Fighter Group , in front of his P - 47 Thunderbolt in Sicily By the end of February 1944 , more graduates were ready for combat , and the all - black 332nd Fighter Group had been sent overseas with three fighter squadrons : The 100th , 301st and 302nd . Under the command of Colonel Davis , the squadrons were moved to mainland Italy , where the 99th Fighter Squadron , assigned to the group on May 1 , 1944 , joined them on June 6 at Ramitelli Airfield , in the small city of Campomarino , on the Adriatic coast . From Ramitelli , the 332nd Fighter Group escorted Fifteenth Air Force heavy strategic bombing raids into Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Poland and Germany . Flying escort for heavy bombers , the 332nd earned an impressive combat record . The Allies called these airmen `` Red Tails '' or `` Red - Tail Angels , '' because of the distinctive crimson unit identification marking predominantly applied on the tail section of the unit 's aircraft . A B - 25 bomb group , the 477th Bombardment Group , was forming in the U.S. , but was not able to complete its training in time to see action . The 99th Fighter Squadron after its return to the United States became part of the 477th , redesignated the 477th Composite Group . Active Air units ( edit ) Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group at Ramitelli Airfield , Italy ; from left to right , Lt. Dempsey W. Morgan , Lt. Carroll S. Woods , Lt. Robert H. Nelron , Jr. , Captain Andrew D. Turner , and Lt. Clarence P. Lester The only black air units that saw combat during the war were the 99th Pursuit Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group . The dive - bombing and strafing missions under Lieutenant Colonel Davis , Jr. were considered to be highly successful . In May 1942 , the 99th Pursuit Squadron was renamed the 99th Fighter Squadron . It earned three Distinguished Unit Citations ( DUC ) during World War II . The DUCs were for operations over Sicily from 30 May -- 11 June 1943 , Monastery Hill near Cassino from 12 -- 14 May 1944 , and for successfully fighting off German jet aircraft on 24 March 1945 . The mission was the longest bomber escort mission of the Fifteenth Air Force throughout the war . The 332nd flew missions in Sicily , Anzio , Normandy , the Rhineland , the Po Valley and Rome - Arno and others . Pilots of the 99th once set a record for destroying five enemy aircraft in under four minutes . The Tuskegee Airmen shot down three German jets in a single day . On 24 March 1945 , 43 P - 51 Mustangs led by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis escorted B - 17 bombers over 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) into Germany and back . The bombers ' target , a massive Daimler - Benz tank factory in Berlin , was heavily defended by Luftwaffe aircraft , including propeller - driven Fw 190s , Me 163 `` Komet '' rocket - powered fighters , and 25 of the much more formidable Me 262s , history 's first operational jet fighter . Pilots Charles Brantley , Earl Lane and Roscoe Brown all shot down German jets over Berlin that day . For the mission , the 332nd Fighter Group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation . Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group earned 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses . Their missions took them over Italy and enemy occupied parts of central and southern Europe . Their operational aircraft were , in succession : Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk , Bell P - 39 Airacobra , Republic P - 47 Thunderbolt and North American P - 51 Mustang fighter aircraft . Tuskegee Airmen bomber units ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) With African - American fighter pilots being trained successfully , the Army Air Force now came under political pressure from the NAACP and other civil rights organizations to organize a bomber unit . There could be no defensible argument that the quota of 100 African - American pilots in training at one time , or 200 per year out of a total of 60,000 American aviation cadets in annual training , represented the service potential of 13 million African - Americans . On 13 May 1943 , the 616th Bombardment Squadron was established as the initial subordinate squadron of the 477th Bombardment Group . The squadron was activated on 1 July 1943 , only to be inactivated on 15 August 1943 . By September 1943 , the number of washed - out cadets on base had surged to 286 , with few of them working . In January 1944 , the 477th Bombardment Group was reactivated . At the time , the usual training cycle for a bombardment group took three to four months . The 477th would eventually contain four medium bomber squadrons . Slated to comprise 1,200 officers and enlisted men , the unit would operate 60 North American B - 25 Mitchell bombers . The 477th would go on to encompass three more bomber squadrons -- the 617th Bombardment Squadron , the 618th Bombardment Squadron , and the 619th Bombardment Squadron . The 477th was anticipated to be ready for action in November 1944 . The home field for the 477th was Selfridge Field , located outside Detroit , however , other bases would be used for various types of training courses . Twin - engine pilot training began at Tuskegee while transition to multi-engine pilot training was at Mather Field , California . Some ground crews trained at Mather before rotating to Inglewood . Gunners learned to shoot at Eglin Field , Florida . Bombers - navigators learned their trades at Hondo Army Air Field and Midland Air Field , Texas or at Roswell , New Mexico . Training of the new African - American crewmen also took place at Sioux Falls , South Dakota , Lincoln , Nebraska , and Scott Field , Belleville , Illinois . Once trained , the air and ground crews would be spliced into a working unit at Selfridge . Command difficulties ( edit ) The new group 's first commanding officer was Colonel Robert Selway , who had also commanded the 332nd Fighter Group before it deployed for combat overseas . Like his ranking officer , Major General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter from Georgia , Selway was a racial segregationist . Hunter was blunt about it , saying such things as , `` ... racial friction will occur if colored and white pilots are trained together . '' He backed Selway 's violations of Army Regulation 210 - 10 , which forbade segregation of air base facilities . They segregated base facilities so thoroughly they even drew a line in the base theater and ordered separate seating by races . When the audience sat in random patterns as part of `` Operation Checkerboard '' , the movie was halted to make men return to segregated seating . African - American officers petitioned base Commanding Officer William Boyd for access to the only officer 's club on base . Lieutenant Milton Henry entered the club and personally demanded his club rights ; he was court - martialed for this , and discharged . Subsequently , Colonel Boyd denied club rights to African - Americans although General Hunter stepped in and promised a separate but equal club would be built for black airmen . The 477th was transferred to Godman Field , Kentucky before the club was built . They had spent five months at Selfridge but found themselves on a base a fraction of Selfridge 's size , with no air - to - ground gunnery range , and deteriorating runways that were too short for B - 25 landings . Colonel Selway took on the second role of commanding officer of Godman Field . In that capacity , he ceded Godman Field 's officer club to African - American airmen . Caucasian officers used the whites - only clubs at nearby Fort Knox , much to the displeasure of African - American officers . Another irritant was a professional one for African - American officers . They observed a steady flow of white officers through the command positions of the group and squadrons ; these officers stayed just long enough to be `` promotable '' before transferring out at their new rank . This seemed to take about four months . In an extreme example , 22 - year - old Robert Mattern was promoted to captain , transferred into squadron command in the 477th days later , and left a month later as a major . He was replaced by another Caucasian officer . Meanwhile , no Tuskegee Airmen held command . On 15 March 1945 , the 477th was transferred to Freeman Field , near Seymour , Indiana . The white population of Freeman Field was 250 officers and 600 enlisted men . Superimposed on it were 400 African - American officers and 2,500 enlisted men of the 477th and its associated units . Freeman Field had a firing range , usable runways , and other amenities useful for training . African - American airmen would work in proximity with white ones ; both would live in a public housing project adjacent to the base . Colonel Selway turned the non-commissioned officers out of their club and turned it into a second officers club . He then classified all white personnel as cadre , and all African - Americans as trainees . One officers club became the cadre 's club . The old Non-Commissioned Officers Club , promptly sarcastically dubbed `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , became the trainee 's officers club . At least four of the trainees had flown combat in Europe as fighter pilots , and had about four years in service . Four others had completed training as pilots , bombardiers and navigators , and may have been the only triply qualified officers in the entire Air Corps . Several of the Tuskegee Airmen had logged over 900 flight hours by this time . Nevertheless , by Colonel Selway 's fiat , they were trainees . Off - base was no better ; many businesses in Seymour would not serve African - Americans . A local laundry would not wash their clothes , yet willingly laundered those of captured German soldiers . In early April 1945 , the 118th Base Unit transferred in from Godman Field ; its African - American personnel held orders that specified they were base cadre , not trainees . On 5 April , officers of the 477th peaceably tried to enter the whites - only Officer 's Club . Selway had been tipped off by a phone call , and had the assistant provost marshal and base billeting manager stationed at the door to refuse the 477th officers entry . The latter , a major , ordered them to leave , and took their names as a means of arresting them when they refused . It was the beginning of the Freeman Field Mutiny . In the wake of the Freeman Field Mutiny , the 616th and 619th were disbanded and the returned 99th Fighter Squadron assigned to the 477th on 22 June 1945 ; it was re-designated the 477th Composite Group as a result . On 1 July 1945 , Colonel Robert Selway was relieved of the Group 's command ; he was replaced by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis , Jr . A complete sweep of Selway 's white staff followed , with all vacated jobs filled by African - American officers . The war ended before the 477th Composite Group could get into action . The 618th Bombardment Squadron was disbanded on October 8 , 1945 . On 13 March 1946 , the two - squadron group , supported by the 602nd Engineer Squadron ( later renamed 602nd Air Engineer Squadron ) , the 118th Base Unit , and a band , moved to its final station , Lockbourne Field . The 617th Bombardment Squadron and the 99th Fighter Squadron disbanded on July 1 , 1947 , ending the 477th Composite Group . It would be reorganized as the 332nd Fighter Wing . War accomplishments ( edit ) Office of War Information poster In all , 992 pilots were trained in Tuskegee from 1941 - 46 . 355 were deployed overseas , and 84 lost their lives in accidents or combat . The toll included 68 pilots killed in action or accidents , 12 killed in training and non-combat missions and 32 captured as prisoners of war . The Tuskegee Airmen were credited by higher commands with the following accomplishments : 1578 combat missions , 1267 for the Twelfth Air Force ; 311 for the Fifteenth Air Force 179 bomber escort missions , with a good record of protection , losing bombers on only seven missions and a total of only 27 , compared to an average of 46 among other 15th Air Force P - 51 groups 112 enemy aircraft destroyed in the air , another 150 on the ground and 148 damaged 950 rail cars , trucks and other motor vehicles destroyed ( over 600 rail cars ) One destroyer put out of action . The ship concerned had been classified as a destroyer ( Giuseppe Missori ) by the Italian Navy , before being reclassified by the Germans as a torpedo boat , TA22 . It was attacked on 25 June 1944 . The German Navy decommissioned it on 8 November 1944 , and finally scuttled it on 5 February 1945 . 40 boats and barges destroyed Awards and decorations included : Three Distinguished Unit Citations 99th Pursuit Squadron : 30 May -- 11 June 1943 for actions over Sicily 99th Fighter Squadron : 12 -- 14 May 1944 : for successful air strikes against Monte Cassino , Italy 332nd Fighter Group ( and its 99th , 100th , and 301st Fighter Squadrons ) : March 24th 1945 : for a bomber escort mission to Berlin , during which pilots of the 100th FS shot down three enemy ME - 262 jets . The 302nd Fighter Squadron did not receive this award as it had been disbanded on March 6th 1945 . At least one Silver Star 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses to 95 Airmen ; Captain William A. Campbell was awarded two . 14 Bronze Stars 744 Air Medals 8 Purple Hearts Controversy over escort record ( edit ) Men of the 332nd Fighter Group attend a briefing in Italy in 1945 On 24 March 1945 , during the war , the Chicago Defender said that no bomber escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen had ever been lost to enemy fire , under the headline : `` 332nd Flies Its 200th Mission Without Loss '' ; the article was based on information supplied by the 15th Air Force . This statement was repeated for many years , and not publicly challenged , partly because the mission reports were classified for a number of years after the war . In 2004 , William Holton , who was serving as the historian of the Tuskegee Airmen Incorporated , conducted research into wartime action reports . Alan Gropman , a professor at the National Defense University , disputed the initial refutations of the no - loss myth , and said he researched more than 200 Tuskegee Airmen mission reports and found no bombers were lost to enemy fighters . Dr. Daniel Haulman of the Air Force Historical Research Agency conducted a reassessment of the history of the unit in 2006 and early 2007 . His subsequent report , based on after - mission reports filed by both the bomber units and Tuskegee fighter groups , as well as missing air crew records and witness testimony , documented 25 bombers shot down by enemy fighter aircraft while being escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen . In a subsequent article , `` The Tuskegee Airmen and the Never Lost a Bomber Myth , '' published in the Alabama Review and also by New South Books as an e-book , and included in a more comprehensive study regarding misconceptions about the Tuskegee Airmen released by AFHRA in July 2013 , Haulman documented 27 bombers shot down by enemy aircraft while those bombers were being escorted by the 332nd Fighter Group . This total included 15 B - 17s of the 483rd Bombardment Group shot down during a particularly savage air battle with an estimated 300 German fighters on 18 July 1944 that also resulted in nine kill credits and the award of five Distinguished Flying Crosses to members of the 332nd . Of the 179 bomber escort missions the 332nd Fighter Group flew for the Fifteenth Air Force , the group encountered enemy aircraft on 35 of those missions and lost bombers to enemy aircraft on only seven , and the total number of bombers lost was 27 . By comparison , the average number of bombers lost by the other P - 51 fighter groups of the Fifteenth Air Force during the same period was 46 . Tuskegee Airmen gathered at a U.S. base after a mission in the Mediterranean theater A number of examples of the fighter group 's losses exist in the historical record . A mission report states that on 26 July 1944 : `` 1 B - 24 seen spiraling out of formation in T / A ( target area ) after attack by E / A ( enemy aircraft ) . No chutes seen to open . '' The Distinguished Flying Cross citation awarded to Colonel Benjamin O. Davis for the mission on 9 June 1944 noted that he `` so skillfully disposed his squadrons that in spite of the large number of enemy fighters , the bomber formation suffered only a few losses . '' William Holloman was reported by the Times as saying his review of records confirmed bombers had been lost . Holloman was a member of Tuskegee Airmen Inc. , a group of surviving Tuskegee pilots and their supporters , who also taught Black Studies at the University of Washington and chaired the Airmen 's history committee . According to the 28 March 2007 Air Force report , some bombers under 332nd Fighter Group escort protection were even shot down on the day the Chicago Defender article was published . The mission reports , however , do credit the group for not losing a bomber on an escort mission for a six - month period between September 1944 and March 1945 , albeit when Luftwaffe contacts were far fewer than earlier . Postwar ( edit ) Several Tuskegee Airmen at Ramitelli , Italy , March 1945 Contrary to negative predictions from some quarters , Tuskegee Airmen were some of the best pilots in the U.S. Army Air Forces due to a combination of pre-war experience and the personal drive of those accepted for training . Nevertheless , the Tuskegee Airmen continued to have to fight racism . Their combat record did much to quiet those directly involved with the group , but other units continued to harass these airmen . In 1949 , the 332nd entered the annual U.S. Continental Gunnery Meet in Las Vegas , Nevada . The competition included shooting aerial targets , shooting targets on the ground and dropping bombs on targets . Flying the long range Republic P - 47N Thunderbolt ( built for the long range escort mission in the Pacific theatre of World War II ) , the 332nd Fighter Wing took first place in the conventional fighter class . The pilots were Capt . Alva Temple , Lts . Harry Stewart , James Harvey III and Herbert Alexander . Lt. Harvey said , `` We had a perfect score . Three missions , two bombs per plane . We did n't guess at anything , we were good . '' They received congratulations from the Governor of Ohio , and Air Force commanders across the nation . After segregation in the military was ended in 1948 by President Harry S. Truman with Executive Order 9981 , the veteran Tuskegee Airmen now found themselves in high demand throughout the newly formed United States Air Force . Some taught in civilian flight schools , such as the black - owned Columbia Air Center in Maryland . On 11 May 1949 , Air Force Letter 35.3 was published , which mandated that black Airmen be screened for reassignment to formerly all - white units according to qualifications . Tuskegee Airmen were instrumental in postwar developments in aviation . Edward A. Gibbs was a civilian flight instructor in the U.S. Aviation Cadet Program at Tuskegee during its inception . He later became the founder of Negro Airmen International , an association joined by many airmen . USAF General Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr. ( then Lt . ) was an instructor of the 99th Pursuit Squadron , later a fighter pilot in Europe . In 1975 , he became the first African - American to reach the rank of four - star general . Post-war commander of the 99th Squadron Marion Rodgers went on to work in communications for NORAD and as a program developer for the Apollo 13 project . In 2005 , seven Tuskegee Airmen , including Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Carter , Colonel Charles McGee , group historian Ted Johnson , and Lieutenant Colonel Lee Archer , flew to Balad , Iraq , to speak to active duty airmen serving in the current incarnation of the 332nd , which was reactivated as the 332nd Air Expeditionary Group in 1998 and made part of the 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing . `` This group represents the linkage between the ' greatest generation ' of airmen and the ' latest generation ' of airmen , '' said Lt. Gen. Walter E. Buchanan III , commander of the Ninth Air Force and US Central Command Air Forces . No one knows how many of the original 996 pilots and about 16,000 ground personnel are still alive . Surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen participate annually in the Tuskegee Airmen Convention , which is hosted by Tuskegee Airmen , Inc . Willie Rogers , the last surviving member of the original Tuskegee Airmen , died at the age of 101 on 18 November 2016 in St. Petersburg , Florida following a stroke . Rogers was drafted into the Army in 1942 and was part of the 100th Air Engineer Squad. Rogers also served with the Red Tail Angels . He was wounded in action , shot in the stomach and leg by German soldiers , during a mission in Italy in January 1943 . In 2007 , President George W. Bush awarded him the Congressional Gold Medal. Rev. Irby said Rogers was a `` passionate oral historian . '' Legacy and honors ( edit ) A tail signed by surviving Tuskegee Airmen located at the Palm Springs Air Museum , Palm Springs , California . The Hangar One Museum at the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site at Moton Field , Tuskegee , Alabama . The Congressional Gold Medal was collectively presented to approximately 300 Tuskegee Airmen or their widows , at the U.S. Capitol rotunda in Washington , D.C. by President George W. Bush on 29 March 2007 Red Tails continue to fly in the 99th Flying Training Squadron at Randolph Air Force Base in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen The restored P - 51 Mustang associated with the Tuskegee Airmen , now flown by Red Tail Project as described in Red Tail Reborn The new redesigned Tuskegee Airmen Depot sticker . On 29 March 2007 , the Tuskegee Airmen were collectively awarded a Congressional Gold Medal at a ceremony in the U.S. Capitol rotunda . The medal is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution . The airfield where the airmen trained is now the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site . Thurgood Marshall , the future Supreme Court justice , got his start defending Tuskegee bomber trainees . The 477th Bombardment Group was formed in 1944 to extend the so - called `` Tuskegee experiment '' by allowing black aviators to serve on bomber crews . The aim was to send pilots -- many of them veterans of the original Tuskegee fighter group -- back to the States for training on B - 25 bombers . While in Indiana , some of the African - American officers were arrested and charged with mutiny after entering an all - white officers ' club . Marshall , then a young lawyer , represented the 100 black officers who had landed in jail as a result of the confrontation . The men were soon released ( although one was later convicted of violent conduct and fined ) . Other members of the Tuskegee Airmen have made contributions in the world of business . Eugene Winslow founded Afro - Am Publishing in Chicago , Illinois , which published Great Negroes Past and Present in 1963 . Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr. started his career in the early 1940s at Tuskegee , joining the Army Air Corps in July 1943 . After the war ended , James stayed in what became the Air Force and flew missions in both Korea and Vietnam . In 1969 , James was put in command of Wheelus Air Base outside of Tripoli . Three Tuskegee airmen went on to become generals . For keeping his cool in the face of Qaddafi 's troops , James was appointed a brigadier general by President Nixon . However , he was not the only graduate of the `` Tuskegee experiment '' to make flag rank . James followed in the footsteps of Benjamin O. Davis Jr. , the original commander of the 332nd Fighter Group and the first black general in the U.S. Air Force . Another Tuskegee aviator , Lucius Theus , retired a major general after dedicating most of his 36 - year career in the Air Force to improving the military 's bureaucracy , helping to implement a direct deposit system for service members . In 2006 , California Congressman Adam Schiff and Missouri Congressman William Lacy Clay , Jr. , led the initiative to create a commemorative postage stamp to honor the Tuskegee Airmen . The 99th Flying Training Squadron flies T - 1A Jayhawks and , in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen , painted the tops of the tails of their aircraft red . On August 1 , 2008 , Camp Creek Parkway , a portion of State Route 6 in south Fulton County and in the City of East Point near Atlanta , Georgia , was officially renamed in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen . The road is a highway that serves as the main artery into Hartsfield - Jackson International Airport . The Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh presented an award to several Western Pennsylvania Tuskegee veterans , as well as suburban Sewickley , Pennsylvania dedicated a memorial to the seven from that municipality . An exhibit was established at Pittsburgh International Airport in Concourse A . On 9 December 2008 , the Tuskegee Airmen were invited to attend the inauguration of Barack Obama , the first African - American elected as President . Retired Lt. William Broadwater , 82 , of Upper Marlboro , Maryland , a Tuskegee Airman , summed up the feeling . `` The culmination of our efforts and others was this great prize we were given on Nov. 4 . Now we feel like we 've completed our mission . '' More than 180 airmen attended the 20 January 2009 inauguration . In July 2009 , 15 - year - old Kimberly Anyadike became the youngest female African - American pilot to complete a transcontinental flight across the United States . She cited the Tuskegee Airmen as one of her biggest inspirations , and was accompanied on her trip by 87 - year - old former Tuskegee Airman Levi Thornhill . The Tuskegee Airmen Memorial was erected at Walterboro Army Airfield , South Carolina , in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen , their instructors , and ground support personnel who trained at the Walterboro Army Airfield during World War II . In the 2010 Rose Parade , the city of West Covina , California paid tribute to the `` service and commitment of the Tuskegee Airmen '' with a float , entitled `` Tuskegee Airmen -- A Cut Above '' , which featured a large bald eagle , two replica World War II `` Redtail '' fighter aircraft and historical images of some of the airmen who served . The float won the mayor 's trophy as the most outstanding city entry -- national or international . In June 1998 , the Ohio Army and Air National guard opened a jointly operated dining hall . They dedicated the new dining facility called the `` Red Tail Dining Facility '' to the Tuskegee Airmen . The facility is operated at the Rickenbacker ANG base outside of Columbus Ohio . In January 2012 , MTA Regional Bus Operations officially changed the name of its 100th Street depot in New York City to the Tuskegee Airmen Depot . In 2012 , George Lucas produced Red Tails , a film based on the experiences of the Tuskegee Airmen . In 2012 , Aldine Independent School District in Harris County , Texas named Benjamin O. Davis High School in honor of Benjamin O. Davis Jr . Artistic depictions of the Tuskegee Airmen ( edit ) Red Tails Escorting the B17s , a watercolor by Kay Smith is in the collections of the Pritzker Military Library . There is a mural depicting the Tuskegee Airmen and their contributions at 39th and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . In popular culture ( edit ) Play media Tuskegee Airmen were featured in Wings for This Man ( 1945 ) Wings for This Man ( 1945 ) , a propaganda short about the Tuskegee Airmen , was produced by the First Motion Picture Unit of the Army Air Forces . The film was narrated by Ronald Reagan . `` Graveyard '' , an episode of Twelve O'Clock High ( 1966 ) , starring Ossie Davis , Jon Voight , Lloyd Haynes . The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 ) , a film starring Laurence Fishburne , was produced and aired by HBO . `` The Tuskegee Airmen '' , an episode of the documentary TV series Dogfights , was originally aired on the History Channel on 6 December 2007 . The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1997 ) are represented in the G.I. Joe action figure series . The Wild Blue : The Men and Boys who Flew the B - 24s over Germany ( 2001 ) , a book by Stephen Ambrose , describes the Tuskegee Airmen in a tribute to their achievements . Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Fight to Fly ( 2004 ) is a documentary that was the first film to feature information regarding the `` Freeman Field Mutiny '' , the struggle of 101 African - American officers arrested for entering a white officer 's club . Red Tail Reborn is a documentary film about the restoration of an aircraft that was flown by the Tuskegee Airmen and its use as a flying memorial to them . Red Tails is a film about the Tuskegee Airmen by George Lucas released in January 2012 . The film was written by John Ridley and Aaron McGruder , and directed by Anthony Hemingway . Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) features the Tuskegee Airmen . One of the Airmen , played by Keith Powell , narrates the group 's activities in a stentorian voice ( `` The Tuskegee Airmen are on the march once again ! '' ) . Another one of the Airmen ( Craig Robinson ) says to Amelia Earhart ( Amy Adams ) , `` A lot of people did n't think we could fly , either ... thanks for clearing the runway for us . '' Black Angels Over Tuskegee ( 2015 ) , an Off - Broadway play about the Airmen written and directed by Layon Gray , currently performs in New York City . Squadron images ( edit ) Patch of the 99th Fighter Squadron Patch of the 100th Fighter Squadron Patch of the 301st Fighter Squadron Patch of the 302d Fighter Squadron See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal 92nd Infantry Division 93rd Infantry Division 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion `` Triple Nicklel '' 761st Tank Battalion Bessie Coleman -- first African - American civil aviator Fly ( 2009 play about the Tuskegee Airmen ) List of African - American Medal of Honor recipients Military history of African - Americans Racial discrimination against African - Americans in the U.S. Military Red Ball Express Strategic bombing during World War II Port Chicago disaster Walterboro Army Airfield training site and memorial Willa Brown Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. state and local laws enacted between 1876 and 1965 that mandated de jure racial segregation in all public activities were collectively known as the `` Jim Crow laws '' ; the name derivation from a contemporary pejorative for Black Americans . Jump up ^ `` Pursuit '' being the U.S. term for `` fighter '' to May 1942 . Jump up ^ It may have been a lawsuit from a rejected candidate , that caused the USAAC to accept black applicants . Yancey Williams , an African American otherwise qualified for military pilot 's training , filed suit in the District Court in Washington , DC for admittance to training . He was backed by the National Association of for the Advancement of Colored People . Jump up ^ The Coffey School of Aeronautics in Chicago was also considered . Tuskegee 's already existent CPTP , ground school training facilities , availability of nearby Montgomery Field , and better flying weather certainly offered some advantages . Jump up ^ The physical requirements that made it possible to fit in a fighter 's cockpit with a height less than 70 inches , weight under 170 pounds , precluded many larger African - American men from eligibility . Jump up ^ Each B - 25 bomber cost $175,000 . Overall cost of the entire group was estimated at $20,000,000 . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ See `` Pronunciation of Tuskegee '' , thefreedictionary.com ; retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing '' Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegee.edu ; retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered Jump up ^ Woodward and McFeely ( 2001 ) , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Lloyd 2000 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Tuskegee Airmen '' . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Benton 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Roosevelt Goes for a Ride - Red Tail Squadron '' . Red Tail Squadron . ^ Jump up to : Moye 2010 , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 26 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Thole 2002 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Lambertson , Gilles . `` History of Flight : The Other Harlem . '' Air & Space Magazine , 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fact sheet : Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 19 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , National Museum of the United States Air Force website ; retrieved 22 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene . `` Colonel Parrish 's Orders . '' American History , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , May / June 1995 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , D.R. , L.P. Gross and R. Marchbanks - Robinson . `` United States Army Aeromedical Support to African Fliers , 1941 -- 1949 : The Tuskegee Flight Surgeons '' , SAM - FE - BR - TR - 2007 - 0001 : US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine ( 2007 ) ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 93 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Leads the 99th into Combat '' Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , The National Museum of the United States Air Force ; retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Herman S. `` Pantelleria , 1943 '' Archived 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , airforce-magazine.com , June 2002 ; retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Molony et al. 2004 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` 99th Flying Training Squadron History . '' United States Air Force ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 332d Fighter Squadron '' , everworld.com ; retrieved 9 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Markus . `` The Men and Their Airplanes : The Fighters '' , Tuskegee Airmen via logicalthinker2.tripod.com , 1 March 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation . '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Sam Houston State University ; retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating African Americans in Aviation '' , San Diego Air & Space Museum ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Escort Excellence '' Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , nationalmuseum.af.mil ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Escort Excellence '' Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , nationalmuseum.af.mil ; retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Moye 2010 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 94 , 124 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly , pp. 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 128 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 131 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 132 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 206 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso. 1997 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ `` Escort Excellence . '' Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the United States Air Force ; retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Tillman 2012 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 394 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 405 -- 13 ( Tuskegee Honor Roll ) , books.google.com ; accessed 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , AFHRA.af.mil , 24 July 2013 ; retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. `` Nine Myths about the Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 31 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegee.edu , 21 October 2011 ; retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Freeman Field Mutiny : A Study In Leadership '' , Air University , Maxwell - Gunter Air Force Base , Montgomery , Alabama ; retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Haulman 2012 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. `` Chronological Table of Tuskegee Airmen Who Earned the Distinguished Flying Cross '' ; retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Historical Study 82 '' ( 1969 ) Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , afhra.maxwell.af.mil ; retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Bob . `` Ex-Pilot Confirms Bomber Loss , Flier Shot down in 1944 was Escorted by Tuskegee Airmen '' , p . A18 , WashingtonPost.com , 17 December 2006 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers . '' USA Today ; retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Levesque , William R. `` An uneasy question for the Tuskegee Airmen : The heroism of the Tuskegee Airmen is legendary , but some wonder if they really never lost a bomber . And that does n't sit well . '' St. Petersburg Times , 26 January 2008 ; retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers '' , aimpoints.hq.af.mil , 2 April 2007 ; retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. ( 2010 ) . Tuskegee Airmen Chronology `` , p. 29 , afnews.af.mil ; retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. ( 2013 ) . `` Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , afhra.af.mil ; retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Banerji , Shilpa . `` Historians Question Record of Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , diverseeducation.com , 19 June 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Haulman , `` Tuskegee Airmen Chronology '' , p. 55 Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen History '' Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegeeairmen.org ; retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Aviation History Magazine , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 402 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Zieminski , Andy . `` County 's first black - owned airport becomes training ground . '' Gazette.net : Maryland Community Newspapers Online , 7 February 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gubert et al. 2002 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` General Daniel James Jr . '' Official United States Air Force ( 1978 ) ; retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Bloom . `` Wishes for Our Warriors '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen suit up , head to Iraq . '' USA Today , 22 October 2005 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. `` Inauguration Is a Culmination for Black Airmen . '' The New York Times via nytimes.com , 12 October 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Tuskegee Airmen News '' , tuskegeeairmen.org ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Times , Air Force . `` Willie Rogers , Tuskegee Airman , dies at 101 after stroke '' . Air Force Times . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Rogers , Tuskegee Airman , dies at 101 in Florida '' . Fox News . 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Resolved by the Senate ( the House of Representatives concurring ) , That the Rotunda of the Capitol is authorized to be used on 29 March 2007 , for a ceremony to award a Congressional ... ( Engrossed as Agreed to or Passed by Senate ) , 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Price , Deb . `` Nation to honor Tuskegee Airmen . '' The Detroit News , 29 March 2007 ; retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen Gold Medal Bill Signed Into Law . '' Office of Congressman Charles B. Rangel ; retrieved 26 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ben . `` Tuskegee Airmen awarded Congressional Gold Medal . '' , thetandd.com , 30 March 2007 ; retrieved 30 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site '' , nps.gov ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History in the Headlines : The Tuskegee Airmen : 5 Fascinating Facts '' , History.com , 20 January 2012 ; retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene Winslow , 81 : Tuskegee Airman , Pioneering Designer '' , Chicago Tribune , 11 July 2001 . Jump up ^ Oblack , Sean . `` Schiff Votes to Honor Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 26 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , schiff.house.gov ; , retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Assembly ( 2008 ) House Resolution 1023 Act 745 '' ( pdf ) . Georgia General Assembly Legislation . Georgia General Assembly . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Majors , Dan . `` Real Tuskegee airman approves of new film about their service in WW II : One good tale '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , 21 January 2012 ; retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ove , Torsten . `` Tuskegee Airmen exhibit opens at airport '' , post-gazette.com , 13 September 2013 ; accessed 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. `` Tuskegee Airmen Invited to Obama Inauguration . '' The New York Times , 9 December 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ We 've Completed Our Mission . Washington Post , 13 December 2008 , p . B01 . Jump up ^ Longoria , R. Michael ( 20 January 2009 ) . `` Inauguration Brings Tuskegee Airmen to Bolling '' , U.S. Air Force website ; retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 - yr. - old becomes youngest black pilot to fly cross-country '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ della Cava , Marco R. `` George Lucas ' ' Red Tails ' salutes Tuskegee Airmen '' , USA Today , 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First day comes with grade - school glitches '' . Houston Chronicle. 2012 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pritzker Military Library Dedicates Oral History Room With Painting Unveiling and Program About the Tuskegee Airmen , prweb.com ; accessed 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.muralarts.org/artworks/tuskegee-airmen-they-met-the-challenge/ Jump up ^ Wings for This Man on IMDb Jump up ^ `` '' 12 O'Clock High '' Graveyard ( TV Episode 1966 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ The Tuskegee Airmen on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 1997 G.I. Joe Classic Collection '' , mastercollector.com ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 2001 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Fight to Fly on IMDb Jump up ^ Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Flight to Fly Archived 20 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , fight2fly.com ; retrieved 20 March 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen Edward . The Wild Blue : The Men and Boys who Flew the B - 24s over Germany . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0339 - 9 . Benton , Jeffrey C. `` Noel F. Parrish '' , They Served Here : Thirty - Three Maxwell Men . Maxwell AFB , Montgomery , Alabama : Air University Press , 1999 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 58566 - 074 - 2 . Berry , Ben . Tuskegee Airmen : to the Moon , Mars and Beyond ( Secrets Revealed ) . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2011 ; ISBN 1460931076 OCLC 827831542 Broadnax , Samuel L. Blue Skies , Black Wings : African - American Pioneers of Aviation . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers , 2007 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 99195 - 4 . Bucholtz , Chris and Jim Laurier . 332nd Fighter Group -- Tuskegee Airmen . Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing , 2007 ; ISBN 1 - 84603 - 044 - 7 . Caldwell , Donald and Richard Muller . The Luftwaffe over Germany : Defense of the Reich . London : Greenhill Books , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 712 - 0 . Caver , Joseph , Jerome Ennels , and Daniel Haulman . The Tuskegee Airmen : An Illustrated History , 1939 -- 1949 . Montgomery , Alabama : New South Books , 2011 ; ISBN 1 - 58838 - 244 - 3 / ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 244 - 3 . Cotter , Jarrod . `` Red Tail Project '' , Flypast No. 248 , March 2002 . Francis , Charles E. and Adolph Caso . The Tuskegee Airmen : The Men Who Changed a Nation . Boston : Branden Books , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 8283 - 2029 - 2 . Gubert , Betty Kaplan , Miriam Sawyer and Caroline M. Fannine . Distinguished African - Americans in Aviation and Space Science . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group , 2002 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 246 - 1 . Hill , Ezra M. Sr . The Black Red Tail Angels : A Story of the Tuskegee Airmen . Columbus , Ohio : SMF Haven of Hope , 2006 . Holway , John B. Red Tail , Black Wings : The Men of America 's Black Air Force . Las Cruces , New Mexico : Yuca Tree Press , 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 881325 - 21 - 0 . Haulman , Daniel L. Eleven Myths About the Tuskegee Airmen . Montgomery , Alabama : New South Books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60306 - 147 - 6 . Haulman , Daniel L. `` The Tuskegee Airmen and the Never Lost a Bomber Myth '' , The Alabama Review , Vol. 64 , No. 1 , January 2011 . Haulman , Daniel L. Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen , Air Force Historical Research Agency ( USAF ) , 24 July 2013 . Haulman , Daniel L. Tuskegee Airmen Chronology , afnews.af.mil ; retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Homan , Lynn M. and Thomas Reilly . Black Knights : The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen . Gretna , Louisiana : Pelican Publishing , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 56554 - 828 - 2 . Leuthner , Stuart and Olivier Jensen . High Honor : Recollections by Men and Women of World War II Aviation . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1989 ; ISBN 0 - 87474 - 650 - 7 . Lloyd , Craig . Eugene Bullard , Black Expatriate in Jazz - Age Paris . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press , 2000 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2192 - 9 . McKissack , Patricia C. and Fredrick L. Red Tail Angels : The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II . New York : Walker Books for Young Readers , 1996 ; ISBN 0 - 8027 - 8292 - 2 . Molony , Brigadier C.J.C. ; Captain F.C. Flynn ( R.N. ) ; Major - General H.L. Davies and Group Captain T.P. Gleave . `` The Mediterranean and Middle East , Volume V : The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3 September 1943 to 31 March 1944 '' , History of the Second World War ( United Kingdom Military Series ) . Uckfield , UK : Naval & Military Press , 2004 , First edition , 1973 ( HMSO ) ; ISBN 1 - 84574 - 069 - 6 . Moye , J. Todd . Freedom Flyers : The Tuskeegee Airmen of World War II . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538655 - 4 . Percy , William A. `` Jim Crow and Uncle Sam : The Tuskegee Flying Units and the U.S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II '' , The Journal of Military History , 67 , July 2003 . Ross , Robert A. Lonely Eagles : The Story of America 's Black Air Force in World War II . Los Angeles : Tuskegee Airmen Inc. , Los Angeles Chapter , 1980 ; ISBN 0 - 917612 - 00 - 0 . Sandler , Stanley . Segregated Skies : All - Black Combat Squadrons of WWII . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1992 ; ISBN 1 - 56098 - 154 - 7 . Tillman , Barrett . `` Tales of the Red Tails ; Inside the Tuskegee Legend : The men , the machines , the missions '' , Flight Journal , February 2012 . Thole , Lou . `` Segregated Skies . '' Flypast No , 248 , March 2002 . Tucker , Phillip Thomas . Father of the Tuskegee airmen , John C. Robinson . Washington , DC : Potomac Books , Inc. , 2012 ; ISBN 1597974870 , e-book ISBN 1597976067 OCLC 752678328 Woodward , C. Vann and William S. McFeely . The Strange Career of Jim Crow . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514690 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuskegee Airmen . Tuskegee Airmen at Tuskegee University Tuskegee Airmen Museum Double V : Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen , an illustrated history book of the `` Red Tails '' by veteran Tuskegee Airmen ( Lawrence P. Scott , William M. Womack ) from Michigan , with photos from personal collections . Images of Tukegee airmen , photos , paintings etc . `` Red - Tail Angels '' : The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 ) Funeral Program for Tuskegee Airman Cassius Harris African American Funeral Programs from the East Central Georgia Regional Library The Tuskegee Airmen at the 2012 BET Honors Awards Tuskegee Airmen , Inc . -- Official Web Site The Red Tail Project African Americans in the U.S. Army The Negro Pilot Training Program `` Tuskegee Airmen : Brett Gadsden Interviews J. Todd Moye '' , Southern Spaces 30 September 2010 . Interview with historian Todd Moye regarding the Tuskegee Airmen on `` New Books in History '' Contemporary newsreel about `` Negro Pilots '' -- YouTube The short film `` Henry Browne , Farmer ( 1942 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` Negro Pilots ( 1943 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The Negro Soldier ( 1943 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` Wings for This Man ( 1945 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` Tuskegee Airman Tribute ( 1990 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` African Americans in World War II : Legacy of Patriotism and Valor ( 1997 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive Works by or about United States Army Air Forces Fighter Group , 332nd in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Works by or about United States Army Air Forces Composite Group , 477th in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Tuskegee Airmen collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Official Tuskegee Airmen painting created with the Tuskegee Airmen Association Photographs and information about the Tuskegee Airmen from World Digital Library Interview with three Tuskegee Airmen : Robert Martin , Dr. Quentin P. Smith , and Shelby Westbrook at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on October 2008 Citizen Soldier episode on Tuskegee Airmen recorded at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on 12 September 2013 Tuskegee Airmen Collections University of California , Riverside Nine Myths About the Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Airmen Units 99th Fighter Squadron 100th Fighter Squadron 301st Fighter Squadron 302nd Fighter Squadron 332nd Fighter Group 477th Fighter Group Air fields Chanute Field Moton Army Air Field Tuskegee Army Air Field Pilots and crew Benjamin O. Davis Jr. ( C / O ) Lee Archer Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler George L. Brown Roscoe Brown William A. Campbell Herbert Carter Eugene Calvin Cheatham Jr . Milton Crenchaw Clarence Dart Alfonza W. Davis Gene Derricotte Charles Dryden Julius Freeman Joseph Gomer Oliver Goodall Arthur C. Harmon Raymond V. Haysbert Percy Heath Mitchell Higginbotham Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr . Alexander Jefferson Herman A. Johnson James B. Knighten Charles William Ledbetter Clarence D. Lester Hiram Mann Charles McGee John Mosley Fitzroy Newsum Wendell O. Pruitt Louis R. Purnell Sr . Lawrence E. Roberts Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr . Robert Searcy David Showell Wilmeth Sidat - Singh Eugene Smith Vernon Sport Lowell Steward Charles `` Chuck '' Stone Jr . Percy Sutton Roger Terry Robert B. Tresville Spann Watson Malvin `` Mal '' Whitfield Henry Wise Jr . Coleman Young Incidents Freeman Field Mutiny Aircraft Bell P - 39 Airacobra Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk North American P - 51 Mustang Republic P - 47 Thunderbolt Media Fictional films The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 ) Hart 's War ( 2002 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Documentaries Red Tail Reborn ( 2007 ) Flight of the Red Tail ( 2009 ) Other Henry Browne , Farmer Wings for This Man `` Wingmen '' Legacy Red Tail Squadron Tuskegee Airmen , Inc Tuskegee University Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site Other Maycie Herrington Buford A. Johnson Noel F. Parrish See also African American military history Buffalo Soldier Golden Thirteen 366th Infantry Regiment U.S. Army Black Panthers United States Colored Troops USAAF Fifteenth Air Force in World War II Stations Tunisia Bizerte Depienne Enfidaville Massicault Oudna Pont du Fahs Sainte Marie du Zit Soliman Italy Amendola Bari Castelltuccio Cattolica Celone Cerignola Fano Foggia Gioia del Colle Grottaglie Giulia Lesina Lucera Madna Manduria Marcianise Mondolfo Pantanella Piagiolino Pisa Rimini Salsosa San Giovanni San Pancrazio San Severo Spinazzola Sterparone Tortorella Torremaggiore Torretto Triolo Venosa Vincenzo Units Wings 5th Bombardment 47th Bombardment 49th Bombardment 55th Bombardment 304th Bombardment 305th Fighter ( P ) 306th Fighter Groups Bombardment 2nd Bombardment 97th Bombardment 98th Bombardment 99th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 376th Bombardment 449th Bombardment 450th Bombardment 451st Bombardment 454th Bombardment 455th Bombardment 456th Bombardment 459th Bombardment 460th Bombardment 461st Bombardment 463rd Bombardment 464th Bombardment 465th Bombardment 483rd Bombardment 484th Bombardment 485th Bombardment Fighter 1st Fighter 14th Fighter 31st Fighter 52nd Fighter 82nd Fighter 325th Fighter 332nd Fighter United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula Eleanor Roosevelt Chairwoman , Presidential Commission on the Status of Women ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 34th First Lady of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) United Nations United States delegate , United Nations General Assembly ( 1946 -- 1952 ) United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( 1947 -- 1953 , Chairperson 1946 -- 1951 ) Universal Declaration of Human Rights Human Rights Day First Lady of the United States `` My Day '' daily newspaper column , 1935 -- 1962 Co-Chair , Office of Civilian Defense Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert Tuskegee Airmen flight Arthurdale and Eleanor , West Virginia American Youth Congress National Youth Administration Black Cabinet 1940 Democratic National Convention speech Women in Defense Freedom House Other events First Lady of New York Presidential Commission on the Status of Women National Organization for Women Encampment for Citizenship Life and homes Val - Kill National Historic Site Val - Kill Industries Campobello home Franklin D. Roosevelt 's paralytic illness Hyde Park home and gravesite Legacy Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Roosevelt Study Center Eleanor Roosevelt Monument Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial Eleanor Roosevelt College Marian Anderson : the Lincoln Memorial Concert ( 1939 film ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 play , 1960 film ) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story ( 1965 film ) Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 film ) Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 film ) The Roosevelts ( 2014 documentary ) Related United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights International Bill of Human Rights International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Morgenthau Plan Roosevelt family Franklin D. Roosevelt ( husband presidency ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( father ) Anna Hall Roosevelt ( mother ) Hall Roosevelt ( brother ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( grandfather ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( grandmother ) Theodore Roosevelt ( uncle presidency ) Bamie Roosevelt ( aunt ) Fala ( family dog ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuskegee_Airmen&oldid=845282977 '' Categories : African - American history African - American history of the United States military History of Alabama Groups of World War II Congressional Gold Medal recipients United States Army officers Tuskegee University People from Tuskegee , Alabama Tuskegee Airmen Buffalo Soldiers African - American history of Alabama United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II North American P - 51 Mustang Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Use American English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from October 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 19 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many african american pilots were trained at tuskegee
[]
[]
-4819122089990763383
Lovey Howell
Lovey Howell - wikipedia Lovey Howell Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Lovey '' Howell Gilligan 's Island character First appearance `` Marooned '' Gilligan 's Island ( pilot , 1963 ) Last appearance `` Gilligan 's Army '' Gilligan 's Planet ( 1982 ) Created by Sherwood Schwartz Portrayed by Natalie Schafer Information Gender Female Occupation Socialite Spouse ( s ) Thurston Howell III `` Lovey '' Howell ( née Wentworth ) , referred to as `` Mrs. Howell '' by characters other than her husband , is a fictional character from the 1964 to 1967 television show Gilligan 's Island . Played by Natalie Schafer , the character was a rich , spoiled socialite , married to Thurston Howell III . Character summary ( edit ) While Mr. Howell always called her `` Lovey '' , the other castaways always called her `` Mrs. Howell '' . There are only two times someone besides Thurston calls her Lovey : in the pilot , when the radio is announcing the missing people , the announcer says `` Thurston Howell III and his wife , international hostess Lovey Howell '' ; and in the episode in which Gilligan thinks he wins the lottery and invites all the people into the Howells ' club , The Professor greets Mr. and Mrs. Howell as Thurston and Lovey . In episode 31 of season 2 , `` Mr. and Mrs. ? ? ? '' , in which the Howells were having marital problems , she mentioned her maiden name was Wentworth . Her actual first name was never mentioned in the series itself or its unaired pilot episode . Not much information was revealed about her life before being marooned with her fellow castaways , but she introduced herself in episode 6 of season 2 ( `` Quick Before It Sinks '' ) as `` Mrs. Thurston Howell III , from New York , Palm Beach and of course , Paris , mon cher . '' She also mentions in episode 17 of season 2 : `` You 've Been Disconnected '' that she spoke fluent French and Italian , hinting at a classical education . In episode 9 of season 3 ( `` Ring Around Gilligan '' ) , Mr. Howell mentions her having studied at Vassar , saying `` Mommy warned me about you Vassar girls and your long gym classes '' . During episode 4 of season 2 : `` Smile , You 're on Mars Camera '' Thurston Howell indicates that Lovey , or at least her family , had money of their own ; Mr. Howell describes her as being an heiress who is `` loaded '' . It is also revealed that Mrs. Howell 's father gave them an oil company ( apparently dry ) in `` Dustbowl , Oklahoma '' as a wedding gift , which she claims he thought was a football stadium ( episode 13 of season 1 : `` Three Million Dollars More or Less '' ) . Lovey claimed she was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) ( episode 30 of season 2 , `` ' V ' for Vitamins '' ) , to have been presented at the Court of St. James and to have been selected the `` Queen of the Prune - Bowl Parade '' ( episode 30 of season 3 , `` Gilligan , the Goddess '' ) . Although spoiled and preoccupied with social status , Mrs. Howell was also kind and genuinely cared about the well - being of her fellow castaways . She frequently served as something of a mother figure to the two younger female castaways , Ginger Grant and Mary Ann Summers , offering advice ( though she sometimes also displays jealousy toward the two younger women ) . One of the Island `` Visitors '' she ca n't stand is socialite Erika - Tiffany Smith ( played by Zsa Zsa Gabor ) because her name appears before the Howells in the `` Social Register '' . She also claims to be close friends with `` Grace and Prince Rainier '' on several episodes . Several times she acted as a motherly figure to Gilligan , such as psychoanalyzing him , adopting him , and praising him for his accomplishments when no one else did . She often plotted with her husband several times to steal / access / manipulate things from the other survivors . She once tried to get Gilligan and Mary Ann to wed , kept a gold mine secret from the rest of the group , divulged secrets about stolen jewelry from a parrot , schemed to convince a burnt out artist to leave the island and got through to an uncivilized jungle boy played by Kurt Russell . It was once quoted by Thurston Howell himself that their brilliance together was exceeded only by their greed . They had also proven to have a house in each state and several staffs of servants , including an upstairs maid , a downstairs maid and a butler who served him breakfast in bed . Thurston once quoted that the neighborhood of one million dollars apiece was considered a slum area where they resided . Although the Howells were portrayed as childless in the original series , their son Thurston Howell IV ( portrayed by David Ruprecht ) was introduced in the reunion movie The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island . Gilligan 's Island Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Characters Gilligan The Skipper The Professor Ginger Grant Mary Ann Summers Thurston Howell III Lovey Howell Spin - offs The New Adventures of Gilligan Rescue from Gilligan 's Island The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Planet Surviving Gilligan 's Island Related Episodes S.S. Minnow The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island pinball machine The Real Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Wake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovey_Howell&oldid=789866840 '' Categories : Fictional socialites Gilligan 's Island characters Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1964 Female characters in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what was mrs howell's first name on gilligan's island
[ "\"Lovey\" Howell (née Wentworth), referred to as \"Mrs. Howell\" by characters other than her husband, is a fictional character from the 1964 to 1967 television show Gilligan's Island. Played by Natalie Schafer, the character was a rich, spoiled socialite, married to Thurston Howell III." ]
[ "Lovey" ]
-5803962432297207173
Cold War
Cold War - wikipedia Cold War Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cold War ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold warrior '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cold warrior ( disambiguation ) . The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 1961 ; The Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project crew , 1975 ; During the Cold War , the US conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count , between 1945 and 1992 ; The fall of the Berlin Wall , 1989 ; Tanks in Red Square during the August Coup , four months before the USSR collapse , 1991 . The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . Meanwhile , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( notably the internationally successful James Bond film franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 . The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '' , with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics , the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism . There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality , colonial slavery , and chauvinism , national oppression and pogroms , imperialist brutalities and wars . Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace , national freedom and equality , a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples . According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War , from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941 , British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic , foreign , and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism . This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields , new weapons , new players , and a greater intensity , but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ) . The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged . Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis , the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable . To be sure , they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility , but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace . After World War II , in contrast , the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War . Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s , it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same . Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied Britain , the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers . End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece . At the Yalta Conference of February 1945 , Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement , but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . At the Second Quebec Conference , a high - level military conference held in Quebec City , 12 -- 16 September 1944 , Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters , including a plan for Germany , based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal . The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character . '' However , it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states . On 10 May 1945 , President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 . The directive , which was in effect for over two years , and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin , directed the U.S. forces of occupation to `` ... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany '' . Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy . The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin . General Wolff , a war criminal , appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945 . Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable , a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into two different SSRs ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) People 's Republic of Poland ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . After World War II , US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc , which evolved into Operation Gladio . Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' . 1 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government . ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes . ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American Communists , financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid . In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system . Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan . Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant impacts of containment was the outbreak of the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present . He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos . Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § Decolonization after 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead . In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race . This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 . That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance . Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe . Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations , and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions . A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets . When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . An American PoW speaking with a North Vietnamese Army officer , 1973 . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December . `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union . Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West . For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . The map of the route of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , which was shot down by the Soviet Air Forces . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system . A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations . Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ) . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 The Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the only violent revolution in Europe that brought the end of the Communist rule . By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely . Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower . The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure . In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list ; its final season will begin airing in March 2018 . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial era 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War Era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1877 -- 1897 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar Era 1945 -- 1981 Reagan Era 1981 -- 2009 Timeline As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War . Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Cold War II Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ Orwell , `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , Tribune 19 October 1945 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George , The Observer , 10 March 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1 October 2006 ) . `` Islamofascism Anyone ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` This Day on History -- April 16 , 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' `` . A + E Networks . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Strobe Talbott , The Great Experiment : The Story of Ancient Empires , Modern States , and the Quest for a Global Nation ( 2009 ) p. 441 n. 3 ; Lippmann 's own book is Lippmann , Walter ( 1947 ) . The Cold War . Harper . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Palmieri 1989 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Max Beloff , The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1929 - 1936 ( vol 1 , 1947 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Chrtistopher Sutton , Britain 's Cold War in Cyprus and Hong Kong : A Conflict of Empires ( 2016 ) , abstract of ch. 1 Jump up ^ Frank Ninkovich , `` The First Cold War '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2003 ) 33 # 3 pp 688 - 90 . Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring Jr. , Aid to Russia , 1941 -- 1946 : Strategy , Diplomacy , the Origins of the Cold War ( Columbia University Press , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 13 -- 23 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 156 ^ Jump up to : Plokhy 2010 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Max Frankel , `` Stalin 's Shadow , '' New York Times 21 Nov 2012 reviewing Anne Applebaum , Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 ( 2012 ) , See Introduction , text after note 26 , and ch. 3 , 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Heller , p. 27 . `` From the Soviet perspective , a postwar period of peace and reconstruction was indispensable . Therefore , the continuation of cooperation and peaceful relations with its wartime allies , the United States and Great Britain , was greatly to be desired . '' Jump up ^ David Carlton , Churchill and the Soviet Union ( Manchester University Press , 2000 ) p. 114 - 116 Jump up ^ Allan Todd , History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 : The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia ( Cambridge University Press , 2016 ) , p. 105 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office , Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the McCarran Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws , ( Washington , 1967 ) volume 1 , pp. 620 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kerstin von Lingen , Allen Dulles , the OSS , and Nazi War Criminals ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) , p. 6 , 81 - 90 Jump up ^ Rev , Istvan . `` Opinion An Absurdist Film That Touches on Wartime Reality '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Peck , Michael . `` Operation Unthinkable : Britain 's Secret Plan to Invade Russia in 1945 '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zubok 1996 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bourantonis 1996 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Garthoff 1994 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . In McLean , Iain ; McMillan , Alistair . The concise Oxford dictionary of politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280276 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Alan Wood , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97515 - 8 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Roht - Arriaza 1995 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army '' . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Warfare : Operation Gladio and NATO 's Stay - Behind Armies -- Chronology '' Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zurich Jump up ^ Schecter 2003 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Kydd 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Morgan , Curtis F. `` Southern Partnership : James F. Byrnes , Lucius D. Clay and Germany , 1945 -- 1947 '' . James F. Byrnes Institute . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Harriman , Pamela C. ( Winter 1987 -- 1988 ) . `` Churchill and ... Politics : The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech '' . Winston Churchill Centre . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Marxists Internet Archive , https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm Jump up ^ McCauwley , Martin , Origins of the Cold War 1941 -- 49 : Revised 3rd Edition , Routledge , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1405874335 , p. 143 Jump up ^ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine Jump up ^ Iatrides , John O. ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The British Labour Government and the Greek Civil War : The Imperialism of ' Non-Intervention ' ( review ) '' . Journal of Modern Greek Studies . 14 ( 2 ) : 373 -- 376 . doi : 10.1353 / mgs. 1996.0020 . ISSN 1086 - 3265 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , André ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300180602 . , pg. 195 - 204 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 1993 , pp. 194 -- 197 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hahn 1993 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Higgs 2006 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Moschonas & Elliott 2002 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . p. 276 . Jump up ^ Crocker , Hampson & Aall 2007 , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Gaddis 1990 , p. 186 Jump up ^ `` Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 28 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Karabell 1999 , p. 916 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Patterson 1997 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Cowley 1996 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Carabott & Sfikas 2004 , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Turner , Henry Ashby , The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 29 Jump up ^ Fritsch - Bournazel , Renata , Confronting the German Question : Germans on the East - West Divide , Berg Publishers , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 180 -- 81 Jump up ^ Van Dijk , Rudd . The 1952 Stalin Note Debate : Myth or Missed Opportunity for German Reunification ? Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Cold War International History Project , Working Paper 14 , May 1996 . Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Heike Bungert , `` A New Perspective on French - American Relations during the Occupation of Germany , 1945 -- 1948 : Behind - the - Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger . '' Diplomatic History ( 1994 ) 18 # 3 pp : 333 -- 352 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Patrick ( 1997 ) . Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe . Routledge . pp. 15 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4765 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Wood , p. 111 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cummings , Richard H. ( 2010 ) . Radio Free Europe 's `` Crusade for freedom '' : Rallying Americans behind Cold War Broadcasting , 1950 -- 1960 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4410 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Westad 2012 , p. 291 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 164 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Stokesbury , James L ( 1990 ) . A Short History of the Korean War . New York : Harper Perennial . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 09513 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weathersby 1993 , pp. 28 , 30 . Jump up ^ Malkasian 2001 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Fehrenbach , T.R. , This Kind of War : The Classic Korean War History , Brasseys , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 57488 - 334 - 8 , page 305 Jump up ^ Isby & Kamps 1985 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Cotton , James ( 1989 ) . The Korean war in history . Manchester University Press ND . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 2984 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don , The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History , Basic Books , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 465 - 05162 - 6 , page 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ No , Kum - Sok and J. Roger Osterholm , A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 , McFarland , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66834 - X . Jump up ^ Karabell , p. 916 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` We Will Bury You ! '' , Time magazine , 26 November 1956 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Tompson 1997 , pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Eric Bradner ( 23 December 2015 ) . Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . See also : U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time . National Security Archive. 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmowski Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , p. 818 Jump up ^ `` Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' . BBC News . 4 November 1956 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N.P. Dudorov ( 15 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day June 16 , 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 1997 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Njolstad 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Breslauer , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day that Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13282 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joshel , p. 128 Jump up ^ Rycroft , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Glees , pp. 126 -- 27 Jump up ^ Cameron , p. 156 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Edelheit , p. 382 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip ( 2000 ) . `` Cold War '' . In Charles Townshend . The Oxford History of Modern War . New York , USA : Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285373 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran , Syracuse University Press , May 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3018 - 2 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ James S. Lay , Jr. ( 20 November 1952 ) . `` United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Statement of policy proposed by the National Security Council Jump up ^ Walter B. Smith ( 20 March 1953 ) . `` First Progress Report on Paragraph 5 - 1 of NSC 136 / 1 , `` U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran '' '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . March 1953 . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2002 ) . U.S. National Security : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , California : ABL - CLIO . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 598 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stone , The Atlantic and Its Enemies ( 2010 ) pp 199 , 256 Jump up ^ Bulmer - Thomas , Victor ( 1987 ) . The Political Economy of Central America since 1920 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34284 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roadnight , Andrew ( 2002 ) . United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 79315 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schraeder , Peter J. ( 1994 ) . United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa : Incrementalism , Crisis , and Change . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rose , Euclid A. ( 2002 ) . Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean : Superpower Intervention in Guyana , Jamaica , and Grenada , 1970 -- 1985 . Lanham : Lexington Books . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0448 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mars , Perry & Alma H. Young ( 2004 ) . Caribbean Labor and Politics : Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3211 - 5 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Colin A. ( 2010 ) . Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power : British Guiana 's Struggle for Independence . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 247 -- 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3416 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 126 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lüthi , pp. 273 -- 276 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Lorenz M. Lüthi ( 2010 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton UP . p. 1 . ISBN 1400837626 . Jump up ^ Lackey , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` Sputnik satellite blasts into space '' . BBC News . 4 October 1957 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Klesius , Michael ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` To Boldly Go '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold ( 1995 ) . Great Leaders , Great Tyrants ? : Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28751 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lechuga Hevia , Carlos ( 2001 ) . Cuba and the Missile Crisis . Melbourne , Australia : Ocean Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876175 - 34 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dominguez 1989 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19138 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 1994 ) . `` Unwrapping the Enigma : What Was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s ? '' . In Diane B. Kunz ( Ed . ) , The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 158 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08177 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jones , Howard ( 2009 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations from 1945 . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6454 - 1 . Jump up ^ James G. Blight ( 2002 ) , Cuba on the Brink : Castro , the Missile Crisis , and the Soviet Collapse , Rowman & Littlefield , , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 82 Jump up ^ National Research Council Committee on Antarctic Policy and Science , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ Hardt & Kaufman 1995 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Menon , Anand ( 2000 ) . France , NATO , and the limits of independence , 1981 -- 97 : the politics of ambivalence . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22931 - 3 . Jump up ^ Crawley p. 431 Jump up ^ Ello ( ed . ) , Paul ( April 1968 ) . Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , `` Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( Prague , April 1968 ) '' in Dubcek 's Blueprint for Freedom : His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia . William Kimber & Co. 1968 , pp 32 , 54 Jump up ^ Von Geldern , James ; Siegelbaum , Lewis . `` The Soviet - led Intervention in Czechoslovakia '' . Soviethistory.org . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ `` Russia brings winter to Prague Spring '' . BBC News . 21 August 1968 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Čulík , Jan . `` Den , kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara '' . Britské Listy . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Walter LaFeber , `` Thomas C. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy : From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention '' . In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2005 ) . `` Indonesia 's original sin : mass killings and capitalist expansion , 1965 -- 66 '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462394042000326879 . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 80 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 81 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Scott , Margaret ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Uncovering Indonesia 's Act of Killing '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ Stone , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Grenville , J.A.S. & Bernard Wasserstein ( 1987 ) . Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts , Volume 2 . London and New York : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 38080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tripp , Charles R.H. ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . pp. xii , 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Erlich , Reese ( 2008 ) . Dateline Havana : The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba . Sausalito , California : PoliPoint Press . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815769 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Thicker than Oil ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . `` Encouraged by Saudi Arabia , Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid . Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . '' Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' '' Jump up ^ Chandler , David 2000 , Brother Number One : A Political Biography of Pol Pot , Revised Edition , Chiang Mai , Thailand : Silkworm Books , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia . '' In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17 -- 3.42 million people were killed . Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique ( L'Harmattan , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Banister , Judith , and Paige Johnson ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia . '' In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community , ed . Ben Kiernan . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . Jump up ^ Theory of the Global State : Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59730 - 2 Jump up ^ Slocomb M. `` The K5 Gamble : National Defence and Nation Building under the People 's Republic of Kampuchea . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 2001 ; 32 ( 02 ) : 195 -- 210 Jump up ^ hu - Huong , Nguyen ( 1992 ) . Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 717 - 0 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ `` President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC News . 22 May 1972 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Litwak , Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability , 1969 -- 1976 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 178 Jump up ^ `` Leaders agree arms reduction treaty '' . BBC News . 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday 2001 , p. 2e Jump up ^ John P. Diggins ( 2007 ) . Ronald Reagan : Fate , Freedom , And the Making of History . W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Cox ( 1990 ) . Beyond the Cold War : Superpowers at the Crossroads . University Press of America . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 7865 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain 2005 , pp. 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ Starr 2004 , pp. 157 -- 158 ^ Jump up to : Warren 1992 Jump up ^ Meher 2004 , pp. 68 -- 69 , 94 Jump up ^ Kalinovsky 2011 , pp. 25 -- 28 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Allen , Richard V . `` The Man Who Won the Cold War '' . Hoover.org . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 197 Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/op-edge/thatcher-ussr-cold-war-gorbachev-528/ Jump up ^ Graebner , Norman A. , Richard Dean Burns & Joseph M. Siracusa ( 2008 ) . Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35241 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Bilveer ( 1995 ) . `` Jemaah Islamiyah '' . In Wilson John & Swati Parashar ( Eds . ) Terrorism in Southeast Asia : Implications for South Asia . Singapore and Delhi : ORF - Pearson - Longman . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 297 - 0998 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henze , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 219 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip . The Oxford History of Modern War . p. 159 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Odom 2000 , p. 1 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 340 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Filled Soviet Military With Awe '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Carliner , Geoffrey ; Alesina , Alberto , eds. ( 1991 ) . Politics and Economics in the Eighties . University of Chicago Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 01281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 29 March 2006 ) . `` Caspar W. Weinberger , 88 ; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup '' . The Boston Globe . Boston.com . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LGM - 118A Peacekeeper '' . Federation of American Scientists . 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Lakoff , p. 263 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Garthoff , p. 88 Jump up ^ Lebow , Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein ( February 1994 ) . `` Reagan and the Russians '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gaidar 2007 pp. 190 -- 205 Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor . `` Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government : Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents '' . The Institute for the Economy in Transition . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official Energy Statistics of the US Government '' , EIA -- International Energy Data and Analysis . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Hardt & Kaufman 1995 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Talbott , Strobe ; Hannifin , Jerry ; Magnuson , Ed ; Doerner , William R. ; Kane , Joseph J. ( 12 September 1983 ) . `` Atrocity in the skies '' . Time . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 228 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 323 Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald ( 1991 ) . Foner , Eric ; Garraty , John Arthur , eds . The Reader 's companion to American history . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51372 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ What Guilt Does the U.S. Bear in Guatemala ? The New York Times , 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Dobrynin 2001 , pp. 438 -- 439 Jump up ^ Maynes 1980 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , pp. 331 -- 333 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 231 -- 233 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , pp. 300 -- 340 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Gibbs 1999 , p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 229 -- 230 Jump up ^ 1985 : `` Superpowers aim for ' safer world ' '' , BBC News , 21 November 1985 . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toward the Summit ; Previous Reagan - Gorbachev Summits '' . The New York Times . 29 May 1988 . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 21 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1995 , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 235 -- 236 Jump up ^ Shearman 1995 , p. 74 Jump up ^ `` Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 6 July 1989 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Malta summit ends Cold War , BBC News , 3 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Goodby , p. 26 Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. `` The Great Transition : American - Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War '' ( Washington : Brookings Institution , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Lefeber , Fitzmaurice & Vierdag 1991 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Sakwa 1999 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Goldgeier , p. 27 Jump up ^ Soviet Leaders Recall ' Inevitable ' Breakup Of Soviet Union , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 256 -- 257 Jump up ^ Cited in Stephen E. , Ambrose & Douglas G. , Brinkley , Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy since 1938 , ( New York : Penguin Books , 1997 ) , p XVI . Jump up ^ Åslund , p. 49 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ `` Country profile : United States of America '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2007 Jump up ^ Nye , p. 157 Jump up ^ Blum 2006 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present '' . PBS . 26 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simón ( 1989 ) . United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829132 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512371 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2009 ) . The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` FX Sets Premieres for The Americans ' Final Season , Atlanta , Getty Saga Trust '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1990 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Greenwood . ISBN 0275963632 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson , Ron ( 1991 ) . Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4 . Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Halliday , Fred ( 2001 ) . `` Cold War '' . The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World . Oxford University Press Inc . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) . The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 . Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The Last Decade of the Cold War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X . Nolan , Peter ( 1995 ) . China 's Rise , Russia 's Fall . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6 . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Porter , Bruce ; Karsh , Efraim ( 1984 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4 . Puddington , Arch ( 2003 ) . Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Rupprecht , Tobias , Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Service , Robert ( 2015 ) . The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4 . Sewell , Bevan , The US and Latin America : Eisenhower , Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War . London : New York : I.B. Tauris , 2015 . Starr , S. Frederick ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . ME Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0765613182 . Steele , Jonathan , `` Who started it ? '' ( review of Odd Arne Westad , The Cold War : a World History , Allen Lane , 2017 , 710 pp. , ISBN 978 0 241 01131 7 ) , London Review of Books , vol. 40 , no . 2 ( 25 January 2018 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Stone , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War . Basic Books Press . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7 . Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2 . ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker , Robert C. ( 1992 ) . Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1928 -- 1941 . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30869 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer , ed . Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ) , world coverage Walker , Martin . The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ) , British perspective Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad , Odd Arne ( 2017 ) . The Cold War : A World History . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465054930 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol. 50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . ( transcript of `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' ) External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cold War '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutCold Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Library resources about the Cold War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Archives An archive of UK civil defence material Post-Cold War World Economy from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives CONELRAD Cold War Pop Culture Site CBC Digital Archives -- Cold War Culture : The Nuclear Fear of the 1950s and 1960s The Cold War International History Project ( CWIHP ) The Cold War Files Documents available online regarding aerial intelligence during the Cold War , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Select `` Communism & Cold War '' value to browse Maps from 1933 -- 1982 at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Bibliographies Annotated bibliography for the arms race from the Alsos Digital Library News Video and audio news reports from during the cold war Educational Resources Minuteman Missile National Historic Site : Protecting a Legacy of the Cold War , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Electronic Briefing Books at the National Security Archive , George Washington University Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Ugandan - Tanzanian War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe LCCN : sh88005637 GND : 4075770 - 5 HDS : 17344 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_War&oldid=831861841 '' Categories : Cold War 20th - century conflicts Global conflicts International relations Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Aftermath of World War II Geopolitical rivalry Wars involving NATO Nuclear warfare Hidden categories : All articles with broken links to citations Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 137 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which of the following was one of the major causes of the cold war
[]
[]
897272954833563293
Curling
Curling - wikipedia Curling Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport . For other uses , see Curling ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling Curling games taking place during the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier Highest governing body World Curling Federation Nicknames Chess On Ice , The Roaring Game First played Approximately late medieval Scotland Registered players est . 1,500,000 Characteristics Contact No Team members 4 or 3 per team ( 2 in mixed doubles ) Mixed gender Yes ; see mixed curling Type Precision and accuracy Equipment Curling brooms , stones ( rocks ) , curling shoes Venue Curling sheet Glossary Glossary of curling Presence Olympic First event in 1924 ( retroactively made official in 2006 ) . Demonstration sport in 1932 , 1988 and 1992 . Officially added in 1998 . Paralympic Wheelchair curling officially added in 2006 . Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles . It is related to bowls , boules and shuffleboard . Two teams , each with four players , take turns sliding heavy , polished granite stones , also called rocks , across the ice curling sheet towards the house , a circular target marked on the ice . Each team has eight stones , with each player throwing two . The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game ; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end , which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones . A game usually consists of eight or ten ends . The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides , and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet , using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone . Sweeping a rock makes it curl less , and decreases the friction that slows the rock down . A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation , and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result . This gives curling its nickname of `` chess on ice '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Olympic curling 2 Equipment 2.1 Curling sheet 2.2 Curling stone 2.3 Curling broom 2.4 Shoes 2.5 Other equipment 3 Gameplay 3.1 Delivery 3.2 Sweeping 3.3 Burning a stone 3.4 Types of shots 3.5 Free guard zone 3.6 Hammer 3.7 Strategy 3.8 Conceding a game 3.9 Dispute resolution 4 Scoring 5 Curling culture 5.1 Good sportsmanship 5.2 Accessibility in curling 6 Terminology 7 Champions and major championships 8 Notable curling clubs 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Detail from a reproduction of Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap ( Bruegel , 1565 ) Evidence that curling existed in Scotland in the early 16th century includes a curling stone inscribed with the date 1511 uncovered ( along with another bearing the date 1551 ) when an old pond was drained at Dunblane , Scotland . The world 's oldest curling stone and the world 's oldest football are now kept in the same museum ( the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum ) in Stirling . The first written reference to a contest using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey , Renfrewshire , in February 1541 . Two paintings , `` Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap '' and `` The Hunters in the Snow '' ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling , albeit without brooms ; Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period , which is also evident in the history of golf . A curling match at Eglinton Castle , Ayrshire , Scotland in 1860 . The curling house is located to the left of the picture . The word curling first appears in print in 1620 in Perth , Scotland , in the preface and the verses of a poem by Henry Adamson . The sport was ( and still is , in Scotland and Scottish - settled regions like southern New Zealand ) also known as `` the roaring game '' because of the sound the stones make while traveling over the pebble ( droplets of water applied to the playing surface ) . The verbal noun curling is formed from the Scots ( and English ) verb curl , which describes the motion of the stone . Group of people curling on a lake in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada , c. 1897 Kilsyth Curling Club claims to be the first club in the world , having been formally constituted in 1716 ; it is still in existence today . Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose - built curling pond in the world at Colzium , in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 by 250 metres ( 330 by 820 ft ) in size . The International Olympic Committee recognises the Royal Caledonian Curling Club ( founded as the Grand Caledonian Curling Club in 1838 ) as developing the first official rules for the sport . Men curling in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 1909 In the early history of curling , the playing stones were simply flat - bottomed stones from rivers or fields , which lacked a handle and were of inconsistent size , shape and smoothness . Some early stones had holes for a finger and the thumb , akin to ten - pin bowling balls . Unlike today , the thrower had little control over the ' curl ' or velocity and relied more on luck than on precision , skill and strategy . The sport was often played on frozen rivers although purpose - built ponds were later created in many Scottish towns . For example , the Scottish poet David Gray describes whisky drinking curlers on the Luggie Water at Kirkintilloch . Curling on Lake of Menteith from 2010 . The last official Grand Match was held here in 1979 . In Darvel , East Ayrshire , the weavers relaxed by playing curling matches using the heavy stone weights from the looms ' warp beams , fitted with a detachable handle for the purpose . Many a wife would keep her husband 's brass curling stone handle on the mantelpiece , brightly polished until the next time it was needed . Central Canadian curlers often used ' irons ' rather than stones until the early 1900s ; Canada is the only country known to have done so , while others experimented with wood or ice - filled tins . Outdoor curling was very popular in Scotland between the 16th and 19th centuries because the climate provided good ice conditions every winter . Scotland is home to the international governing body for curling , the World Curling Federation in Perth , which originated as a committee of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club , the mother club of curling . Today , the sport is most firmly established in Canada , having been taken there by Scottish emigrants . The Royal Montreal Curling Club , the oldest established sports club still active in North America , was established in 1807 . The first curling club in the United States was established in 1830 , and the sport was introduced to Switzerland and Sweden before the end of the 19th century , also by Scots . Today , curling is played all over Europe and has spread to Brazil , Japan , Australia , New Zealand , China , and Korea . The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the Scotch Cup , held in Falkirk and Edinburgh , Scotland , in 1959 . The first world title was won by the Canadian team from Regina , Saskatchewan , skipped by Ernie Richardson . ( The skip is the team member who calls the shots ; see below . ) Curling was one of the first sports that was popular with women and girls . Olympic curling ( edit ) Curling at Youth Olympic Games 2012 Main article : Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling pictogram Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics . It currently includes men 's , women 's and mixed doubles tournaments ( the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018 ) . In February 2002 , the International Olympic Committee retroactively decided that the curling competition from the 1924 Winter Olympics ( originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver , or International Winter Sports Week ) would be considered official Olympic events and no longer be considered demonstration events . Thus , the first Olympic medals in curling , which at the time was played outdoors , were awarded for the 1924 Winter Games , with the gold medal won by Great Britain and Ireland , two silver medals by Sweden , and the bronze by France . A demonstration tournament was also held during the 1932 Winter Olympic Games between four teams from Canada and four teams from the United States , with Canada winning 12 games to 4 . Since the 1998 Olympics , Canada has dominated the sport with their men 's teams winning gold in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 , and silver in 1998 and 2002 . The women 's team won gold in 1998 and 2014 , a silver in 2010 , and a bronze in 2002 and 2006 . The mixed doubles team won gold in 2018 . Equipment ( edit ) The playing area in curling is shown here . Stones must land between the hog line ( bottom of photo ) and the back line ( behind the rings ) and may not contact boards or out lines ( on the sides ) at any time during travel . Curling sheet ( edit ) The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling . It is a rectangular area of ice , carefully prepared to be as flat and level as possible , 146 to 150 feet ( 45 to 46 m ) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet ( 4.4 to 5.0 m ) in width . The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards . Because of the elongated shape , several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena , allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously . A target , the house , is centred on the intersection of the centre line , drawn lengthwise down the centre of the sheet and the tee line , drawn 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . These lines divide the house into quarters . The house consists of a centre circle ( the button ) and three concentric rings , of diameters 4 , 8 and 12 feet , formed by painting or laying coloured vinyl sheet under the ice and are usually distinguished by colour . A stone must at least touch the outer ring in order to score ( see Scoring below ) ; otherwise the rings are merely a visual aid for aiming and judging which stone is closer to the button . Two hog lines are drawn 37 feet ( 11 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . The hacks are fixed 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) behind each button ; a hack gives the thrower something to push against when making the throw . On indoor rinks , there are usually two fixed hacks , rubber - lined holes , one on each side of the centre line , with the inside edge no more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) from the centre line and the front edge on the hack line . A single moveable hack may also be used . The ice may be natural but is usually frozen by a refrigeration plant pumping a brine solution through numerous pipes fixed lengthwise at the bottom of a shallow pan of water . Most curling clubs have an ice maker whose main job is to care for the ice . At the major curling championships , ice maintenance is extremely important . Large events , such as the Brier or other national / international championships , are typically held in an arena that presents a challenge to the ice maker , who must constantly monitor and adjust the ice and air temperatures as well as air humidity levels to ensure a consistent playing surface . It is common for each sheet of ice to have multiple sensors embedded in order to monitor surface temperature , as well as probes set up in the seating area ( to monitor humidity ) and in the compressor room ( to monitor brine supply and return temperatures ) . The surface of the ice is maintained at a temperature of around 23 ° F ( − 5 ° C ) . A key part of the preparation of the playing surface is the spraying of water droplets onto the ice , which form pebble on freezing . The pebbled ice surface resembles an orange peel , and the stone moves on top of the pebbled ice . As the stone moves over the pebble , any rotation of the stone causes it to curl to the inside or outside . The amount of curl ( commonly referred to as the feet of curl ) can change during a game as the pebble wears ; the ice maker must monitor this and be prepared to scrape and re-pebble the surface prior to each game . A curling sheet , with dimensions in feet ( 1 ' = 1 ft = 0.3 m ) . CL : Centreline HOL : Hogline TL : Teeline BL : Backline HA : Hackline with Hacks FGZ : Free Guard Zone Curling stone ( edit ) The curling stone ( also sometimes called a rock in North America ) is made of granite and is specified by the World Curling Federation , which requires a weight between 38 and 44 pounds ( 17.24 and 19.96 kg ) , a maximum circumference of 36 inches ( 914.4 mm ) and a minimum height of 4.5 inches ( 114.3 mm ) . The only part of the stone in contact with the ice is the running surface , a narrow , flat annulus or ring , 0.25 to 0.50 inches ( 6.4 to 12.7 mm ) wide and about 5 inches ( 130 mm ) in diameter ; the sides of the stone bulge convex down to the ring and the inside of the ring is hollowed concave to clear the ice . This concave bottom was first proposed by J.S. Russell of Toronto , Ontario , Canada sometime after 1870 , and was subsequently adopted by Scottish stone manufacturer Andrew Kay . The curling stone or rock is made of granite An old - style curling stone The granite for the stones comes from two sources : Ailsa Craig , an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland , and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales . Ailsa Craig is the traditional source and produces two types of granite , Blue Hone and Ailsa Craig Common Green . Blue Hone has very low water absorption , which prevents the action of repeatedly freezing water from eroding the stone . Ailsa Craig Common Green is a lesser quality granite than Blue Hone . In the past , most curling stones were made from Blue Hone but the island is now a wildlife reserve and the quarry is restricted by environmental conditions that exclude blasting . Kays of Scotland has been making curling stones in Mauchline , Ayrshire , since 1851 and has the exclusive rights to the Ailsa Craig granite , granted by the Marquess of Ailsa , whose family has owned the island since 1560 . According to the 1881 Census , Andrew Kay employed 30 people in his curling stone factory in Mauchline . The last harvest of Ailsa Craig granite by Kays took place in 2013 , after a hiatus of 11 years ; 2,000 tons were harvested , sufficient to fill anticipated orders through at least 2020 . Kays have been involved in providing curling stones for the Winter Olympics since Chamonix in 1924 and has been the exclusive manufacturer of curling stones for the Olympics since the 2006 Winter Olympics . Trefor granite comes from the Yr Eifl or Trefor Granite Quarry in the village of Trefor on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd , Wales and has produced granite since 1850 . Trefor granite comes in shades of pink , blue and grey . The quarry supplies curling stone granite exclusively to the Canadian , Canada Curling Stone Co. , which has been producing stones since 1992 and supplied the stones for the 2002 Winter Olympics . A handle is attached by a bolt running vertically through a hole in the centre of the stone . The handle allows the stone to be gripped and rotated upon release ; on properly prepared ice the rotation will bend ( curl ) the path of the stone in the direction in which the front edge of the stone is turning , especially as the stone slows . Handles are coloured to identify each team , two popular colours in major tournaments being red and yellow . In competition , an electronic handle known as the eye on the hog may be fitted to detect hog line violations . This electronically detects whether the thrower 's hand is in contact with the handle as it passes the hog line and indicates a violation by lights at the base of the handle . The eye on the hog eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials . It is mandatory in high - level national and international competition , but its cost , around US $ 650 each , currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling . Curling broom ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling broom The curling broom , or brush , is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone ( see sweeping ) and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone . Prior to the 1950s , most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the day . In 1958 , Fern Marchessault of Montreal inverted the corn straw in the centre of the broom . This style of corn broom was referred to as the Blackjack . Artificial brooms made from man - made fabrics rather than corn , such as the Rink Rat , also became common later during this time period . Prior to the late sixties , Scottish curling brushes were used primarily by some of the Scots , as well as by recreational and elderly curlers , as a substitute for corn brooms , since the technique was easier to learn . In the late sixties , competitive curlers from Calgary , Alberta , such as John Mayer , Bruce Stewart , and , later , the world junior championship teams skipped by Paul Gowsell , proved that the curling brush could be just as ( or more ) effective without all the blisters common to corn broom use . During that time period , there was much debate in competitive curling circles as to which sweeping device was more effective : brush or broom . Eventually , the brush won out with the majority of curlers making the switch to the less costly and more efficient brush . Today , brushes have replaced traditional corn brooms at every level of curling ; it is rare now to see a curler using a corn broom on a regular basis . Curling brushes may have fabric , hog hair , or horsehair heads . Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel . These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles , allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex . New , `` directional fabric '' brooms , which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required , have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage . The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015 -- 2016 season . The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes . Shoes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Curling shoes , showing a slider sole Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles ; the slider shoe ( usually known as a `` slider '' ) is designed for the sliding foot and the `` gripper shoe '' ( usually known as a gripper ) for the hack foot . The slider is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole . It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the skip to glide down the ice when sweeping or otherwise traveling down the sheet quickly . Stainless steel was once common for slider soles , and `` red brick '' sliders with lateral blocks of PVC on the sole are also available . Most shoes have a full - sole sliding surface , but some shoes have a sliding surface covering only the outline of the shoe and other enhancements with the full - sole slider . Some shoes have small disc sliders covering the front and heel portions or only the front portion of the foot , which allow more flexibility in the sliding foot for curlers playing with tuck deliveries . When a player is not throwing , the player 's slider shoe can be temporarily rendered non-slippery by using a slip - on gripper . Ordinary athletic shoes may be converted to sliders by using a step - on or slip - on Teflon slider or by applying electrical or gaffer tape directly to the sole or over a piece of cardboard . This arrangement often suits casual or beginning players . The gripper is worn by the thrower on the hack foot during delivery and is designed to grip the ice . It may have a normal athletic shoe sole or a special layer of rubbery material applied to the sole of a thickness to match the sliding shoe . The toe of the hack foot shoe may also have a rubberised coating on the top surface or a flap that hangs over the toe to reduce wear on the top of the shoe as it drags on the ice behind the thrower . Other equipment ( edit ) Other types of equipment include : Curling pants , made to be stretchy to accommodate the curling delivery . A stopwatch to time the stones over a fixed distance to calculate their speed . Stopwatches can be attached either to clothing or the broom . Curling gloves and mittens , to keep the hands warm and improve grip on the broom . Gameplay ( edit ) At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Mark Nichols from Team Canada delivers a stone while his teammates look on , ready to begin sweeping . The curler uses his broom to help keep his balance during delivery . The purpose of a game is to score points by getting stones closer to the house centre , or the `` button '' , than the other team 's stones . Players from either team alternate in taking shots from the far side of the sheet . An end is complete when all eight rocks from each team have been delivered , a total of sixteen stones . If the teams are tied at the end of the game , play continues for as many ends as may be required to break the tie . The winner is the team with the highest score after all ends have been completed ( see Scoring below ) . A game may be conceded if considered unwinnable . International competitive games are generally ten ends , so most of the national championships that send a representative to the World Championships or Olympics also play ten ends . However , there is a movement on the World Curling Tour to make the games only eight ends . Most tournaments on that tour are eight ends , as are the vast majority of recreational games . In international competition , each side is given 73 minutes to complete all of its throws . Each team is also allowed two minute - long timeouts per 10 - end game . If extra ends are required , each team is allowed 10 minutes of playing time to complete its throws and one added 60 - second timeout for each extra end . However , the `` thinking time '' system , in which the delivering team 's game timer stops as soon as the shooter 's rock crosses the t - line during the delivery , is becoming more popular , especially in Canada . This system allows each team 38 minutes per 10 ends , or 30 minutes per 8 ends , to make strategic and tactical decisions , with 4 minutes and 30 seconds an end for extra ends . The `` thinking time '' system was implemented after it was recognized that teams playing aggressively ( using draws and other low - weight shots which take more time for the stones to come to rest ) were essentially being penalized in terms of the time they had available compared to teams which primarily use hits which require far less time per shot . Delivery ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the delivery . The skip , or the captain of the team , will usually determine the required weight , turn , and line of the stone . These will be influenced by the tactics at this point in the game , which may involve taking out , blocking or tapping another stone . The weight of the stone is its velocity , which depends on the leg drive of the delivery rather than the arm . The turn or curl is the rotation of the stone , which gives it a curved trajectory . The line is the direction of the throw ignoring the effect of the turn . The skip may communicate the weight , turn , line , and other tactics by calling or tapping a broom on the ice . In the case of a takeout , guard , or a tap , the skip will indicate the stones involved . Before delivery , the running surface of the stone is wiped clean and the path across the ice swept with the broom if necessary , because any dirt on the bottom of a stone or in its path can alter the trajectory and ruin the shot . Intrusion by a foreign object is called a pick - up or pick . Players must push out of the hack to deliver their stones . 95 % of hacks in use around the world are Marco Hacks , which were invented in the 1980s by Marco Ferraro . Outdoor curling on Stormont Loch . The stone is delivered from an iron crampit rather than the hack used indoors The thrower throws from the hack . Another player , usually the skip , is stationed behind the button to determine the tactics , weight , turn , and line , and the other two may sweep in front of the stone to influence the trajectory ( see Sweeping , below ) . The players , with the exception of the skip , take turns throwing and sweeping ; when one player ( e.g. , the lead ) throws , the players not throwing ( the second and third ) sweep . When the skip throws , the third , or vice-skip , takes his role . The thrower 's gripper shoe ( with the non-slippery sole ) is positioned against one of the hacks ; for a right - handed curler the right foot is placed against the left hack and vice versa for a left - hander . The thrower , now in the hack , lines the body up with shoulders square to the skip 's broom at the far end for line . The stone is placed in front of the foot now in the hack . Rising slightly from the hack , the thrower pulls the stone back ( some older curlers may actually raise the stone in this backward movement ) then lunges smoothly out from the hack pushing the stone ahead while the slider foot is moved in front of the gripper foot , which trails behind . The thrust from this lunge determines the weight and hence the distance the stone will travel . While not compulsory , most curlers deliver the stone while sliding out from the hack . Balance may be assisted by a broom held in the free hand with the back of the broom down so that it slides . One older writer suggests the player keep `` a basilisk glance '' at the mark . There are two current types of delivery , the common flat - foot deliver as well as the Manitoba tuck delivery where the curler slides on the front ball of his foot . The stone is released as the thrower approaches the hog line , at which point the turn is imparted by a slight clockwise or counter-clockwise twist of the handle from around the two or ten o'clock position to the twelve o'clock on release . A typical rate of turn is about ​ 2 ⁄ rotations before coming to a rest . The stone must be released before its front edge crosses the near hog line , and it must clear the far hog line or else be removed from play ( hogged ) ; an exception is made if a stone fails to come to rest beyond the far hog line after rebounding from a stone in play just past the hog line . The release rule is rarely enforced in club play unless abuse is suspected . However , in major tournaments it is strictly enforced ; the `` eye on the hog '' sensor in the stone will indicate whether the stone has been legally thrown or not . The lights on the stone handle will either light up green , indicating that the stone has been legally thrown , or red , in which case the illegally thrown stone will be immediately pulled from play instead of waiting for the stone to come to rest . Sweeping ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The skip of Team Sweden joins the front end in sweeping a stone into the house at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver After the stone is delivered , its trajectory is still influenced by the two sweepers under instruction from the skip . Sweeping is done for several reasons : to reduce friction underneath the stone , to decrease the amount of curl , and to clean debris from the stone 's path . The stones curl more as they slow down , so sweeping early in travel tends to increase distance as well as straighten the path , and sweeping after sideways motion is established can increase the sideways distance . When sweeping , pressure and speed of the brush head are key in slightly increasing the layer of moisture that builds up under the stone . One of the basic technical aspects of curling is knowing when to sweep . When the ice in front of the stone is swept , a stone will usually travel both farther and straighter . In some situations , one of the two alterations in path is not desirable . For example , a stone may have too much weight , but require sweeping to prevent curling into a guard . The team must decide which is better : getting by the guard but traveling too far , or hitting the guard . Much of the yelling that goes on during a curling game is the skip calling the line of the shot and the sweepers calling the weight . The skip evaluates the path of the stone and calls to the sweepers to sweep as necessary to maintain the intended track . The sweepers themselves are responsible for judging the weight of the stone , ensuring the length of travel is correct and communicating the weight of the stone back to the skip . Some teams use stopwatch timing , from back line to the nearest hog line as a sweeping aid . Many teams use the Number System to communicate in which of 10 playable zones it is estimated the stone will stop . Usually , the two sweepers will be on opposite sides of the stone 's path , although depending on which side the sweepers ' strengths lie this may not always be the case . Speed and pressure are vital to sweeping . In gripping the broom , one hand should be one third of the way from the top ( non-brush end ) of the handle while the other hand should be one third of the way from the head of the broom . The angle of the broom to the ice should be so that the most force possible can be exerted on the ice . The precise amount of pressure may vary from relatively light brushing ( `` just cleaning '' - to ensure debris will not alter the stone 's path ) to maximum - pressure scrubbing . Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the tee line , as long as it is only for one 's own team stones . Once the leading edge of a team stone crosses the tee line only one player may sweep it . Additionally , when a stone crosses the tee line , one player from the other team is allowed to sweep it . This is the only case that a stone may be swept by an opposing team member . In international rules , this player must be the skip ; or if the skip is throwing , then the sweeping player must be the third . Burning a stone ( edit ) Occasionally , players may accidentally touch a stone with their broom or a body part . This is often referred to as burning a stone . Players touching a stone in such a manner are expected to call their own infraction as a matter of good sportsmanship . Touching a stationary stone when no stones are in motion ( there is no delivery in progress ) is not an infraction ( unless the stationary stone is struck in such a manner that its position is altered ) , and is a common way for the skip to indicate a stone that is to be taken out . When a stone is touched when stones are in play , the remedies vary between placing the stones as they end up after the touch , replacing the stones as they would have been if no stone were touched , or removal of the touched stone from play . In non-officiated league play , the skip of the non-offending team has the final say on where the stones are placed after the infraction . Types of shots ( edit ) Two ways to get the end with the last stone , playing a draw Many different types of shots are used to carefully place stones for strategic or tactical reasons ; they fall into three fundamental categories as follows : Guards are thrown in front of the house in the free guard zone , usually to protect the shot - rock ( the stone closest to the button at the time ) or to make the opposing team 's shot difficult . Guard shots include the centre - guard , on the centreline and the corner - guards to the left or right sides of the centre line . See Free Guard Zone below . Draws are thrown only to reach the house . Draw shots include raise and angle - raise , come - around , and freeze shots . Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the peel , hit - and - roll and double shots . For a more complete listing , see Glossary of curling terms . Free guard zone ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Until four stones have been played ( two from each side ) , stones in the free guard zone ( those stones left in the area between the hog and tee lines , excluding the house ) may not be removed by an opponent 's stone ( although they can be moved as long as they are not taken out of play ) . These are known as guard rocks . If the guard rocks are removed , they are placed back in the positions they were before the shot was thrown , and the opponent 's stone is removed from play and can not be replayed . This rule is known as the four - rock rule or the free guard zone rule ( for a while in Canada , a `` three - rock rule '' was in place , but that rule has been replaced by the four - rock rule ) . This rule , a relatively recent addition to curling , was added in response to a strategy of `` peeling '' opponents ' guard stones ( knocking them out of play at an angle that caused the shooter 's stone to also roll out of play , leaving no stones on the ice ) . A team in the lead would often employ this strategy during the game . By knocking all stones out , the opponents could at best score one point ( if they had the hammer ) . Alternatively , the team with the hammer could peel rock after rock , which would blank the end , keeping the last rock advantage for another end . This strategy had developed ( mostly in Canada ) as ice - makers had become skilled at creating a predictable ice surface and the adoption of brushes allowed greater control over the rock . While a sound strategy , this made for an unexciting game . Observers at the time noted that if two teams equally skilled in the peel game faced each other on good ice , the outcome of the game would be predictable from who won the coin flip to have last rock ( or had earned it in the schedule ) at the beginning of the game . The 1990 Brier was considered by many curling fans as boring to watch because of the amount of peeling and the quick adoption of the Free Guard Zone the following year reflected how disliked this aspect of the game had become . The free guard zone was originally called the Modified Moncton Rule and was developed from a suggestion made by Russ Howard for the Moncton 100 cashspiel ( with the richest prize ever awarded at the time in a tournament ) in Moncton , New Brunswick , in January 1990 . `` Howard 's Rule '' ( later known as the Moncton Rule ) , used for the tournament and based on a practice drill his team used , had the first four rocks in play unable to be removed no matter where they were at any time during the end . This method of play was altered by restricting the area in which a stone was protected to the free guard zone only for the first four rocks thrown and adopted as a Four - rock Free Guard Zone for international competition shortly after . Canada kept to the traditional rules until a three - rock Free Guard Zone rule was adopted for the 1993 -- 94 season . After several years of having the three - rock rule used for the Canadian championships and the winners then having to adjust to the four - rock rule in the World Championships , the Canadian Curling Association adopted the now - standard Free Guard Zone in the 2002 -- 2003 season . One strategy that has been developed by curlers in response to the Free Guard Zone ( Kevin Martin from Alberta is one of the best examples ) is the `` tick '' game , where a shot is made attempting to knock ( tick ) the guard to the side , far enough that it is difficult or impossible to use but still remaining in play while the shot itself goes out of play . The effect is functionally identical to peeling the guard but significantly harder , as a shot that hits the guard too hard ( knocking it out of play ) results in its being replaced , while not hitting it hard enough can result in its still being tactically useful for the opposition . There is also a greater chance that the shot will miss the guard entirely because of the greater accuracy required to make the shot . Because of the difficulty of making this type of shot , only the best teams will normally attempt it , and it does not dominate the game the way the peel formerly did . Steve Gould from Manitoba popularized ticks played across the face . These are easier to make because they impart less speed on the object stone , therefore increasing the chance that it remains in play even if a bigger chunk of it is hit . Hammer ( edit ) Last - rock or last - stone advantage in an end is called the hammer . Before the game , teams typically decide who gets the hammer in the first end either by chance ( such as a coin toss ) , by a `` draw - to - the - button '' contest , where a representative of each team shoots to see who gets closer to the centre of the rings , or , particularly in tournament settings like the Winter Olympics , by a comparison of each team 's win - loss record . In all subsequent ends , the hammer belongs to the team that did not score in the preceding end . In the event that neither team scores , the hammer remains with the same team . Naturally , it is easier to score points with the hammer than without ; in tournament play , the team with the hammer generally tries to score two or more points . If only one point is possible , the skip will often try to avoid scoring at all in order to retain the hammer until the next end , when two or more points may lie . This is called a blank end . Scoring without the hammer is commonly referred to as stealing , or a steal , and is much more difficult . Strategy ( edit ) Diagram of the play area in curling , showing the four - foot zone , corner guard , and centre line guard Curling is a game of strategy , tactics and skill . The strategy depends on the team 's skill , the opponent 's skill , the conditions of the ice , the score of the game , how many ends remain and whether the team has last - stone advantage ( the hammer ) . A team may play an end aggressively or defensively . Aggressive playing will put a lot of stones in play by throwing mostly draws ; this makes for an exciting game and is very risky but the reward can be very great . Defensive playing will throw a lot of hits preventing a lot of stones in play ; this tends to be less exciting and less risky . A good drawing team will usually opt to play aggressively , while a good hitting team will opt to play defensively . If a team does not have the hammer in an end , it will opt to try to clog up the four - foot zone in the house to deny the opposing team access to the button . This can be done by throwing `` centre line '' guards in front of the house on the centre line , which can be tapped into the house later or drawn around . If a team has the hammer , they will try to keep this four - foot zone free so that they have access to the button area at all times . A team with the hammer may throw a corner guard as their first stone of an end placed in front of the house but outside the four - foot zone to utilize the free guard zone . Corner guards are key for a team to score two points in an end , because they can either draw around it later or hit and roll behind it , making the opposing team 's shot to remove it more difficult . Ideally , the strategy in an end for a team with the hammer is to score two points or more . Scoring one point is often a wasted opportunity , as they will then lose last - rock advantage for the next end . If a team can not score two points , they will often attempt to `` blank an end '' by removing any leftover opposition rocks and rolling out ; or , if there are no opposition rocks , just throwing the rock through the house so that no team scores any points , and the team with the hammer can try again the next end to score two or more with it . Generally , a team without the hammer would want to either force the team with the hammer to only one point ( so that they can get the hammer back ) or `` steal '' the end by scoring one or more points of their own . Generally , the larger the lead a team will have in a game , the more defensively they should play . By hitting all of the opponent 's stones , it removes opportunities for their getting multiple points , therefore defending the lead . If the leading team is quite comfortable , leaving their own stones in play can also be dangerous . Guards can be drawn around by the other team , and stones in the house can be tapped back ( if they are in front of the tee line ) or frozen onto ( if they are behind the tee line ) . A frozen stone is difficult to remove , because it is `` frozen '' ( in front of and touching ) to the opponents stone . At this point , a team will opt for `` peels '' , meaning that the stones they throw will be to not only hit their opposition stones , but to roll out of play as well . Peels are hits that are thrown with the most amount of power . Conceding a game ( edit ) It is not uncommon at any level for a losing team to terminate the match before all ends are completed if it believes it no longer has a realistic chance of winning . Competitive games end once the losing team has `` run out of rocks '' -- that is , once it has fewer stones in play and available for play than the number of points needed to tie the game . Dispute resolution ( edit ) Measuring which stone is closest to the centre of the house Most decisions about rules are left to the skips , although in official tournaments , decisions may be left to the officials . However , all scoring disputes are handled by the vice skip . No players other than the vice skip from each team should be in the house while score is being determined . In tournament play , the most frequent circumstance in which a decision has to be made by someone other than the vice skip is the failure of the vice skips to agree on which stone is closest to the button . An independent official ( supervisor at Canadian and World championships ) then measures the distances using a specially designed device that pivots at the centre of the button . When no independent officials are available , the vice skips measure the distances . Scoring ( edit ) A typical curling scoreboard used at clubs , which use a method of scoring different from the ones used on television The winner is the team having the highest number of accumulated points at the completion of ten ends . Points are scored at the conclusion of each of these ends as follows : when each team has thrown its eight stones , the team with the stone closest to the button wins that end ; the winning team is then awarded one point for each of its own stones lying closer to the button than the opponent 's closest stone . Only stones that are in the house are considered in the scoring . A stone is in the house if it lies within the 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) zone or any portion of its edge lies over the edge of the ring . Since the bottom of the stone is rounded , a stone just barely in the house will not have any actual contact with the ring , which will pass under the rounded edge of the stone , but it still counts . This type of stone is known as a biter . It may not be obvious to the eye which of two rocks is closer to the button ( centre ) or if a rock is actually biting or not . There are specialized devices to make these determinations , but these can not be brought out until after an end is completed . Therefore , a team may make strategic decisions during an end based on assumptions of rock position that turn out to be incorrect . The score is marked on a scoreboard , of which there are two types ; the baseball type and the club scoreboard . The baseball - style scoreboard was created for televised games for audiences not familiar with the club scoreboard . The ends are marked by columns 1 through 10 ( or 11 for the possibility of an extra end to break ties ) plus an additional column for the total . Below this are two rows , one for each team , containing the team 's score for that end and their total score in the right hand column . The club scoreboard is traditional and used in most curling clubs . Scoring on this board only requires the use of ( up to ) 11 digit cards , whereas with baseball - type scoring an unknown number of multiples of the digits ( especially low digits like 1 ) may be needed . The numbered centre row represents all possible accumulated scores , and the numbers placed in the team rows represent the end in which that team achieved that cumulative score . If the red team scores three points in the first end ( called a three - ender ) , then a 1 ( indicating the first end ) is placed beside the number 3 in the red row . If they score two more in the second end , then a 2 will be placed beside the 5 in the red row , indicating that the red team has five points in total ( 3 + 2 ) . This scoreboard works because only one team can get points in an end . However , some confusion may arise if neither team scores points in an end , this is called a blank end . The blank end numbers are usually listed in the farthest column on the right in the row of the team that has the hammer ( last rock advantage ) , or on a special spot for blank ends . The following example illustrates the difference between the two types . The example illustrates the men 's final at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Baseball - style scoreboard Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Final Canada 0 0 6 0 0 x x 10 Finland 0 0 0 0 0 x x Curling club - style scoreboard Canada 6 Points 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Blank ends Finland 5 8 7 Eight points -- all the rocks thrown by one team counting -- is the highest score possible in an end , and is known as an `` eight - ender '' or `` snowman '' . Scoring an eight - ender against a relatively competent team is very difficult ; in curling , it is considered the equivalent of pitching a perfect game in baseball . Probably the best - known snowman came at the 2006 Players ' Championships . Future ( 2007 ) World Champion Kelly Scott scored eight points in one of her games against 1998 World bronze medalist Cathy King . Curling culture ( edit ) The Curlers ( 1835 ) by Sir George Harvey Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park ( 1862 ) by John George Brown Curling at Carsebreck ( 1899 ) by Charles Martin Hardie Competition teams are normally named after the skip , for example , Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin . Amateur league players can ( and do ) creatively name their teams , but when in competition ( a bonspiel ) the official team will have a standard name . Top curling championships are typically played by all - male or all - female teams . It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women . For many years , in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events , national championships ( of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent ) were the highest - level mixed curling competitions . However , a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005 , a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008 , and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015 . A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018 , although it was a doubles tournament , not a four - person . Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches . Curling is played in many countries , including Canada , the United Kingdom ( especially Scotland ) , the United States , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , Denmark , Finland and Japan , all of which compete in the world championships . Curling has been depicted by many artists including : George Harvey , John Levack , The Dutch School , Charles Martin Hardie , John Elliot Maguire , John McGhie , and John George Brown . Curling is particularly popular in Canada . Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada , and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts , especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts ( the national championship for women ) , the Tim Hortons Brier ( the national championship for men ) , and the women 's and men 's world championships . Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba 's small population ( ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces ) , Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province . The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions , and the world championships by national champions . Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan . From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time . Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women 's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics . When she died two years later from cancer , over 15,000 people attended her funeral , and it was broadcast on national television . Good sportsmanship ( edit ) More so than in many other team sports , good sportsmanship , often referred to as the `` Spirit of Curling '' , is an integral part of curling . In the United States there was even a theology of curling . The Spirit of Curling also leads teams to congratulate their opponents for making a good shot , strong sweeping or spectacular form . Perhaps most importantly , the Spirit of Curling dictates that one never cheers mistakes , misses or gaffes by one 's opponent ( unlike most team sports ) and one should not celebrate one 's own good shots during the game beyond modest acknowledgement of the shot such as a head nod , fist bump or thumbs - up gesture . Modest congratulation , however , may be exchanged between winning team members after the match . On - the - ice celebration is usually reserved for the winners of a major tournament after winning the final game of the championship . It is completely unacceptable to attempt to throw opposing players off their game by way of negative comment , distraction or heckling . A match traditionally begins with players shaking hands with and saying `` good curling '' or `` have a pleasant game '' to each member of the opposing team . It is also traditional in some areas for the winning team to buy the losing team a drink after the game . Even at the highest levels of play , players are expected to call their own fouls . It is not uncommon for a team to concede a curling match after it believes it no longer has any hope of winning . Concession is an honourable act and does not carry the stigma associated with quitting , and also allows for more socializing . To concede a match , members of the losing team offer congratulatory handshakes to the winning team . Thanks , wishes of future good luck and hugs are usually exchanged between the teams . To continue playing when a team has no realistic chance of winning can be seen as a breach of etiquette . Accessibility in curling ( edit ) Main article : Wheelchair curling Team China at WWHCC 2009 Curling has been adapted for wheelchair users and people otherwise unable to throw the stone from the hack . These curlers may use a device known as a `` delivery stick '' . The cue holds on to the handle of the stone and is then pushed along by the curler . At the end of delivery , the curler pulls back on the cue , which releases it from the stone . The Canadian Curling Association Rules of Curling allows the use of a delivery stick in club play but does not permit it in championships . The delivery stick was specifically invented for elderly curlers in Canada in 1999 . In early 2016 an international initiative started to allow use of the delivery sticks by players over 60 years of age in World Curling Federation Senior Championships , as well as in any projected Masters ( 60 + ) Championship that develops in the future . Terminology ( edit ) For an extensive glossary of terminology , see Glossary of curling . Terms used to describe the game include : The ice in the game may be fast ( keen ) or slow . If the ice is keen , a rock will travel farther with a given amount of weight ( throwing force ) on it . The speed of the ice is measured in seconds . One such measure , known as `` hog - to - hog '' time , is the speed of the stone and is the time in seconds the rock takes from the moment it crosses the near hog line till it crosses the far hog line . If this number is lower , the rock is moving faster , so again low numbers mean more speed . The ice in a match will be somewhat consistent and thus this measure of speed can also be used to measure how far down the ice the rock will travel . Once it is determined that a rock taking ( for example ) 13 seconds to go from hog line to hog line will stop on the tee line , the curler can know that if the hog - to - hog time is matched by a future stone , that stone will likely stop at approximately the same location . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 16 seconds for guards , 14 seconds for draws , and 8 seconds for peel weight . The back line to hog line speed is used principally by sweepers to get an initial sense of the weight of a stone . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 4.0 seconds for guards , 3.8 seconds for draws , 3.2 for normal hit weight , and 2.9 seconds for peel weight . Especially at the club level , this metric can be misleading , due to amateurs sometimes pushing stones on release , causing the stone to travel faster than the back - to - hog speed . Champions and major championships ( edit ) World Women 's Championship trophy Curling at the Winter Olympics World Curling Championships World Junior Curling Championships World Senior Curling Championships World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship European Curling Championships Continental Cup of Curling Tim Hortons Brier Scotties Tournament of Hearts United States Men 's Curling Championship United States Women 's Curling Championship Canada Cup of Curling European Mixed Curling Championship Notable curling clubs ( edit ) Main article : List of curling clubs Notable curling clubs Bemidji Curling Club -- Bemidji , Minnesota , Home of the 2006 United States Men 's & Women 's Olympic Curling Teams Broomstones Curling Club -- Wayland , Massachusetts Chicago Curling Club -- Chicago , Illinois Dakota Curling Club -- Burnsville , Minnesota -- a leading example of the development of new curling clubs on arena ice in the USA Detroit Curling Club -- Ferndale , Michigan Garrison Golf and Curling Club , Kingston , Ontario Grand National Curling Club -- Organization in the United States covering clubs on the east coast Granite Curling Club -- Winnipeg , Manitoba Granite Curling Club -- Seattle , Washington , the only dedicated curling facility on the west coast of the United States Ice Melters Curling Club -- England Markinch Curling Club -- Fife , Scotland Mayflower Curling Club -- Halifax , Nova Scotia Milwaukee Curling Club -- Mequon , Wisconsin -- The oldest curling club in the U.S. -- Since 1845 Ottawa Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario Potomac Curling Club -- Laurel , Maryland -- Near Washington , D.C Pittsburgh Curling Club -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania -- Established in 2002 Plainfield Curling Club -- South Plainfield , New Jersey Rideau Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario Royal Caledonian Curling Club -- Scotland , the official Mother Club of curling Royal Montreal Curling Club -- Montreal , Quebec , the oldest active athletic club in North America Royal City Curling Club -- New Westminster , British Columbia Saint Paul Curling Club -- St. Paul , Minnesota -- Founded in 1885 . Club with largest active membership in the United States ( over 1000 members ) . Utica Curling Club -- Utica , New York Kilsyth Curling Club -- the first constituted curling club in the world Wausau Curling Club -- Wausau , Wisconsin -- Home of the Tietge Bonspiel , the oldest and largest high school curling bonspiel in the U.S. In popular culture ( edit ) Curling is featured prominently in `` Boy Meets Curl '' , the twelfth episode of the comedy series The Simpsons ' twenty - first season . The episode aired on the Fox network in the United States on 14 February 2010 . Men with Brooms is a 2002 Canadian film that takes a satirical look at curling . A TV adaptation , also titled Men with Brooms , debuted in 2010 on CBC Television . The Corner Gas episode `` Hurry Hard '' involves the townspeople of Dog River competing in a local curling bonspiel for the fictitious `` Clavet Cup '' . The episode also features cameos by Canadian curlers Randy Ferbey and Dave Nedohin . See also ( edit ) Scotland portal Sport portal Olympics portal Glossary of curling Grand Slam of Curling List of curlers United States Curling Association University and college curling Women 's curling Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Curling Makes Gains in U.S. Popularity '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 19 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` Do n't take curling for granite '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chess on ice ' '' . Princeton Allumni Weekly . 28 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chess on ice '' . The Curling News . 22 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . 23 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's oldest curling stone '' . The Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Game '' . Scottish Curling . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Eberlin , Amy . `` The Flemish and the game of ' curling ' '' . Scotland and the Flemish People . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . The History of Curling : And Fifty Years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 79 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Henry . `` The muses threnodie , or , mirthfull mournings , on the death of Master Gall Containing varietie of pleasant poëticall descriptions , morall instructions , historiall narrations , and divine observations , with the most remarkable antiquities of Scotland , especially at Perth By Mr. H. Adamson . '' Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . Olympic Games . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SND '' . Dsl.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 115 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kilsyth Curling History '' . Paperclip.org.uk . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curling : History '' . Olympic Sport History . International Olympic Committee . 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramsay , John ( 1882 ) . An Account of the Game of Curling , with Songs for the Canon - Mills Curling Club . Edinburgh . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society ( in Lodi ) . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cairnie , J. ( 1833 ) . Essay on curling , and artificial pond making . Glasgow : W.R. McPhun . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Watson , Thomas ( 1894 ) . Kirkintilloch , town and parish . Glasgow : J. Smith . p. 312 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Henry Glassford ( 1874 ) . The Poetical Works of David Gray . J. Maclehose . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Schorstein , Jon ( director ) . `` The Grand Match '' . Moving Image Archive . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nate Baker ( ed . ) . The Book of Old Darvel and Some of its Famous Sons . Darvel : Walker & Connell . pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Doug Maxwell . Canada Curls - An Illustrated History of Curling in Canada . Whitecap Books . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Montreal Curling Club '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WCF rankings '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Scott ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` A brief curling club history '' . Arnprior Chronicle - Guide . Ontario . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed Doubles curling confirmed for PyeongChang 2018 Olympics '' . World Curling Federation . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lattimer , George M. , ed. ( 1932 ) . `` III Winter Olympic Games , Lake Placid 1932 , Official Report '' ( PDF ) . pp. 255 -- 258 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians Win At Curling : Beat United States , 12 Games to 3 , in Exhibition Series and after all olympic matches they have a giant ice orgy with all the countries ! '' . The New York Times . 6 February 1932 . Sports , p. 20 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rules of Curling and Rules of Competition '' . World Curling Federation . June 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Curlers Are Finicky When It Comes to Their Olympic Ice '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA - Today : Curlers Play Nice and Leave No Stone Unturned '' ( Press release ) . Twin Cities Curling Association . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smooth operators : They make Olympic ice nice '' . Today in Vancouver . MSNBC. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Curling / Stones '' . Anchorage Curling Club . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1881 Census entry for Haugh , Mauchline , Ayrshire GRO Ref Volume 604 EnumDist 1 Page 3 '' . Scotland 's People . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Kays of Scotland . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mauchline , 9 Barskimming Road , Kay 's Curling Stone Factory '' . Canmore . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh Stone Forum newsletter '' ( PDF ) . October 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Curling '' . Canadian Curling Association . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top curling teams say they wo n't use high - tech brooms '' . CBC News . 16 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Canada bans broom heads with ' directional fabric ' '' . Ctvnews.ca . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Here 's the Physics Behind the ' Broomgate ' Controversy Rocking the Sport of Curling '' . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Shoes : Choosing a Slider '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curling Explained to non Curlers by Cameron Scott '' . Sporting Life 360 . 14 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eight is Great ! Asham World Curling Tour Events , Including Grand Slams , move to Eight - End Format '' . World Curling Tour . World Curling Tour . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' . Canadian Curling Association . October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ DeSaulniers , Darren ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Ferraro 's hack innovation remains curling standard '' . Ottawa Citizen . Pressreader.com . p . B5 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bannerman , Gordon ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Curling : Stormont Loch hosts outdoor bonspiel '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Syers , Edgar and Madge ( 1908 ) . The book of winter sports . London : Edward Arnold . p. 29 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 402 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Wiecek ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Team of ' tuckers ' '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Why Curlers Sweep the Ice `` '' . Business Insider. 14 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Curling Association . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 7 Basic Strategy '' . The Curling Manual . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting Percentages '' . CurlingZone . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Curling 8 Ender '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Levack , John . `` The Curlers at Rawyards '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch School '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Charles Martin . `` Curling at Carsebreck '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Maguire , John Elliot . `` Curling Stone Workshop '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McGhie , John . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park '' . The Museum of Fine Arts , Houston . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of the World : The Curling Richardsons '' . CBC Television . 13 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , S. B ( 1898 ) . Curler 's sermons : preached before the Grand National Curling Club . New York : Bonnell , Silver & Co . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit of Curling '' . RCMP Curling Club , Ottawa . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Patricia ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` How one woman fell in love with curling '' . Best Health . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 4 - Using a Throwing Device '' . The Curling School . Curltech . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ World Masters Curling World Masters Curling Archived 10 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catch the fanfare of Fox February '' . The Futon Critic. 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Men With Brooms IMDB Entry '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Glennon , Morgan ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Men With Brooms : Requiem for an Obscure Canadian Sitcom '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Mott , Morris ; Allardyce , John ( 1989 ) . Curling Capital Winnipeg and the Roarin ' Game , 1876 to 1988 . Winnipeg : University of Manitoba Press . ISBN 0 - 88755 - 145 - 9 . Richard , Pierre ( 2006 ) . Une Histoire Sociale du Curling au Québec , de 1807 à 1980 ( in French ) . Trois - Rivières : Université du Québec . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curling . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Curling . World Curling Federation CBC Digital Archives -- Curling : Sweeping the Nation Bonspiel ! The History of Curling in Canada at Library and Archives Canada curling stones , Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage . The Game Of The Magic Broom , March 1944 one of the first magazine articles to introduce the game of curling to the American public The Canadian Curler 's Manual transcription of 1840 text Sportlistings.com - World Curling Federation Directory listing Team sports Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football amputee beach freestyle Futsal indoor Jorkyball paralympic powerchair roller street walking Australian rules football AFLX Lightning football Metro footy Nine - a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies ' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight - man flag nine - man six - man sprint touch wheelchair Canadian football Indoor American football Arena football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval football codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari Ki - o - rahi Jegichagi La soule Lelo burti Marn grook Pasuckuakohowog Royal Shrovetide Uppies and downies Yubi lakpi Rugby codes Beach Khanh Ha ( game ) Rugby league masters mod nines sevens tag wheelchair Rugby union American flag mini sevens snow tag touch tens Touch Wheelchair Bat - and - ball games Baseball Brännboll British baseball Corkball Cricket One Day Test Twenty20 Danish longball Indoor cricket Kickball Lapta Matball Oină Over-the - line Pesäpallo Rounders Softball Fastpitch Stickball Stoolball Town ball Vigoro Vitilla Wiffle ball Wireball Stick and ball sports Bando Cammag Hurling Camogie Super11s Shinty -- Hurling Indigenous North American stickball Iomain Knattleikr Knotty Lacrosse box / indoor field intercrosse women 's Ritinis Shinty Shinty -- Hurling Hockey sports Ball hockey Bandy rink Broomball Moscow Field hockey indoor Floor hockey Floorball Ice hockey pond power ice sledge underwater Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey in - line quad Rossall hockey Shinny Street hockey Underwater hockey Unicycle hockey Polo sports Auto polo Cowboy polo Cycle polo Elephant polo Horseball Motoball Pato Polo Arena polo chovgan snow polo Polocrosse Segway polo Yak polo Net sports Ball badminton Beach tennis Biribol Bossaball Fistball Footbag net Football tennis Footvolley Jianzi Jokgu Newcomb ball Peteca Sepak takraw Throwball Volleyball beach paralympic Other sports Airsoft Angleball Balle à la main Ballon au poing Basque pelota frontenis jai alai xare Bo - taoshi Boules Bocce Bocce volo Boccia Bowls Jeu provençal Pétanque Raffa Buzkashi Combat ( juggling ) Curling wheelchair Cycle ball Digor Dodgeball Flickerball Gateball Goalball Guts Handball beach Czech field Hornussen Ice stock sport Jereed Kabaddi indoor beach Kho kho Kin - Ball Lagori Longue paume Makura - Nage Mesoamerican ballgame Paintball Pelota mixteca Prisonball Pushball Quidditch Rollball Roller derby Slahal Snow snake Synchronized skating Synchronized swimming Tamburello Tchoukball beach Tejo Tug of war Ulama Ultimate Underwater football Underwater rugby Valencian pilota Llargues Water polo canoe inner tube beach Waboba Whirlyball Woodball Yukigassen Winter Olympic sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating See also : Paralympic sports and Summer Olympic sports GND : 4132438 - 9 NARA : 10675348 NDL : 01100410 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curling&oldid=842686004 '' Categories : Curling Winter Olympic sports Sports originating in Scotland Precision sports Team sports Scottish games Ice sports Sports originating in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles needing additional references from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is the other team allowed to sweep in curling
[]
[]
6757519085976641992
Flags of Europe
Flags of Europe - wikipedia Flags of Europe Jump to : navigation , search A map of Europe with national flags , excluding dependent territories and partially recognized states This is a list of international , national and subnational flags used in Europe . Contents 1 Supranational and international flags 2 Flags of European sovereign states 3 Flags of other European sovereign entities 4 Disputed or partially recognised states 5 Flags of European dependencies 6 Flags of European sub-divisions 6.1 Austria 6.2 Belgium 6.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.4 France 6.5 Georgia 6.6 Germany 6.7 Greece 6.8 Ireland 6.9 Italy 6.10 Malta 6.11 Netherlands 6.12 Portugal 6.13 Russia 6.14 Serbia 6.15 Spain 6.16 Sweden 6.17 Switzerland 6.18 Ukraine 6.19 United Kingdom 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Supranational and international flags ( edit ) Flag Date Use Description 1957 / 1958 -- Flag of the Benelux Combines features from the flags of the member countries : Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg Unknown Flag of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine Light blue flag with four dark blue stripes horizontally across the lower half of the flag covered by a yellow anchor . Top half has six yellow stars in a circle . 1990s -- Flag of the Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ) 1991 -- Flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States The flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States is blue with the emblem of the organisation in the centre . 1955 -- Flag of the Council of Europe A circle of 12 upward - oriented 5 - pointed golden stars centred on a blue field : represents the continent beyond the organisations as the Flag of Europe 1986 -- Flag of the European Union 1984 -- Flag of the Nordic Council White stylised swan in a white circle upon a blue background . 1986 -- Flag of the Sami people Flags of European Sovereign States ( edit ) Flag Date Use Description 1912 -- Flag of Albania The flag of Albania , adopted in April 1912 , is a red flag with a black two - headed eagle in the centre . It is derived from the seal of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg , a 15th - century Albanian who led the revolt against the Ottoman Empire that resulted in brief independence for Albania from 1443 to 1478 . 1866 -- Flag of Andorra The flag of Andorra , adopted in 1866 , is a tricolour of blue , yellow , and red with the coat of arms of Andorra in the centre . It is based on the flags of France and Spain . The coat of arms of Andorra is based on the Catalan flag ( 4 - red - coloured ribbons with yellow background ) . 1918 -- 1920 1991 -- Flag of Armenia After gaining independence , the First Republic of Armenia adopted the modern Armenian tricolor . The independent Armenian government selected the colours used during the last period of Rubenid Dynasty , red , blue and yellow . The Red emblematizes the Armenian Highland , the Armenian people 's continued struggle for survival , maintenance of the Christian faith , Armenia 's independence and freedom . The Blue emblematizes the will of the people of Armenia to live beneath peaceful skies . The Orange emblematizes the creative talent and hard - working nature of the people of Armenia . 1918 -- 1938 1945 -- Flag of Austria Originally adopted in 1918 , was officially adopted ( again ) in 1945 , after being banned during World War II . Stripes of red and white have been a collective emblem of Austria for over 800 years , and their first usage on the flag occurred in 1191 . According to long established legend , the red and white flag was designed to resemble the bloodstained white coat worn by the Duke of Austria during a fierce battle . 1918 -- 1920 1991 -- Flag of Azerbaijan Originally adopted in 1918 as a flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan , was officially adopted again in 1991 , after Azerbaijan gained its independence . The flag of Azerbaijan is the national ensign of Azerbaijan . It consists of three equal horizontal bands colored blue , red , and green , with a white crescent and an eight - pointed star are centered in the red band . The blue band refers to Turkic heritage , the red is for progress and Europeanisation and the green refers to Islam . 1995 -- Flag of Belarus Belarus ' flag was officially adopted on May 16 , 1995 . The dominant red and green were colours used on its flag when it was a republic of the former Soviet Union . The woven fabric ornament on the left uses traditional Belarusian red and white colours . 1831 -- Flag of Belgium The flag was officially adopted on January 23 , 1831 . Black , gold and red are symbolic of the country 's coat of arms . The three striped vertical layout was inspired by the French Tricolour . Black and gold were chosen , being the colours of the Duchy of Brabant where the Belgian Revolution started . Red was added as a symbol of the blood spilled during the uprising . 1998 -- Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag . The remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven five - pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle . The three points of the triangle stand for the three nations of Bosnia : Bosniaks , Croats , and Serbs . It is said to represent the map of Bosnia . 1878 -- 1946 1991 -- Flag of Bulgaria The flag of Bulgaria was adopted in 1989 and consists of three horizontal bands of white , green and red . 1990 -- Flag of Croatia The flag of Croatia , adopted in December 1990 , consists of three equal horizontal stripes of red , white and blue , which has been the Croatian flag since 1848 . In the middle is the Coat of arms of Croatia . 1960 -- Flag of Cyprus The flag was officially adopted on August 16 , 1960 . The island is depicted in a copper shade representative of its name ; the name Cyprus has roots in the Sumerian word for copper ( zubar ) from the large deposits of copper found on the island . The crossed green olive branches symbolise the hope for peace between the Turks and the Greeks . It was designed by İsmet Güney , a Turkish Cypriot painter . 1920 -- 1939 1945 -- Flag of the Czech Republic The first flag of Czechoslovakia was white over red , and those colours are the heraldic colours of Bohemia . The blue triangle was added to the flag in an effort to distinguish it from the flag of Poland , and blue is said to represent the State of Moravia . 1219 -- Flag of Denmark It is the world 's oldest state flag still in use . Legend has it that it appeared as a sign from heaven to King Valdemar II in 1219 . Known as the Dannebrog ( `` Danish Cloth '' ) , this blood - red flag with an off - centred white cross ( a `` Scandinavian Cross '' ) became a model for other regional flags . 1918 -- 1940 1990 -- Flag of Estonia It was officially re-adopted on May 8 , 1990 . Blue represents loyalty , and the country 's beautiful blue skies , seas and lakes ; black is symbolic of past oppression and the fertile soil ; and white represents virtue , winter snows , and Estonia 's long struggle for freedom and independence . 1918 -- Flag of Finland It was officially adopted on May 29 , 1918 . The off - centred blue cross is based on the Scandinavian Cross , widely used on Scandinavian national flags . The blue colour is symbolic of blue skies , and the thousands of lakes in Finland . The white represents the winter snows . 1794 -- 1814 1830 -- Flag of France It was officially adopted on February 15 , 1794 . The tricolore consists of three vertical bands of equal width , displaying the country 's national colours : blue , white , and red . The blue band is positioned nearest the flag - staff , the white in the middle , and the red on the outside . Red , white and blue have come to represent liberty , equality and fraternity -- the ideals of the French Revolution . Blue and red are also the time - honoured colours of Paris , while white is the colour of the Royal House of Bourbon . 2004 -- Flag of Georgia This recently adopted flag is a simple white rectangle , with a central red cross connecting all four sides of the flag ; in each of the four corners is a small red cross . The flag is based on a historic five - cross design that dates back to the 14th century . 1919 -- 1933 1949 -- Flag of Germany It was officially re-adopted on May 23 , 1949 and subsequently used by West Germany while the country was divided into East and West before reunification in 1990 . The tricolour flag was designed in 1832 , and the black , red , and gold colours were taken from the uniforms of German soldiers during the Napoleonic Wars ( Out of the blackness ( black ) of servitude through bloody ( red ) battles to the golden ( gold ) light of freedom . ) or taken from the coat of arms of Holy Roman Empire . 1821 -- Flag of Greece The flag of Greece was officially adopted in 1822 . Features a white cross and a combination of nine , five blue ( sky & sea ) and four white ( sea foam & clouds ) , horizontal stripes . The shade of blue has varied over the years , and darker blue ( shown ) is now commonly used . The cross is symbolic of the vision of Constantine i.e. a white cross in a blue sky . The alternating white and blue stripes represent the nine syllables of the phrase `` Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος '' ( `` Freedom or Death '' ) , a popular motto of the struggle for independence of the Greek people . 1957 -- Flag of Hungary The flag of Hungary was officially adopted in 1848 . The tricolour design is modelled after that of the flag of France . The colors are derived from the historical Hungarian coat of arms . Red is said to symbolise strength , white faithfulness , and green hope . 1915 -- Flag of Iceland The flag of Iceland was adopted in June 1915 to represent Iceland . In June 1944 it was instated as the flag of the independent republic of Iceland . Like other Scandinavian flags , it is based on the Scandinavian Cross . It is a reverse colour image of the Flag of Norway . The blue represents the sea , the white represents the snow and glaciers and the red symbolises volcanic lava . 1922 -- Flag of Ireland Although dating from the 19th century , the tricolour flag of Ireland was not popularised until its use by rebels during the 1916 Easter Rising . It was officially adopted by the revolutionary First Dáil ( assembly ) of the Irish Republic on January 21 , 1919 and used thereafter by the Irish Free State . The current 1937 Constitution of Ireland defines it as the national flag . Modeled after the French tricolour , the colours of the Irish tricolour symbolises two communities . Green represents the Roman Catholic nationalist tradition . Orange represents the Protestant unionist community . White symbolises peace between both . 1948 -- Flag of Italy Derived from an original design by Napoleon , it consists of three vertical bands of equal width , displaying the national colours of Italy : green , white , and red . Green was said to be Napoleon 's favourite colour . 1992 -- Flag of Kazakhstan 1937 -- Flag of Liechtenstein The flag of Liechtenstein consists of two horizontal bands of blue and red with a gold crown in the canton . 1918 -- 1940 1990 -- Flag of Latvia The flag of Latvia was officially re-adopted on February 27 , 1990 . The design is adopted from a 13th - century chronicle where `` red divided by white '' is said to be a Latvian flag . To differ from Austrian flag , the proportion 2 : 1 : 2 and `` Latvian red '' color has been adopted . 1918 -- 1940 1989 -- Flag of Lithuania The flag of Lithuania was officially re-adopted on March 20 , 1989 , before Lithuania gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 . Yellow is symbolic of the country 's wheat fields , green symbolic of the forests , and red symbolises patriotism . Collectively the colours represent hope for the future , freedom from oppression , and the courage of the Lithuanian people . 1845 -- Flag of Luxembourg The flag of Luxembourg was officially adopted in 1972 , although used since 1848 following Luxembourg 's independence from the Netherlands in the late 19th century . The flag uses a combination of red , white , and blue that date to the 13th century , and the Grand Duke 's coat of arms . 1995 -- Flag of Macedonia The flag of the Republic of Macedonia depicts a rising yellow sun with eight rays extending to the edges of the red field . It represents `` the new sun of liberty '' , evoked in the Macedonian national anthem Denes nad Makedonija ( Today Over Macedonia ) . 1964 -- Flag of Malta The flag of Malta was officially adopted on September 21 , 1964 . The flag uses the traditional red and white colours which pre-date those of the Knights of Malta and which Government emulate the arms of the former Universitas of Mdina . The George Cross ( upper left ) , outlined in red , was added to the flag in the 1940s , as King George VI of the United Kingdom presented it to islanders for outstanding gallantry during World War II . 1990 -- Flag of Moldova Moldova 's flag was officially adopted on May 12 , 1990 . Once part of Romania , Moldova 's flag reflects that association , as the two countries use almost identical shades of red , yellow and blue in their national flags . The centred Moldova shield 's main feature is a golden eagle holding an Orthodox Christian Cross in its beak . The olive branch is said to symbolise peace . 1881 -- Flag of Monaco The flag of Monaco has two horizontal bands of red and white -- these have been the heraldic colours of the House of Grimaldi since at least 1339 . 2004 -- Flag of Montenegro The flag of Montenegro , adopted in July 2004 , is a red banner bearing the coat of arms adopted in 1993 . The coat of arms derives from those of King Nikola . 1937 -- Flag of the Netherlands The flag of the Netherlands was officially adopted on February 19 , 1937 . At one time this tricolour flag was orange , white , and blue , as those were the livery colours of William of Orange , a Dutch prince . In the 17th century , red replaced the orange as a flag colour , because the orange dye used on the flag was unstable , and turned red after exposure to the sun . It is the oldest tricolour flag still in national use and has influenced both the French ( 1794 ) and Russian flag ( 1693 ) , both of these flags have in turn influenced many other European and African flags . 1821 -- 1844 1898 -- Flag of Norway The flag of Norway is red with a blue Scandinavian cross outlined in white ; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog , the flag of Denmark . It was adopted in 1821 , but a union mark was added in the canton from 1844 to 1898 . 1919 -- Flag of Poland The flag of Poland was officially adopted on August 1 , 1919 . The colours red and white have long been associated with Poland and its coat of arms , at least since 3 May 1791 . 1911 -- Flag of Portugal The flag of Portugal was officially adopted on June 30 , 1911 . The design is that of a rectangular bi-colour ( 2 : 3 ratio ) with a field vertically divided into two stripes of different width -- a green stripe on the hoist , and a larger red stripe on the fly . The minor version of the national coat of arms ( armillary sphere and Portuguese shield ) is entered over the boundary between the colours at equal distance from the upper and lower edges . The field colours , especially the green , originally represented a radical republican - inspired change that broke the bond with the former religious monarchical flag . In the ensuing decades , these colours were popularly propagandised as representing the hope of the nation ( green ) and the blood ( red ) of those who died defending it , as a means to endow them with a more patriotic and dignified , therefore less political , sentiment . 1848 , 1867 -- 1948 1989 -- Flag of Romania The flag of Romania was officially re-adopted in 1989 . The first red - yellow - blue flag dates from 1834 but the colours themselves are thought to have had special significance from earlier times . The current layout dates since 1848 . A vertical tricolour of bands of blue , yellow , and red of equal width and overall proportions of 2 : 3 ( height - width ) . It could be inspired by the French flag . 1883 -- 1918 1993 -- Flag of Russia The Russian Federation flag was officially adopted on August 22 , 1991 . The flag was hoisted shortly after the former Soviet Union collapsed . The white , red and blue are Pan-Slavic colours . 1862 -- Flag of San Marino The flag of San Marino comprises equal horizontal bands of white and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the centre . 2004 -- Flag of Serbia The flag of Serbia consists of three horizontal bands of red , blue and white , with the coat - of - arms located left of centre . By accident or design the colours are that of the Russian flag reversed . Flag with three horizontal bands of red , blue and white has been used as the national flag of Serbia and Serbs since 1835 . Red , blue , and white are considered Pan-Slavic colours , but red and blue also occur on flags attributed to a 13th - century king of Serbia . The entered coat of arms of Serbia is double - headed white eagle and a red shield with a white cross surrounded by 4 firesteels ( `` ocila '' ) , a symbol that draws roots from Byzantine coat of arms ( where cross is surrounded by four Greek letters Beta ) and from much deeper past of the Balkan peninsula , as it can be seen on 7000 years old Vinca culture pottery and many other later traditional Balkan cultural remains . 1992 -- Flag of Slovakia The flag of Slovakia was officially adopted on September 1 , 1992 . Red , white , and blue are traditional Pan-Slavic colours . The entered Slovakian arms features a dominant white cross atop a blue symbolic reference to the European country 's mountains . 1991 -- Flag of Slovenia The flag of Slovenia was officially adopted on June 24 , 1991 . Red , white , and blue are taken from the Carniolan coat of arms . The flag without the coat of arms was in use from 1848 to 1945 . The Slovenian coat of arms features three gold stars , symbolizing the Counts of Celje . The mountains shown in white are representative of the Alps , and Mount Triglav , Slovenia 's national symbol , in particular ; the wavy blue lines across the bottom indicate Slovenia 's access to the sea . ( 1785 original design ) 1981 -- Flag of Spain The flag of Spain was officially adopted on 19th July 1927 , as merchant naval flag and on 29th December 1978 as the national flag on the current Spanish Constitution . Nevertheless , the first original reference dates back to 15th May 1785 when Charles III of Spain adopted one of the designs proposed by Antonio Valdés y Bazán , commissioned by the king himself , in order to easily differentiate his ships from those of other European nations given the fact that many used the royal coat of arms over a white background , i.e. the French Bourbon royal flag . The red and golden - yellow colours were used after that day with mere changes on the coat of arms ( with the exception of the Spanish Second Republic ) and are the original colours found within the coat of arms of the medieval kingdoms of Castile , Aragon and Navarre , first united by King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile . 1569 -- Flag of Sweden The flag of Sweden was officially adopted on June 22 , 1906 . The off - centred yellow cross ( The Scandinavian Cross ) is taken from the Danish flag . The yellow and blue colours are taken from the national coat of arms . 1889 -- Flag of Switzerland The flag of Switzerland consists of a red square with a bold , equilateral white Greek cross in the centre . It is one of only two square flags , the other being that of the Vatican City . It is based on the flag of the Canton of Schwyz , which dates back to 1474 at least . 1844 -- Flag of Turkey The flag of Turkey is a red flag with a white crescent moon and a star in its centre . The flag is called Ay Yıldız ( literally , moon star . ) or Albayrak ( Red flag ) which were adopted in 1844 with the Tanzimat reforms ; though the shape , placement and shade of the colour vary . The geometric proportions of the flag were legally standardised with the Turkish Flag Law in 1936 . 1918 -- 1920 1992 -- Flag of Ukraine Ukraine 's flag was adopted on September 4 , 1991 , shortly after the collapse of the former Soviet Union . This is the country 's original flag used by the short - lived Ukrainian People 's Republic , but it was banned for many decades under Soviet regime . The shade of blue is said to be symbolic of the sky , while the yellow represents Ukraine 's golden wheat fields . 1801 -- Flag of the United Kingdom The current flag of the United Kingdom dates from the Act of Union 1800 , which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The ' Union Jack ' merges the red cross of Saint George ( patron saint of England ) , edged in white , superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick ( patron saint of Ireland ) , which are superimposed on the saltire of Saint Andrew ( patron saint of Scotland ) . The flag of Wales , the other country of the United Kingdom , is not graphically represented . 1929 -- Flag of the Vatican City The flag of Vatican City , adopted in June 1929 , consists of two vertical bands of yellow and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the Papal Tiara centred in the white band . It is one of only two square country flags in the world , the other being that of Switzerland . Flags of other European Sovereign entities ( edit ) Flag Date Use Description 1130 -- Sovereign Military Order of Malta The flag of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a red rectangular flag quartered by a white cross . Disputed or partially recognised States ( edit ) Flag Date Use Claimed by Description 1992 -- Flag of Abkhazia Georgia The flag of Abkhazia consists of seven green and white stripes with a red upper left canton bearing a white open right hand and seven white stars . 1992 -- Flag of Artsakh Armenia The flag of Artsakh is based on the Flag of Armenia , and has a white pattern added . 2008 -- Flag of Kosovo Serbia Adopted by Kosovo on 17 February 2008 as it unilaterally proclaimed independence from Serbia . 1984 -- Flag of Northern Cyprus Cyprus Adopted by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( recognized only by Turkey and the Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan ) on 7 March 1984 following the Turkish invasion and the occupation of the northern part of the island in 1974 . 1990 -- Flag of South Ossetia Georgia The flag of the South Ossetia is a tricolour , the top stripe white , the middle stripe red and the bottom stripe yellow . 2000 -- Flag of Transnistria Moldova The flag of Transnistria consists of three stripes ( red - green - red ) and the Soviet hammer and sickle ; it is based on the flag of the Moldavian SSR . Flags of European dependencies ( edit ) Flag Date Use State ( status ) Description 1960 -- Flag of Akrotiri and Dhekelia UK ( overseas territory ) Same as the United Kingdom . 1954 -- Flag of Åland Finland ( autonomous region ) The flag was officially adopted 3 April 1954 . As of 1992 , it serves as the civil and state flag and ensign . This traditional Scandinavian Cross flag features blue , yellow , and red , all said to be borrowed from the national colours of Sweden and Finland . 1940 -- Flag of Faroe Islands Denmark ( autonomous country ) The flag of the Faroe Islands , called Merkið , was first used in 1919 , was mandated by the British as the civil and state ensign in 1940 , and became the official civil and state flag and ensign on 23 March 1948 . The flag uses Norwegian colours , commemorating the Faroes once being part of Norway . 1502 -- Flag of Gibraltar UK ( overseas territory ) The Gibraltar flag dates from 1502 , as it is based on the original arms granted it by Spain . The red and white field is taken from the arms , and it is dominated by a red three - towered fortress , complete with a gold key . 1985 -- Flag of Guernsey UK ( crown dependency ) The flag of Guernsey , adopted in 1985 , consists of the red cross of St. George with an additional gold cross within it . The change was prompted by confusion over Guernsey and England using the same flag . The gold cross represents Duke William of Normandy , who had such a cross on his flag in the Battle of Hastings , given to him by Pope Alexander II . c13 -- Flag of the Isle of Man UK ( crown dependency ) The flag of the Isle of Man features a red field with a centred triskelion of three bent legs joined at a central point . 1980 -- Flag of Jersey UK ( crown dependency ) The flag of Jersey , adopted in June 1979 , is white with a diagonal red cross , surmounted by a yellow Plantagenet crown , the badge of Jersey ( a red shield holding the three leopards of Normandy in yellow ) . Prior to this , the flag was a plain red saltire on a white field . Flags of European sub-divisions ( edit ) Austria ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of Austrian states and List of Austrian flags Flag Date Use Description 1946 -- Flag of Carinthia A horizontal tricolor of yellow , red and white . 1921 -- Flag of Salzburg A bicolor of red over white . 1945 -- Flag of Tyrol The flag of Tyrol is a white over red bicolor . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : List of Belgian flags Flag Date Use Description 1973 -- Flag of Flanders Flanders is a Dutch - speaking ethnic region in the northern half of Belgium . 1991 -- Flag of Wallonia Wallonia is a mostly French - speaking ethnic region comprising the southern half of Belgium . Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Bosnia and Herzegovina Flag Date Use Description 1995 -- Flag of Republika Srpska A horizontal tricolour of red , blue and white , very similar to the flag of Serbia without the Coat of Arms ( with slightly differently coloured shades ) . France ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the regions of France and List of French flags Flag Date Use Description 1923 -- Flag of Brittany The flag , called Gwen ha du ( White and black ) was created in 1923 by Morvan Marchal ( 1900 -- 1963 , a member of various political and cultural organizations ) . He used as his inspiration the old Breton flag ( a centred black cross on a white background ) , called Kroaz Du ( Black cross ) , and the flags of the United States and Greece as these two countries were seen at that time as the respective symbols of liberty and democracy . The nine horizontal stripes represent the traditional dioceses of Brittany into which the duchy was divided historically . The five black stripes represent the French or Gallo speaking dioceses of Dol , Nantes , Rennes , Saint - Malo and Saint - Brieuc -- while the four white stripes represent the Breton speaking dioceses of Trégor , Léon , Cornouaille and Vannes . The ermine canton recalls the ducal arms of Brittany . Flag of Bourgogne - Franche - Comté Flag of Centre - Val de Loire 1755 -- Flag of Corsica The Flag of Corsica was adopted by General of the Nation Pasquale di Paoli in 1755 and was based on a traditional flag used previously . It portrays a Moor 's Head in black wearing a white bandana above his eyes on a white background . Previously , the bandana covered his eyes . Flag of Île - de-France Flag of Normandy 12th century -- Flag of Occitanie Flag of Pays - de-la - Loire 12th century -- Flag of Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Georgia ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Georgia ( country ) Flag Date Use Description 2004 -- Flag of Adjara Germany ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of German states and List of German flags Many states have separate civil and state versions of their flags ; the state flags ( listed ) include the state arms , while the civil versions do n't . See Flags of German states . Flag Date Use Description 1954 -- Flag of Baden - Württemberg A black over gold bi-color . 1953 -- Flag of Bavaria There are two official flags of Bavaria . One is an array of 21 or more lozenges of blue and white , the other is a white over blue bicolor . 1954 -- 1990 ( West Berlin ) 1990 -- Flag of Berlin White with red bars at the top and bottom , with a bear off - centre towards the hoist . 1991 -- Flag of Brandenburg A horizontal bi-color of red over white , with the arms of the state ( land ) , in the center . 1952 -- Flag of Bremen Eight or more alternating red and white stripes , checked at the hoist . 1751 -- Flag of Hamburg A white castle with three towers and a closed gate . 1948 -- Flag of Hesse The state flag of Hesse consists of a bicolor of a red top and a bottom white stripe . 1951 -- Flag of Lower Saxony The flag of Lower Saxony consists of the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany in Schwarz - Rot - Gold , with the coat of arms of Lower Saxony , shifted slightly toward the hoist . 1990 -- Flag of Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania 1953 -- Flag of North Rhine - Westphalia A horizontal tricolour of green , white , and red . 1945 -- Flag of Rhineland - Palatinate The flag of Rhineland - Palatinate is a tricolor of three horizontal bands of black , red and gold . These colors are Germany 's national colors and are sometimes referred to as schwarz - rot - gold . In the canton , or the upper left corner , are the arms of the state of Rhineland - Palatinate . 1957 -- Flag of Saarland The flag of Saarland is based on the flag of Germany and is a black , red , and gold ( yellow ) horizontal tricolor . In the center of the flag is the coat of arms of Saarland . 1991 -- Flag of Saxony A bicolour of white over green . 1991 -- Flag of Saxony - Anhalt The state flag of Saxony - Anhalt is a yellow and black bi-color . 1948 -- Flag of Schleswig - Holstein The state flag of Schleswig - Holstein is a horizontal tricolour of blue , white , and red . 1991 -- Flag of Thuringia The state flag of Thuringia consists of a bicolor of a white top and a bottom red stripecentre . Greece ( edit ) Main article : List of Greek flags Flag Date Use Description 1900s -- Flag of Mount Athos The flag of Mount Athos , adopted in 1900s , is a yellow banner bearing the double - headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire . 1980s -- Flag of Macedonia ( Greece ) The flag of Macedonia ( Greece ) , adopted in 1980s , is a blue banner featuring the Vergina Sun , the emblem of the Ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedon . 2000s -- Flag of Epirus The flag of Epirus , adopted in the early 2000s , is a white field featuring various symbols from different periods of Epirus ' history and the Greek words `` ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑ ΗΠΕΙΡΟΥ '' , meaning `` PREFECTURE OF EPIRUS '' . The symbols include an Ancient Greek Column of the Doric Order symbolizing the region 's Ancient Greek heritage , a Roman road symbolizing its Ancient Roman period , the Castle of Ioannina symbolizing the Byzantine Empire 's rule of Epirus as well as the Medieval period in general , the Bridge of Arta symbolizing the Ottoman Empire 's rule over the region , Stars in a semi-circle symbolizing modern Epirus and the European Union of which Greece is a member state and a river and a hill symbolizing the landscape of Epirus . 1821 -- Flag of Spetses The flag of Spetses , adopted in early 1821 during the Greek Revolution , features an azure field surrounded by a thick red border , defaced with a Cross on an overturned Crescent ( symbolizing the Christian Greek victory over the Muslim Ottoman Empire ) , a spear ( symbolizing the armed struggle for freedom ) , an anchor ( symbolizing the maritime tradition and merchant wealth of the island as well as most of Greece ) , a snake around the anchor ( symbolizing the Goddess Athena , wisdom and the island 's ancient Greek heritage ) , a dove ( symbolizing peace , justice and prosperity ) and the words `` ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ Ή ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ '' , meaning `` FREEDOM OR DEATH '' , Greece 's National Motto . 1821 -- Flag of Hydra The flag of Hydra , adopted in early 1821 during the Greek Revolution , its design and symbolism are almost identical to those of the Flag of Spetses ( see above ) , though the colours are slightly different . The Symbols are also almost identical , though instead of a spear there is a flagpole with a flag and some of the symbols are grey instead of red . 1828 -- Flag of Kastellorizo The flag of Kastellorizo , adopted in early 1828 during the Greek Revolution , it features a white field surrounded by a blue border . It is defaced with a Cross , an Anchor and a Heart . On the left and right of these symbols are the words `` ΜΕΓΙΣΤΗ '' and `` ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΟΡΙΖΟ '' ( `` MEGISTE '' & `` KASTELLORIZO '' ) , the two names of the island . 1864 -- Flag of Corfu The flag of the island of Corfu , adopted in 1864 after the annexation of the United States of the Ionian Islands by the Kingdom of Greece as a gift to the George I of Greece by the United Kingdom , features a blue field surrounded by a golden border and a thicker dark red one . It is defaced with an Ancient Greek Galley which is surrounded by a circle and the words `` ΔΗΜΟΣ ΚΕΡΚΥΡΑΙΩΝ '' meaning `` MUNICIPALITY / PEOPLE OF THE CORFIOTS '' . 1864 -- Flag of Zakynthos The flag of the island of Zakynthos , adopted in 1864 after the annexation of the United States of the Ionian Islands by the Kingdom of Greece as a gift to the George I of Greece by the United Kingdom , features a Green field with a golden depiction of Zakynthos ( person ) , the figure from Ancient Greek Mythology after whom the island was named . Near the top left side of Zakynthos the name of the island in Greek ( `` ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ '' ) is written while under the depiction is the island 's motto , `` ΘΕΛΕΙ ΑΡΕΤΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΛΜΗ Η ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ '' ( `` FREEDOM DEMANDS VALOUR AND BRAVERY '' ) by the Zakynthian poet Andreas Kalvos . 1821 -- Flag of Psara The flag of the island of Psara , adopted in 1821 during the Greek Revolution , is almost identical in style and design to the flags of Hydra , Spetses and other islands ( see above ) with some differences . The field is white and the surrounding border is red while all the symbols it is defaced with are all red . The symbols are also almost identical though instead of a dove there is an eagle , probably a reference to the Eagle of Zeus , a symbol of power and authority . The flag features the words `` ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ Ή ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ '' ( `` FREEDOM OR DEATH '' , Greece 's National Motto ) and `` ΨΑΡΑ '' ( `` PSARA '' , the island 's name in the Greek language ) . 1821 -- Flag of Mani Peninsula The flag of the island of the Mani Peninsula , adopted in 1821 during the Greek Revolution , features a white field with a blue Greek cross and the phrases `` ΝΙΚΗ Ή ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ '' ( `` VICTORY OR DEATH '' , a traditional Greek battle cry ) and `` ΤΑΝ Ή ΕΠΙ ΤΑΣ '' ( a Laconic phrase said by Spartan mothers to their sons when they left for war ; lit . `` IT OR ON IT '' meaning that if the Spartan is to return alive he should return with his shield ( so as to have not dropped it and fled the battle ) or be returned on it by his comrades , dead ) . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : List of Irish flags Flag Date Use Description Flag of Connacht The flag of Connacht is a heraldic banner of the arms of Connacht , a dimidiated ( divided in half from top to bottom ) eagle and armed hand . Flag of Leinster The flag of the Irish province of Leinster is a banner with the provincial coat of arms : a gold Irish harp with silver strings on a green field ( blazon : vert a harp or stringed argent ) . These arms are similar to the arms of Ireland , which have the same device on a field of blue rather than green Flag of Munster The flag of Munster consists of three gold crowns on a blue field . The crowns were the arms of Ireland before being superseded by the golden harp in the 16th century . The meaning of the crowns on the flag is not certain , but one possibility is that they may represent three of the medieval Hiberno - Norman lordships in Munster ; the O'Briens ( Thomond ) , the Butlers ( Ormond ) and the Fitzgeralds ( Desmond ) . Flag of Ulster Ulster is one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland . Only three of the nine counties of Ulster are part of the Republic of Ireland , the other six making up Northern Ireland , part of the United Kingdom . However , the flag is still used to represent Ulster as a whole . The Red Hand of Ulster is a symbol that is either derived from the O'Neill dynasty , then the most prominent Irish clan in Ulster , or the Dextra Dei of early Christian iconography . The gold background featuring a red cross comes from the coat of arms of the Burkes , a Hiberno - Norman noble family . Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of regions of Italy and List of Italian flags Flag Date Use Description 1999 -- Flag of Abruzzo 1947 -- Flag of the Aosta Valley The flag of the Aosta Valley consists of two vertical stripes ( the left black the right red ) , sometimes with the arms of the Aosta Valley in the centre . 2001 -- Flag of Apulia 1973 -- Flag of Basilicata 1992 -- Flag of Calabria 1971 -- Flag of Campania The Campania Region has taken as its emblem the one given the Maritime Republic of Amalfi in its infancy . Said emblem consists of a red stripe on a white field Regional Law n . 1 of July 21 , 1971 1992 -- Flag of Emilia Romagna 2001 -- Flag of Friuli - Venezia Giulia 1992 -- Flag of Lazio 1992 -- Flag of Lombardy 1997 -- Flag of Liguria 1995 -- Flag of Marche 1995 -- Flag of Molise 1995 -- Flag of Piedmont 1999 -- Flag of Sardinia 1990 -- Flag of Sicily The current flag was adopted July 28 , 1990 under regional law N. 2 , Art . 12 . The law was later updated in 1998 . It was not until January 1 , 2000 , under regional law N. 1 , that the flag was adopted as the official symbol of Sicily , including legislation mandating public display of the flag at all Sicilian public buildings . The flag , officially used by the ancient Kingdom of Sicily , has existed in various forms since 1282 . The flag is rectangular in form and is characterised by the presence of the Trinacria ( triskelion ) in the centre . It features a softened image of the winged - head of Medusa and three ears of wheat ( replacing snakeheads ) representing the island 's fertility . The three bent legs represent the island 's three capes or points , while in mythology it is said to represent good luck and prosperity . The background of the flag is divided by a diagonal from left to right , and is coloured gold ( lower left ) and red - orange ( upper right ) . The colours represent the cities of Palermo and Corleone , respectively , the first two to found a confederation against the Angevin rule . 1983 -- Flag of Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol 1995 -- Flag of Tuscany 2003 -- Flag of Umbria 1999 -- Flag of Veneto Malta ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Malta Flag Date Use Description 1964 -- Flag of Gozo Symbolises the islands nickname ' The Island of the Three Hills ' , and also the fact that it is surrounded by sea . Netherlands ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of provinces of the Netherlands and List of Dutch flags Flag Date Use Description 1947 -- Flag of Drenthe 1986 -- Flag of Flevoland The flag of Flevoland recalls how the new province was reclaimed from the IJsselmeer . The central yellow stripe , wavy then straight , symbolises the transformation of the sea into land . Its colour symbolises rapeseed , planted to stabilise the land . The blue represents water , the green the land . The white fleur - de-lys ( lily ) is a pun . It commemorates Cornelis Lely , designer of the original polders , essential to the province . 1897 -- Flag of Friesland The flag of Friesland consists of four blue and three white diagonal stripes ; in the white stripes are a total of seven red pompeblêden , leaves of yellow water - lily . Flag of Gelderland Flag of Groningen Flag of Limburg 1959 -- Flag of North Brabant Flag of North Holland Flag of Overijssel Flag of South Holland Flag of Utrecht 1949 -- Flag of Zeeland In the centre of the flag , the coat of arms of Zeeland is depicted . The wavy blue lines represent the waves and the constant struggle against the sea . Portugal ( edit ) Main article : List of Portuguese flags Flag Date Use Description 1979 -- Flag of Azores The flag of Azores has the colours of the flag of Portugal until 1910 . It also has 9 stars representing the islands of the archipelago , the Portuguese shield and a Goshawk ( in Portuguese Açor ) that gives the name to the archipelago . It is an adaption of the first autonomy flag used during the autonomic movement in 1893 , itself adapted of the then monarchist flag . 1978 -- Flag of Madeira The design consists of a blue - gold - blue vertical triband with a red - bordered white Cross of Christ in the centre . Russia ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the federal subjects of Russia and List of Russian flags Flag Date Use Description 1992 -- Flag of Adygea 1992 -- Flag of Bashkortostan 2004 -- Flag of Chechnya 1992 -- Flag of Chuvashia The flag of Chuvashia consists of a stylized tree of life , a symbol of rebirth , with the three suns , a traditional emblem popular in Chuvash art . 2014 -- Flag of Crimea Controlled by Russia but recognized as part of Ukraine by most of the international community . Flag adopted by the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in 1992 . 1994 -- Flag of Dagestan 1994 -- Flag of Ingushetia 1993 -- Flag of Kalmykia On the Flag of Kalmykia , the yellow stands for the sun , the people and the religious faith of the nation . The blue represents the sky , eternity , and steadiness . The lotus is a symbol of purity , spiritual rebirth and happiness . Its five upper petals represent the continents and the lower four stand for the quarters of the globe . Together , they symbolize the will of the Kalmyk Russians to live in friendship and to cooperate with all the nations of the world . 1994 -- Flag of Kabardino - Balkaria 1996 -- Flag of Karachay - Cherkessia 1993 -- Flag of Karelia The national flag of the Republic of Karelia is a rectangle with equal horizontal stripes : the upper stripe is red , the middle one is blue and the lower is green . 1997 -- Flag of the Komi Republic The flag is a horizontal tricolour composed of three bars of , from top to bottom , medium blue , green , and white . Together , they represent Komi 's natural wealth . The blue represents the splendour and spaciousness of the northern sky . The green represents nature , its bounty , and the taiga . The white represents the color of snow , the purity of nature in the north , simplicity , and austerity , as well as Komi being a country in the north . According to a different interpretation , the white represents the equality and unity of the people and cultures living in Komi . 2011 -- Flag of Mari El 1995 -- Flag of Mordovia 1995 -- Flag of Moscow 1991 -- Flag of North Ossetia 1991 -- Flag of Saint Petersburg 2000 -- Flag of Sevastopol 1991 -- Flag of Tatarstan 1993 -- Flag of Udmurtia The cross / star symbol represents the solar sign , a protective symbol that according to folklore protects man from misfortunes . Serbia ( edit ) Main article : List of Serbian flags Flag Date Use Description 2004 -- Flag of Vojvodina Horitonzal tricolour of red , blue and white with larger blue portion and three yellow stars . Spain ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the autonomous communities of Spain and List of Spanish flags Flag Date Use Description 1918 -- Flag of Andalusia The flag of Andalusia consists of a horizontal tricolour ( green - white - green ) with the Andalusian arms in the centre . 1982 -- Flag of Aragon 1982 -- Flag of Asturias The flag of Asturias is light blue with the Victory Cross slightly left of the centre . 1983 -- Flag of the Balearic Islands 1978 -- Flag of the Basque Country 1984 -- Flag of Cantabria 1982 -- Flag of the Canary Islands The flag of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands is a vertical tricolour of three equal bands of white , blue , and yellow . The state flag includes the Coat of arms of the Canary Islands in the central band ; the civil flag omits this . The designs were made official by the Statute of Autonomy of the Canarian Autonomous Community ( Organic Law 10 / 82 ) on 16 August 1982 . 1982 -- Flag of Castile - La Mancha ( 1230 -- 1715 ) 1983 -- Flag of Castile and León It is formed by the combination of the historical flags of two of the oldest kingdom is the Iberian peninsula in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of León ( purple lion on silver in reference to the meaning of `` león '' ) and the Kingdom of Castile ( golden castle on red in reference to the many castles that were erected all over the country ) . The joint historical flag dates back to mid 13th century when Ferdinand III , `` the Saint '' , unified the two kingdoms in 1230 , inaugurating the Kingdom of Castile and León , later named Crown of Castile . May 25 , 1933 -- Flag of Catalonia The flag of Catalonia consists four red bars on top of a yellow background . One popular ( and unproven ) legend mentions this flag originating with the streaking of 4 blood - stained fingers across a plain shield . The flag derives from the royal coat of arms of the historical royal family of the Crown of Aragon , House of Trastamara . 1983 -- Flag of Extremadura 19th century ( official from 1984 ) -- Flag of Galicia The flag of Galicia appeared for the first time in the 19th century , probably based on the colours of the ancient medieval flags of the Kingdom of Galicia . Originally , the flag was a blue St Andrew 's Cross over a white field -- St Andrew is one of the most popular saints in Galicia . The coat of arms of Galicia was the former flag of the Kingdom of Galicia . Colors blue , white and gold were always related with Galicia . The chalice and the golden crosses on blue background have been its symbol since medieval times ( 13th century ) . For some time it was thought that it was based on the flag of the maritime province of Corunna , but today it is known that the design is earlier . 1982 -- Flag of La Rioja 1983 -- Flag of the Community of Madrid The seven stars represent the stars of the constellation Ursa Minor . They 're five - pointed because they represent the five Spanish provinces which surround the Community of Madrid . 1982 -- Flag of the Region of Murcia 1982 -- Flag of Navarre 1982 -- Flag of the Valencian Community Sweden ( edit ) Main article : List of flags of Sweden Flag Date Use Description 1902 ( ? ) -- Flag of Scania Switzerland ( edit ) Main article : Cantonal flags and coats of arms ( Switzerland ) Flag Date Use Description 1289 -- Flag of Bern 15th century -- Flag of Geneva The flag of Geneva is the historical flag of the city of Geneva , showing the Imperial Eagle and a Key of St. Peter ( symbolizing the status of Geneva as Reichsstadt and as episcopal seat , respectively ) , in use since the 15th century . 1386 -- Flag of Lucerne 1803 -- Flag of St. Gallen A white upright fasces with the axe blade facing the hoist on green field . 1240 -- Flag of Schwyz A white banner with a cross on the top - left 13th century -- Flag of Uri A bull 's head seen face on , with a red tongue and a red nose ring , on a yellow field . 1220 ( ? ) -- Flag of Zürich Ukraine ( edit ) Main articles : Flags of the oblasts of Ukraine and List of flags of Ukraine Flag Date Use Description 1998 -- Flag of Cherkasy Oblast 2000 -- Flag of Chernihiv Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Chernivtsi Oblast 1999 -- Flag of Crimea Controlled by Russia but recognized as part of Ukraine by most of the international community . 1999 -- Flag of Donetsk Oblast 2002 -- Flag of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Ivano - Frankivsk Oblast 1999 -- Flag of Kharkiv Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Kherson Oblast 2002 -- Flag of Khmelnytskyi Oblast 1998 -- Flag of Kirovohrad Oblast 1995 -- Flag of Kiev 1999 -- Flag of Kiev Oblast 1998 -- Flag of Luhansk Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Lviv Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Mykolaiv Oblast 2002 -- Flag of Odessa Oblast 2000 -- Flag of Poltava Oblast 2005 -- Flag of Rivne Oblast 2000 -- Flag of Sevastopol 2000 -- Flag of Sumy Oblast 2003 -- Flag of Ternopil Oblast 1997 -- Flag of Vinnytsia Oblast 2004 -- Flag of Volyn Oblast 2001 -- Flag of Zaporizhia Oblast 2009 -- Flag of Zakarpattia Oblast 2003 -- Flag of Zhytomyr Oblast United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : List of British flags Flag Date Use Description 16C -- Flag of England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The St George 's Cross is the official national flag . 1953 -- Flag of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The ' Ulster Banner ' ( Ulster Scots : Ulstèr Bannèr ; Irish : Meirge Uladh ) however is the unofficial flag as the country lacks an official flag . 14C -- Flag of Scotland Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The ' Saltire ' is the official national flag . 9C -- Flag of Wales Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . The Red Dragon ( Welsh : Y Ddraig Goch ) is the official national flag . The Welsh dragon has ancient origins , but was first officially flown in the modern era in 1959 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Part of Transcaucasian Region , at the crossroads of Europe and Asia . Physiographically , Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia , while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Western Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe . ^ The island of Cyprus , which comprises the Republic of Cyprus , Northern Cyprus and Akrotiri and Dhekelia , is geographically located in Asia , closer to Asian Turkey than to the European mainland . However , the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union . ^ Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Turkey has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . ^ Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . See also ( edit ) Coats of arms of Europe Lists of flags of European countries List of Austrian flags List of Belgian flags List of Bosnian and Herzegovinian flags List of Dutch flags Flags of the regions of France List of German flags List of Greek flags List of Irish flags List of Italian flags List of flags of Montenegro List of flags of Norway List of Polish flags List of Portuguese flags List of flags of Romania List of Russian flags Flags of the Soviet Republics List of Spanish flags List of flags of Sweden Flags of Swiss cantons List of flags of the United Kingdom List of English flags List of Scottish flags List of Welsh flags Northern Ireland flags issue List of flags Other pages about European flags Nordic Cross flag Pan-Slavic colours References ( edit ) ^ The European Parliament adopted the Council of Europe 's flag in 1983 . ^ Adopted by the European Communities in 1986 , which became the European Union in 1992 continuing its usage . ^ ( in German ) Scheidler , Karl Hermann ( 1865 - 08 - 05 ) Illustrierte Zeitung , Leipzig , 98 ^ Agency , Central Intelligence ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) . The CIA World Factbook 2016 . Skyhorse Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9781510700895 . ^ `` flag of France '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ `` flag of Russia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Flag of Poland ^ Vinča culture ^ Infos on romaniatricolor.deviantart.com External links ( edit ) Media related to Flags of Europe at Wikimedia Commons Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta Lists of flags Lists of flags State - related Civil flag State flag War flag Civil ensign Naval ensign Jack Diplomatic flag Country Date of Adoption Historical flags Arab states Mobile Air Forces Roundels Air Forces Fin Flashes Civil air ensign Other entities Ethnic Country subdivisions Oceania By design Color by number by combination Two - sided Aspect ratio By nations Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Brazil Cambodia Canada Chile China People 's Republic of China ( Mainland China ) Hong Kong Macau Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Denmark Dem . Rep. Congo Dominican Republic Egypt regions Estonia Fiji Finland France regions Germany Georgia Greece Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Iraq Italy regions Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea North Korea South Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Myanmar Mexico Malta Moldova Morocco Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan State of Palestine Peru Philippines Poland naval and maritime voivodeships Portugal Rhodesia Romania Russia / Soviet Union federal subjects Russian Navy republics Soviet Navy Saudi Arabia Serbia Kosovo Singapore South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Falkland Islands Gibraltar United States states Puerto Rico CSA Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yugoslavia Zimbabwe By continent Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Names in italics indicate non-sovereign ( dependent ) territories , disputed states and / or former countries . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Europe&oldid=836972342 '' Categories : Lists and galleries of flags Europe - related lists Flags of Europe Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Articles containing German - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 23 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what flag has green white and red stripes
[]
[]
-3062743326556508795
Anne with an E
Anne with an E - wikipedia Anne with an E Anne with an E Also known as Anne Genre Drama Created by Moira Walley - Beckett Based on Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery Screenplay by Moira Walley - Beckett Starring Amybeth McNulty Geraldine James R.H. Thomson Lucas Jade Zumann Dalila Bela Corrine Koslo Aymeric Jett Montaz Opening theme `` Ahead by a Century '' by The Tragically Hip Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Elizabeth Bradley Alex Sapot Sally Catto Debra Hayward Alison Owen Miranda de Pencier Moira Walley - Beckett Ken Girotti Producer ( s ) Susan Murdoch John Calvert Cinematography Bobby Shore Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pelican Ballet Northwood Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network CBC Television Netflix ( worldwide ) Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Anne with an E is a Canadian drama television series based on the 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery , and adapted by Emmy Award - winning writer and producer Moira Walley - Beckett . It airs on CBC Television in Canada , and elsewhere in the world it is available for streaming on Netflix . The first season consists of seven episodes , with Niki Caro directing the 90 - minute season premiere . The series premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC , the first season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The first season was titled simply Anne in Canada , while Netflix used Anne with an E. CBC adopted the Anne with an E name beginning in the second season . On August 3 , 2017 , both CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season , which began production in November 2017 . Season 2 premiered on Netflix on July 6 , 2018 , and on CBC on September 23 , 2018 . In August 2018 , CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode third season to premiere in 2019 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Broadcast and release 6 Episodes 6.1 Series Overview 6.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) In the late 19th century , brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , both in their old age , decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables , on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea , on Prince Edward Island . When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station , he finds not a boy , but a high - spirited and talkative girl , Anne Shirley . At first , the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back , particularly after Marilla 's brooch goes missing , and Anne , in despair , runs away . The family reconciles and Anne settles in her new home . Upon starting school , Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong , which they often do . Slowly , her ebullient nature wins over those around her . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert R.H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert Dalila Bela as Diana Barry Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian `` Bash '' Lacroix ( season 2 ) Cory Grüter - Andrew as Cole Mackenzie ( season 2 ) Others ( edit ) Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian Lacroix Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie May Barry Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry Wayne Best as John Blythe Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews Lia Pappas - Kemps as Jane Andrews Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane Joanna Douglas as Miss Muriel Stacy Trenna Keating as Mrs. Pye Production ( edit ) The production companies are listed as Northwood Anne , Northwood Entertainment and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ; Netflix is only the distributor . The executive producers are Miranda de Pencier and series creator Moira Walley - Beckett . According to de Pencier , the adaptation of the novel for this television series was intended to provide a different look and feel compared to past productions ; they were aiming for a `` documentary level of realism '' , as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes . Production on Season 3 was planned to start in late 2018 Personnel ( edit ) Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male , women serving as executive producer and showrunner , the series has several female directors . For the second season , showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley - Beckett was joined by a team of women writers . Season 3 will also feature a team of women writers . Casting ( edit ) Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley . Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is `` incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful '' , according to Miranda de Pencier . Walley - Beckett describes her as at once `` luminous , '' transparent , smart , soulful and emotional . Filming locations ( edit ) The series has occasionally filmed on Prince Edward Island but , for budgetary reasons , it has primarily been filmed in Southern Ontario , at a Toronto studio , at outdoor locations in or near Toronto including Black Creek Pioneer Village , in Waterloo Region at locations including Doon Pioneer Village , and in communities such as Millbrook , Pickering , Hamilton , and Caledon . Music ( edit ) The opening theme is the song `` Ahead by a Century '' performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip . Themes ( edit ) Moira Walley - Beckett had this to say about her treatment , which is darker than the previous productions : `` In this day and age , themes of identity , prejudice , bullying , being an outsider , searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant , and those are themes that are built into the story of ' Anne . ' '' She went on to call Anne Shirley an `` accidental feminist '' , and how she `` really wanted to tell this story now . '' For the second season , according to what she called her `` master plan '' , Walley - Beckett introduced an entirely new character of her own , Bash , to reflect the racial diversity present in and around Charlottetown at the time of the novel , with a view to representing a community absent from previous adaptations , achieving this by having Gilbert travel on a steamship and meet with the new character in Trinidad : `` Bash is the vehicle to explore intolerance and inequality , even more when he goes to The Bog , when he learns that other black people live there . '' Walley - Beckett explained : `` The Bog is the community that 's just outside of Charlottetown , where people of color were marginalized and had their own community there . '' The plan for Season 3 was to cover topics such as identity , feminism , bullying and gender parity . Walley - Beckett provided this additional hint : `` Our beloved Anne will be 16 years old when we return to this season full of romantic complications , bold adventures and dramatic discoveries . I will explore important , contemporary themes that I hope will continue to resonate with , and inspire and uplift , our audience . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The series initially premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC and aired on a weekly basis , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The series debuted on Netflix on May 12 , 2017 , under the title Anne With An E. The second and later seasons were retitled to match Netflix 's title by the CBC which had initially used the title Anne . The CBC premier for Season 2 was in late September , after it had been streaming on Netflix for some time . Episodes ( edit ) Series Overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 7 March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 10 July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) `` Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny '' Niki Caro Moira Walley - Beckett March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 0.999 When a miscommunication brings a girl , Anne Shirley , to Green Gables instead of a boy , Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life - changing decision . `` I Am No Bird , and No Net Ensnares Me '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 0.780 Hoping all is not lost , Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables . `` But What Is So Headstrong as Youth ? '' Sandra Goldbacher Moira Walley - Beckett April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 0.994 Anne is excited to begin school and make friends , but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she does n't fit in . Marilla too , is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a `` Progressive Mothers '' group . `` An Inward Treasure is Born '' David Evans Moira Walley - Beckett April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 0.654 Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school . But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne 's generous actions help her in her choice . 5 5 `` Tightly Knotted to a Similar String '' Patricia Rozema Moira Walley - Beckett April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) N / A Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period . At the same time , Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne . 6 6 `` Remorse Is the Poison of Life '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.656 When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill , Diana runs to Anne for help . Meanwhile , the Blythe farm sees change , as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news . 7 7 `` Wherever You Are Is My Home '' Amanda Tapping Moira Walley - Beckett April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) N / A The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) 8 `` Youth is the Season of Hope '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A The Cuthberts ' boarders stir excitement with a question : Could there be gold in Avonlea ? Elsewhere , Gilbert makes a new friend at sea . 9 `` Signs are Small Measurable Things , but Interpretations are Illimitable '' Paul Fox Shernold Edwards July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A The steamer lands in Trinidad , bringing Bash face to face with his past . The Barrys get behind the gold rush , but Matthew and Marilla are n't so sure . 10 `` The True Seeing is Within '' Ken Girotti Kathryn Borel , Jr . July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A An adventure away with the Barrys teaches Anne to trust her instincts . Marilla begins to suspect that her boarders are n't as innocent as they seem . 11 `` The Painful Eagerness of Unfed Hope '' Anne Wheeler Jane Maggs July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne writes letters as an `` agent of romance '' while Diana trains at home to be a lady . A life - changing encounter steers Gilbert toward his destiny . 12 5 `` The Determining Acts of Her Life '' Norma Bailey Amanda Fahey July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A A game of spin the bottle prompts burning questions about love and beauty . Anne and Cole bond over their differences as Gilbert makes his way home . 13 6 `` I Protest Against Any Absolute Conclusion '' Ken Girotti Naledi Jackson July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne faces the world with a shocking new look while the town preps for its annual Christmas pantomime . Gilbert and Bash join the Cuthberts for dinner . 14 7 `` Memory Has as Many Moods as The Temper '' Anne Wheeler Jane Maggs July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Cole accompanies the girls to Aunt Josephine 's for a lavish party filled with surprises . Back at home , Marilla 's health takes a worrisome turn . 15 8 `` Struggling Against the Perception of Facts '' Amanda Tapping Shernold Edwards July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A With a wedding on the horizon , Anne wonders what kind of bride she 'd like to be . Marilla sees an oculist , and Bash meets a friendly face in `` The Bog . '' 16 9 `` What We Have Been Makes Us What We Are '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A A brand - new teacher brings unconventional methods -- and a motorbike -- to Avonlea . Gilbert 's plan to speed up his studies leaves Bash feeling lost . 17 10 `` The Growing Good of the World '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne rallies her friends to save Miss Stacy in the wake of a disastrous incident . Bash gets an unexpected gift , and Cole makes a surprising choice . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season has achieved a rating of 84 % on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's critical consensus stating : `` Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish , emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right . '' The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Emily Ashby , writing for Common Sense Media , calls the series an `` exceptional '' and `` spectacular '' interpretation , giving it four out of five stars . Tasha Cerny , contributor for the Tracking Board , praises the cinematography as lush and colourful , the characters vibrant , and the plot `` surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century . I laughed , I cried , and I did n't expect either from a show about a little girl . '' Gwen Inhat of The A.V. Club calls the series `` at once darker and sweeter than the original '' novel , praising the core cast , reserving the highest for the series lead : `` Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that 's less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession . It ca n't be easy to make Anne 's fanciful language sing the way she does , and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with . '' Writing of the 90 - minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star , Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley - Beckett 's departures from the novel , bringing its subtext to the fore : `` Reading between the novel 's lines and adding verisimilitude , she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture . '' Hanh Nguyen , reviewing the series for IndieWire , concurs with this assessment , saying : `` Rather than ruining the series , they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature , basic human decency and having a family to call her own . Montgomery had based much of Anne 's need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood , and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter . '' Jen Chaney , writing for Vulture.com , agrees , saying : `` What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story 's softness , just enough , to create an element of realism that period pieces , Gables - related or not , can be inclined to avoid . '' Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times , commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness , goes so far as to call the adaptation `` richer '' than the source material : `` Ms. McNulty 's Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable ; she 's just not the one - dimensional figure of other adaptations '' . Annie Hirschlag , writing for Mic , suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times ( the 2010s ) : `` Since today 's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes -- characters who are far from perfect , even occasionally villainous -- it makes sense that Anne 's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony . '' Some reviewers were more ambivalent , mainly about Walley - Beckett 's changes to the story . Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz , who reviewed the 90 - minute first episode for Toronto Life , said she enjoyed it more than she expected , particularly the set designs and costumes , as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson , and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material . She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material , and disapproved of the `` manufactured drama , such as Matthew 's wild horse ride '' . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings , but , `` putting the source material aside , it 's a fine show on its own '' , and she conceded that `` inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today 's TV landscape '' . Allison Keene , writing for Collider , agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms , but allows it is `` only a fair adaptation '' of the novel , at its best in the home scenes : `` Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we 've ever seen of Anne of Green Gables . But its desire to reveal more of Anne 's miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery 's story . '' Writing for Variety , critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent , describing the series as on the one hand `` a brilliant adaptation '' which `` succeeds admirably '' , but on the other hand , `` the show ca n't quite sustain the brilliance , veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone '' , contending that `` the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne 's dysfunction '' , presenting `` a slightly soapy view of Anne 's trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others , are rather infantilizing '' . Sarah Larson , writing for The New Yorker , was not at all impressed with changes made to the story , arguing that they alter Anne 's character to the point of non-recognition . While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea , she is not pleased with the execution , saying that the result is part `` the Anne we know and love '' and part `` untrustworthy stranger '' , calling the alteration and addition of scenes a `` betrayal '' of Montgomery 's novel , comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema 's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park . For Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , a central problem with the show is that it `` seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure , she has to butt up against a straw - man - filled patriarchy , '' and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists , most notably the Reverend Allan , who is considered by Anne to be a `` kindred spirit '' in the book : `` Anne with an E seems to think Anne 's triumphs are only noteworthy if she 's continually told she ca n't succeed , when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition . It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when , in fact , the story of her success was feminist in its own right . '' This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes , that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone : `` this series thrives on non-stop tragedy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers . `` Oh , Gilbert ! ' Anne of Green Gables ' Is Coming to Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix rebrands Anne TV series as Anne with an E '' . CBC News . The Canadian Press . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season One Recap '' . Anne with an E. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( with an E ) : Season Two Filming Begins for CBC and Netflix Series '' . TV Series Finale . November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anne with an E Season 2 - Official Trailer '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Anne With An E : Season 2 Official Trailer Netflix '' . youtube . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Anne With An E ' Renewed For Third Season By Netflix & CBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne of Green Gables ' Adaptation Finds Its Anne Shirley , Casts 2 Other Roles '' . Deadline . October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation Adds Three To Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen McCormick To Guest In ' The Guest Book ' ; Lucas Jade Zumann Joins ' Anne ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bley Griffiths , Eleanor . `` Meet the cast of Anne With an E Season 2 on Netflix '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Company Credits '' . IMDB. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Nigel ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ai n't your grandmother 's Anne ' : new series gives gritty Green Gables amid glut of Anne adaptations '' . CBC News . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Credits '' . Hollywood Reporter. 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ahearn , Victoria ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` VIDEO : CBC 's ' Anne ' shows darker past of ' accidental feminist ' from Green Gables '' . Chronicle Herald . Canadian Press . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV and Netflix renew Anne series for 2nd season : Episodes will be written by team of female writers '' . CBC News Prince Edward Island . Canadian Press . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Molli ( 20 August 2018 ) . `` ANNE WITH AN E season 3 has been confirmed by Netflix and CBC but when is the new series out ? '' . Express . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sara ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes on the newest Anne of Green Gables series '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Where is Netflix 's Anne with an E filmed ? How town transforms for the series '' . 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Where CBC 's Anne Of Green Gables Was Filmed in Toronto '' . Torontoist. 26 Feb 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Anne With an E ' Boss Answers Burning Questions About the Queer Soirée , Season 3 , and More '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get Red - dy ! Netflix 's ' Anne ' Now Has a Release Date '' . EW.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 13 , 2017 - March 19 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` LAST SUN o'nites CBC Heartland 859k Anne 780k Story of Us 745k CTV Saving Hope 665k GLO NCIS : LA 1127k SNet NHL Van - Peg 473k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 27 , 2017 - April 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` SUN onites SNET NHL TOR - COL 1181k VAN -- EDM 766k TSN CURL 1026k GLO NCISLA 1Mk CBC ANNE 654k STORY US 546k CITY SHOTS 623k CTV SAVE HOPE 548k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` SJN o'nites SNet NHL TOR - WASH Game 6 3467k OTT - BOS 1284k OMNI2 TOR - WASH 121k CTV SAVE HOPE 686K CBC ANNE 656K STORY OF US 450K '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E ( 2017 - ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Anne with an E '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cerny , Tasha . `` Anne with an E -- Review : `` Episodes 1 - 3 '' `` . www.thetrackingboard.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Inhat , Gwen . `` Anne With An E offers a winning , darker take on a familiar tale '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneller , Johanna ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Anne of Green Gables hints at miseries : What I 'm Watching '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : A ' Breaking Bad ' Producer Updates ' Anne of Green Gables ' for Our Darker Times '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Anne of Green Gables Fans , You Will Love Netflix 's Anne With an E '' . Vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Anne With an E ' Is a Rewarding Return to Green Gables '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hirschlag , Annie . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : The Neflix Adpatation Hits the Nostalgia Button and More '' . Mic.com . Mic ( media Company ) . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Saleema ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` We asked an Anne of Green Gables superfan to review the first episode of CBC 's new TV series '' . Toronto Life . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Beidenharn , Isabella ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Anne With an E : EW review Netflix 's new series has a different take on the pleasant Avonlea you may have grown up with '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : Netflix 's Green Gables Adaptation Has Grit '' . Collider . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Anne With an E , ' Based on the Book ' Anne of Green Gables ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Not to Adapt `` Anne of Green Gables '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Depths of Despair : Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television in Canada portal Anne on CBC Anne with an E on Netflix Anne with an E on IMDb The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne with an E ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables CBC Television programs Primetime Anne with an E ( 2017 -- ) Back in Time for Dinner ( 2018 - ) Baroness von Sketch Show ( 2016 -- ) Burden of Truth ( 2018 -- ) Canada 's Smartest Person ( 2012 -- ) Caught ( 2018 -- ) CBC Docs POV ( 2015 -- ) CBC Music Backstage Pass ( 2013 -- ) Crawford ( 2018 - ) The Detectives ( 2018 -- ) Dragons ' Den ( 2006 -- ) Exhibitionists ( 2015 -- ) Extraordinary Canadians ( 2017 - ) The Filmmakers ( 2017 - ) Frankie Drake Mysteries ( 2017 -- ) The Great Canadian Baking Show ( 2017 -- ) Ha ! ifax Comedy Fest ( 1995 -- ) Heartland ( 2007 -- ) Hello Goodbye ( 2015 -- ) Hockey Night in Canada ( 1952 -- ) Kim 's Convenience ( 2016 -- ) In the Making ( 2018 - ) Little Dog ( 2018 -- ) Mr. D ( 2012 -- ) Murdoch Mysteries ( 2012 -- ) The Nature of Things ( 1960 -- ) Schitt 's Creek ( 2015 -- ) The Stats of Life ( 2017 ) Still Standing ( 2015 -- ) This Hour Has 22 Minutes ( 1993 -- ) Winnipeg Comedy Festival ( 2002 -- ) Workin ' Moms ( 2017 -- ) CBC Kids The Adventures of Napkin Man ! ( 2013 -- ) Animal Mechanicals ( 2008 -- ) Artzooka ! ( 2010 -- ) Bo on the Go ! Busytown Mysteries ( 2007 -- ) The Doodlebops ( 2004 -- ) Dot. ( 2016 ) Lunar Jim ( 2006 -- ) Monster Math Squad ( 2012 -- ) My Goldfish Is Evil ( 2006 -- ) Pirates : Adventures in Art ( 2010 -- ) Poko ( 2003 -- ) Razzberry Jazzberry Jam ( 2008 -- ) The Save - Ums ! ( 2003 -- ) Snapshots ( 2016 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- ) Late night / Specials Canadian Reflections ( 1978 -- ) News Absolutely Canadian ( 2012 -- ) CBC News Network ( simulcast ; 2016 -- ) The Fifth Estate ( 1975 -- ) Mansbridge One on One ( 1999 -- ) Marketplace ( 1972 -- ) The National ( 1954 -- ) The Passionate Eye ( 1993 -- ) The Weekly with Wendy Mesley ( 2018 -- ) Upcoming Becca 's Bunch ( TBA ) Big Blue ( TBA ) Cavendish ( TBA ) Coroner ( Winter 2019 ) Diggstown ( TBA ) Endlings ( TBA ) From the Vaults ( TBA ) High Arctic Haulers ( TBA ) Kingdom Force ( TBA ) Molly of Denali ( TBA ) Northern Rescue ( TBA ) Street Legal ( TBA ) Under New Management ( TBA ) Unspeakable ( TBA ) Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical Bobby Kennedy for President The Letdown A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain The Who Was ? Show Cooking on High Amazing Interiors Magic for Humans Explained The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Marching Orders Afflicted Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment Stay Here Follow This The Innocents Ghoul Paradise PD Treehouse Detectives Norm Macdonald Has a Show The Dragon Prince Hilda The Good Cop YG Future Strategy Office ReBoot : The Guardian Code Élite Dancing Queen The Haunting of Hill House Sunderland Till I Die Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Dramatic Series Gemini Awards ( 1986 -- 2011 ) Night Heat ( 1986 ) Night Heat ( 1987 ) Degrassi Junior High ( 1988 ) Degrassi Junior High ( 1989 ) E.N.G. ( 1990 ) E.N.G. ( 1991 ) E.N.G. ( 1992 ) E.N.G. ( 1993 ) Due South ( 1994 ) Due South ( 1995 ) Due South ( 1996 ) Traders ( 1997 ) Traders ( 1998 ) Da Vinci 's Inquest ( 1999 ) Da Vinci 's Inquest ( 2000 ) Da Vinci 's Inquest ( 2001 ) Da Vinci 's Inquest ( 2002 ) The Eleventh Hour ( 2003 ) Da Vinci 's Inquest ( 2004 ) The Eleventh Hour ( 2005 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2006 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2007 ) Intelligence ( 2008 ) Flashpoint ( 2009 ) The Tudors ( 2010 ) The Borgias ( 2011 ) Canadian Screen Awards ( 2012 -- present ) Flashpoint ( 2012 ) Orphan Black ( 2013 ) Orphan Black ( 2014 ) 19 - 2 ( 2015 ) Orphan Black ( 2016 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_with_an_E&oldid=866201067 '' Categories : 2010s Canadian drama television series 2017 Canadian television series debuts Anne of Green Gables television series CBC Television shows English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television programs based on children 's books Television series about orphans Television series produced in Toronto Television series set in the 19th century Gemini and Canadian Screen Award for Best Drama Series winners Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 22 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays ruby on anne with an e
[ "Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis" ]
[ "Kyla Matthews" ]
1034879950590232301
Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Sierra Leone)
Minister of foreign Affairs and International Cooperation ( Sierra Leone ) - wikipedia Minister of foreign Affairs and International Cooperation ( Sierra Leone ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 119.103. 233.25 ( talk ) at 05 : 11 , 2 June 2017 ( possibly living ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 05 : 11 , 2 June 2017 by 119.103. 233.25 ( talk ) ( possibly living ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Sierra Leone This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Sierra Leone Constitution ( show ) Human rights Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Ernest Bai Koroma Vice-President Victor Bockarie Foh Cabinet Legislative ( show ) Parliament Speaker : S.B.B. Dumbuya Members of Parliament Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice : A.H. Charm Human rights Elections ( show ) Political parties Recent elections General : 2007 2012 Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces Districts Chiefdoms Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Sierra Leone is a cabinet minister in charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Sierra Leone , responsible for conducting foreign relations of the country . The following is a list of foreign ministers of Sierra Leone since its founding in 1961 : No . Name ( Birth -- Death ) Portrait Tenure 1 John Karefa - Smart ( 1915 -- 2010 ) 1961 -- 1964 2 Cyril B. Rogers - Wright ( 1910 -- 1971 ) 1964 -- 1965 3 Maigore Kallon ( 1929 -- 2015 ) 1965 -- 1967 4 Leslie William Leigh ( 1921 -- 1980 ) 1967 -- 1968 5 Luseni A.M. Brewah ( 1925 -- ? ) 1968 -- 1969 6 Cyril Foray ( 1934 -- 2003 ) 1969 -- 1971 7 Solomon Athanasius James Pratt ( 1922 -- ? ) 1971 -- 1973 8 Desmind Luke ( b . 1935 ) 1973 -- 1975 9 Francis Minah ( 1929 -- 1989 ) 1975 -- 1977 10 Abdulai Conteh ( b . 1945 ) 1977 -- 1984 11 Sheka Hassan Kanu ( b . 1932 ) 1984 -- 1985 12 Abdul Karim Koroma ( b . 1944 ) 1985 -- 1991 13 Ahmed Ramadan Dumbuya 1991 -- 1992 14 Mohamed Lamin Kamara ( b . 1943 ) 1992 -- 1993 15 Karefa Kargbo 1993 -- 1994 16 Abass Bundu ( b . 1948 ) 1994 -- 1995 17 Alusine Fofanah ( b . 1952 ) 1995 -- 1996 18 Melvin Chalobah ( b . 1944 ) 1996 ( 3 ) Maigore Kallon ( 1929 -- 2015 ) 1996 19 Shirley Gbujama ( b . 1936 ) 1996 -- 1997 20 Alimamy Pallo Bangura ( b . 1950 ? ) 1997 -- 1998 21 Sama Banya ( b . 1930 ) 1998 -- 2001 ( 13 ) Ahmed Ramadan Dumbuya 2001 -- 2002 22 Momodu Koroma ( b . 1956 ) 2002 -- 2007 23 Zainab Bangura ( b . 1959 ) 2007 -- 2010 24 J.B. Dauda ( 1942 -- 2017 ) 2010 -- 2012 25 Samura Kamara ( b . 1963 ) 2012 -- present Sources ( edit ) Rulers.org -- Foreign ministers S -- Z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Sierra_Leone)&oldid=783420387 '' Categories : Lists of government ministers Government of Sierra Leone Politics of Sierra Leone Foreign Ministers of Sierra Leone Foreign ministers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 05 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
sierra leone ministry of foreign affairs and international cooperation
[]
[]
4395682770794238019
Green Revolution in India
Green Revolution in India - Wikipedia Green Revolution in India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The Green Revolution in India refers to a period of time when agriculture in India changed to an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as high yielding variety ( HYV ) seeds , tractors , pump sets , etc . Green revolution was started by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan . The key leadership role played by the Indian agricultural scientist Vehla Swaminathan Banda together with many others including GS Kalkat , earned him the popularly used title ' Father of Green Revolution of India ' . The Green Revolution allowed developing countries , like India , to try to overcome poor agricultural productivity . Within India , this started in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production , especially in Punjab , Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase . The main development was higher - yielding varieties of wheat , for developing rust resistant strains of wheat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Practices 1.1 Wheat 1.2 Other practices 2 Problems that were addressed 2.1 Frequent famines 2.2 Lack of finance 2.3 Lack of self - sufficiency 3 Criticisms 3.1 Indian Economic Sovereignty 3.2 Environmental Damage 3.3 Increased Regional disparities 3.4 Restrictive Crop Coverage 4 Further reading 5 References Practices ( edit ) Wheat ( edit ) The main development was higher - yielding varieties of wheat , for developing rust resistant strains of wheat . The introduction of high - yielding varieties ( HYV ) of seeds and the increased quality of fertilizers and irrigation technique led to the increase in production to make the country self - sufficient in food grains , thus improving agriculture in India . The methods adopted included the use of high - yielding varieties ( HYVs ) of seeds with modern farming methods . The production of wheat has produced the best results in fueling self - sufficiency of India . Along with high - yielding seeds and irrigation facilities , the enthusiasm of farmers mobilised the idea of agricultural revolution . Due to the rise in use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers , there was a negative effect on the soil and the land ( e.g. , land degradation ) . Other practices ( edit ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( January 2018 ) Irrigation infrastructure Use of pesticides Use of insecticides Use of herbicides Consolidation of holdings Land reforms Improved rural infrastructure Supply of agricultural credit Use of chemical or synthetic fertilizers Use of sprinklers or drip irrigational systems Use of advanced machinery Use of vector quantity Problems that were addressed ( edit ) Frequent Famines ( edit ) Famines in India were very frequent during the period 1940s to 1970s . Due to faulty distribution of food , and because farmers did not receive the true value for their labour , the majority of the population did not get enough food . Malnutrition and starvation was a huge problem . Lack of finance ( edit ) Marginal farmers found it very difficult to get finance and credit at economical rates from the government and banks and hence , fell as easy prey to the money lenders . They took loans from zamindars , who charged high rates of interests and also exploited the farmers later on to work in their fields to repay the loans ( farm labourers ) . Proper financing was not given during the Green Revolution period , which created a lot of problems and sufferings to the farmers of India . Government also helped those under loans . Lack of self - sufficiency ( edit ) Due to traditional agricultural practices , low productivity , and a growing population , often food grains were imported -- draining scarce foreign reserves . It was thought that with the increased production due to the Green Revolution , the government could maintain buffer stock and India could achieve self - sufficiency and self - reliability . Agriculture was basically for subsistence and , therefore , less agricultural product was offered for sale in the market . Hence , the need was felt to encourage the farmers to increase their production and offer a greater portion of their products for sale in the market . The new methods in agriculture increased the yield of rice and wheat , which reduced India 's dependence on food imports . Criticisms ( edit ) Indian economic sovereignty ( edit ) A main criticism of the effects of the green revolution is the cost for many small farmers using HYV seeds , with their associated demands of increased irrigation systems and pesticides . A case study is found in India , where farmers are buying Monsanto BT cotton seeds -- sold on the idea that these seeds produced ' natural insecticides ' . In reality , they need to still pay for expensive pesticides and irrigation systems , which might lead to increased borrowing to finance the change from traditional seed varieties . Many farmers have difficulty in paying for the expensive technologies , especially if they have a bad harvest . Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva notes that this is the `` second Green Revolution '' . The first Green Revolution , she suggests , was mostly publicly funded ( by the Indian Government ) . This new Green Revolution , she says , is driven by private ( and foreign ) interest -- notably MNCs like Monsanto . Ultimately , this is leading to foreign ownership over most of India 's farmland . Environmental Damage ( edit ) Excessive and inappropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides has polluted waterway , killed beneficial insects and wild life . It has caused over-use of soil and rapidly depleted its nutrients . The rampant irrigation practices have led to eventually soil degradation . Groundwater practices have fallen dramatically . Further , heavy dependence on few major crops has led to loss of biodiversity of farmers . These problems were aggravated due to absence of training to use modern technology and vast illiteracy leading to excessive use of chemicals. ( 1 ) Increased regional disparities ( edit ) Green revolution spread only in irrigated and high - potential rain fed areas . The villages or regions without the access of sufficient water were left out that widened the regional disparities between adopters and non-adopters . Since , the HYV seeds technically can be applied only in land with assured water supply and availability of other inputs like chemicals , fertilizers etc . The application of the new technology in the dry - land areas is simply ruled out . The states like Punjab , Haryana , Western UP etc. having good irrigation and other infrastructure facilities were able to derive the benefits of green revolution and achieve faster economic development while other states have recorded slow growth in agriculture production . Restrictive crop coverage ( edit ) The new agriculture strategy involving use of HYV seeds was initially limited to wheat , maize and bajra . The other major crop i.e. rice responded much later . The progress of developing and application of HYV seeds in other crops especially commercial crops like oilseeds , jute etc. has been very slow . In fact , in certain period a decline in the output of commercial crops is witnessed because of diversion of area under commercial crop to food crop production . The basic factor for non-spread of green revolution to many crops was that in the early 1960s the severe shortage in food grains existed and imports were resorted to overcame the shortage . Government initiated green revolution to increase food grain productivity and non-food grain crops were not covered . The substantial rise in one or two food grain crop can not make big difference in the total agricultural production . Thus new technology contributed insignificantly in raising the overall agricultural production due to limited crop coverage . So it is important that the revolutionary efforts should be made in all major rops . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Great Gene Robbery '' by Claude Alvares References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About IARI '' . IARI . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rust - resistant Wheat Varieties . Work at Pusa Institute '' . The Indian Express . 7 February 1950 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Revolution in India '' . U.S. Library of Congress ( released in public domain ) . Library of Congress is Country Studies . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rowlatt , Justin ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` IR8 : The miracle rice which saved millions of lives '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Amartya Sen. 1981 . Poverty and Famines : An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Shiva , Vandana . Seeds of Suicide . Navdanya . Jump up ^ Shiva , V. `` Seeds of Suicide '' . Counter Currents . , originally in Asian Age 5 April 2013 India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Agriculture in India Industries Areca nut Coconut ( in Kerala ) Coffee Fenugreek Rice Law and politics Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Biological Diversity Act , 2002 History Farming systems Green Revolution History in ancient Tamil countries History of tea Women in agriculture Companies Bayer CropScience Limited Mahyco Pantnagar Seeds Reuters Market Light Suminter India Organics Others Tractors in India Central Institute for Cotton Research Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Revolution_in_India&oldid=843598146 '' Categories : Agricultural revolutions History of agriculture in India Intensive farming Independent India Economic history of India Indira Gandhi administration History of Punjab , India ( 1947 -- present ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Use Indian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from January 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 05 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what are the features of green revolution in india
[]
[]
4805060057699020314
The Only Way I Know
The Only Way I Know - wikipedia The Only Way I Know Jump to : navigation , search `` The Only Way I Know '' Single by Jason Aldean with Luke Bryan and Eric Church from the album Night Train Released November 12 , 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Country rock spoken word Length 3 : 13 Label Broken Bow Songwriter ( s ) David Lee Murphy Ben Hayslip Producer ( s ) Michael Knox Jason Aldean singles chronology `` Take a Little Ride '' ( 2012 ) `` The Only Way I Know '' ( 2012 ) `` 1994 '' ( 2013 ) `` Take a Little Ride '' ( 2012 ) `` The Only Way I Know '' ( 2012 ) `` 1994 '' ( 2013 ) Luke Bryan singles chronology `` Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye '' ( 2012 ) Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye 2012 `` The Only Way I Know '' ( 2012 ) The Only Way I Know2012 `` Crash My Party '' ( 2013 ) Crash My Party 2013 Eric Church singles chronology `` Creepin ' '' ( 2012 ) Creepin'2012 `` The Only Way I Know '' ( 2012 ) The Only Way I Know2012 `` Like Jesus Does '' ( 2013 ) Like Jesus Does 2013 `` The Only Way I Know '' is a song written by David Lee Murphy and Ben Hayslip and recorded by American country music artist Jason Aldean with Luke Bryan and Eric Church . It is the second single released from Aldean 's 2012 album , Night Train . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Music video 5 Commercial performance 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Year - end charts 6.2 Certifications 7 References Content ( edit ) This song is about hard work , loyalty , small town values , and southern work ethic . The singers explain that they were raised in a small town southern atmosphere and were taught to work hard to earn a living . They had not realized that other lifestyles existed and were practiced and the one by which they grew up is `` the only way ( they ) know . '' Its verses are largely spoken - word , with Aldean on the first verse , Bryan on the second , and Church on the third . Aldean also sings the choruses . Critical reception ( edit ) Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave `` The Only Way I Know '' a four - star review , saying that it `` sounds best at neighbor - irritating volumes . '' Ashley Cooke of Roughstock also gave the song a four - star review , stating that the song `` has a powerful chorus which allows listeners to get a little rowdy and let their inner badass out . '' Conversely , Tara Seetharam of Country Universe gave the song a D , stating `` the song sinks because of its empty lyrics , its jarring theme of `` humble pride '' against a needlessly aggressive arrangement , and its subtle implication that a work ethic cut from a different cloth than the narrators ' is a lesser one . '' Live performances ( edit ) Jason Aldean , Luke Bryan , and Eric Church opened the 46th Country Music Association Awards with `` The Only Way I Know '' on November 1 , 2012 and received an standing ovation . On November 13 , 2012 , Aldean performed the song on NBC 's The Voice . Two contestants , Bryan Keith and Dez Duron joined him for the performance instead of Luke Bryan and Eric Church . Music video ( edit ) Footage from the 46th Country Music Association Award performance were used to comprise a music video for `` The Only Way I Know '' , directed by Paul Miller . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` The Only Way I Know '' debuted at number 28 on the Billboard Country Songs chart and number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of November 3 , 2012 , as an album cut from downloads . It also debuted at number 93 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of November 24 , 2012 . On the Country Airplay chart dated of February 16 , 2013 , it reached number one , becoming Aldean 's ninth number one , Bryan 's sixth , and Church 's third . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 13 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 42 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 43 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Every Storm ( Runs Out of Rain ) '' by Gary Allan Billboard Country Airplay number - one single February 16 , 2013 Succeeded by `` Better Dig Two '' by The Band Perry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean ( Featuring Luke Bryan and Eric Church ) , ' The Only Way I Know ' -- Song Review '' . Taste of Country . November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single Review : Jason Aldean ( Feat . Luke Bryan & Eric Church ) - `` The Only Way I Know How '' `` . Roughstock . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Single Reviews Round - Up : Katie Armiger , Brett Eldredge , Justin Moore , Kelly Clarkson ft . Vince Gill , Miss Willie Brown , & Jason Aldean ft . Luke Bryan and Eric Church '' . Country Universe . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/entertainment&id=8872298 Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean Brings Country to ' The Voice ' With ' The Only Way I Know ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean - `` The Only Way I Know ( From CMA Awards ) '' `` . CMT.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BILLBOARD COUNTRY UPDATE '' ( PDF ) . Billboard.biz . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Jason Aldean . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Jason Aldean . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Jason Aldean . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Jason Aldean . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Jason Aldean . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Country Airplay '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Jason Aldean -- The Only Way I Know '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jason Aldean -- The Only Way I Know '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jason Aldean Studio albums Jason Aldean ( 2005 ) Relentless ( 2007 ) Wide Open ( 2009 ) My Kinda Party ( 2010 ) Night Train ( 2012 ) Old Boots , New Dirt ( 2014 ) They Do n't Know ( 2016 ) Singles `` Hicktown '' `` Why '' `` Amarillo Sky '' `` Johnny Cash '' `` Laughed Until We Cried '' `` Relentless '' `` She 's Country '' `` Big Green Tractor '' `` The Truth '' `` Crazy Town '' `` My Kinda Party '' `` Do n't You Wanna Stay '' ( w / Kelly Clarkson ) `` Dirt Road Anthem '' `` Tattoos on This Town '' `` Fly Over States '' `` Take a Little Ride '' `` The Only Way I Know '' ( w / Luke Bryan and Eric Church ) `` 1994 '' `` Night Train '' `` When She Says Baby '' `` Burnin ' It Down '' `` Just Gettin ' Started '' `` Tonight Looks Good on You '' `` Gonna Know We Were Here '' `` Lights Come On '' `` A Little More Summertime '' `` Any Ol ' Barstool '' `` They Do n't Know '' Guest Singles `` Drivin ' Around Song '' ( w / Colt Ford ) DVDs Wide Open Live & More Night Train to Georgia Related articles Discography 2013 Night Train Tour Michael Knox New Voice Entertainment Book : Jason Aldean Luke Bryan Discography Studio albums I 'll Stay Me ( 2007 ) Doin ' My Thing ( 2009 ) Tailgates & Tanlines ( 2011 ) Crash My Party ( 2013 ) Kill the Lights ( 2015 ) Compilations Spring Break ... Here to Party ( 2013 ) Extended plays Spring Break 3 ... It 's a Shore Thing ( 2011 ) Spring Break 4 ... Suntan City ( 2012 ) Spring Break 6 ... Like We Ai n't Ever ( 2014 ) Spring Break ... Checkin ' Out ( 2015 ) Farm Tour ... Here 's to the Farmer ( 2016 ) Singles `` All My Friends Say '' `` We Rode in Trucks '' `` Country Man '' `` Do I '' `` Rain Is a Good Thing '' `` Someone Else Calling You Baby '' `` Country Girl ( Shake It for Me ) '' `` I Do n't Want This Night to End '' `` Drunk on You '' `` Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye '' `` Crash My Party '' `` That 's My Kind of Night '' `` Drink a Beer '' `` Play It Again '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` I See You '' `` Kick the Dust Up '' `` Strip It Down '' `` Home Alone Tonight '' ( w / Karen Fairchild ) `` Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day '' `` Move '' `` Fast '' `` Light It Up '' Guest singles `` The Only Way I Know '' ( w / Jason Aldean and Eric Church ) `` This Is How We Roll '' ( w / Florida Georgia Line ) Other songs `` Buzzkill '' `` Suntan City '' `` Games '' Concert tours Dirt Road Diaries Tour ( 2013 ) That 's My Kind of Night Tour ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kick the Dust Up Tour ( 2015 ) Kill the Lights Tour ( 2016 -- 17 ) Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day Tour ( 2017 ) Related articles Michael Carter Jeff Stevens Cole Swindell `` Good Directions '' Eric Church Studio albums Sinners Like Me ( 2006 ) Carolina ( 2009 ) Chief ( 2011 ) The Outsiders ( 2014 ) Mr. Misunderstood ( 2015 ) Notable singles `` How ' Bout You '' `` Two Pink Lines '' `` Guys Like Me '' `` Love Your Love the Most '' `` Hell on the Heart '' `` Smoke a Little Smoke '' `` Homeboy '' `` Drink in My Hand '' `` Springsteen '' `` Creepin ' '' `` Like Jesus Does '' `` The Outsiders '' `` Give Me Back My Hometown '' `` Cold One '' `` Talladega '' `` Like a Wrecking Ball '' `` Mr. Misunderstood '' `` Record Year '' `` Kill a Word '' ( w / Rhiannon Giddens ) `` Round Here Buzz '' Guest songs `` The Only Way I Know '' ( w / Jason Aldean and Luke Bryan ) `` Raise ' Em Up '' ( w / Keith Urban ) `` Are You Ready for the Country '' ( w / Hank Williams , Jr . ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Only_Way_I_Know&oldid=776783382 '' Categories : 2012 singles Jason Aldean songs Luke Bryan songs Eric Church songs Vocal duets Songs written by David Lee Murphy Songs written by Ben Hayslip Broken Bow Records singles Song recordings produced by Michael Knox ( record producer ) Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles 2012 songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2017 , at 07 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the only way i know jason aldean luke bryan
[]
[]
662447343640272802
Robert Parish
Robert Parish - wikipedia Robert Parish Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the retired NBA player . For the American director - editor - actor , see Robert Parrish . . Robert Parish Parish in 2005 ( 1953 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Shreveport , Louisiana Nationality American Listed height 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) Listed weight 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Career information High school Woodlawn ( Shreveport , Louisiana ) College Centenary ( 1972 -- 1976 ) NBA draft 1976 / Round : 1 / Pick : 8th overall Selected by the Golden State Warriors Playing career 1976 -- 1997 Position Center Number 00 Career history 1976 -- 1980 Golden State Warriors 1980 -- 1994 Boston Celtics 1994 -- 1996 Charlotte Hornets 1996 -- 1997 Chicago Bulls Career highlights and awards 4 × NBA champion ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1997 ) 9 × NBA All - Star ( 1981 -- 1987 , 1990 , 1991 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1982 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 1989 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team No. 00 retired by Boston Celtics Second - team All - American -- AP ( 1976 ) Career statistics Points 23,334 ( 14.5 ppg ) Rebounds 14,715 ( 9.1 rpg ) Blocks 2,361 ( 1.6 bpg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Medals ( hide ) Representing United States Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1975 Mexico City Team competition Robert Parish ( born August 30 , 1953 ) is an American retired basketball center . He was known for his strong defense , his high arcing jump shooting , and his clutch rebounding late in games . He was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 . In 1996 , Parish was also named as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . His nickname was The Chief , after the fictitious Chief Bromden , a silent , giant Native American character in the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . According to Parish , former Celtics forward Cedric Maxwell gave him this nickname because of his stoic nature . He played an NBA - record 1,611 regular season games in his career . Contents ( hide ) 1 College career 2 NBA career 2.1 Golden State Warriors 2.2 Boston Celtics 2.3 Charlotte Hornets 2.4 Chicago Bulls 3 Legacy 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Career highs 4.3. 1 Top shot - blocking efforts 4.3. 2 Regular season 4.3. 3 Playoffs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links College career ( edit ) Although Parish had a successful college career at Centenary College of Louisiana from 1972 -- 1976 , he received virtually no notice because of one of the most severe penalties ever levied by the National Collegiate Athletic Association . In 1965 , the NCAA adopted the so - called `` 1.6 rule '' to determine academic eligibility of incoming freshmen . Under its provisions , freshmen academically qualified if their high school grades and standardized test scores predicted a minimum college grade point average of 1.6 on a 4 - point scale . Parish , who led Woodlawn High School in Shreveport to the Louisiana High School Athletic Association Class AAAA state championship in 1972 , took a standardized test that did not fit the NCAA 's formula ; Centenary converted his score to an equivalent that fit the formula , which it had done for 12 other athletes in the previous two years . This was a violation of NCAA regulations ; however , the NCAA had not paid any attention to the school 's actions before Parish 's recruitment . Shortly before Parish was to enroll , the NCAA notified Centenary that he and four other basketball players whose test scores had been converted were ineligible to play there , but said that the school would not be subject to penalty if it rescinded the five scholarships . Centenary argued that the rule did not say that the school could not convert the scores of Parish and the other players , while the NCAA argued that Centenary could not use the test taken by Parish and the other players to establish eligibility . When Centenary refused to pull the scholarships , the NCAA issued one of the most draconian sanctions in its history . The school 's basketball program was put on probation for six years , during which time it was not only barred from postseason play , but its results and statistics were excluded from weekly statistics and its existence was not acknowledged in the NCAA 's annual press guides . Within days of its decision , the NCAA repealed the 1.6 rule -- but refused to make the five players eligible . A few months later , all five , including Parish , sued the NCAA for their eligibility at Centenary , but lost . The decision made Parish a sort of `` invisible man '' who racked up huge statistical totals in virtual obscurity . In his four years at Centenary , the Gents went 87 - 21 and spent 14 weeks in the AP Top 20 poll , mostly during his senior season in 1975 -- 76 . He averaged 21.6 points and 16.9 rebounds per game during his Centenary career . However , although the school recognizes his records , the NCAA to this day does not include Parish in its record books . Between his junior and senior years , Parish played for the US national team at the 1975 Pan American Games . His difficulties with the NCAA indirectly led to his not being recommended for a spot on the team . Centenary paid his way to Salt Lake City to try out ; he made the team , was unanimously elected captain , and led the team to a gold medal . Throughout his time at Centenary , Parish chose not to escape anonymity by either jumping to the National Basketball Association or American Basketball Association ( the latter of which existed until the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 ) , or by transferring to another college , even though the professional ranks offered him potential riches and a transfer would have given him eligibility and far more publicity . At the time , professional scouts did not question his physical skills , but were divided as to whether his decision to stay at Centenary was a show of loyalty or evidence of poor decision - making . For his part , Parish said , `` I did n't transfer because Centenary did nothing wrong . And I have no regrets . None . '' NBA career ( edit ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) After college , Parish was drafted in the first round of the 1976 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . He had also been drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1973 ABA Special Circumstances draft and by the Spurs in the 1975 ABA draft . Parish signed with the Warriors . The Warriors were NBA champions in 1975 ( two seasons prior to Parish 's rookie campaign ) . However , when Parish joined the Warriors , their decline had begun , and they missed the playoffs completely from 1978 to 1980 . Boston Celtics ( edit ) Robert Parish during his tenure with the Celtics . Heading into the 1980 NBA draft , the Boston Celtics ( who already had small forward Larry Bird ready to start his second NBA season ) held the number one overall pick . In a pre-draft trade , Celtics President Red Auerbach dealt the top pick and an additional first - round pick to the Warriors for Parish and the Warriors ' first - round pick , the third overall . With that pick , the Celtics chose Kevin McHale . The Warriors then selected Joe Barry Carroll with the first pick , whose career eventually was shortened by injuries , and whose perceived laziness earned him the moniker `` Joe Barely Cares . '' The Celtics now had an imposing frontcourt consisting of Bird , Parish , Cedric Maxwell , and McHale . Parish compared his transition from Golden State to Boston in a televised quote where he jokingly said it was like going from an outhouse to a penthouse . Playing 14 years with the Celtics from 1980 to 1994 , Parish won three NBA titles ( 1981 , 1984 and 1986 ) teaming with Bird and power forward McHale . Parish , Bird and McHale came to be known as `` The Big Three , '' and are regarded as one of the greatest frontcourts in NBA history ; all three players were named to the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team . Charlotte Hornets ( edit ) After leaving the Celtics , Parish played two seasons with the Charlotte Hornets . Chicago Bulls ( edit ) Parish played his final season with the Chicago Bulls in 1996 -- 97 , which led to his fourth NBA title . At 43 , he is the third - oldest player to ever play an NBA game , behind Nat Hickey of the Providence Steamrollers and Kevin Willis of the Dallas Mavericks . As of 2018 , Parish was first on the list of National Basketball Association career games played leaders with 1,611 career games played . As of 2017 , he also remains the oldest player to win an NBA championship . Legacy ( edit ) He was known as a versatile center , using his 7 ' size and speed to contain opposing players , launch precise shots from outside the paint , and finish fast breaks -- the latter uncanny for a man of his stature . Fellow Hall of Famer and teammate from 1985 to 1987 Bill Walton once called Parish the `` greatest shooting big man of all time '' , perhaps because of Parish 's field goal and free throw shooting ability , an unusual talent among most centers . His trademark was his high - release jump shot , which traversed a very high arc before falling . In 1996 , Parish , along with teammates Larry Bird and Kevin McHale , were each selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . In 1998 , in honor of his achievements , the Celtics retired Parish 's famous # 00 jersey number at halftime of a Celtics -- Pacers game ; this allowed Larry Bird , then head coach of the Pacers , to participate in the ceremony . He was enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 . Parish remains active as the Celtics ' team consultant and mentor for current Celtics big men . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Denotes seasons in which Parish won an NBA championship NBA record Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1976 -- 77 Golden State 77 18.0 . 503 - . 708 7.1 1.0 0.7 1.2 9.1 1977 -- 78 Golden State 82 37 24.0 . 472 - . 625 8.3 1.2 1.0 1.5 12.5 1978 -- 79 Golden State 76 75 31.7 . 499 - . 698 12.1 1.5 1.3 2.9 17.2 1979 -- 80 Golden State 72 69 29.4 . 507 . 000 . 715 10.9 1.7 0.8 1.6 17.0 1980 -- 81 † Boston 82 82 28.0 . 545 . 000 . 710 9.5 1.8 1.0 2.6 18.9 1981 -- 82 Boston 80 78 31.7 . 542 . 000 . 710 10.8 1.8 0.8 2.4 19.9 1982 -- 83 Boston 78 76 31.5 . 550 . 000 . 698 10.6 1.8 1.0 1.9 19.3 1983 -- 84 † Boston 80 79 35.8 . 546 . 000 . 745 10.7 1.7 0.7 1.5 19.0 1984 -- 85 Boston 79 78 36.1 . 542 . 000 . 743 10.6 1.6 0.7 1.3 17.6 1985 -- 86 † Boston 81 80 31.7 . 549 . 000 . 731 9.5 1.8 0.8 1.4 16.1 1986 -- 87 Boston 80 80 37.4 . 556 . 000 . 735 10.6 2.2 0.8 1.8 17.5 1987 -- 88 Boston 74 73 31.2 . 589 . 000 . 734 8.5 1.6 0.7 1.1 14.3 1988 -- 89 Boston 80 80 35.5 . 570 . 000 . 719 12.5 2.2 1.0 1.5 18.6 1989 -- 90 Boston 79 78 30.3 . 580 . 000 . 747 10.1 1.3 0.5 0.9 15.7 1990 -- 91 Boston 81 81 30.1 . 598 . 000 . 767 10.6 0.8 0.8 1.3 14.9 1991 -- 92 Boston 79 79 28.9 . 535 . 000 . 772 8.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 14.1 1992 -- 93 Boston 79 79 27.2 . 535 . 000 . 689 9.4 0.8 0.7 1.4 12.6 1993 -- 94 Boston 74 74 26.9 . 491 . 000 . 740 7.3 1.1 0.6 1.3 11.7 1994 -- 95 Charlotte 81 16.7 . 427 . 000 . 703 4.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 4.8 1995 -- 96 Charlotte 74 34 14.7 . 498 . 000 . 704 4.1 0.4 0.3 0.7 3.9 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 43 9.4 . 490 . 000 . 677 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.7 Career 1,611 1,320 28.4 . 537 . 000 . 721 9.1 1.4 0.8 1.5 14.5 All - Star 9 15.8 . 529 -- . 667 5.9 0.9 0.4 0.9 9.6 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1977 Golden State 10 0 23.9 . 481 - . 654 10.3 1.1 0.7 1.1 12.1 1981 † Boston 17 17 28.9 . 493 . 000 . 672 8.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 15.0 1982 Boston 12 12 35.5 . 488 . 000 . 680 11.3 1.5 0.4 4.0 21.3 Boston 7 7 35.6 . 483 . 000 . 850 10.6 1.3 0.7 1.3 14.7 1984 † Boston 23 23 37.8 . 478 . 000 . 646 10.8 1.2 1.0 1.8 14.9 1985 Boston 21 21 38.2 . 493 . 000 . 784 10.4 1.5 1.0 1.6 17.1 1986 † Boston 18 18 32.8 . 471 . 000 . 652 8.8 1.4 0.5 1.7 15.0 Boston 21 21 35.0 . 567 . 000 . 767 9.4 1.3 0.9 1.7 18.0 Boston 17 17 36.8 . 532 . 000 . 820 9.9 1.2 0.6 1.1 14.7 1989 Boston 37.3 . 455 . 000 . 778 8.7 2.0 1.3 0.7 15.7 1990 Boston 5 5 34.0 . 574 . 000 . 944 10.0 2.6 1.0 1.4 15.8 1991 Boston 10 10 29.6 . 598 . 000 . 689 9.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 15.8 1992 Boston 10 10 33.5 . 495 . 000 . 714 9.7 1.4 0.7 1.5 12.0 1993 Boston 36.5 . 544 . 000 . 857 9.5 1.3 0.2 1.5 17.0 1995 Charlotte 0 17.8 . 545 . 000 . 400 2.3 0.3 0.0 0.8 3.5 1997 † Chicago 0 9.0 . 143 . 000 . 000 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.0 Career 184 168 33.6 . 506 . 000 . 722 9.6 1.3 0.8 1.7 15.3 Career highs ( edit ) Top shot - blocking efforts ( edit ) Blocks Opponent Date 11 at Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001978 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1978 9 vs. Atlanta Hawks 000000001982 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1982 8 at New Orleans Jazz 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1978 8 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001979 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1979 8 at Indiana Pacers 000000001980 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1980 Regular season ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 40 at San Antonio Spurs 000000001981 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1981 Field goals made 16 5 times Field goal attempts 26 vs Phoenix Suns 000000001992 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1992 Free throws made , none missed 12 at New Jersey Nets 000000001984 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1984 Free throws made , one missed 13 vs Atlanta Hawks 000000001983 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1983 Free throws made 13 vs Atlanta Hawks 000000001983 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1983 Free throw attempts 18 at Milwaukee Bucks 000000001985 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1985 Rebounds 32 vs. New York Knicks 000000001979 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1979 Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds 25 vs. New York Knicks 000000001979 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1979 Assists 10 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001987 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1987 Steals Turnovers Minutes played Playoffs ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 33 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Field goals made , none missed 8 - 8 at Atlanta Hawks 000000001988 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1988 Field goals made 13 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Field goal attempts 25 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Free throws made , none missed 8 @ Milwaukee Bucks 000000001983 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1983 Free throws made , one missed 7 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Free throws made 11 vs. Chicago Bulls 000000001986 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1986 Free throw attempts 13 vs. Chicago Bulls 000000001986 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1986 Rebounds 19 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001987 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1987 Offensive rebounds 11 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001987 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1987 Defensive rebounds 14 vs. Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001992 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1992 Assists 6 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001983 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1983 Steals 5 ( OT ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers 000000001984 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1984 Blocks 7 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001982 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1982 Turnovers Minutes played 54 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001988 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1988 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most rebounds in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moses , Sam ( 1975 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Invisible In The Post '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prop 48 : 25 Years Later '' . NCAA Champion Magazine . Summer 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ At that time , freshmen were not eligible to play varsity athletics . The NCAA allowed freshmen to play varsity sports other than football and basketball in 1968 , and extended freshman varsity eligibility to those sports in 1972 . Jump up ^ At that time , the Associated Press ranked only 20 teams instead of today 's 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Parish '' . 2009 -- 10 Centenary Gents Basketball Media Guide . Centenary Sports Information . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Division I All - Time Individual Leaders : Rebound Average ( Since 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . p. 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Division I All - Time Individual Leaders : Career Records , Rebound Average ( For careers beginning in 1973 or after ) '' ( PDF ) . Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . p. 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . The NCAA lists seasons by the calendar years in which they end . Jump up ^ Moses , Sam ( 1975 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Invisible In The Post '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ John Stockton : Still Going Strong at 41 , published March 26 , 2003 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Parish . Robert Parish NBA Legends Bio Robert Parish at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 11 , 2001 ) NBA biography ( archived from 1997 ) Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Robert Parish at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Where Are They Now ? : Robert Parish @ NBA.com Links to related articles United States men 's basketball squad -- 1975 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Birdsong Bond Cook Davis Douglas Grunfeld Hassett LaGarde Parish Parkinson Robey Rollins Coach : Harshman 1976 NBA Draft First round John Lucas Scott May Richard Washington Leon Douglas Wally Walker Adrian Dantley Quinn Buckner Robert Parish Armond Hill Ron Lee Bob Wilkerson Terry Furlow Mitch Kupchak Larry Wright Chuckie Williams Norm Cook Sonny Parker Second round Willie Smith Bayard Forrest Major Jones Earl Tatum Johnny Davis Alex English Scott Lloyd Lonnie Shelton Jacky Dorsey Phil Hicks Bob Carrington Dennis Johnson Al Fleming Joe Pace Mo Howard Butch Feher Marshall Rogers Boston Celtics 1980 -- 81 NBA champions 00 Parish 7 Archibald 30 Carr 31 Maxwell ( Finals MVP ) 32 McHale 33 Bird 40 Duerod 42 Ford 43 Henderson 45 Fernsten 53 Robey Head coach Fitch Assistant coaches Jones Rodgers Regular season Playoffs Boston Celtics 1983 -- 84 NBA champions 00 Parish 3 Johnson 8 Wedman 28 Buckner 30 Carr 31 Maxwell 32 McHale 33 Bird ( Finals MVP ) 40 Clark 43 Henderson 44 Ainge 50 Kite Head coach Jones Assistant coaches Rodgers Ford Regular season Playoffs Boston Celtics 1985 -- 86 NBA champions 00 Parish 3 Johnson 5 Walton 8 Wedman 11 Vincent 12 Sichting 32 McHale 33 Bird ( Finals MVP ) 34 Carlisle 44 Ainge 45 Thirdkill 50 Kite Head coach Jones Assistant coaches Rodgers Ford Badger Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden The Auerbach Center ( practice facility ) Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. Irving Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca ( managing partners ) Danny Ainge ( General manager ) Brad Stevens ( Head coach ) General managers Brown Auerbach Volk Wallace Ainge Retired numbers 00 5 6 10 14 15 16 17 18 LOSCY 19 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 MIC Hall of Famers Boston Celtics Hall of Famers G League affiliate Maine Red Claws Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Culture Celtic Pride Greatest game ever played Tommy Points `` Love ya , Cooz ! '' Close , but no cigar ! Bill Russell Beat L.A. Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Mike Gorman Johnny Most `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' Henderson steals the ball ! Bird steals the ball ! Boston Garden North Station Larry Legend DJ The Chief The Truth The Sports Museum of New England NBA Championships ( 17 ) 1957 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1986 2008 Eastern Conference Championships ( 21 ) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1985 1986 2008 Media TV NBC Sports Boston Radio WBZ - FM Announcers Mike Gorman Tom Heinsohn Brian Scalabrine Sean Grande Cedric Maxwell John Wallach Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2003 Players Dino Meneghin Robert Parish James Worthy Coach Leon Barmore Contributors Chick Hearn Meadowlark Lemon Earl Lloyd Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Parish&oldid=843645731 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players at the 1975 Pan American Games Basketball players from Louisiana Boston Celtics players Centenary Gentlemen basketball players Centers ( basketball ) Charlotte Hornets players Chicago Bulls players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers NCAA sanctions Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) San Antonio Spurs draft picks Sportspeople from Shreveport , Louisiana Utah Stars draft picks Pan American Games medalists in basketball Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many points did robert parish score in his career
[ "\nRobert Parish\n\n\nParish in 2005\n\n\n\nPersonal information\n\n\nBorn\n(1953-08-30) August 30, 1953 (age 64)\nShreveport, Louisiana\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n\nListed height\n7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)\n\n\nListed weight\n230 lb (104 kg)\n\n\nCareer information\n\n\nHigh school\nWoodlawn (Shreveport, Louisiana)\n\n\nCollege\nCentenary (1972–1976)\n\n\nNBA draft\n1976 / Round: 1 / Pick: 8th overall\n\n\nSelected by the Golden State Warriors\n\n\nPlaying career\n1976–1997\n\n\nPosition\nCenter\n\n\nNumber\n00\n\n\nCareer history\n\n\n1976–1980\nGolden State Warriors\n\n\n1980–1994\nBoston Celtics\n\n\n1994–1996\nCharlotte Hornets\n\n\n1996–1997\nChicago Bulls\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n\n\n\n\n4× NBA champion (1981, 1984, 1986, 1997)\n9× NBA All-Star (1981–1987, 1990, 1991)\nAll-NBA Second Team (1982)\nAll-NBA Third Team (1989)\nNBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team\nNo. 00 retired by Boston Celtics\nSecond-team All-American – AP (1976)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer statistics\n\n\nPoints\n23,334 (14.5 ppg)\n\n\nRebounds\n14,715 (9.1 rpg)\n\n\nBlocks\n2,361 (1.6 bpg)\n\n\n\n\n\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\n\n\n\n\nBasketball Hall of Fame as player\n\n\nCollege Basketball Hall of Fame\nInducted in 2006\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals[hide]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRepresenting United States\n\n\nMen's basketball\n\n\nPan American Games\n\n\n\n1975 Mexico City\nTeam competition\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "23,334" ]
-422879132591952550
2018 FIFA World Cup
2018 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup `` 2018 World Cup '' redirects here . For other competitions of that name , see 2018 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . `` FIFA 2018 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 18 . 2018 FIFA World Cup Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 14 June -- 15 July Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 11 host cities ) Final positions Champions France ( 2nd title ) Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 169 ( 2.64 per match ) Attendance 3,031,768 ( 47,371 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Best player Luka Modrić Best young player Kylian Mbappé Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Fair play award Spain ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup , an international football tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years . It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe , and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion , it was the most expensive World Cup . It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee ( VAR ) system . The finals involved 32 teams , of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically . Of the 32 teams , 20 had also appeared in the previous tournament in 2014 , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities . The final took place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , between France and Croatia . France won the match 4 -- 2 to claim their second World Cup title , marking the fourth consecutive title won by a European team . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Criticism 2 Teams 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Draw 2.3 Squads 3 Officiating 3.1 Video assistant referees 4 Venues 4.1 Stadiums 4.2 Team base camps 5 Preparation and costs 5.1 Budget 5.2 Infrastructure spending 5.3 Volunteers 5.4 Transport 6 Schedule 7 Opening ceremony 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.4 Group C 8.5 Group D 8.6 Group E 8.7 Group F 8.8 Group G 8.9 Group H 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Statistics 10.1 Goalscorers 10.2 Discipline 10.3 Awards 10.3. 1 Dream Team 10.3. 2 Prize money 11 Marketing 11.1 Branding 11.2 Mascot 11.3 Ticketing 11.4 Match ball 11.5 Merchandise 11.6 Official song 12 Controversies 12.1 Host selection 12.2 Response to Skripal poisoning 13 Critical reception 14 Broadcasting rights 15 Sponsorship 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Host selection Main article : Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russian bid personnel celebrate the awarding of the 2018 World Cup to Russia on 2 December 2010 . President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017 The 100 - ruble commemorative banknote celebrates the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It features an image of Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin . The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid . During the bidding process , the three remaining non-UEFA nations ( Australia , Japan , and the United States ) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids , and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid . As such , there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , two of which were joint bids : England , Russia , Netherlands / Belgium , and Portugal / Spain . The 22 - member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting . The Portugal / Spain bid came second , and that from Belgium / Netherlands third . England , which was bidding to host its second tournament , was eliminated in the first round . The voting results were as follows : 2018 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated Criticism The English Football Association and others raised concerns of bribery on the part of the Russian team and corruption from FIFA members . They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England , and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win . The 2014 Garcia Report , an internal investigation led by Michael J. Garcia , was withheld from public release by Hans - Joachim Eckert , FIFA 's head of adjudication on ethical matters . Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary , and his ( and therefore FIFA 's ) reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest . Because of the controversy , the FA refused to accept Eckert 's absolving of Russia from blame , with Greg Dyke calling for a re-examination of the affair and David Bernstein calling for a boycott of the World Cup . Teams Qualification Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup , all eligible nations -- the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia -- applied to enter the qualifying process . Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches , while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun , also entered the competition . Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations , with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup . The first qualification game , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 . Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in 2014 . Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time , with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup . Other teams returning after absences of at least three tournaments include : Egypt , returning to the finals after their last appearance in 1990 ; Morocco , who last competed in 1998 ; Peru , returning after 1982 ; and Senegal , competing for the second time after reaching the quarter - finals in 2002 . It is the first time three Nordic countries ( Denmark , Iceland and Sweden ) and four Arab nations ( Egypt , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Tunisia ) have qualified for the World Cup . Notable countries that failed to qualify include four - time champions Italy ( for the first time since 1958 ) , three - time runners - up and third placed in 2014 the Netherlands ( for the first time since 2002 ) , and four reigning continental champions : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon , two - time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners - up Chile , 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand , and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States ( for the first time since 1986 ) . The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments . Note : Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament . AFC ( 5 ) Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member Draw Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw was held on 1 December 2017 at 18 : 00 MSK at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams were drawn into 8 groups of 4 , by selecting one team from each of the 4 ranked pots . For the draw , the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017 . Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia ( who were automatically assigned to position A1 ) and the best seven teams , pot 2 contained the next best eight teams , and so on for pots 3 and 4 . This was different from previous draws , when only pot 1 was based on FIFA rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations . However , teams from the same confederation still were not drawn against each other for the group stage , except that two UEFA teams could be in each group . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 ) Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 ) Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 ) Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 ) Squads Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Croatia players after the 2018 World Cup Final against France Initially , each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players but , in February 2018 , this was increased to 35 . From the preliminary squad , the team had to name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by 4 June . Players in the final squad may be replaced for serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match and such replacements do not need to have been named in the preliminary squad . For players named in the 35 - player preliminary squad , there was a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018 , except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May . Officiating Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup officials On 29 March 2018 , FIFA released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches . On 30 April 2018 , FIFA released the list of 13 video assistant referees , who solely acted in this capacity in the tournament . Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi of Saudi Arabia was removed in 30 May 2018 over a match - fixing attempt , along with his two assistant referees , compatriots Mohammed Al - Abakry and Abdulah Al - Shalwai . A new referee was not appointed , but two assistant referees , Hasan Al Mahri of the United Arab Emirates and Hiroshi Yamauchi of Japan , were added to the list . Assistant referee Marwa Range of Kenya also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal . show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referees VAR in use in during the Group D match between Nigeria and Iceland , at Volgograd . Shortly after the International Football Association Board 's decision to incorporate video assistant referees ( VARs ) into the Laws of the Game , on 16 March 2018 , the FIFA Council took the much - anticipated step of approving the use of VAR for the first time in a FIFA World Cup tournament . VAR operations for all games are operating from a single headquarters in Moscow , which receives live video of the games and are in radio contact with the on - field referees . Systems are in place for communicating VAR - related information to broadcasters and visuals on stadiums ' large screens are used for the fans in attendance . VAR had a significant impact in several games . On 15 June 2018 , Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal became the first World Cup goal based on a VAR decision ; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann . A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament , with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR . Overall , the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators . FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition . Venues Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup venues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 . Russia proposed the following host cities : Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov - on - Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . Most cities are in European Russia , while Sochi and Yekaterinburg are very close to the Europe - Asia border , to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country . The bid evaluation report stated : `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums , thus exceeding FIFA 's minimum requirement . Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated , and 13 would be newly constructed . '' In October 2011 , Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14 . Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government , and also in the capital , Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first . The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012 . The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list . Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament , 3 ( Luzhniki , Yekaterinburg and Sochi ) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new ; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament . Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that , given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia , the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10 . He also said , `` We are not going to be in a situation , as is the case of one , two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums '' . Reconstruction of the Yekaterinburg Central Stadium in January 2017 In October 2014 , on their first official visit to Russia , FIFA 's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg , Sochi , Kazan and both Moscow venues . They were satisfied with the progress . On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament . Of the twelve venues used , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium -- the two largest stadiums in Russia -- were used most , both hosting seven matches . Sochi , Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara all hosted six matches , including one quarter - final match each , while the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov - on - Don hosted five matches , including one round - of - 16 match each . Volgograd , Kaliningrad , Yekaterinburg and Saransk all hosted four matches , but did not host any knockout stage games . Stadiums Exterior of Otkrytie Arena in Moscow A total of twelve stadiums in eleven Russian cities were built and renovated for the FIFA World Cup . Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad Stadium . The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015 . On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match . Kazan : Kazan Arena . The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade . It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan . Moscow : Luzhniki Stadium . The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013 . The stadium was commissioned in November 2017 . Moscow : Spartak Stadium . The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements , during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena . The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014 . Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium . The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015 . The project was completed in December 2017 . Rostov - on - Don : Rostov Arena . The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River . The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017 . Saint Petersburg : Saint Petersburg Stadium . The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007 . The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016 . The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 . Samara : Samara Arena . The construction officially started on 21 July 2014 . The project was completed on 21 April 2018 . Saransk : Mordovia Arena . The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all - Russian Spartakiad , but the plan was revised . The opening was rescheduled to 2017 . The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018 . Sochi : Fisht Stadium . The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards , it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup . Volgograd : Volgograd Arena . The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site , at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex . The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018 . Yekaterinburg : Ekaterinburg Arena . The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup . The arena 's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators . The renovation project was completed in December 2017 . Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Capacity : 78,011 Capacity : 44,190 Capacity : 64,468 Capacity : 44,287 Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Rostov - on - Don Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena Capacity : 43,713 Capacity : 43,472 Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena Capacity : 43,319 Capacity : 42,873 Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg Samara Arena Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena ) Capacity : 41,970 Capacity : 41,685 Capacity : 33,973 Capacity : 33,061 Team base camps Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . On 9 February 2018 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Argentina : Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast Australia : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Belgium : Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast Brazil : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Colombia : Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan Costa Rica : Saint Petersburg Croatia : Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast Denmark : Anapa , Krasnodar Krai Egypt : Grozny , Chechen Republic England : Repino , Saint Petersburg France : Istra , Moscow Oblast Germany : Vatutinki , Moscow Iceland : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Iran : Bakovka , Moscow Oblast Japan : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Mexico : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Morocco : Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast Nigeria : Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai Panama : Saransk , Republic of Mordovia Peru : Moscow Poland : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Portugal : Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast Russia : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Saudi Arabia : Saint Petersburg Senegal : Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast Serbia : Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast South Korea : Saint Petersburg Spain : Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai Sweden : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Switzerland : Togliatti , Samara Oblast Tunisia : Pervomayskoye , Moscow Oblast Uruguay : Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Preparation and costs Budget Scale model of the Volgograd Arena . Construction began in 2015 . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion as of June 2018 , it is the most expensive World Cup in history , surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . The Russian government had originally earmarked a budget of around $20 billion which was later slashed to $10 billion for the preparations of the World Cup , of which half is spent on transport infrastructure . As part of the program for preparation to the 2018 FIFA World Cup , a federal sub-program `` Construction and Renovation of Transport Infrastructure '' was implemented with a total budget of 352.5 billion rubles , with 170.3 billion coming from the federal budget , 35.1 billion from regional budgets , and 147.1 billion from investors . The biggest item of federal spending was the aviation infrastructure ( 117.8 billion rubles ) . Construction of new hotels was a crucial area of infrastructure development in the World Cup host cities . Costs continued to balloon as preparations were underway . Infrastructure spending Platov International Airport in Rostov - on - Don was upgraded with automated air traffic control systems , modern surveillance , navigation , communication , control , and meteorological support systems . Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg was upgraded with radio - engineering tools for flight operation and received its second runway strip . Saransk Airport received a new navigation system ; the city also got two new hotels , Mercure Saransk Centre ( Accor Hotels ) and Four Points by Sheraton Saransk ( Starwood Hotels ) as well as few other smaller accommodation facilities . In Samara , new tram lines were laid . Khrabrovo Airport in Kaliningrad was upgraded with radio navigation and weather equipment . Renovation and upgrade of radio - engineering tools for flight operation was completed in the airports of Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Volgograd , Samara , Yekaterinburg , Kazan and Sochi . On 27 March , the Ministry of Construction Industry , Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia reported that all communications within its area of responsibility have been commissioned . The last facility commissioned was a waste treatment station in Volgograd . In Yekaterinburg , where four matches are hosted , hosting costs increased to over 7.4 billion rubles , over-running the 5.6 billion rubles originally allocated from the state and regional budget . Volunteers Volunteer flag bearers on the field prior to Belgium 's ( flag depicted ) group stage match against Tunisia Volunteer applications to the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee opened on 1 June 2016 . The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Volunteer Program received about 177,000 applications , and engaged a total of 35,000 volunteers . They received training at 15 Volunteer Centres of the Local Organising Committee based in 15 universities , and in Volunteer Centres in the host cities . Preference , especially in the key areas , was given to those with knowledge of foreign languages and volunteering experience , but not necessarily to Russian nationals . Transport Free public transport services were offered for ticketholders during the World Cup , including additional trains linking between host cities , as well as services such as bus service within them . Schedule Launching of a 1,000 days countdown in Moscow The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . On 1 December 2017 , following the final draw , six kick - off times were adjusted by FIFA . Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia , the two lowest - ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July . The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play - off on 14 July . Opening ceremony Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing `` Angels '' at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony took place on Thursday , 14 June 2018 , at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , preceding the opening match of the tournament between hosts Russia and Saudi Arabia . Former Brazilian World Cup - winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt . English pop singer Robbie Williams then performed two songs before he and Russian soprano Aida Garifullina performed a duet while other performers emerged , dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation . Dancers were also present . Ronaldo returned with the official match ball of the 2018 World Cup which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June . Group stage Competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams ( groups A to H ) . Teams in each group played one another in a round - robin basis , with the top two teams of each group advancing to the knockout stage . Ten European teams and four South American teams progressed to the knockout stage , together with Japan and Mexico . For the first time since 1938 , Germany ( reigning champions ) did not advance past the first round . For the first time since 1982 , no African team progressed to the second round . For the first time , the fair play criteria came into use , when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards . Only one match , France v Denmark , was goalless . Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored . All times listed below are local time . Tiebreakers The ranking of teams in the group stage is determined as follows : Points obtained in all group matches ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Number of goals scored in all group matches ; Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ; Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question ; Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ; Fair play points in all group matches ( only one deduction can be applied to a player in a single match ) : Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ; Drawing of lots . Group A Pre-match ceremony prior to the opening game , Russia v Saudi Arabia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 27,015 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23 ' Report Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 42,678 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 36,823 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Group B The first match of the group , Iran 's squad against Morocco in St. Petersburg Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 6 5 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 5 + 1 5 Iran 0 Morocco 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran Report Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 62,548 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Report Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,866 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco Ronaldo 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 0 -- 1 Spain Report Costa 54 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,718 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Quaresma 45 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 41,685 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 ' Report Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Group C Australia v Peru Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,279 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Report Poulsen 59 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,502 Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 40,727 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) France 1 -- 0 Peru Mbappé 34 ' Report Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,789 Referee : Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Denmark 0 -- 0 France Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,073 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Group D Iceland v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 16 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland Agüero 19 ' Report Finnbogason 23 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland Musa 49 ' , 75 ' Report Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 40,904 Referee : Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina Moses 51 ' ( pen . ) Report Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Group E Brazil v Costa Rica Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 5 + 1 5 Serbia 0 − 2 Costa Rica 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia Report Kolarov 56 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,432 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland Coutinho 20 ' Report Zuber 50 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,109 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland Mitrović 5 ' Report Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,167 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Group F Germany v Mexico Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 − 1 6 South Korea 0 0 Germany 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Lozano 35 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . ) Report Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 42,300 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico Son Heung - min 90 + 3 ' Report Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 ' Report Toivonen 32 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 ' Report Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,835 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden Report Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. ) Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 33,061 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Group G Belgium v Tunisia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 5 6 Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 ' Report Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,257 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Tunisia 1 -- 2 England Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 41,064 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 ' Report Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) England 6 -- 1 Panama Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Baloy 78 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) England 0 -- 1 Belgium Report Januzaj 51 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 37,168 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Group H Japan v Poland Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,842 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,572 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 42,189 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Knockout stage Russia v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . If a match went into extra time , each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution , the first time this had been allowed in a FIFA World Cup tournament . Bracket Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Round of 16 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 41,466 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,042 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Quarter - finals 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,286 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Third place play - off 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Final Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Final 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Statistics Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Discipline Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record In total , only four players were sent off in the entire tournament , the fewest since 1978 . International Football Association Board technical director David Elleray stated a belief that this was due to the introduction of VAR , since players would know that they would not be able to get away with anything under the new system . A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two matches ; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter - finals ( yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the tournament : Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan ( matchday 1 ; 19 June ) Group H vs Poland ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 1 ; 16 June ) in Group C vs Australia ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) Group C vs France ( matchday 3 ; 26 June ) Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) Group F vs South Korea ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay ( matchday 3 ; 25 June ) Round of 16 vs Spain ( 1 July ) Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Brazil ( 2 July ) Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) in Round of 16 vs Argentina ( 30 June ) Quarter - finals vs Uruguay ( 6 July ) Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Round of 16 vs Mexico ( 2 July ) Quarter - finals vs Belgium ( 6 July ) Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Quarter - finals vs England ( 7 July ) Michael Lang in Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Suspension served outside tournament Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Quarter - finals vs Brazil ( 6 July ) Semi-finals vs France ( 10 July ) Awards Luka Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award from Vladimir Putin Kylian Mbappé receiving the World Cup best young player award from Emmanuel Macron France lifting the World Cup trophy The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . The Golden Boot ( top scorer ) , Golden Ball ( best overall player ) and Golden Glove ( best goalkeeper ) awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Harry Kane ( 6 goals , 0 assists ) Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) Romelu Lukaku ( 4 goals , 1 assist ) Golden Glove Thibaut Courtois Best Young Player Kylian Mbappé FIFA Fair Play Award Spain Additionally , FIFA.com shortlisted 18 goals for users to vote on as the tournaments ' best . The poll closed on 23 July . The award was sponsored by Hyundai . Goal of the Tournament Goalscorer Opponent Score Round Benjamin Pavard Argentina 2 -- 2 Round of 16 Dream team As was the case during the 2010 and 2014 editions , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead invited users of FIFA.com to elect their Fan Dream Team . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Marcelo Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Kevin De Bruyne Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo FIFA also published an alternate team of the tournament based on player performances evaluated through statistical data . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Prize money Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017 . Position Amount ( million USD ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runner - up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th -- 8th place ( quarter - finals ) 16 64 9th -- 16th place ( round of 16 ) 12 96 17th -- 32nd place ( group stage ) 8 128 Total 400 Marketing The typeface `` Dusha '' used for branding Branding The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow 's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme . Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia 's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation '' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul '' of the country . For the branding , Portuguese design agency Brandia Central created materials in 2014 , with a typeface called Dusha ( from душа , Russian for soul ) designed by Brandia Central and edited by Adotbelow of DSType Foundry in Portugal . Mascot Main article : Zabivaka Tournament mascot , wolf Zabivaka The official mascot for the tournament was unveiled 21 October 2016 , and selected through a design competition among university students . A public vote was used to select from three finalists -- a cat , a tiger , and a wolf . The winner , with 53 % of approximately 1 million votes , was Zabivaka -- an anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the colours of the Russian national team . Zabivaka 's name is a portmanteau of the Russian words забияка ( `` hothead '' ) and забивать ( `` to score '' ) , and his official backstory states that he is an aspiring football player who is `` charming , confident and social '' . Ticketing The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017 , 12 : 00 Moscow Time , and lasted until 12 October 2017 . The general visa policy of Russia did not apply to participants and spectators , who were able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship . Spectators were nonetheless required to register for a `` Fan - ID '' , a special photo identification pass . A Fan - ID was required to enter the country visa - free , while a ticket , Fan - ID and a valid passport were required to enter stadiums for matches . Fan - IDs also granted World Cup attendees free access to public transport services , including buses , and train service between host cities . Fan - ID was administered by the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media , who could revoke these accreditations at any time to `` ensure the defence capability or security of the state or public order '' . Match ball Main article : Adidas Telstar 18 Match ball `` Telstar 18 '' Match ball for the knockout stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' . The official match ball of the 2018 World Cup group stage was `` Telstar 18 '' , based on the name and design of the first Adidas World Cup ball from 1970 . It was introduced on 9 November 2017 . After the group stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' was used for the knockout stage . The word mechta ( Russian : мечта ) means dream or ambition . The difference between Telstar 18 and Mechta is the red details on the design . Merchandise See also : FIFA World Cup video games On 30 April 2018 , EA announced a free expansion for FIFA 18 based on the 2018 FIFA World Cup , featuring all 32 participating teams and all 12 stadiums used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Official song Main article : Live It Up ( Nicky Jam song ) The official song of the tournament was `` Live It Up '' , with vocals from Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi , released on 25 May 2018 . Its music video was released on 8 June 2018 . Controversies Main article : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies Thirty - three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017 , it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football . On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed , with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation . FIFA 's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament ; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered . Host selection The choice of Russia as host has been challenged . Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football , and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society . Russia 's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved , particularly following the annexation of Crimea . In 2014 , FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that `` the World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work '' . Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England 's FA to boycott the tournament . FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney , to investigate and produce a report on the corruption allegations . Although the report was never published , FIFA released a 42 - page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans - Joachim Eckert . Eckert 's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing , but was denounced by critics as a whitewash . Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete '' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions '' , and appealed to FIFA 's Appeal Committee . The committee declined to hear his appeal , so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA 's conduct , citing a `` lack of leadership '' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert . On 3 June 2015 , the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015 , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong - joon in which a vote - trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed . Response to Skripal poisoning In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal , British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that no British ministers or members of the royal family would attend the World Cup , and issued a warning to any travelling England fans . Iceland diplomatically boycotted the World Cup . Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that `` the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup '' . The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Boris Johnson 's statements that compared the event to the 1936 Olympics held in Nazi Germany as `` poisoned with venom of hate , unprofessionalism and boorishness '' and `` unacceptable and unworthy '' parallel towards Russia , a `` nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism '' . The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and `` people of Asian or Afro - Caribbean descent '' travelling to Russia of `` racist or homophobic intimidation , hooligan violence and anti-British hostility '' . English football fans who have travelled have said they have received a warm welcome from ordinary citizens after arriving in Russia . Critical reception Russia received widespread praise as World Cup hosts . Facilities -- such as the refurbished Luzhniki Stadium ( pictured ) -- were one aspect of Russia 's success . At the close of the World Cup Russia was widely praised for its success in hosting the tournament , with Steve Rosenberg of the BBC deeming it `` a resounding public relations success '' for Putin , adding , `` The stunning new stadiums , free train travel to venues and the absence of crowd violence has impressed visiting supporters . Russia has come across as friendly and hospitable : a stark contrast with the country 's authoritarian image . All the foreign fans I have spoken to are pleasantly surprised . '' FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated , `` Everyone discovered a beautiful country , a welcoming country , that is keen to show the world that everything that has been said before might not be true . A lot of preconceived ideas have been changed because people have seen the true nature of Russia . '' Infantino has proclaimed Russia 2018 to be `` the best World Cup ever '' , as 98 % of the stadiums were sold out , there were three billion viewers on TV all around the world and 7 million fans visited the fan fests . Broadcasting rights Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters . In the United States , the 2018 World Cup was the first men 's World Cup whose English rights were held by Fox Sports , and Spanish rights held by Telemundo . The elimination of the US national team in qualifying led to concerns that US interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced ( especially among `` casual '' viewers interested in the US team ) , especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights , and that US games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers . During a launch event prior to the elimination , Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity among US viewers ( factoring Hispanic and Latino Americans ) . Fox stated that it was still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament . In February 2018 , Ukrainian rightsholder UA : PBC stated that it would not broadcast the World Cup . This came in the wake of growing boycotts of the tournament among the Football Federation of Ukraine and sports minister Ihor Zhdanov . Additionally , the Football Federation of Ukraine refused to accredit journalists for the World Cup and waived their quota of tickets . However , the Ukrainian state TV still broadcast the World Cup , and more than 4 million Ukrainians watched the opening match . Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways See also Association football portal Russia portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup hosts 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup Notes Jump up ^ France will qualify for this tournament as World Cup winners if it takes place . However FIFA has discussed abolishing the competition . References ^ Jump up to : `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 19 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrin , Siobhan ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` Your Ultimate Guide to Watching the 2018 World Cup '' . Time . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 '' . rbc.ru ( in Russian ) . 8 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is VAR , what are the rules , and how is it being used by FIFA for World Cup 2018 in Russia ? '' . The Telegraph . 11 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Paul ( 22 May 2018 ) . `` Will VAR improve the World Cup ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia united for 2018 FIFA World Cup Host Cities announcement '' . FIFA. 29 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Future World Cups '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico withdraws FIFA World Cup bid '' . FIFA. 29 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's bid to host the 2022 World Cup bid ends '' . BBC . 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Combined bidding confirmed '' . FIFA. 20 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England miss out to Russia in 2018 World Cup Vote '' . BBC News . 2 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ; Busfield , Steve ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 and 2022 decision day -- live ! '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Aaron ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` What We Know About Corruption in the 2018 And 2022 World Cup Bids '' . vice.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Garcia : FIFA investigator resigns in World Cup report row '' . BBC . 17 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former FA chairman David Bernstein calls for 2018 World Cup boycott '' . The Guardian . 17 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup organizers ready to fight for 2022 '' . Reuters. 3 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA. 15 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA. 12 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia excluded from 2018 World Cup qualifiers '' . Reuters. 3 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo & Gibraltar become eligible for 2018 World Cup Qualifying '' . Russia : RT . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA. 20 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA. 11 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw : 1 week to go '' . FIFA. 18 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA. 19 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 10 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ T.A.W. ( 12 November 2017 ) . `` How Iceland ( population : 330,000 ) qualified for the World Cup '' . The Economist . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In first , 4 Arab countries qualify for FIFA World Cup Finals '' . The Times of Israel . 12 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup 2018 : Notable teams that failed to qualify '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA. 7 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draw to take place in State Kremlin Palace '' . FIFA. 24 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draw to take place at 18 : 00 '' . The Daily Telegraph . 24 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OC for FIFA Competitions approves procedures for the Final Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 14 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for FIFA Competitions : Updates on the FIFA World Cup and women 's tournaments '' . FIFA. 8 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rest periods for the players on the provisional list for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit -- Referees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 List of video match officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Referee Fahad Al Mirdasi ' banned over match - fixing attempt in Saudi Arabia ' '' . BBC . 16 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA statement on the situation of the Saudi Arabian referee Fahad AL MIRDASI '' . FIFA. 30 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : List of FIFA match officials for the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Betraying the Game : African officials filmed taking cash '' . BBC . 7 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Council decides on key steps for the future of international competitions '' . FIFA. 16 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VAR : Video assistant referees set to be used at 2018 World Cup in Russia '' . BBC Sport. 3 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MacInnes , Paul ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` How will VAR work at the World Cup and how much is riding on it ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Belam , Martin ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` VAR at the World Cup : the big decisions , game by game '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Why Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal made World Cup history '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : History made with first penalty awarded by VAR during France vs Australia '' . The Independent . 16 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo penalty sets new World Cup record '' . ESPN.com. 26 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McLean , Max ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` 12 very different opinions on VAR at the World Cup to help you make your mind up '' . independent.ie . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA ' satisfied ' with World Cup refereeing , VAR '' . ESPN . 20 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report : Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2002 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Atlas . National Geographic Society . 2011 . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` The border between Europe and Asia '' . welcome2018.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Hafiz . `` Russia to host next FIFA World Cup '' . Dailynews.lk . The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd . Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Почему у России осталось только 14 стадионов к ЧМ - 2018 -- Известия ( Why are there only 14 stadiums for the Russia 2018 World Cup ) '' . Izvestia ( in Russian ) . 7 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup to be played in 11 Host Cities '' . FIFA. 29 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Saakov , Rafael ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Russia 2018 : Major challenges for next World Cup hosts '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogovitskiy , Dmitriy ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Russia on track for World Cup 2018 , say FIFA inspectors '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium names for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia confirmed '' . FIFA. 8 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 stadiums : A guide to the venues of this summer 's tournament '' . The Telegraph . 30 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион на 45000 зрительских мест к Чемпионату мира по футболу в Нижнем Новгороде '' ( Stadium for 45,000 spectators for the World Cup in Nizhny Novgorod ) . stroytransgaz.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион на Крестовском ввели в эксплуатацию '' . fontanka.ru ( in Russian ) . 29 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион ЧМ - 2018 по футболу в Волгограде введен в эксплуатацию '' ( The 2018 World Cup in Volgograd was put into operation ) ( in Russian ) . RIA Novosti. 3 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Base Camps for 2018 FIFA World Cup confirmed '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 9 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia defender Pivaric says he has ' excellent ' 1st impression of training base '' . fourfourtwo.com.au. 12 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : Life inside the England bubble -- what they can expect in Repino '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Soccer : No tropical paradise ? No problem for Germany , says midfielder Kroos '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia 's 2018 World Cup costs grow by $600 million '' . USA Today . 24 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev says 2018 FIFA World Cup to cost 20 billion dollars '' . NDTV. 13 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 World Cup : Russia to spend $5 billion on transport , despite cuts '' . Russia Beyond . 7 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Бюджет чемпионата мира 2018 года -- около € 1 млрд '' ( The budget for the 2018 World Cup is about € 1 billion ) . Чемпионат ( in Russian ) . 18 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` На подготовку транспортной инфраструктуры ЧМ - 2018 в России потрачено 228 млрд '' ( 228 billion spent on preparation of the transport infrastructure of the World Cup 2018 ) . sport24.ru ( in Russian ) . 3 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Алмазная радиосвязь '' . Газета. Ru ( in Russian ) . 30 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` В Мордовии к ЧМ - 2018 прошли классификацию два хостела и мотель '' . info-rm.com. 16 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Трамвайная линия до стадиона для ЧМ в Самаре готова на 89 % '' . samru.ru. 22 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad airport 's new terminal put in operation '' . Russian Aviation Insider. 26 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` В Екатеринбурге увеличились расходы на подготовку к проведению ЧМ - 2018 '' . regnum.ru ( in Russian ) . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Новый рекорд волонтерской программы ЧМ - 2018 '' ( New record of the Volunteer program of the World Cup 2018 ) . welcome2018.com ( in Russian ) . 17 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Набор волонтеров на ЧМ - 2018 установил новый рекорд Чемпионатов мира '' ( A set of volunteers at the World Cup 2018 set a new World Cup record ) ( in Russian ) . FIFA. 17 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 в России -- Волонтерская программа : F.A.Q. '' ( FIFA 2018 World Cup in Russia -- Volunteer program : F.A.Q. ) ( in Russian ) . FIFA . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Nick ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : what is a Fan ID and do I need one to watch games in Russia ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wildie , Tom ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Aussie soccer fan 's World Cup dream crushed by new Russian visa rejection '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 9 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` What World Cup fans going to Russia should know '' . BBC . 6 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match schedules for FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 and 2018 FIFA World Cup unveiled '' . FIFA. 24 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 20 December 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking -- October 2017 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 fixtures : full schedule , results and match dates '' . The Telegraph . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 Opening Ceremony : What time will it start and when will Robbie Williams feature ? '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams show at World Cup opening ceremony is too short to ever be dull '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : Ronaldo and Robbie Williams star in opening ceremony '' . BBC . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` What does Didier Deschamps want from his France team ? If only he knew '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tie - breakers for Russia 2018 groups '' . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Saudi Arabia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Morocco v IR Iran '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Spain '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Spain '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Portugal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Spain v Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Peru v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Australia v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Iceland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Iceland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Costa Rica v Serbia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Serbia v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Serbia v Brazil '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Switzerland v Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Germany v Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Sweden v Korea Republic '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Korea Republic v Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Germany v Sweden '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Korea Republic v Germany '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Mexico v Sweden '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Belgium v Panama '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Tunisia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Belgium v Tunisia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- England v Panama '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- England v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Panama v Tunisia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Colombia v Japan '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Poland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Senegal v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- France v Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Uruguay v Portugal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Spain v Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Croatia v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Brazil v Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Belgium v Japan '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Sweden v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Colombia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Uruguay v France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Brazil v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Sweden v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Russia v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- France v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Play - off for third place -- Belgium v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup by the numbers - 169 goals , 29 penalties , 10 late winners , 4 red cards '' . ESPN . 16 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VAR effect results in cleanest World Cup since 1986 after no red cards are issued in opening 11 games '' . The Telegraph . 17 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . FIFA.com. 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . FIFA.com. 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com. 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Prize Money '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 27 October 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia 's heart & soul ' : World Cup 2018 logo unveiled in Moscow ( PHOTOS , VIDEO ) '' . RT . 28 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Font scandal at FIFA World Cup '' . Archived from the original on 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018 : World Cup mascot Zabivaka the wolf unveiled in Moscow '' . The Guardian . 21 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket sales for 2018 FIFA World Cup to start on 14 September 2017 '' . FIFA. 12 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia to ease visa regime for World Cup fans in 2018 '' . Voice of Russia . 11 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup official match ball unveiled : an exciting re-imagining '' . FIFA. 9 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Football Reveals Official Match Ball for the Knockout Stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley . `` FIFA 18 gets free World Cup mode in May '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up ' to be performed by all - star line - up '' . FIFA. 23 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa contacts McLaren over doping claims in football '' . BBC . 21 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Doctor sacked by Fifa was investigating alleged Russian football doping '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update on the investigations following the McLaren reports '' . FIFA. 22 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russians to take no part in World Cup drug testing : FIFA '' . Reuters. 24 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Syal , Rajeev ( 3 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 win raises Russian racism fears '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yaya Toure : Black players may boycott 2018 Russia World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 25 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Munro , Kelsey ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` Racism in Russia and FIFA 's 3 - step plan to tackle it '' . Sbs.com.au . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Joseph Patrick ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Campaigns demand FIFA bans Russia from hosting 2018 World Cup due to anti-gay law '' . Pink News . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lavin , James ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Why FIFA Needs to Move the World Cup '' . advocate.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa urged to rethink staging 2018 World Cup in Russia '' . BBC . 21 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Stuart ( 23 March 2014 ) . `` US calls for Fifa to drop Russia from hosting World Cup in 2018 '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : Russia will host 2018 World Cup despite Crimea '' . BBC Sport. 21 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` World Cup : Former FA chief David Bernstein calls for boycott '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham . `` FIFA under fire after report on Qatar , Russia '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Roan , Dan ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` Greg Dyke : FA demands full report findings into World Cup corruption '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard . `` FIFA corruption report : Who is to blame and what happens now ? '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Garcia : FIFA investigator resigns in World Cup report row '' . BBC . 17 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Rumsby , Ben ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Fifa in crisis : FBI extends investigation to Russia 2018 and Qatar 2022 World Cup bids '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Riach , James ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` FBI investigating Fifa 's awarding of 2018 and 2022 World Cups -- report '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia & Qatar may lose World Cups ' -- Fifa official '' . BBC News . 7 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Russia and Qatar may lose World Cups if evidence of bribery is found '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Rumsby , Ben ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Prince William and David Cameron caught up in Fifa corruption scandal '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Video : David Cameron and Prince William implicated in FIFA corruption probe '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Samuel ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Theresa May 's statement in full as she expels 23 Russian spies from Britain '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland to diplomatically boycott 2018 World Cup in Russia '' . Russia : RT . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow official says West is trying to deny Russia World Cup '' . BBC News . 1 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Samuel ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Sergei Skripal : Chemical weapons inspectors arrive in Salisbury to investigate nerve agent attack '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Calder , Simon ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : England football fans warned of potential ' anti-British harassment ' when travelling to Russia '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : New report highlights MPs ' concern for England fans in Russia '' . BBC News . 8 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Luhn , Alec ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` England fans welcomed with open arms in Volgograd ahead of opening 2018 World Cup match against Tunisia '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Oliver ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : England fans praise welcome by Russian hosts as they celebrate first win '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Is Russia the real winner of World Cup 2018 ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 will be held in November and December '' . News , com.au . Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gianni Infantino : World Cup 2018 the best ever '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Draper , Kevin ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Fox and Others Will Feel Pain of U.S. Absence at World Cup '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` With USMNT eliminated from World Cup , Fox must refocus coverage plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ; Novy - Williams , Eben ; Broudway , Ira ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Fox projects up to $20 million in lost World Cup ad sales '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian public broadcaster decides not to show World Cup matches '' . Kyiv Post . 12 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam . `` Ukraine 's public broadcaster refuses to show Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Inter Media Group secures World Cup rights in Ukraine '' . TV Sports Markets . 31 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bershidsky , Leonid ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` You Can Hate Putin But Love the World Cup '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030 '' . FIFA. 21 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Sam ( 22 November 2005 ) . `` Coca - Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022 '' . Campaign . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Millerchip , Oliver ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Gazprom agrees Fifa sponsorship deal '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai - Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022 '' . FIFA. 24 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 '' . FIFA. 7 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mickle , Tripp ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years '' . Sports Business Daily . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Group becomes new FIFA Partner '' . FIFA. 18 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and Anheuser - Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup sponsorship for 2018 / 2022 '' . FIFA. 25 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hisense becomes Official Sponsor of 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 6 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's looking ahead to 2018 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Mengniu Group added to Fifa World Cup sponsor line - up '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt government selected as regional sponsor for 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . Egypt Independent . 13 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Danielle ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` More Chinese sponsors sign up for Fifa World Cup '' . The Drum . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` Fifa adds latest Chinese sponsor for World Cup '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alfa - Bank unveiled as first - ever Regional Supporter for the FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 18 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alrosa completes line - up of European Regional Supporters of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 23 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup adds Rostelecom as regional partner '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Railways announced as an Official European Supporter of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 5 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 's Confederations Cup has uncertain future after Russia '' . FOX Sports . 9 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World Cup 2018 . FIFA.com 2018 website Welcome2018.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia 2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums Kaliningrad Stadium ( Kaliningrad ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Luzhniki Stadium ( Moscow ) Otkritie Arena ( Moscow ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium ( Nizhny Novgorod ) Samara Arena ( Samara ) Volgograd Arena ( Volgograd ) Mordovia Arena ( Saransk ) Rostov Arena ( Rostov - on - Don ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Central Stadium ( Yekaterinburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . World championships in 2018 `` 2017 2019 '' Summer sports Archery field indoor Association football ( men ) Athletics ( indoor ) Badminton individual team Basketball women Basketball ( 3x3 ) Beach handball men women Bowls Boxing ( women ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo - cross BMX Fencing Field hockey men women Finswimming Floorball ( men ) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic Judo Karate Lacrosse ( men ) Orienteering Modern pentathlon Quidditch Racquetball Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting Softball ( women ) Squash men women 's team Swimming ( 25 m ) Table tennis men women team Volleyball men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess open women Darts BDO PDC Snooker six - red Pool Nine - ball Motor sports Air race Endurance racing F1 Powerboat Formula E 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Formula One F2 GP3 Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854343990 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup 2018 in association football 2017 -- 18 in Russian football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Russia June 2018 events in Russia June 2018 sports events in Europe July 2018 events in Russia July 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages EngvarB from July 2018 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 डोटेली 100 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does england play its first world cup match
[]
[]
1989465897096257248
Milgram experiment
Milgram experiment - wikipedia Milgram experiment Jump to : navigation , search For Milgram 's other well - known experiment , see Small - world experiment . The experimenter ( E ) orders the teacher ( T ) , the subject of the experiment , to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner ( L ) , who is actually an actor and confederate . The subject is led to believe that for each wrong answer , the learner was receiving actual electric shocks , though in reality there were no such punishments . Being separated from the subject , the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro - shock generator , which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level . The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram . They measured the willingness of study participants , men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education , to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience . Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment , in which they had to administer electric shocks to a `` learner '' . These fake electric shocks gradually increased to levels that would have been fatal had they been real . The experiment found , unexpectedly , that a very high proportion of people would fully obey the instructions , albeit reluctantly . Milgram first described his research in 1963 in an article published in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology and later discussed his findings in greater depth in his 1974 book , Obedience to Authority : An Experimental View . The experiments began in July 1961 , in the basement of Linsly - Chittenden Hall at Yale University , three months after the start of the trial of German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem . Milgram devised his psychological study to answer the popular contemporary question : `` Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders ? Could we call them all accomplices ? '' The experiments have been repeated many times in the following years with consistent results within differing societies , although not with the same percentages around the globe . Contents ( hide ) 1 The experiment 2 Results 3 Critical reception 3.1 Ethics 3.2 Applicability to the Holocaust 3.3 Validity 4 Interpretations 4.1 Alternative interpretations 5 Replications and variations 5.1 Milgram 's variations 5.2 Replications 5.3 Other variations 6 Media depictions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links The experiment ( edit ) Milgram Experiment advertisement Three individuals took part in each session of the experiment : The `` experimenter '' , who was in charge of the session . The `` teacher '' , a volunteer for a single session . The `` teacher '' was led to believe that they were merely assisting , whereas they were actually the subject of the experiment . The `` learner '' , an actor and a confederate of the experimenter , who pretended to be a volunteer . The subject and the actor arrived at the session together . The experimenter told them that they were taking part in `` a scientific study of memory and learning '' , to see what the effect of punishment is on a subject 's ability to memorize content . The subject and actor drew slips of paper to determine their roles . Unknown to the subject , both slips said `` teacher '' . The actor would always claim to have drawn the slip that read learner , thus guaranteeing that the subject would always be the teacher . Next , the teacher and learner were taken into an adjacent room where the learner was strapped into what appeared to be an electric chair . The experimenter told the participants this was to ensure that the learner would not escape . In one version of the experiment , the confederate was sure to mention to the participant that he had a heart condition . At some point prior to the actual test , the teacher was given a sample electric shock from the electroshock generator in order to experience firsthand what the shock that the learner would supposedly receive during the experiment would feel like . The teacher and learner were then separated , so that they could communicate but not see each other . The teacher was then given a list of word pairs that he was to teach the learner . The teacher began by reading the list of word pairs to the learner . The teacher would then read the first word of each pair and read four possible answers . The learner would press a button to indicate his response . If the answer was incorrect , the teacher would administer a shock to the learner , with the voltage increasing in 15 - volt increments for each wrong answer . If correct , the teacher would read the next word pair . The subjects believed that for each wrong answer , the learner was receiving actual shocks . In reality , there were no shocks . After the learner was separated from the teacher , the learner set up a tape recorder integrated with the electroshock generator , which played prerecorded sounds for each shock level . As the voltage of the fake shocks increased , the learner yelled and protested louder , and later banged repeatedly on the wall that separated him from the teacher . When the highest voltages were reached , the learner fell silent . If at any time the teacher indicated a desire to halt the experiment , the experimenter was instructed to give specific verbal prods . The prods were , in this order : Please continue . The experiment requires that you continue . It is absolutely essential that you continue . You have no other choice , you must go on . If the subject still wished to stop after all four successive verbal prods , the experiment was halted . Otherwise , it was halted after the subject had given the maximum 450 - volt shock three times in succession . The experimenter also had prods to use if the teacher made specific comments . If the teacher asked whether the learner might suffer permanent physical harm , the experimenter replied , `` Although the shocks may be painful , there is no permanent tissue damage , so please go on . '' If the teacher said that the learner clearly wants to stop , the experimenter replied , `` Whether the learner likes it or not , you must go on until he has learned all the word pairs correctly , so please go on . '' Results ( edit ) Before conducting the experiment , Milgram polled fourteen Yale University senior - year psychology majors to predict the behavior of 100 hypothetical teachers . All of the poll respondents believed that only a very small fraction of teachers ( the range was from zero to 3 out of 100 , with an average of 1.2 ) would be prepared to inflict the maximum voltage . Milgram also informally polled his colleagues and found that they , too , believed very few subjects would progress beyond a very strong shock . He also reached out to honorary Harvard University graduate Chaim Homnick , who noted that this experiment would not be concrete evidence of the Nazis ' innocence , due to fact that `` poor people are more likely to cooperate . '' Milgram also polled forty psychiatrists from a medical school , and they believed that by the tenth shock , when the victim demands to be free , most subjects would stop the experiment . They predicted that by the 300 - volt shock , when the victim refuses to answer , only 3.73 percent of the subjects would still continue and , they believed that `` only a little over one - tenth of one percent of the subjects would administer the highest shock on the board . '' In Milgram 's first set of experiments , 65 percent ( 26 of 40 ) of experiment participants administered the experiment 's final massive 450 - volt shock , and all administered shocks of at least 300 volts . Subjects were uncomfortable doing so , and displayed varying degrees of tension and stress . These signs included sweating , trembling , stuttering , biting their lips , groaning , digging their fingernails into their skin , and some were even having nervous laughing fits or seizures . Every participant paused the experiment at least once to question it . Most continued after being assured by the experimenter . Some said they would refund the money they were paid for participating . Milgram summarized the experiment in his 1974 article , `` The Perils of Obedience '' , writing : The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous importance , but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations . I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist . Stark authority was pitted against the subjects ' ( participants ' ) strongest moral imperatives against hurting others , and , with the subjects ' ( participants ' ) ears ringing with the screams of the victims , authority won more often than not . The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation . Ordinary people , simply doing their jobs , and without any particular hostility on their part , can become agents in a terrible destructive process . Moreover , even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear , and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality , relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority . The original Simulated Shock Generator and Event Recorder , or shock box , is located in the Archives of the History of American Psychology . Later , Milgram and other psychologists performed variations of the experiment throughout the world , with similar results . Milgram later investigated the effect of the experiment 's locale on obedience levels by holding an experiment in an unregistered , backstreet office in a bustling city , as opposed to at Yale , a respectable university . The level of obedience , `` although somewhat reduced , was not significantly lower . '' What made more of a difference was the proximity of the `` learner '' and the experimenter . There were also variations tested involving groups . Thomas Blass of the University of Maryland , Baltimore County performed a meta - analysis on the results of repeated performances of the experiment . He found that while the percentage of participants who are prepared to inflict fatal voltages ranged from 28 % to 91 % , there was no significant trend over time and the average percentage for US studies ( 61 % ) was close to the one for non-US studies ( 66 % ) . The participants who refused to administer the final shocks neither insisted that the experiment be terminated , nor left the room to check the health of the victim without requesting permission to leave , as per Milgram 's notes and recollections , when fellow psychologist Philip Zimbardo asked him about that point . Milgram created a documentary film titled Obedience showing the experiment and its results . He also produced a series of five social psychology films , some of which dealt with his experiments . Critical reception ( edit ) Ethics ( edit ) The Milgram Shock Experiment raised questions about the research ethics of scientific experimentation because of the extreme emotional stress and inflicted insight suffered by the participants . Some critics such as Gina Perry argued that participants were not properly debriefed . In Milgram 's defense , 84 percent of former participants surveyed later said they were `` glad '' or `` very glad '' to have participated ; 15 percent chose neutral responses ( 92 % of all former participants responding ) . Many later wrote expressing thanks . Milgram repeatedly received offers of assistance and requests to join his staff from former participants . Six years later ( at the height of the Vietnam War ) , one of the participants in the experiment sent correspondence to Milgram , explaining why he was glad to have participated despite the stress : While I was a subject in 1964 , though I believed that I was hurting someone , I was totally unaware of why I was doing so . Few people ever realize when they are acting according to their own beliefs and when they are meekly submitting to authority ... To permit myself to be drafted with the understanding that I am submitting to authority 's demand to do something very wrong would make me frightened of myself ... I am fully prepared to go to jail if I am not granted Conscientious Objector status . Indeed , it is the only course I could take to be faithful to what I believe . My only hope is that members of my board act equally according to their conscience ... In his book Obedience to Authority : An Experimental View , Milgram argued that the ethical criticism provoked by his experiments was because his findings were disturbing and revealed unwelcome truths about human nature . Others have argued that the ethical debate has diverted attention from more serious problems with the experiment 's methodology . Applicability to the Holocaust ( edit ) Milgram sparked direct critical response in the scientific community by claiming that `` a common psychological process is centrally involved in both ( his laboratory experiments and Nazi Germany ) events . '' James Waller , Chair of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Keene State College , formerly Chair of Whitworth College Psychology Department , expressed the opinion that Milgram experiments do not correspond well to the Holocaust events : The subjects of Milgram experiments , wrote James Waller ( Becoming Evil ) , were assured in advance that no permanent physical damage would result from their actions . However , the Holocaust perpetrators were fully aware of their hands - on killing and maiming of the victims . The laboratory subjects themselves did not know their victims and were not motivated by racism or other biases . On the other hand , the Holocaust perpetrators displayed an intense devaluation of the victims through a lifetime of personal development . Those serving punishment at the lab were not sadists , nor hate - mongers , and often exhibited great anguish and conflict in the experiment , unlike the designers and executioners of the Final Solution ( see Holocaust trials ) , who had a clear `` goal '' on their hands , set beforehand . The experiment lasted for an hour , with no time for the subjects to contemplate the implications of their behavior . Meanwhile , the Holocaust lasted for years with ample time for a moral assessment of all individuals and organizations involved . In the opinion of Thomas Blass -- who is the author of a scholarly monograph on the experiment ( The Man Who Shocked The World ) published in 2004 -- the historical evidence pertaining to actions of the Holocaust perpetrators speaks louder than words : My own view is that Milgram 's approach does not provide a fully adequate explanation of the Holocaust . While it may well account for the dutiful destructiveness of the dispassionate bureaucrat who may have shipped Jews to Auschwitz with the same degree of routinization as potatoes to Bremerhaven , it falls short when one tries to apply it to the more zealous , inventive , and hate - driven atrocities that also characterized the Holocaust . Validity ( edit ) In 2012 , Australian psychologist Gina Perry investigated Milgram 's data and writings and concluded that Milgram had manipulated the results , and that there was `` troubling mismatch between ( published ) descriptions of the experiment and evidence of what actually transpired . '' She wrote that `` only half of the people who undertook the experiment fully believed it was real and of those , 66 % disobeyed the experimenter '' . She described her findings as `` an unexpected outcome '' that `` leaves social psychology in a difficult situation . '' In the journal Jewish Currents , Joseph Dimow , a participant in the 1961 experiment at Yale University , wrote about his early withdrawal as a `` teacher '' , suspicious `` that the whole experiment was designed to see if ordinary Americans would obey immoral orders , as many Germans had done during the Nazi period . '' Interpretations ( edit ) Milgram elaborated two theories : The first is the theory of conformism , based on Solomon Asch conformity experiments , describing the fundamental relationship between the group of reference and the individual person . A subject who has neither ability nor expertise to make decisions , especially in a crisis , will leave decision making to the group and its hierarchy . The group is the person 's behavioral model . The second is the agentic state theory , wherein , per Milgram , `` the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view themselves as the instrument for carrying out another person 's wishes , and they therefore no longer see themselves as responsible for their actions . Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person , all of the essential features of obedience follow '' . Alternative interpretations ( edit ) In his book Irrational Exuberance , Yale finance professor Robert Shiller argues that other factors might be partially able to explain the Milgram Experiments : ( People ) have learned that when experts tell them something is all right , it probably is , even if it does not seem so . ( In fact , it is worth noting that in this case the experimenter was indeed correct : it was all right to continue giving the `` shocks '' -- even though most of the subjects did not suspect the reason . ) In a 2006 experiment , a computerized avatar was used in place of the learner receiving electrical shocks . Although the participants administering the shocks were aware that the learner was unreal , the experimenters reported that participants responded to the situation physiologically `` as if it were real '' . Another explanation of Milgram 's results invokes belief perseverance as the underlying cause . What `` people can not be counted on is to realize that a seemingly benevolent authority is in fact malevolent , even when they are faced with overwhelming evidence which suggests that this authority is indeed malevolent . Hence , the underlying cause for the subjects ' striking conduct could well be conceptual , and not the alleged ' capacity of man to abandon his humanity ... as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures . '' ' This last explanation receives some support from a 2009 episode of the BBC science documentary series Horizon , which involved replication of the Milgram experiment . Of the twelve participants , only three refused to continue to the end of the experiment . Speaking during the episode , social psychologist Clifford Stott discussed the influence that the idealism of scientific inquiry had on the volunteers . He remarked : `` The influence is ideological . It 's about what they believe science to be , that science is a positive product , it produces beneficial findings and knowledge to society that are helpful for society . So there 's that sense of science is providing some kind of system for good . '' Building on the importance of idealism , some recent researchers suggest the ' engaged followership ' perspective . Based on an examination of Milgram 's archive , in a recent study , social psychologists Alex Haslam , Stephen Reicher and Megan Birney , at the University of Queensland , discovered that people are less likely to follow the prods of an experimental leader when the prod resembles an order . However , when the prod stresses the importance of the experiment for science ( i.e. ' The experiment requires you to continue ' ) , people are more likely to obey . The researchers suggest the perspective of ' engaged followership ' : that people are not simply obeying the orders of a leader , but instead are willing to continue the experiment because of their desire to support the scientific goals of the leader and because of a lack of identification with the learner . Also a neuroscientific study supports this perspective , namely watching the learner receive electric shocks , does not activate brain regions involving empathic concerns . Replications and variations ( edit ) Milgram 's variations ( edit ) In Obedience to Authority : An Experimental View ( 1974 ) , Milgram describes nineteen variations of his experiment , some of which had not been previously reported . Several experiments varied the distance between the participant ( teacher ) and the learner . Generally , when the participant was physically closer to the learner , the participant 's compliance decreased . In the variation where the learner 's physical immediacy was closest , where the participant had to hold the learner 's arm onto a shock plate , 30 percent of participants completed the experiment . The participant 's compliance also decreased if the experimenter was physically further away ( Experiments 1 -- 4 ) . For example , in Experiment 2 , where participants received telephonic instructions from the experimenter , compliance decreased to 21 percent . Some participants deceived the experimenter by pretending to continue the experiment . In Experiment 8 , an all - female contingent was used ; previously , all participants had been men . Obedience did not significantly differ , though the women communicated experiencing higher levels of stress . Experiment 10 took place in a modest office in Bridgeport , Connecticut , purporting to be the commercial entity `` Research Associates of Bridgeport '' without apparent connection to Yale University , to eliminate the university 's prestige as a possible factor influencing the participants ' behavior . In those conditions , obedience dropped to 47.5 percent , though the difference was not statistically significant . Milgram also combined the effect of authority with that of conformity . In those experiments , the participant was joined by one or two additional `` teachers '' ( also actors , like the `` learner '' ) . The behavior of the participants ' peers strongly affected the results . In Experiment 17 , when two additional teachers refused to comply , only 4 of 40 participants continued in the experiment . In Experiment 18 , the participant performed a subsidiary task ( reading the questions via microphone or recording the learner 's answers ) with another `` teacher '' who complied fully . In that variation , 37 of 40 continued with the experiment . Replications ( edit ) Play media A virtual replication of the experiment , with an avatar serving as the learner Around the time of the release of Obedience to Authority in 1973 -- 1974 , a version of the experiment was conducted at La Trobe University in Australia . As reported by Perry in her 2012 book Behind the Shock Machine , some of the participants experienced long - lasting psychological effects , possibly due to the lack of proper debriefing by the experimenter . In 2002 , the British artist Rod Dickinson created The Milgram Re-enactment , an exact reconstruction of parts of the original experiment , including the uniforms , lighting , and rooms used . An audience watched the four - hour performance through one - way glass windows . A video of this performance was first shown at the CCA Gallery in Glasgow in 2002 . A partial replication of the experiment was staged by British illusionist Derren Brown and broadcast on UK 's Channel 4 in The Heist ( 2006 ) . Another partial replication of the experiment was conducted by Jerry M. Burger in 2006 and broadcast on the Primetime series Basic Instincts . Burger noted that `` current standards for the ethical treatment of participants clearly place Milgram 's studies out of bounds . '' In 2009 , Burger was able to receive approval from the institutional review board by modifying several of the experimental protocols . Burger found obedience rates virtually identical to those reported by Milgram found in 1961 -- 62 , even while meeting current ethical regulations of informing participants . In addition , half the replication participants were female , and their rate of obedience was virtually identical to that of the male participants . Burger also included a condition in which participants first saw another participant refuse to continue . However , participants in this condition obeyed at the same rate as participants in the base condition . In the 2010 French documentary Le Jeu de la Mort ( The Game of Death ) , researchers recreated the Milgram experiment with an added critique of reality television by presenting the scenario as a game show pilot . Volunteers were given € 40 and told they would not win any money from the game , as this was only a trial . Only 16 of 80 `` contestants '' ( teachers ) chose to end the game before delivering the highest - voltage punishment . The experiment was performed on Dateline NBC on an episode airing April 25 , 2010 . The Discovery Channel aired the `` How Evil are You '' segment of Curiosity on October 30 , 2011 . The episode was hosted by Eli Roth , who produced results similar to the original Milgram experiment , though the highest - voltage punishment used was 165 volts , rather than 450 volts . Due to increasingly widespread knowledge of the experiment , recent replications of the procedure have had to ensure that participants were not previously aware of it . Other variations ( edit ) Charles Sheridan and Richard King ( at the University of Missouri and the University of California , Berkeley , respectively ) hypothesized that some of Milgram 's subjects may have suspected that the victim was faking , so they repeated the experiment with a real victim : a `` cute , fluffy puppy '' who was given real , albeit apparently harmless , electric shocks . Their findings were dissimilar to those of Milgram : half of the male subjects and all of the females obeyed throughout . Many subjects showed high levels of distress during the experiment , and some openly wept . In addition , Sheridan and King found that the duration for which the shock button was pressed decreased as the shocks got higher , meaning that for higher shock levels , subjects were more hesitant . Media depictions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Obedience is a black - and - white film of the experiment , shot by Milgram himself . It is distributed by Alexander Street Press . The Tenth Level was a 1975 CBS television film about the experiment , featuring William Shatner and Ossie Davis . I as in Icarus is a 1979 French conspiracy thriller with Yves Montand as a lawyer investigating the assassination of the President . The movie is inspired by the Kennedy assassination and the subsequent Warren Commission investigation . Digging into the psychology of the Lee Harvey Oswald type character , the attorney finds out the `` decoy shooter '' participated in the Milgram experiment . The ongoing experiment is presented to the unsuspecting lawyer . Foolin Around is a 1980 movie starring Gary Busey and Annette O'Toole , which uses a Milgram experiment parody in a comedic scene . Vaguely referenced at the start of the 1984 film Ghostbusters , character Doctor Peter Venkman gives electric shocks to a male subject while flirting with a female subject . Prior to the shocks both subjects show increased stress , but the male subject ends the experiment early , saying it 's `` Pissing me off . You can keep the five bucks . '' The track `` We Do What We 're Told ( Milgram 's 37 ) '' on Peter Gabriel 's 1986 album So is a reference to Milgram 's Experiment 18 , in which 37 of 40 people were prepared to administer the highest level of shock . Referenced in Alan Moore 's graphic novel V for Vendetta ( 1988 - 1989 ) as a reason why Dr. Surridge has lost faith in humanity . Atrocity is a 2005 film re-enactment of the Milgram Experiment . The Human Behavior Experiments is a 2006 documentary by Alex Gibney about major experiments in social psychology , shown along with modern incidents highlighting the principles discussed . Along with Stanley Milgram 's study in obedience , the documentary shows the diffusion of responsibility study of John Darley and Bibb Latané and the Stanford Prison Experiment of Philip Zimbardo . A 2006 Derren Brown special named The Heist repeated the Milgram experiment to test whether the participants will take part in a staged heist afterwards . The 2003 Malcolm in the Middle episode `` Malcolm Films Reese '' features the main character being forced to extract personal secrets from his brother Reese while secretly filming them in a project Malcolm 's teacher compares to the Milgram Experiment . Chip Kidd 's 2008 novel The Learners is about the Milgram experiment and features Stanley Milgram as a character . The Milgram Experiment is a 2009 film by the Brothers Gibbs that chronicles the story of Stanley Milgram 's experiments . The 2008 Dar Williams song `` Buzzer '' is about the experiment . `` I 'm feeling sorry for this guy that I pressed to shock / He gets the answers wrong I have to up the watts / And he begged me to stop but they told me to go / I pressed the buzzer . '' `` Authority '' , a 2008 episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , features Merrit Rook , a suspect played by Robin Williams , who employs the strip search prank call scam , identifying himself as `` Detective Milgram '' . He later reenacts a version of the Milgram experiment on Det . Elliot Stabler by ordering him to administer electric shocks to Det . Olivia Benson , whom Rook has bound and is thus helpless . Episode 114 of the 2009 Howie Mandel show Howie Do It repeated the experiment with a single pair of subjects using the premise of a Japanese game show . Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Season 9 Episode 6 , April 5 , 2010 , `` Abel & Willing , '' features Dr. Abel Hazard ( Dallas Roberts ) who explains the Milgram experiment to a $5000 prostitute he hired for the evening . The original Milgrim documentary film , Obedience , is playing on the TV in the scene . The 2010 film Zenith references and dramatically depicts the Milgram experiment The 2010 video game Fallout : New Vegas featured a place called `` Vault 11 , ' inspired by the Milgram experiment , which demanded the residents to sacrifice one of their own once a year and told them they would be exterminated if they failed to comply . In addition , lines spoken by the vault 's computer are near - verbatim lines from the experiment urging the player 's compliance . The Discovery Channel 's Curiosity TV series October 30 , 2011 episode , `` How Evil Are You ? '' features Eli Roth recreating the experiment asking the question , `` Fifty years later , have we changed ? '' The 2012 film Compliance , written and directed by Craig Zobel , shows a group of employees assisting in the interrogation of a young counter assistant at the commands of a person who claims to be a police officer over the phone , demonstrating the willingness of subjects to follow orders from authority figures . The Fox TV series Bones featured a December 4 , 2014 episode titled `` The Mutilation of the Master Manipulator , '' where the murder victim , a college psychology professor , is shown administering the Milgram experiment . Experimenter , a 2015 film about Milgram , by Michael Almereyda , was screened to favorable reactions at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Authority bias Banality of evil Belief perseverance Hofling hospital experiment Human experimentation in the United States Law of Due Obedience Little Eichmanns Moral disengagement My Lai massacre Obedience ( human behavior ) Social influence Stanford prison experiment Superior orders The Third Wave ( experiment ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Milgram , Stanley ( 1963 ) . `` Behavioral Study of Obedience '' . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 67 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 8 . doi : 10.1037 / h0040525 . PMID 14049516 . as PDF . Archived April 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Blass , Thomas ( 1999 ) . `` The Milgram paradigm after 35 years : Some things we now know about obedience to authority '' . Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 29 ( 5 ) : 955 -- 978 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.1999. tb00134. x. as PDF Archived March 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Milgram , Stanley ( 1974 ) . Obedience to Authority ; An Experimental View . Harpercollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 131983 - X . Jump up ^ Zimbardo , Philip . `` When Good People Do Evil '' . Yale Alumni Magazine . Yale Alumni Publications , Inc . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Search inside ( 2013 ) . `` Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders ? Could we call them all accomplices ? '' . Google Books . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blass , Thomas ( 1991 ) . `` Understanding behavior in the Milgram obedience experiment : The role of personality , situations , and their interactions '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 60 ( 3 ) : 398 -- 413 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.60. 3.398 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milgram , Stanley ( 1965 ) . `` Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority '' . Human Relations . 18 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 001872676501800105 . Jump up ^ Milgram , Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` The Perils of Obedience '' . Harper 's Magazine . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2010 . Abridged and adapted from Obedience to Authority . Jump up ^ Milgram 1974 ^ Jump up to : Blass , Thomas ( Mar -- Apr 2002 ) . `` The Man Who Shocked the World '' . Psychology Today . 35 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Discovering Psychology with Philip Zimbardo Ph. D. Updated Edition , `` Power of the Situation , '' http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6059627757980071729 , reference starts at 10min 59 seconds into video . Jump up ^ Milgram films . Archived September 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed October 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Perry , Gina. 2013 . `` Deception and Illusion in Milgram 's Accounts of the Obedience Experiments . '' Theoretical and Applied Ethics , University of Nebraska Press Volume 2 , Number 2 , Winter 2013 : 82 . Accessed October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milgram 1974 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Raiten - D'Antonio , Toni ( 1 September 2010 ) . Ugly as Sin : The Truth about How We Look and Finding Freedom from Self - Hatred . HCI . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7573 - 1465 - 0 . Jump up ^ Milgram 1974 , p. 200 ^ Jump up to : James Waller ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` What Can the Milgram Studies Teach Us ... '' ( Google Book ) . Becoming Evil : How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing . Oxford University Press . pp. 111 -- 113 . ISBN 0199774854 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blass , Thomas ( 2013 ) . `` The Roots of Stanley Milgram 's Obedience Experiments and Their Relevance to the Holocaust '' ( PDF ) . Analyse und Kritik.net . p. 51 . Archived from the original ( PDF file , direct download 733 KB ) on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Gina Perry ( 2012 ) Behind the Shock Machine : the untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments , The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1921844553 . Jump up ^ Matthew Lamb : Review : The shocking truth of psychologist Stanley Milgram 's create - a-Nazi experiment , The Australian , June 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ NPR Staff : Author Interview with Gena Perry : Taking A Closer Look At Milgram 's Shocking Obedience Study , NPR : All Things Considered , August 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ Dimow , Joseph . `` Resisting Authority : A Personal Account of the Milgram Obedience Experiments '' , Jewish Currents , January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Source : A cognitive reinterpretation of Stanley Milgram 's observations on obedience to authority '' . American Psychologist. 45 : 1384 -- 1385 . 1990 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 45.12. 1384 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shiller , Robert ( 2005 ) . Irrational Exuberance ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Slater M , Antley A , Davison A , et al. ( 2006 ) . Rustichini A , ed . `` A virtual reprise of the Stanley Milgram obedience experiments '' . PLoS ONE . 1 ( 1 ) : e39 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000039 . PMC 1762398 . PMID 17183667 . Jump up ^ Nissani , Moti . `` A cognitive reinterpretation of Stanley Milgram 's observations on obedience to authority '' . American Psychologist. 45 : 1384 -- 1385 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x . Jump up ^ Presenter : Michael Portillo . Producer : Diene Petterle . ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` How Violent Are You ? '' . Horizon . Series 45 . Episode 18 . BBC . BBC Two . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haslam , S. Alexander ; Reicher , Stephen D. ; Birney , Megan E. ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Nothing by Mere Authority : Evidence that in an Experimental Analogue of the Milgram Paradigm Participants are Motivated not by Orders but by Appeals to Science '' . Journal of Social Issues . 70 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 488 . doi : 10.1111 / josi. 12072 . ISSN 1540 - 4560 . Jump up ^ Haslam , S Alexander ; Reicher , Stephen D ; Birney , Megan E ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Questioning authority : new perspectives on Milgram 's ' obedience ' research and its implications for intergroup relations '' . Current Opinion in Psychology . Intergroup relations . 11 : 6 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. copsyc. 2016.03. 007 . Jump up ^ Cheetham , Marcus ; Pedroni , Andreas ; Antley , Angus ; Slater , Mel ; Jäncke , Lutz ; Cheetham , Marcus ; Pedroni , Andreas F. ; Antley , Angus ; Slater , Mel ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Virtual milgram : empathic concern or personal distress ? Evidence from functional MRI and dispositional measures '' . Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 3 : 29 . doi : 10.3389 / neuro. 09.029. 2009 . PMC 2769551 . PMID 19876407 . Jump up ^ Milgram , old answers . Accessed October 4 , 2006 . Archived April 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Elliott , Tim ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Dark legacy left by shock tactics '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ History Will Repeat Itself : Strategies of Re-enactment in Contemporary ( Media ) Art and Performance , ed . Inke Arns , Gabriele Horn , Frankfurt : Verlag , 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Milgram Re-enactment '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Milgram Experiment on YouTube '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burger , Jerry M. ( 2008 ) . `` Replicating Milgram : Would People Still Obey Today ? '' ( PDF ) . American Psychologist. 64 : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1037 / a0010932 . PMID 19209958 . Jump up ^ `` The Science of Evil '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fake TV Game Show ' Tortures ' Man , Shocks France '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fake torture TV ' game show ' reveals willingness to obey '' . March 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curiosity : How evil are you ? '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sheridan & King ( 1972 ) -- Obedience to authority with an authentic victim , Proceedings of the 80th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 7 : 165 -- 6 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blass 1999 , p. 968 Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Milgram Films on Social Psychology by Alexander Street Press '' . Jump up ^ The Tenth Level at the Internet Movie Database . Accessed October 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Atrocity '' . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Heist `` Derren Brown '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Experimenter ' : Sundance Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Blass , Thomas ( 2004 ) . The Man Who Shocked the World : The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0399 - 8 . Levine , Robert V. ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Milgram 's Progress '' . American Scientist . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Book review of The Man Who Shocked the World Miller , Arthur G. ( 1986 ) . The obedience experiments : A case study of controversy in social science . New York : Praeger . Parker , Ian ( Autumn 2000 ) . `` Obedience '' . Granta ( 71 ) . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Includes an interview with one of Milgram 's volunteers , and discusses modern interest in , and scepticism about , the experiment . Tarnow , Eugen . `` Towards the Zero Accident Goal : Assisting the First Officer Monitor and Challenge Captain Errors '' . Journal of Aviation / Aerospace Education and Research . 10 ( 1 ) . Tumanov , Vladimir ( 2007 ) . `` Stanley Milgram and Siegfried Lenz : An Analysis of Deutschstunde in the Framework of Social Psychology '' ( PDF ) . Neophilologus : International Journal of Modern and Mediaeval Language and Literature. 91 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 148 . doi : 10.1007 / s11061 - 005 - 4254 - x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 17 , 2013 . Wu , William ( June 2003 ) . `` Compliance : The Milgram Experiment '' . Practical Psychology . Further reading ( edit ) Perry , Gina ( 2013 ) . Behind the shock machine : the untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments ( Rev. edition . ed . ) . New York ( etc . ) : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 59558 - 921 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milgram experiment Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milgram experiment . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Milgram experiment '' dated 2005 - 04 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Stanley Milgram Redux , TBIYTB -- Description of a 2007 iteration of Milgram 's experiment at Yale University , published in The Yale Hippolytic , January 22 , 2007 . ( Internet Archive ) A Powerpoint presentation describing Milgram 's experiment Synthesis of book A faithful synthesis of Obedience to Authority -- Stanley Milgram Obedience To Authority -- A commentary extracted from 50 Psychology Classics ( 2007 ) A personal account of a participant in the Milgram obedience experiments Summary and evaluation of the 1963 obedience experiment The Science of Evil from ABC News Primetime The Lucifer Effect : How Good People Turn Evil -- Video lecture of Philip Zimbardo talking about the Milgram Experiment . Zimbardo , Philip ( 2007 ) . `` When Good People Do Evil '' . Yale Alumni Magazine . -- Article on the 45th anniversary of the Milgram experiment . Riggenbach , Jeff ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` The Milgram Experiment '' . Mises Daily . Ludwig von Mises Institute . Milgram 1974 , Chapter 1 and 15 People ' still willing to torture ' BBC Beyond the Shock Machine , a radio documentary with the people who took part in the experiment . Includes original audio recordings of the experiment ( hide ) Conformity Group pressures Authoritarian personality Bandwagon effect Collectivism Coercive persuasion Consensus reality Contagion Behavioral Crime Hysterical Suicide Groupthink Hazing Herd mentality Indoctrination Memory conformity Milieu control Mobbing Nationalism Normalization Normative social influence Ostracism Panopticon Patriotism Peer pressure Peer review Pluralistic ignorance Propaganda Right - wing authoritarianism Scapegoating Shunning Social influence Socialization Spiral of silence Teasing Tyranny of the majority Xeer Conforming oneself Compliance Countersignaling Herd behavior Internalisation Social proof Obedience Experiments Asch conformity experiments Milgram experiment Stanford prison experiment Counterconformity Anti-authoritarianism Antisocial tendencies Auto - segregation Civil disobedience Cosmopolitanism Counterculture Culture jamming Deviance Eclecticism Eccentricity Hermit Idiosyncrasy Individualism Rebellion Ritual clown Satire Shock value GND : 4299996 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milgram_experiment&oldid=825851470 '' Categories : Conformity Group processes History of psychology Human subject research in the United States Research ethics Influence ( social and political ) Psychology experiments Torture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
why did the participants obey in milgram's study
[]
[]
-1603986453653696684
CCNA
CCNA - wikipedia CCNA This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) CCNA ( Cisco Certified Network Associate ) is an information technology ( IT ) certification from Cisco . CCNA certification is an associate - level Cisco Career certification . The Cisco exams have changed several times . In 2013 , Cisco announced an update to its certification program that `` aligns certification and training curricula with evolving industry job roles . '' There are now several different types of Cisco - Certified Network Associate , with `` CCNA Routing and Switching '' being closest to the original CCNA focus ; other types of CCNA focus on security , cloud , collaboration , security operations , design , data center technologies , industrial plants , service providers , and wireless . The content of the exams is proprietary . Cisco and its learning partners offer a variety of different training methods , including books published by Cisco Press , and online and classroom courses available under the title `` Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices '' . To achieve CCNA Routing and Switching certification , one must earn a passing score on Cisco exam # 200 - 125 , or combined passing scores on both the `` Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices '' ICND1 # 100 - 105 and ICND2 # 200 - 105 exams . Passing the ICND1 grants one the Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician ( CCENT ) certification . Passing scores are set by using statistical analysis and are subject to change . At the completion of the exam , candidates receive a score report along with a score breakout by exam section and the passing score for the given exam . Cisco does not publish exam passing scores because exam questions and passing scores are subject to change without notice . The 200 - 125 CCNA is the composite exam associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate Routing & Switching certification . This exam tests a candidate 's knowledge and skills required to install , operate , and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network . The topics include connecting to a WAN ; implementing network security ; network types ; network media ; routing and switching fundamentals ; the TCP / IP and OSI models ; IP addressing ; WAN technologies ; operating and configuring IOS devices ; extending switched networks with VLANs ; determining IP routes ; managing IP traffic with access lists ; establishing point - to - point connections ; and establishing Frame Relay connections Contents ( hide ) 1 Available exam 1.1 Prerequisites 1.2 Validity 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Available exam ( edit ) To receive the CCNA certification , one must pass either : Certifications No Longer Offered The ICND1 Exam ( 100 - 101 ) and the ICND2 Exam ( 200 - 101 ) The combined CCNA Exam ( 200 - 120 ) New Certifications The ICND1 Exam ( 100 - 105 ) and the ICND2 Exam ( 200 - 105 ) The combined CCNA Exam ( 200 - 125 ) Prerequisites ( edit ) There are no prerequisites to take the CCNA Routing & Switching certification exam . Validity ( edit ) The validity for CCNA Certification is 3 years . Renewal requires certification holders to register for and pass any same or higher level Cisco recertification exam ( s ) again every 3 years . See also ( edit ) CCIE References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cisco Evolves Associate - Level Certifications , Redesigns CCNA Routing and Switching Certification to Support Next - Generation Job Roles '' ( Press release ) . 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` CCNA Routing and Switching Refreshed '' ( News Blog Post ) . 2016 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' ( Cisco Learning Network certifications list ) . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cisco Certification Agreements '' . Jump up ^ `` Introduction -- Training Resources -- Cisco Systems '' . Jump up ^ `` Certification Exam Policies '' . Cisco.com . Jump up ^ by CBRjack . `` CCNA v3. 0 - What changed '' . reddit.com . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : CCNA Certification Cisco CCNA Paths and Concentrations hide Information security certifications CompTIA Security+ ( S+ ) CySA+ ( formerly CSA+ ) CASP PenTest+ Cisco Systems CCNA Security CCNP Security CCIE Security EC - Council CEH CNDA EITCI EITCA / IS ISACA CISA CISM CRISC ( ISC ) 2 CISSP SSCP ISSMP ISSEP ISSAP Mile2 CPTE Offensive Security OSCP OSWP OSCE OSEE OSWE eLearnSecurity eCPPT GIAC GISF GSEC GCIA GCIH GCUX GCWN GCED GPEN GWAPT GAWN GICSP G7799 GSNA GISP GSLC GCPM GSSP - JAVA GSSP -. NET GWEB GCFE GCFA GREM GNFA GLEG GSE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCNA&oldid=847842062 '' Categories : CCNA Networking Academy Program Cisco Systems Information technology qualifications Computer security qualifications Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা 한국어 हिन्दी မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi தமிழ் 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 04 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
cisco certified network associate (ccna) routing and switching
[]
[]
-3012212436726052042
Think of You (Chris Young and Cassadee Pope song)
Think of You ( Chris Young and Cassadee Pope song ) - wikipedia Think of You ( Chris Young and Cassadee Pope song ) `` Think of You '' Single by Chris Young with Cassadee Pope from the album I 'm Comin ' Over Released January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 38 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Chris Young Corey Crowder Josh Hoge Producer ( s ) Corey Crowder Chris Young Chris Young singles chronology `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' ( 2015 ) `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( 2016 ) `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' ( 2015 ) `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( 2016 ) Cassadee Pope singles chronology `` I Am Invincible '' ( 2015 ) I Am Invincible 2015 `` Think of You '' ( 2016 ) Think of You2016 `` Summer '' ( 2016 ) Summer 2016 `` Think of You '' is a song recorded by American country music singers Chris Young and Cassadee Pope . It was written and produced by Young and Corey Crowder , with additional writing from Josh Hoge . `` Think of You '' was released in January 25 , 2016 as the second single from Young 's fifth studio album , I 'm Comin ' Over ( 2015 ) . The country pop song explores the reminiscence of a recent breakup . `` Think of You '' peaked at number one on both the Country Airplay and Canada Country charts , earning Young his second consecutive and his seventh chart topper on each tally and earning Pope her first number one on either chart . The song additionally peaked at number two on the Hot Country Songs . `` Think of You '' reached number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold 513,000 copies in the United States . `` Think of You '' was nominated for Best Country Duo / Group Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Reception 2.1 Critical 2.2 Commercial 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year end charts 4.3 Chart precession and succession 5 Certifications 6 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Think of You '' is a country pop song written in 2014 by Chris Young , Corey Crowder , and Josh Hoge . The midtempo ballad chronicles the break - up of a once - great couple , the awkwardness of adjusting to being on your own , and the untold fact between the two that they actually want to get back together . It was recorded by Young as a vocal duet with Cassadee Pope . Young chose Pope to serve as the female vocalist for the song after hearing her perform at the Stars and Guitars radio show hosted by WKIS 99.9 Kiss Country in Miami , FL . `` I was just like , ' I 've got to ask her , ' '' Young revealed to The Boot , `` because I love her voice , and she 's a phenomenal singer . '' The song was first made available to digital retailers and streaming services on October 23 , 2015 during the lead - up to the album 's release . An accompanying lyric video premiered the same day . It was later selected as the album 's second official single , being announced by the singers in a video posted to Young 's official Facebook account on December 16 , 2015 . The song officially impacted country radio on January 25 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) Billy Dukes of country music blog Taste of Country praised both singers ' vocal performances as well as the equability of the duet , writing that `` too often country duets leave one wanting more from the featured artist ... but that 's not the case here . '' He described the song as `` relatable , memorable and unforgettable . '' Jon Freeman of Country Weekly similarly complimented the vocal pairing and declared the song a `` clear standout '' on the album . Commercial ( edit ) `` Think of You '' debuted at number 37 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated November 14 , 2015 following the song 's digital release . The song sold 11,000 units in its first week of availability and entered the Country Digital Songs component chart at number 14 . It entered the magazine 's Country Airplay chart dated January 16 , 2016 at number 58 upon its release as a single . The song has sold 513,000 copies in the US as of November 2016 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by David McClister and premiered on Vevo on January 22 , 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 57 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 37 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 19 Chart precession and succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` Snapback '' by Old Dominion Billboard Canada Country number - one single April 30 -- May 7 , 2016 Succeeded by `` Somewhere on a Beach '' by Dierks Bentley Preceded by `` Confession '' by Florida Georgia Line Billboard Country Airplay number - one single May 14 , 2016 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 513,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Chris Young '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : November 1 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Grammys 2017 : The Complete List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinson , Christina ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Young Opens Up About Collaborations With Cassadee Pope , Vince Gill '' . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dukes , Billy ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ToC Critic 's Pick : Chris Young ( Feat . Cassadee Pope ) , ' Think of You ' '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McCall , Michael ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Music Review : Chris Young 's 5th album , ' I 'm Comin ' Over , ' likable but not memorable '' . Winnipeg Free Press . FP Canadian Newspapers . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Laverne , U-Turn ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` You Inspired Chris Young 's Duet With Cassadee Pope '' . WKIS 99.9 Kiss Country . CBS Radio . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Laura ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Young Debuts Duet With Cassadee Pope , ' Think of You ' '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ChrisYoungVEVO ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Young - Think of You ( Duet with Cassadee Pope ) ( Lyric Video ) ft . Cassadee Pope '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young - Facebook video `` It 's Cassadee Pope ! I stole Chris ' phone ! '' `` . Chris Young 's official Facebook . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` I 'm Comin ' Over by Chris Young '' . Country Weekly . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Country Update '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Tracks Chart : November 2 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Cheri Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Country Update '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Think of You ( Duet with Cassadee Pope ) -- Chris Young '' . Vevo . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Young Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Chris Young -- Think of You '' . Music Canada . hide Chris Young Studio albums Chris Young ( 2006 ) The Man I Want to Be ( 2009 ) Neon ( 2011 ) A.M. ( 2013 ) I 'm Comin ' Over ( 2015 ) It Must Be Christmas ( 2016 ) Losing Sleep ( 2017 ) Notable singles `` Drinkin ' Me Lonely '' `` Voices '' `` Gettin ' You Home ( The Black Dress Song ) '' `` The Man I Want to Be '' `` Tomorrow '' `` You '' `` Neon '' `` I Can Take It from There '' `` Aw Naw '' `` Who I Am with You '' `` Lonely Eyes '' `` I 'm Comin ' Over '' `` Think of You '' ( with Cassadee Pope ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( featuring Vince Gill ) `` Losing Sleep '' Related topics Discography hide Cassadee Pope Studio albums Frame by Frame EPs Cassadee Pope Summer Singles `` Wasting All These Tears '' `` I Wish I Could Break Your Heart '' `` I Am Invincible '' `` Summer '' Featured songs `` Think of You '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` 11 '' Related articles Hey Monday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_of_You_(Chris_Young_and_Cassadee_Pope_song)&oldid=834082963 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles Chris Young ( musician ) songs Cassadee Pope songs RCA Records Nashville singles Vocal duets Songs written by Chris Young ( musician ) Songs written by Corey Crowder ( songwriter ) Billboard Canada Country number - one singles Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Songs written by Josh Hoge Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings when they think of me they think of you
[]
[]
-2868108981744355133
The Boss Baby: Back in Business
The Boss Baby : Back in Business - Wikipedia The Boss Baby : Back in Business Jump to : navigation , search The Boss Baby : Back in Business Genre Comedy Based on The Boss Baby ( film ) by Tom McGrath The Boss Baby ( book ) by Marla Frazee Developed by Brandon Sawyer Voices of JP Karliak Pierce Gagnon Kevin Michael Richardson Theme music composer J - Radical Kool Kojak Tis Himself Composer ( s ) Ben Bromfield Ryan Elder Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 Production Executive producer ( s ) Brandon Sawyer Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) DreamWorks Animation Television Release Original network Netflix Original release April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Boss Baby External links Website The Boss Baby : Back in Business is an American computer - animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation that is a follow - up of the 2017 film The Boss Baby , loosely based on the book of the same name by Marla Frazee . The series premiered on Netflix on April 6 , 2018 . JP Karliak voices the title character , replacing Alec Baldwin ; only Eric Bell Jr. reprised his role from the film , returning as The Triplets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Taking place after the film , the series follows Boss Baby , and his big brother Tim , as they navigate around the world of Baby Corp while dealing with a new cute threat that involves battling cats . Cast ( edit ) JP Karliak as Theodore Lindsey `` Ted '' Templeton Jr. / Boss Baby Pierce Gagnon as Timothy Leslie `` Tim '' Templeton David W. Collins as Ted Templeton Sr . Hope Levy as Janice Templeton Kevin Michael Richardson as Jimbo Alex Cazares as Staci Eric Bell Jr. as The Triplets Flula Borg as Mega Fat CEO Baby Jake Green as Bootsy Calico David Lodge as Magnus Brandon Scott as Manager Baby Hendershot Kari Wahlgren as Marsha Krinkle Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date `` Scooter Buskie '' Matt Engstrom Brandon Sawyer Scott Cooper , Steve Cooper & Christo Stamboliev April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) `` Family Fun Night '' Matt Engstrom & Allan Jacobsen JD Ryznar Zeus Cervas , Scott Cooper , Glenn Harmon , Brian Hatfield , Trevor Tamboline & Kenji Ono April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) `` Formula for Menace : A Dekker Moonboots Mystery '' Allan Jacobsen Sam Cherington Scott Cooper , Kenji Ono , Greg Leysens & Paul Scarlata April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 5 `` Monster Machine '' Pete Jacobs Alexandra Decas & Melanie Kirschbaum Mandy Clothworthy & Ben McLaughlin April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 6 `` The Constipation Situation '' Christo Stamboliev Sam Cherington Ian Abando , Wolf - Rüdiger Bloss , Paul Cohen , Fred Gonzales , Howard Perry & Rossen Varbanov April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 7 `` The Boss Babysitter '' Allan Jacobsen Alexandra Decas & Melanie Kirschbaum Clayton Christman , Brian Hatfield & Arielle Rosenstein April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 8 `` Into the Belly of the Den of the House of the Nest of Cats '' Pete Jacobs Alexandra Decas & Melanie Kirschbaum Jerome Co & Ben McLaughlin April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 9 `` Spirit Day '' Christo Stamboliev Sam Cherington Wolf - Rüdiger Bloss & Fred Gonzales April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 10 `` Par Avion '' Christo Stamboliev Brandon Sawyer Paul Cunningham , Fred Gonzales , Brian Hatfield & Jon Magram April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 11 `` Cat Cop ! '' Pete Jacobs JD Ryznar Mandy Clotworthy & Ben McLaughlin April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 12 `` Hang in There , Baby '' Allan Jacobsen JD Ryznar Paul Cunningham & Arielle Rosenstein April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 13 `` Six Well - Placed Kittens '' Christo Stamboliev Brandon Sawyer Wolf - Rüdiger Bloss & Fred Gonzales April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) Release ( edit ) The series premiered on Netflix on April 6 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Watch the trailer for the Netflix animated series The Boss Baby : Back in Business '' . ComingSoon.net . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` DreamWorks & Netflix Plan 6 New Series , Date ' Trolls ' Toon '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Boss Baby , Trolls original series coming to Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for the Netflix Series The Boss Baby : Back in Business '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander . `` ' The Boss Baby , just nominated for a Golden Globe , gets a Netflix series '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Boss Baby : Back in Business on IMDb Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye First Team : Juventus The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf Continuations Arrested Development ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 2013 -- 18 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 8 , 2015 -- 18 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 17 ) Justin Time ( season 3 , 2016 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) A StoryBots Christmas ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Upcoming Samantha ! ( 2018 ) The Innocents ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Distrito Salvaje ( 2018 ) Dogs Of Berlin ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La casa de las flores ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Diablero ( 2018 ) Sacred Games ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) La balada de Hugo Sánchez ( 2018 ) El Ganador ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Tales of the City ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) 10 After Midnight ( TBA ) After Life ( TBA ) AJ and the Queen ( TBA ) Another Life ( TBA ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Cursed ( TBA ) Dead to Me ( TBA ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Ghoul ( TBA ) Mr. Iglesias ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Norm Macdonald Has a Show ( TBA ) Paradise , P.D. ( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Russian Doll ( TBA ) Sex Education ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Wave ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Turn Up Charlie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects This article about a children 's television series produced in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This United States animated television series - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boss_Baby:_Back_in_Business&oldid=843308958 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2018 American television series debuts Netflix original programming Netflix children 's programming Television series by DreamWorks Animation American computer - animated television series Television programs based on films American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's television series stubs United States television program stubs Animated television series stubs Hidden categories : Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Official website not in Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 08 : 32 . About Wikipedia
who sings boss baby back in business theme song
[]
[]
6052440582176362144
2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Women 's Singles 2017 Wimbledon Championships Champion Garbiñe Muguruza Runner - up Venus Williams Final score 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 Details Draw 128 ( 12 Q / 6 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2016 Wimbledon Championships 2018 → Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams was the two - time defending champion , but did not defend her title because of pregnancy . Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title , defeating Venus Williams in the final , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 . Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994 . Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals . Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova , also in 1994 , and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals . Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978 , and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon . Despite losing in the second round , Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament , after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep , the other contenders for the top ranking , lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Angelique Kerber ( Fourth round ) 02 . Simona Halep ( Quarterfinals ) 03 . Karolína Plíšková ( Second round ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Fourth round ) 05 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Fourth round ) 06 . Johanna Konta ( Semifinals ) 07 . Svetlana Kuznetsova ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Dominika Cibulková ( Third round ) 09 . Agnieszka Radwańska ( Fourth round ) 10 . Venus Williams ( Final ) 11 . Petra Kvitová ( Second round ) 12 . Kristina Mladenovic ( Second round ) 13 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( Quarterfinals ) 14 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Champion ) 15 . Elena Vesnina ( Second round ) 16 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( First round ) 17 . Madison Keys ( Second round ) 18 . Anastasija Sevastova ( Second round ) 19 . Timea Bacsinszky ( Third round ) 20 . Daria Gavrilova ( First round ) 21 . Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 22 . Barbora Strýcová ( Second round ) 23 . Kiki Bertens ( First round ) 24 . Coco Vandeweghe ( Quarterfinals ) 25 . Carla Suárez Navarro ( Second round ) 26 . Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( First round ) 27 . Ana Konjuh ( Fourth round ) 28 . Lauren Davis ( First round ) 29 . Daria Kasatkina ( Second round ) 30 . Zhang Shuai ( First round ) 31 . Roberta Vinci ( First round ) 32 . Lucie Šafářová ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 7 Svetlana Kuznetsova 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 PR Magdaléna Rybáriková PR Magdaléna Rybáriková 6 6 24 Coco Vandeweghe 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 7 6 10 Venus Williams 5 0 10 Venus Williams 6 7 13 Jeļena Ostapenko 5 10 Venus Williams 6 6 6 Johanna Konta 6 Johanna Konta 6 7 6 Simona Halep 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Kerber 6 6 Q I Falconi A Kerber 7 7 K Flipkens 6 6 K Flipkens 5 5 M Doi A Kerber 7 6 S Rogers 6 6 S Rogers 6 6 J Boserup 6 S Rogers 6 6 6 O Dodin 32 L Šafářová 7 32 L Šafářová 6 6 A Kerber 6 23 K Bertens 6 5 14 G Muguruza 6 6 S Cîrstea 7 7 S Cîrstea 7 0 M Linette 6 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 0 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 S Cîrstea Y Wickmayer 6 7 14 G Muguruza 6 6 K Bondarenko 5 Y Wickmayer E Alexandrova 14 G Muguruza 6 6 14 G Muguruza 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 A Radwańska 7 6 J Janković 6 0 9 A Radwańska 5 7 6 WC K Boulter 6 5 C McHale 7 6 C McHale 7 6 9 A Radwańska 6 6 K Kučová 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 Q B Andreescu K Kučová 0 M Puig 6 0 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 9 A Radwańska 28 L Davis 5 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 V Lepchenko 6 7 V Lepchenko 7 Q P Hercog 6 6 Q P Hercog 6 6 6 A Beck Q P Hercog 0 E Makarova 6 6 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Q A Van Uytvanck E Makarova 0 5 Q O Jabeur 7 S Kuznetsova 6 7 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Ka Plíšková 6 6 E Rodina Ka Plíšková 6 5 M Niculescu PR M Rybáriková 7 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 7 6 L Tsurenko J Görges 7 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 V Golubic 6 6 6 V Golubic 6 30 S Zhang 7 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 20 D Gavrilova 6 8 Q P Martić 6 Q P Martić 6 10 Q P Martić 6 6 D Allertová 7 6 D Allertová R Ozaki 6 6 Q P Martić 7 6 X Han WC Z Diyas 6 WC Z Diyas 6 6 WC Z Diyas 6 7 Q Ar Rodionova 7 9 Q Ar Rodionova 6 16 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 K Mladenovic 6 6 P Parmentier 12 K Mladenovic 6 A Riske 6 7 A Riske 6 6 PR S Stephens 5 A Riske T Maria 6 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Q A Potapova T Maria M Barthel 5 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 29 D Kasatkina 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 S Zheng 29 D Kasatkina L Arruabarrena A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 T Pironkova 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 7 6 S Errani T Pironkova T Babos 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 D Cibulková 6 9 A Petkovic 6 7 8 D Cibulková 6 6 J Brady 6 6 J Brady D Kovinić 8 D Cibulková 6 6 WC N Broady 27 A Konjuh 7 6 I-C Begu 6 6 I-C Begu 6 6 PR S Lisicki 27 A Konjuh 7 6 27 A Konjuh 6 6 27 A Konjuh 22 B Strýcová 6 6 10 V Williams 6 6 V Cepede Royg 22 B Strýcová 6 S Sorribes Tormo 6 N Osaka 6 0 6 N Osaka 6 7 N Osaka 6 K-c Chang 10 V Williams 7 6 Q Wang 6 6 Q Wang 6 E Mertens 6 10 V Williams 6 6 10 V Williams 7 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 J Ostapenko 6 6 A Sasnovich 0 6 13 J Ostapenko 7 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 K Nara 13 J Ostapenko 7 7 C Giorgi 5 6 6 C Giorgi 5 5 A Cornet 7 C Giorgi 6 6 6 N Hibino 17 M Keys 7 17 M Keys 6 6 13 J Ostapenko 6 7 26 M Lučić - Baroni 7 6 E Svitolina 6 C Witthöft 6 5 8 C Witthöft 7 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 I Khromacheva C Witthöft 5 F Schiavone 6 6 E Svitolina 6 7 M Minella F Schiavone 0 A Barty 5 6 E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 7 7 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 J Konta 6 6 S-w Hsieh 6 J Konta 7 10 D Vekić 6 6 6 D Vekić 6 6 8 N Vikhlyantseva 7 6 J Konta 6 6 K Siniaková M Sakkari M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 6 6 6 Kr Plíšková 7 6 Kr Plíšková 7 31 R Vinci 6 6 J Konta 7 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 J Čepelová 21 C Garcia 6 6 Y Duan A Bogdan A Bogdan 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 M Brengle 6 6 M Brengle R Hogenkamp M Brengle 6 6 J Larsson 11 P Kvitová 6 11 P Kvitová 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 E Vesnina 6 5 6 Q A Blinkova 7 15 E Vesnina PR V Azarenka 6 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 C Bellis 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 M Zanevska 6 WC H Watson 6 WC H Watson 6 7 WC H Watson 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 18 A Sevastova 0 18 A Sevastova 6 7 PR V Azarenka 6 25 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 S Halep 7 6 E Bouchard 6 25 C Suárez Navarro M Vondroušová 7 0 S Peng 6 6 S Peng 6 6 6 S Peng 6 B Haddad Maia 6 6 S Halep 6 7 WC L Robson B Haddad Maia 5 Q M Erakovic S Halep 7 6 S Halep 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams is pregnant , will return to tennis in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Garbiñe Muguruza crowned Wimbledon champion after beating Venus Williams '' . Guardian . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Garbiñe Muguruza Wins Wimbledon , Defeating Venus Williams '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza hammers Venus Williams to win first Wimbledon title '' . The Telegraph . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/tennis/article160489904.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40573123 Jump up ^ Piers Newbery ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Wimbledon 2017 : Johanna Konta beats Simona Halep to reach semi-final '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20601638/slovak-tennis-player-reaches-wimbledon-semi-finals.html Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Karolina Pliskova can become World No. 1 '' . Women 's Tennis Association . 3 July 2017 . Women 's Singles Draw External links ( edit ) 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles at the International Tennis Federation Wimbledon Women 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2017 2017 WTA Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Dubai ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Stanford ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taiwan ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Biel ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Mallorca ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 802637301 '' Categories : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Ladies ' Singles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who won the 2017 women's final wimbledon
[]
[]
4197888189349299883
Lipoprotein
Lipoprotein - wikipedia Lipoprotein Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lipoprotein structure ( chylomicron ) ApoA , ApoB , ApoC , ApoE ( apolipoproteins ) ; T ( triacylglycerol ) ; C ( cholesterol ) ; green ( phospholipids ) A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose purpose is to transport hydrophobic lipid ( a.k.a. fat ) molecules in water , as in blood or extracellular fluid . They have a single - layer phospholipid and cholesterol outer shell , with the hydrophilic portions oriented outward toward the surrounding water and lipophilic portions of each molecule oriented inwards toward the lipids molecules within the particles . Apolipoproteins are embedded in the membrane , both stabilising the complex and giving it functional identity determining its fate . Thus the complex serves to emulsify the fats . Many enzymes , transporters , structural proteins , antigens , adhesions , and toxins are lipoproteins . Examples include the plasma lipoprotein particles classified as HDL , LDL , IDL , VLDL and ULDL ( a.k.a. chylomicrons ) lipoproteins , according to density / size ( an inverse relationship ) , compared with the surrounding plasma water . These complex protein capsules enable fats to be carried in all extracellular water , including the blood stream ( an example of emulsification ) , subgroups of which are primary drivers / modulators of atherosclerosis , the transmembrane proteins of mitochondrion , chloroplast , and bacterial lipoproteins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope 1.1 Transmembrane lipoproteins 1.2 Plasma lipoprotein particles 2 Function 2.1 Exogenous pathway 2.2 Endogenous pathway 3 Classification 3.1 By density 3.2 Alpha and beta 3.3 Lipoprotein ( a ) 4 Studies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Scope ( edit ) Transmembrane lipoproteins ( edit ) The lipids are often an essential part of the complex , even if they seem to have no catalytic activity by themselves . To isolate transmembrane lipoproteins from their associated biological membranes , detergents are often needed . Plasma lipoprotein particles ( edit ) Because fats are insoluble in water , these can not be transported in blood on their own . Instead , they are attached to hydrophilic proteins that function as transport vehicles . The role of lipoprotein particles is to transport triacylglycerols ( a.k.a. triglycerides ) and cholesterol in the blood between all the tissues of the body . The most common being the liver and the adipocytes of adipose tissue . Particles are synthesized in the small intestine and the liver , but interestingly not in the adipocytes . All cells use and rely on fats and cholesterol as building - blocks to create the multiple membranes that cells use both to control internal water content and internal water - soluble elements and to organize their internal structure and protein enzymatic systems . The lipoprotein particles have hydrophilic groups of phospholipids , cholesterol , and apoproteins directed outward . Such characteristics make them soluble in the salt water - based blood pool . Triglyceride - fats and cholesteryl esters are carried internally , shielded from the water by the phospholipid monolayer and the apoproteins . The interaction of the proteins forming the surface of the particles ( with enzymes in the blood ; with each other ; and with specific proteins on the surfaces of cells ) determines whether triglycerides and cholesterol will be added to or removed from the lipoprotein transport particles . Regarding atheroma development and progression as opposed to regression , the key issue has always been cholesterol transport patterns , not cholesterol concentration itself . Function ( edit ) The handling of lipoprotein particles in the body is referred to as lipoprotein particle metabolism . It is divided into two pathways , exogenous and endogenous , depending in large part on whether the lipoprotein particles in question are composed chiefly of dietary ( exogenous ) lipids or whether they originated in the liver ( endogenous ) , through de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols . The hepatocytes are the main platform for the handling of triacylglycerols and cholesterol ; the liver can also store certain amounts of glycogen and triacylglycerols . While adipocytes are the main storage cells for triacylglycerols , they do not produce any lipoproteins . Exogenous pathway ( edit ) Simplified flowchart showing the essentials of lipoprotein metabolism . Bile emulsifies fats contained in the chyme , then pancreatic lipase cleaves triacylglycerol molecules into two fatty acids and one 2 - monoacylglycerol . Enterocytes readily absorb these small molecules from the chymus . Inside of the enterocytes , fatty acids and monoacylglycerides are transformed again into triacylglycerides . Then these lipids ( i.e. triacylglycerols , phospholipids , cholesterol , and cholesteryl esters ) are assembled with apolipoprotein B - 48 into nascent chylomicrons . These particles are then secreted into the lacteals in a process that depends heavily on apolipoprotein B - 48 . As they circulate through the lymphatic vessels , nascent chylomicrons bypass the liver circulation and are drained via the thoracic duct into the bloodstream . In the blood stream , nascent chylomicron particles interact with HDL particles resulting in HDL donation of apolipoprotein C - II and apolipoprotein E to the nascent chylomicron . The chylomicron at this stage is then considered mature . Via apolipoprotein C - II , mature chylomicrons activate lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) , an enzyme on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels . LPL catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol ( glycerol covalently joined to three fatty acids ) that ultimately releases glycerol and fatty acids from the chylomicrons . Glycerol and fatty acids can then be absorbed in peripheral tissues , especially adipose and muscle , for energy and storage . The hydrolyzed chylomicrons are now called chylomicron remnants . The chylomicron remnants continue circulating the bloodstream until they interact via apolipoprotein E with chylomicron remnant receptors , found chiefly in the liver . This interaction causes the endocytosis of the chylomicron remnants , which are subsequently hydrolyzed within lysosomes . Lysosomal hydrolysis releases glycerol and fatty acids into the cell , which can be used for energy or stored for later use . Endogenous pathway ( edit ) The liver is the central platform for the handling of lipids : it is able to store glycerols and fats in its cells , the hepatocytes . Hepatocytes are also able to create triacylglycerols via de novo synthesis . They also produce the bile from cholesterol . The intestines are responsible for absorbing cholesterol . They transfer it over into the blood stream . In the hepatocytes , triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters are assembled with apolipoprotein B - 100 to form nascent VLDL particles . Nascent VLDL particles are released into the bloodstream via a process that depends upon apolipoprotein B - 100 . In the blood stream , nascent VLDL particles bump with HDL particles ; as a result , HDL particles donate apolipoprotein C - II and apolipoprotein E to the nascent VLDL particle . Once loaded with apolipoproteins C - II and E , the nascent VLDL particle is considered mature . Again , like chylomicrons , VLDL particles circulate and encounter lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) expressed on endothelial cells . Apolipoprotein C - II activates LPL , causing hydrolysis of the VLDL particle and the release of glycerol and fatty acids . These products can be absorbed from the blood by peripheral tissues , principally adipose and muscle . The hydrolyzed VLDL particles are now called VLDL remnants or intermediate - density lipoproteins ( IDLs ) . VLDL remnants can circulate and , via an interaction between apolipoprotein E and the remnant receptor , be absorbed by the liver , or they can be further hydrolyzed by hepatic lipase . Hydrolysis by hepatic lipase releases glycerol and fatty acids , leaving behind IDL remnants , called low - density lipoproteins ( LDL ) , which contain a relatively high cholesterol content ( see native LDL structure at 37 ° C on YouTube ) . LDL circulates and is absorbed by the liver and peripheral cells . Binding of LDL to its target tissue occurs through an interaction between the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein B - 100 on the LDL particle . Absorption occurs through endocytosis , and the internalized LDL particles are hydrolyzed within lysosomes , releasing lipids , chiefly cholesterol . Classification ( edit ) By density ( edit ) Lipoproteins may be classified as follows , listed from larger and less dense to smaller and denser . Lipoproteins are larger and less dense when the fat to protein ratio is increased . They are classified on the basis of electrophoresis , ultracentrifugation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy via the Vantera Analyzer . Chylomicrons carry triglycerides ( fat ) from the intestines to the liver , to skeletal muscle , and to adipose tissue . Very - low - density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) carry ( newly synthesised ) triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue . Intermediate - density lipoproteins ( IDL ) are intermediate between VLDL and LDL . They are not usually detectable in the blood when fasting . Low - density lipoproteins ( LDL ) carry 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules ( phospholipids , cholesterol , triglycerides , etc . ) around the body . LDL particles are sometimes referred to as `` bad '' lipoprotein because concentrations , dose related , correlate with atherosclerosis progression . large buoyant LDL ( lb LDL ) particles small dense LDL ( sd LDL ) particles Lipoprotein ( a ) is a lipoprotein particle of a certain phenotype High - density lipoproteins ( HDL ) collect fat molecules ( phospholipids , cholesterol , triglycerides , etc . ) from the body 's cells / tissues , and take it back to the liver . HDLs are sometimes referred to as `` good '' lipoprotein because higher concentrations correlate with low rates of atherosclerosis progression and / or regression . For young healthy research subjects , ~ 70 kg ( 154 lb ) , this data represents averages across individuals studied : Density ( g / m L ) Class Diameter ( nm ) % protein % cholesterol % phospholipid % triacylglycerol & cholesterol ester > 1.063 HDL 5 -- 15 33 30 29 1.019 -- 1.063 LDL 18 -- 28 25 50 21 8 1.006 -- 1.019 IDL 25 -- 50 18 29 22 31 0.95 -- 1.006 VLDL 30 -- 80 10 22 18 50 < 0.95 Chylomicrons 100 - 1000 < 2 8 7 84 However , this data is not reliable for any one individual or for the general clinical population . Alpha and beta ( edit ) It is also possible to classify lipoproteins as `` alpha '' and `` beta '' , according to the classification of proteins in serum protein electrophoresis . This terminology is sometimes used in describing lipid disorders such as abetalipoproteinemia . Lipoprotein ( a ) ( edit ) Further information : Lipoprotein ( a ) Studies ( edit ) Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary artery disease , which is the leading cause of mortality in the world . Since the 1980s , many studies have examined possible correlations between the incidence of the disease and plasma lipoprotein particle concentrations in the blood . Hypotheses exist for possible causations . Studies have shown correlation between atherosclerosis and concentrations of particles . Further studies looked for correlations between nutrition and concentration of the distinguishable lipoprotein particles , e.g. whether the ratio of dietary fat raises or lowers levels of LDL particles in the blood . Studies have shown that different phenotypes do exist regarding the amount of particles and reaction to diet composition . See also ( edit ) Apolipoprotein Lipid anchored protein Remnant cholesterol Reverse cholesterol transport Vertical Auto Profile References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blood Lipids and Human Atherosclerosis ; Circulation , August 1950 : http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/2/2/161.full.pdf Jump up ^ `` DOLOP - A Database of Bacterial Lipoproteins '' . cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Vibhor ; Butcher , Sarah J. ; Öörni , Katariina ; Engelhardt , Peter ; Heikkonen , Jukka ; Kaski , Kimmo ; Ala - Korpela , Mika ; Kovanen , Petri T. ; Schulz , Christian ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Three - Dimensional cryoEM Reconstruction of Native LDL Particles to 16Å Resolution at Physiological Body Temperature '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 5 ) : e18841 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018841 . PMC 3090388 . PMID 21573056 . Jump up ^ `` Vantera Clinical Analyzer - MDEA 2013 Finalist '' . YouTube.com. 2500 Sumner Blvd , Raleigh , NC 27616 : LipoScience , Inc . Jump up ^ Biochemistry 2nd Ed . 1995 Garrett & Grisham Jump up ^ `` The top 10 causes of death '' . who.int . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Further reading Lusis , Aldons J ; Pajukanta , Päivi . `` A treasure trove for lipoprotein biology '' . Nature Genetics . 40 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 130 . doi : 10.1038 / ng0208 - 129 . PMID 18227868 . including Figure 1 - The primary pathways for the metabolism of human plasma lipoproteins are summarized External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Database of bacterial lipoproteins at mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk Overview and diagram at washington.edu Lipoprotein research at the Medical University of Vienna Lipoprotein assembly at wisc.edu Various types of lipoprotein in Medscape Cholesterol , Lipoproteins and the Liver Remnant Lipoproteins Lipoproteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Proteolipids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Proteolipids Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Lipids : lipoprotein particle metabolism Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses delivery of TGs : Chylomicron VLDL delivery of C and CE : IDL LDL lb LDL sd LDL Lp ( a ) HDL Remnant cholesterol Apolipoproteins APOA 5 APOB APOC APOD APOE APOH SAA SAA1 Extracellular enzymes LCAT LIPC LPL Lipid transfer proteins CETP MTTP PLTP Cell surface receptors HDL : SCARB1 IDL : LRP LRP1 LRP1B LRP2 LRP3 LRP4 LRP5 LRP5L LRP6 LRP8 LRP10 LRP11 LRP12 LDL : LDLR LRPAP1 ATP - binding cassette transporter ABCA1 ABCG5 ABCG8 GND : 4074259 - 3 NDL : 00569543 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipoprotein&oldid=811374778 '' Categories : Lipids Lipoproteins Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 05 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
discuss the composition and function of the major circulating lipoproteins
[]
[]
7272236690947337527
Bank failure
Bank failure - wikipedia Bank failure Jump to : navigation , search Depositors `` run '' on a failing New York City bank in an effort to recover their money , July 1914 . A bank failure occurs when a bank is unable to meet its obligations to its depositors or other creditors because it has become insolvent or too illiquid to meet its liabilities . More specifically , a bank usually fails economically when the market value of its assets declines to a value that is less than the market value of its liabilities . The insolvent bank either borrows from other solvent banks or sells its assets at a lower price than its market value to generate liquid money to pay its depositors on demand . The inability of the solvent banks to lend liquid money to the insolvent bank creates a bank panic among the depositors as more depositors try to take out cash deposits from the bank . As such , the bank is unable to fulfill the demands of all of its depositors on time . Also , a bank may be taken over by the regulating government agency if Shareholders Equity ( i.e. capital ratios ) are below the regulatory minimum . The failure of a bank is generally considered to be of more importance than the failure of other types of business firms because of the interconnectedness and fragility of banking institutions . Research has shown that the market value of customers of the failed banks is adversely affected at the date of the failure announcements . It is often feared that the spill over effects of a failure of one bank can quickly spread throughout the economy and possibly result in the failure of other banks , whether or not those banks were solvent at the time as the marginal depositors try to take out cash deposits from these banks to avoid from suffering losses . Thereby , the spill over effect of bank panic or systemic risk has a multiplier effect on all banks and financial institutions leading to a greater effect of bank failure in the economy . As a result , banking institutions are typically subjected to rigorous regulation , and bank failures are of major public policy concern in countries across the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of international bank acquisitions 2 Bank failures in the U.S. 3 Global failure 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Further reading 7 External links List of international bank acquisitions ( edit ) Announcement date Target Acquirer Transaction Value US $ billion ) 9 - 10 - 2007 ABN AMRO Royal Bank of Scotland Fortis Santander 77.230 22 - 2 - 2008 Northern Rock Government of the United Kingdom 41.213 1 - 4 - 2008 Bear Stearns JPMorgan 2.200 1 - 7 - 2008 Countrywide Financial Bank of America 4.000 14 - 7 - 2008 Alliance & Leicester Santander 1.930 31 - 8 - 2008 Dresdner Kleinwort Commerzbank 10.812 7 - 9 - 2008 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Federal Housing Finance Agency 5,000.000 14 - 9 - 2008 Merrill Lynch Bank of America 44.000 16 - 9 - 2008 American International Group United States Treasury 182.000 17 - 9 - 2008 Lehman Brothers Barclays 1.300 18 - 9 - 2008 HBOS Lloyds TSB 33.475 26 - 9 - 2008 Lehman Brothers Nomura Holdings 1.300 26 - 9 - 2008 Washington Mutual JPMorgan 1.900 28 - 9 - 2008 Bradford & Bingley Government of the United Kingdom Santander 1.838 28 - 9 - 2008 Fortis BNP Paribas 12.356 29 - 9 - 2008 Abbey National Government of the United Kingdom Santander 2.298 30 - 9 - 2008 Dexia The Governments of Belgium , France and Luxembourg 7.060 3 - 10 - 2008 Wachovia Wells Fargo 15.000 7 - 10 - 2008 Landsbanki Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority 4.192 8 - 10 - 2008 Glitnir Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority 3.254 9 - 10 - 2008 Kaupthing Bank Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority 1.257 13 - 10 - 2008 Lloyds Banking Group Government of the United Kingdom 26.045 13 - 10 - 2008 Royal Bank of Scotland Group Government of the United Kingdom 30.641 14 - 10 - 2008 Bank of America United States Federal Government 45.000 14 - 10 - 2008 Bank of New York Mellon United States Federal Government 3.000 14 - 10 - 2008 Goldman Sachs United States Federal Government 10.000 14 - 10 - 2008 JP Morgan United States Federal Government 25.000 14 - 10 - 2008 Morgan Stanley United States Federal Government 10.000 14 - 10 - 2008 State Street United States Federal Government 2.000 14 - 10 - 2008 Wells Fargo United States Federal Government 25.000 17 - 10 - 2008 UBS Swiss National Bank 65.314 22 - 10 - 2008 ING Group Government of the Netherlands 11.032 23 - 11 - 2008 Citigroup United States Federal Government 300.000 11 - 2 - 2009 Allied Irish Bank Government of the Republic of Ireland 3.861 11 - 2 - 2009 Anglo Irish Bank Government of the Republic of Ireland 13.570 11 - 2 - 2009 Bank of Ireland Government of the Republic of Ireland 3.861 13 - 3 - 2012 Alpha Bank Government of Greece 2.096 13 - 3 - 2012 Eurobank Government of Greece 4.633 13 - 3 - 2012 National Bank of Greece Government of Greece 7.612 13 - 3 - 2012 Piraeus Bank Government of Greece 5.516 25 - 3 - 2012 Laiki Bank Bank of Cyprus 10.812 25 - 5 - 2012 Bankia Government of Spain 20.962 7 - 6 - 2012 Caixa Geral de Depositos Government of Portugal 1.780 7 - 6 - 2012 Millennium BCP Government of Portugal 3.300 Bank failures in the U.S. ( edit ) In the U.S. , deposits in savings and checking accounts are backed by the FDIC . Currently , each account owner is insured up to $250,000 in the event of a bank failure . When a bank fails , in addition to insuring the deposits , the FDIC acts as the receiver of the failed bank , taking control of the bank 's assets and deciding how to settle its debts . The number of bank failures is tracked and published by the FDIC since 1934 and has decreased after a peak in 2010 due to the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . No advance notice is given to the public when a bank fails . Under ideal circumstances , a bank failure can occur without customers losing access to their funds at any point . For example , in the 2008 failure of Washington Mutual the FDIC was able to broker a deal in which JP Morgan Chase bought the assets of Washington Mutual for $1.9 billion . Existing customers were immediately turned into JP Morgan Chase customers , without disruption in their ability to use their ATM cards or do banking at branches . Such policies are designed to discourage bank runs that might cause economic damage on a wider scale . Global failure ( edit ) As aforementioned , the failure of a bank is relevant not only to the country in which it is headquartered , but for all other nations that it conducts business with . This dynamic was highlighted quite dramatically in the 2008 financial crisis , during which the failures of major bulge bracket investment banks held dire consequences for local economies throughout the broader global market . The high degree to which markets are integrated in the global economy made this a near inevitability . This interconnectedness was manifested not on a high level , with respect to deals negotiated between major companies from different parts of the world , but also to the global nature of any one company 's makeup . Outsourcing is a key example of this makeup . As major banks such as Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns failed , the employees from countries other than the United States suffered in turn . See also ( edit ) Bank run List of acquired or bankrupt United States banks in the late 2000s financial crisis List of bank failures in the United States ( 2008 -- present ) List of largest U.S. bank failures Too Big to Fail Volcker Rule Zombie bank Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` When a Bank Fails - Facts for Depositors , Creditors , and Borrowers '' . FDIC . 2008 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , The Value of Banking Relationships During a Financial Crisis , December 2002 Jump up ^ `` Bank Failures , Systemic Risk , and Bank Regulation '' . The Cato Institute . Spring 1996 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Changes in FDIC Deposit Insurance Coverage '' . FDIC . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www2.fdic.gov/hsob/SelectRpt.asp?EntryTyp=30 . Accessed 7 - 4 - 2013 . Jump up ^ `` When a Bank Fails '' . FDIC . Fall 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Chase to Buy Washington Mutual '' . Business Week . September 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` OTS 08 - 046 - Washington Mutual Acquired by JPMorgan Chase '' . Office of Thrift Supervision . September 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Calomiris , Charles W. , and Joseph R. Mason . `` Fundamentals , panics , and bank distress during the depression . '' American Economic Review ( 2003 ) : 1615 - 1647 . online Carlson , Mark . `` Causes of bank suspensions in the panic of 1893 . '' Explorations in Economic History 42.1 ( 2005 ) : 56 - 80 . online Wicker , Elmus . The banking panics of the Great Depression ( 2000 ) . Wicker , Elmus . Banking panics of the gilded age ( 2006 ) . Wicker , Elmus . `` A Reconsideration of the Causes of the Banking Panic of 1930 . '' Journal of Economic History 40.03 ( 1980 ) : 571 - 583 . External links ( edit ) FDIC 's list of failed banks since 2000 TheStreet.com Interactive bank failure map Google Map of failed banks in USA since 2008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_failure&oldid=790566186 '' Categories : Banking Bank failures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2017 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the insolvency of a bank can spread and cause a financial crisis due to
[]
[]
8689426451973235900
Folate
Folate - wikipedia Folate Jump to : navigation , search Folic acid Clinical data Pronunciation foe ' lik Synonyms FA , N - ( 4 - ( ( ( 2 - amino - 4 - oxo - 1 , 4 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) methyl ) amino ) benzoyl ) - L - glutamic acid , pteroyl - L - glutamic acid , vitamin B , vitamin B , vitamin M , folacin , pteroyl - L - glutamate AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a682591 Pregnancy category US : A ( No risk in human studies ) Routes of administration By mouth , IM , IV , sub-Q ATC code B03BB01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : OTC Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 50 -- 100 % Metabolism Liver Excretion Urine Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) ( 2S ) - 2 - ( ( 4 - ( ( 2 - Amino - 4 - oxo - 1H - pteridin - 6 - yl ) methylamino ) benzoyl ) amino ) pentanedioic acid CAS Number 59 - 30 - 3 PubChem CID 6037 IUPHAR / BPS 4563 DrugBank DB00158 ChemSpider 5815 UNII 935E97BOY8 KEGG C00504 ChEBI CHEBI : 27470 ChEMBL CHEMBL1622 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 381 Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 441.40 g mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Melting point 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) ( decomposition ) Solubility in water 1.6 mg / L ( 25 ° C ) mg / mL ( 20 ° C ) SMILES ( show ) n1c2C ( = O ) NC ( N ) = Nc2ncc1CNc3ccc ( cc3 ) C ( = O ) N ( C@H ) ( C ( O ) = O ) CCC ( O ) = O InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C19H19N7O6 / c20 - 19 - 25 - 15 - 14 ( 17 ( 30 ) 26 - 19 ) 23 - 11 ( 8 - 22 - 15 ) 7 - 21 - 10 - 3 - 1 - 9 ( 2 - 4 - 10 ) 16 ( 29 ) 24 - 12 ( 18 ( 31 ) 32 ) 5 - 6 - 13 ( 27 ) 28 / h1 - 4 , 8 , 12 , 21H , 5 - 7H2 , ( H , 24 , 29 ) ( H , 27 , 28 ) ( H , 31 , 32 ) ( H3 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 30 ) / t12 - / m0 / s1 Key : OVBPIULPVIDEAO - LBPRGKRZSA - N Folate , forms of which are known as folic acid and vitamin B9 , is one of the B vitamins . The recommended daily intake of folate in the US is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements . Folic acid is the form of folate used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency . Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in the baby . Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with neural tube defects . More than 50 countries use fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population . Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease . It may be taken by mouth or by injection . There are no common side effects . It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern . There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency . Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA , RNA , and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division . As humans can not make folic acid , it is required from the diet , making it an essential vitamin . Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency . This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur . Symptoms may include feeling tired , heart palpitations , shortness of breath , open sores on the tongue and changes in the color of the skin or hair . Folate deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake . In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000 -- 30,000 micrograms ( μg ) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol / L ( 3 ng / mL ) . Folic acid was discovered between 1931 and 1943 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost of supplements in the developing world is between 0.001 and 0.005 USD per dose as of 2014 . The term `` folic '' is from the Latin word folium , which means leaf . Folates occur naturally in many foods especially dark green leafy vegetables and liver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Health effects 2.1 Pregnancy 2.2 Fertility 2.3 Heart disease 2.4 Stroke 2.5 Cancer 2.5. 1 Antifolate chemotherapy 2.6 Psychological 2.7 Age related macular degeneration 2.8 Folic acid , B and iron 2.9 Toxicity 2.10 Folate deficiency 2.11 Malaria 3 Dietary recommendations 3.1 Sources 4 History 5 Biological roles 5.1 DNA and cell division 5.2 DNA and amino acid production 5.3 Conversion to biologically active derivatives 5.3. 1 Overview of drugs that interfere with folate reactions 6 Food fortification 6.1 Australia 6.2 Canada 6.2. 1 Supplementation promotion 6.3 New Zealand 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) `` Folate '' is the term used to name the many forms of the vitamin -- namely folic acid and its congeners , including tetrahydrofolic acid ( the activated form of the vitamin ) , methyltetrahydrofolate , methenyltetrahydrofolate , and folinic acid . People sometimes confuse this use of `` folate '' with the use of `` folate '' in the standard way of naming acids in organic chemistry , in which the complete compound is called `` X-ic acid '' but is called `` X-ate '' when it loses a proton ; acids shift back and forth between these forms based on the acidity of the solution in which they are found . In this usage , `` folate '' is just `` folic acid '' in a non-acidic solution . Other names include vitamin B , vitamin B , vitamin M , folacin , and pteroyl - L - glutamate . Health effects ( edit ) Pregnancy ( edit ) Folate intake during pregnancy has been linked to a lessened risk of neural tube defects . Likewise a meta - analysis of folate supplementation during pregnancy reported a 28 % lower risk of newborn congenital heart defects . The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends the folic acid supplementation for all women able to become pregnant ; forms of folate other than folic acid have not been studied for this use and are not recommended . Prenatal supplementation with folic acid did not appear to reduce the risk of preterm births . One systematic review indicated no effect of folic acid on mortality , growth , body composition , respiratory , or cognitive outcomes of children from birth to 9 years old . There was no correlation between maternal folic acid supplementation and an increased risk for childhood asthma . Fertility ( edit ) Folate is necessary for fertility in both men and women . It contributes to spermatogenesis . Therefore , it is necessary to receive sufficient amounts through the diet to avoid subfertility . Also , polymorphisms in genes of enzymes involved in folate metabolism could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility . Heart disease ( edit ) Taking folic acid over years reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease by 4 % , where another study found it did not affect cardiovascular disease , even while reducing homocysteine levels . Stroke ( edit ) Long - term supplementation with folic acid reduced the risk of stroke by 10 % , which may be due to the role folate plays in regulating homocysteine concentration . The reviews indicate the risk of stroke appears to be reduced only in some individuals , but a definite recommendation regarding supplementation beyond the current RDA has not been established for stroke prevention . Asian populations had greater protection against stroke with folate supplementation than did European or North American subjects . Observed stroke reduction is consistent with the reduction in pulse pressure produced by folate supplementation of 5 mg per day , since hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke . Folic supplements are inexpensive and relatively safe to use , which is why people who have had strokes or who have hyperhomocysteinemia are encouraged to consume daily B vitamins including folic acid . Cancer ( edit ) Studies on folic acid intake from food and folate supplementation with regards to cancer risk are based on the adequacy of chronic intake . Chronically insufficient intake of folic acid ( below the recommended level of 400 micrograms per day ) may increase the risk of colorectal , breast , ovarian , pancreas , brain , lung , cervical , and prostate cancers . Other studies showed that excessive dietary supplementation with synthetic folate may increase the risk of certain cancers , in particular prostate . A 2017 review found no relationship between taking folate supplements and cancer risk . Antifolate chemotherapy ( edit ) Folate is important for cells and tissues that divide rapidly . Cancer cells divide rapidly , and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer . The antifolate methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form of THF from the inactive dihydrofolate ( DHF ) . However , methotrexate can be toxic , producing side effects , such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally . Also , bone marrow depression ( inducing leukopenia and thrombocytopenia ) , and acute kidney and liver failure have been reported . Folinic acid , under the drug name leucovorin , a form of folate ( formyl - THF ) , can help `` rescue '' or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate . Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid . Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy . There have been cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid in people receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy . It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow medical advice on the use of folic or folinic acid supplements . The supplement of folinic acid in people undergoing methotrexate treatment is to give cells dividing less rapidly enough folate to maintain normal cell functions . The amount of folate given is depleted by rapidly dividing cells ( cancer ) quickly , and so does not negate the effects of methotrexate . Psychological ( edit ) Some evidence links a shortage of folate with depression . Limited evidence from randomised controlled trials showed using folic acid in addition to SSRIs may have benefits . Research at the University of York and Hull York Medical School has found a link between depression and low levels of folate . One study by the same team involved 15,315 subjects . Folic acid supplementation affects noradrenaline and serotonin receptors within the brain , which could be the cause of folic acid 's possible ability to act as an antidepressant . The exact mechanisms involved in the development of schizophrenia and depression are not entirely clear , but the bioactive folate , methyltetrahydrofolate ( 5 - MTHF ) , a direct target of methyl donors like S - adenosyl methionine ( SAMe ) , recycles the inactive dihydrobiopterin ( BH ) into tetrahydrobiopterin ( BH ) , the necessary cofactor in various steps of monoamine synthesis , including that of dopamine . BH serves a regulatory role in monoamine neurotransmission and is required to mediate the actions of most antidepressants. 5 - MTHF also plays both direct & indirect roles in DNA methylation , NO synthesis , and one - carbon metabolism . Age related macular degeneration ( edit ) A sub study of the Women 's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study published in 2009 reported use of a nutritional supplement containing folic acid , pyridoxine , and cyanocobalamin decreased the risk of developing age - related macular degeneration by 34.7 % . The amount of folic acid used in this clinical trial -- 2500 μg -- was higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1000 μg . Folic acid , B and iron ( edit ) There is a complex interaction between folic acid , vitamin B and iron . A deficiency of one may be `` masked '' by excess of another so the three must always be in balance . Toxicity ( edit ) The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low , because folate is a water - soluble vitamin and is regularly removed from the body through urine . One potential issue associated with high dosages of folic acid is that it has a masking effect on the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia ( vitamin B deficiency ) , and a variety of concerns of potential negative impacts on health . Folate deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Folate deficiency Folate deficiency can be caused by unhealthy diets that do not include enough fruits and vegetables , diseases in which folates are not well absorbed in the digestive system ( such as Crohn 's disease or celiac disease ) , some genetic disorders that affect levels of folate , and certain medicines ( such as phenytoin , sulfasalazine , or trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ) . Folate deficiency is accelerated by alcohol consumption . Folate deficiency may lead to glossitis , diarrhea , depression , confusion , anemia , and fetal neural tube defects and brain defects ( during pregnancy ) . Other symptoms include fatigue , gray hair , mouth sores , poor growth , and swollen tongue . Folate deficiency is diagnosed by analyzing CBC and plasma vitamin B and folate levels . CBC may indicate megaloblastic anemia but this could also be a sign of vitamin B deficiency . A serum folate of 3 μg / L or lower indicates deficiency . Serum folate level reflects folate status but erythrocyte folate level better reflects tissue stores after intake . Serum folate reacts more rapidly to folate intake than erythrocyte folate . An erythrocyte folate level of 140 μg / L or lower indicates inadequate folate status . Increased homocysteine level suggests tissue folate deficiency but homocysteine is also affected by vitamin B and vitamin B , renal function , and genetics . One way to differentiate between folate ( vitamin B ) deficiency from vitamin B deficiency is by testing for methylmalonic acid levels . Normal MMA levels indicate folate deficiency and elevated MMA levels indicate vitamin B deficiency . Folate deficiency is treated with supplemental oral folic acid of 400 to 1000 μg per day . This treatment is very successful in replenishing tissues , even if deficiency was caused by malabsorption . People with megaloblastic anemia need to be tested for vitamin B deficiency before treatment with folic acid , because if the person has vitamin B deficiency , folic acid supplementation can remove the anemia , but can also worsen neurologic problems . People who are morbidly obese with BMIs of greater than 50 are more likely to develop folate deficiency . People with celiac disease have a higher chance of developing folate deficiency . Cobalamin deficiency may lead to folate deficiency , which , in turn , increases homocysteine levels and may result in the development of cardiovascular disease or birth defects . Malaria ( edit ) Some studies show iron -- folic acid supplementation in children under 5 may result in increased mortality due to malaria ; this has prompted the World Health Organization to alter their iron -- folic acid supplementation policies for children in malaria - prone areas , such as India . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) Because of the difference in bioavailability between supplemented folic acid and the different forms of folate found in food , the dietary folate equivalent ( DFE ) system was established . One DFE is defined as 1 μg of dietary folate . One μg of folic acid supplement counts as 1.7 μg DFE . The reason for the difference is that at least 85 % of folic acid is estimated to be bioavailable when taken with food , whereas only about 50 % of folate naturally present in food is bioavailable . National Institutes of Health ( US ) nutritional recommendations ( μg DFE per day for RDA , μg folic acid for UL ) Age Infants ( AI ) Infants ( UL ) Adults ( RDA ) Adults ( UL ) Pregnant women ( RDA ) Pregnant women ( UL ) Lactating women ( RDA ) Lactating women ( UL ) 0 -- 6 months 65 None set -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 -- 12 months 80 None set -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 3 years -- -- 150 300 -- -- -- -- 4 -- 8 years -- -- 200 400 -- -- -- -- 9 -- 13 years -- -- 300 600 -- -- -- -- 14 -- 18 -- -- 400 800 600 800 500 800 19 + -- -- 400 1000 600 1000 500 1000 The U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) updated Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for folate in 2001 . As for safety , the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels ( ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . The UL for folate refers to only micrograms of synthetic folic acid , as no health risks have been associated with high intake of folate from food sources . Collectively the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs ) . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL defined the same as in United States . For women and men over age 18 the PRI is set at 330 μg / day . PRI for pregnancy is 600 μg / day , for lactation 500 μg / day . For children ages 1 -- 17 years the PRIs increase with age from 120 to 270 μg / day . These values differ somewhat from the U.S. RDAs . The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and agreed with United States that the UL be set at 1000 μg . For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For folate labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 400 μg . As of May 27 , 2016 update it was kept unchanged at 400 μg . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . Food and supplement companies have until January 1 , 2020 to comply with the change . Sources ( edit ) Vitamins C and M as featured on a monument in front of University of Warsaw 's Centre of New Technologies Folate naturally occurs in a wide variety of foods , including vegetables ( particularly dark green leafy vegetables ) , fruits and fruit juices , nuts , beans , peas , dairy products , poultry and meat , eggs , seafood , grains , and some beers . Avocado , beetroot , spinach , liver , yeast , asparagus , and Brussels sprouts are among the foods with the highest levels of folate . Folate naturally found in food is susceptible to high heat and ultraviolet light , and is soluble in water . It is heat - labile in acidic environments and may also be subject to oxidation . Folic acid is added to grain products in many countries , and these fortified products make up a significant source of the population 's folate intake . History ( edit ) In the 1920s , scientists believed folate deficiency and anemia were the same condition . In 1931 , researcher Lucy Wills made a key observation that led to the identification of folate as the nutrient required to prevent anemia during pregnancy . Wills demonstrated that anemia could be reversed with brewer 's yeast . In the late 1930s , folate was identified as the corrective substance in brewer 's yeast . It was first isolated via extraction from spinach leaves by Herschel K. Mitchell , Esmond E. Snell , and Roger J. Williams in 1941 . Bob Stokstad isolated the pure crystalline form in 1943 , and was able to determine its chemical structure while working at the Lederle Laboratories of the American Cyanamid Company . This historical research project , of obtaining folic acid in a pure crystalline form in 1945 , was done by the team called the `` folic acid boys , '' under the supervision and guidance of Director of Research Dr. Yellapragada Subbarow , at the Lederle Lab , Pearl River , NY . This research subsequently led to the synthesis of the antifolate aminopterin , the first - ever anticancer drug , the clinical efficacy was proven by Sidney Farber in 1948 . In the 1950s and 1960s , scientists began to discover the biochemical mechanisms of action for folate . In 1960 , experts first linked folate deficiency to neural tube defects . In the late 1990s , US scientists realized , despite the availability of folate in foods and in supplements , there was still a challenge for people to meet their daily folate requirements , which is when the US implemented the folate fortification program . Biological roles ( edit ) DNA and cell division ( edit ) A diagram of the chemical structure of folate Folate is necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells , for DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis through methylation , and for preventing changes to DNA , and , thus , for preventing cancer . It is especially important during periods of frequent cell division and growth , such as infancy and pregnancy . Folate is needed to carry one - carbon groups for methylation reactions and nucleic acid synthesis ( the most notable one being thymine , but also purine bases ) . Thus , folate deficiency hinders DNA synthesis and cell division , affecting hematopoietic cells and neoplasms the most because of their greater frequency of cell division . RNA transcription , and subsequent protein synthesis , are less affected by folate deficiency , as the mRNA can be recycled and used again ( as opposed to DNA synthesis , where a new genomic copy must be created ) . Since folate deficiency limits cell division , erythropoiesis , production of red blood cells , is hindered and leads to megaloblastic anemia , which is characterized by large immature red blood cells . This pathology results from persistently thwarted attempts at normal DNA replication , DNA repair , and cell division , and produces abnormally large red cells called megaloblasts ( and hypersegmented neutrophils ) with abundant cytoplasm capable of RNA and protein synthesis , but with clumping and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin . Some of these large cells , although immature ( reticulocytes ) , are released early from the marrow in an attempt to compensate for the anemia . Both adults and children need folate to make normal red and white blood cells and prevent anemia . Deficiency of folate in pregnant women has been implicated in neural tube defects ( NTD ) ; therefore , many developed countries have implemented mandatory folic acid fortification in cereals , etc . NTDs occur early in pregnancy ( first month ) , therefore women must have abundant folate upon conception . Folate is required to make red blood cells and white blood cells and folate deficiency may lead to anemia , which causes fatigue , weakness and inability to concentrate . DNA and amino acid production ( edit ) Metabolism of folic acid to recycle homocysteine into methionine In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate ( THF ) compounds , folate derivatives are substrates in a number of single - carbon - transfer reactions , and also are involved in the synthesis of dTMP ( 2 ′ - deoxythymidine - 5 ′ - phosphate ) from dUMP ( 2 ′ - deoxyuridine - 5 ′ - phosphate ) . It is a substrate for an important reaction that involves vitamin B and it is necessary for the synthesis of DNA , and so required for all dividing cells . The pathway leading to the formation of tetrahydrofolate ( FH ) begins when folic acid ( F ) is reduced to dihydrofolate ( DHF ) ( FH ) , which is then reduced to THF . Dihydrofolate reductase catalyses the last step . Vitamin B in the form of NADPH is a necessary cofactor for both steps of the synthesis . Thus , hydride molecules are transferred from NADPH to the C6 position of the pteridine ring to reduce folic acid to THF . Methylene - THF ( CH FH ) is formed from THF by the addition of a methylene bridge from one of three carbon donors : formate , serine , or glycine . Methyl tetrahydrofolate ( CH - THF , or methyl - THF ) can be made from methylene - THF by reduction of the methylene group with NADPH . Another form of THF , 10 - formyl - THF , results from oxidation of methylene - THF or is formed from formate donating formyl group to THF . Also , histidine can donate a single carbon to THF to form methenyl - THF . Vitamin B is the only acceptor of methyl - THF , and this reaction produces methyl - B ( methylcobalamin ) . There is also only one acceptor for methyl - B , homocysteine , in a reaction catalyzed by homocysteine methyltransferase . These reactions are important because a defect in homocysteine methyltransferase or a deficiency of B may lead to a so - called `` methyl - trap '' of THF , in which THF converts to a reservoir of methyl - THF . Thereafter , this THF has no way of being metabolized , and serves as a sink of THF that causes a subsequent deficiency in folate . Thus , a deficiency in B can generate a large pool of methyl - THF that is unable to undergo reactions and mimics folate deficiency . The reactions that lead to the methyl - THF reservoir can be shown in chain form : folate → dihydrofolate → tetrahydrofolate ↔ methylene - THF → methyl - THF Folate metabolism Conversion to biologically active derivatives ( edit ) All the biological functions of folic acid are performed by tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives . Their biological availability to the body depends upon dihydrofolate reductase action in the liver . This action is unusually slow in humans , being less than 2 % of that in rats ( and with an almost - 5-fold variation in enzymatic activity ) , leading to the accumulation of unmetabolized folic acid . It has been suggested this low activity limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms `` when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( 1 mg / d for adults ) . '' Overview of drugs that interfere with folate reactions ( edit ) A number of drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of folic acid and THF . Among them are the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as trimethoprim , pyrimethamine , and methotrexate ; the sulfonamides ( competitive inhibitors of 4 - aminobenzoic acid in the reactions of dihydropteroate synthetase ) . Valproic acid , one of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsants that is also used to treat certain psychological conditions , is a known inhibitor of folic acid , and as such , has been shown to cause neural tube defects and cases of spina bifida and cognitive impairment in the newborn . Because of this considerable risk , those mothers who must continue to use valproic acid or its derivatives during pregnancy to control their condition ( as opposed to stopping the drug or switching to another drug or to a lesser dose ) should take folic acid supplements under the direction and guidance of their health care providers . The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES III 1988 -- 91 ) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( 1994 -- 96 CSFII ) indicated most adults did not consume adequate folate . However , the folic acid fortification program in the United States has increased folic acid content of commonly eaten foods such as cereals and grains , and as a result , diets of most adults now provide recommended amounts of folate equivalents . Food fortification ( edit ) In the USA many grain products are fortified with folic acid . See also : Food fortification Folic acid fortification is a process where folic acid is added to flour with the intention of promoting public health through increasing blood folate levels in the populace . In the USA , food is fortified with folic acid , only one of the many naturally occurring forms of folate , and a substance contributing only a minor amount to the folates in natural foods . Since the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects , governments and health organizations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant . Fortification is controversial , with issues having been raised concerning individual liberty , as well as the health concerns described in the Toxicity section above . In the USA , there is concern that the federal government mandates fortification , but does not provide monitoring of potential undesirable effects of fortification . 76 countries worldwide require mandatory folic acid fortification of at least one major cereal grain , with nearly all fortifying at least wheat flour , according to November 2013 data from the Food Fortification Initiative . These countries are : Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Australia , Bahamas , Bahrain , Barbados , Belize , Benin , Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) , Brazil , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cote d'Ivoire , Cuba , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Fiji , Ghana , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) , Iraq , Jamaica , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Kosovo , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Mexico , Morocco , Nepal , Nicaragua , Niger , Nigeria , Oman , Palestine ( Occupied Territory ) , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Peru , Republic of Moldova , Rwanda , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Solomon Islands , South Africa , Suriname , Tanzania ( United Republic of ) , Togo , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkmenistan , Uganda , United States of America , Uruguay , Uzbekistan , and Yemen . As of November 2013 , no EU country has mandated folic acid fortification . Australia ( edit ) There has been previous debate in Australia regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour . Australia and New Zealand have jointly agreed to fortification though the Food Standards Australia New Zealand . Australia will fortify all flour from 18 September 2009 . Although the food standard covers both Australia and New Zealand , an Australian government official has stated it is up to New Zealand to decide whether to implement it there , and they will watch with interest . The requirement is 0.135 mg of folate per 100g of bread . Canada ( edit ) In 2003 , a Hospital for Sick Children , University of Toronto research group published findings showing the fortification of flour with folic acid in Canada has resulted in a dramatic decrease in neuroblastoma , an early and very dangerous cancer in young children . In 2009 , further evidence from McGill University showed a 6.2 % decrease per year in the birth prevalence of severe congenital heart defects . Folic acid used in fortified foods is a synthetic form called pteroylmonoglutamate . It is in its oxidized state and contains only one conjugated glutamate residue . Folic acid therefore enters via a different carrier system from naturally occurring folate , and this may have different effects on folate binding proteins and its transporters . Folic acid has a higher bioavailability than natural folates and are rapidly absorbed across the intestine ; therefore , it is important to consider the Dietary Folate Equivalent ( DFE ) when calculating one 's intake . Natural occurring folate is equal to 1 DFE ; , however , 0.6 μg of folic acid is equal to 1 DFE . Folic acid food fortification became mandatory in Canada in 1998 , with the fortification of 150 μg of folic acid per 100 grams of enriched flour and uncooked cereal grains . The purpose of fortification was to decrease the risk of neural tube defects in newborns . It is important to fortify grains because it is a widely eaten food and the neural tube closes in the first four weeks of gestation , often before many women even know they are pregnant . Canada 's fortification program has been successful with a decrease of neural tube defects by 19 % since its introduction . A seven - province study from 1993 to 2002 showed a reduction of 46 % in the overall rate of neural tube defects after folic acid fortification was introduced in Canada . The fortification program was estimated to raise a person 's folic acid intake level by 70 -- 130 μg / day ; however , an increase of almost double that amount was actually observed . This could be from the fact that many foods are over fortified by 160 -- 175 % the predicted value . In addition , much of the elder population take supplements that adds 400 μg to their daily folic acid intake . This is a concern because 70 -- 80 % of the population have detectable levels of unmetabolized folic acid in their blood and high intakes can accelerate the growth of preneoplastic lesions . It is still unknown the amount of folic acid supplementation that might cause harm . Supplementation promotion ( edit ) According to a Canadian survey , 58 % of women said they took a folic acid containing multivitamin or a folic acid supplement as early as three months before becoming pregnant . Women in higher income households and with more years of school education are using more folic acid supplements before pregnancy . Women with planned pregnancies and who are over the age of 25 are more likely to use folic acid supplement . Canadian public health efforts are focused on promoting awareness of the importance of folic acid supplementation for all women of childbearing age and decreasing socio - economic inequalities by providing practical folic acid support to vulnerable groups of women . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand was planning to fortify bread ( excluding organic and unleavened varieties ) from 18 September 2009 , but has opted to wait until more research is done . The Association of Bakers and the Green Party have opposed mandatory fortification , describing it as `` mass medication '' . Food Safety Minister Kate Wilkinson reviewed the decision to fortify in July 2009 , citing links between overconsumption of folate with cancer . The New Zealand Government is reviewing whether it will continue with the mandatory introduction of folic acid to bread . United Kingdom ( edit ) There has been previous debate in the United Kingdom regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour . While the Food Standards Agency has recommended folic acid fortification , and wheat flour is fortified with iron , folic acid fortification of wheat flour is allowed voluntarily rather than required . United States ( edit ) The United States Public Health Service recommends an extra 0.4 mg / day for newly pregnant women , which they can take as a pill . However , many researchers believe this supplementation can never work effectively enough , since about half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned , and not all women comply with the recommendation . Approximately 53 % of the US population uses dietary supplements and 35 % uses dietary supplements that contain folic acid . Men consume more folate ( in dietary folate equivalents ) than women , and non-Hispanic whites have higher folate intakes than Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks . Twenty - nine percent of black women have inadequate intakes of folate . The age group consuming the most folate and folic acid is the > 50 group . 5 % of the population exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Level . In 1996 , the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) published regulations requiring the addition of folic acid to enriched breads , cereals , flours , corn meals , pastas , rice , and other grain products . This ruling took effect on 1 January 1998 , and was specifically targeted to reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects in newborns . There are concerns that the amount of folate added is insufficient . In October 2006 , the Australian press claimed that U.S. regulations requiring fortification of grain products were being interpreted as disallowing fortification in non-grain products , specifically Vegemite ( an Australian yeast extract containing folate ) . The FDA later said the report was inaccurate , and no ban or other action was being taken against Vegemite . As a result of the folic acid fortification program , fortified foods have become a major source of folic acid in the American diet . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta , Georgia used data from 23 birth defect registries covering about half of United States births , and extrapolated their findings to the rest of the country . These data indicate that , since the addition of folic acid in grain - based foods as mandated by the FDA , the rate of neural tube defects dropped by 25 % in the United States . Before folic acid fortification , about 4,100 pregnancies were affected by a neural tube defect each year in the United States . After fortification , this number declined to around 3,000 . The results of folic acid fortification on the rate of neural tube defects in Canada have also been positive , showing a 46 % reduction in prevalence of NTDs ; the magnitude of reduction was proportional to the prefortification rate of NTDs , essentially removing geographical variations in rates of NTDs seen in Canada before fortification . When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set the folic acid fortification regulation in 1996 , the projected increase in folic acid intake was 100 μg / d . Data from a study with 1480 subjects showed that folic acid intake increased by 190 μg / d and total folate intake increased by 323 μg dietary folate equivalents ( DFE ) / d . Folic acid intake above the upper tolerable intake level ( 1000 μg folic acid / d ) increased only among those individuals consuming folic acid supplements as well as folic acid found in fortified grain products . Taken together , folic acid fortification has led to a bigger increase in folic acid intake than first projected . See also ( edit ) Levomefolic acid Pteridine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fenech , Michael ( May 2012 ) . `` Folate ( vitamin B9 ) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity '' . Mutation Research / Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 733 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 21 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrfmmm. 2011.11. 003 . PMID 22093367 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of vitamin Bc '' . Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Darby , William J. ; Jones , Edgar ( 1 November 1945 ) . `` Treatment of Sprue with Synthetic L. casei Factor ( Folic Acid , Vitamin M ) '' . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 60 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 262 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 60 - 15154P . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Folic Acid '' . Drugs.com . American Society of Health - System Pharmacists. 1 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Folic Acid '' . The PubChem Project . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guidance for Industry : A Food Labeling Guide ( 14 . Appendix F : Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients ) '' . US Food and Drug Administration . January 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibbins - Domingo , Kirsten ; Grossman , David C. ; Curry , Susan J. ; Davidson , Karina W. ; Epling , John W. ; García , Francisco A.R. ; Kemper , Alex R. ; Krist , Alex H. ; Kurth , Ann E. ; Landefeld , C. Seth ; Mangione , Carol M. ; Phillips , William R. ; Phipps , Maureen G. ; Pignone , Michael P. ; Silverstein , Michael ; Tseng , Chien - Wen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects '' . JAMA. 317 ( 2 ) : 183 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.19438 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dietary supplement fact sheet : Folate '' . Health Information . Office of Dietary Supplements , US National Institutes of Health . Archived from the original on 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Lynn B. ( 2009 ) . Folate in Health and Disease , Second Edition . CRC Press . p. 198 . ISBN 9781420071252 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Obeid , R ; Herrmann , W ( October 2012 ) . `` The emerging role of unmetabolized folic acid in human diseases : myth or reality ? '' . Current drug metabolism . 13 ( 8 ) : 1184 -- 95 . PMID 22746304 . ^ Jump up to : Li Y , Huang T , Zheng Y , Muka T , Troup J , Hu FB ( 2016 ) . `` Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases : A Meta - Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials '' . J Am Heart Assoc. 5 ( 8 ) : e003768 . doi : 10.1161 / JAHA. 116.003768 . PMC 5015297 . PMID 27528407 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pommerville , Glendale Community College Jeffrey C. ( 2009 ) . Alcamo 's Fundamentals of Microbiology : Body Systems . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 511 . ISBN 9780763787127 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marino , Bradley S. ; Fine , Katie Snead ( 2009 ) . Blueprints Pediatrics . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 131 . ISBN 9780781782517 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Wilson G. ; Nichols , Buford L. ; Brown , Dan L. ( 2009 ) . Adequate Food for All : Culture , Science , and Technology of Food in the 21st Century . CRC Press . p. 148 . ISBN 9781420077544 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Folic Acid '' . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers Concise Dictionary . Allied Publishers . 2004 . p. 451 . ISBN 979 - 8186 - 06236 - 3 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Folic Acid '' . NIH LiverTox. 2 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ 's Folic Acid '' . CDC. 16 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nomenclature and symbols for folic acid and related compounds '' . IUPAC - IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature . Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Folic Acid vs. Folate '' . Health Tips From The Professor . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson RD , Wilson RD , Audibert F , Brock JA , Carroll J , Cartier L , Gagnon A , Johnson JA , Langlois S , Murphy - Kaulbeck L , Okun N , Pastuck M , Deb - Rinker P , Dodds L , Leon JA , Lowel HL , Luo W , MacFarlane A , McMillan R , Moore A , Mundle W , O'Connor D , Ray J , Van den Hof M ( 2015 ) . `` Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid - Sensitive Congenital Anomalies '' . J Obstet Gynaecol Can . 37 ( 6 ) : 534 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / s1701 - 2163 ( 15 ) 30230 - 9 . PMID 26334606 . Jump up ^ Feng Y , Wang S , Chen R , Tong X , Wu Z , Mo X ( 2015 ) . `` Maternal folic acid supplementation and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring : a meta - analysis of epidemiological observational studies '' . Sci Rep. 5 : 8506 . doi : 10.1038 / srep08506 . PMC 4330542 . PMID 25687545 . Jump up ^ Fekete K , Berti C , Trovato M , Lohner S , Dullemeijer C , Souverein OW , Cetin I , Decsi T ( 2012 ) . `` Effect of folate intake on health outcomes in pregnancy : a systematic review and meta - analysis on birth weight , placental weight and length of gestation '' . Nutr J. 11 : 75 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2891 - 11 - 75 . PMC 3499376 . PMID 22992251 . Jump up ^ Saccone G , Berghella V ( 2016 ) . `` Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth : a systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials '' . Eur. J. Obstet . Gynecol . Reprod. Biol. 199 : 76 -- 81 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejogrb. 2016.01. 042 . PMID 26901401 . Jump up ^ Devakumar D , Fall CH , Sachdev HS , Margetts BM , Osmond C , Wells JC , Costello A , Osrin D ( 2016 ) . `` Maternal antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation for long - term health benefits in children : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . BMC Med. 14 : 90 . doi : 10.1186 / s12916 - 016 - 0633 - 3 . PMC 4910255 . PMID 27306908 . Jump up ^ Crider KS , Cordero AM , Qi YP , Mulinare J , Dowling NF , Berry RJ ( 2013 ) . `` Prenatal folic acid and risk of asthma in children : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98 ( 5 ) : 1272 -- 81 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.065623 . PMID 24004895 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebisch IM , Thomas CM , Peters WH , Braat DD , Steegers - Theunissen RP ( 2007 ) . `` The importance of folate , zinc and antioxidants in the pathogenesis and prevention of subfertility '' . Hum . Reprod . Update. 13 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 74 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dml054 . PMID 17099205 . Jump up ^ Altmäe S , Stavreus - Evers A , Ruiz JR , et al. ( June 2010 ) . `` Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility '' . Fertil . Steril. 94 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2009.02. 025 . PMID 19324355 . Jump up ^ Bazzano LA ( August 2011 ) . `` No effect of folic acid supplementation on cardiovascular events , cancer or mortality after 5 years in people at increased cardiovascular risk , although homocysteine levels are reduced '' . Evid Based Med. 16 ( 4 ) : 117 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / ebm1204 . PMID 21402567 . Jump up ^ `` Folic acid ' reduces stroke risks ' '' . BBC News . London . 31 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Terwecoren A , Steen E , Benoit D , Boon P , Hemelsoet D ( September 2009 ) . `` Ischemic stroke and hyperhomocysteinemia : truth or myth ? '' . Acta Neurol Belg. 109 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 8 . PMID 19902811 . Jump up ^ Glynn , SA ; Albanes , D ( 1994 ) . `` Folate and cancer : a review of the literature '' . Nutrition and cancer . 22 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 01635589409514336 . PMID 14502840 . Jump up ^ Jägerstad , M ( 2012 ) . `` Folic acid fortification prevents neural tube defects and may also reduce cancer risks '' . Acta Paediatrica. 101 ( 10 ) : 1007 -- 12 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1651 - 2227.2012. 02781. x . PMID 22783992 . Jump up ^ `` Common questions about diet and cancer : Folate and folic acid '' . American Cancer Society . 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , S.J. ; Hartman , T.J. ; Stolzenberg - Solomon , R ; Pietinen , P ; Barrett , M.J. ; Taylor , P.R. ; Virtamo , J ; Albanes , D ( 2003 ) . `` Null association between prostate cancer and serum folate , vitamin B ( 6 ) , vitamin B ( 12 ) , and homocysteine '' . Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention . 12 ( 11 Pt 1 ) : 1271 -- 2 . PMID 14652294 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wien TN , Pike E , Wisløff T , Staff A , Smeland S , Klemp M ( 2012 ) . `` Cancer risk with folic acid supplements : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . BMJ Open . 2 ( 1 ) : e000653 . doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen - 2011 - 000653 . PMC 3278486 . PMID 22240654 . Jump up ^ Wang , R ; Zheng , Y ; Huang , JY ; Zhang , AQ ; Zhou , YH ; Wang , JN ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` Folate intake , serum folate levels , and prostate cancer risk : a meta - analysis of prospective studies '' . BMC Public Health . 14 ( 1 ) : 1326 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 14 - 1326 . PMC 4320532 . PMID 25543518 . Jump up ^ Schwingshackl , L ; Boeing , H ; Stelmach - Mardas , M ; Gottschald , M ; Dietrich , S ; Hoffmann , G ; Chaimani , A ( January 2017 ) . `` Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause - Specific Death , Cardiovascular Disease , and Cancer : A Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials '' . Advances in Nutrition. 8 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 39 . doi : 10.3945 / an. 116.013516 . PMC 5227980 . PMID 28096125 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kamen B ( October 1997 ) . `` Folate and antifolate pharmacology '' . Semin . Oncol. 24 ( 5 Suppl 18 ) : S18 -- 30 -- S18 -- 39 . PMID 9420019 . Jump up ^ Rubio IT , Cao Y , Hutchins LF , Westbrook KC , Klimberg VS ( May 1998 ) . `` Effect of glutamine on methotrexate efficacy and toxicity '' . Ann . Surg. 227 ( 5 ) : 772 -- 8 ; discussion 778 -- 80 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000658 - 199805000 - 00018 . PMC 1191365 . PMID 9605669 . Jump up ^ Wolff JE , Hauch H , Kuhl J , Egeler RM , Jurgens H ( 1998 ) . `` Dexamethasone increases hepatotoxicity of MTX in children with brain tumors '' . Anticancer Research . 18 ( 4B ) : 2895 -- 9 . PMID 9713483 . Jump up ^ Kepka L , De Lassence A , Ribrag V , et al. ( March 1998 ) . `` Successful rescue in a patient with high dose methotrexate - induced nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure '' . Leuk . Lymphoma. 29 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 205 -- 9 . doi : 10.3109 / 10428199809058397 . PMID 9638991 . Jump up ^ Branda RF , Nigels E , Lafayette AR , Hacker M ( 1998 ) . `` Nutritional folate status influences the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in rats '' . Blood . 92 ( 7 ) : 2471 -- 6 . PMID 9746787 . Jump up ^ Shiroky JB ; Frcp ( c ) ( November 1997 ) . `` The use of folates concomitantly with low - dose pulse methotrexate '' . Rheum . Dis . Clin. North Am. 23 ( 4 ) : 969 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / S0889 - 857X ( 05 ) 70369 - 0 . PMID 9361164 . Jump up ^ Keshava C , Keshava N , Whong WZ , Nath J , Ong TM ( February 1998 ) . `` Inhibition of methotrexate - induced chromosomal damage by folinic acid in V79 cells '' . Mutat . Res. 397 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0027 - 5107 ( 97 ) 00216 - 9 . PMID 9541646 . Jump up ^ Coppen A , Bolander - Gouaille C ( January 2005 ) . `` Treatment of depression : time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12 '' . J. Psychopharmacol . ( Oxford ) . 19 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 65 . doi : 10.1177 / 0269881105048899 . PMID 15671130 . Jump up ^ Taylor MJ , Carney SM , Goodwin GM , Geddes JR ( June 2004 ) . `` Folate for depressive disorders : systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials '' . J. Psychopharmacol . ( Oxford ) . 18 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 6 . doi : 10.1177 / 0269881104042630 . PMID 15260915 . Jump up ^ Gilbody S , Lewis S , Lightfoot T ( January 2007 ) . `` Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) genetic polymorphisms and psychiatric disorders : a HuGE review '' . Am. J. Epidemiol. 165 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kwj347 . PMID 17074966 . Jump up ^ Gilbody S , Lightfoot T , Sheldon T ( July 2007 ) . `` Is low folate a risk factor for depression ? A meta - analysis and exploration of heterogeneity '' . J Epidemiol Community Health . 61 ( 7 ) : 631 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / jech. 2006.050385 . PMC 2465760 . PMID 17568057 . Jump up ^ Gaweesh S , Ewies AA ( February 2010 ) . `` Folic acid supplementation cures hot flushes in postmenopausal women '' . Med . Hypotheses. 74 ( 2 ) : 286 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.09. 010 . PMID 19796883 . Jump up ^ García - Miss Mdel R , Pérez - Mutul J , López - Canul B , et al. ( May 2010 ) . `` Folate , homocysteine , interleukin - 6 , and tumor necrosis factor alfa levels , but not the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism , are risk factors for schizophrenia '' . J Psychiatr Res. 44 ( 7 ) : 441 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpsychires. 2009.10. 011 . PMID 19939410 . Jump up ^ Krebs MO , Bellon A , Mainguy G , Jay TM , Frieling H ( December 2009 ) . `` One - carbon metabolism and schizophrenia : current challenges and future directions '' . Trends Mol Med. 15 ( 12 ) : 562 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molmed. 2009.10. 001 . PMID 19896901 . Jump up ^ Christen WG , Glynn RJ , Chew EY , Albert CM , Manson JE ( February 2009 ) . `` Folic acid , pyridoxine , and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age - related macular degeneration in women : the Women 's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study '' . Arch . Intern . Med. 169 ( 4 ) : 335 -- 41 . doi : 10.1001 / archinternmed. 2008.574 . PMC 2648137 . PMID 19237716 . Jump up ^ Vreugdenhil G , Wognum AW , van Eijk HG , Swaak AJ ( February 1990 ) . `` Anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis : the role of iron , vitamin B12 , and folic acid deficiency , and erythropoietin responsiveness '' . Ann . Rheum . Dis. 49 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / ard. 49.2. 93 . PMC 1003985 . PMID 2317122 . Jump up ^ Reynolds E ( November 2006 ) . `` Vitamin B12 , folic acid , and the nervous system '' . Lancet Neurol. 5 ( 11 ) : 949 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / S1474 - 4422 ( 06 ) 70598 - 1 . PMID 17052662 . Jump up ^ Allen RH , Stabler SP , Savage DG , Lindenbaum J ( June 1990 ) . `` Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency I : usefulness of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine concentrations '' . Am. J. Hematol. 34 ( 2 ) : 90 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / ajh. 2830340204 . PMID 2339683 . Jump up ^ Hathcock JN ( August 1997 ) . `` Vitamins and minerals : efficacy and safety '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66 ( 2 ) : 427 -- 37 . PMID 9250127 . Jump up ^ FAO ; WHO ( 2002 ) , `` ch. 4 , Folate and Folic Acid '' , Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements , archived from the original on 24 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : Smith AD ( January 2007 ) . `` Folic acid fortification : the good , the bad , and the puzzle of vitamin B - 12 '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 5 . PMID 17209170 . ^ Jump up to : `` Folate deficiency : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia '' . www.nlm.nih.gov . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Diaz , V.H. US Patent 20080020071 , 24 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.merck.com Archived 24 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lohner , Szimonetta ; Fekete , Katalin ; Berti , Cristiana ; Hermoso , Maria ; Cetin , Irene ; Koletzko , Berthold ; Decsi , Tamás ( 2012 ) . `` Effect of folate supplementation on folate status and health outcomes in infants , children and adolescents : A systematic review '' . International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 63 ( 8 ) : 1014 -- 20 . doi : 10.3109 / 09637486.2012. 683779 . PMID 22574624 . ^ Jump up to : Malterre T ( September 2009 ) . `` Digestive and nutritional considerations in celiac disease : could supplementation help ? '' ( PDF ) . Altern Med Rev. 14 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 57 . PMID 19803549 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Varela - Moreiras G , Murphy MM , Scott JM ( May 2009 ) . `` Cobalamin , folic acid , and homocysteine '' . Nutr. Rev. 67 Suppl 1 : S69 -- 72 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 4887.2009. 00163. x . PMID 19453682 . Jump up ^ Pasricha S , Shet A , Sachdev HP , Shet AS ( October 2009 ) . `` Risks of routine iron and folic acid supplementation for young children '' ( PDF ) . Indian Pediatr. 46 ( 10 ) : 857 -- 66 . PMID 19887691 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet : Folate '' . National Institutes of Health . Archived from the original on 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Institute of Medicine ( 1998 ) . `` Folate '' . Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin , Riboflavin , Niacin , Vitamin B6 , Folate , Vitamin B12 , Pantothenic Acid , Biotin , and Choline . Washington , DC : The National Academies Press . pp. 196 -- 305 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 06554 - 2 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies '' ( PDF ) . 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals '' ( PDF ) . European Food Safety Authority . 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register May 27 , 2016 Food Labeling : Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to the Nutrition Facts Panel - Compliance Date '' Jump up ^ Owens , Janel E. ; Clifford , Andrew J. ; Bamforth , Charles W. ( 2007 ) . `` Folate in Beer '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing . 113 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 248 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2050 - 0416.2007. tb00283. x . ISSN 0046 - 9750 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Nutrient Database ( Table ) '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Effects of Cooking on Vitamins ( Table ) '' . Beyondveg.com . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Dietrich , M ; Brown , CJ ; Block , G ( 2005 ) . `` The effect of folate fortification of cereal - grain products on blood folate status , dietary folate intake , and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the United States '' . J Am Coll Nutr. 24 ( 4 ) : 266 -- 274 . doi : 10.1080 / 07315724.2005. 10719474 . PMID 16093404 . ^ Jump up to : Lanska , DJ. ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 30 Historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders : the water - soluble B vitamins '' . Handb Clin Neurol . Handbook of Clinical Neurology . 95 : 445 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0072 - 9752 ( 08 ) 02130 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52009 - 8 . PMID 19892133 . Jump up ^ Mitchell HK , Snell EE , Williams RJ ( 1941 ) . `` The concentration of `` folic acid '' `` . J Am Chem Soc. 63 ( 8 ) : 2284 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01853a512 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffbrand AV , Weir DG ( June 2001 ) . `` The history of folic acid '' . Br. J. Haematol. 113 ( 3 ) : 579 -- 89 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2141.2001. 02822. x . PMID 11380441 . Jump up ^ Angier RB , Boothe JH , Hutchings BL , et al. ( August 1945 ) . `` Synthesis of a Compound Identical with the L. Casei Factor Isolated from Liver '' . Science . 102 ( 2644 ) : 227 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1945Sci ... 102 ... 227A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 102.2644. 227 . PMID 17778509 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo JC , Grau MV , Haile RW , et al. ( March 2009 ) . `` Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer : results from a randomized clinical trial '' . J. Natl . Cancer Inst. 101 ( 6 ) : 432 -- 5 . doi : 10.1093 / jnci / djp019 . PMC 2657096 . PMID 19276452 . Jump up ^ Smith C , Lieberman M , Marks DB , Marks AD ( 2007 ) . Marks ' essential medical biochemistry . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 9340 - 8 . Jump up ^ Zittoun J ( 1993 ) . `` Anemias due to disorder of folate , vitamin B and transcobalamin metabolism '' . La Revue du praticien ( in French ) . 43 ( 11 ) : 1358 -- 63 . PMID 8235383 . Jump up ^ `` Folate and Your Health -- HealthLinkBC File # 68g '' . Healthlinkbc.ca . Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Goh YI , Koren G ( January 2008 ) . `` Folic acid in pregnancy and fetal outcomes '' . J Obstet Gynaecol. 28 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 13 . doi : 10.1080 / 01443610701814195 . PMID 18259891 . Jump up ^ `` EC 1.5. 1.3 '' . Us.expasy.org . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Benkovic SJ , Hammes - Schiffer S ( August 2003 ) . `` A perspective on enzyme catalysis '' . Science . 301 ( 5637 ) : 1196 -- 202 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 301.1196 B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085515 . PMID 12947189 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey SW , Ayling JE ( September 2009 ) . `` The extremely slow and variable activity of dihydrofolate reductase in human liver and its implications for high folic acid intake '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 106 ( 36 ) : 15424 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 10615424B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0902072106 . PMC 2730961 . PMID 19706381 . Jump up ^ Alaimo K , McDowell MA , Briefel RR , Bischof AM , Caughman CR , Loria CM , Johnson CL ( 1994 ) . `` Dietary intake of vitamins , minerals , and fiber of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States : Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , Phase 1 , 1988 -- 91 '' . Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics ( 258 ) : 1 -- 28 . PMID 10138938 . Jump up ^ Raiten DJ , Fisher KD ( 1995 ) . `` Assessment of folate methodology used in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES III , 1988 -- 1994 ) '' . The Journal of Nutrition. 125 ( 5 ) : 1371S -- 1398S . PMID 7738698 . Jump up ^ Lewis CJ , Crane NT , Wilson DB , Yetley EA ( August 1999 ) . `` Estimated folate intakes : data updated to reflect food fortification , increased bioavailability , and dietary supplement use '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 207 . PMID 10426695 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why fortify ? '' . Food Fortification Initiative . 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bread fortification ' not justified ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 29 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : NZPA ( 22 June 2007 ) . `` Bread to be fortified with folic acid '' . NZ Herald . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bread additive call ' up to NZ ' '' . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ French AE , Grant R , Weitzman S , et al. ( September 2003 ) . `` Folic acid food fortification is associated with a decline in neuroblastoma '' . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 74 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / S0009 - 9236 ( 03 ) 00200 - 5 . PMID 12966372 . Jump up ^ Ionescu - Ittu R , Marelli AJ , Mackie AS , Pilote L ( 2009 ) . `` Prevalence of severe congenital heart disease after folic acid fortification of grain products : time trend analysis in Quebec , Canada '' . BMJ. 338 : b1673 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. b1673 . PMC 2682153 . PMID 19436079 . ^ Jump up to : Smith AD , Kim YI , Refsum H ( March 2008 ) . `` Is folic acid good for everyone ? '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87 ( 3 ) : 517 -- 33 . PMID 18326588 . Jump up ^ Ulrich CM , Potter JD ( February 2006 ) . `` Folate supplementation : too much of a good thing ? '' . Cancer Epidemiol . Biomarkers Prev. 15 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 93 . doi : 10.1158 / 1055 - 9965. EPI - 152CO . PMID 16492904 . ^ Jump up to : Mason JB , Dickstein A , Jacques PF , et al. ( July 2007 ) . `` A temporal association between folic acid fortification and an increase in colorectal cancer rates may be illuminating important biological principles : a hypothesis '' . Cancer Epidemiol . Biomarkers Prev. 16 ( 7 ) : 1325 -- 9 . doi : 10.1158 / 1055 - 9965. EPI - 07 - 0329 . PMID 17626997 . ^ Jump up to : Quinlivan EP , Gregory JF ( January 2003 ) . `` Effect of food fortification on folic acid intake in the United States '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 ( 1 ) : 221 -- 5 . PMID 12499345 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to the Health Canada Web site '' . Hc-sc.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Chustecka , Z. ( 2009 ) . `` Folic - acid fortification of flour and increased rates of colon cancer '' . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Work Starts on Wilkinson 's Mass Medication Plan '' ( Press release ) . Association Of Bakers. 8 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NZ should push pause on folic fortification '' ( Press release ) . Green Party . 9 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ NZPA ( 8 July 2009 ) . `` Bakers , Govt battle over folic acid '' . NZ Herald . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Govt reviewing folic acid policy '' . Stuff . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC ' Put folic acid in bread ' Archived 13 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine . 13 January 2000 Jump up ^ FSA ( 17 May 2007 ) . `` Board recommends mandatory fortification '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Backing for folic acid in bread '' . BBC News . 17 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ BBC Experts back folic acid in flour Archived 18 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 11 May 2007 ^ Jump up to : Bailey RL , Dodd KW , Gahche JJ , et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` Total folate and folic acid intake from foods and dietary supplements in the United States : 2003 -- 2006 '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91 ( 1 ) : 231 -- 7 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2009.28427 . PMC 2793110 . PMID 19923379 . Jump up ^ Malinow MR , Duell PB , Hess DL , et al. ( April 1998 ) . `` Reduction of plasma homocyst ( e ) ine levels by breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid in patients with coronary heart disease '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 338 ( 15 ) : 1009 -- 15 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199804093381501 . PMID 9535664 . Jump up ^ Daly S , Mills JL , Molloy AM , et al. ( December 1997 ) . `` Minimum effective dose of folic acid for food fortification to prevent neural - tube defects '' . Lancet . 350 ( 9092 ) : 1666 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 07247 - 4 . PMID 9400511 . Jump up ^ Crandall BF , Corson VL , Evans MI , Goldberg JD , Knight G , Salafsky IS ( July 1998 ) . `` American College of Medical Genetics statement on folic acid : fortification and supplementation '' . Am. J. Med . Genet. 78 ( 4 ) : 381 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1096 - 8628 ( 19980724 ) 78 : 4 < 381 : : AID - AJMG16 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - E. PMID 9714444 . Jump up ^ `` FDA muffed chance to reduce birth defects '' . Boston Globe . 6 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US denies Vegemite ban '' . 25 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( May 2004 ) . `` Spina bifida and anencephaly before and after folic acid mandate -- United States , 1995 -- 1996 and 1999 -- 2000 '' . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 53 ( 17 ) : 362 -- 5 . PMID 15129193 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birth Defects COUNT Folic Acid NCBDDD CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ De Wals P , Tairou F , Van Allen MI , et al. ( July 2007 ) . `` Reduction in neural - tube defects after folic acid fortification in Canada '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 357 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 42 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa067103 . PMID 17625125 . ^ Jump up to : Choumenkovitch SF , Selhub J , Wilson PW , Rader JI , Rosenberg IH , Jacques PF ( September 2002 ) . `` Folic acid intake from fortification in United States exceeds predictions '' . J. Nutr. 132 ( 9 ) : 2792 -- 8 . PMID 12221247 . External links ( edit ) Jane Higdon , `` Folic Acid '' , Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University Biochemistry links Folate biosynthesis ( early stages ) Folate biosynthesis ( later stages ) Folate coenzymes C metabolism with folate Formylation , hydroxymethylation and methylation using folate Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) Protein bar Vitamins Vitamins and chemical elements ( `` minerals '' ) Retinol ( Vitamin A ) B vitamins : Thiamine ( B ) Riboflavin ( B ) Niacin ( B ) Pantothenic acid ( B ) Pyridoxine ( B ) Biotin ( B ) Folic acid ( B ) Cyanocobalamin ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( Vitamin C ) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol ( Vitamin D ) Tocopherol ( Vitamin E ) Naphthoquinone ( Vitamin K ) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β - hydroxy β - methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine / Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John 's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α - Carotene β - Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone ( K ) Menaquinones ( K ) Menadione ( K ) ‡ Menadiol ( K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III GND : 4121288 - 5 NDL : 00574353 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folate&oldid=806948649 '' Categories : Folates Dicarboxylic acids B vitamins Alcohols World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from January 2017 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is folic acid absorbed in the body
[ "Folic acid used in fortified foods is a synthetic form called pteroylmonoglutamate.[99] It is in its oxidized state and contains only one conjugated glutamate residue.[99] Folic acid therefore enters via a different carrier system from naturally occurring folate, and this may have different effects on folate binding proteins and its transporters.[100] Folic acid has a higher bioavailability than natural folates and are rapidly absorbed across the intestine;[99] therefore, it is important to consider the Dietary Folate Equivalent (DFE) when calculating one's intake. Natural occurring folate is equal to 1 DFE;, however, 0.6 µg of folic acid is equal to 1 DFE." ]
[ "intestine" ]
-709756834447324259
Original sin
Original sin - wikipedia Original sin Not to be confused with Eternal sin . For other uses , see Original Sin ( disambiguation ) . Depiction of the sin of Adam and Eve by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens . Original sin , also called `` ancestral sin '' , is a Christian belief of the state of sin in which humanity exists since the fall of man , stemming from Adam and Eve 's rebellion in Eden , namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil . This condition has been characterized in many ways , ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency , or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt , referred to as a `` sin nature '' , to something as drastic as total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt . The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , Bishop of Lyon in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics . Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine , seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 21 - 22 ) and the Old Testament verse of Psalms 51 : 5 . Tertullian , Cyprian , Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam 's sin , transmitted by human generation . Augustine 's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers , such as Martin Luther and John Calvin , who equated original sin with concupiscence ( or `` hurtful desire '' ) , affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom , although Augustine said that free will was weakened but not destroyed by original sin . The Jansenist movement , which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical , also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will . Instead the Catholic Church declares `` Baptism , by imparting the life of Christ 's grace , erases original sin and turns a man back towards God , but the consequences for nature , weakened and inclined to evil , persist in man and summon him to spiritual battle . '' `` Weakened and diminished by Adam 's fall , free will is yet not destroyed in the race '' Contents 1 History of the doctrine 1.1 Apocryphal books 1.2 Augustine 1.3 Cassian 1.4 Church reaction 1.5 Protestant reformation 1.6 Council of Trent 2 Denominational views 2.1 Catholicism 2.1. 1 Criticism 2.2 Eastern Orthodoxy 2.3 Classical Anglicanism 2.4 Methodism 2.5 Seventh - day Adventism 2.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2.7 Mormonism 2.8 Swedenborgianism 2.9 Quakerism 3 In Judaism 4 In Islam 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History of the doctrine ( edit ) Michelangelo 's painting of the sin of Adam and Eve from the Sistine Chapel ceiling The doctrine of ancestral fault ( προγονικὸν ἁμάρτημα progonikon hamartema ) , i.e. the sins of the forefathers leading to punishment of their descendants , was presented as a tradition of immemorial antiquity in ancient Greek religion by Celsus in his True Doctrine , a polemic attacking Christianity . Celsus is quoted as attributing to `` a priest of Apollo or of Zeus '' the saying that `` the mills of the gods grind slowly , even to children 's children , and to those who are born after them '' . The idea of divine justice taking the form of collective punishment is also ubiquitous in the Hebrew Bible . St Paul 's idea of redemption hinged upon the contrast between the sin of Adam and the death and resurrection of Jesus . `` Therefore , just as sin entered the world through one man , and death through sin , and in this way death came to all people , because all sinned . '' `` For as in Adam all die , so in Christ all will be made alive . '' Up till then the transgression in the Garden of Eden had not been given great significance . According to the Jesus scholar Geza Vermes : Paul believed that Adam 's transgression in a mysterious way affected the nature of the human race . The primeval sin , a Pauline creation with no biblical or post-biblical Jewish precedent , was irreparable by ordinary human effort . The formalized Christian doctrine of original sin was first developed in the 2nd century by Irenaeus , the Bishop of Lyon , in his struggle against Gnosticism . Irenaeus contrasted their doctrine with the view that the Fall was a step in the wrong direction by Adam , with whom , Irenaeus believed , his descendants had some solidarity or identity . However , Irenaeus did not believe that Adam 's sin had tremendously grave consequences for humanity as the later tradition would hold , nor that his sin was the source of universal human sinfulness . That all human beings participate in Adam 's sin and share his guilt are totally foreign concepts for Irenaeus ; Adam 's sin belonged to Adam alone . Adam in his transgression is likened to a child who merely partook of the tree ahead of his time . For Irenaeus , knowing good an evil was an integral aspect of human nature ; the ' sin ' of Adam was snatching at the fruit of the tree rather than waiting for it as a gift from God . Other Greek Fathers would come to emphasize the cosmic dimension of the Fall , namely that since Adam human beings are born into a fallen world , but held fast to belief that man , though fallen , is free . They thus did not teach that human beings are deprived of free will and involved in total depravity , which is one understanding of original sin among the leaders of the Reformation . During this period the doctrines of human depravity and the inherently sinful nature of human flesh were taught by Gnostics , and orthodox Christian writers took great pains to counter them . Christian apologists insisted that God 's future judgment of humanity implied humanity must have the ability to live righteously . Historian Robin Lane Fox argues that the foundation of the doctrine of original sin as accepted by the Church was ultimately based on a mistranslation of Paul the Apostle 's Epistle to the Romans ( Romans 5 : 12 -- 21 ) by Augustine , in his On the Grace of Christ , and on Original Sin `` . Apocryphal Books ( edit ) The original sin doctrine can be found fourth Book of Esdras , which refers Adam being responsible for the Fall of man whose offspring inherited the disease and evil . O Adam , what have you done ? For though it was you who sinned , the fall was not yours alone , but ours also who are your descendants. ─ 4 Esdras 7 : 48 ( 118 ) For the first Adam , burdened with an evil heart , transgressed and was overcome , as were also all who were descended from him . Thus the disease became permanent ; the law was in the hearts of the people along with the evil root ; but what was good departed , and the evil remained . ─ 4 Esdras 3 : 21 - 22 For a grain of evil seed was sown in Adam 's heart from the beginning , and how much ungodliness it has produced until now -- and will produce until the time of threshing comes ! ─ 4 Esdras 4 : 30 Augustine ( edit ) Augustine of Hippo wrote that original sin is transmitted by concupiscence and enfeebles freedom of the will without destroying it . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . When Adam sinned , human nature was thenceforth transformed . Adam and Eve , via sexual reproduction , recreated human nature . Their descendants now live in sin , in the form of concupiscence , a term Augustine used in a metaphysical , not a psychological sense . Augustine insisted that concupiscence was not a being but a bad quality , the privation of good or a wound . He admitted that sexual concupiscence ( libido ) might have been present in the perfect human nature in paradise , and that only later it became disobedient to human will as a result of the first couple 's disobedience to God 's will in the original sin . In Augustine 's view ( termed `` Realism '' ) , all of humanity was really present in Adam when he sinned , and therefore all have sinned . Original sin , according to Augustine , consists of the guilt of Adam which all humans inherit . Justo Gonzalez interprets Augustine 's teaching that humans are utterly depraved in nature and grace is irresistible , results in conversion , and leads to perseverance . Augustine articulated his explanation in reaction to Pelagianism , which insisted that humans have of themselves , without the necessary help of God 's grace , the ability to lead a morally good life , and thus denied both the importance of baptism and the teaching that God is the giver of all that is good . Pelagius claimed that the influence of Adam on other humans was merely that of bad example . Augustine held that the effects of Adam 's sin are transmitted to his descendants not by example but by the very fact of generation from that ancestor . A wounded nature comes to the soul and body of the new person from his / her parents , who experience libido ( or concupiscence ) . Augustine 's view was that human procreation was the way the transmission was being effected . He did not blame , however , the sexual passion itself , but the spiritual concupiscence present in human nature , soul and body , even after baptismal regeneration . Christian parents transmit their wounded nature to children , because they give them birth , not the `` re-birth '' . Augustine used Ciceronian Stoic concept of passions , to interpret St. Paul 's doctrine of universal sin and redemption . In that view , also sexual desire itself as well as other bodily passions were consequence of the original sin , in which pure affections were wounded by vice and became disobedient to human reason and will . As long as they carry a threat to the dominion of reason over the soul they constitute moral evil , but since they do not presuppose consent , one can not call them sins . Humanity will be liberated from passions , and pure affections will be restored only when all sin has been washed away and ended , that is in the resurrection of the dead . Augustine believed that unbaptized infants go to hell as a consequence of original sin . The Latin Church Fathers who followed Augustine adopted his position , which became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages . In the later medieval period , some theologians continued to hold Augustine 's view , others held that unbaptized infants suffered no pain at all : unaware of being deprived of the beatific vision , they enjoyed a state of natural , not supernatural happiness . Starting around 1300 , unbaptized infants were often said to inhabit the `` limbo of infants '' . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1261 declares : `` As regards children who have died without Baptism , the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God , as she does in her funeral rites for them . Indeed , the great mercy of God who desires that all men should be saved , and Jesus ' tenderness toward children which caused him to say : ' Let the children come to me , do not hinder them ' , allow us to hope that there is a way of salvation for children who have died without Baptism . All the more urgent is the Church 's call not to prevent little children coming to Christ through the gift of holy Baptism . '' But the theory of Limbo , while it `` never entered into the dogmatic definitions of the Magisterium ... remains ... a possible theological hypothesis '' . Cassian ( edit ) In the works of John Cassian ( c. 360 -- 435 ) , Conference XIII recounts how the wise monk Chaeremon , of whom he is writing , responded to puzzlement caused by his own statement that `` man even though he strive with all his might for a good result , yet can not become master of what is good unless he has acquired it simply by the gift of Divine bounty and not by the efforts of his own toil '' ( chapter 1 ) . In chapter 11 , Cassian presents Chaeremon as speaking of the cases of Paul the persecutor and Matthew the publican as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of free will is in our own power '' , and the cases of Zaccheus and the good thief on the cross as difficulties for those who say `` the beginning of our free will is always due to the inspiration of the grace of God '' , and as concluding : `` These two then ; viz. , the grace of God and free will seem opposed to each other , but really are in harmony , and we gather from the system of goodness that we ought to have both alike , lest if we withdraw one of them from man , we may seem to have broken the rule of the Church 's faith : for when God sees us inclined to will what is good , He meets , guides , and strengthens us : for ' At the voice of thy cry , as soon as He shall hear , He will answer thee ' ; and : ' Call upon Me ' , He says , ' in the day of tribulation and I will deliver thee , and thou shalt glorify Me ' . And again , if He finds that we are unwilling or have grown cold , He stirs our hearts with salutary exhortations , by which a good will is either renewed or formed in us . '' Cassian did not accept the idea of total depravity , on which Martin Luther was to insist . He taught that human nature is fallen or depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that , at the same time , Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian pointed out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , but in Cassian 's view , according to Casiday , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress ; and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Church reaction ( edit ) Opposition to Augustine 's ideas about original sin , which he had developed in reaction to Pelagianism , arose rapidly . After a long and bitter struggle several councils , especially the Second Council of Orange in 529 , confirmed the general principles of Augustine 's teaching within Western Christianity . However , while the western Church condemned Pelagius , it did not endorse Augustine entirely and , while Augustine 's authority was accepted , he was interpreted in the light of writers such as Cassian . Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with concupiscence in the psychological sense , but Saint Anselm of Canterbury challenged this identification in the 11th - century , defining original sin as `` privation of the righteousness that every man ought to possess '' , thus separating it from concupiscence . In the 12th century the identification of original sin with concupiscence was supported by Peter Lombard and others , but was rejected by the leading theologians in the next century , most notably by Thomas Aquinas . Aquinas distinguished the supernatural gifts of Adam before the Fall from what was merely natural , and said that it was the former that were lost , privileges that enabled man to keep his inferior powers in submission to reason and directed to his supernatural end . Even after the fall , man thus kept his natural abilities of reason , will and passions . Rigorous Augustine - inspired views persisted among the Franciscans , though the most prominent Franciscan theologians , such as Duns Scotus and William of Ockham , eliminated the element of concupiscence and identified original sin with the loss of sanctifying grace . Eastern Orthodox theology has questioned Western Christianity 's ideas on original sin from the outset and does not promote the idea of inherited guilt . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Martin Luther ( 1483 -- 1546 ) asserted that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . The second article in Lutheranism 's Augsburg Confession presents its doctrine of original sin in summary form : It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin . That is , all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers ' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God . Moreover , this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit . Rejected in this connection are the Pelagians and others who deny that original sin is sin , for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers , thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ . Luther , however , also agreed with the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception ( that Mary was conceived free from original sin ) by saying : ( Mary ) is full of grace , proclaimed to be entirely without sin . God 's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil . God is with her , meaning that all she did or left undone is divine and the action of God in her . Moreover , God guarded and protected her from all that might be hurtful to her . Protestant Reformer John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) developed a systematic theology of Augustinian Protestantism by interpretation of Augustine of Hippo 's notion of original sin . Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . This inherently sinful nature ( the basis for the Calvinistic doctrine of `` total depravity '' ) results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities . Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam 's fall , but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race , all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his sin by imputation . Redemption by Jesus Christ is the only remedy . John Calvin defined original sin in his Institutes of the Christian Religion as follows : Original sin , therefore , seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature , diffused into all parts of the soul , which first makes us liable to God 's wrath , then also brings forth in us those works which Scripture calls `` works of the flesh '' ( Gal 5 : 19 ) . And that is properly what Paul often calls sin . The works that come forth from it -- such as adulteries , fornications , thefts , hatreds , murders , carousings -- he accordingly calls `` fruits of sin '' ( Gal 5 : 19 -- 21 ) , although they are also commonly called `` sins '' in Scripture , and even by Paul himself . Council of Trent ( edit ) The Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 1563 ) , while not pronouncing on points disputed among Catholic theologians , condemned the teaching that in baptism the whole of what belongs to the essence of sin is not taken away , but is only cancelled or not imputed , and declared the concupiscence that remains after baptism not truly and properly `` sin '' in the baptized , but only to be called sin in the sense that it is of sin and inclines to sin . In 1567 , soon after the close of the Council of Trent , Pope Pius V went beyond Trent by sanctioning Aquinas 's distinction between nature and supernature in Adam 's state before the Fall , condemned the identification of original sin with concupiscence , and approved the view that the unbaptized could have right use of will . The Catholic Encyclopedia refers : `` Whilst original sin is effaced by baptism concupiscence still remains in the person baptized ; therefore original sin and concupiscence can not be one and the same thing , as was held by the early Protestants ( see Council of Trent , Sess . V , can . v ) . '' . Denominational views ( edit ) Illuminated parchment , Spain , circa AD 950 -- 955 , depicting the Fall of Man , cause of original sin Catholicism ( edit ) The Catechism of the Catholic Church says : By his sin Adam , as the first man , lost the original holiness and justice he had received from God , not only for himself but for all humans . Adam and Eve transmitted to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice ; this deprivation is called `` original sin '' . As a result of original sin , human nature is weakened in its powers , subject to ignorance , suffering and the domination of death , and inclined to sin ( this inclination is called `` concupiscence '' ) . St. Anselm refers : `` the sin of Adam was one thing but the sin of children at their birth is quite another , the former was the cause , the latter is the effect '' In a child original sin is distinct from the fault of Adam , it is one of its effects . The effects of Adam 's sin according to the Catholic Encyclopedia are : Death and Suffering . Concupiscence or Inclination to sin . Baptism erases original sin but the inclination to sin remains . The absence of sanctifying grace in the new - born child is also an effect of the first sin , for Adam , having received holiness and justice from God , lost it not only for himself but also for us . Baptism confers original sanctifying grace , lost through the Adam 's sin , thus eliminating original sin and any personal sin . The Catholic Church teaches that every human person born on this earth is made in the image of God . Within man `` is both the powerful surge toward the good because we are made in the image of God , and the darker impulses toward evil because of the effects of Original Sin '' . Furthermore , it explicitly denies that we inherit guilt from anyone , maintaining that instead we inherit our fallen nature . In this it differs from the Calvinist / Protestant position that each person actually inherits Adam 's guilt , and teaches instead that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants ... but the consequences for nature , weakened and inclined to evil , persist in man '' . `` In other words , human beings do not bear any ' original guilt ' from Adam and Eve 's particular sin . '' The Church has always held baptism to be for the remission of sins including the original sin , and , as mentioned in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 403 , infants too have traditionally been baptized , though not guilty of any actual personal sin . The sin that through baptism is remitted for them could only be original sin . Baptism confers original sanctifying grace which erases original sin and any actual personal sin . The first comprehensive theological explanation of this practice of baptizing infants , guilty of no actual personal sin , was given by Saint Augustine of Hippo , not all of whose ideas on original sin have been adopted by the Catholic Church . Indeed , the Church has condemned the interpretation of some of his ideas by certain leaders of the Protestant Reformation . The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains that in `` yielding to the tempter , Adam and Eve committed a personal sin , but this sin affected the human nature that they would then transmit in a fallen state ... original sin is called `` sin '' only in an analogical sense : it is a sin `` contracted '' and not `` committed '' -- a state and not an act '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 404 ) . This `` state of deprivation of the original holiness and justice ... transmitted to the descendants of Adam along with human nature '' ( Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 76 ) involves no personal responsibility or personal guilt on their part ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Personal responsibility and guilt were Adam 's , who because of his sin , was unable to pass on to his descendants a human nature with the holiness with which it would otherwise have been endowed , in this way implicating them in his sin . The doctrine of original sin thus does not impute the sin of the father to his children , but merely states that they inherit from him a `` human nature deprived of original holiness and justice '' , which is `` transmitted by propagation to all mankind '' . In the theology of the Catholic Church , original sin is the absence of original holiness and justice into which humans are born , distinct from the actual sins that a person commits . The absence of sanctifying grace or holiness in the new - born child is an effect of the first sin , for Adam , having received holiness and justice from God , lost it not only for himself but also for us . This teaching explicitly states that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' . In other words , human beings do not bear any `` original guilt '' from Adam 's particular sin , which is his alone . The prevailing view , also held in Eastern Orthodoxy , is that human beings bear no guilt for the sin of Adam . The Catholic Church teaches : `` By our first parents ' sin , the devil has acquired a certain domination over man , even though man remains free . '' The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary is that Mary was conceived free from original sin : `` the most Blessed Virgin Mary was , from the first moment of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege of almighty God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , Savior of the human race , preserved immune from all stain of original sin '' . The doctrine sees her as an exception to the general rule that human beings are not immune from the reality of original sin . Criticism ( edit ) Soon after the Second Vatican Council , biblical theologian Herbert Haag raised the question : Is original sin in Scripture ? According to his exegesis , Genesis 2 : 25 would indicate that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the divine grace , an originary grace that , then , they would never have had and even less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated . On the other hand , while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absence of preternatural gifts ( Latin : dona praeternaturalia ) with regard to the ophitic event , Haag never makes any reference to the discontinuity of the loss of access to the tree of life . Eastern Orthodoxy ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox version of original sin is the view that sin originates with the Devil , `` for the devil sinneth from the beginning ( 1 John iii. 8 ) '' . They acknowledge that the introduction of ancestral sin into the human race affected the subsequent environment for humanity ( see also traducianism ) . However , they never accepted Augustine of Hippo 's notions of original sin and hereditary guilt . Orthodox Churches accept the teachings of John Cassian , as do Catholic Churches eastern and western , in rejecting the doctrine of total depravity , by teaching that human nature is `` fallen '' , that is , depraved , but not totally . Augustine Casiday states that Cassian `` baldly asserts that God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' -- even faith '' . Cassian points out that people still have moral freedom and one has the option to choose to follow God . Colm Luibhéid says that , according to Cassian , there are cases where the soul makes the first little turn , while Augustine Casiday says that , in Cassian 's view , any sparks of goodwill that may exist , not directly caused by God , are totally inadequate and only direct divine intervention ensures spiritual progress . and Lauren Pristas says that `` for Cassian , salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' . Eastern Orthodoxy accepts the doctrine of ancestral sin : `` Original sin is hereditary . It did not remain only Adam and Eve 's . As life passes from them to all of their descendants , so does original sin . '' `` As from an infected source there naturally flows an infected stream , so from a father infected with sin , and consequently mortal , there naturally proceeds a posterity infected like him with sin , and like him mortal . '' The Orthodox Church in America makes clear the distinction between `` fallen nature '' and `` fallen man '' and this is affirmed in the early teaching of the Church whose role it is to act as the catalyst that leads to true or inner redemption . Every human person born on this earth bears the image of God undistorted within themselves . In the Orthodox Christian understanding , they explicitly deny that humanity inherited guilt from anyone . Rather , they maintain that we inherit our fallen nature . While humanity does bear the consequences of the original , or first , sin , humanity does not bear the personal guilt associated with this sin . Adam and Eve are guilty of their willful action ; we bear the consequences , chief of which is death . '' The view of the Eastern Orthodox Church varies on whether Mary is free of all actual sin or concupiscence . Some Patristic sources imply that she was cleansed from sin at the Annunciation , while the liturgical references are unanimous that she is all - holy from the time of her conception . Classical anglicanism ( edit ) The original formularies of the Church of England also continue in the Reformation understanding of original sin . In the Thirty - Nine Articles , Article IX `` Of Original or Birth - sin '' states : Original Sin standeth not in the following of Adam , ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) ; but it is the fault and corruption of the Nature of every man , that naturally is ingendered of the offspring of Adam ; whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and is of his own nature inclined to evil , so that the flesh lusteth always contrary to the spirit ; and therefore in every person born into this world , it deserveth God 's wrath and damnation . And this infection of nature doth remain , yea in them that are regenerated ; whereby the lust of the flesh , called in the Greek , Φρονεμα σαρκος , which some do expound the wisdom , some sensuality , some the affection , some the desire , of the flesh , is not subject to the Law of God . And although there is no condemnation for them that believe and are baptized , yet the Apostle doth confess , that concupiscence and lust hath of itself the nature of sin . However , more recent doctrinal statements ( e.g. the 1938 report Doctrine in the Church of England ) permit a greater variety of understandings of this doctrine . The 1938 report summarizes : Man is by nature capable of communion with God , and only through such communion can he become what he was created to be . `` Original sin '' stands for the fact that from a time apparently prior to any responsible act of choice man is lacking in this communion , and if left to his own resources and to the influence of his natural environment can not attain to his destiny as a child of God . Methodism ( edit ) The Methodist Church upholds Article VII in the Articles of Religion in the Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church : Original sin standeth not in the following of Adam ( as the Pelagians do vainly talk ) , but it is the corruption of the nature of every man , that naturally is engendered of the offspring of Adam , whereby man is very far gone from original righteousness , and of his own nature inclined to evil , and that continually . Seventh - day adventism ( edit ) Seventh - day Adventists believe that humans are inherently sinful due to the fall of Adam , but they do not totally accept the Augustinian / Calvinistic understanding of original sin , taught in terms of original guilt , but hold more to what could be termed the `` total depravity '' tradition . Seventh - day Adventists have historically preached a doctrine of inherited weakness , but not a doctrine of inherited guilt . According to Augustine and Calvin , humanity inherits not only Adam 's depraved nature but also the actual guilt of his transgression , and Adventists look more toward the Wesleyan model . In part , the Adventist position on original sin reads : The nature of the penalty for original sin , i.e. , Adam 's sin , is to be seen as literal , physical , temporal , or actual death -- the opposite of life , i.e. , the cessation of being . By no stretch of the scriptural facts can death be spiritualised as depravity . God did not punish Adam by making him a sinner . That was Adam 's own doing . All die the first death because of Adam 's sin regardless of their moral character -- children included . Early Adventists Pioneers ( such as George Storrs and Uriah Smith ) tended to de-emphasise the morally corrupt nature inherited from Adam , while stressing the importance of actual , personal sins committed by the individual . They thought of the `` sinful nature '' in terms of physical mortality rather than moral depravity . Traditionally , Adventists look at sin in terms of willful transgressions , and that Christ triumphed over sin . Though believing in the concept of inherited sin from Adam , there is no dogmatic Adventist position on original sin . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) According to the theology of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses , all humans are born sinners , because of inheriting sin , corruption , and death from Adam . They teach that Adam was originally created perfect and sinless , but with free will ; that the Devil , who was originally a perfect angel , but later developed feelings of pride and self - importance , seduced Eve , and then through her , persuaded Adam to disobey God , and to obey the Devil instead , rebelling against God 's sovereignty , thereby making themselves sinners , and because of that , transmitting a sinful nature to all of their future offspring . Instead of destroying the Devil right away , as well as destroying the disobedient couple , God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind , and to prove that man can not be independent of God successfully , that man is lost without God 's laws and standards , and can never bring peace to the earth , and that Satan was a deceiver , murderer , and liar . Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that all men possess `` inherited sin '' from the `` one man '' Adam and they teach that verses such as Romans 5 : 12 - 22 , Psalm 51 : 5 , Job 14 : 4 , and 1st Corinthians 15 : 22 show that man is born corrupt , and dies because of inherited sin and imperfection , that inherited sin is the reason and cause for sickness and suffering , made worse by the Devil 's wicked influence . They believe Jesus is the `` second Adam '' , being the sinless Son of God and the Messiah , and that he came to undo Adamic sin ; and that salvation and everlasting life can only be obtained through faith and obedience to the second Adam . They believe that `` sin '' is `` missing the mark '' of God 's standard of perfection , and that everyone is born a sinner , due to being the offspring of sinner Adam . Mormonism ( edit ) The Book of Mormon , a text sacred to Mormonism , explains that the opportunity to live here in a world where we can learn good and bad is a gift from God , and not a punishment for Adam 's and Eve 's choice . As Mormon founder Joseph Smith taught , humans had an essentially godlike nature , and were not only holy in a premortal state , but had the potential to progress eternally to become like God . He wrote as one of his church 's Articles of Faith , `` We believe that men will be punished for their own sins , and not for Adam 's transgression . '' Later Mormons took this creed as a rejection of the doctrine of original sin and any notion of inherited sinfulness . Thus , while modern Mormons will agree that the fall of Adam brought consequences to the world , including the possibility of sin , they generally reject the idea that any culpability is automatically transmitted to Adam and Eve 's offspring . Children under the age of eight are regarded as free of all sin and therefore do not require baptism . Children who die prior to age eight are believed to be saved in the highest degree of heaven . Swedenborgianism ( edit ) In Swedenborgianism , exegesis of the first 11 chapters of Genesis from The First Church , has a view that Adam is not an individual person . Rather , he is a symbolic representation of the `` Most Ancient Church '' , having a more direct contact with heaven than all other successive churches . Swedenborg 's view of original sin is referred to as hereditary evil , which passes from generation to generation . It can not be completely abolished by an individual man , but can be tempered when someone reforms their own life , and are thus held accountable only for their own sins . Quakerism ( edit ) Most Quakers ( also known as the Religious Society of Friends ) , including the founder of Quakerism , George Fox , believe in the doctrine of Inward light , a doctrine which states that there is `` that of God in everyone '' . This has led to a common belief among many liberal and universalist Quakers affiliated with the Friends General Conference and Britain Yearly Meeting , based on the ideas of Quaker Rufus Jones among others , that rather than being burdened by original sin , human beings are inherently good , and the doctrine of universal reconciliation , that is , that all people will eventually be saved and reconciled with God . However , this rejection of the doctrine of original sin or the necessity of salvation is not something that most conservative or evangelical Quakers affiliated with Friends United Meeting or Evangelical Friends Church International tend to agree with . Although the more conservative and evangelical Quakers also believe in the doctrine of inward light , they interpret it in a manner consistent with the doctrine of original sin , namely , that people may or may not listen to the voice of God within them and be saved , and people who do not listen will not be saved . In Judaism ( edit ) The doctrine of `` inherited sin '' is not found in most of mainstream Judaism . Although some in Orthodox Judaism place blame on Adam for overall corruption of the world , and though there were some Jewish teachers in Babylon who believed that mortality was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , that is not the dominant view in most of Judaism today . Modern Judaism generally teaches that humans are born sin - free and untainted , and choose to sin later and bring suffering to themselves . Jewish theologians are divided in regard to the cause of what is called `` original sin '' . Others teach that it was due to Adam 's yielding to temptation in eating of the forbidden fruit and has been inherited by his descendants ; the majority of chazalic opinions , however , do not hold Adam responsible for the sins of humanity , teaching that , in Genesis 8 : 21 and 6 : 5 - 8 , God recognized that Adam did not willfully sin . However , Adam is recognized by some as having brought death into the world by his disobedience . Because of his sin , his descendants will live a mortal life , which will end in death of their bodies . According to book Legends of the Jews , in Judgement Day , Adam will disavow any complaints of all men who accuse him as the cause of death of every human on earth . Instead , Adam will reproach their mortality because of their sins . In Islam ( edit ) The concept of inherited sin does not exist in Islam . Islam teaches that Adam and Eve sinned , but then sought forgiveness and thus were forgiven by God . The Qur'an says that after Adam and Eve sinned , they were sent down to the earth for a temporary life as a consequence . In their earthly life , they received words from God , through which God granted them repentance . But Satan caused them to slip out of it and removed them from that ( condition ) in which they had been . And We said , `` Go down , ( all of you ) , as enemies to one another , and you will have upon the earth a place of settlement and provision for a time . '' Then Adam received from his Lord ( some ) words , and He accepted his repentance . Indeed , it is He who is the Accepting of repentance , the Merciful . -- Surat al - Baqara : 36 -- 37 They said : `` Our Lord , we have wronged ourselves souls . If You forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your mercy , we shall certainly be of the losers . -- Surat al - Aʻrāf : 23 Thus did Adam disobey his Lord , so he went astray . Then his Lord chose him , and turned to him with forgiveness , and gave him guidance . -- Surat Ṭā Hāʼ : 121 -- 122 The Qur'an further says about individual responsibility : That no burdened person ( with sins ) shall bear the burden ( sins ) of another . And that man can have nothing but what he does ( of good and bad ) . And that his deeds will be seen , Then he will be recompensed with a full and the best ( fair ) recompense . -- Surat an - Najm : 38 -- 41 See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Religion portal Actual sin Ancestral sin Christian views on sin Deadly sin Divine grace Fall of man Hamartiology Immaculate Conception Incurvatus in se Internal sin Justification ( theology ) Mortal sin Pandora 's box Prevenient grace Problem of evil Sin The Antichrist ( book ) Theodicy and the Bible § The Fall and freedom of the will Venial sin Yetzer hara References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Examples : Alexander Golitzin , On the Mystical Life by Saint Symeon ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 144 - 7 ) , p. 119 Adam L. Tate , Conservatism and Southern Intellectuals , 1789 -- 1861 ( University of Missouri Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1567 - 3 ) , p. 190 Marcelle Bartolo - Abel , God 's Gift to Humanity ( Apostolate -- The Divine Heart 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9833480 - 1 - 6 ) , p. 32 Ann Hassan , Annotations to Geoffrey Hill 's Speech ! Speech ! ( Punctum Books 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4681 - 2984 - 7 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : ODCC 2005 , p . Original sin . Jump up ^ Brodd , Jefferey ( 2003 ) . World Religions . Winona , MN : Saint Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 725 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` In the person of the first Adam we offend God , disobeying His precept '' ( Haeres. , V , xvi , 3 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Nathan . `` The Original View of Original Sin '' . Vision.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Original Sin Explained and Defended : Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor '' . Philvaz.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Preamble and Articles of Faith Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - V. Sin , Original and Personal - Church of the Nazarene . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Are Babies Born with Sin ? Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . - Topical Bible Studies . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Original Sin - Psalm 51 : 5 - Catholic News Agency . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Jansenius and Jansenism '' . Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Catechism Catholic Church 405 Jump up ^ Council of Trent ( Sess . VI , cap . i and v ) Jump up ^ Ὀψὲ , φησι , θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , και Ἐς παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθη γένωνται . Gagné , Renaud ( 2013 ) . Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ten Plagues of Egypt , destruction of Shechem , etc. and most notably the punishments inflicted on the Israelites for lapsing from Yahwism ; explicitly in Isaiah 14 : 21 , Exodus 20 : 5 , Exodus 34 : 6 - 7 , Jeremiah 32 : 18 . Krašovec , Jože , Reward , punishment , and forgiveness : the thinking and beliefs of ancient Israel in the light of Greek and modern views , BRILL , 1999 , p 113 . Jump up ^ Rom. 5 : 12 Jump up ^ 1 Cor. 15 : 22 Jump up ^ Vermes , Geza ( 2012 ) . Christian Beginnings from Nazareth to Nicea . Allen Lane , Penguin Books . p. 100 . Jump up ^ J.N.D. Kelly . Early Christian Doctrines ( San Francisco : Harper Collins , 1978 ) p. 171 , referred to in Daniel L. Akin , A Theology for the Church , p. 433 Jump up ^ Tatha Wiley , `` Original Sin : Origins , Developments , Contemporary Meanings ( Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press , 2002 ) , 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Bouteneff , `` Beginnings '' ( Grand Rapids : Baker , 2008 ) , 79 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus , `` Against Heresies '' , IV. 39 . Accessed at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103439.htm Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 255 , 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ H.E.W. Turner , The Patristic Doctrine of the Redemption : A Study of the Development of Doctrine During the First Five Centuries ( Eugene , Oregon : Wipf & Stock Publishers , 2004 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Bernhard Lohse , A Short History of Christian Doctrine ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Fortress Press , 1966 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Arthur C. McGiffert , A History of Christian Thought : Volume 1 , Early and Eastern ( New York ; London : C. Scribner 's sons , 1932 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 258 -- 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Fox , Robin Lane ( 2006 ) . The Unauthorized Version : Truth and Fiction in the Bible . London : Penguin . ISBN 9780141022963 . Jump up ^ Bible Gateway passage : 2 Esdras 7 - New Revised Standard Version . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bible Gateway passage : 2 Esdras 3 - New Revised Standard Version . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bible Gateway passage : 2 Esdras 4 - New Revised Standard Version . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Augustine taught that Adam 's sin was both an act of foolishness ( insipientia ) and of pride and disobedience to God of Adam and Eve . He thought it was a most subtle job to discern what came first : self - centeredness or failure in seeing truth . Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Sed si disputatione subtilissima et elimatissima opus est , ut sciamus utrum primos homines insipientia superbos , an insipientes superbia fecerit ( Contra Julianum , V , 4.18 ; PL 44 , 795 ) . This particular sin would not have taken place if Satan had not sown into their senses `` the root of evil '' ( radix Mali ) : Nisi radicem mali humanus tunc reciperet sensus ( Contra Julianum , I , 9.42 ; PL 44 , 670 ) Jump up ^ `` Original Sin '' . Biblical Apologetic Studies . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Augustine of Hippo ( 354 -- 430 ) taught that Adam 's sin is transmitted by concupiscence , or `` hurtful desire '' , sexual desire and all sensual feelings resulting in humanity becoming a massa damnata ( mass of perdition , condemned crowd ) , with much enfeebled , though not destroyed , freedom of will . Jump up ^ William Nicholson . A Plain But Full Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England , page 118 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas explained Augustine 's doctrine pointing out that the libido ( concupiscence ) , which makes the original sin pass from parents to children , is not a libido actualis , i.e. sexual lust , but libido habitualis , i.e. a wound of the whole of human nature : Libido quae transmittit peccatum originale in prolem , non est libido actualis , quia dato quod virtute divina concederetur alicui quod nullam inordinatam libidinem in actu generationis sentiret , adhuc transmitteret in prolem originale peccatum . Sed libido illa est intelligenda habitualiter , secundum quod appetitus sensitivus non continetur sub ratione vinculo originalis iustitiae . Et talis libido in omnibus est aequalis ( STh Ia -- IIae q. 82 a . 4 ad 3 ) . Jump up ^ Non substantialiter manere concupiscentiam , sicut corpus aliquod aut spiritum ; sed esse affectionem quamdam malae qualitatis , sicut est languor . ( De nuptiis et concupiscentia , I , 25 . 28 ; PL 44 , 430 ; cf . Contra Julianum , VI , 18.53 ; PL 44 , 854 ; ibid . VI , 19.58 ; PL 44 , 857 ; ibid. , II , 10.33 ; PL 44 , 697 ; Contra Secundinum Manichaeum , 15 ; PL 42 , 590 . Jump up ^ Augustine wrote to Julian of Eclanum : Quis enim negat futurum fuisse concubitum , etiamsi peccatum non praecessisset ? Sed futurus fuerat , sicut aliis membris , ita etiam genitalibus voluntate motis , non libidine concitatis ; aut certe etiam ipsa libidine -- ut non vos de illa nimium contristemus -- non qualis nunc est , sed ad nutum voluntarium serviente ( Contra Julianum , IV . 11 . 57 ; PL 44 , 766 ) . See also his late work : Contra secundam Iuliani responsionem imperfectum opus , II , 42 ; PL 45 , 1160 ; ibid. II , 45 ; PL 45 , 1161 ; ibid. , VI , 22 ; PL 45 , 1550 -- 1551 . Cf . Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Justo L. Gonzalez ( 1970 -- 1975 ) . A History of Christian Thought : Volume 2 ( From Augustine to the eve of the Reformation ) . Abingdon Press . Jump up ^ Sexual desire is , according to bishop of Hippo , only one -- though the strongest -- of many physical realisations of that spiritual libido : Cum igitur sint multarum libidines rerum , tamen , cum libido dicitur neque cuius rei libido sit additur , non fere assolet animo occurrere nisi illa , qua obscenae partes corporis excitantur . Haec autem sibi non solum totum corpus nec solum extrinsecus , verum etiam intrinsecus vindicat totumque commovet hominem animi simul affectu cum carnis appetitu coniuncto atque permixto , ut ea voluptas sequatur , qua maior in corporis voluptatibus nulla est ; ita ut momento ipso temporis , quo ad eius pervenitur extremum , paene omnis acies et quasi vigilia cogitationis obruatur . ( De civitate Dei , XIV , 16 ; CCL 48 , 438 -- 439 ( 1 -- 10 ) ) . See also : Schmitt , É. ( 1983 ) . Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin . Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale . Études Augustiniennes . Paris . p. 97 ... See also Augustine 's : De continentia , 8.21 ; PL 40 , 363 ; Contra Iulianum VI , 19.60 ; PL 44 , 859 ; ibid. IV , 14.65 , z. 2 , s . 62 ; PL 44 , 770 ; De Trinitate , XII , 9 . 14 ; CCL 50 , 368 ( verse : IX 1 -- 8 ) ; De Genesi contra Manicheos , II , 9.12 , s . 60 ; CSEL 91 , 133 ( v. 31 -- 35 ) ) . Jump up ^ Regeneratus quippe non regenerat filios carnis , sed generat ; ac per hoc in eos non quod regeneratus , sed quod generatus est , trajicit . ( De gratia Christi et de peccato originali , II , 40.45 ; CSEL 42 , 202 ( 23 -- 25 ) ; PL 44 , 407 . Jump up ^ Cf . De civitate Dei , ch . IX and XIV ; On the Gospel of John , LX ( Christ 's feelings at the death of Lazarus , Jn 11 ) Jump up ^ J. Brachtendorf ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' : 307 . hdl : 2042 / 23075 . Jump up ^ `` Infernum '' , literally `` underworld '' , later identified as limbo . Jump up ^ `` Past Roman Catholic statements about Limbo and the destination of unbaptised infants who die ? '' . Religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Mark 10 : 14 ; cf. 1 Tim 2 : 4 Jump up ^ Study by International Theological Commission ( 19 January 2007 ) , The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptized , secondary preliminary paragraph ; cf . paragraph 41 . Jump up ^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 s : Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume XI / John Cassian / Conferences of John Cassian , Part II / Conference XIII / Chapter 11 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Rudolph Elton , Reformation Europe ( Wiley - Blackwell 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21384 - 0 ) , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Augustine Casiday , Tradition and Theology in St John Cassian ( Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 19 - 929718 - 5 ) , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : John Cassian . Conferences . Books.google.com . p. 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STUDIA HISTORIAE ECCLESIASTICAE May / Mei 2009 Volume XXXV No / Nr 1 ^ Jump up to : Lauren Pristas , The Theological Anthropology of John Cassian Jump up ^ A.J. Wallace , R.D. Rusk , Moral Transformation : The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation ( New Zealand : Bridgehead , 2011 ) , pp. 284 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 Jump up ^ Edwin Zackrison , In the Loins of Adam ( iUniverse 2004 ISBN 9780595307166 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Justo L. González , A History of Christian Thought ( Abingdon Press 2010 ISBN 9781426721915 ) , vol. 2 , p. 58 Jump up ^ In Catholic theology , the meaning of the word `` concupiscence '' is the movement of the sensitive appetite contrary to the operation of the human reason . The apostle St Paul identifies it with the rebellion of the `` flesh '' against the `` spirit '' . `` Concupiscence stems from the disobedience of the first sin . It unsettles man 's moral faculties and , without being in itself an offence , inclines man to commit sins '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , n . 2515 ) . Jump up ^ McGuckin , John Anthony , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781444392548 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . The doctrine of original sin originates largely from St. Augustine and certain other writers of the patristic Latin West , such as Tertullian . From the outset it has been questioned by exponents of Orthodox theology . ( ... ) Orthodox writers ( ... ) have resisted strongly the conceptions of inherited guilt that are often central to western expositions of original sin . Jump up ^ Theodore G. Tappert , The Book of Concord : The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , ( Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1959 ) , 29 . Jump up ^ Luther 's Works , American edition , vol. 43 , p. 40 , ed. H. Lehmann , Fortress , 1968 Jump up ^ John Calvin , The Institutes of the Christian Religion , II. 1.8 , LCC , 2 vols. , trans . Ford Lewis Battles , ed . John T. McNeill ( Philadelphia : Westminster , 1960 ) , 251 ( page 217 of CCEL edition ) . Cf . Institutes of the Christian Religion at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ `` Paul III Council of Trent - 5 '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Original Sin '' . www.newadvent.org . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ De conceptu virginali , xxvi Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man , The Image of God Paperback - Christoph Cardinal Schoenborn : Ignatius Press '' . Ignatius.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Morality '' . Usccb.org. 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 404 Jump up ^ Item 407 in section 1.2. 1.7 . Emphasis added . Jump up ^ Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) quoted in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 491 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Haag , Herbert ( 1969 ) . Is original sin in Scripture ? . New York : Sheed and Ward . German or . ed. : 1966 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Haag , Herbert ( 1966 ) . pp. 9 , 49ff . Jump up ^ Catechism of St. Philaret , questions 157 Jump up ^ The term `` ancestral sin '' is also used , as in Greek προπατορικὴ ἁμαρτία ( e.g. Πόλεμος και φτώχεια -- η ορθόδοξη άποψη , Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Η νηστεία της Σαρακοστής , Πώς στράφηκε ο Λούθηρος κατά του Μοναχισμού -- του Γεωργίου Φλωρόφσκυ ) or προπατορικὸ ἁμάρτημα ( e.g. , Απαντήσεις σε ερωτήματα δογματικά -- Ανδρέα Θεοδώρου , εκδ . Αποστολικής Διακονίας , 1997 , σελ. 156 -- 161 , Θεοτόκος και προπατορικό αμάρτημα Archived 27 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Stavros Moschos . `` Original Sin And Its Consequences '' . Biserica.org . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox , Catholic , Eastern Church , 168 Jump up ^ `` Do Not Resent , Do Not React , Keep Inner Stillness Glory to God for All Things '' . Fatherstephen.wordpress.com. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fr . John Matusiak , http://www.oca.org/QA.asp?ID=4&SID=3 Jump up ^ Mother Mary and Ware , Kallistos , `` The Festal Menaion '' , p. 47 . St. Tikhon 's Seminary Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Laurent Cleenewerck , His Broken Body ( Euclid University Press 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 61518361 - 9 ) , p. 410 Jump up ^ `` The Thirty - Nine Articles '' . Anglicans Online . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctrine in the Church of England , 1938 , London : SPCK ; p. 64 Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church : The Articles of Religion of the Methodist Church -- Article V -- Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is Jump up ^ The SDA Bible Commentary , vol. 5 , p. 1131 . Jump up ^ Woodrow W. Whidden . `` Adventist Theology : The Wesleyan Connection '' ( PDF ) . Bibelschule.info . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ E.G. White , Signs of the Times , 29 August 1892 ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Pfandl . `` Some thoughts on Original Sin '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Research Institute ^ Jump up to : Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 1993 . pp. 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society . 2005 . p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Watchtower 1973 , page 724 '' -- `` Declaration and resolution '' , The Watchtower , 1 December 1973 , page 724 . Jump up ^ Penton , M.J. ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed . University of Toronto Press . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780802079732 . Jump up ^ `` Angels -- How They Affect Us '' . The Watchtower : 7 . 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ ADAM -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam 's Sin -- The Time for True Submission to God -- jw.org . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Book of Mormon , 2 Nephi 2 : 11 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Articles of Faith 1 : 2 Jump up ^ Merrill , Byron R. ( 1992 ) . `` Original sin '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan Publishing . pp. 1052 -- 1053 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 879602 - 0 . OCLC 24502140 . Jump up ^ Moroni 8 ; `` Chapter 20 : Baptism '' , Gospel Principles , ( Salt Lake City , Utah : LDS Church , 2011 ) pp. 114 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 137 : 10 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Emanuel Swedenborg . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 -- 56 , p. 96 , n . 313 : `` But as to hereditary evil , the case is this . Everyone who commits actual sin thereby induces on himself a nature , and the evil from it is implanted in his children , and becomes hereditary . It thus descends from every parent , from the father , grandfather , great - grandfather , and their ancestors in succession , and is thus multiplied and augmented in each descending posterity , remaining with each person , and being increased in each by his actual sins , and never being dissipated so as to become harmless except in those who are being regenerated by the Lord . Every attentive observer may see evidence of this truth in the fact that the evil inclinations of parents remain visibly in their children , so that one family , and even an entire race , may be thereby distinguished from every other . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 229 , n. 719 : `` There are evils in man which must be dispersed while he is being regenerated , that is , which must be loosened and attempered by goods ; for no actual and hereditary evil in man can be so dispersed as to be abolished . It still remains implanted ; and can only be so far loosened and attempered by goods from the Lord that it does not injure , and does not appear , which is an arcanum hitherto unknown . Actual evils are those which are loosened and attempered , and not hereditary evils ; which also is a thing unknown . '' . Jump up ^ Swedenborg & 1749 - 56 , p. 336 , n. 966 : `` It is to be observed that in the other life no one undergoes any punishment and torture on account of his hereditary evil , but only on account of the actual evils which he himself has committed . '' . Jump up ^ John L. Nickals , ed. ( 1975 ) . Journal of George Fox . Religious Society of Friends . p. 774 . light of Christ , xl , xliii , xliv , 12 , 14 , 16 , 29 , 33 -- 5 , 60 , 64 , 76 , 80 , 88 , 92 , 115 , 117 , 135 , 143 -- 4 , 150 , 155 , 173 , 174 -- 6 , 188 , 191 , 205 , 225 -- 6 , 234 -- 7 , 245 , 274 -- 5 , 283 -- 4 , 294 -- 6 , 303 -- 5 , 309 , 312 , 317 - 335 , 339 -- 40 , 347 -- 8 , 361 , 471 -- 2 , 496 -- 7 , 575 , 642 ^ Jump up to : Babylonian Talmud . Tractate Shabbat 55b . Jump up ^ Kolatch , Alfred J. ( 1989 ) . The Jewish Book of Why / The Second Jewish Book of Why . New York : Jonathan David Publishers -- via `` Judaism 's Rejection Of Original Sin '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise ... While there were some Jewish teachers in Talmudic times who believed that death was a punishment brought upon humanity on account of Adam 's sin , the dominant view was that man sins because he is not a perfect being , and not , as Christianity teaches , because he is inherently sinful . Jump up ^ SIN : -- Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaul Magid ( 2008 ) . From Metaphysics to Midrash : Myth , History , and the Interpretation of Scripture in Lurianic Kabbala . Indiana University Press . p. 238 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Louis ( 1909 ) . The Legends of the Jews Vol I : The Death of Eve . Translated by Henrietta Szold . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society . This is the writing God will bring out on the judgment day , and to each will be made known his deeds . As soon as life is extinct in a man , he is presented to Adam , whom be accuses of having caused his death . But Adam repudiates the charge : `` I committed but one trespass . Is there any among you , and be he the most pious , who has not been guilty of more than one ? '' Jump up ^ `` Islamic beliefs about human nature '' . ReligionFacts. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2004 ) . The Oxford dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . p. 295 Bibliography ( edit ) Brachtendorf , J. ( 1997 ) . `` Cicero and Augustine on the Passions '' ( PDF ) . Revue des Etudes Augustiniennes . Paris : Institut d'études augustiniennes. 43 : 289 -- 308 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 21 . Catechism , U.S. Catholic Church ( 2003 ) . Catechism of the Catholic Church : with modifications from the Editio Typica ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50819 - 3 . Kelly , J.N.D. ( 2000 ) . Early Christian doctrines ( 5th rev . ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5252 - 8 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Original sin '' . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd rev . ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Swedenborg , Emanuel ( 1749 -- 56 ) . Arcana Coelestia , Vol. 1 of 8 . John F. Potts ( trans . ) ( 2008 Reprint ed . ) . Forgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 107 - 7 . Trapè , Agostino ( 1987 ) . S. Agostino , introduzione alla dottrina della grazia . Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 . I - Natura e Grazia . Roma : Nuova Biblioteca agostiniana . p. 422 . ISBN 88 - 311 - 3402 - 7 . Turner , H.E.W. The patristic doctrine of redemption : a study of the development of doctrine during the first five centuries / by H.E.W. Turner . ( 2004 Reprint ed . ) . Eugene , Or. : Wipf & Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 930 - 9 . Wallace , A.J. ; R.D. Rusk ( 2010 ) . Moral transformation : the original Christian paradigm of salvation . New Zealand : Bridgehead Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4563 - 8980 - 2 . Woo , B. Hoon ( 2014 ) . `` Is God the Author of Sin ? -- Jonathan Edwards 's Theodicy '' . Puritan Reformed Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 123 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Original sin Article `` Original Sin '' in Catholic Encyclopedia The Book of Concord The Defense of the Augsburg Confession , Article II : Of Original Sin ; from an early Protestant perspective , part of the Augsburg Confession . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. Romanides Ancestral Versus Original Sin by Father Antony Hughes , St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church , Cambridge , Massachusetts Original Sin by Michael Bremmer Catholic Church Council of Trent ( June 17 , 1546 ) . `` Canones et Decreta Dogmatica Concilii Tridentini : Fifth Session , Decree concerning Original Sin '' . at www.ccel.org . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Seven virtues in Christian ethics Four cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas Three theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Love ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Great Commandment Eschatology Sin Original sin Old Covenant Hamartiology Christian ethics Christian philosophy Christianity portal Philosophy portal Hamartiology Adam Good and evil The Fall Original sin Christian views on sin Imputation of sin Other views on sin Logical order of God 's decrees Theodicy Total depravity See also Apologetics Soteriology Demonology Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Original_sin&oldid=854135765 '' Categories : Systematic theology Christian hamartiology Christian anthropology Adam and Eve Christian terminology Sin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 05 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which of the following formulated the doctrine of original sin
[]
[]
-9212224411801038767
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search Lok Sabha constituencies of India The Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India , is made up of Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Each MP , represents a single geographic constituency . There are currently 543 constituencies . The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 552 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population and 2 Anglo - Indians are nominated by President . Contents ( hide ) 1 Delimitation of constituencies 2 List of constituencies by States / Union Territories 3 Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) 4 Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) 5 Assam ( 14 ) 6 Bihar ( 40 ) 7 Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) 8 Goa ( 2 ) 9 Gujarat ( 26 ) 10 Haryana ( 10 ) 11 Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) 12 Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) 13 Jharkhand ( 14 ) 14 Karnataka ( 28 ) 15 Kerala ( 20 ) 16 Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) 17 Maharashtra ( 48 ) 18 Manipur ( 2 ) 19 Meghalaya ( 2 ) 20 Mizoram ( 1 ) 21 Nagaland ( 1 ) 22 Odisha ( 21 ) 23 Punjab ( 13 ) 24 Rajasthan ( 25 ) 25 Sikkim ( 1 ) 26 Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) 27 Telangana ( 17 ) 28 Tripura ( 2 ) 29 Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) 30 Uttarakhand ( 5 ) 31 West Bengal ( 42 ) 32 Constituencies in the Union Territories 32.1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) 32.2 Chandigarh ( 1 ) 32.3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) 32.4 Daman and Diu ( 1 ) 32.5 Lakshadweep ( 1 ) 32.6 NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) 32.7 Puducherry ( 1 ) 33 Nominated Anglo - Indians ( 2 ) 34 See also 35 References 36 External links Delimitation of constituencies ( edit ) Under the Delimitation Act of 2002 , the Delimitation Commission of India has redefined the list of parliamentary constituencies , their constituent assembly segments and reservation status ( whether reserved for Scheduled castes ( SC ) candidates or Scheduled tribes ( ST ) candidates or unreserved ) . Karnataka Legislative Assembly election , 2008 , which took place in May 2008 , was the first state election to use newly demarcated assembly constituencies . Consequently , all assembly elections scheduled in 2008 , viz. in the states of Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh , NCT of Delhi , Mizoram and Rajasthan are based on newly defined assembly constituencies . The size and shape of the Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies are determined , according to section 4 of the Representation of the People Act , 1950 , by an independent Delimitation Commission . Under a constitutional amendment of 1976 , delimitation was suspended until after the census of 2001 . However , certain amendments to the Constitution made in 2001 and 2003 have , while putting a freeze on the total number of existing seats as allocated to various States in the House of People and the State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till the first census to be taken after the year 2026 , provided that each State shall be delimited into territorial Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies on the basis of 2001 census and the extent of such constituencies as delimited shall remain frozen till the first census to be taken after the year 2026 . The number of seats to be reserved for SC / ST shall be re-worked out on the basis of 2001 census . The constituency shall be delimited in a manner that the population of each Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency in a State so far as practicable be the same throughout the State . List of constituencies by States / Union Territories ( edit ) State / Union Territory Number of Parliamentary seats Andhra Pradesh 25 Arunachal Pradesh Assam 14 Bihar 40 Chhattisgarh 11 Goa Gujarat 26 Haryana 10 Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir 6 Jharkhand 14 Karnataka 28 Kerala 20 Madhya Pradesh 29 Maharashtra 48 Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha 21 Punjab 13 Rajasthan 25 Sikkim Tamil Nadu 39 Telangana 17 Tripura Uttar Pradesh 80 Uttarakhand 5 West Bengal 42 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep NCT of Delhi 7 Puducherry Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Telangana ( 1 -- 17 ) and Andhra Pradesh ( 18 -- 42 ) Constituencies 1 to 17 fall under the State of Telangana and therefore , have been omitted in this table . Constituency No . Constituency Name Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) 18 Araku ST 19 Srikakulam None 20 Vizianagaram None 21 Visakhapatnam None 22 Anakapalli None 23 Kakinada None 24 Amalapuram SC 25 Rajahmundry None 26 Narasapuram None 27 Eluru None 28 Machilipatnam None 29 Vijayawada None 30 Guntur None 31 Narasaraopet None 32 Bapatla SC 33 Ongole None 34 Nandyal None 35 Kurnool None 36 Anantapur None 37 Hindupur None 38 Kadapa None 39 Nellore None 40 Tirupati SC 41 Rajampet None 42 Chittoor SC Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Arunachal West None Arunachal East None Assam ( 14 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Assam Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Karimganj SC Silchar None Autonomous District ST Dhubri None 5 Kokrajhar ST 6 Barpeta None 7 Gauhati None 8 Mangaldoi None 9 Tezpur None 10 Nowgong None 11 Kaliabor None 12 Jorhat None 13 Dibrugarh None 14 Lakhimpur None Bihar ( 40 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Bihar Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Valmiki Nagar None Paschim Champaran None Purvi Champaran None Sheohar None 5 Sitamarhi None 6 Madhubani None 7 Jhanjharpur None 8 Supaul None 9 Araria None 10 Kishanganj None 11 Katihar None 12 Purnia None 13 Madhepura None 14 Darbhanga None 15 Muzaffarpur None 16 Vaishali None 17 Gopalganj SC 18 Siwan None 19 Maharajganj None 20 Saran None 21 Hajipur SC 22 Ujiarpur None 23 Samastipur SC 24 Begusarai None 25 Khagaria None 26 Bhagalpur None 27 Banka None 28 Munger None 29 Nalanda None 30 Patna Sahib None 31 Pataliputra None 32 Arrah None 33 Buxar None 34 Sasaram SC 35 Karakat None 36 Jahanabad None 37 Aurangabad None 38 Gaya SC 39 Nawada None 40 Jamui SC Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Chhattisgarh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Sarguja ST Raigarh ST Janjgir SC Korba None 5 Bilaspur None 6 Rajnandgaon None 7 Durg None 8 Raipur None 9 Mahasamund None 10 Bastar ST 11 Kanker ST Goa ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Goa Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) North Goa None South Goa None Gujarat ( 26 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Gujarat Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Kachchh SC Banaskantha None Patan None Mahesana None 5 Sabarkantha None 6 Gandhinagar None 7 Ahmedabad East None 8 Ahmedabad West SC 9 Surendranagar None 10 Rajkot None 11 Porbandar None 12 Jamnagar None 13 Junagadh None 14 Amreli None 15 Bhavnagar None 16 Anand None 17 Kheda None 18 Panchmahal None 19 Dahod ST 20 Vadodara None 21 Chhota Udaipur ST 22 Bharuch None 23 Bardoli ST 24 Surat None 25 Navsari None 26 Valsad ST Haryana ( 10 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Haryana Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Ambala SC Kurukshetra None Sirsa SC Hissar None 5 Karnal None 6 Sonepat None 7 Rohtak None 8 Bhiwani - Mahendragarh None 9 Gurgaon None 10 Faridabad None Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Kangra None Mandi None Hamirpur None Shimla SC Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Baramulla None Srinagar None Anantnag None Ladakh None 5 Udhampur None 6 Jammu None Jharkhand ( 14 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Jharkhand Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Rajmahal ST Dumka ST Godda None Chatra None 5 Kodarma None 6 Giridih None 7 Dhanbad None 8 Ranchi None 9 Jamshedpur None 10 Singhbhum ST 11 Khunti ST 12 Lohardaga ST 13 Palamau SC 14 Hazaribagh None Karnataka ( 28 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Karnataka Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Chikkodi None Belgaum None Bagalkot None Bijapur SC 5 Kalaburagi SC 6 Raichur ST 7 Bidar None 8 Koppal None 9 Bellary ST 10 Haveri None 11 Dharwad None 12 Uttara Kannada None 13 Davanagere None 14 Shimoga None 15 Udupi Chikmagalur None 16 Hassan None 17 Dakshina Kannada None 18 Chitradurga SC 19 Tumkur None 20 Mandya None 21 Mysore None 22 Chamarajanagar SC 23 Bangalore Rural None 24 Bangalore North None 25 Bangalore Central None 26 Bangalore South None 27 Chikballapur None 28 Kolar SC Kerala ( 20 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Kerala Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Kasaragod None Kannur None Vatakara None Wayanad None 5 Kozhikode None 6 Malappuram None 7 Ponnani None 8 Palakkad None 9 Alathur SC 10 Thrissur None 11 Chalakudy None 12 Ernakulam None 13 Idukki None 14 Kottayam None 15 Alappuzha None 16 Mavelikara SC 17 Pathanamthitta None 18 Kollam None 19 Attingal None 20 Thiruvananthapuram None Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Madhya Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Morena None Bhind SC Gwalior None Guna None 5 Sagar None 6 Tikamgarh SC 7 Damoh None 8 Khajuraho None 9 Satna None 10 Rewa None 11 Sidhi None 12 Shahdol ST 13 Jabalpur None 14 Mandla ST 15 Balaghat None 16 Chhindwara None 17 Hoshangabad None 18 Vidisha None 19 Bhopal None 20 Rajgarh None 21 Dewas SC 22 Ujjain SC 23 Mandsaur None 24 Ratlam ST 25 Dhar ST 26 Indore None 27 Khargone ST 28 Khandwa None 29 Betul ST Maharashtra ( 48 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Maharashtra Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Nandurbar ST Dhule None Jalgaon None Raver None 5 Buldhana None 6 Akola None 7 Amravati SC 8 Wardha None 9 Ramtek SC 10 Nagpur None 11 Bhandara -- Gondiya None 12 Gadchiroli - Chimur ST 13 Chandrapur None 14 Yavatmal - Washim None 15 Hingoli None 16 Nanded None 17 Parbhani None 18 Jalna None 19 Aurangabad None 20 Dindori ST 21 Nashik None 22 Palghar ST 23 Bhiwandi None 24 Kalyan None 25 Thane None 26 Mumbai North None 27 Mumbai North West None 28 Mumbai North East None 29 Mumbai North Central None 30 Mumbai South Central None 31 Mumbai South None 32 Raigad None 33 Maval None 34 Pune None 35 Baramati None 36 Shirur None 37 Ahmednagar None 38 Shirdi SC 39 Beed None 40 Osmanabad None 41 Latur SC 42 Solapur SC 43 Madha None 44 Sangli None 45 Satara None 46 Ratnagiri -- Sindhudurg None 47 Kolhapur None 48 Hatkanangle None Manipur ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Manipur Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Inner Manipur None Outer Manipur ST Meghalaya ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Meghalaya Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Shillong ST Tura ST Mizoram ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Mizoram Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Mizoram ST Nagaland ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Nagaland Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Nagaland None Odisha ( 21 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Odisha Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Bargarh None Sundargarh ST Sambalpur None Keonjhar ST 5 Mayurbhanj ST 6 Balasore None 7 Bhadrak SC 8 Jajpur SC 9 Dhenkanal None 10 Bolangir None 11 Kalahandi None 12 Nabarangpur ST 13 Kandhamal None 14 Cuttack None 15 Kendrapara None 16 Jagatsinghpur SC 17 Puri None 18 Bhubaneswar None 19 Aska None 20 Berhampur None 21 Koraput ST Punjab ( 13 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Punjab Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Gurdaspur None Amritsar None Khadoor Sahib None Jalandhar SC 5 Hoshiarpur SC 6 Anandpur Sahib None 7 Ludhiana None 8 Fatehgarh Sahib SC 9 Faridkot SC 10 Firozpur None 11 Bathinda None 12 Sangrur None 13 Patiala None Rajasthan ( 25 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Rajasthan Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Ganganagar SC Bikaner SC Churu None Jhunjhunu None 5 Sikar None 6 Jaipur Rural None 7 Jaipur None 8 Alwar None 9 Bharatpur SC 10 Karauli - Dholpur SC 11 Dausa ST 12 Tonk - Sawai Madhopur None 13 Ajmer None 14 Nagaur None 15 Pali None 16 Jodhpur None 17 Barmer None 18 Jalore None 19 Udaipur ST 20 Banswara ST 21 Chittorgarh None 22 Rajsamand None 23 Bhilwara None 24 Kota None 25 Jhalawar - Baran None Sikkim ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Sikkim Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Sikkim None Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Tamil Nadu Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Thiruvallur SC Chennai North None Chennai South None Chennai Central None 5 Sriperumbudur None 6 Kancheepuram SC 7 Arakkonam None 8 Vellore None 9 Krishnagiri None 10 Dharmapuri None 11 Tiruvannamalai None 12 Arani None 13 Villupuram SC 14 Kallakurichi None 15 Salem None 16 Namakkal None 17 Erode None 18 Tiruppur None 19 Nilgiris SC 20 Coimbatore None 21 Pollachi None 22 Dindigul None 23 Karur None 24 Tiruchirappalli None 25 Perambalur None 26 Cuddalore None 27 Chidambaram SC 28 Mayiladuturai None 29 Nagapattinam SC 30 Thanjavur None 31 Sivaganga None 32 Madurai None 33 Theni None 34 Virudhunagar None 35 Ramanathapuram None 36 Thoothukudi None 37 Tenkasi SC 38 Tirunelveli None 39 Kanyakumari None Telangana ( 17 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Telangana Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Adilabad ST Peddapalle SC Karimnagar None Nizamabad None 5 Zahirabad None 6 Medak None 7 Malkajgiri None 8 Secunderabad None 9 Hyderabad None 10 Chevella None 11 Mahbubnagar None 12 Nagarkurnool SC 13 Nalgonda None 14 Bhongir None 15 Warangal SC 16 Mahabubabad ST 17 Khammam None Tripura ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Tripura Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Tripura West None Tripura East ST Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Saharanpur None Kairana None Muzaffarnagar None Bijnor None 5 Nagina SC 6 Moradabad None 7 Rampur None 8 Sambhal None 9 Amroha None 10 Meerut None 11 Baghpat None 12 Ghaziabad None 13 Gautam Buddha Nagar None 14 Bulandshahr SC 15 Aligarh None 16 Hathras SC 17 Mathura None 18 Agra SC 19 Fatehpur Sikri None 20 Firozabad None 21 Mainpuri None 22 Etah None 23 Badaun None 24 Aonla None 25 Bareilly None 26 Pilibhit None 27 Shahjahanpur SC 28 Kheri None 29 Dhaurahra None 30 Sitapur None 31 Hardoi SC 32 Misrikh SC 33 Unnao None 34 Mohanlalganj SC 35 Lucknow None 36 Rae Bareli None 37 Amethi None 38 Sultanpur None 39 Pratapgarh None 40 Farrukhabad None 41 Etawah SC 42 Kannauj None 43 Kanpur Urban None 44 Akbarpur None 45 Jalaun SC 46 Jhansi None 47 Hamirpur None 48 Banda None 49 Fatehpur None 50 Kaushambi SC 51 Phulpur None 52 Allahabad None 53 Barabanki SC 54 Faizabad None 55 Ambedkar Nagar None 56 Bahraich SC 57 Kaiserganj None 58 Shrawasti None 59 Gonda None 60 Domariyaganj None 61 Basti None 62 Sant Kabir Nagar None 63 Maharajganj None 64 Gorakhpur None 65 Kushi Nagar None 66 Deoria None 67 Bansgaon SC 68 Lalganj SC 69 Azamgarh None 70 Ghosi None 71 Salempur None 72 Ballia None 73 Jaunpur None 74 Machhlishahr SC 75 Ghazipur None 76 Chandauli None 77 Varanasi None 78 Bhadohi None 79 Mirzapur None 80 Robertsganj SC Uttarakhand ( 5 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of Uttarakhand Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Tehri Garhwal None Garhwal None Almora SC Nainital - Udhamsingh Nagar None 5 Haridwar None West Bengal ( 42 ) ( edit ) Constituencies of West Bengal Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Cooch Behar SC Alipurduars ST Jalpaiguri SC Darjeeling None 5 Raiganj None 6 Balurghat None 7 Maldaha Uttar None 8 Maldaha Dakshin None 9 Jangipur None 10 Baharampur None 11 Murshidabad None 12 Krishnanagar None 13 Ranaghat SC 14 Bangaon SC 15 Barrackpur None 16 Dum Dum None 17 Barasat None 18 Basirhat None 19 Jaynagar SC 20 Mathurapur SC 21 Diamond Harbour None 22 Jadavpur None 23 Kolkata Dakshin None 24 Kolkata Uttar None 25 Howrah None 26 Uluberia None 27 Srerampur None 28 Hooghly None 29 Arambag SC 30 Tamluk None 31 Kanthi None 32 Ghatal None 33 Jhargram ST 34 Medinipur None 35 Purulia None 36 Bankura None 37 Bishnupur SC 38 Bardhaman Purba SC 39 Bardhaman - Durgapur None 40 Asansol None 41 Bolpur SC 42 Birbhum None Constituencies in the Union Territories ( edit ) Constituencies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Constituencies of Chandigarh Constituencies of Dadra and Nagar Haveli Constituencies of Daman and Diu Constituencies of Lakshadweep Constituencies of National Capital Territory of Delhi Constituencies of Puducherry Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands None Chandigarh ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Chandigarh None Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Dadra and Nagar Haveli ST Daman and Diu ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Daman and Diu None Lakshadweep ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Lakshadweep ST NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Chandni Chowk None North East Delhi None East Delhi None New Delhi None 5 North West Delhi SC 6 West Delhi None 7 South Delhi None Puducherry ( 1 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Puducherry None Nominated Anglo - Indians ( 2 ) ( edit ) Constituency No . Constituency Reserved for ( SC / ST / None ) Anglo - Indian reserved seats None None See also ( edit ) List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha State governments of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Campaigning ends in segments going to polls in first phase '' . The Hindu . 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Press Note ( Subject : Schedule for General Election to the Legislative Assemblies of Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh , Mizoram , Rajasthan and NCT of Delhi ) '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 2008 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : http://elections.tn.nic.in/delimitation.html External links ( edit ) http://www.ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2009/PHASE-1-ACs.pdf Candidate Affidavits for Loksabha 2009 Election ( hide ) Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=842885455 '' Categories : Constituencies of the Lok Sabha Lists of constituencies in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 10 : 15 . About Wikipedia
number of lok sabha seats in each state in india
[]
[]
-5809302917803575719
Mama's Family
Mama 's Family - wikipedia Mama 's Family Jump to : navigation , search Mama 's Family Genre Sitcom Created by Dick Clair Jenna McMahon Directed by Roger Beatty Harvey Korman Dick Martin Dave Powers Starring Vicki Lawrence Ken Berry Dorothy Lyman Rue McClanahan ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Eric Brown ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Karin Argoud ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Betty White ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Beverly Archer ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Allan Kayser ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Theme music composer Peter Matz Opening theme `` Bless My Happy Home '' Composer ( s ) Peter Matz Dick Walter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 2 ( NBC run ) 4 ( syndicated run ) No. of episodes 35 ( NBC run ) 95 ( syndicated run ) 130 ( total ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joe Hamilton Producer ( s ) Jim Evering Neil Lebowitz Dave Powers Fred Rubin Location ( s ) CBS Television City Hollywood , California ( 1983 -- 84 ) Metromedia Square Hollywood , California ( 1986 -- 90 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 24 -- 25 minutes ( NBC episodes ) 21 -- 22 minutes ( syndicated episodes ) Production company ( s ) Joe Hamilton Productions Distributor Lorimar - Telepictures ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( 1989 -- 1996 , 2003 -- present ) Telepictures Distribution ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Release Original network NBC ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Syndicated ( 1986 -- 90 ) Audio format Mono ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Stereo ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Original release January 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 22 ) -- April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) -- February 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 24 ) Chronology Preceded by Eunice Mama 's Family is an American television sitcom starring Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper ( Mama ) . The series is a spin - off of a recurring series of comedy sketches called `` The Family '' featured on The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 -- 78 ) and Carol Burnett & Company ( 1979 ) . The sketeches led to the made - for - TV movie Eunice , and finally the television series . The show 's theme song is `` Bless My Happy Home '' by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz ( music ) and Vicki Lawrence ( lyrics ) . The show 's producers chose to use an instrumental version . Mama 's Family originally aired on NBC , debuting on January 22 , 1983 . After several timeslot changes and a subsequent drop in ratings , the network canceled the series ; the final episode aired on April 7 , 1984 . NBC broadcast reruns until September 1985 . Two years after its cancellation , original series producer Joe Hamilton Productions ( JHP ) revived Mama 's Family for first - run syndication on local stations across the United States . The revived series , produced by JHP and distributed by Lorimar - Telepictures , premiered on September 27 , 1986 . The syndicated version garnered substantially higher ratings than its network version had , eventually becoming the highest - rated sitcom in first - run syndication . Its four - season run ended on February 24 , 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Network run ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) 2.1 Beginning the series 2.2 Plot details 2.3 Opening theme discrepancies 2.4 Cancellation 3 First - run syndication ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) 3.1 Series rebirth 3.2 Plot details 3.3 Absence of Carol Burnett as the `` Eunice '' character 3.4 Series end 4 Cast and characters 4.1 Thelma Mae Crowley Harper ( Mama ) 4.1. 1 Role 4.1. 2 Appearance 4.1. 3 Persona evolution 4.1. 4 Vicki Lawrence on evolution of Mama 4.2 Family members and friends 5 Harper family tree 6 Recurring characters 7 Episodes 7.1 Favorites of Vicki Lawrence 8 Ratings 9 DVD releases 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 10.2 TV Land Awards 10.3 Young Artist Awards 11 Syndication 12 Post-television show appearances of Thelma Harper / Mama 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Overview ( edit ) The show is set in the city of Raytown , which was later revealed by actress Vicki Lawrence to be Raytown , Missouri , a suburb of Kansas City The televison series revolves around the wacky misadventures of the Harper family , extended non-Harper family members and their neighbor friend in later seasons . Always at the center of the trouble and confusion is head of the clan and matriarch Thelma Harper -- a buxom , blue - haired , purse - lipped , 65 - year - old widow who is portrayed as explosively quick - tempered , abrasive and brash . Thelma 's snappy retorts and wisecracks are featured in a running gag in which the final scenes of each episode cut to an exterior shot of her house while she is heard riposting the comments of whomever had previously spoken , followed by audience laughter and applause . In spite of Thelma 's brusqueness , she is nurturing and obliging at heart , allowing family members to live in her home who would otherwise have no place to live , while also cooking for and cleaning up after them . Thelma 's family members can be ingrates , even banding together and ganging up on Thelma on occasion . Network run ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( edit ) Cast of the first life of Mama 's Family ( clockwise from bottom left ) : Buzz , Vinton , Naomi , Ed ( recurring character ) , Ellen ( recurring ) , Fran , Sonja , and Thelma Beginning the series ( edit ) In the ninth season of The Carol Burnett Show , producer Joe Hamilton wanted to spin off Mama in her own series , but Lawrence turned him down . She did not wish to wear a fat suit portraying an old lady every week , and she had misgivings about playing the role without Harvey Korman ( who played Mama 's son - in - law , Ed Higgins ) and Carol Burnett ( who played Mama 's daughter Eunice Higgins ) regularly by her side as in `` The Family '' sketches . Burnett and Korman told Lawrence that they would only appear as guest stars on the new series , and that it was Lawrence 's time to shine and take what she had learned from The Carol Burnett Show and make it on her own . Shortly after the highly rated Eunice TV movie , with continued urging by Korman and Burnett , Lawrence finally changed her mind and accepted the offer for her character 's own sitcom . The writers had created Raytown to be its own `` cartoon - like '' world outside of reality . Even though the series was sold to NBC without a pilot , the network had its own requirements , such as having `` normal '' teenagers as seen in other sitcoms of the time , which is how the Buzz and Sonja characters came about . However , Lawrence had a great deal of creative input and made many important decisions , including bringing in Korman very early on to co-direct the series . Lawrence had objections to the original script of the episode `` Mama Cries Uncle '' , in which Thelma 's brother - in - law comes to visit and the two are supposed to have wound up sleeping together : `` I went to the writers and I said , ' I 'm sorry , she is nothing if not Bible Belt . She would never sleep with her brother - in - law . I do n't care how dead her husband is , This is wrong , wrong , wrong , wrong ' . Well , threw everything into a tizzy and Joe ( Hamilton ) said , ' Gotta listen to her , ' and they re-wrote the second half of the show . '' According to her autobiography , Lawrence had a problem with the decision to film the series on Stage 33 at CBS Television City , where The Carol Burnett Show was produced . Plot details ( edit ) For one and a half seasons from 1983 through 1984 , Mama 's Family ran on NBC . In the series ' first episode , Thelma Harper lives with her uptight spinster sister Fran ( Rue McClanahan ) , a journalist for a local paper . Thelma 's son , Vinton ( whose wife , Mitzi , had left him to become a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas ) , stops by to inform Thelma that he and his two children , Sonja and Buzz , have been evicted from their home and need a place to stay . Much to Fran 's chagrin , Thelma allows Vint , Sonja and Buzz to move in . During the first season , Vinton forged a relationship with the Harpers ' flirtatious next - door neighbor , Naomi Oates ( whom Thelma disliked ) , and soon married her . After selling Naomi 's house and losing the money in a bad business deal , Naomi and Vint are forced to move into Thelma 's basement , where they remain for most of the show 's run . Also seen on a recurring basis were Thelma 's two daughters : the snobbish Ellen ( Betty White ) and the ornery Eunice ( Carol Burnett ) . Harvey Korman , who directed many of the earlier episodes , made featured appearances as Eunice 's husband , Ed Higgins . ( During the eleventh and final season of The Carol Burnett Show , the Ed Higgins character was written out of `` The Family '' skits , having left Eunice ) . Opening theme discrepancies ( edit ) Korman also appeared at the beginning of each episode as the stuffed shirt Alistair Quince ( an obvious parody of Alistair Cooke ) , who would soberly introduce the program in the style of Masterpiece Theatre . These monologues were cut out of the later syndicated reruns . Korman also performed the voice of Thelma 's unseen late husband , Carl , in flashback episodes . An extended version of the show 's opening theme song , with repeated melodies , was used during the original NBC run , but was never used in reruns . The house and neighborhood shown in the opening credits differed between the original NBC run and the syndicated shows , leading to discrepancies such as in the episode `` Mama for Mayor '' , in which Mama is shown in front of the house used in the original opening theme used for the first two seasons . In 2013 , StarVista Entertainment released the original NBC seasons with the Alistair Quince intros and original opening credits intact , except for two episodes in Season 1 ( `` Cellmates '' and `` Mama 's Boyfriend '' ) , as the master prints of those episodes are lost and were replaced by the syndicated version in the re-release . Cancellation ( edit ) While not a huge ratings success , the first season garnered solid enough numbers to justify being renewed for a second season . For instance , the premiere episode ranked # 28 for the week with an 18.6 / 28 rating / share . However , during the second season , the show dropped out of the top 50 shows , losing share to CBS ' hit Magnum , P.I. As a result , NBC canceled the series in May 1984 . First - run syndication ( seasons 3 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Cast of the second life of Mama 's Family ( clockwise from center left ) : Iola , Bubba , Vinton , Naomi , and Mama . Series rebirth ( edit ) After Mama 's Family was canceled by NBC in 1984 , it was later relaunched in first - run syndication in 1986 . Lorimar had merged with Telepictures and were looking for projects for first - run syndication , and after seeing the show 's ratings in the summer reruns , it decided that the show needed a second chance and ordered 100 episodes for syndication . Plot details ( edit ) Since the original set had been destroyed , a new set had to be constructed . This led to some significant changes in set design details . Adjustments in the show 's cast occurred as well , with only Vicki Lawrence ( Thelma ) , Ken Berry ( Vinton ) and Dorothy Lyman ( Naomi ) returning as regulars from the first life of the sitcom . Vinton 's kids from his first marriage , Buzz ( played by Eric Brown ) and Sonja ( played by Karin Argoud ) , who were regulars in the show 's first life , did not reprise their roles for the show 's revival ; their characters , though mentioned briefly in the first episode of the show 's syndicated life , were never to be spoken of again . During the hiatus of the series , both Rue McClanahan ( Aunt Fran ) and Betty White ( Ellen Jackson ) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls , rendering them unavailable to return . White , however , did return as Ellen for one episode in 1986 while Fran was killed off in the first episode of the revival . Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman , meanwhile , did not reprise their roles either , resulting in their characters ( Eunice and Ed Higgins ) being written out as having moved to Florida . To fill the void left by Mama 's grandchildren , Allan Kayser was cast as Thelma 's delinquent teenage grandson Mitchel `` Bubba '' Higgins . Bubba was the son of Ed and Eunice . Bubba was ordered to live with his grandmother after being released from juvenile hall and placed on probation . Also added to the cast was Beverly Archer , who played the new character of Iola Boylen , the family 's prissy neighbor and Mama 's best friend . Her catchphrase was calling out `` Knock , knock ! '' in place of ringing the doorbell . The second life of the show saw far less bickering than in its first life and particularly `` The Family '' sketches . The Naomi and Vinton characters became far less assertive and more dimwitted , and Mama was represented as more overpowering throughout the show 's syndicated run . A recurring theme throughout the fifth season was Naomi 's desire to become a mother , and the penultimate season concluded with Naomi 's announcement that she was pregnant . Preparation for the baby became a central theme of the sixth and final season . Absence of Carol Burnett as the `` Eunice '' character ( edit ) According to Lawrence 's autobiography , Vicki ! : The True - Life Adventures of Miss Fireball , Burnett resented Lawrence for accepting the role of Mama for first - run syndication . It was during this time that Burnett was involved in an acrimonious divorce with The Carol Burnett Show and Mama 's Family producer Joe Hamilton . Burnett felt Lawrence had been disloyal to her and held a grudge against her until Hamilton 's death in 1991 . By the time of Hamilton 's death , Burnett and Lawrence had reconciled . Lawrence 's autobiography reads : `` A funny thing happened the day I signed with Lorimar . Carol called and said , ' I think I 'd like to put together maybe a little syndicated show with the family characters . I 'll do Eunice , you do Mama . Does n't that sound like fun ? ' I said , ' It does , but I just signed with Lorimar to do Mama 's Family for Joe . ' It became a very abrupt conversation , and Carol hung up . I then went to Al and asked him what he made of the whole thing . He agreed it was really weird . I wondered if I was about to get caught in the middle of yet another struggle between the two of them ... During her divorce , Carol and I went through a ' cool ' period . She ' divorced ' everyone and remained distant for a lot of years . She called the house a few years ago . I was standing at the sink peeling carrots , fifteen feet from the phone , but Garrett got to it first and I only heard his half of the following conversation : ' Hello ? Oh hi . Yeah , sure , he 's in the other room , on the other line . You want me to tell him you 're calling ? My mom 's here , you want to talk to her ? No ? Okay . Goodbye . ' When he hung up I asked him who it was . ' Carol Burnett . ' I was shocked . ' What did she say ? ' ' She did n't want to talk to you . She only wanted to talk to Dad . ' Al called her back later that night , made a point of telling her how much we missed and loved her , and she told him , ' I 'll be back . It 's just going to take a while longer . Give me another year or so . '' '' Series End ( edit ) After Mama 's Family was picked up in first - run syndication , ratings for the series improved , becoming the highest - rated first - run program in syndication . Despite the show 's success , Lawrence did not sign on for further seasons after completing her four - season contract in first - run syndication . According to Ken Berry ( who played Mama 's son , Vinton Harper ) , Lawrence had seemingly tired of playing the `` Mama '' role by 1990 and wanted to end the show . According to Lawrence , who would reprise the Mama role on stage for many years thereafter , the series ended because the series had reached the standard threshold of 100 episodes and no longer needed to produce any more . The series finale featured Naomi giving birth to a baby girl , who was named Tiffany Thelma . Cast and characters ( edit ) Thelma mae Crowley Harper ( Mama ) ( edit ) Main article : Thelma Harper Role ( edit ) Thelma Harper , also known as Mama , is the title character / main character of Mama 's Family . Despite the title of `` Mama , '' few characters in the sitcom actually refer to Thelma as Mama . In actuality , Thelma plays miscellaneous roles in the series , including grandmother , mother - in - law , sister , neighbor friend , and mother dependent on the supporting character in question . Thelma is the widowed matriarch of a rural , Southern family . She is a country elderly woman in her mid-to - late 60s , who speaks in a southern drawl . Always active in the housework and nurturance of her family , Mama is usually seen cooking , cleaning , and providing loving support to her family . Appearance ( edit ) Mama 's appearance is based on that of a stereotypical elderly woman . She is a buxom , purse - lipped widow with silvery blue curls . All of her daytime outfits were short - sleeved , floral - print dresses that carried lace collars . Costumer Ret Turner color - coded Mama in lavender . As much of Mama 's time was spent cooking and cleaning , her dresses were often worn with an overlapping apron . Mama 's lower legs were always clasped by visible support hose ( a feature that was nonexistent during `` The Family '' sketches and the Eunice movie ) . For footwear , Mama invariably wore white , orthopedic shoes of a high heeled brogue style . Mama invariably wore a few fashion accessories : a white pearl necklace and white pearl earrings . Mama 's outerwear always consisted of the same purple sweater , worn casually , draped over her shoulders without arms in the sleeves ; inconstant floral headpieces ; and a white purse , which she did n't hesitate to use as a weapon when given the opportunity . Persona evolution ( edit ) In contrast to her more stereotypically elderly , dependent , invariably spiteful and cantankerous character on `` The Family '' skits , Mama 's hostilities are significantly toned down by the sitcom 's first life . Though still cantankerous in the sitcom 's first life , Mama 's character expanded with wisecracks and humor ; pesky antics ; unseemliness and naivete . Mama 's unseemliness and naivete were exemplified by her inability to drive ( episode `` Mama Learns to Drive '' ) ; inability to act in socially acceptable ways out in public and in the presence of guests ( episodes `` The Mama Who Came to Dinner '' , `` Country Club '' and `` Ellen 's Boyfriend '' ) ; inability to work jobs outside of the home ( episodes `` Mama Gets a Job '' , `` Supermarket '' and `` Mama for Mayor '' ) ; etc . These characteristics often resulted in the humiliation or frustration of her loved ones . By the show 's second life , Mama was no longer naive ( rather , Vinton overwhelmingly assumed this role ) and far more capable of high spirits than ever before . This version of Mama had the least amount of stereotypically elderly traits . Rather conversely , Mama was dutiful in caring for her home , garden and family ; independent ; and active in the community along with best friend Iola Boylen . For example , Mama returned to high school and graduated ( episodes `` Educating Mama '' and `` Pomp and Circumstance '' ) ; Mama was heavily involved in the Church Ladies League and at one point , its president ( episode `` Where There 's Smoke '' ) ; Mama participated in dirty dancing ( episode `` Very Dirty Dancing '' ) ; Mama went on a trip ( episode `` Mama Goes Hawaiian '' ) , etc . Highlighting her much more relaxed nature during the syndicated seasons , Mama 's main character trait during this time was her many fretful wisecracks typically made in high - pitched , whiny vocal qualities . Despite that , this era of Mama was also very rough , abrasive and brash in manner ; volatile and explosive in temper ; and smart - mouthed with a proneness for making snappy retorts . Unlike the precedent sketch comedy and television movie , Thelma had many locutions on the program , `` Good Lord ! '' being her most frequently used . She occasionally stated this in alternate ways , such as `` Good Lord in heaven ! '' `` Good heavens ! '' or `` Good night Louise ! '' Among some of Thelma 's additional locutions on the series include : `` Hell 's bells ! '' `` The hell you say , '' `` Now hear this , '' `` God - awful , '' `` In a pig 's eye ! '' `` Shoot ! '' `` For crying out loud ! '' `` For heaven 's sake ! '' `` Real good ! '' ( sarcastically ) etc . Disparaging and impudent , Thelma had a series of name - calling catchphrases she often used to refer to certain members of her family or her family as a whole , such as `` Nitwit , '' `` Dimwit , '' `` Goon , '' `` Goober goon , '' `` Lamebrain , '' `` Dunce , '' `` Tramp , '' `` Floozy , '' etc . Vicki Lawrence on evolution of Mama ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence has stated that at the beginning of Mama 's Family , she detected that the writers had made adjustments to her character from `` The Family '' skits , significantly toning down Mama 's hostilities and nastiness . Lawrence originally disfavored Mama 's change in character from `` The Family '' sketches to the series version , believing that toning down the character 's then - familiar aggression and spite in exchange for a less difficult , more agreeable nature , capable of humor and high spirits , was n't funny . Lawrence has revealed , however , that after counsel that the character needed to be reshaped for sitcom television from Harvey Korman , she came to accept the adjustments made to `` Mama . '' Korman informed Lawrence that Mama had to be less one - dimensionally hostile since the entire show would revolve around her -- that more characteristics would need to be added into the mix . Korman also informed her that you ca n't expect people to come home from work , pop a beer , and put up their feet to a character that 's so one - dimensional . He informed her that the character would have to be more than just disagreeable for a whole half hour otherwise viewers would get bored . According to Korman , silly elements would need to be added to the character . Lawrence has stated that it took her a while to warm up to this , but that she later came to greatly appreciate how Mama `` blossomed '' and `` matured '' from her early years on `` The Family '' . She added that she still favors the adjustments in Mama 's character and has credited who Thelma Harper is today partly to Korman . `` The Family '' sketch writers , however , who based `` The Family '' characters on their real - life family members , disfavored the less aggressive Mama . In February 2013 , Lawrence remarked that `` The Family '' sketch version of Mama was created by writers who hated their mothers . Family members and friends ( edit ) See also : List of Mama 's Family characters Character Actor Years character rank Description Vinton Harper Ken Berry 1983 -- 1984 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character The youngest of Thelma 's three children . Dopey , buffoonish , and accident prone , Vint regularly makes a fool out of himself , particularly when he attempts to be assertive or knowledgeable . Works at Kwik Keys as a locksmith . Vinton was color - coded in tan in a short - sleeved button - down shirt and pants . Naomi Oates Harper Dorothy Lyman 1983 -- 1984 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character Vinton 's lascivious , demonstrative , and maritally flirtatious second wife , who is often at odds with Thelma over his loyalty , also in part for her salaciousness . Naomi works as a checker ( later becoming the assistant manager ) at Food Circus , a local supermarket . Vinton 's nickname for her is `` Skeeter '' while Mama 's nickname for her is `` tramp . '' While Naomi had straight hair in the first life of the sitcom , she had curls by the show 's second life . Naomi was color - coded in yellow - colored , off - the - shoulder or strapless dresses , which Thelma often referred to as `` gaudy . '' Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr . Eric Brown 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Vint 's teenage son with his first wife , Mitzi . Buzz is very cheerful , spirited , patient , and obliging . Buzz was last mentioned in `` Farewell Frannie '' , and subsequently retconned as never to have existed . Sonja Harper Karin Argoud 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Vint 's teenage daughter with his first wife , Mitzi . Sonja starts out moody , whiny , lazy , and rather oblivious , but later becomes interested in boys and blossoms into a young lady interested in civic affairs . Like her brother , she later moved out , presumably going off to college . She was also crowned Miss Rayteen 1984 during the second season of the show 's run . Sonja was last mentioned in `` Farewell Frannie '' , and subsequently retconned as never to have existed . Ellen Harper - Jackson Betty White 1983 -- 1984 1986 Recurring character The eldest of Thelma 's three children . Ellen is a pretentious social elitist , who often avoids fraternizing with the rest of the family , unless it suits her purpose . Her birthday is June 30 . Eunice Harper Higgins Carol Burnett 1983 -- 1984 Recurring character The second of Thelma 's three children . Seemingly never changing her outfit and always layered in tattered , raggedy green rags , Eunice is extremely tempestuous , antagonistic , and quarrelsome , constantly bickering with everyone in the family ( especially her mother ) . Her birthday is December 19 . Ed Higgins Harvey Korman 1983 -- 1984 Recurring character Eunice 's mild mannered , browbeaten husband . The Ed character was toned down from his appearances in `` The Family '' sketches , formerly a fiercely ill - tempered man that had no qualms with regularly quarreling with his mother - in - law and Eunice , at one point even permanently up and leaving Eunice . In Mama 's Family , however , the two remained married . Bubba Higgins Allan Kayser 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character Ed and Eunice 's teenage son who is forced to live with Thelma upon being released from juvenile hall , after his parents had moved to Florida . Although initially depicted as a frisky , hyperactive , and eccentric teen with a penchant for playing instruments along with friends Dwayne and T - Boy , he over time evolved into a calm , mature , and commonsensical teen , though still with a robust interest in the opposite sex . The character always wore extremely tight - fitting jeans and in the early going suspenders as well . This later progressed into tight - fitting jeans and conservative sweatshirts . Bubba was color - coded in green . Frances Marie Crowley Rue McClanahan 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Thelma 's younger uncomfortable and uptight spinster sister . Works as a newspaper reporter and free - lance writer . She later died by choking on a toothpick at the Bigger Jigger . McClanahan was unhappy with the role . Iola Lucille Boylen Beverly Archer 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character The Harpers ' well - meaning but obnoxious , nice , chipper , quirky , and prissy neighbor . She is a spinster like Thelma 's sister Frannie . Among her quirks , she constantly bestows the family with peculiar handicraft items , predominately wears pink , and calls `` knock knock '' upon her every entrance . During her first appearances on the show , a running gag existed that saw her having loopy temper tantrums at odd intervals , described as `` spells '' . She lives with her overbearing and aging parents , whom she seeks to escape by spending as much time at Thelma 's home as possible . Iola is best friends with Thelma ( her only friend ) . In her first couple of seasons , she was secretly infatuated with Vint ; the two had known each other since their youth , which caused her and Naomi to have an adversarial relationship . Iola was color - coded in pink , usually gingham , shirtwaist dresses . Harper Family tree ( edit ) Grandma Crowley * unknown parents Frances Crowley Thelma Crowley Carl Harper Effie Harper Roy Harper Bruce Jackson ( div . ) Ellen Harper Eunice Harper Ed Higgins Vinton Harper Naomi Oates Leonard Oates ( div . ) Mitzi ( div . ) Bubba Higgins Tiffany Thelma Harper Sonja Harper Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr . Magenta = Crowleys Orange = Harpers Blue = Harper children Red = Harper in - laws Green = Harper grandchildren * Note : Thelma 's mother was shown on two occasions on the show ( once in a flashback and once as a ghost , played both times by Vicki Lawrence ) , but her name was never revealed . There were at least two Crowley brothers ( mentioned in passing in `` Double Standard '' and `` Mama with the Golden Arm '' ) ; one was named Clyde ( `` Pomp and Circumstance '' ) . A cousin named Cora is seen in `` There 's No Place Like ... No Place '' , and an Uncle Oscar is mentioned in `` Mama Gets the Bird '' , but it is not known if he was from Thelma 's side of the family or her husband Carl 's . Eunice also mentions having a son named Billy , but Billy 's whereabouts is unknown in Mama 's Family . Recurring characters ( edit ) Carl Harper , a predominately unseen character ( although once played by Ken Berry in a flashback episode ) , he is the deceased husband of Mama and father of Ellen , Eunice , and Vinton . While he 's occasionally made mention of especially by Thelma , he only appears in flashback episodes . Though even in flashbacks , he 's unseen for the most part , as he 's usually only portrayed in voice as a man who spent the vast majority of his life nested on the toilet in the bathroom with the door closed . In fact , Carl died on the toilet . He 's characterized as a grouch who screams from the bathroom about how he does n't want to be interrupted during his long hours on the toilet , even for emergencies . Effie Crowley Harper , Thelma 's cousin ( in season 2 ) and later her sister - in - law ( in season 4 ) . She lives in nearby Ceciltown on a farm . Played by Dorothy Van . Reverend Lloyd Meechum , the Harpers ' henpecked minister . Played by Earl Boen . Alberta Meechum , Reverend Meechum 's stuck - up , catty wife and a perennial thorn in the side of Thelma Harper . Played by Anne Haney . Mayor Alvin Tutweiler , the mayor of Raytown and Ellen 's boyfriend . Played by Alan Oppenheimer . Eddie Edwards , a TV personality in Raytown , who hosts such programs as Good Morning , Raytown and the Grandma USA pageant . Played by Wayne Morton . Clive Montaigne , the head of the community theater , who fashions himself an actor just as important as actors in New York and London . The people in town treat him like a mini-celebrity , despite only running the community theater . Played by Rod McCary . Luann Fayette , Naomi Harper 's flamboyant and flirtatious best friend . Played by Jennifer Richards . She is only seen once but mentioned several times . Mr. and Mrs. Boylen , Iola 's elderly , predominately unseen parents , who live across the street from Thelma . Not much is mentioned of her father , while her mother is often alluded to as a grotesquely large , temperamental , T.V. - watching invalid . The two characters are largely unseen ; however , Mama once called out a greeting to an elderly woman , living next to her , she referred to as `` Ms. Boylen . '' This was a brief moment from the episode `` Mama Learns To Drive , '' from the show 's first life ( season 2 ) , prior to the appearances of Iola . Roselle Huplander , an obese associate of Thelma and Iola who is never seen . On a few occasions Thelma has spoken to her over the phone but more often , she is gossiped about by Thelma and Iola . Once , at a church fair , she gave Vint a black eye when he suggested that she weighed 309 pounds at the `` Guess Your Weight '' booth he was running . Dwayne and T - Boy , Bubba 's best friends . Played by Beau Bishop and Grant Heslov respectively . More spoken of than ever seen . Mr. Alan Hanson , an intelligent , laid - back night - school teacher of Thelma and Bubba , and love interest of Thelma Harper . Her relationship with him is unceremoniously discontinued in the series however . Played by Joseph Campanella . Amy Johnson , girlfriend of Bubba Higgins . Played by Amy Benedict . Lolly Purdue , member and later president ( succeeding Thelma ) of the Church Ladies League . Revealed to be illiterate . Played first by Doris Hess , then Marge Redmond . Officer Sneed , an extremely youthful - looking , strange police officer . Played by Allan David Fox . Claude Cainmaker , Vint 's seedy friend , who is always thinking up schemes . Played by Geoffrey Lewis . Alistair Quince , The erudite host that introduced Mama 's Family during the first and second seasons . The character was a take off of Alistair Cooke who at the time introduced Masterpiece Theater each week on PBS . These intros were edited out when the show went into syndication but have been restored in the DVDs released by StarVista / Time Life . The character first appeared as Alistair Cookie on The Carol Burnett Show . Played by Harvey Korman . Grandma Crowley ( played by Vicki Lawrence ) , Thelma 's dearly departed mother , who only appeared in flashback sequences or by photo . She had a dismal , forbidding appearance , constantly grimacing and wearing nothing but dark , somber dresses . She first appeared in the first life of the show ( episode `` Mama 's Birthday '' ) as a buxom elderly woman with a surly nature . In this appearance , she spoke to a middle - aged Thelma over the phone . The conversation ended with Grandma Crowley hanging up on Thelma , following Thelma 's resentful protests against Grandma Crowley 's contemptuous remarks about her husband , Carl . Grandma Crowley 's second appearance was in the show 's second life ( episode `` My Mama , Myself '' ) . In this appearance , Grandma Crowley appeared as a slender ghost , haunting Mama . Taking on a menacing , overbearing , and harassing nature , she spent the entirety of the episode relentlessly criticizing , insulting , and ordering Thelma around . On more than one episode of the show 's second life , Thelma alluded to having to possess forbearance in dealing with her mother 's harassingly censorious nature growing up . For example , in the episode `` Mama Makes Three , '' Thelma visited a psychiatrist with Vinton and Naomi . During the session , she began ranting and raving about her childhood and her mother , even referring to Grandma Crowley as a `` prune - face old harpy . '' Vinton has also described Grandma Crowley as being `` mean '' in her treatment of him , Eunice , and Ellen when they were all children . Church Ladies League , also known as CLL . Their motto is : `` Gentle Helpers ; Kind and Good '' and First Lady Alberta Meechum served as the first president . Members include Thelma Harper , Lolly Purdue , Iola Boylen , Roselle Huplander , Inez and Florence . The association was first mentioned in `` Where 's There 's Smoke '' , when Mama was nominated for president of the Church Ladies League . It was mentioned later in the episodes `` Reading the Riot Act '' , `` Ladies Choice '' and `` Mama 's Medicine Show '' . Their award bears the name `` Church Ladies League Woman of the Year . '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Mama 's Family episodes Season Episodes First aired Last aired Network 13 January 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 22 ) May 7 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 07 ) NBC 22 September 29 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 29 ) April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) 25 September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) March 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 03 - 28 ) Syndicated 25 September 26 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 26 ) March 26 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 26 ) 5 25 November 5 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 05 ) May 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 27 ) 6 20 September 23 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 23 ) February 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 24 ) Altogether , Mama 's Family had six seasons consisting of 130 episodes . The show 's first life consisted of thirty - five episodes , making for two seasons . The show 's second life consisted of ninety - five episodes , making for four seasons . Favorites of Vicki Lawrence ( edit ) On September 30 , 2013 , Vicki Lawrence was asked what her favorite episodes of the series are : Lawrence answered that between the early seasons , her favorite is the episode `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) . '' Her reason for favoring this episode is because of the combination of big names featured in it . She listed Carol Burnett , Harvey Korman , Betty White , Ken Berry and Dorothy Lyman . Admiring the episode , Lawrence remarked `` How much help does one girl get ? '' and `` It 's just an amazing supporting cast . Dear God , Carol was funny in that show ! '' Lawrence has stated that another favorite of hers from the early seasons is the episode `` Rashomama . '' Lawrence revealed that `` Rashomama '' is a takeoff of the Japanese film `` Rashomon . '' She explained that the episode is about Mama getting hit with a kettle in the kitchen and it is her , Betty , Dorothy , and Carol . At the emergency room , the three of them each have a different version of what happened to Mama . Lawrence explained , `` ... we redo the scene three different ways , and it 's pretty funny . '' As other episode favorites , Lawrence has named `` Family Feud '' and `` Mama on Jeopardy ! '' Lawrence stated to loving this dysfunctional family getting sent out into the real world . In particular , she stated to loving this when game shows were involved because `` ... people know the format of these shows so perfectly , and to watch this crazy family get stuck in that format was really fun to me . Probably because I also love game shows so much . '' As another episode favorite , Lawrence named `` The Love Letter . '' Stated Lawrence , `` It was a great episode , a record - holder actually . I think Bubba writes a love letter for Vint , who is having some problems with Naomi . In the course of the 22 minute episode , everybody thinks that the love letter is meant for them . Mama thinks it is for her from the repair guy who is there . Iola is sure Vint has written it to her . The show actually ran 22 minutes with no costume changes or anything . I remember the night that we did it . We did it in 22 minutes and were out at 7 : 25 , and our director said ' good night , you 're done ! ' '' Lawrence added `` Honestly , I have to say , by the time we finished the show , we had it down to a four day workweek , so I kind of felt like we got paid to play dress up really . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 : # 22 Season 2 : # 59 DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Cover Art DVD information Mama 's Family -- The Complete First Season Release date : September 26 , 2006 Studio : Warner Home Video On September 26 , 2006 , Warner Bros. Television released season 1 of Mama 's Family on DVD . The DVD release features the syndicated versions of the episodes , which edits roughly three minutes from what originally aired . Warner Bros. claimed to only own the rights to the syndicated form . Due to issues relating to ownership rights between the show 's production companies , Mama 's Family for a long time had difficulties coming out on DVD , with only its first season available for many years . However , in May 2013 , it was announced that StarVista Entertainment would release all 6 seasons of the sitcom to DVD , as well as a complete series box set , which was available only through the StarVista website . Most of the original unedited versions , dubbed `` The Joe Hamilton Cuts , '' were presented on DVD . Included with the package were extras of over 10 hours of bonus material , as well as a new cast reunion with Vicki Lawrence and the show 's syndicated cast members . In addition , StarVista offered a `` Signature '' collection of the entire series , autographed by Vicki Lawrence , which was limited to 500 copies . In the fall of 2013 , Star Vista began releasing individual season sets , Seasons 1 & 2 were released on September 10 , 2013 , followed by season 3 on February 25 , 2014 . Season 4 was released on June 24 , 2014 , Season 5 on September 23 , 2014 and the sixth and final season was released on February 10 , 2015 . In conjunction with the complete seasons , Star Vista released a `` best - of '' single - disc unit for each season . Selected by Vicki Lawrence , each release has 6 ( season 1 has 7 ) of her personal favorite episodes from each season . Release Ep # DVD release date Bonus features The Complete 1st Season 13 September 26 , 2006 ( re-released September 10 , 2013 ) Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Branches ( All About Eunice and Ellen ) Family History : A Classic `` Family '' Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show , featuring Betty White The Complete 2nd Season 22 September 10 , 2013 The original TV movie Eunice Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Roots ( all about Mama and Fran ) Interviews : Vicki Lawrence interviews Mama ; Vicki Lawrence and Carol Burnett ; Betty White The Complete 3rd Season 25 February 25 , 2014 Family History : A Classic `` Family '' Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show , featuring Maggie Smith Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Sprouts ( All about Bubba ) Mama Knows Best : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion Interview : Allan Kayser ( Bubba ) The Complete 4th Season 25 June 24 , 2014 Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Neighbors ( All about Iola ) Interview : Beverly Archer ( Iola Boylen ) Under One Roof : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion The Complete 5th Season 25 September 23 , 2014 Interviews : Vicki Lawrence Dorothy Lyman Ken Berry Rick Hawkins The Complete 6th Season 20 February 10 , 2015 Interviews : Jim Evering Manny Basanese Vicki Lawrence and Rick Hawkins Bob Mackie and Ret Turner Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 1 ) 7 September 10 , 2013 Vint and the kids move in ; The Wedding , pt. 1 ; The Wedding , pt. 2 ; Cellmates ; Family Feud ; Positive Thinking ; Mama 's boyfriend Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 2 ) 6 September 10 , 2013 Country Club ; Rashomama ; Aunt Gert Rides Again ; Mama Learns to Drive ; Mama Buys a Car ; Dear Aunt Fran Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 3 ) 6 September 9 , 2014 Soup to Nuts ; Cat 's Meow ; Steal One , Pearl Two ; Where There 's Smoke ; Birthright ; It Takes Two to Watusi Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 4 ) 6 January 27 , 2015 Zirconia 's are a Girl 's Best Friend ; Educating Mama ; The Sins of the Mother ; Mama on Jeopardy ! ; Mama Goes Hawaiian , pt. 1 ; Mama Goes Hawaiian , pt. 2 Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 5 ) 6 April 28 , 2015 Naomi 's new position ; The Really Loud Family ; Found Money ; Mama 's Layaway Plan ; Mama in One ; Dependence Day Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 6 ) 6 July 28 , 2015 Mama Fights Back ; Bubba 's House Band ; The Big Nap ; Pinup Mama ; Look Who 's Breathing ; Bye - Bye Baby ! The Complete Series 130 September 10 , 2013 ( online exclusive ) September 23 , 2014 ( retail release ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` '' The Wedding : Part 2 '' Nominated 1984 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` The Love Letter '' Nominated TV Land Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result Favorite `` Big , Bad Momma '' Vicki Lawrence N / A Won Young Artist Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result 1984 Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series Karin Argoud N / A Nominated Best Young Actor in a Comedy Series Eric Brown N / A Nominated 1985 Best Young Actress -- Guest in a Television Series Tanya Fenmore for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Nominated Best Young Actor -- Guest in a Television Series David Friedman for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Syndicated Comedy , Drama or Special Ryan Bollman for `` Child 's Play '' Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Allan Kayser N / A Nominated Syndication ( edit ) After the series finale in 1990 , the entire series ( including the NBC episodes ) was placed in off - network syndication , airing in most cities every weekday . Mama 's Family also ran on TBS from 1997 until August 2006 . That same month , ION Television ( formerly the PAX network ) began airing reruns of the series . The show aired Monday through Wednesday at 8 : 00 to 9 : 00 pm from 2006 to 2008 . ET . In December 2006 , CMT began re-airing the series . On September 19 , 2015 , during a live appearance on the EVINE Live shopping channel , Vicki Lawrence announced that the show would begin airing on the Me - TV Network in early 2016 . As of early 2017 , re-runs appear on the Logo Network and Me - TV . Post-television show appearances of Thelma Harper / Mama ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper , 2009 Vicki Lawrence has been reprising her role of Mama in her non-televised touring stage show , entitled Vicki Lawrence and Mama : A Two - Woman Show . In the show , Lawrence first performs stand - up comedy as herself , then comes out in character as Mama , giving her opinions on modern - day topics . During the break between the two acts , the audience is shown bloopers from the syndicated seasons of the series . Lawrence also sings the lyrics she wrote for `` Bless My Happy Home , '' the show 's theme song , which were omitted from the version used on - air . Lawrence has also appeared in her Mama role on several Halloween - themed episodes of the 1998 -- 2004 run of Hollywood Squares with Tom Bergeron at the helm . Lawrence appeared on RuPaul 's Drag Race in the `` All - Stars '' season as Mama in the skit `` RuPaul 's Gaff - In . '' Vicki Lawrence appeared on The Queen Latifah Show as Mama the Monday after Mother 's Day 2014 in a comical skit that aired prior to each commercial break . Lawrence would also appear on the show 8 days later alongside two other well - known actresses to speak about her role of Mama and on her personal life . Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character in promos for re-runs of Mama 's Family on the MeTV channel in 2015 -- 2016 . Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character during the 2015 and 2016 TV Seasons of `` The Doctors '' , where she talked about health - related issues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interesting facts about Vicki Lawrence '' . Findfactsabout.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mama 's Family ( Vicki Lawrence Interview ) '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence on the comedy legacy of `` Mama 's Family , '' now on DVD `` . Heyreverb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Questions with Vicki Lawrence of Mama 's Family ; Charmed Coming to Lifetime to Compliment Witches of East End , Project Runway All - Stars with Alyssa Milano -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Marla ( 2005 ) . The American Family on Television : A Chronology of 121 shows , 1948 -- 2004 . McFarland & Co. p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2074 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicki Lawrence Reflects on ' Mama 's Family ' Legacy and Reveals Her Favorite Episodes ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicki Lawrence '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Vicki Lawrence '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Rick . `` Rick Hawkins '' . Mama 's Family The Complete 5th Season DVD ( Interview ) . Interview with Mama 's Family The Complete 5th Season DVD . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present ( 9 ed . ) . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 843 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( 1983 - 04 - 23 ) . `` A shaky reunion for ' Mama 's Family ' '' . Merced Sun - Star . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Dorothy . `` Mama Knows Best : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion '' . Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD ( Interview ) . Interview with Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD . Jump up ^ `` Humor Helps Carol Burnett Cope -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Vicki ; Eliot , Marc ( 1995 ) . Vicki ! : The True - Life Adventures Of Miss Fireball . Simon & Schuster . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80286 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mama 's Family ' hits top in field in sitcom '' . Eugene Register - Guard . 19 July 1987 . p. 8E . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family ( Vicki Lawrence Interview ) '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TVtherapy : The Television Guide to Life -- Beverly West , Jason Bergund -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Abramson , Stephen J. ( June 17 , 2003 ) . `` Interview : Ret Turner '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Funny Ladies -- Michael Karol -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Indianapolis Monthly -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Pavan -- SitcomsOnline.com ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Seven Questions with Vicki Lawrence of Mama 's Family ; Charmed Coming to Lifetime to Compliment Witches of East End , Project Runway All - Stars with Alyssa Milano -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Comedian Vicki Lawrence talks about life with Mama -- Theater & art '' . The Boston Globe . 2013 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Interview : Rue McClanahan '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ YouTube . youtube.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chat transcripts with Warner Home Video TV and Animation '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : DVD Plans for Mama 's Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 1st Season and The Complete 2nd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Release Date for Mama 's Family - The Complete 3rd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for Mama 's Family - The Complete 4th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Release Date for The Complete 5th Season and The Complete Collection - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for Mama 's Family - The Complete 6th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Televisionhits.com : Mama 's Family Schedule Jump up ^ `` CMT 's PROGRAMMING HIGHLIGHTS FOR 12 / 25 - 12 / 31 '' . cmtpress.com. 2006 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` METV Promos BTS '' . MeTV . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Mama for President : Good Lord , Why Not ? , by Thelma Harper , as told to Vicki Lawrence and Monty Aidem , Thomas Nelson , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4016 - 0409 - 7 `` Mama 's Family '' : The Unofficial Episode Viewing Guide , by Andrew Whitenack , ANDDAR Publications , 2011 . ISBN 1466292105 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mama 's Family Mama 's Family on IMDb Mama 's Family - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Mama 's Family at TV.com The Mama 's Family Site Mama 's Family at epguides.com ( hide ) The Carol Burnett Show Notable sketches `` As the Stomach Turns '' `` The Family '' `` Mrs. Wiggins '' `` Went with the Wind ! '' Notable characters Thelma Harper Eunice Harper Higgins Mrs. Wiggins The Oldest Man Films and TV shows based on sketches Carol Burnett & Company ( 1979 ) Eunice ( 1982 ) Mama 's Family ( 1982 - 1984 ; 1986 - 1990 ) Episodes `` A Special Evening with Carol Burnett '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama%27s_Family&oldid=818255809 '' Categories : 1983 American television series debuts 1990 American television series endings 1980s American comedy television series 1990s American comedy television series American television sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Television spin - offs Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series revived after cancellation Television series based on comedy sketches Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles prone to spam from February 2013 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
why did they kill off fran on mama's family
[ "During the hiatus of the series, both Rue McClanahan (Aunt Fran) and Betty White (Ellen Jackson) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls, rendering them unavailable to return. White, however, did return as Ellen for one episode in 1986 while Fran was killed off in the first episode of the revival. Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman, meanwhile, did not reprise their roles either, resulting in their characters (Eunice and Ed Higgins) being written out as having moved to Florida." ]
[ "Rue McClanahan (Aunt Fran) and Betty White (Ellen Jackson) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls, rendering them unavailable to return" ]
-219359714693930588
United States Postal Service
United States Postal Service - Wikipedia United States Postal Service `` United States Post Office '' redirects here . For individual post offices , see List of United States Post Offices . `` USPS '' redirects here . For the non-profit boating safety and education organization , see United States Power Squadrons . United States Postal Service Logo used since 1993 USPS headquarters Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 07 - 01 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Type Independent Headquarters 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington , D.C. 20260 - 0004 U.S. Employees 639,789 ( 508,908 career , 130,881 non-career ) as of September 30 , 2016 Agency executives Megan Brennan , Postmaster General Ronald A. Stroman , Deputy Postmaster General Key document Postal Clause of the United States Constitution Website www.usps.com Revenue ( 2017 ) US $ 69.636 billion Net income ( 2017 ) US $ ( 2.742 ) billion The full eagle logo , used in various versions from 1970 to 1993 The United States Postal Service ( USPS ; also known as the Post Office , U.S. Mail , or Postal Service ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States , including its insular areas and associated states . It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution . The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress , when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general . The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin 's operation , elevated to a cabinet - level department in 1872 , and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency . The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees and operated 211,264 vehicles in 2014 . The USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world . The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans , regardless of geography , at uniform price and quality . The USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' and personal letterboxes in the United States , but now has to compete against private package delivery services , such as United Parcel Service and FedEx . Since the early 1980s , many of the direct tax subsidies to the Post Office , with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with the disabled and overseas voters , have been reduced or eliminated in favor of indirect subsidies , in addition to the advantages associated with a government - enforced monopoly on the delivery of first - class mail . Since the 2006 all - time peak mail volume , after which Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act which mandated that $5.5 billion per year be paid to fully prefund employee retirement health benefits , revenue dropped sharply due to recession - influenced declining mail volume , prompting the postal service to look to other sources of revenue while cutting costs to reduce its budget deficit . Contents 1 History 1.1 Foundations 1.2 The American Revolution 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century 2 Current operations 2.1 Five - year plans 2.2 Initiatives 3 Budget 3.1 Revenue decline and planned cuts 3.1. 1 Declining mail volume 3.1. 2 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown 3.1. 3 Post office closures 3.1. 4 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted 3.2 Retirement funding and payment defaults 3.3 Rate increases 3.4 Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery 4 Governance and organization 5 Universal service obligation and monopoly status 5.1 Legal basis and rationale 5.2 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly 5.3 Competitors 5.4 Alternative transmission methods 5.5 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly 6 Law enforcement agencies 6.1 Postal Inspection Service 6.2 Office of Inspector General 7 How delivery services work 7.1 Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail 7.1. 1 Delivery Point Validation 7.2 Paying postage 7.2. 1 Postage meters 7.2. 2 PC postage 7.3 Other electronic postage payment methods 7.3. 1 Stamp copyright and reproduction 7.4 Service level choices 7.4. 1 General domestic services 7.4. 2 Bulk mail 7.4. 3 Extra services 7.5 International services 7.5. 1 The discontinuation of international surface mail 7.6 Sorting and delivery process 7.6. 1 Types of postal facilities 7.6. 1.1 Automated Postal Centers 7.6. 2 Evolutionary Network Development ( END ) program 7.6. 3 Airline and rail division 7.6. 4 Parcel forwarding and private interchange 7.7 Delivery timing 7.7. 1 Delivery days 7.7. 2 Direct delivery vs. customer pickup 7.7. 3 Special delivery 7.7. 4 Same - day trials 7.7. 5 Forwarding and holds 8 Financial services 9 Employment in the USPS 9.1 Workplace violence 10 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Foundations ( edit ) Running pony logo used by the U.S. Post Office Department before the creation of the USPS In the early years of the North American colonies , many attempts were made to initiate a postal service . These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony for example , setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England . Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years . For example , informal independently - run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639 , with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672 . A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691 , when Thomas Neale received a 21 - year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service . On February 17 , 1691 , a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns , William III and Mary II , empowered him : to erect , settle , and establish within the chief parts of their majesties ' colonies and plantations in America , an office or offices for receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets , and to receive , send , and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give , and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty - one years . The patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds . The tax was repealed a year later . Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton , Governor of New Jersey , as his deputy postmaster . The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692 . Rates of postage were fixed and authorized , and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia . Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed postal laws , and a very imperfect post office system was established . Neale 's patent expired in 1710 , when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies . The chief office was established in New York City , where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic . The American Revolution ( edit ) Before the Revolution , there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies . Most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London . The revolution made Philadelphia , the seat of the Continental Congress , the information hub of the new nation . News , new laws , political intelligence , and military orders circulated with a new urgency , and a postal system was necessary . Journalists took the lead , securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost , and to exchange news from newspapers between the thirteen states . Overthrowing the London - oriented imperial postal service in 1774 -- 1775 , printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership , and created a new postal system . The United States Post Office ( USPO ) was created on July 26 , 1775 , by decree of the Second Continental Congress . Benjamin Franklin headed it briefly . Before the Revolution , individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post . The official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department ( USPOD ) . It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress `` To establish post offices and post roads '' . The 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network , and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate . The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence , and provided the entire country with low - cost access to information on public affairs , while establishing a right to personal privacy . Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger . Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi . At the same time Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson , judge of Louisiana Territory , the largest territory in North America . Bruce Adamson wrote that : `` Next to Benjamin Franklin , Rufus Easton was one of the most colorful people in United States Postal History . '' It was Easton who educated Abraham Lincoln 's Attorney General , Edward Bates . In 1815 Edward Bates moved into the Easton home and lived there for years at Third and Elm . Today this is the site of the Jefferson Memorial Park . In 1806 Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote a three - page letter to Easton , begging him not to partake in a duel with vice-president Aaron Burr . Two years earlier it was Burr who had shot and killed Alexander Hamilton . Many years later in 1852 , Easton 's son , Major - General Langdon Cheves Easton , was commissioned by William T. Sherman , at Fort Union to deliver a letter to Independence , Missouri . Sherman wrote : `` In the Spring of 1852 , General Sherman mentioned that the quartermaster , Major L.C. Easton , at Fort Union , New Mexico , had occasion to send some message east by a certain date , and contracted with Aubrey to carry it to the nearest post office ( then Independence , Missouri ) , making his compensation conditional on the time consumed . He was supplied with a good horse , and an order on the outgoing trains for exchange . Though the whole route was infested with hostile Indians , and not a house on it , Aubrey started alone with his rifle . He was fortunate in meeting several outward - bound trains , and thereby made frequent changes of horses , some four or five , and reached Independence in six days , having hardly rested or slept the whole way . '' To cover long distances , the Post Office used a hub - and - spoke system , with Washington as the hub and chief sorting center . By 1869 , with 27,000 local post offices to deal with , it had changed to sorting mail en route in specialized railroad mail cars , called Railway Post Offices , or RPOs . The system of postal money orders began in 1864 . Free mail delivery began in the larger cities in 1863 . 19th century ( edit ) The postal system played a crucial role in national expansion . It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive , fast , convenient communication system . Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West , helped scattered families stay in touch and provide assistance , assisted entrepreneurs in finding business opportunities , and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants in the west and wholesalers and factories back east . The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories . The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail , such as the New York Weekly Tribune , facilitated coordination among politicians in different states . The postal service helped integrate established areas with the frontier , creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure . The Post Office in the 19th century was a major source of federal patronage . Local postmasterships were rewards for local politicians -- often the editors of party newspapers . About three quarters of all federal civilian employees worked for the Post Office . In 1816 it employed 3341 men , and in 1841 , 14,290 . The volume of mail expanded much faster than the population , as it carried annually 100 letters and 200 newspapers per 1000 white population in 1790 , and 2900 letters and 2700 newspapers per thousand in 1840 . The Post Office Department was enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson . As the Post Office expanded , difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation . The Post Office 's employees at that time were still subject to the so - called `` spoils '' system , where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage . These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery . This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883 , after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . In 1823 , ten years after the Post Office had first begun to use steamboats to carry mail between post towns where no roads existed , waterways were declared post roads . Once it became clear that the postal system in the United States needed to expand across the entire country , the use of the railroad to transport the mail was instituted in 1832 , on one line in Pennsylvania . All railroads in the United States were designated as post routes , after passage of the Act of July 7 , 1838 . Mail service by railroad increased rapidly thereafter . ~ Benjamin Franklin ~ George Washington ~ The First U.S. Postage Stamps Issued 1847 The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3 , 1847 . The earliest known use of the Franklin 5 ¢ is July 7 , 1847 , while the earliest known use of the Washington 10 ¢ is July 2 , 1847 . Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years , these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1 , 1851 . An Act of Congress provided for the issuance of stamps on March 3 , 1847 , and the Postmaster General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon , Wright , Hatch , and Edson . The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1 , 1847 , in New York City , with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter . The 5 - cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1 oz ( 28 g ) and traveling less than 300 miles , the 10 - cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles , or twice the weight deliverable for the 5 - cent stamp . In 1847 , the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York , with stops in New Orleans and Havana , to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California . The same year , the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California . In 1855 , William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway , providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails , passengers and goods to California . This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 . Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862 , and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869 . Rail cars designed to sort and distribute mail while rolling were soon introduced . RMS employees sorted mail `` on - the - fly '' during the journey , and became some of the most skilled workers in the postal service . An RMS sorter had to be able to separate the mail quickly into compartments based on its final destination , before the first destination arrived , and work at the rate of 600 pieces of mail an hour . They were tested regularly for speed and accuracy . Parcel Post service began with the introduction of International Parcel Post between the USA and foreign countries in 1887 . That same year , the U.S. Post Office ( predecessor of the USPS ) and the Postmaster General of Canada established parcel - post service between the two nations . A bilateral parcel - post treaty between the independent ( at the time ) Kingdom of Hawaii and the USA was signed on 19 December 1888 and put into effect early in 1889 . Parcel - post service between the USA and other countries grew with the signing of successive postal conventions and treaties . While the Post Office agreed to deliver parcels sent into the country under the UPU treaty , it did not institute a domestic parcel - post service for another twenty - five years . 20th century ( edit ) The advent of Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) in the U.S. in 1896 , and the inauguration of a domestic parcel post service by Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock in 1913 , greatly increased the volume of mail shipped nationwide , and motivated the development of more efficient postal transportation systems . Many rural customers took advantage of inexpensive Parcel Post rates to order goods and products from businesses located hundreds of miles away in distant cities for delivery by mail . From the 1910s to the 1960s , many college students and others used parcel post to mail home dirty laundry , as doing so was less expensive than washing the clothes themselves . After four - year - old Charlotte May Pierstorff was mailed from her parents to her grandparents in Idaho in 1914 , mailing of people was prohibited . In 1917 , the Post Office imposed a maximum daily mailable limit of two hundred pounds per customer per day after a business entrepreneur , W.H. Coltharp , used inexpensive parcel - post rates to ship more than eighty thousand masonry bricks some four hundred seven miles via horse - drawn wagon and train for the construction of a bank building in Vernal , Utah . The advent of parcel post also led to the growth of mail order businesses that substantially increased rural access to modern goods over what was typically stocked in local general stores . Historic Mineral Wells , Texas post office built between 1911 and 1913 In 1912 , carrier service was announced for establishment in towns of second and third class with $100,000 appropriated by Congress . From January 1 , 1911 , until July 1 , 1967 , the United States Post Office Department operated the United States Postal Savings System . An Act of Congress of June 25 , 1910 , established the Postal Savings System in designated Post Offices , effective January 1 , 1911 . The legislation aimed to get money out of hiding , attract the savings of immigrants accustomed to the postal savings system in their native countries , provide safe depositories for people who had lost confidence in banks , and furnish more convenient depositories for working people . The law establishing the system directed the Post Office Department to redeposit most of the money in the system in local banks , where it earned 2.5 percent interest . The system paid 2 % interest per year on deposits . The half - percent difference in interest was intended to pay for the operation of the system . Certificates were issued to depositors as proof of their deposit . Depositors in the system were initially limited to hold a balance of $500 , but this was raised to $1,000 in 1916 and to $2,500 in 1918 . The initial minimum deposit was $1 . In order to save smaller amounts for deposit , customers could purchase a 10 - cent postal savings card and 10 - cent postal savings stamps to fill it . The card could be used to open or add to an account when its value , together with any attached stamps , amounted to one or more dollars , or it could be redeemed for cash . At its peak in 1947 , the system held almost $3.4 billion in deposits , with more than four million depositors using 8,141 postal units . The Post Office Department played an important intelligence role during World War I , implementing the Espionage and Trading with the Enemy Acts , monitoring foreign mail and acting as counter-espionage to help secure allied victory . On August 12 , 1918 , the Post Office Department took over airmail service from the United States Army Air Service ( USAAS ) . Assistant Postmaster General , Otto Praeger , appointed Benjamin B. Lipsner to head the civilian - operated Air Mail Service . One of Lipsner 's first acts was to hire four pilots , each with at least 1,000 hours ' flying experience , paying them an average of $4,000 per year ( $65.1 thousand today ) . The Post Office Department used new Standard JR - 1B biplanes specially modified to carry the mail while the war was still in progress , but following the war operated mostly World War I surplus military de Havilland DH - 4 aircraft . During 1918 , the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots . In its first year of operation , the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings . Of those , 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure . By 1920 , the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters . Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975 , and international air mail in 1995 , when the USPS began transporting First - Class mail by air on a routine basis . The Post Office was one of the first government departments to regulate obscene materials on a national basis . When the U.S. Congress passed the Comstock laws of 1873 , it became illegal to send through the U.S. mail any material considered obscene or indecent , or which promoted abortion issues , birth control , or alcohol consumption . On March 18 , 1970 , postal workers in New York City -- upset over low wages and poor working conditions , and emboldened by the Civil Rights movement -- organized a strike against the United States government . The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City , but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers across the nation . While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government , it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted , as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12 , 1970 . The Act replaced the cabinet - level Post Office Department with a new federal agency , the United States Postal Service , and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Current operations ( edit ) USPS service delivery truck The United States Postal Service employs some 617,000 workers , making it the third - largest civilian employer in the United States behind the federal government and Wal - Mart . In a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision , the Court noted : `` Each day , according to the Government 's submissions here , the United States Postal Service delivers some 660 million pieces of mail to as many as 142 million delivery points . '' As of 2016 , the USPS operates 31,585 post offices and locations in the U.S. , and delivers 153.4 billion pieces of mail annually . The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world , with an estimated 227,896 vehicles , the majority of which are the easily identified Chevrolet / Grumman LLV ( long - life vehicle ) , and the newer Ford / Utilimaster FFV ( flex - fuel vehicle ) , originally also referred to as the CRV ( carrier route vehicle ) . It is by geography and volume the globe 's largest postal system , delivering 47 % of the world 's mail . For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline , the USPS spends an extra US $8 million per year to fuel its fleet . The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million , at a cost of US $1.1 billion . The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right - hand drive , an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes . Some rural letter carriers use personal vehicles . Standard postal - owned vehicles do not have license plates . These vehicles are identified by a seven - digit number displayed on the front and rear . A fleet of post office vehicles at the James Griffith Station in Spring Branch , Houston The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military ; this is known as the Army Post Office ( for Army and Air Force postal facilities ) and the Fleet Post Office ( for Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard postal facilities ) . In February 2013 , the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , and Express Mail , effective August 10 , 2013 . However , this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 . They now deliver packages on Sunday -- only for Amazon.com . During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013 , packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas . Parcels are also delivered on holidays , with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas . Five - year plans ( edit ) In October 2016 , the Postal Service released Future Ready , a five - year plan required by law starting in 1993 . The plan outlines the Postal Service 's goals for the next five years . 1 . Deliver a world - class customer experience . 2 . Equip , empower , and engage employees . 3 . Innovate faster to deliver value . 4 . Invest in our future platforms . Initiatives ( edit ) In 2011 , numerous media outlets reported that the USPS was going out of business . The USPS 's strategy came under fire as new technologies emerged and the USPS was not finding ways to generate new sources of revenue . Budget ( edit ) In 2016 , the Postal Service collected $71.49 billion in revenue . Revenue decline and planned cuts ( edit ) In 2016 , the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss , in the amount of $5.59 billion , of which $5.8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments . Declining mail volume ( edit ) First - class mail volume peaked in 2001 , declining by 43 % as of 2017 due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions . Private courier services , such as FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) , directly compete with USPS for the delivery of urgent letters and packages . Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day , six days a week . According to an official report on November 15 , 2012 , the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year . Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown ( edit ) In response , the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007 , through increased automation , route re-optimization , and facility consolidation . Despite these efforts , the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010 , and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011 . On December 5 , 2011 , the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers , eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First - Class Mail . This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers . ( At peak mail volume in 2006 , the USPS operated 673 facilities . ) As of May 2012 , the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012 , pause from September to December , and begin a second round in February 2014 ; 80 % of first - class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013 . New delivery standards were issued in January 2015 , and the majority of single - piece ( not presorted ) first - class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one . Large commercial mailers can still have first - class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning , though as of 2014 this represented only 11 % of first - class mail . Unsorted first - class mail will continued to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days . Post Office closures ( edit ) In July 2011 , the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices . Various representatives in Congress protested , and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices farther than 10 miles from the next office . In May 2012 , the service announced it had modified its plan . Instead , rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours ( some as little as two hours per day ) unless there was a community preference for a different option . In a survey of rural customers , 20 % preferred the `` Village Post Office '' replacement ( where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours ) , 15 % preferred merger with another Post Office , and 11 % preferred expanded rural delivery services . Approximately 40 % of postal revenue already comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart , Staples , Office Depot , Walgreens , Sam 's Club , Costco , and grocery stores . The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union 's arguments that these counters should be manned by postal employees who earn far more and have `` a generous package of health and retirement benefits '' . Elimination of Saturday delivery averted ( edit ) On January 28 , 2009 , Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate that , if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits , as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 , the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June , July , and August . H.R. 22 , addressing this issue , passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30 , 2009 . However , Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery . On June 10 , 2009 , the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) was contacted for its input on the USPS 's current study of the effect of five - day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five - day service plan . A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff has been given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study . The current concept examines the effect of five - day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday , with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open . On Thursday , April 15 , 2010 , the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled `` Continuing to Deliver : An Examination of the Postal Service 's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability . '' At which , PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020 , the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion , and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009 . In February 2013 , the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year , Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , Express Mail , and mail delivered to Post Office boxes , beginning August 10 , 2013 . However , the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 , passed in March , reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery . Retirement funding and payment defaults ( edit ) The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( PAEA ) obligates the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations ( essentially past promises which have not yet come due ) within a ten - year time span . In contrast , private businesses in the United States have no legal obligation to pay for retirement costs at promise - time rather than retirement - time , but about one quarter do . The Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees . The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund ( PSRHB ) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 % deducted from their wages . Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System ( FERS ) once they become a full - time regular employees . On September 30 , 2014 , the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt , the fourth such default . Rate increases ( edit ) Congress has limited rate increases for First - Class Mail to the cost of inflation , unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission . A three - cent surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz ( 28 g ) rate to 49 ¢ in January , 2014 , but this was approved by the Commission for two years only . Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery ( edit ) Comprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S. 1486 and H.R. 2748 . These include the efficiency measure , supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe of ending door - to - door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it , replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby `` cluster boxes '' . This would save $4.5 billion per year out of the $30 billion delivery budget ; door - to - door city delivery costs annually on average $353 per stop , curbside $224 , and cluster box $160 ( and for rural delivery , $278 , $176 , and $126 , respectively ) . S. 1486 , also with the support of Postmaster Donahoe , would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law , from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21 . This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year . ( Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1716 ( f ) . ) In 2014 , the Postal Service was requesting reforms to workers ' compensation , moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan , and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds , as is done for private - sector workers . Governance and organization ( edit ) The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy , procedure , and postal rates for services rendered , and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors . Of the eleven members of the Board , nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate ( see 39 U.S.C. § 202 ) . The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General , who serves as the board 's tenth member , and who oversees the day - to - day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer ( see 39 U.S.C. § § 202 -- 203 ) . The ten - member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General , who acts as Chief Operating Officer , to the eleventh and last remaining open seat . The independent Postal Regulatory Commission ( formerly the Postal Rate Commission ) is also controlled by appointees of the President confirmed by the Senate . It oversees postal rates and related concerns , having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals . The USPS is often mistaken for a government - owned corporation ( e.g. , Amtrak ) because it operates much like a business . It is , however , an `` establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States '' , ( 39 U.S.C. § 201 ) as it is controlled by Presidential appointees and the Postmaster General . As a government agency , it has many special privileges , including sovereign immunity , eminent domain powers , powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations , and an exclusive legal right to deliver first - class and third - class mail . Indeed , in 2004 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the USPS was not a government - owned corporation , and therefore could not be sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act . The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS 's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge ; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone , other than the employees and agents of the USPS , to deliver mailpieces to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' . The Postal Service also has a Mailers ' Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils , which are advisory and primarily involve business customers . Universal Service obligation and monopoly status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legal basis and rationale ( edit ) Article I , section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads , which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first - class residential mail -- which has been defined as non-urgent residential letters ( not packages ) . Accordingly , no other system for delivering first - class residential mail -- public or private -- has been tolerated , absent Congress 's consent . The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service . While not explicitly defined , the Postal Service 's universal service obligation ( USO ) is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions : geographic scope , range of products , access to services and facilities , delivery frequency , affordable and uniform pricing , service quality , and security of the mail . While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis , the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service . Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation , the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO , and it has been in place for over a hundred years . It consists of two parts : the Private Express Statutes ( PES ) and the mailbox access rule . The PES refers to the Postal Service 's monopoly on the delivery of letters , and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service 's exclusive access to customer mailboxes . Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service . If , for example , the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated , and the USO maintained , then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found . Some proponents of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications . This separates private communications from the ability of a private for - profit or non-profit organization to corrupt . Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office , maintaining confidentiality and anonymity , as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying . It is seen by some as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office , as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy . However , as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness indicates , mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades . KTVB - TV reported : `` We can not go out every week and pick up our mail ... it 's impossible '' , said Heinz Sippel . `` Everyone gets their mail . Why ca n't we ? '' said Sue Anderson . Getting mail delivered , once a week , by airplane is not a luxury , it 's a necessity for those who live in Idaho 's vast wilderness -- those along the Salmon and Selway rivers . It 's a service that 's been provided to them for more than half a century -- mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation . The decision was reversed ; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail . 2008 report on universal Postal Service and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission ( PRC ) to submit a report to the President and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008 . The report must include any recommended changes . The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service . In addition , the Government Accountability Office is required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011 . On October 15 , 2008 , the Postal Service submitted a report to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation ( USO ) . It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at this time , but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future . In 2013 , the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013 , Saturday delivery would be discontinued . Obligations of the USO include uniform prices , quality of service , access to services , and six - day delivery to every part of the country . To assure financial support for these obligations , the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail . The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly `` would have a devastating impact on the ability ... to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly . '' Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns , increase delivery costs , and hurt customer service , according to the Post Office . The report notes : It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a `` monopoly , '' because the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. § 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages . Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage , by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat , by using newspaper or non-postal boxes , by telephoning or emailing , by engaging in person - to - person delivery in public areas , by tacking or taping their notices on a door post , or by placing advertisements in local newspapers . These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox . Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities . For example , in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property . Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters , the report notes that the monopoly is not complete , as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single - piece First - Class Mail letter ( also known as the `` base rate '' or `` base tariff '' ) or the letter weighs at least 12.5 ounces . The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly . Any changes would have far - reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry . `` A more rigidly defined USO would ... ultimately harm the American public and businesses , '' according to the report , which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood . Competitors ( edit ) USPS Terminal Annex building in Los Angeles FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Due to the postal monopoly , they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations . However , both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination , including Post Office Box destinations . These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept . DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009 , when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States . A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country , but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points , or specialize in items too large to be mailed . Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same - day delivery , for example , by bicycle messenger . Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors , USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2 -- 3 Day Priority Mail and Priority Mail Express ( typically delivered overnight ) . Alternative transmission methods ( edit ) The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States , starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore , and eventually extending to New York , Boston , Buffalo , and Philadelphia . In 1847 , the telegraph system was privatized , except for a period during World War I , when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night . Between 1942 and 1945 , `` V - Mail '' ( for `` Victory Mail '' ) service was available for military mail . Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination , to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo . From 1982 to 1985 , Electronic Computer Originated Mail , known as E-COM was accepted for bulk mailings . Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide . The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E-COM logo . Delivery was assured within 2 days . To improve accuracy and efficiency , the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system . This system , which was intended to replace the depreciated POSTNET system , allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting . Additional features , called Enhanced , or Full - Service , Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office . Criticism of the universal Service requirement and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system , or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists . Rick Geddes argued in 2000 : First , basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition ; they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them , which may or may not be lower than under monopoly . Second , basic notions of fairness imply that the cross-subsidy should be eliminated . To the extent that people make choices about where they live , they should assume the costs of that decision . Third , there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas . The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service . Fourth , early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded ... Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer , the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero . Furthermore , some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different than profit maximization , they might have more of an incentive than profit - maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing , misstating costs , and creating barriers to entry . To resolve those issues , one economist proposes a cost - allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS 's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products . Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) The Food and Drug Administration inspects packages for illegal drug shipments Postal Inspection Service ( edit ) The United States Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Founded by Benjamin Franklin , its mission is to protect the Postal Service , its employees , and its customers from crime and protect the nation 's mail system from criminal misuse . Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail , the postal system or postal employees . The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors . According to the American Enterprise Institute , a private conservative think tank , the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly `` extremely urgent . '' It was found that the mail was not , and Equifax was fined $30,000 . Lastly , the PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol in and around selected high - risk postal facilities in major metropolitan areas in the United States and its territories . Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) was authorized by law in 1996 . Prior to the 1996 legislation , the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG . The Inspector General , who is independent of postal management , is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed , Senate -- confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service . The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent , detect and report fraud , waste and program abuse , and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service . The OIG has `` oversight '' responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service . How delivery services work ( edit ) Elements of addressing and preparing Domestic mail ( edit ) See also : Address ( geography ) § United States All mailable articles ( e.g. , letters , flats , machinable parcels , irregular parcels , etc . ) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) . Before addressing the mailpiece , one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as : minimum / maximum dimensions and weight , acceptable mailing containers , proper mailpiece sealing / closure , utilization of various markings , and restrictions relating to various hazardous ( e.g. , explosives , flammables , etc . ) and restricted ( e.g. , cigarettes , smokeless tobacco , etc . ) materials , as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM . The USPS specifies the following key elements when preparing the face of a mailpiece : Proper Placement : The Delivery Address should be left - justified and located roughly in the center of mailpiece 's largest side . More precisely , on a letter - size piece , the recommended address placement is within the optical character reader ( OCR ) read area , which is a space on the address side of the mailpiece defined by these boundaries : Left -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the left edge of the piece ; Right -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the right edge of the piece ; Top -- 2 - 3 / 4 inches ( 70 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece ; Bottom -- 5 / 8 inch ( 16 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece . Preferred placement of a return address is in the upper left portion of the mailpiece -- on the side of the piece bearing postage . Finally , postage ( e.g. , stamps , meter imprints , information - based indicia ( IBI ) , etc . ) is to be affixed in the upper right corner of the address side of the mail cover . It should be noted that any stamp / indicia partly concealed or otherwise obscured by an overlapping stamp / indicia may not be counted as valid postage . Delivery Address ( party receiving mail ) : The mail piece must have the address of the intended recipient , visible and legible , only on the side of the mail piece bearing postage . Generally , the name of the addressee should be included above the address itself . A ZIP + 4 code will facilitate delivery . Return Address ( party sending mail ) : A return address tells the USPS where the sender wants the mail returned if it is undeliverable . Usage of a return address is required for some postal services ( including Priority Mail , Express Mail , Periodicals in envelopes or wrappers , Insured Mail , Registered Mail , and parcel services ) . Postage Payment : All mailpieces must include appropriate valid postage . Postage payment may be in the form of stamps , stamped stationery , precanceled stamps , postage meter imprints & PC Postage products ( `` Postage Evidencing Systems '' ) , or permit imprint ( indicia ) . Members of the U.S. Congress , among others , have franking privileges , which require only a signature . Domestic First - Class Mail costs 50 ¢ for envelopes ( 35 ¢ for post cards ) and upwards , depending on the weight and dimensions of the letter and the class . Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office ( FPO ) and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO ( Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office ) . Undeliverable mail that could not be readily returned , including mail without a return address , is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia or Saint Paul , Minnesota . Sticker promoting ZIP code use The format of the address is as follows Line 1 : Name of recipient Line 2 : Street address or P.O. Box Line 3 : City , State ( ISO 3166 - 2 : US code or APO / FPO code ) and ZIP + 4 code Example Clifford Clavin 789 Beacon Street Boston MA 02186 - 1234 The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations . The format of a return address is similar . Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts , for optimal automatic character recognition , the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail . The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations , and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP + 4 code . If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough , it will require hand - processing , delaying that particular item . The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards . Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting , appending information such as ZIP code and validating the address is a valid delivery point . Customers can look up ZIP codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page , as well as on third - party sites . Delivery point validation ( edit ) Delivery Point Validation ( DPV ) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking . In a DPV process , the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point . The USPS does not offer DPV validation on their website ; however , there are companies that offer services to perform DPV verification . Paying postage ( edit ) The actual postage can be paid via : Stamps purchased online at usps.com , at a Post Office , from a stamp vending machine or `` Automated Postal Center '' which can also handle packages , or from a third party ( such as a grocery store ) Pre-cancelled stamps for bulk mailings Postal meter Prepaid envelope Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper ( e.g. with Click - N - Ship , or via a third - party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping ) All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value . Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid , although the value depends upon the particular stamp . For some stamps issued without a printed value , the current value is the original value . But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier , including Forever Stamps ( issued from April 2007 ) and all first - class , first - ounce stamps issued from January 21 , 2011 , the value is the current value of a first - class - mail first - ounce stamp . The USPS calls these Forever Stamps but the generic name is non-denominated postage . Forever stamps are sold at the First - Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase , but will always be valid for First - Class Mail ( 1 oz and under ) , no matter how rates rise in the future . Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989 . The cost of mailing a 1 oz ( 28 g ) First - Class letter increased to 50 cents on 28 January 2018 Postage meters ( edit ) Main article : Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage ( or franking ) to mailed matter . Postage meters are regulated by a country 's postal authority ; for example , in the United States , the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation , support , and use of postage meters . A postage meter imprints an amount of postage , functioning as a postage stamp , a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one . The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps . PC postage ( edit ) In addition to using standard stamps , postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp , or e-stamp , from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia . This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer 's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service . Other electronic postage payment methods ( edit ) Electronic Verification System ( eVS ) is the Postal Service 's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports . Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne ! , eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard - copy manifests , postage statements and drop - shipment verification forms . Instead , mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online . Beginning in August 2007 , the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages . Stamp copyright and reproduction ( edit ) All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright , but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted . The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that `` Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service ... are not considered works of the U.S. Government '' and are therefore eligible for registration . Thus , the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code . Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images , although under USPS rules , permission is `` generally '' not required for `` educational use '' , `` news reporting '' or `` philatelic advertising use , '' but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as `` © United States Postal Service . All rights reserved . '' Service level choices ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) General Domestic services ( edit ) Former Tyvek envelope design for Express Mail before July 28 , 2013 As of April 2011 , domestic postage levels for low - volume mailers include : Priority Mail Express ( Formerly Express Mail ) : Overnight delivery guaranteed to most locations Sunday , holiday and 10 : 30 am delivery available for additional charge . $100 insurance included . Tracking included . Flat Rate envelopes are available . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight and distance . Priority Mail : Day specific delivery service ranging from 1 -- 3 days depending on origin of shipment ( not guaranteed ) As of January 27 , 2013 , tracking via Delivery Confirmation is now included on all Priority Mail shipments . Flat Rate envelopes and boxes ( various sizes ) are available free from the Postal Store . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight , size and distance . $50 insurance for retail / $100 insurance for commercial starting on July 28 , 2013 . Tracking Included First - Class Mail 2 - to 3 - day delivery . In most cases for letters and small packages . Rate varies by size and weight , but not distance . Postcards ( 5 '' × 3.5 '' × 0.007 to 6 '' × 4.25 '' × 0.016 '' ( 127 × 89 × 0.18 to 152 × 108 × 0.4 mm ) ) : 35 ¢ Letters ( up to 11.5 '' × 6.125 '' × 0.25 `` , 3.5 oz ( 292 × 156 × 6.4 mm , 100 g ) ) : 50 ¢ + 21 ¢ for each additional ounce Large Envelope or Flat ( up to 15 '' × 12 '' × 0.75 `` , 13 oz ( 381 × 305 × 19 mm , 370 g ) ) : 90 ¢ + 21 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) . Must be rectangular , uniformly thick , and not too rigid . Package / Parcel ( Up to 108 inches ( 270 cm ) length plus girth , 13 ounces ( 370 g ) : $1.95 + 17 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) over 3 ounces ( 84 g ) ) USPS Retail Ground ( formerly Parcel Post ) Slowest but cheapest service for packages too large or heavy for First Class -- uses surface transport . 2 - to 9 - day service to contiguous U.S. , 4 -- 14 days internal to AK / HI / territories , 3 -- 6 weeks between mainland and outlying areas ( travels by ship ) . Variable pricing by weight , size and distance . Free forwarding if recipient has filed change - of - address form , or return if the item is undeliverable . Media Mail -- formerly `` Book Rate '' Books and recorded media only . No advertising . Pricing by weight only . Transit time similar to Parcel Post . Cheaper than Parcel Post but only due to increased restrictions on package contents . Library Mail Similar to Media Mail , but cheaper and restricted to academic institutions , public libraries , museums , etc . The Post Office will not deliver packages heavier than 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) or if the length ( the package 's longest dimension ) plus the girth ( the measurement around the package at its largest point in the two shorter dimensions ) is greater than 108 inches ( 270 cm ) combined ( 130 inches ( 330 cm ) for Parcel Post ) Bulk mail ( edit ) See also : Bulk mail USPS Dodge Caravan used for residential delivery in Omaha , Nebraska USPS - operated minivan serving in the LLV 's role Discounts are available for large volumes of mail . Depending on the postage level , certain conditions might be required or optional for an additional discount : Minimum number of pieces Weight limits Ability for the USPS to process by machine Addresses formatting standardized USPS - readable barcode Sorted by three - digit ZIP code prefix , five - digit ZIP code , ZIP + 4 , or 11 - digit delivery point Delivered in trays , bundles , or pallets partitioned by destination Delivered directly to a regional Bulk Mail Center , destination SCF , or destination Post Office Certification of mailing list accuracy and freshness ( e.g. correct ZIP codes , purging of stale addresses , processing of change - of - address notifications ) In addition to bulk discounts on Express , Priority , and First - Class Mail , the following postage levels are available for bulk mailers : Periodicals Standard Mail ( A ) Automation Enhanced Carrier Route Regular Standard Mail ( B ) Parcel Post Bound Printed Matter -- Cheaper than Media Mail , for advertising catalogs , phone books , etc. up to 15 lb Special Standard Mail Library Mail Nonprofit Extra services ( edit ) A Long Life Vehicle seen in Guam Depending on the type of mail , additional services are available for an additional fee : Certificate of Mailing provides proof of the date a package was mailed . Certified Mail provides proof of mailing , and a delivery record . Used for serving legal documents and for sending U.S. Government classified information , up to the `` confidential '' level . Collect on Delivery ( C.O.D. ) allows merchants to offer customers an option to pay upon delivery , up to $1000 . Includes insurance . USPS Tracking provides proof of delivery to sorting facilities , local post office and destination , but no signature is required . Insurance is shipping insurance against loss or damage for the value of the goods mailed . Amount of coverage can be specified , up to $5,000 . Registered Mail is used for highly valuable or irreplaceable items , and classified information up to the `` secret '' level . Registered mail is transported separately from other mail , in locked containers . Tracking is included and insurance up to $25,000 is available . Restricted Delivery requires delivery to a specific person or their authorized agent , not just to a mailbox . Return Receipt actively sends signature confirmation back to the sender by postcard or emailed PDF ( as opposed to merely putting this information into the online tracking system ) . Signature Confirmation requires a delivery signature , which is kept on file . The online tracking system displays the first initial and last name of the signatory . Special Handling is for unusual items , like live animals . International services ( edit ) Packages awaiting inspection at the International Mail Facility in JFK airport In May 2007 , the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options . Formerly , USPS International services were categorized as Airmail ( Letter Post ) , Economy ( Surface ) Parcel Post , Airmail Parcel Post , Global Priority , Global Express , and Global Express Guaranteed Mail . The former Airmail ( Letter Post ) is now First - Class Mail International , and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds ( 1.8 kg ) . Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service , while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International . Priority Mail International Flat - Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced , with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority . Global Express is now Express Mail International , while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged . The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express , Express Guaranteed , and Priority ( except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes ) . One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS - supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use . These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe . The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service , FedEx . An m - bag The USPS provides an M - bag service for international shipment of printed matter ; previously surface M - bags existed , but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail , only airmail M - bags remain . The term `` M - bag '' is not expanded in USPS publications ; M - bags are simply defined as `` direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address '' ; however , the term is sometimes referred to informally as `` media bag '' , as the bag can also contain `` discs , tapes , and cassettes '' , in addition to books , for which the usual umbrella term is `` media '' ; some also refer to them as `` mail bags '' . Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost , and is free when sent by deployed military personnel . The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense . Outside of forward areas and active operations , military mail First - Class takes 7 -- 10 days , Priority 10 -- 15 days , and Parcel Post about 24 days . Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. ( Palau , the Marshall Islands , and the Federated States of Micronesia ) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service : Each associated state maintains its own government - run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers . The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system . The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states , and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS . The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail , ( as of November 19 , 2007 , after a 23 - month period of being treated as international mail ) . Incoming mail does require customs declarations because , like some U.S. territories , the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States . The discontinuation of International surface mail ( edit ) For more information about surface mail , see Surface mail . In 2007 , the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail ( `` sea mail '' ) service , mainly because of increased costs . Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS . The discontinuation has been criticized by independent booksellers , by other small businesses which ship internationally , by the Peace Corps , and by military personnel . Domestic surface mail ( now `` Retail Ground '' or `` Commercial Parcel Select '' ) remains available . Alternatives to international surface mail include : International Surface Air Lift . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service includes neither tracking nor insurance ; but it may be possible to purchase shipping insurance from a third - party company . USPS Commercial ePacket . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service is trackable . Ordinary first - class international airmail . Sorting and delivery process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mail flow through national infrastructure Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated , including reading of handwritten addresses . Mail from individual customers and public postboxes is collected by mail carriers into plastic tubs , which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers ( P&DC ) across the United States . Each P&DC sorts mail for a given region ( typically with a radius of around 200 miles ( 320 km ) ) and connects with the national network for interregional mail . The USPS has consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P&DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations , but for cities at the edge of a P&DC 's region , this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances ( that is , to and from the P&DC for sorting ) to reach nearby addresses . At the P&DC , mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System ( DPRCS ) . As mail travels through the DPRCS , large items , such as packages and mail bundles , are removed from the stream . As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System ( AFCS ) , pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS ( e.g. , large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes ) are automatically diverted from the stream . Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines . In contrast to the previous system , which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope , thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System locates indicia ( stamp or metered postage mark ) , regardless of the orientation of the mail as it enters the machine , and cancels it by applying a postmark . Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly , rotating pieces as necessary so all mail is sorted right - side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin . Mail is output by the machine into three categories : mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed ( such as business reply envelopes and cards ) ; mail with machine printed ( typed ) addresses ; and mail with handwritten addresses . Additionally , machines with a recent Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) upgrade have the capability to read the address information , including handwritten , and sort the mail based on local or outgoing ZIP codes . Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader ( MLOCR ) which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope . Mail ( actually the scanned image of the mail ) with handwritten addresses ( and machine - printed ones that are not easily recognized ) goes to the Remote Bar Coding System . It also corrects spelling errors and , where there is an error , omission , or conflict in the written address , identifies the most likely correct address . When it has decided on a correct address , it prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelopes , similarly to the MLOCR system . RBCS also has facilities in place , called Remote Encoding Centers , that have humans look at images of mail pieces and enter the address data . The address data is associated with the image via an ID Tag , a fluorescent barcode printed by mail processing equipment on the back of mail pieces . Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking ( MICT ) system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances . Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers , and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days . If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address , the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address . If this address is found , the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address . The mail is returned to the mailstream to forward to the new location . Mail with addresses that can not be resolved by the automated system are separated for human intervention . If a local postal worker can read the address , he or she manually sorts it out according to the ZIP code on the article . If the address can not be read , mail is either returned to the sender ( First - Class Mail with a valid return address ) or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia ( formerly known as the dead letter office ) . At this office , the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to . If an address is found , the contents are resealed and delivered . Otherwise , the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer ; if they are not claimed , they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service . Once the mail is bar coded , it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter ( DBCS ) that reads the bar code , identifies the destination of the mailpiece , and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey . Regional mail is either trucked to the appropriate local post office , or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P&DC . Out - of - region mail is trucked to the airport and then flown , usually as baggage on commercial airlines , to the airport nearest the destination station . At the destination P&DC , mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices ; this includes grouping mailpieces by individual mail carrier . At the carrier route level , 95 % of letters arrive pre-sorted ; the remaining mail must be sorted by hand . The Post Office is working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail , including a pilot program to sort `` flats '' . FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail . Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx - served airport , where they are handed off to FedEx . FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery . Types of Postal facilities ( edit ) Historic main post office in Tomah , Wisconsin A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston , Texas A combined Post Office , Customs House , and Federal Court House in Galveston , Texas Floating post office , Halibut Cove , Alaska Although its customer service centers are called post offices in regular speech , the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities , including the following : A main post office ( formerly known as a general post office ) is the primary postal facility in a community . A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office , but that is within the corporate limits of the community . A branch or post office branch is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community . A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS . A contract postal unit ( or CPU ) is a station or branch operated by a contractor , typically in a store or other place of business . A community post office ( or CPO ) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued . A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail , but does not provide delivery . A village post office ( VPO ) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS . First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices , village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP code . A processing and distribution center ( P&DC , or processing and distribution facility , formerly known as a General Mail Facility ) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area ( 251 nationwide ) . A sectional center facility ( SCF ) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three - digit ZIP code prefixes . An international service center ( ISC ) is an international mail processing facility . There are only five such USPS facilities in the continental United States , located in Chicago , New York , Miami , Los Angeles and San Francisco . A network distribution center , formerly known as a bulk mail center ( BMC ) , is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network . An auxiliary sorting facility ( ASF ) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network . A remote encoding center ( REC ) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces ( those with hard - to - read addresses , etc . ) via secure Internet - type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher , using a special encoding protocol . The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding . The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016 . The last REC is in Salt Lake City , Utah . While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as `` substations '' , the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word . Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city 's central business district . In those locations , often Courthouses and Federal Buildings , the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant . The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices , stations , and branches . Automated Postal Centers ( edit ) A 24 - hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster , Texas main post office In the year 2004 , the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers ( APCs ) . APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing , franking , and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps . Since its introduction , APCs do not take cash payments -- they only accept credit or debit cards . Similarly , traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps , though these are being phased out in many areas . Due to increasing use of Internet services , as of June 2009 , no retail post office windows are open 24 hours ; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center . Evolutionary network development ( end ) program ( edit ) In February 2006 , the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility - types with five processing facility - types : Regional Distribution Centers ( RDCs ) , which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers ; Local Processing Centers ( LPCs ) , which will process single - piece letters and flats and cancel mail ; Destination Processing Centers ( DPC ) , sort the mail for individual mail carriers ; Airport Transfer Centers ( ATCs ) , which will serve as transfer points only ; and Remote Encoding Centers ( RECs ) . Over a period of years , these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers , Customer Service Facilities , Bulk Mail Centers , Logistic and Distribution Centers , annexes , the Hub and Spoke Program , Air Mail Centers , and International Service Centers . The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single - piece First - Class Mail , population shifts , the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities , advancements in equipment and technology , redundancies in the existing network , and the need for operational flexibility . Airline and rail division ( edit ) A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727 - 200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999 The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains , although both were formerly operated . The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement . The contracts change periodically . Contract airlines have included : UPS , Emery Worldwide , Ryan International Airlines , FedEx Express , American Airlines , United Airlines , and Express One International . The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The last air delivery route in the continental U.S. , to residents in the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness , was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 . The weekly bush plane route , contracted out to an air taxi company , had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000 , or $2400 / year per residence , over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States . This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General . Parcel forwarding and private interchange ( edit ) Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper , relocation , Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers . Delivery timing ( edit ) USPS contractor - driven semi-trailer truck seen near Mendota , California USPS Ford Windstar used for residential delivery in Olympia , Washington 1998 United States Postal Service Ford Windstar , showing the larger driver 's side door Delivery days ( edit ) From 1810 , mail was delivered seven days a week . In 1828 , local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday - morning church attendance because of local post offices ' doubling as gathering places . These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays . The government , however , declined , and mail was delivered 7 days a week until 1912 . Today , U.S. Mail ( with the exception of Express Mail ) is not delivered on Sunday . Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957 , because of lack of funds , but quickly restored . Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009 . This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week , which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect . ( See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts . ) Direct delivery vs. customer pickup ( edit ) Originally , mail was not delivered to homes and businesses , but to post offices . In 1863 , `` city delivery '' began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical . This required streets to be named , houses to be numbered , with sidewalks and lighting provided , and these street addresses to be added to envelopes . The number of routes served expanded over time . In 1891 , the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas . There is currently an effort to reduce direct delivery in favor of mailbox clusters . To compensate for high mail volume and slow long - distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day , deliveries were made multiple times a day . This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn , New York . In the late 19th century , mail boxes were encouraged , saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person ; in the 1910s and 1920s , they were phased in as a requirement for service . In the 1940s , multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced , especially on Saturdays . By 1990 , the last twice - daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated . Today , mail is delivered once a day on - site to most private homes and businesses . The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery ( where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches , or to commercial reception areas ) and rural delivery ( where carriers generally drive ) . With `` curbside delivery '' , mailboxes are at the ends of driveways , on the nearest convenient road . `` Central point delivery '' is used in some locations , where several nearby residences share a `` cluster '' of individual mailboxes in a single housing . Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee , for privacy or convenience . This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered ( usually earlier in the day than home delivery ) . Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes . High - volume business customers can also arrange for special pick - up . Another option is the old - style general delivery , for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses . Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up . Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door - to - door delivery to their location or a nearby box . People with medical problems can request door - to - door delivery . Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster , or can use general delivery . Special delivery ( edit ) From 1885 to 1997 , a service called special delivery was available , which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds . Same - day trials ( edit ) In December 2012 , the USPS began a limited one - year trial of same - day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area , a service it dubbed `` Metro Post '' . The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1 - 800 - FLOWERS . In March 2013 , the USPS faced new same - day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express . In November 2013 , the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles , which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014 . Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September 2015 . Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh , Webvan , and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway . Forwarding and holds ( edit ) Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address , and can also send pre-printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents . They can also put their mail on `` hold '' , for example , while on vacation . The Post Office will store mail during the hold , instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox . These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency , where mail is subsorted by non-Post Office employees into individual mailboxes . Financial services ( edit ) Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail , and are available in any amount up to $1,000 . Like a bank cheque , money orders are cashable only by the recipient . Unlike a personal bank check , they are prepaid and therefore can not be returned because of insufficient funds . Money orders are a declining business for the USPS , as companies like PayPal , PaidByCash and others are offering electronic replacements . From 1911 to 1967 , the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System , not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited . A January 2014 report by the Inspector General of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services , especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office , and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts . Employment in the USPS ( edit ) A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers , Florida The Postal Service is the nation 's second - largest civilian employer . As of 2011 , it employed 574,000 personnel , divided into offices , processing centers , and actual post offices . The United States Postal Service would rank 29th on the 2010 Fortune 500 list , if considered a private company . Labor unions representing USPS employees include : The American Postal Workers Union ( APWU ) , which represents postal clerks and maintenance , motor vehicle , mail equipment shops , material distribution centers , and operating services and facilities services employees , postal nurses , and IT and accounting ; the National Association of Letter Carriers ( NALC ) , which represents city letter carriers ; the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) , which represents rural letter carriers ; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union ( NPMHU ) . USPS employees are divided into three major crafts according to the work they engage in : Mail carriers , also referred to as mailmen or letter carriers , prepare and deliver mail and parcels . They are divided into two categories : City Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NALC , and Rural Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NRLCA . City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty . City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather , daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail ( letters in one hand , magazines in the other and advertisements in a mailbag ) in addition to parcels up to a total of 70 lbs . Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints ( mailbox barcodes ) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the Carriers ' whereabouts up until the last 5 minutes of any given workday . Rural carriers are under a form of salary called `` evaluated hours '' , usually with overtime built into their pay . The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks , and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted . Mail handlers and processors , prepare , separate , load and unload mail and parcels , by delivery ZIP code and station , for the clerks . They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches . Clerks , have a dual function by design of where their assignment is . Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter , sort box mail and also sort first - class letters , standard and bulk - rate mail for the carriers on the work floor . Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities , outside of the public view , sorting mail . Data Conversion Operators , who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers , are also members of the clerk craft . Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU , respectively . Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include : Maintenance and custodians , who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines , work areas , public parking and general facility operations . City Carrier Assistants . ( CCAs ) With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished . TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCAs . A CCA is a non-career employee who is hired for a 360 - day term , similar to what TEs had . CCAs earn annual leave . CCAs , unlike TEs do have a direct path to becoming career employees . When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest `` relative standing '' will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position . Career , Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees ( Career , PTF & TE ) There are a variety of other non-managerial positions in such crafts as accounting , information technology , and the remote encoding center . These are under a different contract than plant workers or mail carriers . Though the USPS employs many individuals , as more Americans send information via email , fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail . Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing , replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP ( Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process ) agreement . A major round of job cuts , early retirements , and a construction freeze were announced on March 20 , 2009 . Workplace violence ( edit ) Main article : List of postal killings § United States In the early 1990s , widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts . Due to media coverage , postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill . The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that `` Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work . '' In the documentary Murder by Proxy : How America Went Postal , it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees . This series of events in turn has influenced American culture , as seen in the slang term `` going postal '' ( see Patrick Sherrill for information on his August 20 , 1986 , rampage ) and the computer game Postal . Also , in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult , a yell of `` Disgruntled postal workers '' is heard , followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns . In an episode of Seinfeld , the mailman character , Newman , explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers `` go crazy and kill everyone '' because the mail never stops . In The Simpsons episode `` Sunday , Cruddy Sunday , '' Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has `` ever gone on a killing spree '' ; Bill replies , `` The day of the gun - toting , disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena '' . The series of massacres led the USPS to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms ( except for those issued to Postal Inspectors ) in all designated USPS facilities . In 2016 , video footage was released showing a group of police officers from the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) arresting a USPS worker while he was in the middle of his deliveries . The footage showed that the officers were dressed in civilian clothing . The NYPD is reportedly investigating alleged disorderly conduct . In fiction ( edit ) In the film Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , the identity of Kris Kringle ( played by Edmund Gwenn ) as the one and only `` Santa Claus '' was validated by a state court , based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail ( famously carried into the courtroom ) to the character in question . The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to `` Santa Claus '' to the character `` Kris Kringle '' unless he were , in fact , the one and only Santa Claus . Judge Henry X . Harper ( played by Gene Lockhart ) ruled that since the U.S. Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus , the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision . The novel Post Office ( 1971 ) , written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski , is a semi-autobiographical account of his life over the years as a mail carrier . Bukowski would , under duress , quit and years later return as a mail clerk . His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating , menial , boring , and degrading . David Brin 's novel The Postman ( 1985 ) portrays the USPS and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world . It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997 . The comedy film Dear God ( 1996 ) , starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf , portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny , Elvis , and even God himself . In 2015 , The Inspectors , which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes , debuted on CBS . The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal List of U.S. state abbreviations United States Postal Service creed USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program Unions of the U.S. Postal Service American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History American Letter Mail Company History of United States postage rates Owney ( dog ) Post Office Murals Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Railway Mail Service International associations Universal Postal Union Postal Union of the Americas , Spain and Portugal Mail bag types Catcher pouch Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Pony Express mochila Portmanteau Workplace violence `` Going postal '' List of postal killings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The history of the United States Postal Service : 1775 -- 2006 '' . USPS . May 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Size and scope '' . About USPS . United States Postal Service . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FY2017 Annual Report to Congress '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . United States Postal Service . 2017 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Service and the Postal Monopoly : A Brief History '' ( PDF ) . The United States Postal Service . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Postal Service ; PBS '' . PBS . 2011 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USPS : By the Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rep. Thomas `` Tom '' Davis ( R - VA11 , 1995 -- 2008 ) . `` PAEA : Overfunding of Retired Employee Health Benefits '' . Govtrack.us . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Willoughby . `` PolitiFact Georgia Bishop signs letter saying post office faces big pension burden '' . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Comments re : 2011 Rate Increase PRC Remand '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Clock ticking on Postal Service budget crisis '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service find ways to save money '' . CNN . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Huebner , Francis C. ( 1906 ) . `` Our Postal System '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , D.C. 9 : 126 -- 174 . JSTOR 40066939 . Jump up ^ Joseph M. Adelman , `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Richard John , `` How the Post Office Made America , '' New York Times Feb 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` For Which Stand ; The Life and Papers of Rufus Easton , '' by Bruce Campbell Adamson and Professor William Foley ; See William T. Sherman 's Memoirs Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , p 259 Jump up ^ William H. Bergmann , `` Delivering a Nation through the Mail , '' Ohio Valley History ( 2008 ) 8 # 3 pp 1 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Richard John , Spreading the News ( 1995 ) pp 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ `` Classbrain '' < ! -- Bot inserted parameter . Either remove it ; or change its value to `` . '' for the cite to end in a `` . '' , as necessary . -- > Jump up ^ `` Steamboat Subjects on United States Postage Stamps -- Who We Are -- USPS '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Postal Museum '' . SI . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ History of the United States Postal Service 1775 -- 1993 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Publication 100 : U.S. Postage Stamps '' . An American History 1775 -- 2006 . USPS . November 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scotts US Postage Stamp Catalogue Jump up ^ `` National Postal Museum '' . Postalmuseum.si.edu . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times . `` The Parcel Post System '' . 24 April 1887 Jump up ^ `` Post Office In Paradise , Mail Rates During the UPU Period '' . Post Office in Paradise . 10 July 2000 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams : Introduction '' . Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 2004 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams '' . Sil.si.edu . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams : Introduction '' . Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Heidelbaugh , Lynn ( September 2007 ) . `` Laundry Box '' . National Postal Museum , The Smithsonian . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Precious Packages -- America 's Parcel Post Service '' . National Postal Museum . 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Servies , Tony ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` The Bank That Was Sent Through the Post Office '' . stampsofdistinction.com . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One hundred years ago this month : September 20 '' . Emmitsburg News - Journal . September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Postal Savings System '' by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` United States Postal Inspection Service '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Post Office Flies The Mail '' . U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Comstock Law of ( 1873 ) '' . Law.jrank.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Wal - Mart . July 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dolan v. United States Postal Service , 546 U.S. 481 ( 2006 ) . Update : In 2016 , the figure for number of delivery points was 156.1 million ( See citation name = sizescope2016 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Erica ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Gas Prices Affecting Mail '' . Keloland Television . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Facts 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Postal Service Announces New Delivery Schedule '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Postal Service : Saturday letter delivery to end in August '' . CBS News . February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement from the U.S. Postal Service Board of Governors '' . 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Sunday delivery : Key facts to know as USPS rolls out service nationally '' . GeekWire. 2014 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service to Deliver Packages on Sundays Before Christmas '' . NBC Chicago . 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Future Ready : Fiscal Years 2017 to 2021 '' ( PDF ) . United states Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Government Performance and Results Act 0f 1993 , P.L. 103 - 62 , ( ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Hartung , Adam ( 6 December 2011 ) . `` Why the Postal Service Is Going Out of Business '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` The postal service is running out of options '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Randolph E. ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Postal Service Struggles : What Would The U.S. Do Without Mail ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kolodny , Lora ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Can Technology Save The U.S. Postal Service ? '' . fastcompany.com . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Postal Service FY2016 Annual Report to Congress '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First - Class Mail Volume Since 1926 '' ( PDF ) . USPS . March 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS -- Area Mail Processing '' . USPS. 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Annual Report to Congress and Comprehensive Statement - Home '' . about.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . USPS. 2008 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McElhatton , Jim `` Postal Service Reports $8 billion in Losses '' , The Washington Times , November 12 , 2010 , accessed August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NACS Magazine Going Postal '' . Nacsonline.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to Delay Cutbacks Until Mid-May , Staving Off Bankruptcy , Fox News . Accessed : 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET : MODIFIED NETWORK REALIGNMENT PLAN '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ USPS ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Postal Service Moves Ahead with Modified Network Consolidation Plan '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS Delivery Standards and Statistics fact sheet '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Key facts on network rationalization '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Post Office Keeps Saturday Delivery Thanks to Congress '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET / New Strategy Preserves Post Offices in Rural America '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : USPS . `` New Strategy to Preserve the Nation 's Smallest Post Offices '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ HANANEL , SAM ( 19 January 2014 ) . `` Unions Angered by Postal Service 's Staples Outlets '' . abcnews.go.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` USPS 's controversial deal with Staples headed to showdown over legality '' . www.washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Postmaster General / CEO John E. Potter Before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act '' . www.govtrack.us . United States Government . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Postmaster General / CEO John E. Potter Before the Committee on Government on Oversight & Government Reform United States House of Representatives & Subcommittee on Federal Workforce , Postal Service , and the District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service Announces New Delivery Schedule '' . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service to end Saturday mail delivery in bid to cut costs '' . Fox News . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Civil Service Retirement System Funding Reform Act of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . 2003 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Barro , Josh ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Understanding the Post Office 's Benefits Mess '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CSRS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Reports Revenue Increase , $5.5 Billion Loss in Fiscal 2014 '' . USPS. 2014 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Pence , Herbert ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` Congress did n't do US Postal Service any favors '' . Nashua Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley Klapper ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) . `` First - class stamps to cost 49 cents as of Jan. 26 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- S. 1486 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . USA Congress . 2014 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- H.R. 2748 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2013 '' . USA Congress . 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` USPS suggests lifting alcohol delivery ban '' . Spokesman - Review . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Postal Service moving away from at - your - door delivery '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Postal Service delivers the last mile , almost : Changing modes of delivery '' . Save the Post Office . 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` S 1486 - Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . Scribd.com. 2013 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service Wants To Deliver Alcohol To Your Doorstep '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Testifies Before Congress Urging Elimination of Unfunded Liabilities '' . USPS. 2014 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Flamingo Indus . ( USA ) Ltd. , 540 U.S. 736 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Greenburgh Civic Ass'ns , 453 U.S. 114 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( September 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : A Transcription '' . National Archives . 2015 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mission statement '' ( PDF ) . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . October 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to renew Idaho back country mail route Archived March 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Alyson Outen , KTVB - TV , April 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Minnick , Walt ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press Releases . Congressman Walt Minnick . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx SmartPost ® Shipping & Tracking for Low Weight Packages '' . FedEx . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPS Mail Innovations -- Overview '' . United Parcel Service . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail Express - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph : Early Postal Role '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` V - Mail '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-COM , Electronic Computer Originated Mail '' ( PDF ) . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent Mail '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick . `` Do Vital Economists Reach a Policy Conclusion on Postal Reform ? '' ( April 2004 ) . econjournalwatch.org Jump up ^ `` Neither Snow nor Sleet ... Can Dampen This Monopoly '' . Hoover Institution . Jump up ^ Sappington , David E.M. ; Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2003 ) . `` Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises '' ( PDF ) . Review of Industrial Organization . 22 : 183 , 184 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2015 ) . `` Maximizing the Postal Service 's Profits from Competitive Products '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 11 ( 3 ) : 617 . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhv026 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . USPS.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Opportunities for Anticompetitive Behavior in Postal Services '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ca n't You Start a Rival Post Office ? '' . 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 600 : Basic Standards For All Mailing Services . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 101 : Physical Standards . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 601 : Mailability . Pe.usps.com ( August 20 , 1912 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5 : Elements of Addressing -- Return Address . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Customer 's Guide to Mailing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5.3 Addressing -- Required Use of Return Addresses . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 604 Postage Payment Methods . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS list of abbreviations . Usps.com . Retrieved on September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ USPS postal addressing standards . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zip '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Postal Rates Set to Go Up on May 14 . March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Prices Coming May 12 , 2008 Archived August 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS announces new 2018 prices '' . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ van Tilborg , Henk C.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Electronic Postage '' . Encyclopedia of cryptography and security . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 23473 - 1 . Jump up ^ Advanced Preparation and Special Postage Payment Systems -- Manifest Mailing System -- Electronic Verification System . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Memo To Mailers -- August 2006 `` Making It E-Easy For High - Volume Shippers '' Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stamp Collecting : What other stamp materials can I collect ? '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices , § 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Copyright Office . December 22 , 2014 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rights and Permission Overview '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : USPS FAQ -- Domestic Classes of Mail Estimated Delivery Time Archived 2013 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Postage Payment for Bound Printed Matter Limited to Permit Imprint '' . USPS . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 10501 . Fas.org . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Delivery Options '' . USPS . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS International Mail Manual , Issue 35 . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ First - Class Mail International . USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS press release , June 8 , 2004 , Release No. 40 , FedEx to deliver premium postal int'l service Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Styling for `` M - bag '' is inconsistent -- the term is styled both as M - bag ( with a hyphen ) and M -- bag ( with an en - dash ) . ^ Jump up to : Postal Explorer > IMM Issue 37 -- International Mail Manual > 2 Conditions for Mailing > 260 Direct Sacks of Printed Matter to One Addressee ( M -- bags ) Jump up ^ Airmail M - Bags . Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mailing to military personnel . Faq.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Palau Agreement '' . US Department of the Interior . 2011 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Under Construction '' . Mipsa.biz . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` FSM Communications '' . Government of the Federated States of Micronesia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Domestic Mail Service Returns to the FSM and RMI '' . US Embassy in Kolonia. 2007 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` USPS International Mail - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DWTripp . `` USPS mail changes - international surface mail going away '' . BoardGameGeek `` Chit Chat '' forum . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Internal newsletters detailed a huge loss for the USPS in the failed delivery of packages sent from the USA via surface . Since the USPS can not dictate how scores of different countries handle surface mail , and since its agreements required the USPS to take back undeliverable parcels , the losses were mounting . Jump up ^ `` Why nobody offers USPS International Surface Air Lift for international shipment ? '' . BoardGameGeek `` General Gaming '' forum . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . The reason , probably , why no other dealers offer it : ... it is very difficult and time - consuming to do . Plus , there is no tracking , no insurance , and lots of complaints -- as those packages can easily take 60 days to arrive . ^ Jump up to : Author unknown ( date unknown ) . Direct Marketing Direct Mail . Allbusiness.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Equipment Scheduling at Mail Processing and Distribution Centers '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ Wade , Madison ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Changes announced for Redding mail processing center '' . KRCR News Channel ABC 7 . Redding : Bonten Media Group . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Benda , David ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Mail sorting facility will close ; move will affect 90 jobs in Redding '' . Redding Record - Searchlight . Gannett . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Miga , Andrew ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` AP Interview : Postal Service takes photos of all mail , keeps images for up to a month '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Publication 32 -- Glossary of Postal Terms Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS VPO Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . July 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Processing Facilities '' ( PDF ) . USPS News Kit : Our Future Network ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` USPS Postal News Release No. 08 - 063 '' . usps.com . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew . `` The first and last of its kind , a Salt Lake City postal facility looks to grow '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Federal Buildings : Galveston U.S. Post Office and Courthouse '' . General Services Administration . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corley , Cheryl ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago 's 24 - Hour Postal Service Comes To An End '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USPS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Where to Buy Stamps ' Jump up ^ `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press release . House.gov . May 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forward Mail USPS '' . www.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ About.com , `` Sunday Mail Service in a Christian Nation '' , Austin Cline , February 19 , 2006 Archived September 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Unlikely Alliance That Ended Sunday Mail Delivery ... in 1912 '' . Jump up ^ USPS -- Express Mail Delivery Chart Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 13 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 15 ^ Jump up to : `` City Delivery '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Deliveries per Day Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Home Delivery Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Caller Service , multiple pickups for a fee Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Firm Holdout Service , free pickup once a day Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Do I qualify for free box service ? Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Hardship / Medical Problems Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mail service available for the homeless Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Post office tests same - day delivery '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Target ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) . `` USPS.com ® -- Metro Post '' . Usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Corbin ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` USPS Adding Retailers to Same Day Delivery Trial http://www.ecommercebytes.com/cab/abn/y13/m01/i14/s04 '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Jump up ^ Joseph Adinolfi ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Terms Of Deal For US Postal Service ( USPS ) To Deliver Amazon ( AMZN ) Packages Not Revealed By USPS Or Amazon '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Amazon and USPS expand Sunday delivery to 15 more cities , will reach ' large portion ' of U.S. this year '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Commercial Mail Receiving Agency ( CMRA ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Domestic Money Orders Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Savings System by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Non-Bank Financial Services for the Underserved '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Postal Facts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . -- There is also a web version of the content . Jump up ^ Collective Bargaining Agreement between APWU and USPS Jump up ^ `` IT / ASC & OS Employees '' . APWU . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal service to slash more than 3,000 jobs , offer early retirements '' . CNN . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Resources '' . About.usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace , January 31 , 2006 Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vick , Karl , `` Violence at work tied to loss of esteem '' , St. Petersburg Times , Dec 17 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Year in Review 1993 '' , Los Angeles Times , December 31 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Episode Scripts : AABF08 -- Sunday , Cruddy Sunday '' . Springfieldspringfield.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Firearms Postal Explorer '' . pe.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal worker speaks out on controversial NYPD arrest caught on video '' . 28 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Adelman , Joseph M. `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Fuller , Wayne . American Mail : Enlarger of the Common Life ( 1972 ) Gallagher , Winifred . How the Post Office Created America ( New York : Penguin , 2017 ) . 326 pp Henkin , David M. The Postal Age : The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth - Century America ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search John , Richard R. Spreading the News : The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Kielbowicz , Richard . `` The Press , Post Office , and Flow of News in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 1983 ) 3 : 255 -- 80 . Kielbowicz , Richard . News in the Mail : The Press , Post Office , and Public Information , 1700 - 1860s ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Leonard , Devin ( 2016 ) . Neither Snow nor Rain : A History of the United States Postal Service . Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0802124586 . McCaleb , Walter Flavius . `` The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy , '' American Historical Review ( 1906 ) 12 # 1 pp. 66 -- 74 in JSTOR Musacco Ph. D , Stephen . `` Beyond Going Postal : Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization '' , ( 2009 ) Booksurge Publishing , Book Trailer Rich , Wesley Everett . The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 ( Harvard University Press , 1924 ) Smith , William . `` The Colonial Post-Office , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 2 pp. 258 -- 275 in JSTOR United States Postal Service ( May 2007 ) . The United States Postal Service : An American History 1775 -- 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Publication 100 White , Leonard D . The Federalists : A study in administrative history : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1948 ) , pp 173 -- 98 White , Leonard D . The Jeffersonians : A study in administrative history : 1801 -- 29 ( 1950 ) , pp 299 -- 335 White , Leonard D . The Jacksonians : A study in administrative history : 1829 -- 61 ( 1954 ) , pp 251 -- 83 White , Leonard D . The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , pp 257 -- 77 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Postal Service . Official website ( Mobile ) United States Postal Service in the Federal Register United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. Westcott II List of United States Post Offices National Postal Museum Network Distribution Center Railway mail service library Red Brick Roads Sectional center facility Streetcar Railway Post Office Terminal Railway Post Office Legal Comstock laws Post Office Act Postal Reorganization Act Postal Service Act Private Express Statutes Rural Post `` Good '' Roads Act of 1916 Title 39 of the United States Code Related Airmails of the United States CAR - RT SORT Catcher pouch Cimarron Redoubt Domestic Mail Manual Facing Identification Mark Flats Grumman LLV Information - Based Indicia The Inspectors Intelligent Mail barcode Label 228 List of postal killings List of U.S. state abbreviations List of United States airmail stamps Mail bag Mail cover Mail hook Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Mail jumping Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel The Mail Story Nixie ORM - D Owney ( dog ) Pony Express mochila Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique Postal Clause Postal worker Postmaster General Prohibitory Order Remote Bar Coding System Rural Free Delivery Rural letter carrier STD - 4C United States post office murals List of murals USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program United States Postal Service creed Mail and postal systems History Timeline of postal history African countries Asian countries European countries Oceania countries American countries Components Advertising mail Bulk mail Envelope Indicia Information - Based Indicia Letter box Mail Mail bag Meter stamp Packstation Parcel Post box / Mailbox Post office Post-office box Postage meter Postage stamp Postal code Postmark Delivery Airmail Express Package delivery Registered Surface Surface Air Lifted ( SAL ) Staff Mail carrier Postal worker Postmaster Postmaster General Processing Intelligent Mail barcode Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Multiline Optical Character Reader Mail cover Mail sorter PLANET POSTNET Institutions and systems Postal entities Postal museums Postal services Postal systems by country Trade unions Related Courier Philately Stamp collecting List of entities that have issued postage stamps A -- E F -- L M -- Z Commons Postage stamps and postal history of the Americas Anguilla Antigua Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize ( British Honduras ) Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Guiana British Virgin Islands Canada British Columbia New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Canal Zone Caribbean Netherlands Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Antioquia Bolívar Boyacá Cundinamarca Santander Tolima Confederate States Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Danish West Indies Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Falkland Islands Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Leeward Islands Martinique Mexico Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nevis Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos United States Uruguay Venezuela See also Africa Asia Europe Oceania Portal WikiProject WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12140932j ( data ) GND : 254685 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0004 0630 4902 SUDOC : 029875412 VIAF : 134186571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Postal_Service&oldid=866441760 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Independent agencies of the United States government Postal organisations Express mail Postal system of the United States 1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies 1971 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2016 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2015 All articles with style issues Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2015 All articles that are excessively detailed Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 10 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the website for the united states postal service
[ "United States Postal Service\nLogo used since 1993\nUSPS headquartersAgency overviewFormed\nJuly 1, 1971; 47 years ago (1971-07-01)Washington, D.C., U.S.[1]Type\nIndependentHeadquarters\n475 L'Enfant Plaza SWWashington, D.C. 20260-0004 U.S.Employees\n639,789 (508,908 career, 130,881 non-career) as of September 30, 2016[2]Agency executives\nMegan Brennan, Postmaster GeneralRonald A. Stroman, Deputy Postmaster GeneralKey document\nPostal Clause of the United States ConstitutionWebsite\nwww.usps.com\nRevenue (2017)\n US$ 69.636 billion\n\nNet income (2017)\n US$ (2.742) billion[3]\n" ]
[ "www.usps.com" ]
6921870775599515488
Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino
Rio All Suite hotel and casino - wikipedia Rio All Suite hotel and casino Jump to : navigation , search Rio Las Vegas Rio Las Vegas in 2014 Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3700 West Flamingo Road Opening date January 15 , 1990 ; 27 years ago ( 1990 - 01 - 15 ) Theme Brazilian No. of rooms 2,522 Total gaming space 117,330 sq ft ( 10,900 m ) Permanent shows Masquerade Penn & Teller Signature attractions Voodoo Sky Lounge Wine Cellar & Tasting Room World Series of Poker Notable restaurants Guy Fieri 's El Burro Borracho Voodoo Steak and Lounge Owner Caesars Entertainment Corporation Architect Marnell Corrao Associates Previous names None Renovated in 2005 , 2007 Coordinates 36 ° 07 ′ 01 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 13 '' W  /  36.117 ° N 115.187 ° W  / 36.117 ; - 115.187 Coordinates : 36 ° 07 ′ 01 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 13 '' W  /  36.117 ° N 115.187 ° W  / 36.117 ; - 115.187 Website caesars.com/rio-las-vegas Rio Las Vegas is a hotel and casino near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . The Rio was the first all suite resort in the Las Vegas area . It was named after the city of Rio de Janeiro and is influenced by Brazilian culture . It is the host casino for the World Series of Poker . The hotel towers are covered in blue and red glass . The Rio hotel 's 2,522 suites range in size from 600 to 13,000 sq ft ( 56 to 1,208 m ) and have floor to ceiling windows . There are several private villas on the property for high - rollers . The complex includes a wine cellar that has more than 50,000 bottles . The Rio Pavilion convention center has a total of 160,000 sq ft ( 15,000 m ) of space . A Race and Sports Book is also available . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 KISS by Monster Mini Golf 2.2 Sapphire Pool 3 Events 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Rio Las Vegas logo Rio Las Vegas with an advertisement for Penn & Teller in 2008 Rio Las Vegas in 2008 The Rio opened on January 15 , 1990 as a locals casino ; it had been constructed and owned and operated by Marnell Corrao Associates . The opening acts were the Brazilian Group Sérgio Mendes ' 99 and Henrietta Alves of New Orleans , bringing the first two - piano act to Las Vegas , with various co-performers . A 20 - story expansion tower was added to the current Ipanema Tower in 1993 . Masquerade Village , a hotel tower and casino expansion including the Masquerade Show in the Sky , opened in 1997 , at a cost of over $200 million . The Rio was purchased by Harrah 's Entertainment in 1999 for $888 million . After the purchase , the Culinary Workers Union organized the Rio employees through card check recognition by enforcing the neutrality clause of the existing Harrah 's contract on the new acquisition . Danny Gans , after moving from the Stratosphere Las Vegas , opened as the headliner in 1998 . He later moved to The Mirage in 2000 . Penn & Teller have been the resident headline entertainers since 2001 . The Rio 's Penn & Teller Theater was the host venue of the 30th Anniversary Special for the hit CBS game show The Price Is Right and has been used for Live ! with Regis and Kelly , Hell 's Kitchen and numerous Penn & Teller television projects . The hotel hosted the World Series of Poker in 2005 , the first time this event was not held at Binion 's . Binion 's was used for the final three tables and the last two days of the competition as part of the celebration of Las Vegas ' centennial . Since 2005 , the Rio has been the home for the tournament . Features ( edit ) KISS by Monster Mini Golf ( edit ) KISS by Monster Mini Golf is a franchise of the popular Monster Mini Golf chain ; as the name suggests , this location is based on legendary classic rock band KISS . In addition to the 18 - hole miniature golf course , the venue also boasts a Rock and Roll Themed wedding chapel called `` The Love It Loud Wedding Chapel , the world 's largest KISS gift shop , and a KISS Museum featuring memorabilia from the band 's storied career on display . It also hosts regular appearances by KISS band members , both past and present . Sapphire pool ( edit ) On May 30 , 2008 , the Rio opened the Sapphire Pool in conjunction with a local club . The daylight - hour , adults - only club surrounded one of the property 's outdoor pools and featured dancers . It opened with a $30 - per - male - customer admission price . The venture was a high - profile joint venture between a casino company and a topless business , and was notable because the possibility of bringing in criminal activity at the club had caused the Nevada Gaming Control Board to balk at previous collaborations ; some in the media questioned whether the risk was worth the potential payoff for the hotel . In late July 2009 , the Rio hotel asked the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department ( LVMPD ) to do a routine undercover investigation of the Sapphire Pool , as casino - resorts in Nevada are held responsible for the activities held on their premises . The request was a part of the resort 's effort to show good faith to the Gaming Control Board . The July 25 visit resulted in 11 arrests . Upon finding out the results of the investigation , the Rio immediately shut down the pool . Events ( edit ) When Creation Entertainment lost the `` Star Trek mecca '' for its annual Official Convention after the closing of Star Trek : The Experience at the adjoining former Las Vegas Hilton , the convention moved to the Rio in 2011 and has grown ever since . For 2016 , the 50th anniversary of Star Trek , the event expands to a fifth day and by Dec. 31 , 2015 , had already broken a room - reservation record with 12,000 + rooms reserved by attendees , guests and vendors . The SKUSA SuperNationals , a kart racing event to which international kart and car drivers are invited ( Michael Schumacher raced in 2009 ) , takes place each year at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino , a circuit is set on the hotel parking lot . The DEF CON hacker convention took place at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino from 2011 to 2014 . The Computer Measurement Group ( CMG ) annual conference took place at the Rio in December 2012 . `` The Best Seminar Ever , '' considered to be one of the premier dental events in The United States , took place at the Rio on November 11 -- 12 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of Caesars Entertainment properties List of casinos in Nevada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wine Cellar and Tasting Room . '' Harrah 's Las Vegas . 01 / JAN / 2009 . Harrah 's Entertainment Inc ... 3 Aug 2009 < http://www.riolasvegas.com/casinos/rio/restaurants-dining/wine-cellar-and-tasting-room-detail.html > . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( 2005 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Culinary , Boyd in legal bout '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.monsterminigolf.com/kiss/ ^ Jump up to : John L. Smith , Rio - Sapphire joint venture an inevitable merging of casinos and strip clubs , Las Vegas Review - Journal , June 20 , 2008 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Abowitz , Rio : Bringing sexy back , LATimes.com , June 20 , 2008 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Recent Raids Have Casinos on Edge , KLAS , July 30 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Metro : Prostitution , drug activity found at topless Rio pool , Las Vegas Sun , July 29 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Abowitz , Rio kicks the strippers out of the pool , LATimes.com , July 29 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SKUSA Supernationals / Michael Schumacher - YouTube video Jump up ^ SKUSA SuperNationals - SuperKarts ! USA External links ( edit ) Las Vegas portal Official website Media related to Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino at Wikimedia Commons Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Las Vegas Club Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Harmon Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Key Largo Klondike La Concha Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Las Vegas Club Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Dynasty Flatiron Fontainebleau Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Caesars Entertainment Corporation Arizona Harrah 's Ak - Chin California Harrah 's Resort Southern California Illinois Harrah 's Joliet Harrah 's Metropolis Indiana Horseshoe Hammond Horseshoe Southern Indiana Iowa Harrah 's Council Bluffs Horseshoe Council Bluffs Mid-America Center Kentucky Bluegrass Downs Turfway Park ( 50 % ) Louisiana Harrah 's Louisiana Downs Harrah 's New Orleans Horseshoe Bossier City Maryland Horseshoe Baltimore Mississippi Biloxi Harrah 's Gulf Coast Tunica Horseshoe Tunica Roadhouse Missouri Harrah 's North Kansas City Nevada Lake Tahoe Harrah 's Harveys Las Vegas Bally 's Caesars Palace Bacchanal Buffet The Colosseum The Forum Shops Cromwell Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq High Roller O'Sheas Paris Planet Hollywood Miracle Mile Shops The AXIS Rio Laughlin Harrah 's Reno Harrah 's Golf Courses Rio Secco Golf Club New Jersey Atlantic City Bally 's Caesars Harrah 's Wild Wild West North Carolina Harrah 's Cherokee Harrah 's Cherokee Valley River Pennsylvania Harrah 's Philadelphia International United Kingdom London Clubs International Macau Caesars Golf Macau Ontario Caesars Windsor Uruguay Conrad Resort and Casino Programs Caesars Casino Online Total Rewards World Series of Poker Defunct Assets Casinos Bill 's Casino Lake Tahoe Bourbon Street Caesars Palace at Sea Harrah 's Tunica Brands LuckyMe Programs Connection Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_All_Suite_Hotel_and_Casino&oldid=794872217 '' Categories : 1990 establishments in Nevada Caesars Entertainment Corporation Casino hotels Casinos completed in 1990 Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Hotel buildings completed in 1990 Hotels established in 1990 Landmarks in Nevada Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada World Series of Poker Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who owns the rio casino in las vegas
[ "Rio Las Vegas is a hotel and casino near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States. It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation. The Rio was the first all suite resort in the Las Vegas area. It was named after the city of Rio de Janeiro and is influenced by Brazilian culture. It is the host casino for the World Series of Poker." ]
[ "Caesars Entertainment Corporation" ]
-3431899663714204524
List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers
List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of goalscorers in the FIFA World Cup finals . Only goals scored during regulation or extra time are included . Any goals scored during the penalty shoot - out are excluded . As of the 2018 final , sixty - two individuals have scored the total of seventy - seven goals in the all of finals history . Ten players have scored multiple goals in the finals , while half of these players have done so in a single game . Geoff Hurst is the only men 's player to score a hat trick in a final . Five players have done so via a penalty kick . Mario Mandžukić was the first player to score an own goal in a final , as well as the first to follow it up with a goal at the opponent 's net . He scored the opening and closing goal of the final in 2018 . Only two scorers , Pelé and Kylian Mbappe , scored a finals goal as teenagers . ESPN featured a documentary on the 34 finals goalscorers who were alive before the 2010 final . Contents 1 Finals goalscorers 2 Players with most goals in the Finals 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Finals goalscorers ( edit ) Year Player Team Score Minute Result Report Ref 1930 Pablo Dorado Uruguay 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Carlos Peucelle Argentina 1 -- 1 20 ' Guillermo Stábile Argentina 2 -- 1 37 ' Pedro Cea Uruguay 2 -- 2 57 ' Santos Iriarte Uruguay 3 -- 2 68 ' Héctor Castro Uruguay 4 -- 2 89 ' 1934 Antonín Puč Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 71 ' 2 -- 1 Report Raimundo Orsi Italy 1 -- 1 81 ' Angelo Schiavio Italy 2 -- 1 95 ' 1938 Gino Colaussi Italy 1 -- 0 6 ' 4 -- 2 Report Pál Titkos Hungary 1 -- 1 8 ' Silvio Piola Italy 2 -- 1 16 ' Gino Colaussi ( 2 ) Italy 3 -- 1 35 ' György Sárosi Hungary 2 -- 3 70 ' Silvio Piola ( 2 ) Italy 4 -- 2 82 ' 1950 Friaça Brazil 1 -- 0 47 ' 2 -- 1 Report Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 1 -- 1 66 ' Alcides Ghiggia Uruguay 2 -- 1 79 ' 1954 Ferenc Puskás Hungary 1 -- 0 6 ' 3 -- 2 Report Zoltán Czibor Hungary 2 -- 0 8 ' Max Morlock West Germany 1 -- 2 10 ' Helmut Rahn West Germany 2 -- 2 18 ' Helmut Rahn ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 2 84 ' 1958 Nils Liedholm Sweden 1 -- 0 4 ' 5 -- 2 Report Vavá Brazil 1 -- 1 9 ' Vavá ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 1 32 ' Pelé Brazil 3 -- 1 55 ' Zagallo Brazil 4 -- 1 68 ' Agne Simonsson Sweden 2 -- 4 80 ' Pelé ( 2 ) Brazil 5 -- 2 90 ' 1962 Josef Masopust Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 15 ' 3 -- 1 Report Amarildo Tavares da Silveira Brazil 1 -- 1 17 ' Zito Brazil 2 -- 1 69 ' Vavá ( 3 ) Brazil 3 -- 1 78 ' 1966 Helmut Haller West Germany 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Geoff Hurst England 1 -- 1 18 ' Martin Peters England 2 -- 1 78 ' Wolfgang Weber West Germany 2 -- 2 89 ' Geoff Hurst ( 2 ) England 3 -- 2 101 ' Geoff Hurst ( 3 ) England 4 -- 2 120 ' 1970 Pelé ( 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 0 18 ' 4 - 1 Report Roberto Boninsegna Italy 1 -- 1 37 ' Gérson Brazil 2 -- 1 66 ' Jairzinho Brazil 3 -- 1 71 ' Carlos Alberto Brazil 4 -- 1 86 ' Johan Neeskens Netherlands 1 -- 0 2 ' ( p ) 2 -- 1 Report Paul Breitner West Germany 1 -- 1 25 ' ( p ) Gerd Müller West Germany 2 -- 1 43 ' 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 1 -- 0 38 ' 3 -- 1 Report Dick Nanninga Netherlands 1 -- 1 82 ' Mario Kempes ( 2 ) Argentina 2 -- 1 105 ' Daniel Bertoni Argentina 3 -- 1 115 ' 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 1 -- 0 57 ' 3 -- 1 Report Marco Tardelli Italy 2 -- 0 69 ' Alessandro Altobelli Italy 3 -- 0 81 ' Paul Breitner ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 1 83 ' 1986 José Luis Brown Argentina 1 -- 0 23 ' 3 -- 2 Report Jorge Valdano Argentina 2 -- 0 56 ' Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 1 -- 2 74 ' Rudi Völler West Germany 2 -- 2 81 ' Jorge Burruchaga Argentina 3 -- 2 84 ' 1990 Andreas Brehme West Germany 1 -- 0 85 ' ( p ) 1 -- 0 Report 1994 No goals scored . Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Report 1998 Zinedine Zidane France 1 -- 0 27 ' 3 -- 0 Report Zinedine Zidane ( 2 ) France 2 -- 0 45 + 1 ' Emmanuel Petit France 3 -- 0 90 + 3 ' 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 1 -- 0 67 ' 2 -- 0 Report Ronaldo ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 79 ' 2006 Zinedine Zidane ( 3 ) France 1 -- 0 7 ' ( p ) 1 -- 1 Report Marco Materazzi Italy 1 -- 1 19 ' Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Andrés Iniesta Spain 1 -- 0 116 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2014 Mario Götze Germany 1 -- 0 113 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2018 Mario Mandžukić France 1 -- 0 18 ' ( o.g. ) 4 -- 2 Report Ivan Perišić Croatia 1 -- 1 28 ' Antoine Griezmann France 2 -- 1 38 ' ( p ) Paul Pogba France 3 -- 1 59 ' Kylian Mbappe France 4 -- 1 65 ' Mario Mandžukić Croatia 2 -- 4 69 ' Players with most goals in the finals ( edit ) Geoff Hurst is the only player to have scored a hat - trick in a World Cup final . Players with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals Player Team Goals scored Finals played Final ( s ) Geoff Hurst England 1966 Vavá Brazil 1958 , 1962 Pelé Brazil 1958 , 1970 Zinedine Zidane France 1998 , 2006 Gino Colaussi Italy 1938 Silvio Piola Italy 1938 Helmut Rahn West Germany 1954 Mario Kempes Argentina 1978 Paul Breitner West Germany 1974 , 1982 Ronaldo Brazil 1998 , 2002 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quartz Staff ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Kylian Mbappé became only the second teenager to score in a World Cup final '' . Quartz . Quartz . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` I Scored a Goal in the FIFA World Cup Final '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Player photographs FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals_goalscorers&oldid=851578210 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Српски / srpski Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who has scored the most goals in the world cup final
[ "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n" ]
[ "Geoff Hurst", "Vavá", "Pelé", "Zinedine Zidane" ]
-4793837439915907885
National Convention
National Convention - wikipedia National Convention Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see National Convention ( disambiguation ) . This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Convention Convention nationale French First Republic Autel de la Convention nationale or Autel républicain François - Léon Sicard Panthéon de Paris , France , 1913 Type Type Unicameral History Established 24 September 1792 Disbanded 3 November 1795 Preceded by Legislative Assembly Succeeded by Legislative Body Seats 850 Meeting place Tuileries Palace , Paris Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire 1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal The National Convention ( French : Convention nationale ) was the first government of the French Revolution , following the two - year National Constituent Assembly and the one - year Legislative Assembly . Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792 , it was the first French government organized as a republic , abandoning the monarchy altogether . The Convention sat as a single - chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795 ( 4 Brumaire IV under the Convention 's adopted calendar ) . The Convention came about when the Legislative Assembly , which had found it impossible to work with the king , decreed the provisional suspension of King Louis XVI and the convocation of a National Convention to draw up a new constitution with no monarchy . The other major innovation was to decree that deputies to that Convention should be elected by all Frenchmen twenty - five years old or more , domiciled for a year and living by the product of their labor . The National Convention was , therefore , the first French assembly elected by a suffrage without distinctions of class . Although the Convention lasted until 1795 , power was effectively stripped from the elected deputies and concentrated in the small Committee of Public Safety from April 1793 . The eight months from Fall 1793 to Spring 1794 , when Maximilien Robespierre and his allies dominated the Committee of Public Safety , represent the most radical and bloodiest phase of the French Revolution , known as the Reign of Terror . After the fall of Robespierre , the Convention lasted for another year until a new constitution was written , ushering in the French Directory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elections 2 Girondin Convention 2.1 The Girondins and the Montagnards 2.2 The Plain 2.3 The Trial and Execution of the King 2.4 The Crisis and Fall of the Girondins 3 Montagnard Convention 3.1 Constitution 1793 3.2 Federalist revolt , war and counter-revolution 3.3 Revolutionary government 3.3. 1 The economy 3.3. 2 The Army of the Year II 3.4 Fall of the factions 3.5 The Terror 3.6 Thermidor 4 Thermidorian Convention 4.1 Thermidorian Reaction 4.2 Crushing of the popular movement 4.3 Constitution of the Year III 4.4 Vendemiaire 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Elections ( edit ) The election took place from 2 to 6 September 1792 after the election of the electoral colleges by primary assemblies on 26 August . Owing to the abstention of aristocrats , the anti-republicans , and the fear of victimization the voter turnout in the departments was low -- 11.9 % of the electorate came , compared to 10.2 % in the 1791 elections - in spite of the fact that the number of those eligible to vote had doubled . Therefore , the increased suffrage had very little impact . The electorate returned the same sort of men that the active citizens had chosen in 1791 . In the whole of France , only eleven primary assemblies wanted to retain the monarchy . Of the electoral assemblies , all tacitly voted for a republic -- though only Paris used the word . None of the deputies stood as a royalist for elections . Out of the five million Frenchmen able to vote , only a million showed up at the polls . The Convention held its first sessions in a hall of the Tuileries Palace , then it sat in the Salle du Manège , and finally from 10 May 1793 it met in the Salle des Machines , an immense hall in which the deputies were loosely scattered . The Salle des Machines had galleries for the public who often influenced the debates with interruptions or applause . The members of the Convention came from all classes of society , but the most numerous were lawyers . 75 members had sat in the National Constituent Assembly , 183 in the Legislative Assembly . The full number of deputies was 749 , not counting 33 from the French colonies , of whom only some arrived in Paris in time . Besides these , however , the newly formed départements annexed to France from 1782 to 1789 were allowed to send deputations . According to its own ruling , the Convention elected its President every fortnight , and the outgoing President was eligible for re-election after the lapse of a fortnight . Ordinarily the sessions were held in the morning , but evening sessions also occurred frequently , often extending late into the night . Sometimes in exceptional circumstances , the Convention declared itself in permanent session and sat for several days without interruption . For both legislative and administrative the Convention used committees , with powers more or less widely extended and regulated by successive laws . The most famous of these committees included the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security . The Convention held legislative and executive powers during the first years of the French First Republic and had three distinct periods : Girondin , Montagnard or Jacobin , and Thermidorian . Girondin Convention ( edit ) The first session was held on 20 September 1792 . The following day , the assembly agreed the proposition `` That royalty be abolished in France '' and was carried with cheers . On the 22nd came the news of the Battle of Valmy . On the same day it was decreed that `` in future the acts of the assembly shall be dated First Year of the French Republic '' . Three days later the corollary that `` the French republic is one and indivisible '' was added to guard against federalism . A republic had been proclaimed , but it remained to enact a republican government . The country was little more republican in feeling or practice than it had been before at any time since Varennes . But now it had to become a republic , because it no longer had a king . When the Convention met the military situation was undergoing an extraordinary transformation that seemed to confirm the Girondin prophecies of easy victory . After Valmy the Prussians withdrew to the frontier , and in November French troops occupied the left bank of the Rhine . The Austrians , who had besieged Lille in October , were defeated by Dumouriez at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November and evacuated the Austrian Netherlands . Nice was occupied and Savoy proclaimed its union with France . These successes made it safe to quarrel at home . The Girondins and the Montagnards ( edit ) Most historians divide the National Convention into two main factions : the Girondins and the Montagnards . The Girondins were the more moderate conservatives at Convention . They protested the vast influences held at the Convention by Parisians . They drew their name from the Gironde , a region of France from which many of the deputies of this faction originated . They were also known as the Brissotins after their most prominent speaker , Jaques Pierre Brissot . The Montagnards represented a considerably larger , more democratic , portion of the deputies . They were much more radical than the Girondins and held strong connections to the Jacobin Club of Paris . They drew their name from the high bleachers that they sat on while the Convention was in session . The Montagnards dominated the Convention . Three questions dominated the first months of the Convention : revolutionary violence ; the trial of the king ; and Parisian dominance of politics . Antagonism between Paris and the provinces created friction among the people that served as a propaganda tool and combat weapon for the two groups . The departments resisted the idea of centralization . They saw this idea being symbolized by the desire to reduce the capital of the Revolution to its one - eighty - third share of influence . Much of the Gironde wished to remove the Assembly from a city dominated by `` agitators and flatterers of the people '' : it did not at the time encourage an aggressive federalism that would have run counter to its political ambitions . The Plain ( edit ) The Plain was a third faction during the Convention . Though some historians consider these men to be closely associated with the Girondins , the Plain was much more centrist in their ideals . The Plain held the largest group of deputies and derived their name from their place on the floor of the Convention . During the start of the Convention , they sided with the Girondins , however , as it progressed and the Montagnards began to push for the execution of Louis , the Plain began to side with them . The trial and execution of the king ( edit ) Main article : Trial of Louis XVI Main article : Execution of Louis XVI The trial of Louis XVI From the opening of the Convention the Girondins showed no inclination to bring the king to trial . They were more interested in discrediting Paris and its deputies . Their decision to hound the Jacobins was not merely a choice of priorities ; they genuinely wanted to spare the king . But in reality the Convention had to declare him guilty if it wanted to avoid damning 10 August 1792 , its own existence , and the proclamation of the Republic . `` If the king is not guilty , then those who have dethroned him are '' , as Robespierre remarked on 2 December . Once the Convention recognized Louis 's guilt it could hardly refuse to pronounce the death penalty against a person who had summoned the aid of foreign powers and whom the sans - culottes considered responsible for the ambush at the Tuileries . The discovery of the iron chest in the Tuileries 20 November 1792 made the trial inevitable . Documents found in this secret chest proved without any doubt the treachery of Louis XVI . The trial began on 10 December . The Montagnards put the debate on the ideological level . Louis XVI was classified as an enemy , alien to the body of the nation and as a `` usurper '' . Balloting began on 14 January 1793 . Each deputy explained his vote at the rostrum . The vote against the king was unanimous . There was to be no popular referendum as Girondins hoped . The fatal vote started on 16 January and continued until the next day . Of the 721 deputies present , 387 declared themselves for the death penalty , while 334 were opposed . 26 deputies voted for death on condition that he was reprieved . On 18 January the question of reprieve was put to a vote : 380 votes were cast against ; 310 for . Each time the Girondins had split . On the morning of 21 January the Convention ordered the entire National Guard to line both sides of the route to the scaffold . Louis was beheaded at the Place de la Revolution . Within the nation , `` voters '' and `` appellants '' , those that were against the execution of Louis , swore undying hatred of each other . The rest of Europe , fearing the outcome of the French Revolution in their own countries , decreed a war of extermination against regicides . The crisis and fall of the Girondins ( edit ) The Assembly began harmoniously , but within a few days the Girondins launched a bitter attack on their Montagnard opponents . Conflict continued without interruption until the expulsion of the Girondin leaders from the Convention on 2 June 1793 . The Girondins had relied on votes from the majority of the deputies , many of whom were alarmed as well as scandalized by the September massacres , but their insistence on monopolizing all positions of authority during the Convention , and their attacks on the Montagnard leaders , soon irritated them , causing them to regard the party as a faction . One by one , able deputies such as Couthon , Cambon , Carnot , Lindet and Barere began to gravitate towards the Montagnards , while the majority -- the Plain , as it was called -- held itself aloof from both sides . Girondins were convinced that their opponents aspired to a bloody dictatorship , while the Montagnards believed that the Girondins were ready for any compromise with conservatives , and even royalists , that would guarantee their remaining in power . The bitter enmity soon reduced the Convention to a state of limbo . Debate after debate degenerated into verbal brawling from which no decision could emerged . The political deadlock , which had repercussions all over France , eventually drove men to accept dangerous allies , royalists in the case of Girondins , Jacobins in that of the Montagnards . Thus the struggle within the Convention continued without results . The decision was to come from outside . Journées des 31 Mai 1er et 2 Juin 1793 Since the king 's trial , the sans - culottes had been constantly assailing the `` appealers '' ( appelants ) , and quickly came to desire their expulsion from the Convention . If this were achieved , the government could recover the energy to enable it to deal with the aristocratic plot by arresting suspects and establishing a revolutionary tribunal . Military setbacks from the First Coalition , Dumouriez 's treason and the war in the Vendée , which began in March 1793 , were all used as arguments by Montagnards and sans - culottes to portray Girondins as soft . They demanded that the Girondins take measures to change thing , but the Girondins were reluctant to adopt the proposed measures . The Girondins were forced to accept the Montagnards creation of the Committee of Public Safety and Revolutionary Tribunal . Social and economic difficulties exacerbated the tensions between the groups . The final showdown was precipitated by Jean - Paul Marat 's trial and the arrest of sectional activists . On 25 May the Paris Commune demanded that arrested patriots be released . In reply , Isnard , who was presiding over the Convention , launched into a diatribe against Paris which was reminiscent of the Brunswick Manifesto : `` If any attack made on the persons of the representatives of the nation , then I declare to you in the name of the whole country that Paris would be destroyed '' . On the next day the Jacobins declared themselves in a state of insurrection . On 28 May the Cité section called the other sections to a meeting in order to organize the insurrection . On 29 May the delegates representing 33 of the sections formed an insurrectionary committee of nine members . Main article : Insurrection of 31 May -- 2 June 1793 On 2 June , 80,000 armed sans - culottes surrounded the Convention . After an attempt of deputies to leave collided with guns , the deputies resigned themselves to declare the arrest of 29 leading Girondins . In this way the Gironde ceased to be a political force . It had declared war without knowing how to conduct it ; it had denounced the King but had shrunk from condemning him ; it had contributed to the worsening of the economic crisis but had swept aside all the claims made by the popular movement . Montagnard Convention ( edit ) Scarcely had the Gironde been eliminated when the Convention , now under Montagnard leadership , found itself caught between two threats . While forces of counter-revolution were gaining new impetus from the federalist revolt , the popular movement , roused to fury by high prices , was increasing the pressure it exercised on the government . Meanwhile , the Government was proving incapable of controlling the situation . In July 1793 the nation appeared to be on the point of falling apart . Constitution 1793 ( edit ) Main article : French Constitution of 1793 Constitution du Peuple Française du 6 Messidor l'an I ( 24 June 1793 ) During the month of June the Montagnards played for time . Yet the Convention did not overlook the peasants . It was to these latter that the revolution of 31 May ( like those of 14 July and 10 August ) brought a substantial and permanent profit . On 3 June the sale of the property of emigrants , in small parcels and payable in ten years , was decreed ; on the 10th , the optional division of common lands by head ; and on 17 July , the abolition , without compensation , of all that remained of manorial rights . The Montagnards attempted to reassure the middle classes by rejecting any idea of terror , by protecting property rights , and by restricting the popular movement to very narrowly circumscribed limits . It was a delicate balance to achieve , a balance that was destroyed in July by the worsening of the crisis . The Convention rapidly approved the new constitution , hoping to clear itself of the charge of dictatorship and calm the anxieties of the departments . The Declaration of Rights which precedes the text of the Constitution solemnly reaffirmed the nation 's indivisibility and the great principles of freedom of the press , equality and resistance to oppression . It went far beyond the Declaration of 1789 , adding to it the right to public assistance , work , education and insurrection . No man could impose his will on others . All political and social tyranny was abolished . Although the montagnards had refused to be led further down the road to democracy , the Constitution became the bible of all democrats . The chief aim of the Constitution was to ensure the major role of the deputies in the Convention , which was seen as being the essential basis for political democracy . The Legislative Assembly was to be elected by direct vote cast for a single member ; deputies were elected on receiving a simple majority of the votes cast , and the assembly would sit for one year . The executive council of 24 members was chosen by the Legislative Assembly from among the 83 candidates chosen by the departments on the basis of universal male suffrage , and in this way ministers were made responsible to the representatives of the nation . The exercise of national sovereignty was widened through the institution of the referendum -- the Constitution was to be ratified by the people , as were laws in certain precisely defined circumstances . The Constitution was submitted for popular ratification and adopted by a huge margin of more than 1,801,918 in favour to some 17,610 against . The results of the plebiscite were made public on 10 August 1793 , but the application of the Constitution , the text of which was placed in the sacred ark and laid in the debating - chamber of the Convention , was postponed until peace had been made . Federalist revolt , war and counter-revolution ( edit ) La Mort de Marat Jacques - Louis David , 1793 , Brussels Indeed , the Montagnards faced dramatic circumstances -- federalist insurrection , war in the Vendée , military failures , and a worsening economic situation . Despite everything , a new civil war could not be avoided . By the middle of June , about sixty departments were in more or less open rebellion . Fortunately the frontier departments had remained faithful to the Convention . The rising was widespread rather than deep . It was essentially the work of the departmental and district administrations . The communes , which were more popular in composition , showed themselves in general lukewarm or hostile ; and federalist leaders soon became divided among themselves . Sincere republicans among them could not fail to be uneasy about the foreign invasion and the Vendée . Those who were seeing themselves rejected by the people , sought support from the moderates , the Feuillants and even from the aristocrats . July and August were bad months on the frontiers . Within three weeks Mainz , the symbol of previous successes , capitulated to the Prussians , and the Austrians captured the fortresses of Condé and Valenciennes and invaded northern France . Spanish troops crossed the Pyrenees and began advancing on Perpignan . The Piedmontese took advantage of the diversion of republican forces at Lyons in order to invade France from the East . In Corsica , Paoli 's revolt expelled the French from the island with British support . British troops opened the siege of Dunkirk in August and in October the Allies invaded Alsace . The military situation had become desperate . In addition there were other incidents which compounded the fury of the revolutionaries and convinced them that their opponents had abandoned all restraint of civilized behavior . On 13 July , Charlotte Corday murdered sans - culotte idol Jean - Paul Marat . She had been in touch with Girondin rebels in Normandy and they were believed to have used her as their agent . The lack of forethought displayed by the Convention during the first few days was redeemed by its vigor and skill in organizing measures of repression . Warrants were issued for the arrest of the rebellious Girondin leaders ; the members of the revolting departmental administration were deprived of their office . The regions in which the revolt was dangerous were precisely those in which a large number of royalists had remained . There was no room for a third party between the Mountain , which was identified with the Republic , and royalism , which was the ally of the enemy . The royalist insurrection in the Vendée had already led the Convention to take a long step in the direction of the Terror -- that is to say , the dictatorship of central power and the suppression of liberties . The Girondin insurrection now prompted it to take a decisive step in the same direction . Revolutionary government ( edit ) La Marseillaise par François Rude The Constituent Assembly had legislated through its commissions . The Convention governed by means of its committees . Two of them were of essential importance : Public Safety and General Security . The second , which had formidable powers , is less well known than the first , which was the true executive authority and was armed with immense prerogatives . It dated from April , but its composition was thoroughly reshuffled during the summer of 1793 . The summer of 1793 saw sans - culotte disturbances reach a peak under a double banner : price - fixing and terror . On top of this came the news of unprecedented treason : Toulon and its squadron had been handed over to the enemy . In the name of the wretched poverty of the people , the leaders of the Enragés , with Jacques Roux at their head , called for a planned economy from a Convention which had no liking for the idea . But the revolutionary logic of the mobilization of resources by national dictatorship was infinitely more powerful than economic doctrine . In August , a series of decrees gave the authorities discretionary powers over the production and circulation of grain , as well as ferocious punishments for fraud . `` Granaries of plenty '' were prepared , to stock corn requisitioned by authorities in each district . On 23 August the decree on the levée en masse turned able - bodied civilians into soldiers . On 5 September , Parisians tried to repeat the revolt of 2 June . Armed sections again encircled the Convention to demand the setting up of an internal revolutionary army , the arrest of suspects and a purge of the committees . It was probably the key day in the formation of the revolutionary government : the convention yielded , but kept control of events . It put Terror on the agenda on 5 September , on 6th elected Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne to the Committee of Public Safety , on the 9th created the revolutionary army , on the 11th decreed the Maximum for grain and fodder ( general controls for prices , and wages on the 29th ) , on the 14th reorganized the Revolutionary Tribunal , on the 17th voted in the law on suspects , and on the 20th gave the local revolutionary committees the task of drawing up lists of them . The dictatorship of the Convention and the committees , simultaneously supported and controlled by the Parisian sections , representing the sovereign people in permanent session , lasted from June to September . It governed through a network of institutions set up haphazardly since spring in March , the Revolutionary Tribunal and representatives on missions in the departments ; was followed the next month by the Convention 's representatives to the armies , also armed with unlimited powers ; and enforced acceptance of assignat as the sole legal tender , price controls for grain and the forced loan of a billion livres from the rich . At last France saw a government take shape . Danton resigned from it on 10 July . Couthon , Saint - Just , Jeanbon Saint - Andre , and Prieur of the Marne formed a nucleus of resolute Montagnards who rallied Barrere and Lindet , then successfully added Robespierre on 27 July , Carnot and Prieur of Cote - d'Ore on 14 August , and Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne on 6 September . They had a few clear ideas to which they clung : to command , to fight , and to conquer . Their work in common , the danger , the taste of and pride in power created solidarity that made the Committee an autonomous organism . The committee was always managed collegially , despite the specific nature of the tasks of each director : the division into `` politicians '' and `` technicians '' was a Thermidorian invention , intended to lay the corpses of the Terror at the door of the Robespierrists alone . Many things , however , set the twelve committee members at loggerheads ; Barrere was more a man of the Convention than of the committee and was a link with the Plaine . Robert Lindet had qualms about the Terror which , by contrast , was the outstanding theme of Collot d'Herbois and Billaud - Varenne , latecomers to the committee , forced on it by the sans - culottes in September ; unlike Robespierre and his friends , Lazare Carnot had given his support only provisionally and for reasons of state to a policy concession to the people . But the situation which united them in the summer of 1793 was stronger than those differences of opinion . The Committee had to set itself above all , and choose those popular demands which were most suitable for achieving the Assembly 's aims : to crush the enemies of the Republic and dash the last hopes of the aristocracy . To govern in the name of the Convention , at the same time controlling it , and to restrain the people without quenching their enthusiasm -- this was a gamble . The ensemble of institutions , measures and procedures which constituted it was codified in a decree of 14 Frimaire ( 4 December ) which set the seal on what had been the gradual development of centralized dictatorship founded on the Terror . In the center was the Convention , whose secular arm was the Committee of Public Safety , vested with immense powers : it interpreted the Convention 's decrees and settled their methods of application ; under its immediate authority it had all state bodies and all civil servants ( even ministers would disappear in April 1794 ) ; it directed military and diplomatic activity , appointed generals and members of other committees , subject to ratification by the Convention . It held responsibility for conducting war , public order and the provisioning of the population . The Commune of Paris , a famous sans - culotte bastion , was neutralized by coming under its control . The economy ( edit ) Administrative and economic centralization went hand in hand . The state of siege forced France into autarky ; to save the Republic the government mobilized all the nation 's productive forces and reluctantly accepted the need for a controlled economy , which it introduced extemporaneously , as the emergency required . It was necessary to develop war production , revive foreign trade , and find new resources in France itself ; and time was short . Circumstances gradually compelled it to assume the economic government of the country . Along with organization of the army , this was the most original feature of its work . All material resources were subjected to requisitioning . Farmers surrendered their grain , fodder , wool , flax , and hemp . Artisans and merchants gave up their manufactured products . Raw materials were carefully sought out -- metal of all kinds , church bells , old paper , rags and parchments , grasses , brushwood , and even household ashes for manufacturing of potassium salts , and chestnuts for distilling . All businesses were placed at the disposal of the nation -- forests , mines , quarries , furnaces , forges , tanneries , paper mills , large cloth factories and shoe making workshops . The labor of men and the value of things were subject to price controls . No one had a right to speculate at the cost of Patrie while it was in danger . Armaments caused more concern . As early as September 1793 efforts were made to create a large factory in Paris for rifles and sidearms . A special appeal was made to scientists . Monge , Vandermonde , Berthollet , Darcet , Fourcroy perfected metallurgy and manufacture of arms . Only to the wage earners did the Maximum seem thoroughly advantageous . It increased wages by one - half in relation to 1790 , and commodities by only one - third . But since the Committee did not ensure that it was respected ( except for bread ) , they would have been duped had they not been benefiting from the favorable conditions that a great war always offers the labor force . Still Paris became calmer , because the sans - culottes were gradually finding ways to subsist ; the levée en masse and the formation of the revolutionary army were thinning their ranks ; many now were working in arms and equipment shops , or in the offices of the committees and ministries , which were expanded enormously . The army of the Year II ( edit ) Main article : French Revolutionary Army During the summer the requisition of the levy was completed and by July the total strength of the army reached 650,000 . The difficulties were tremendous . The war production just started in September . The army was in the middle of the purge . In the spring of 1794 the amalgamation was undertaken . Two battalions of volunteers joined one battalion of regulars to constitute a demi - brigade , or regiment . At the same time the command was reconstituted . The purge ended with most of the nobles excluded . The new generation reached the highest ranks , and the War College ( Ecole de Mars ) received six young men from each district to improve the staff . Army commanders were to be appointed by the Convention . What gradually emerged was a military command unequaled in quality : Marceau , Hoche , Kleber , Massena , Jourdan , and a host of others , backed by officers who were sound both in their abilities as soldiers and in their sense of civic responsibility . For the first time since antiquity a truly national army marched to war , and for the first time , too , a nation succeeded in arming and feeding great numbers of soldiers -- these are the novel characteristics of the army of the Year II . The technical innovations resulted chiefly from its sheer size as well the strategy that developed from it . The old system of cordons lost its prestige . Moving between the armies of the Coalition , the French could maneuver along interior lines , deploy part of their troops along the frontiers , and take advantage of the inaction of any one of their enemies to beat the others . Acting en masse , and overwhelming the foe by sheer numbers -- such were Carnot 's principles . They were still untried , and not until Bonaparte appeared did they enjoy any great success . Fall of the factions ( edit ) As late as September 1793 , there were two distinct wings among the revolutionaries . Firstly those who were later called Hébertists -- although Hébert himself was never the official leader of a party -- advocated war to the death and adopted the program of the Enragés , ostensibly because the sans - culottes approved it . The Hebertists preferred to side with the Montagnards , so long as they could hope to control the Convention through them . They dominated the Cordeliers Club , filled Bouchotte 's offices , and could generally carry the Commune with them . The other wing was that of the Dantonists , which formed in response to the increasing centralization of the Revolutionary Government and the dictatorship of the Committees . The Dantonists were led predominately by deputies of the Convention ( rather than the sans - culottes ) , including Danton , Delacroix , and Desmoulins . Putting the needs of national defense above all other considerations , the Committee of Public Safety had no intentions of giving in to the demands of either the popular movement or the moderates . Following the Hebertists would jeopardize revolutionary unity , while the giving in to the demands of the moderates would have undermined the both the Terror and the controlled economy . However , unity , centralization , and the Terror were all considered essential to the war effort . In order to balance the contradictory demands of these two factions , the Revolutionary Government attempted to maintain a position halfway between the moderate Dantonists ( citras ) and the extremist Hebertists ( ultras ) . But at the end of the winter of 1793 - 4 , the shortage of food took a sharp turn for the worse . The Hebertists incited sans - culottes to demand stringent measures , and at first the Committee did prove conciliatory . The Convention voted 10 million for relief , on 3 Ventose , Barere presented a new general Maximum , and on the 8th Saint - Just obtained a decree confiscating the property of suspects and distributing it to the needy ( Ventose decrees ) . The Hebertists felt that if they increased the pressure , they would triumph once and for all . Although the call appeared like one for insurrection it was probably just for a new demonstration , like the one in September . But the Committee of Public Safety decided on 22 Ventose Year II ( 12 March 1794 ) that the Hebertists posed too serious a threat . The Committee linked Hebert , Ronsin , Vincent , and Momoro to the emigres Proli , Cloots and Pereira , so as to present the Hebertists as parties to the `` foreign plot '' . All were executed on 4 Germinal ( 24 March ) . This move largely silenced the Hebertists , now without their leadership . Having succeeded in stifling dissent on the left , the Committee then turned on the Dantonists , several members of which were implicated in financial corruption . The Committee forced the Convention to lift the parliamentary immunity of nine Dantonist deputies , allowing them to be put on trial . On 5 April Dantonist leaders Danton , Delacroix , Desmoulins , and Philippeaux were executed . The execution of the leaderships of both rival factions caused some to become disillusioned . Many sans - culottes were stunned by the Hebertists ' execution . All the positions of influence traditionally held by the sans - culottes were eliminated : the Revolutionary Army was disbanded , the inspectors of food - hoarding were dismissed , Bouchotte lost the War Office , the Cordeliers Club was forced to self - censor and the Government pressure brought about closing 39 popular societies . The Paris Commune , controlled by sans - culottes , was purged and filled with Committee nominees . With the execution of the Dantonists , many of the members of the National Convention lost trust in the Committee , and even began to fear for their personal safety . Ultimately , the Committee had undermined its own support by eliminating the Dantonists and Hebertists , both of which had backed the Committee . By compelling the Convention to allow the arrests of the Girondins and Dantonists , the Committee believed it had destroyed its major opposition . However , the trials demonstrated the Committee 's lack of respect for members of the Convention ( several of whom had been executed ) . Many Convention members who had sided with the Committee in the past by mid-1794 no longer supported it . The Committee had acted as mediator between the Convention and the sans - culottes from which they both had acquired their strength . By executing the Hebertists and alienating the sans - culottes , the Committee became unnecessary to the Assembly . The Terror ( edit ) Main article : Reign of Terror Though the Terror was organized in September 1793 , it was not introduced until October . It had resulted from a popular movement . A new chapter of the Revolutionary Tribunal was opened after 5 September , divided into four sections : the Committees of Public Safety and General Security were to propose the names of judges and jurymen ; Fouquier - Tinville stayed as public prosecutor , and Herman was nominated president . The Terror was meant to discourage support for the enemies of the Revolution by condemning outspoken critics of the Montagnards . The great political trials began in October . The queen was guillotined on 16 October . A special decree stifled the defense of 21 Girondins , including Vergniaud and Brissot , and they perished on the 31st . At the summit of the apparatus of the Terror sat the Committee of General Security , the state 's second organization . It consisted of twelve members elected each month by the Convention , and vested with security , surveillance and police functions , including over civil and military authorities . It employed a large staff , headed the gradually constituted network of local revolutionary committees , and applied the law on suspects by sifting through the thousands of local denunciations and arrests which it then had to try . It struck down the enemies of the Republic whoever and wherever they were . It was socially indiscriminate and politically perspicacious . Its victims belonged to the classes which hated the Revolution or lived in the regions where rebellion was most serious . `` The severity of repressive measures in the provinces , '' wrote Mathiez , `` was in direct proportion to danger of revolt . '' Many outspoken members of the community were tried and executed for claims of treason : Camille Desmoulins and Georges Danton were two of the more notable men executed for their `` threats '' against the Revolution . Deputies sent as `` representatives on mission '' by the Committee of Public Safety , armed with full powers , reacted according to both the local situation and their own temperaments : Lindet pacified the Girondin west in July without a single death sentence ; in Lyon , some months later , Collot d'Herbois and Joseph Fouche relied on frequent summary executions by shooting because the guillotine was not working swiftly enough . Thermidor ( edit ) 9 Thermidor The Jacobin dictatorship could only hope to remain in power so long as it was dealing successfully with a national emergency . As soon as its political opponents had been destroyed , and its foreign enemies defeated , it would lose the chief force that kept it together . The Jacobin fall happened more rapidly than expected because of issues within the party . So long as it remained united , the Committee was virtually invulnerable , but it had scarcely attained the apogee of its power before signs of internal conflict appeared . The Committee of Public Safety had never been a homogeneous body . It was a coalition cabinet . Its members were kept together less by comradeship or common ideals than by calculation and routine . The press of business which at first prevented personal quarrels also produced tired nerves . Trifling differences were exaggerated into the issues of life and death . Small disputes estranged them from one another . Carnot , in particular , was irritated by the criticisms directed at his plans by Robespierre and Saint - Just , Dispute followed dispute . Bickering broke out on the Committee of Public Safety , with Carnot describing Robespierre and Saint - Just as `` ridiculous dictators '' and Collot making veiled attacks on the `` Incorruptible '' . From the end of June until 23 July Robespierre ceased to attend the Committee . Realizing the danger of fragmentation , they attempted a reconciliation . Saint - Just and Couthon favored it , but Robespierre doubted sincerity of his enemies . It was he who brought about the fatal intervention of the Convention . On 8 Thermidor , Year II ( 26 July 1794 ) , he denounced his opponents , and demanded that `` unity of government '' be realized . When called upon to name those whom he was accusing , however , he refused . This failure destroyed him , for it was assumed that he was demanding a blank cheque . This night an uneasy alliance was formed from threatened deputies and members of The Plain . On the next day , 9 Thermidor , Robespierre and his friends were not allowed to speak , and their indictment was decreed . The men of the extreme left played the leading roles : Billaud - Varenne , who attacked , and Collot d'Herbois , who presided . On hearing the news the Paris Commune , loyal to the man who had inspired it , called for an insurrection and released the arrested deputies in the evening and mobilized two or three thousand militants . The night of 9 -- 10 Thermidor was one of great confusion in Paris , as Commune and Assembly competed for the support of the sections and their troops . The Convention proclaimed that the rebels were henceforth outlaws ; Barras was given the task of mustering an armed force , and the moderate sections gave this their support . The National Guardsmen and artillerymen assembled outside the Hotel de Ville were left without instructions and little by little they dispersed and left the square deserted . Around two o'clock in the morning a column from Gravilliers section led by Léonard Bourdon burst in the Hotel de Ville and arrested insurgents . On the evening of 10 Thermidor ( 28 July 1794 ) , Robespierre , Saint - Just , Couthon and nineteen of their political allies were executed without trial . On the following day it was the turn of a large batch of 71 men , the largest mass execution in the entire course of the Revolution . Thermidorian Convention ( edit ) Whatever reasons the conspirators had behind 9 Thermidor , the events afterwards went beyond their intentions . Evidently the remaining members on the Committees counted on staying in office and currying the favour of the Jacobin dictatorship , as though nothing more had happened than a party purge . Thermidorian reaction ( edit ) Main article : Thermidorian Reaction They were speedily disabused of this notion . Robespierrists might go out and Dantonists come in ; the Convention had recovered its initiative and would put an end , once and for all , to the dictatorial committees government which had ousted it from power . It was decreed that no member of governing committees should hold office for more than four months . Three days later the Prairial Law was repealed and the Revolutionary Tribunal shorn of its abnormal powers . The Commune was replaced with a Commission of Civil Administrators ( commission des administrateurs civils ) from the ranks of the Conventions . In November the Jacobin club was closed . Not merely anti-Robespierrist but anti-Jacobin reaction was in full flood . At the beginning of September Billaud , Collot and Barere left the Committee of Public Safety ; by the end of the year they were in prison . The stability of the government was weakening . Next came the concentration of power , another revolutionary principle . The identification of the Committee of Public Safety with the executive was ended on 7 Fructidor ( 24 August ) , restricting it to its former domain of war and diplomacy . The Committee of General Security kept its control over the police . There was now to be a total of sixteen committees . Conventionnels , while aware of the dangers of fragmentation , were even more worried by its experience of monopoly of powers . In a few weeks the revolutionary government was dismantled . These measures affected , finally , the instruments of the Terror and opened numerous breaches in the apparatus of repression . The law of 22 Prairial was repealed , the prisons were opened and `` suspects '' were released : 500 in Paris in a single week . A few public trials were staged -- including those of Carrier , held responsible for the mass - drowning at Nantes , and Fouquier - Tinville , notorious as the public prosecutor of the Great Terror of the late spring and summer of 1794 -- after which the Revolutionary Tribunal was quietly put aside . The destruction of the system of revolutionary government eventually brought about the end of the Economic Terror . Maximum was relaxed even before 9 Thermidor . Now nobody believed in it any longer . Because the black market was plentifully supplied , the idea took hold that price control equalled scarcity and that free trade would bring back abundance . It was generally supposed that prices would rise but that then they would fall as a result of competition . This illusion was to be shattered in the winter . Formally the Convention put the end to the maximum on 4 Nivose Year III ( 24 December 1794 ) . The abandonment of the controlled economy provoked a frightful catastrophe . Prices soared and the rate of exchange fell . The Republic was condemned to massive inflation and its currency was ruined . In Thermidor , Year III , assignats were worth less than 3 % of their face value . Neither peasants nor merchants would accept anything but cash . The debacle was so swift that economic life seemed to come to standstill . The crisis was greatly aggravated by famine . Peasants , finally , stopped bringing any produce , because they did not wish to accept assignats . The government continued to provision Paris , but was unable to supply the promised rations . In provinces local municipalities resorted to some sort of regulations , provided not direct coercion in obtaining provisions . The misery of rural day laborers , abandoned by everyone , was often appalling . Inflation ruined creditors to the advantage of debtors . It unleashed an unprecedented speculation . At the beginning of spring , scarcity was such that more unrest appeared almost everywhere . Paris was active again . Crushing of the popular movement ( edit ) Journée du 1er Prairial de l'an III Discontent increased along with the shortages . On 17 March a delegation from faubourgs Saint - Marceau and Saint - Jacques complained that `` We are on the verge of regretting all the sacrifices that we have made for the Revolution . '' Police law was passed which lay down the death penalty for use of seditious language . Arms were distributed to the `` good citizens '' , the faithful nucleus of the National Guard . The trial of strength was approaching . Main article : Insurrection of 12 Germinal , Year III On 10 Germinal ( 30 March ) all the sections called their general assemblies . The political geography of Paris emerged clearly from this . Convention debate was centered on two issues : the fate of Barere , Collot , Billaud and Vadier , and the implementation of the constitution of 1793 . While in the sections of the center and the west formal addresses called for the punishment of the `` Four '' and passed over the food shortages , the sections of the east and the faubourgs demanded measures to deal with the grain crisis , the implementation of the constitution of 1793 , the reopening of the popular societies and the release of the imprisoned patriots . On the morning of 12 Germinal ( 1 April ) crowds gathered on the Ile de la Cité and , pushing aside the palace guards , burst into the chamber where the Convention met . Amidst the uproar , spokesmen of the sections outlined the people 's grievances . Reliable battalions of National Guard were called and demonstrators , lacking arms and leaders , were forced to withdraw . For the most people it was the constitution of 1793 -- seen as a liberating utopia -- which represented the solution to all evils . There were others who openly regretted the passing of `` the reign of Robespierre '' . Main article : Insurrection of 1 Prairial But it was not the end . A new explosion was on the horizon . Insurrection was being openly prepared . On 1 Prairial ( 20 May 1795 ) the alarm bells sounded in the faubourgs Saint - Antoine and Marceau . The armed battalions arrived at Place du Carousel and entered the sitting chamber . After an hour of uproar , `` The Insurrection of the People '' ( L'Insurection du Peuple ) was read . In the chaos , none of the ringleaders thought of implementing the key item of the program : the overthrow of the government . The remainder of the Montagnards , The Crest ( la Crête de la Montagne ) , managed to obtain the passage of decrees favorable to the rebels . But at 11 : 30 p.m. two armed columns entered the chamber and cleared out the rioters . The next day insurgents repeated the same mistakes and after receiving promises from the deputies to take speedy measures against the famine , returned to the sections . On 3 Prairial the government assembled loyal troops , chasseurs and dragoons , national guardsmen , selected from those `` who had fortune to preserve '' -- 20,000 men in all . Faubourg Saint - Antoine was surrounded and on 4 Prairial surrendered and was disarmed . Uncertainty about how to react , hesitancy in action , and lack of revolutionary leadership had doomed the popular movement to throw away its last chance in battle . 4 Prairial Year III is one of the crucial dates of the revolutionary period . The people had ceased to be a political force , participants in history . They were now no more than victims or spectators . Constitution of the Year III ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the Year III Constitution de la République Française du 5 Fructidor l'an III ( 22 août 1795 ) The victors now could set up a new constitution , the task the National Convention was originally elected for . The Commission of Eleven ( the most notable members of which were Daunou , Lanjuinais , Boissy d'Anglas , Thibaudeau and La Révellière ) drafted a text which would reflect the new balance of power . It was presented on 5 Messidor ( 23 June ) and passed on 22 August 1795 ( 5 Fructidor of the Year III ) . The new constitution went back to the constitution of 1791 as to the dominant ideology of the country . Equality was certainly confirmed , but within the limits of civil equality . Numerous democratic rights of the constitution 1793 -- the right to work , to relief , to education -- were omitted . The Convention wanted to define rights and simultaneously reject both the privilege of the old order and social leveling . The constitution went back to the distinction between active and passive citizens . Only citizens over twenty - five years old , disposing of an income of two hundred days of work , were eligible to be electors . This electoral body , which held the real power , included 30,000 people , half as many as in 1791 . Guided by recent experience , institutions were set up to protect the Republic from two dangers : the omnipotence of an assembly and dictatorship . Bicameral legislature as a precaution against sudden political fluctuations was proposed : the Council of Five Hundred with rights to propose laws and Council of the Ancients , 250 deputies , with powers to accept or reject proposed laws . Executive power was to be shared between five Directors chosen by the Ancients from the list drawn by Five Hundred . One of the Directors would be renewed each year with re-election after five years . As one of the practical precautions , no military were allowed within 60 miles of the sitting assembly and it could relocate in case of danger . The Directory still retained great power , including emergency powers to curb freedom of the press and freedom of association . The Constitution generally was accepted favorably , even by those on the right , who were hopeful for the upcoming elections and even more happy to get rid of the legislative body so hated by them . But how to make sure that the new elected body would not overturn the constitution as it was before with Legislative Assembly ? Thermidorians attempted this on 5 Fructidor ( 22 August ) by voting for a decree on `` formation of a new legislative body '' . Article II stipulated : `` All members presently active in the Convention are re-eligible . Election assemblies may not take fewer than two - thirds of them to form the legislative body '' . This was known as the Law of the Two - Thirds . Vendemiaire ( edit ) Main article : 13 Vendémiaire Napoleon Bonaparte quelling of the Royalist revolt 13 Vendémiaire , in front of the Église Saint - Roch , rue Saint - Honoré . On 23 September the results were announced : the constitution was accepted by 1,057,390 votes , with 49,978 against . The Two - Thirds decrees obtained only 205,498 votes in favor and 108,754 against . But the Convention had not taken into account those Paris sections who were against Two - Thirds decrees and failed to provide precise vote figures : 47 Parisian sections had rejected the decrees . Eighteen of the Paris sections contested the result . The Lepeletier section issued a call to insurrection . By 11 Vendemiaire seven sections were in state of revolt , sections which were the base of the Convention since 9 Thermidor and now won by the far right if not royalists . The Convention declared itself permanent . The conventionnels knew the score . They knew the art of insurrection by heart and to bring down muscadins was easier than the sans - culottes . Five members including Barras were appointed to deal with the crisis . A decree of 12 Vendemiaire ( 4 October ) repealed the former disarmament of the former terrorists and an appeal to sans - culottes was issued . During the nights of Vendemiaire 12 - 13 ( October 4 -- 5 ) , General Jacques de Menou de Boussay was tasked with putting down the royalist rebels and keep them from attacking the Convention . He recruited other generals to help aid in quelling the insurrection such as , Napoleon Bonaparte . The rebels outnumbered the Army by the thousands , but because of their preparations the night before , Bonaparte and the armies were able to line the road into Paris with cannons from Sablons Camp . Without a way into Paris , the rebels surrendered to the Convention on Vendemiaire 13 . Barras and the Convention gave the armies permission to kill . Within 45 minutes over 300 royalist rebels were dead in front of the Church of Saint Roch . The rest had scattered and fled . Moderate repression ensued and the White Terror in the south was stopped . On 4 Brumaire Year IV , just before breaking up , the Convention voted a general amnesty for `` deeds exclusively connected with the Revolution '' . Legacy ( edit ) The article on the Convention in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica concludes , `` The work of the Convention was immense in all branches of public affairs . To appreciate it without prejudice , one should recall that this assembly saved France from a civil war and invasion , that it founded the system of public education ( Museum , École Polytechnique , École Normale Supérieure , École des langues orientales , Conservatoire ) , created institutions of capital importance , like that of the Grand Livre de la Dette publique , and definitely established the social and political gains of the Revolution . '' By a decree of 4 February 1794 ( 16 pluviôse ) it also ratified and expanded to the whole French colonial empire the 1793 abolition of slavery on Saint - Domingue by civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel , though this did not affect Martinique or Guadeloupe and was abolished by the law of 20 May 1802 . See also ( edit ) Fall of the French monarchy Girondist The Mountain Georges Danton Maximilien Robespierre Marat Ministers of the French National Convention Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Convention had therefore been elected by small minority of the population , but those who were the most determined . That explains the ambiguity of the word `` popular '' when it is applied to this period : `` popular '' the French Revolution was certainly not in the sense of participation by the people in public affairs . But if the word `` popular '' is taken to mean that revolutionary policy was formed under pressure from the sans - culotte movement and organized minorities , and received an egalitarian impetus from them , then yes , the Revolution had well and truly entered its `` popular '' age . Jump up ^ During the early meetings of the Convention the deputies had sat indiscriminately , where they pleased . But it was noticed that , as the quarrel between Jacobins and Girondins developed , they grouped themselves to the right and left of the President 's chair , whiles the extreme Jacobins found a place of vantage in the higher seats at the end of the hall , which came to be called the Mountain ( La Montagne ) . Jump up ^ As opposed to the English Revolution , the French Revolution killed not only the king of France , but royalty itself . In this sense , even if the Conventionnels had only transformed into a national tragedy what the last century of absolutism had already marked out as inevitable , they had accomplished their aim : to strip royalty from the nation 's future . By executing the king , they had severed France 's last ties with her past , and made the rupture with the ancien régime complete . Jump up ^ The revolutionaries turned soldiers did not forget their attachments . Hoche had been a Maratist , Kleber and Marceau praised the activity of Carrier , and Bonaparte attached himself to the Robespierre brothers . So many years later , even men like Marmont and Soult were moved with emotion by the memory of the shining hours they had known in the service of the `` Indivisible Republic '' . Jump up ^ Based on recent figures of the Terror : 17,000 victims names distributed according to specific geographical areas : 52 % in the Vendee , 19 % in the south - east , 10 % in the capital and 13 % in the rest of France . Distinction is between zones of turmoil and an insignificant proportion of quite rural areas . Between departments , the contrast becomes more striking . Some were hard hit , the Loire - Inferieure , the Vendee , the Maine - et - Loire , the Rhone and Paris . In six departments no executions were recorded ; in 31 , there were fewer than 10 ; in 32 , fewer than 100 ; and only in 18 were there more than 1,000 . Charges of rebellion and treason were by far the most frequent grounds for execution ( 78 % ) , followed by federalism ( 10 % ) , crimes of opinion ( 9 % ) and economic crimes ( 1.25 % ) . Artisans , shopkeepers . wage - earners and humble folk made up the largest contingent ( 31 % ) , concentrated in Lyons , Marseilles and neighboring small towns . Because of the peasant rebellion in the Vendée , peasants are more heavily represented ( 28 % ) than the federalist and merchant bourgeoisie . Nobles ( 8.25 % ) and priests ( 6.5 % ) , who would seem to have been relatively spared , actually provided a higher proportion of victims than other social categories . In the most sheltered regions , they were the only victims . Furthermore , the `` Great Terror '' is hardly distinguishable from the rest . In June and July 1794 , it accounted for 14 % of executions , as against 70 % from October 1793 to May 1794 , and 3.5 % before September 1793 . if one adds executions without trial and deaths in prison , a total of 50,000 seems likely , that is 2 per 1,000 of the population . Jump up ^ Yet an unofficial Terror - in - reverse continued . In the provinces the Terror assumed violent and vicious form . In the Lyonnais , the Company of Jesus flung the bodies of its victims , men and women , into the Rhone , and prisoners were massacred wholesale in gaol or on their way to prison , while in other cities , bands of so - called Companies of Jehu and the Sun indiscriminately murdered `` terrorists '' , `` patriots of ' 89 '' and -- most eagerly of all -- purchasers of former Church properties . Such excesses were deplored in Paris , but the Convention and its Committees were powerless to contain forces that they had themselves done much to unleash . Jump up ^ Barras reference to `` Faubourg Saint - Antoin whose attachment to the cause of liberty is well known '' in subsequent report offers curious commentary to the official evolution since journees of prairial . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dupuy 2005 , p. 34 - 40 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ The National Convention 1906 Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Hampson 1988 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ `` Girondin political group , France '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Benjamin ( 2004 ) . `` Polling the Opinions : A Reexamination of Mountain , Plain , and Gironde in the National Convention '' . Social Science History . 28 : 53 -- 73 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 28 - 1 - 53 . JSTOR 40267833 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Jordan 1979 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1963 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Hampson 1988 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Mathiez 1929 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Furet 1996 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ ( deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/50931/156.pdf ? sequence = 1 `` From Mobilization to Revolution '' ) Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) . Charles Tilly University of Michigan . March 1977 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Furet 1996 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1963 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Hampson 1988 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Hampson 1988 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror French history '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Greer 1935 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Reign of Terror French history '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Bouloiseau 1983 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 502 . ^ Jump up to : Hampson 1988 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1959 , p. 508 . ^ Jump up to : Lefebvre 1963 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Soboul 1974 , p. 411 -- 412 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1959 , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Rude 1988 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre 1963 , p. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hampson 1988 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Woronoff 1984 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Soboul 1974 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Furet 1996 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon and Counter-Revolutionary Royalists - 13 Vendémiaire Year 4 - Napoleon & Empire '' . www.napoleon-empire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Sources ( edit ) Andress , David ( 2006 ) . The Terror : the merciless war for freedom in revolutionary France . Farrar : Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 27341 - 3 . Aulard , François - Alphonse ( 1910 ) . The French Revolution , a Political History , 1789 -- 1804 , in 4 vols . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Bouloiseau , Marc ( 1983 ) . The Jacobin Republic : 1792 -- 1794 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28918 - 1 . Dupuy , Roger ( 2005 ) . La République jacobine . Terreur , guerre et gouvernement révolutionnaire ( 1792 -- 1794 ) . Paris : Le Seuil , coll . Points . ISBN 2 - 02 - 039818 - 4 . Furet , François ( 1996 ) . The French Revolution : 1770 -- 1814 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20299 - 4 . Greer , Donald ( 1935 ) . Incidence of the Terror During the French Revolution : A Statistical Interpretation . Peter Smith Pub Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8446 - 1211 - 9 . Hampson , Norman ( 1988 ) . A Social History of the French Revolution . Routledge : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 6525 - 6 . Jordan , David ( 1979 ) . The King 's Trial : Luis XVI vs. the French Revolution . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04399 - 5 . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1962 ) . The French Revolution : from its Origins to 1793 . vol . I. New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08599 - 0 . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1963 ) . The French Revolution : from 1793 to 1799 . vol. II . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 02519 - X . Lefebvre , Georges ( 1964 ) . The Thermidorians & the Directory . New York : Random House . Linton , Marisa , Choosing Terror : Virtue , Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2013 ) . Mathiez , Albert ( 1929 ) . The French Revolution . New York : Alfred a Knopf . Rude , George ( 1988 ) . The French Revolution . New York : Grove Weidenfeld . ISBN 1 - 55584 - 150 - 3 . Soboul , Albert ( 1974 ) . The French Revolution : 1787 -- 1799 . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 47392 - 2 . Thompson , J.M. ( 1959 ) . The French Revolution . Oxford : Basil Blackwell . Woronoff , Denis ( 1984 ) . The Thermidorean regime and the directory : 1794 -- 1799 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28917 - 3 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Convention , The National '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Presidents of the National Convention : 1792 -- 1795 National Convention pamphlets and documents from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository Heads of state of France Styled President of the Republic after 1871 , except from 1940 to 1944 ( Chief of State ) and 1944 to 1947 ( Chairman of the Provisional Government ) . Detailed monarch family tree Simplified monarch family tree Merovingians ( 486 -- 751 ) Clovis I Childebert I Chlothar I Charibert I Guntram Chilperic I Sigebert I Childebert II Chlothar II Dagobert I Sigebert II Clovis II Chlothar III Childeric II Theuderic III Clovis IV Childebert III Dagobert III Chilperic II Chlothar IV Theuderic IV Childeric III Carolingians , Robertians and Bosonids ( 751 -- 987 ) Pepin the Short Carloman I Charlemagne ( Charles I ) Louis I Charles II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat Odo Charles III Robert I Rudolph Louis IV Lothair Louis V House of Capet ( 987 -- 1328 ) Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV House of Valois ( 1328 -- 1589 ) Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III House of Lancaster ( 1422 -- 1453 ) Henry VI of England House of Bourbon ( 1589 -- 1792 ) Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) National Convention Directory Consulate First Empire ( 1804 -- 1815 ) Napoleon I Napoleon II Bourbon Restoration ( 1815 -- 1830 ) Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) Louis Philippe I Second Republic ( 1848 -- 1852 ) Jacques - Charles Dupont de l'Eure Executive Commission Louis - Eugène Cavaignac Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte Second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) Napoleon III Government of National Defense ( 1870 -- 1871 ) Louis - Jules Trochu Third Republic ( 1871 -- 1940 ) Adolphe Thiers Patrice de Mac - Mahon Jules Armand Dufaure * Jules Grévy Maurice Rouvier * Sadi Carnot Charles Dupuy * Jean Casimir - Perier Charles Dupuy * Félix Faure Charles Dupuy * Émile Loubet Armand Fallières Raymond Poincaré Paul Deschanel Alexandre Millerand Frédéric François - Marsal * Gaston Doumergue Paul Doumer André Tardieu * Albert Lebrun Vichy France ( 1940 -- 1944 ) Philippe Pétain Provisional Government ( 1944 -- 1947 ) Charles de Gaulle Félix Gouin Georges Bidault Vincent Auriol Léon Blum Fourth Republic ( 1947 -- 1958 ) Vincent Auriol René Coty Fifth Republic ( 1958 -- present ) Charles de Gaulle Alain Poher * Georges Pompidou Alain Poher * Valéry Giscard d'Estaing François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac Nicolas Sarkozy François Hollande Emmanuel Macron Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Acting heads of state are denoted by an asterisk * . Millerand held the presidency in an acting capacity before being fully elected . Governments of France ( 1792 -- 1870 ) First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) National Convention Committee of Public Safety French Directory French Consulate First Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 ) Napoleon Provisional Government of 1814 First restoration Hundred Days Provisional Government of 1815 Restoration ( 1814 -- 1830 ) Talleyrand Richelieu ( 1 ) Dessolles Decazes Richelieu ( 2 ) Villèle Martignac Polignac Mortemart July Monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) Paris Municipal Commission Provisional Ministry First ministry of Louis - Philippe Laffitte Casimir Perier Soult ( 1 ) Gérard Maret Mortier de Broglie Thiers ( 1 ) Molé ( 1 ) Molé ( 2 ) Transitional cabinet of 1839 Soult ( 2 ) Thiers ( 2 ) Soult ( 3 ) Guizot Second Republic ( 1848 -- 1852 ) Provisional Government Executive Commission Cavaignac Barrot ( 1 ) Barrot ( 2 ) Hautpoul Petit ministère Faucher Last cabinet of the French Second Republic Louis Napoleon ( 1 ) Louis Napoleon ( 2 ) Second Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) Third cabinet of Napoleon III Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III Ollivier Cousin - Montauban French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Government of National Defense Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Government of the French Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject GND : 502190 - X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Convention&oldid=825883949 '' Categories : French First Republic Defunct unicameral legislatures Government of France Provisional governments Constituent assemblies French Revolution 1792 establishments in France 1795 disestablishments 1792 events of the French Revolution 1793 events of the French Revolution 1794 events of the French Revolution 1795 events of the French Revolution Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 00 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
identify the type of government created by the national convention
[]
[]
-2832505656417969772
2010 Indian Premier League
2010 Indian Premier League - wikipedia 2010 Indian Premier League 2010 Indian Premier League Dates 12 March 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) -- 25 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 25 ) Administrator ( s ) BCCI Cricket format Twenty20 Tournament format ( s ) Double round - robin and knockout Host ( s ) India Champions Chennai Super Kings ( 1st title ) Participants 8 Matches played 60 Player of the series Sachin Tendulkar ( MI ) Most runs Sachin Tendulkar ( MI ) ( 618 ) Most wickets Pragyan Ojha ( DC ) ( 21 ) Official website www.iplt20.com ← 2009 2011 → The 2010 Indian Premier League season , abbreviated as IPL 3 or the 2010 IPL , was the third season of the Indian Premier League , established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) in 2007 . The tournament was hosted by India and had an estimated television audience of more than 200 million people in the country . It was played between 12 March and 25 April 2010 . It was also the first ever cricket tournament that was broadcast live on YouTube . The final four matches of the tournament were screened in 3D across movie halls in India . The tournament was won by the Chennai Super Kings , who defeated the Mumbai Indians in the final played at Mumbai . The purple cap went to Pragyan Ojha of Deccan Chargers , while the orange cap and the player of the tournament award were awarded to Sachin Tendulkar of the Mumbai Indians . Saurabh Tiwary was declared the U-23 success of the tournament , while the Chennai Super Kings won the Fair Play Award . Contents 1 Venues 2 Security concerns 3 Player auction 4 Rules and regulations 5 Teams and standings 6 League progression 7 Results 7.1 Group stage 7.2 Knockout stage 8 Fixtures 8.1 Group stage 8.2 Knockout stage 8.3 Final 9 Statistics 9.1 Batting 9.1. 1 Most runs 9.1. 2 Best batting strike rate 9.2 Bowling 9.2. 1 Most wickets 9.2. 2 Best economy rate 9.3 Man of the Match awards 10 IPL Awards 2010 11 Cricinfo IPL XI 12 References 13 External links Venues Five new venues were introduced for the third edition of IPL . These included Nagpur , Cuttack , Mumbai , Ahmedabad and Dharamsala . Nagpur , Cuttack , and Mumbai amongst them hosted the home games for Deccan Chargers , and Ahmedabad and Dharamsala shared some of the home matches of Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab respectively . Additionally , Hyderabad , which hosted all Deccan 's home games in 2008 , did not host any games this season . This was attributed to the possibility of unrest due to a Telangana state succession . The 60 - game tournament also featured a third - place playoff between the losing semi-finalists as a qualifier for the Champions League and also saw the induction of ICL players . Both semi-finals were scheduled to be hosted in Bangalore but instead were played in Mumbai . The final and the third place playoff games were played at Mumbai and the season ended five days before the World Twenty20 in West Indies . Chennai Mumbai Mohali Kolkata Chennai Super Kings Mumbai Indians Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Brabourne Stadium PCA Stadium Eden Gardens Capacity : 50,000 Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 90,000 Ahmedabad Chennai Mumbai Mohali Kolkata Ahmedabad Bangalore Cuttack Nagpur Dharamsala Jaipur Mumbai Delhi Bangalore Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sardar Patel Stadium M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Capacity : 54,000 Capacity : 45,000 Cuttack Nagpur Deccan Chargers Deccan Chargers Barabati Stadium Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground Capacity : 45,000 Capacity : 40,000 Dharamsala Jaipur Mumbai Delhi Kings XI Punjab Rajasthan Royals Mumbai Indians Delhi Daredevils HPCA Cricket Stadium Sawai Mansingh Stadium DY Patil Stadium Feroz Shah Kotla Capacity : 21,000 Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 55,000 Capacity : 48,000 Security concerns In one of the last games of the tournament , two bombs went off in Bangalore , while another was defused . The game on the day did continue , however , after an hour 's delay . As a consequence both semi-finals were moved out of the city . A third device was defused on 18 April 2010 . All three devices were hidden in the stadium 's perimeter wall and the two explosions were believed to have injured 15 people . Initial investigations suggested that the explosives used in the devices were locally made and were of low intensity . Former cricketers Sir Ian Botham , Brian Lara , Steve Waugh and Shaun Pollock urged the players not to give in to terrorism by opting out of the league . Player auction Main article : List of 2010 Indian Premier League personnel changes 11 players were sold at the player auction held on 19 January 2010 in Mumbai . This was from a list of 97 registered players , which was then shortlisted to 66 . West Indian all rounder Kieron Pollard and New Zealand fast bowler Shane Bond were the highest bid players in the auction who were bought for $750,000 but not before their prices went in the silent tie breaker round . Kieron Pollard was bought by Mumbai Indians and Shane Bond by Kolkata Knight Riders . Rules and regulations The rules and format were the same as the previous season with the exception of the strategic timeout . Each innings had two mandatory timeouts of two - and - a-half minutes each . The fielding captain must take one at the end of over six , seven , eight or nine , and the batsmen at the end of over 13 , 14 , 15 or 16 . Points in the group stage were awarded as follows : Points Results Points Win 2 points No Result 1 point Loss 0 points According to rules , if a match ended with the scores tied , the tie is broken with a one - over-per - side Super Over . The rules of the Super Over are as set out in the ICC Standard Twenty20 International match playing conditions ( 1 October 2009 version ) . Team with most runs wins If equal , the team with most number of boundary sixes throughout the entire match wins If still equal , the team with most number of boundaries throughout the entire match wins If still equal , the team taking the most wickets throughout the entire match wins If still equal , a count - back from the final ball of the Super Over eliminator shall be conducted . The team with the higher scoring delivery shall be the winner . If still equal , by coin toss . Teams and standings Team Pld NR Pts NRR Mumbai Indians ( R ) 14 10 0 20 + 1.084 Deccan Chargers 14 8 6 0 16 − 0.297 Chennai Super Kings ( C ) 14 7 7 0 14 + 0.274 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( 3rd ) 14 7 7 0 14 + 0.219 Delhi Daredevils 14 7 7 0 14 + 0.021 Kolkata Knight Riders 14 7 7 0 14 − 0.341 Rajasthan Royals 14 6 8 0 12 − 0.514 Kings XI Punjab 14 10 0 8 − 0.478 ( C ) = Eventual Champion ; ( R ) = Runner - up ; ( 3rd ) = Winner of third place playoff . Note : Top four teams will qualify for the Playoffs . Note : The winner , runner - up and winner of the third place playoff qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 . League progression Team Group matches Knockout 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 SF Chennai Super Kings 0 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 Deccan Chargers 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 14 16 Delhi Daredevils 6 8 10 12 12 12 12 14 14 Kings XI Punjab 0 0 0 6 8 8 8 Kolkata Knight Riders 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 14 Mumbai Indians 6 8 10 12 14 14 14 16 18 20 20 Rajasthan Royals 0 0 0 6 8 8 8 10 12 12 12 12 Royal Challengers Bangalore 0 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 14 14 Win Loss No result Note : The total points at the end of each group match are listed . Note : Click on the points ( group matches ) or W / L ( playoffs ) to see the match summary . Results Group stage Visitor team → CSK DC DD KXIP KKR MI RR RCB Home team ↓ Chennai Super Kings Deccan 31 runs Delhi 6 wickets Punjab Super Over Chennai 9 wickets Chennai 24 runs Chennai 23 runs Chennai 5 wickets Deccan Chargers Deccan 6 wickets Deccan 10 runs Deccan 6 runs Kolkata 11 runs Mumbai 41 runs Rajasthan 2 runs Deccan 13 runs Delhi Daredevils Chennai 5 wickets Deccan 11 runs Punjab 7 wickets Delhi 40 runs Mumbai 98 runs Delhi 67 runs Delhi 37 runs Kings XI Punjab Chennai 6 wickets Deccan 5 wickets Delhi 5 wickets Kolkata 39 runs Punjab 6 wickets Rajasthan 31 runs Bangalore 6 wickets Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai 55 runs Kolkata 24 runs Kolkata 14 runs Punjab 8 wickets Kolkata 9 wickets Kolkata 8 wickets Kolkata 7 wickets Mumbai Indians Mumbai 5 wickets Mumbai 63 runs Mumbai 39 runs Mumbai 4 wickets Mumbai 7 wickets Mumbai 4 runs Bangalore 7 wickets Rajasthan Royals Rajasthan 17 runs Rajasthan 8 wickets Delhi 6 wickets Rajasthan 9 wickets Rajasthan 34 runs Mumbai 37 runs Bangalore 5 wickets Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore 36 runs Deccan 7 wickets Delhi 17 runs Bangalore 8 wickets Bangalore 7 wickets Mumbai 57 runs Bangalore 10 wickets Home team won Visitor team won Note : Results listed are according to the home ( horizontal ) and visitor ( vertical ) teams . Note : Click on a result to see a summary of the match . Knockout stage Semi-finals Final 21 April 2010 -- DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Mumbai Indians 184 / 5 Royal Challengers Bangalore 149 / 9 Mumbai won by 35 runs ( Man of the Match -- Kieron Pollard ) 25 April 2010 -- DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Mumbai Indians 146 / 9 Chennai Super Kings 168 / 5 Chennai won by 22 runs ( Man of the Match -- Suresh Raina ) 22 April 2010 -- DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Chennai Super Kings 142 / 7 Deccan Chargers 104 Third place Chennai won by 38 runs ( Man of the Match -- Doug Bollinger ) 24 April 2010 -- DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Royal Challengers Bangalore 86 / 1 Deccan Chargers 82 Bangalore won by 9 wickets ( Man of the Match -- Anil Kumble ) Fixtures Group stage 12 March Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 161 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 150 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Angelo Mathews 65 * ( 46b , 5x4 , 4x6 ) Chaminda Vaas 2 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Adam Gilchrist 54 ( 35b , 3x4 , 3x6 ) Charl Langeveldt 2 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata won by 11 runs DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Angelo Mathews Deccan Chargers won the toss and chose to bowl first . 13 March Scorecard Mumbai Indians 212 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 208 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Ambati Rayudu 55 ( 33b , 6x4 , 2x6 ) Dimitri Mascarenhas 2 / 34 ( 4 overs ) Yusuf Pathan 100 ( 37b , 9x4 , 8x6 ) Lasith Malinga 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 4 runs Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Yusuf Pathan Mumbai Indians won the toss and chose to bat first . 13 March Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 142 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 146 / 5 ( 19.5 overs ) Ravi Bopara 56 ( 48b , 7x4 , 1x6 ) Dirk Nannes 2 / 12 ( 4 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 72 ( 54b , 9x4 , 1x6 ) Sreesanth 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 5 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Billy Doctrove and S. Ravi Player of the match : Gautam Gambhir Delhi Daredevils won the toss and chose to bowl first . 14 March Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 135 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 136 / 3 ( 19.2 overs ) Jacques Kallis 65 * ( 52b , 7x4 , 1x6 ) Angelo Mathews 4 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Manoj Tiwary 50 ( 29b , 6x4 , 2x6 ) Roelof van der Merwe 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata won by 7 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Amiesh Saheba and Kumar Dharmasena Player of the match : Manoj Tiwary Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and chose to bowl first . 14 March Scorecard Deccan Chargers 190 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 159 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Andrew Symonds 50 ( 43b , 3x4 , 3x6 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 1 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Albie Morkel 42 * ( 26b , 1x4 , 3x6 ) Chaminda Vaas 3 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 31 runs M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Daryl Harper and K. Hariharan Player of the match : Chaminda Vaas Deccan Chargers won the toss and chose to bat first . 15 March Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 141 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 142 / 4 ( 17.1 overs ) Abhishek Jhunjhunwala 53 ( 45b , 5x4 , 1x6 ) Pradeep Sangwan 1 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Virender Sehwag 75 ( 34b , 8x4 , 5x6 ) Dimitri Mascarenhas 2 / 31 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 6 wickets Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Brian Jerling Player of the match : Virender Sehwag Delhi Daredevils won the toss and chose to bowl first . 16 March Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 203 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 204 / 2 ( 18.5 overs ) Ravi Bopara 77 ( 50b , 9x4 , 2x6 ) Dale Steyn 1 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Jacques Kallis 89 * ( 55b , 8x4 , 5x6 ) Piyush Chawla 1 / 20 ( 3 overs ) Bangalore won by 8 wickets M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Daryl Harper and Subroto Das Player of the match : Jacques Kallis Kings XI Punjab won the toss and chose to bat first . 16 March Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 164 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 109 ( 19.2 overs ) Mahendra Singh Dhoni 66 * ( 33b , 6x4 , 3x6 ) Brad Hodge 1 / 4 ( 1 over ) Wriddhiman Saha 22 ( 13b , 5x4 , 0x6 ) Justin Kemp 3 / 12 ( 3 overs ) Chennai won by 55 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Amiesh Saheba and Kumar Dharmasena Player of the match : Mahendra Singh Dhoni Chennai Super Kings won the toss and chose to bat first . 17 March Scorecard Mumbai Indians 218 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 120 ( 16.3 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 63 ( 32b , 11x4 , 0x6 ) Sarabjit Ladda 2 / 44 ( 4 overs ) Farveez Maharoof 28 ( 18b , 2x4 , 2x6 ) Dwayne Bravo 2 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Mumbai won by 98 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Sachin Tendulkar Delhi DareDevils won the toss and chose to bowl first . 18 March Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 92 ( 19.5 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 93 / 0 ( 10.4 overs ) Yusuf Pathan 26 ( 24b , 1x4 , 2x6 ) Anil Kumble 3 / 9 ( 3.5 overs ) Jacques Kallis 44 * ( 34b , 7x4 , 0x6 ) Shane Warne 0 / 12 ( 2 overs ) Bangalore won by 10 wickets M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Daryl Harper and K. Hariharan Player of the match : Jacques Kallis Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and chose to bowl first . 19 March Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 185 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 190 / 5 ( 19.1 overs ) Virender Sehwag 74 ( 38b , 10x4 , 3x6 ) Lakshmipathy Balaji 2 / 21 ( 3 overs ) Mathew Hayden 93 ( 43b , 9x4 , 7x6 ) Dirk Nannes 1 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 5 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Mathew Hayden Delhi DareDevils won the toss and chose to bat first . 19 March Scorecard Deccan Chargers 170 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 164 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Andrew Symonds 53 ( 38b , 3x4 , 3x6 ) Yuvraj Singh 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Irfan Pathan 60 ( 29b , 3x4 , 5x6 ) Chaminda Vaas 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 6 runs Barabati Stadium , Cuttack Umpires : Billy Bowden and Marais Erasmus Player of the match : Andrew Symonds Kings XI Punjab won the toss and chose to bowl first . 20 March Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 168 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 134 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Abhishek Jhunjhunwala 46 ( 36b , 5x4 , 0x6 ) Ashok Dinda 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Brad Hodge 36 ( 34b , 3x4 , 0x6 ) Yusuf Pathan 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 34 runs Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Abhishek Jhunjhunwala Rajasthan Royals won the toss and chose to bat first . 20 March Scorecard Mumbai Indians 151 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 155 / 3 ( 19.1 overs ) Saurabh Tiwary 25 ( 21b , 3x4 , 0x6 ) Vinay Kumar 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Jacques Kallis 66 * ( 55b , 10x4 , 0x6 ) Zaheer Khan 1 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Bangalore won by 7 wickets Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena and Sanjay Hazare Player of the match : Jacques Kallis Mumbai Indians won the toss and chose to bat first . 21 March Scorecard Deccan Chargers 171 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 161 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Rohit Sharma 45 ( 30b , 3x4 , 3x6 ) Amit Mishra 1 / 12 ( 3 overs ) David Warner 57 ( 33b , 4x4 , 4x6 ) Andrew Symonds 3 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 10 runs Barabati Stadium , Cuttack Umpires : Billy Bowden and Marais Erasmus Player of the match : Andrew Symonds Deccan Chargers won the toss and chose to bat first . 21 March Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 136 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 136 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Yuvraj Singh 43 ( 28b , 4x4 , 2x6 ) Muttiah Muralitharan 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Parthiv Patel 57 ( 58b , 4x4 , 2x6 ) Juan Theron 2 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by Super Over M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Daryl Harper and K. Hariharan Player of the match : Juan Theron Chennai Super Kings won the toss and chose to bowl first . show Super Over Delivery Chennai Super Kings Kings XI Punjab Bowler Batsman Runs Bowler Batsman Runs Juan Theron Albie Morkel Muttiah Muralitharan Mahela Jayawardene 6 Juan Theron Mathew Hayden 0 W Muttiah Muralitharan Mahela Jayawardene 0 W Juan Theron Suresh Raina Muttiah Muralitharan Yuvraj Singh 0 Juan Theron Suresh Raina 6 Muttiah Muralitharan Yuvraj Singh 5 Juan Theron Suresh Raina 0 W Total 9 Total 10 / 1 22 March Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 155 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 156 / 3 ( 18.3 overs ) Chris Gayle 75 ( 60b , 7x4 , 2x6 ) Zaheer Khan 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 71 * ( 48b , 10x4 , 0x6 ) Ishant Sharma 2 / 44 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 7 wickets Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Sanjay Hazare and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Sachin Tendulkar Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and chose to bat first . 23 March Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 171 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 135 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Robin Uthappa 68 * ( 38b , 3x4 , 6x6 ) Muttiah Muralitharan 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Matthew Hayden 32 ( 28b , 5x4 , 0x6 ) Vinay Kumar 4 / 40 ( 4 overs ) Bangalore won by 36 runs M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Robin Uthappa Chennai Super Kings won the toss and chose to bowl first . 24 March Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 183 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 152 ( 19.1 overs ) Adam Voges 45 ( 24b , 5x4 , 1x6 ) Sreesanth 1 / 20 ( 3 overs ) Maninder Bisla 35 ( 18b , 4x4 , 2x6 ) Shaun Tait 3 / 22 ( 3.1 overs ) Rajasthan won by 31 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Adam Voges Kings XI Punjab won the toss and chose to bowl first . 25 March Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 183 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 166 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Kedar Jadhav 50 * ( 29b , 5x4 , 2x6 ) Vinay Kumar 1 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Manish Pandey 39 ( 29b , 4x4 , 1x6 ) Amit Mishra 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 17 runs M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Brian Jerling and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Kedar Jadhav Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and chose to bowl first . 25 March Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 180 / 2 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 184 / 5 ( 19 overs ) Suresh Raina 83 * ( 52b , 7x4 , 3x6 ) Ryan McLaren 1 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 72 ( 52b , 8x4 , 1x6 ) Muttiah Muralitharan 2 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 5 wickets Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Bowden and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Sachin Tendulkar Mumbai Indians won the toss and chose to bowl first . 26 March Scorecard Deccan Chargers 148 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 151 / 2 ( 15.4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 49 ( 35b , 2x4 , 3x6 ) Shaun Tait 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Yusuf Pathan 73 * ( 34b , 2x4 , 8x6 ) Pragyan Ojha 1 / 40 ( 3 overs ) Rajasthan won by 8 wickets Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Umpires : Simon Taufel and Kumar Dharmasena Player of the match : Yusuf Pathan Deccan Chargers won the toss and chose to bat first . 27 March Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 183 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 144 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Manoj Tiwary 75 * ( 47b , 8x4 , 2x6 ) Shalabh Srivastava 2 / 23 ( 3 overs ) Kumar Sangakkara 30 ( 27b , 3x4 , 0x6 ) Shane Bond 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata won by 39 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Billy Doctrove and S. Ravi Player of the match : Manoj Tiwary Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and chose to bat first . 28 March Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 177 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 160 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Naman Ojha 80 ( 49b , 6x4 , 5x6 ) Thilan Thushara 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Murali Vijay 42 ( 28b , 4x4 , 2x6 ) Shaun Tait 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 17 runs Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Umpires : Sanjay Hazare and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Naman Ojha Rajasthan Royals won the toss and chose to bat first . 28 March Scorecard Mumbai Indians 172 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 131 ( 17.4 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 55 ( 43b , 9x4 , 0x6 ) R.P. Singh 3 / 31 ( 4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 45 ( 28b , 3x4 , 2x6 ) Lasith Malinga 3 / 12 ( 3.4 overs ) Mumbai won by 41 runs DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : K. Hariharan and Subroto Das Player of the match : Harbhajan Singh Deccan Chargers won the toss and chose to bowl first . 29 March Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 177 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 137 / 9 ( 20 overs ) David Warner 107 * ( 69b , 9x4 , 5x6 ) Charl Langeveldt 2 / 35 ( 3 overs ) Chris Gayle 30 ( 21b , 2x4 , 2x6 ) Umesh Yadav 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 40 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Sanjay Hazare and Simon Taufel Player of the match : David Warner Delhi Daredevils won the toss and chose to bat first . 30 March Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 163 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 164 / 6 ( 19.3 overs ) Shaun Marsh 57 ( 47b , 6x4 , 1x6 ) Lasith Malinga 4 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 50 ( 40b , 6x4 , 0x6 ) Ravinder Bopara 3 / 31 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 4 wickets Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Lasith Malinga Mumbai Indians won the toss and chose to bowl first . 31 March Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 161 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 166 / 5 ( 19 overs ) Jacques Kallis 52 ( 49b , 7x4 0x6 ) Shadab Jakati 2 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Murali Vijay 78 ( 39b , 4x4 , 6x6 ) Anil Kumble 1 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 5 wickets M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Brian Jerling and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Murali Vijay Royal Challengers won the toss and chose to bat first . 31 March Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 188 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 121 ( 17.4 overs ) Dinesh Karthik 69 ( 38b , 6x4 , 4x6 ) Sumit Narwal 3 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Naman Ojha 27 ( 14b , 4x4 , 1x6 ) Amit Mishra 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 67 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Dinesh Karthik Delhi Daredevils won the toss and chose to bat first . 1 April Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 181 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 157 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Sourav Ganguly 88 ( 54b , 9x4 , 5x6 ) Jaskaran Singh 2 / 18 ( 3 overs ) Herschelle Gibbs 50 ( 45b , 5x4 , 1x6 ) Chris Gayle 1 / 9 ( 1 over ) Kolkata won by 24 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Daryl Harper and K. Hariharan Player of the match : Saurav Ganguly Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and chose to bat first . 2 April Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 181 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 184 / 4 ( 19.1 overs ) Kumar Sangakkara 45 ( 27b , 8x4 , 0x6 ) Vinay Kumar 1 / 24 ( 3 overs ) Kevin Pietersen 66 * ( 44b , 7x4 , 1x6 ) Shalabh Srivastava 1 / 21 ( 2 overs ) Bangalore won by 6 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Billy Bowden and Marais Erasmus Player of the match : Kevin Pietersen Kings XI Punjab won the toss and chose to bat first . 3 April Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 246 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 223 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Murali Vijay 127 ( 56b , 8x4 , 11x6 ) Shane Watson 2 / 47 ( 4 overs ) Naman Ojha 94 * ( 55b , 8x4 , 6x6 ) Doug Bollinger 2 / 15 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 23 runs M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Murali Vijay Chennai Super Kings won the toss and chose to bat first . 3 April Scorecard Mumbai Indians 178 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 115 ( 18.2 overs ) Ambati Rayudu 55 * ( 29b , 6x4 , 2x6 ) Pragyan Ojha 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Andrew Symonds 21 ( 18b , 2x4 , 0x6 ) Zaheer Khan 2 / 10 ( 2 overs ) Mumbai won by 63 runs Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Doctrove and S. Ravi Player of the match : Ambati Rayudu Mumbai Indians won the toss and chose to bat first . 4 April Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 200 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 204 / 2 ( 18.2 overs ) Chris Gayle 88 ( 42b , 6x4 , 8x6 ) Juan Theron / Irfan Pathan 1 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Mahela Jayawardene 110 * ( 59b , 14x4 , 3x6 ) Shane Bond 1 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 8 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Daryl Harper and Sudhir Asnani Player of the match : Mahela Jayawardene Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and chose to bat first . 4 April Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 184 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 147 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Paul Collingwood 75 * ( 46b , 3x4 , 7x6 ) Kotragada Appanna 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Jacques Kallis 54 * ( 42b , 5x4 , 1x6 ) Pradeep Sangwan 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 37 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Billy Bowden and Marais Erasmus Player of the match : Paul Collingwood Delhi Daredevils won the toss and chose to bat first . 5 April Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 159 ( 19.5 overs ) Deccan Chargers 157 ( 19.5 overs ) Shane Watson 58 ( 36b , 3x4 , 3x6 ) R.P. Singh 3 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 73 ( 44b , 8x4 , 2x6 ) Shane Warne 4 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan won by 2 runs Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Jamtha , Nagpur Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Shane Warne Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat first . 6 April Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 165 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 141 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Matthew Hayden 35 ( 31b , 2x4 , 1x6 ) Kieron Pollard 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 45 ( 35b , 6x4 , 0x6 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 24 runs M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Daryl Harper and Sudhir Asnani Player of the match : Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat first . 7 April Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 153 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 157 / 1 ( 15 overs ) Mahela Jayawardene 44 ( 33b , 6x4 , 1x6 ) Siddharth Trivedi 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Michael Lumb 83 ( 43b , 16x4 , 2x6 ) Ravinder Bopara 1 / 18 ( 2 overs ) Rajasthan won by 9 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : S. Ravi and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Michael Lumb Kings XI Punjab won the toss an elected to bat first . 7 April Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 181 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 167 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Sourav Ganguly 56 ( 46b , 8x4 , 1x6 ) Vettori , Bhatia 1 / 30 ( 4 overs ) Virender Sehwag 64 ( 40b , 6x4 , 3x6 ) Ashok Dinda 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata won by 14 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Brian Jerling Player of the match : Sourav Ganguly Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat first . 8 April Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 184 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 186 / 3 ( 19.2 overs ) Jacques Kallis 68 ( 44b , 9x4 , 1x6 ) Pragyan Ojha 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Tirumalasetti Suman 78 * ( 57b , 6x4 , 3x6 ) Praveen Kumar 1 / 37 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 7 wickets M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Daryl Harper and Sudhir Asnani Player of the match : Tirumalasetti Suman Deccan Chargers won the toss and chose to bowl first . 9 April Scorecard Mumbai Indians 154 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 158 / 4 ( 19.2 overs ) Jean - Paul Duminy 34 ( 28b , 1x4 , 2x6 ) Piyush Chawla 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Kumar Sangakkara 56 ( 42b , 6x4 , 1x6 ) Lasith Malinga 2 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 6 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Marais Erasmus and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Kumar Sangakkara Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat first . 10 April Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 138 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 139 / 4 ( 19.1 overs ) Suresh Raina 52 ( 42b , 4x4 , 2x6 ) Ryan Harris 3 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Tirumalasetti Suman 55 ( 44b , 4x4 , 2x6 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 2 / 13 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 6 wickets Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Jamtha , Nagpur Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Ryan Harris Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat first . 10 April Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 160 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 164 / 3 ( 17.1 overs ) Brendon McCullum 45 ( 36b , 5x4 , 2x6 ) Vinay Kumar 3 / 23 ( 3 overs ) Rahul Dravid 52 ( 35b , 5x4 , 2x6 ) Ashok Dinda 3 / 15 ( 3.1 overs ) Bangalore won by 7 wickets M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : K. Hariharan and Daryl Harper Player of the match : Vinay Kumar Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bowl first . 11 April Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 111 ( 19.4 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 112 / 3 ( 18.4 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 26 ( 12b , 5x4 , 0x6 ) Irfan Pathan 3 / 24 ( 3.4 overs ) Mahela Jayawardene 38 ( 35b , 4x4 , 1x6 ) Paul Collingwood 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Punjab won by 7 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Billy Bowden and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Piyush Chawla Delhi Daredevils won the toss and chose to bat first . 11 April Scorecard Mumbai Indians 174 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 137 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 89 * ( 59b , 10x4 , 2x6 ) Shane Watson 3 / 37 ( 4 overs ) Aditya Dole 30 ( 18b , 2x4 , 1x6 ) Zaheer Khan 2 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 37 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Sachin Tendulkar Rajasthan Royals won the toss and chose to bowl first . 12 April Scorecard Deccan Chargers 151 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 138 ( 19.4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 51 ( 46b , 7x4 , 0x6 ) Dale Steyn 3 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Rahul Dravid 49 ( 35b , 8x4 , 1x6 ) R.P. Singh 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 13 runs Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Jamtha , Nagpur Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Harmeet Singh Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bowl first . 13 April Scorecard Mumbai Indians 183 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 144 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kieron Pollard 45 * ( 13b , 2x4 , 5x6 ) Pradeep Sangwan 2 / 35 ( 4 overs ) Andrew McDonald 33 * ( 31b , 0x4 , 1x6 ) Ali Murtaza 2 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 39 runs Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Sudhir Asnani and Daryl Harper Player of the match : Kieron Pollard Mumbai Indians won the toss and chose to bat first . 13 April Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 139 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 143 / 1 ( 13.3 overs ) Angelo Mathews 48 ( 48b , 3x4 , 2x6 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 3 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Suresh Raina 78 * ( 39b , 11x4 , 3x6 ) Chris Gayle 1 / 35 ( 3 overs ) Chennai won by 9 wickets M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Sanjay Hazare and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Ravichandran Ashwin Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and chose to bat first . 14 April Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 130 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 132 / 5 ( 15.4 overs ) Abhishek Raut 32 * ( 20b , 3x4 , 1x6 ) Pankaj Singh 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Kevin Pietersen 62 ( 29b , 10x4 , 2x6 ) Siddharth Trivedi 2 / 32 ( 3.4 overs ) Bangalore won by 5 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Billy Doctrove and S. Ravi Player of the match : Kevin Pietersen Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat first 15 April Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 112 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 113 / 4 ( 18.4 overs ) Subramaniam Badrinath 30 ( 29b , 2x4 , 0x6 ) Ashish Nehra 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 57 * ( 56b , 5x4 , 0x6 ) Doug Bollinger 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Delhi won by 6 wickets M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena and Sanjay Hazare Player of the match : Gautam Gambhir Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat first 16 April Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 174 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 178 / 5 ( 19.1 overs ) Mahela Jayawardene 93 * ( 62b , 13x4 , 2x6 ) Ryan Harris 1 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 68 * ( 38b , 6x4 , 3x6 ) Piyush Chawla 1 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 5 wickets HPCA Cricket Stadium , Dharamsala Umpires : Amiesh Saheba and Marais Erasmus Player of the match : Rohit Sharma Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to field 17 April Scorecard Mumbai Indians 191 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 134 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Jean - Paul Duminy 42 * ( 19b , 3x4 , 3x6 ) Jacques Kallis 2 / 41 ( 4 overs ) Virat Kohli 37 ( 24b , 4x4 , 1x6 ) Kieron Pollard 3 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 57 runs M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Ryan McLaren Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bowl first 17 April Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 132 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 133 / 2 ( 16.1 overs ) Shane Watson 44 ( 26b , 7x4 , 1x6 ) Jaydev Unadkat 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Sourav Ganguly 75 * ( 50b , 11x4 , 2x6 ) Kamran Khan 2 / 13 ( 2 overs ) Kolkata won by 8 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Brian Jerling and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Jaydev Unadkat Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat 18 April Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 192 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 195 / 4 ( 19.4 overs ) Shaun Marsh 88 * ( 57b , 8x4 , 5x6 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 1 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Mahendra Singh Dhoni 54 * ( 29b , 5x4 , 2x6 ) Ramesh Powar 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 6 wickets HPCA Cricket Stadium , Dharamsala Umpires : Billy Bowden and Amiesh Saheba Player of the match : Mahendra Singh Dhoni Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field 18 April Scorecard Deccan Chargers 145 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 134 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Andrew Symonds 54 ( 30b , 3x4 , 5x6 ) Umesh Yadav 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Paul Collingwood 51 * ( 42b , 1x4 , 3x6 ) Pragyan Ojha 2 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Deccan won by 11 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Andrew Symonds Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat 19 April Scorecard Mumbai Indians 133 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 135 / 1 ( 17.3 overs ) Saurabh Tiwary 46 ( 37b , 4x4 , 1x6 ) Murali Kartik 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Brendon McCullum 57 * ( 56b , 8x4 , 0x6 ) Rajagopal Sathish 1 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Kolkata won by 9 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Brian Jerling and Rudi Koertzen Player of the match : Murali Kartik Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat Knockout stage Semi-final 1 21 April Scorecard Mumbai Indians 184 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 149 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Saurabh Tiwary 52 * ( 31b , 3x4 , 4x6 ) Dale Steyn 2 / 43 ( 4 overs ) Ross Taylor 31 * ( 30b , 1x4 , 1x6 ) Kieron Pollard 3 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai won by 35 runs DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Kieron Pollard Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat Semi-final 2 22 April Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 142 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Deccan Chargers 104 ( 19.2 overs ) Subramaniam Badrinath 37 ( 41b , 3x4 , 1x6 ) Ryan Harris 3 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Andrew Symonds 23 ( 22b , 3x4 , 0x6 ) Doug Bollinger 4 / 13 ( 4 overs ) Chennai won by 38 runs DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Billy Doctrove and Russell Tiffin Player of the match : Doug Bollinger Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat Third place playoff 24 April Scorecard Deccan Chargers 82 ( 18.3 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 86 / 1 ( 13.5 overs ) Anirudh Singh 40 ( 39b , 4x4 , 1x6 ) Anil Kumble 4 / 16 ( 3.3 overs ) Rahul Dravid 35 * ( 30b , 5x4 , 0x6 ) Rahul Sharma 1 / 24 ( 3 overs ) Bangalore won by 9 wickets DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Anil Kumble Deccan Chargers won the toss and elected to bat Final Main article : 2010 Indian Premier League Final Final 25 April Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 168 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 146 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Suresh Raina 57 * ( 35b , 3x4 , 3x6 ) Dilhara Fernando 2 / 13 ( 4 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 48 ( 45b , 7x4 , 0x6 ) Shadab Jakati 2 / 26 ( 3 overs ) Chennai won by 22 runs DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Rudi Koertzen and Simon Taufel Player of the match : Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat Statistics Batting Most runs Player Team Mat Inns Runs Balls SR Ave HS 100 50 4s 6s Sachin Tendulkar Mumbai Indians 15 15 618 466 132.61 47.54 89 * 0 5 86 Jacques Kallis Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 16 16 572 494 115.78 47.66 89 * 0 6 67 9 Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings 16 16 520 364 142.85 47.27 83 * 0 45 22 Sourav Ganguly Kolkata Knight Riders 14 14 493 418 117.95 37.58 88 0 54 13 Murali Vijay Chennai Super Kings 15 15 458 292 156.84 35.23 127 36 26 The leading run scorer of the league phase wears an orange cap when fielding . Full Table on Cricinfo Best batting strike rate Minimum 200 runs Player Team Mat Inns Runs Balls SR Ave HS 100 50 4s 6s Kieron Pollard Mumbai Indians 14 14 273 147 185.71 22.75 45 * 0 0 23 17 Robin Uthappa Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 16 14 374 218 171.55 31.16 68 * 0 21 27 Yusuf Pathan Rajasthan Royals 14 14 333 201 165.67 27.75 100 21 24 Virender Sehwag Delhi Daredevils 14 14 356 218 163.30 25.42 75 0 45 14 Chris Gayle Kolkata Knight Riders 9 9 292 184 158.69 32.44 88 0 30 16 Full Table on Cricinfo Bowling Most wickets Player Team Mat Ov Wkts Econ Ave SR BBI Pragyan Ojha Deccan Chargers 16 58.5 21 7.29 20.42 16.8 3 / 26 Amit Mishra Delhi Daredevils 14 53.0 17 6.84 21.35 18.7 3 / 25 Harbhajan Singh Mumbai Indians 15 53.3 17 7.04 22.17 18.8 3 / 31 Anil Kumble Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 16 63.2 17 6.42 23.94 22.3 4 / 16 Vinay Kumar Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 14 46.1 16 8.57 24.75 17.3 4 / 40 The leading wicket taker of the league phase wears a purple cap when fielding . Full Table on cricinfo Note : Average acts as a tie - breaker if players are level for most wickets . Best economy rate Minimum 25 overs bowled . Player Team Mat Ov Econ Wkts Ave SR BBI Ravichandran Ashwin Chennai Super Kings 12 48.0 6.10 13 22.53 22.1 3 / 16 Anil Kumble Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 16 63.2 6.42 17 23.94 22.3 4 / 16 Murali Kartik Kolkata Knight Riders 10 39.0 6.48 9 28.11 26.0 2 / 20 Dirk Nannes Delhi Daredevils 9 34.1 6.55 7 32.00 29.2 2 / 12 Doug Bollinger Chennai Super Kings 8 31.0 6.67 12 17.25 15.5 4 / 13 Full Economy Table on cricinfo Man of the Match awards Player Team Matches MOM awards Sachin Tendulkar Mumbai Indians 15 Andrew Symonds Deccan Chargers 16 Jacques Kallis Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 16 IPL Awards 2010 Award Player Team Best Batsman Sachin Tendulkar Mumbai Indians Fastest 100 Yusuf Pathan Rajasthan Royals Highest Percentage of Runs Scored in Boundaries Virender Sehwag Delhi Daredevils Best Bowler Pragyan Ojha Deccan Chargers Most Economical Bowler Ravichandran Ashwin Chennai Super Kings Best Fielder Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings Best Catch David Hussey Kolkata Knight Riders Best Captain Sachin Tendulkar Mumbai Indians Best Debut Performance Kieron Pollard Mumbai Indians Most Consistent Performer Jacques Kallis Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 Most Stylish Player Robin Uthappa Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 Most Fan - Friendly Cricketer Adam Gilchrist Deccan Chargers Best Dramatic Performance Harbhajan Singh Mumbai Indians Best Breakthrough Performance 2008 Brendon McCullum Kolkata Knight Riders Best Breakthrough Performance 2009 Anil Kumble Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2009 Best Commentator Ravi Shastri Best Ground M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Best Stadium Experience DY Patil Stadium , Mumbai Cricinfo IPL XI The following players were picked in an IPL XI team by Cricinfo . Jacques Kallis -- Royal Challengers Bangalore Sachin Tendulkar -- Mumbai Indians Suresh Raina -- Chennai Super Kings Ambati Rayudu -- Mumbai Indians Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( captain and wicketkeeper ) -- Chennai Super Kings Robin Uthappa -- Royal Challengers Bangalore Kieron Pollard -- Mumbai Indians Ravichandran Ashwin -- Chennai Super Kings Anil Kumble -- Royal Challengers Bangalore Lasith Malinga -- Mumbai Indians Doug Bollinger -- Chennai Super Kings References Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League 2010 '' . cricketwa . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` IPL attracts two billion viewers '' . sportingo. 16 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IPL matches to be broadcast live on Youtube '' . Cricinfo. 20 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IPL goes 3D '' . Youtube. 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four new venues announced for IPL 's third season '' . Cricinfo. 11 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ IPL semi-finals moved to Mumbai Jump up ^ IPL semis moved from Bangalore to Mumbai after blasts Jump up ^ Former stars -- IPL must go on Jump up ^ `` 66 overseas players in final IPL auction list '' . Cricinfo. 16 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 IPL Auction '' . 19 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Standard Twenty20 Match Playing Conditions '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Standard Twenty20 Match Playing Conditions -- APPENDIX 8 : Procedure for the Super Over '' . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Twenty20 International Match Playing Conditions '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Cap to separate best from the rest '' . The Times of India . 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` After Orange , IPL now introduces Purple Cap '' . The Times of India . 12 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The IPL XI '' . Cricinfo. 26 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . External links Official Website Tournament website on ESPN Cricinfo Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_Indian_Premier_League&oldid=855624520 '' Categories : 2010 Indian Premier League Indian Premier League seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 17 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the most number of matches for mi in the first 10 ipl season
[]
[]
-7076249053384511528
Grey Beard
Grey Beard - wikipedia Grey Beard Jump to : navigation , search Grey Beard Southern Cheyenne leader Personal details 1875 Fort Marion , Florida Cause of death Shot and killed trying to escape Children Prairie Chief Grey Beard ( died 1875 ) was a Southern Cheyenne medicine man and chief . Among the Native American leaders and civilians rounded up at the end of the Red River War to be transported as a prisoner of war to Fort Marion in Florida , he is one of two who died during the incarceration . Frank Baldwin 's charge on Grey Beard 's Band , McClellan 's Creek , TX , Nov. 8 , 1874 He was a leader of the Hotamitaneo ( `` Dog soldier '' ) society of young warriors . He was involved in a skirmish with Edwin Vose Sumner 's troops at the Kansas River in 1857 , and gained recognition among whites in 1867 for battling soldiers under Winfield Scott Hancock and George Armstrong Custer in an attempt to prevent the building of the Kansas Pacific Railroad across tribal lands . He refused to sign the failed Medicine Lodge Treaty , and continued fighting until 1871 , when his people settled on a reservation in Indian Territory . In what is known as the Red River War , he and other chiefs began raiding settlements again in 1874 out of frustration with poaching of buffaloes . After participating in the Second Battle of Adobe Walls , Grey Beard and his followers went into hiding in what is now the Oklahoma Panhandle . In late 1874 , Grey Beard 's band , numbering approximately 500 warriors and family , received two daughters who had been abducted from a family of settlers by Chief Medicine Water , husband of Mochi , on their way to Colorado . The girls were freed after a military surprise attack on his camp on November 8 , 1874 , near present - day McClellan Creek National Grassland , after which his band scattered across the plains and was pursued for two days across 96 miles by 120 soldiers from the United States Cavalry before escaping . Facing starvation , he surrendered to the Darlington Agency within a few months . Because he was one of the ringleaders of the insurrection , Grey Beard was chosen to be among the Native Americans to be taken to Fort Marion , the old Spanish fort near Saint Augustine , Florida . Convinced that he and fellow prisoners were going to be killed by the Americans , he asked his captor , Captain Richard Henry Pratt , to write a letter conveying to his people that they should settle peacefully and cooperate with the United States government . He unsuccessfully attempted suicide by hanging himself during the train convoy . Later , he was shot and killed trying to escape . Grey Beard was survived by at least one son , Prairie Chief , and through him , descendants presently living . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : H. Allen Anderson . `` Grey Beard '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Jump up ^ `` Rescue of the German Sisters from Grey Beard of the Cheyenne '' . Winners of the West . 1936 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gray County Creeks , Lakes , and Rivers '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Jump up ^ Deadly Days in Kansas By Wayne C. Lee p. 59 - 61 Jump up ^ New York Times , Feb. 27 , 1875 ; Surrender of an Indian Tribe : ... Jump up ^ H. Allen Anderson . `` Pratt , Richard Henry '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Jump up ^ Garland R. Lively ( 2009 ) . `` General Phillip Sheridan 's Southern Plains Campaign of 1874 - 1875 '' . Jump up ^ R.H. Pratt ( 1875 ) . `` Words from `` Grey Beard '' `` Minimic '' & co. to their people the Cheyennes ( letter ) `` . Jump up ^ Hilton Crowe ( December 1940 ) . `` Indian Prisoner - Students at Fort Marion : The Founding of Carlisle Was Dreamed in St. Augustine '' . the Regional Review ( United States National Park Service ) . Jump up ^ `` Prairie Chief '' . John Sipes Cheyenne Family Files. 2004 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey_Beard&oldid=802933147 '' Categories : Native American leaders Native Americans imprisoned at Fort Marion Gray County , Texas Cheyenne people 1875 deaths Healers Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Year of birth unknown Talk About Wikipedia Frysk Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 11 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is called a grey beard loon and why
[]
[]
-2472016365302582917
An apple a day keeps the doctor away
An apple a day keeps the doctor away - wikipedia An apple a day keeps the doctor away Jump to : navigation , search It is commonly believed that apple consumption has health benefits . `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' is a common English - language proverb of Welsh origin . It espouses the folk - wisdom that apple consumption ( or consumption of fruits and vegetables in general ) has identifiable health benefits . Origin ( edit ) First recorded in the 1860s , the proverb originated in Wales , and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire . The first English version of the saying was `` Eat an apple on going to bed , and you 'll keep the doctor from earning his bread . '' The current phrasing ( `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' ) was first used in print in 1922 . Scientific evaluation ( edit ) A red apple with a heart - shaped bite . A 2011 study found that consumption of apples and pears might prevent strokes . A 2012 study found that apple consumption significantly lowered bad cholesterol levels in middle - aged adults . In 2013 , the BMJ published a study as part of its humorous Christmas issue comparing the effects of prescribing everyone in the UK over age 50 either an apple or a statin a day . The study concluded that both interventions would be similarly effective . A 2015 study looked directly at the relationship between apple consumption and physician visits and found no evidence that the proverb was true . The study did , however , find that people who ate an apple a day did use fewer prescription medications . However , a 2011 study found that adding one ' Golden Delicious ' apple to the daily diet of a small group of overweight men led to higher levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides . The results were attributed to the higher sugar and low - phenolic content of ' Golden Delicious ' apples . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ely , Margaret ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` History behind ' An apple a day ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An apple a day keeps the doctor away '' . Jump up ^ Briggs , A.D.M. ; Mizdrak , A. ; Scarborough , P. ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` A statin a day keeps the doctor away : comparative proverb assessment modelling study '' . BMJ. 347 ( dec17 2 ) : f7267 -- f7267 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. f7267 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew A. ; Bynum , Julie P.W. ; Sirovich , Brenda E. ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Association Between Apple Consumption and Physician Visits '' . JAMA Internal Medicine . 175 ( 5 ) : 777 . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2014.5466 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ James , Wong ( 4 October 2015 ) . `` Gardens : the truth about apples '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_apple_a_day_keeps_the_doctor_away&oldid=809253913 '' Categories : English proverbs Apples Nutrition Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 00 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
essay on proverb an apple a day keeps doctor away
[]
[]
-1606693210405832854
Degrassi: The Next Generation (season 1)
Degrassi : the Next Generation ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Degrassi : the Next Generation ( season 1 ) Degrassi : The Next Generation ( season 1 ) Degrassi : The Next Generation Season 1 DVD Country of origin Canada No. of episodes 15 Release Original network CTV Original release 14 October 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 14 ) -- 3 March 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 03 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Degrassi : The Next Generation episodes The first season of Degrassi : The Next Generation commenced airing in Canada on October 14 , 2001 and concluded on March 3 , 2002 , comprising 15 episodes . Degrassi : The Next Generation is a Canadian serial teen drama television series . The series introduces a group of seventh and eighth grade school children , and follows their lives as they deal with some of the challenges and issues teenagers face such as online predators , body image , dysfunctional families , sex , puberty , rumors , peer pressure , stress , and drug use . The first season was broadcast on the Canadian terrestrial television network CTV , on Sundays at 7 : 00 p.m. It debuted with a one - hour movie of the week special , `` Mother and Child Reunion '' , which form the first two episodes of season one . In the United States , it was broadcast on The N , a digital cable network aimed at teenagers and young adults . The season was released domestically on DVD as a three disc boxed set on 19 October 2004 by Alliance Atlantis Home Entertainment , although it was released to the US market almost a month earlier , on 28 September 2004 . Registered users of the Canadian and US iTunes Stores are also able purchase and download the season for playback on home computers and certain iPods . The reception for Degrassi : The Next Generation 's first season was mixed . It had earned itself 365,000 Canadian viewers aged 18 to 49 , while its accompanying website was attracting 28 million hits per month , but press reviews were not as complimentary . The season picked up nominations at the Directors Guild of Canada Awards , the Gemini Awards and the Young Artist Awards . Contents 1 Cast 2 Crew 3 Reception 4 Episodes 5 DVD release 6 References 7 Notes 8 External links Cast ( edit ) The opening season features thirteen actors in starring roles . Providing ties to the previous series in the Degrassi universe , Stefan Brogren was hired to play his old character Archie `` Snake '' Simpson ( 12 episodes ) , who is now working at the school as the Media Immersion teacher . Dan Woods was also hired to reprise his role as Mr. Raditch ( 11 episodes ) , who has been promoted to the school principal . For the new generation of students , the producers kept the same model that had been used during the casting of the previous series , Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High and chose 11 children out of 600 auditionees , hoping to provide a group of characters the target audience of kids and teenagers could relate to , rather than the typical gorgeous actors in their twenties pretending to be teenagers , something that some of the other shows of the same period , such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Dawson 's Creek which were targeting the same audience , were and still are continually doing to this day . The young actors that had been selected were : Sarah Barrable - Tishauer as Liberty Van Zandt ( 12 episodes ) Daniel Clark as Sean Cameron ( 11 episodes ) Lauren Collins as Paige Michalchuk ( 13 episodes ) Ryan Cooley as James Tiberius `` J.T. '' Yorke ( 15 episodes ) Jake Goldsbie as Toby Isaacs ( 15 episodes ) Aubrey Graham as Jimmy Brooks ( 10 episodes ) Shane Kippel as Gavin `` Spinner '' Mason ( 12 episodes ) Miriam McDonald as Emma Nelson ( 15 episodes ) Melissa McIntyre as Ashley Kerwin ( 13 episodes ) Christina Schmidt as Terri McGreggor ( 13 episodes ) Cassie Steele as Manuela `` Manny '' Santos ( 15 episodes ) Amanda Stepto also reprised her Degrassi character Christine `` Spike '' Nelson in a recurring role while former Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High actors Danah Jean Brown ( Trish Skye ) , Darrin Brown ( Dwayne Myers ) , Michael Carry ( Simon Dexter ) , Irene Courakos ( Alexa Pappadopoulos ) , Chrissa Erodotou ( Diana Economopoulos ) , Anais Granofsky ( Lucy Fernandez ) , Rebecca Haines ( Kathleen Mead ) , Sara Holmes ( Alison Hunter ) , Neil Hope ( Derek `` Wheels '' Wheeler ) , Kyra Levy ( Maya Goldberg ) , Cathy Keenan ( Liz O'Rourke ) , Pat Mastroianni ( Joey Jeremiah ) , Stacie Mistysyn ( Caitlin Ryan ) , and Siluck Saysanasy ( Yick Yu ) reprised their roles to guest in the first episode . Crew ( edit ) The season was produced by Epitome Pictures and CTV . The executive producers are Epitome Pictures ' CEO and Degrassi : The Next Generation co-creator Linda Schuyler , and her husband , Epitome president Stephen Stohn . Degrassi : The Next Generation co-creator Yan Moore served as the creative consultant and David Lowe was the line producer . Aaron Martin was hired as the story editor and was promoted to senior story editor mid-season . James Hurst then became the story editor . The season 's writers are Tassie Cameron , Myra Fried , James Hurst , Aaron Martin , Yan Moore , and Susin Nielsen . The directors throughout the season are James Allodi , Anthony Browne , Paul Fox , Laurie Lynd , Bruce McDonald , Eleanor Lindo , and Stefan Scaini . Reception ( edit ) Degrassi : The Next Generation received mixed reviews about its first season . Based on the pilot episode , Stephanie McGrath of Canoe.ca 's AllPop acknowledged Miriam McDonald 's portrayal of Emma Nelson as `` stellar acting abilities in a super creepy storyline ... high on tension , low on cheese ( and ) top - notch '' . She criticized the reunion sub-plot , though , saying it was marred by `` wooden , stilted and over-rehearsed acting ; the young actors actually showed up their classic Degrassi counter-parts in the pilot episode . Their acting was solid , believable and age - appropriate ( in a story - line which ) demonstrates that the creative forces behind The Next Generation have n't lost touch with teens yet ... One installment of Degrassi : The Next Generation is worth 20 episodes of Dawson 's Creek '' . Towards the end of the season , the Canadian issue of TV Guide summed up the run as `` Not just Canadian TV - It 's great Canadian TV ! Degrassi offers a gritty look into the lives of real teens complete with acne and bad dye jobs . It has something for everyone because we 've all been there . '' Other critics were less enthusiastic about the season , though . The Seattle Times ' Melanie McFarland was unsure whether the series ' success in Canada would follow when it began airing in the US . `` As popular as ' Degrassi ' was , it was still a mere cult hit in the United States ; the crowd that had access to it initially on PBS might not be able to tune into ( The N ) . Soft - pedaling through the issues might work for today 's family of viewers , but what 's gentle enough for Mom and Dad 's peace of mind might not be enough to hook Junior or the original Degrassi 's older fans '' . She was , however , `` happy ( The N ) chose Degrassi students to navigate teen perils instead of digging up Screech and the gang for another nauseating go - round '' . Tony Atherton of the Ottawa Citizen had mixed feelings of the new incarnation , saying it `` has a cleaner , more polished look , has lost its edge ( and offers ) nothing new to viewers familiar with the groundbreaking preceding series , nor to anyone else who has watched the deluge of teen dramas since '' , adding that because there is `` little ground left to break in teen drama there is a sense of déjà vu with regards to the plots and characters '' . He did , however , praise the show for having `` the same simple narrative told from a kid 's viewpoint , and the same regard for unvarnished reality ( as Degrassi Junior High and Degrassi High , making it ) light years from far - fetched high - school melodramas like Boston Public and Dawson 's Creek ( and for that ) is every bit as good as its beloved predecessor . In fact , in some respects it is even better '' . After watching nearly seventy hours of twenty - one Canadian - produced programs , the Simon Fraser University cited Degrassi : The Next Generation in their report as one of the Canadian television programmes that is `` too Caucasian '' . Despite the mixed reviews and controversy over the storylines , the first season was still watched by 365,000 18 - to 49 - year - old Canadians , making it Canada 's top - rated domestic drama at the time , while its accompanying website was attracting 28 million hits per month . The pilot was nominated for two Directors Guild of Canada Awards , winning in the `` Outstanding Achievement in a Television Series - Children 's '' category , and picked up Gemini Award nominations in the categories for `` Best Photography in a Dramatic Program or Series '' and `` Best Short Dramatic Program '' . Actors Jake Goldsbie and Ryan Cooley were nominated for their portrayals of Toby Isaacs and J.T. Yorke respectively at the Young Artist Awards . Five episodes were given a total of six awards by The National Council on Family Relations at its 34th Annual Awards ceremony . Episodes ( edit ) In the US the series ' broadcaster , The N , aired episode three , `` Family Politics '' , as the series premiere ; `` Mother and Child Reunion '' was held back and aired as the season finale . This caused continuity problems for viewers as the episode depicted Toby being introduced to Manny and Emma for the first time , and was set before the school year began . The final episode of the season , `` Jagged Little Pill '' , was also held back while The N decided whether its subject about ecstasy abuse was too controversial . When an edited version was made available , The N aired it as part of season two . In reruns however , the episodes have aired in the original order intended by the show 's producers . This list is by order of production , as they appear on the DVD . Ashley and Terri was both absent for one episodes each . Liberty and Paige was both absent for two episodes each . Spinner and Mr. Simpson was both absent for three episodes each . Sean and Mr. Raditch was both absent for four episodes each . Jimmy was absent for five episodes . No. in season No. in series Title Original airdate Production code 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 `` Mother and Child Reunion '' 14 October 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 14 ) 101 & 102 Degrassi High 's classes of 1992 and 1993 return for their high school reunion . Spike 's teenage daughter Emma makes plans to finally meet her Internet boyfriend `` Jordan '' in person , even though her friends continue to warn her about the potential dangers of communicating with people over only the Internet . Recently widowed , Joey is unsure if he even wants to go , especially after finding out that his ex-girlfriend Caitlin is bringing her fiancée Keith to the event . Note : First appearances of Cassie Steele as Manuela `` Manny '' Santos , Jake Goldsbie as Tobias `` Toby '' Isaacs , Ryan Cooley as James Tiberius `` JT '' Yorke , Melissa McIntyre as Ashley Kerwin , Christina Schmidt as Terri MacGregor , and Niger Hamer as Jeff Isaacs . `` Family Politics '' 4 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 04 ) 103 Ashley sets her sights on becoming Degrassi 's newest student council president , but her sure win is soon threatened when her stepbrother Toby becomes frustrated by her unchallenged status and convinces his friend J.T. to run against her . Meanwhile , Emma and Manny deal with eighth - grader Spinner 's bullying . Note : First appearances of Lauren Collins as Paige Michalchuk , Shane Kippel as Gavin `` Spinner '' Mason , Drake ( credited as Aubrey Graham ) as Jimmy Brooks , Sarah Barrable - Tishauer as Liberty Van Zandt , Linlyn Lue as Laura Kwan , and Maria Ricossa as Kate Kerwin . `` Eye of the Beholder '' 11 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 11 ) 104 Terri does n't want to attend Degrassi 's first nighttime dance because she thinks she 's too fat for any guy to like her . Spinner likes her , but Paige wants him for herself and , by playing on her insecurities , gets Terri drunk . Meanwhile , Emma is puzzled by the new kid 's behavior and J.T. and Toby skip the dance to look at Internet pornography . Note : This is the 100th episode in the Degrassi franchise . Also , first appearances of Daniel Clark as Sean Cameron , Kris Holden - Reid as Tracker Cameron , and Geoffrey Bowes as Todd MacGregor . 5 5 `` Parents ' Day '' 18 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 18 ) 105 With Parents ' Day fast approaching , Toby tries to convince his divorced parents that the event is canceled in order to avoid an ugly , public spat between them . Meanwhile , Ashley and Paige vie for the attention of Toby 's mom , who happens to be a casting agent . Emma is annoyed by the morning - announcements program , because she thinks it 's biased , and writes an opinionated paper about it . 6 6 `` The Mating Game '' 25 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 25 ) 106 Jimmy and Ashley 's eight - month anniversary comes up but with Paige playing Juliet to Jimmy 's Romeo for their English class assignment , Ashley contemplates having sex with him to keep him interested . Meanwhile , Toby attempts to get closer to Emma when the seventh - graders are given an assignment on endangered animals . Note : First appearance of Michael Kinney as Darryl Armstrong . 7 7 `` Basketball Diaries '' 2 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 02 ) 107 Jimmy wants to make the basketball team , but due to practice , his schoolwork suffers . To get an energy boost , he convinces Spinner to skip a Ritalin pill and give it to him instead . Meanwhile , Liberty is tired of writing Ashley 's video announcement speeches and not getting any credit for it . 8 8 `` Secrets & Lies '' 9 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 09 ) 108 Ashley 's dad is coming home from Europe , and she 's happy , until she finds out he 's gay and cuts him out of her life . Meanwhile , Liberty has the biggest crush on J.T. , but he 's not interested . When he hears about Ashley 's father , he tells Liberty he , too , is a homosexual . Note : First appearance of Andrew Gillies as Robert Kerwin . 9 9 `` Coming of Age '' 16 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 16 ) 109 With his parents working constantly , Jimmy starts to spend all his time at Ashley 's , which leaves her feeling smothered . Meanwhile , Emma learns her mood swings are not just because of stress when she gets her first period . Note : First appearance of Fielding Horan as Oskar . 10 10 `` Rumours and Reputations '' 6 January 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 06 ) 110 Emma accidentally starts a hurtful rumor about Liberty dating Mr. Armstrong , when in fact she is getting extra tutoring with him for her dyscalculia . Meanwhile , Spinner finds a bug in his school lunch , but no one will believe his story . Note : First appearances of Andrea Lewis as Hazel Aden and Maria Vacratsis as Sheila . 11 11 `` Friday Night '' 27 January 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 27 ) 111 Sean asks Emma out on a date , but the night turns into one disaster after another . Meanwhile , when Jimmy and Spinner are given detention by a stressed Ms. Kwan , they vow revenge by pulling pranks on her and soon realize they may have gone too far . 12 12 `` Wannabe '' 3 February 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 03 ) 112 Paige starts a Spirit Squad at school . Manny desperately wants to join , starts to hang out with the `` it crowd , '' and questions her friendship with an unsupportive Emma . Meanwhile , Spinner , Liberty , J.T. , and Toby team up to win a contest . 13 13 `` Cabaret '' 17 February 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 17 ) 113 Ashley writes a song she plans to perform with Terri at the Degrassi Lunchtime Cabaret , but when Terri adds Paige , she grows annoyed when Paige takes control . Meanwhile , Emma performs a interpretive dance to advocate anti-poaching , and when Sean refuses to join , Toby steps up . 14 14 `` Under Pressure '' 24 February 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 24 ) 114 The last thing Sean wants is to repeat seventh grade for a second time but is convinced it will happen . Stressed to a boiling point , Sean releases his frustrations in a violent way . Meanwhile , Spinner attempts to get sick to avoid taking his English exam . Note : Final appearance of Fielding Horan as Oskar . 15 15 `` Jagged Little Pill '' 3 March 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 03 ) 115 Ashley is tired of being a perfectionist and turns her end - of - the - year slumber party into an out - of - control rager . Meanwhile , J.T. brings an ecstasy pill for Toby , Sean , and himself , but when Ashley consumes it , things go from bad to worse . Also , Sean wants to make up with Emma . DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season one was released by FUNimation Entertainment in the U.S. on 28 September 2004 , and by Alliance Atlantis Home Entertainment in Canada on 19 October 2004 after it had completed broadcast on television . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes , bloopers and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The DVD was first released in Australia on May 3 , 2007 by Roadshow Entertainment , without any bonus features . On September 8 , 2010 , the DVD was re-released along with season two by Shock Entertainment with all of the bonus features intact . Season one is currently being released by Umbrella Entertainment . The Complete First Season Set details Special features 15 director 's cut episodes 450 minutes 3 - disc set 1.33 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Degrassi karaoke Degrassi photo album Character descriptions Cast biographies Deleted scenes Oops and bloopers Original television promos Audition tapes Release dates Canada United States Region 4 19 October 2004 28 September 2004 3 May 2007 8 September 2010 ( re-release ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Epitome Pictures . 38894 % 2526s % 253D143441 `` Degrassi : The Next Generation '' Check url = value ( help ) ( Note : Requires iTunes software to access ) . The N. iTunes Store . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Tony ( 2001 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Degrassi High Cast Set To Return This Fall '' . Ottawa Citizen . CanWest . Some of the original teen cast , now in their late 20s , were on hand yesterday to offer advice to the 11 youngsters chosen from among 600 who auditioned for the series of half - hour shows . Jump up ^ McGrath , Stephanie ( 2001 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ' Degrassi 's ' got a whole new student body '' . AllPop . Canadian Online Explorer . Archived from the original on 2002 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 12 . Yan Moore : `` When teens tune in , they 're more likely to see actors who resemble their lab partner than the Holmes , Jacksons , and Van Der Beeks that people Dawson 's Creek . They 're going to see much more real kids . Remember the first season of Dawson 's Creek ? Where they were all saying , ' I may be 15 ' , but in fact they were 18 , 19 , 20 ? But our kids are within a couple years of the characters they 're playing . '' Degrassi is more of a reflection of what it 's like to be a teen than Dawson 's Creek , which have their place and everything , but you know , the kids on Dawson 's Creek speak like they 're PhD students compared to what normal kids speak . '' Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , pp. 46 -- 51 Jump up ^ `` CTV Press Release '' ( Press release ) . CTV. 2001 - 08 - 04 . Archived from the original ( Reprint ) on 2010 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Linda Schuyler ( co-creator , executive producer ) ; Yan Moore ( co-creator ) ; Stephen Stohn ( executive producer ) ( 2004 - 10 - 19 ) . Degrassi : The Next Generation - Season 1 DVD Boxset ( DVD ) . Alliance Atlantis Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ McGrath , Stephanie ( 2001 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ' Degrassi 's ' got a whole new student body '' . AllPop . Canadian Online Explorer . Archived from the original on 2002 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation '' . TV Guide ( Canadian Issue ) . 2002 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( 2002 - 03 - 30 ) . `` ' Degrassi ' back in a new generation '' . The Seattle Times . Jump up ^ Atherton , Tony ( 2001 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Degrassi returns with new , old faces : Unfortunately , the stories are stuck in the old ruts '' . Ottawa Citizen . CanWest . p . A12 . Jump up ^ `` Caucasian TV drama '' . Canadian Press . Simon Fraser University . 2002 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Visible Minorities missing from Cdn TV : Study '' . Canadian Press . CTVglobemedia. 2002 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2002 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Degrassi : The Next Generation '' ( Press release ) . ABC . 2002 - 11 - 01 . Gayle , MacDonald ( 2002 - 10 - 31 ) . `` For a few bucks , we 'll launder your movie for you '' ( Note : Fee required ) . The Globe and Mail . CTVglobemedia . p . R1 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Neihart , Ben ( 2005 - 03 - 20 ) . `` DGrassi Is tha Best Teen TV N da WRLD ! '' . The New York Times . p. 5 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Kevin ( 2001 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Degrassi keeps on growing '' . Calgary Sun . Sun Media . Jump up ^ `` Snap Media 's Syndication Engine tunes viewers in to the web '' ( Press release ) . Canada NewsWire. 2001 - 12 - 06 . In a single month www.degrassi.tv has secured more than 26,000 full registrations and attracted over 28,000,000 hits . Driven by over 2,000,000 unique page impressions a month , users have logged a total of over 145,000 unique sessions per month each lasting an average of more than 18 minutes . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Directors Guild of Canada Awards '' . Directors Guild of Canada . 2002 . Archived from the original ( Flash ) on 2007 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Awards Database History Search '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television . 2007 . Archived from the original ( Search for `` Degrassi '' ) on 2009 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi Wins Big at the 34th Annual Media Awards '' . Epitome Virtual Reality . CTV. 2002 - 09 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Noggin 's New Programming Block ' The N ' Takes on Tween Issues With ' Degrassi : The Next Generation ' '' ( Press release ) . Epitome Virtual Reality. 2002 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Season 2 '' . DegrassiTNGHO.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Aired as separate half - hour episodes in broadcast syndication ^ Jump up to : `` Degrassi : The Next Generation - Season 1 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi : The Next Generation - Season 1 ( Canadian ) '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Degrassi - The Next Generation : Season 1 '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 17 . Notes ( edit ) Ellis , Kathryn ( September 2005 ) . `` Degrassi : Generations - The Official 411 '' . New York , New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 1680 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Book : Seasons of Degrassi : The Next Generation Season 1 episode synopses at CTV Television Network List of Degrassi : The Next Generation episodes at IMDB . Season 1 at TV.com . Degrassi franchise The Kids of Degrassi Street Ida Makes a Movie Degrassi Junior High Degrassi High Characters Joey Jeremiah Caitlin Ryan Episodes Degrassi Talks School 's Out Degrassi : The Next Generation Degrassi Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Episodes `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Accidents Will Happen '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` High Fidelity '' `` Paradise City '' `` The Rest of My Life '' `` My Body Is a Cage '' Films Degrassi Goes Hollywood Degrassi Takes Manhattan See also Characters J.T. Yorke Soundtracks `` I 'm Upset '' Degrassi : Next Class Episodes Season Characters See also Awards and nominations Locations De Grassi Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degrassi:_The_Next_Generation_(season_1)&oldid=848027748 '' Categories : Degrassi : The Next Generation 2001 Canadian television seasons 2002 Canadian television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 09 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
degrassi the next generation season 1 episode 1 cast
[]
[]
8901161078205506079
Planet of the Apes
Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,288,952 $324,620,270 $470,909,222 # 343 # 198 $150 million Total $793,197,282 $1,283,407,873 $2,185,566,577 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 252 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 283 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 268 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( as hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=804924404 '' Categories : Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what was the name of the last planet of the apes movie
[ "\n9\nWar for the Planet of the Apes\n000000002017-07-14-0000July 14, 2017\n" ]
[ "War for the Planet of the Apes" ]
8130115728695112546
City upon a Hill
City upon a hill - wikipedia City upon a hill Jump to : navigation , search For the religious music albums , see City on a Hill ( series ) . `` A City upon a Hill '' is a phrase from the parable of Salt and Light in Jesus 's Sermon on the Mount . In Matthew 5 : 14 , he tells his listeners , `` You are the light of the world . A city that is set on a hill can not be hidden . '' It has become popular with United States politicians . Contents ( hide ) 1 `` A Model of Christian Charity '' 2 Use in United States politics 3 Use in Australian politics 4 See also 5 References `` A Model of Christian charity '' ( edit ) The phrase entered the American lexicon early in its colonial history through the 1630 sermon `` A Model of Christian Charity '' preached by Puritan John Winthrop while still aboard the ship Arbella . Winthrop admonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their new community would be `` as a city upon a hill '' , watched by the world -- which became the ideal that the New England colonists placed upon their hilly capital city of Boston . The Puritans ' community in New England would set an example of communal charity , affection , and unity to the world or , if the Puritans failed to uphold their covenant of God , `` we shall be made a story and a by - word through the world '' of God 's judgment . Winthrop 's sermon is often cited as an early example of American exceptionalism . Use in United States politics ( edit ) In the twentieth century , the image was used a number of times in United States politics . On 9 January 1961 , President - Elect John F. Kennedy returned the phrase to prominence during an address delivered to the General Court of Massachusetts : ... I have been guided by the standard John Winthrop set before his shipmates on the flagship Arbella three hundred and thirty - one years ago , as they , too , faced the task of building a new government on a perilous frontier . `` We must always consider '' , he said , `` that we shall be as a city upon a hill -- the eyes of all people are upon us '' . Today the eyes of all people are truly upon us -- and our governments , in every branch , at every level , national , state and local , must be as a city upon a hill -- constructed and inhabited by men aware of their great trust and their great responsibilities . For we are setting out upon a voyage in 1961 no less hazardous than that undertaken by the Arbella in 1630 . We are committing ourselves to tasks of statecraft no less awesome than that of governing the Massachusetts Bay Colony , beset as it was then by terror without and disorder within . History will not judge our endeavors -- and a government can not be selected -- merely on the basis of color or creed or even party affiliation . Neither will competence and loyalty and stature , while essential to the utmost , suffice in times such as these . For of those to whom much is given , much is required ... President Ronald Reagan referred to the same event and image on the eve of his election in 1980 : I have quoted John Winthrop 's words more than once on the campaign trail this year -- for I believe that Americans in 1980 are every bit as committed to that vision of a shining `` city on a hill , '' as were those long ago settlers ... These visitors to that city on the Potomac do not come as white or black , red or yellow ; they are not Jews or Christians ; conservatives or liberals ; or Democrats or Republicans . They are Americans awed by what has gone before , proud of what for them is still ... a shining city on a hill . and in his January 11 , 1989 , farewell speech to the nation : I 've spoken of the shining city all my political life , but I do n't know if I ever quite communicated what I saw when I said it . But in my mind it was a tall , proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans , wind - swept , God - blessed , and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace ; a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity . And if there had to be city walls , the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here . That 's how I saw it , and see it still . Gary Bauer used the same image during the contest for the Republican nomination in 1999 , and presented himself as a Reagan admirer . He used the phrase three times during his stump speech , borrowing them from Reagan , according to The New York Times . President Reagan 's adopted son Michael Reagan wrote a book entitled The City on a Hill : Fulfilling Ronald Reagan 's Vision for America ( 1997 ) . In 2000 , George W. Bush 's speechwriter Marc A. Thiessen contended in a Weekly Standard article that there are two competing visions of internationalism in the 21st century : the `` ' global multilateralism ' of the Clinton - Gore Democrats '' vs. the `` ' American exceptionalism ' of the Reagan - Bush Republicans '' . In 2004 , President George W. Bush said : Like generations before us , we have a calling from beyond the stars to stand for freedom . This is the everlasting dream of America ... U.S. Senator Barack Obama also made reference to the topic in his commencement address on June 2 , 2006 at the University of Massachusetts Boston : It was right here , in the waters around us , where the American experiment began . As the earliest settlers arrived on the shores of Boston and Salem and Plymouth , they dreamed of building a City upon a Hill . And the world watched , waiting to see if this improbable idea called America would succeed . More than half of you represent the very first member of your family to ever attend college . In the most diverse university in all of New England , I look out at a sea of faces that are African - American and Hispanic - American and Asian - American and Arab - American . I see students that have come here from over 100 different countries , believing like those first settlers that they too could find a home in this City on a Hill -- that they too could find success in this unlikeliest of places . In 2016 , 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney incorporated the idiom into a condemnation of Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign : His domestic policies would lead to recession ; his foreign policies would make America and the world less safe . He has neither the temperament nor the judgment to be president , and his personal qualities would mean that America would cease to be a shining city on a hill . During the 2016 presidential race , Texas Senator Ted Cruz used the phrase during his speech announcing the suspension of his campaign . President Barack Obama also alluded to President Ronald Reagan 's use of the phrase during his speech at the Democratic National Convention the same year , as he proposed a vision of America in contrast to that of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump . In 2017 , former FBI Director James Comey used the phrase in testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee . Use in Australian politics ( edit ) In Australian politics , the similar phrase `` the light on the hill '' was famously used in a 1949 conference speech by then Prime Minister Ben Chifley , and as a consequence this phrase is used to describe the objective of the Australian Labor Party . It has often been referenced by both journalists and political leaders in that context since this time . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : City upon a Hill American civil religion American exceptionalism Empire of Liberty Manifest destiny Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A Model of Christian Charity -- Governor John Winthrop ( 1630 on board the Arbella ) Jump up ^ `` The President - Elect : City Upon a Hill '' . Time . 1961 - 01 - 20 . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Address of President - Elect John F. Kennedy Delivered to a Joint Convention of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts '' . Jump up ^ `` Election Eve Address `` A Vision for America '' `` . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Farewell Address to the Nation '' . reaganlibrary.archives.gov . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Susan ( 8 November 1999 ) . `` The long shot Gary Bauer talks about why he 's running for president '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( 17 August 1999 ) . `` Gary Bauer , No. 4 in Iowa Poll , Casts Himself as Heir to Reagan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Candidates ' Foreign Policies '' . 12 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush : Remarks Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in New York City '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . Jump up ^ `` Obama Speech - University of Massachusetts at Boston Commencement Address '' . obamaspeeches.com . Jump up ^ `` Romney : Trump playing Americans for suckers '' . YouTube.com . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Ryan Teague ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Read Ted Cruz 's Speech on Dropping Out of the Presidential Race '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Full text : President Obama 's DNC speech '' . POLITICO. 27 July 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Full Transcript and Video : James Comey 's Testimony on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_upon_a_Hill&oldid=819955814 '' Categories : 17th - century neologisms 1989 speeches English phrases Biblical phrases Christian terminology Quotations American political philosophy Speeches by Ronald Reagan American exceptionalism Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 06 : 42 . About Wikipedia
who spoke about america being a city on a hill
[]
[]
5114277088247992481
Library binding
Library binding - wikipedia Library binding Library binding can be divided into the two major categories of `` original '' and `` after market '' . The original category is as it says , it was originally bound with the idea that the book would be used in a library setting where the book would receive harder use than those usual trade editions sold to the public . The after market library binding is the method of binding serials , and re-binding paperback or hardcover books , for use within libraries . Library binding increases the durability of books , as well as making the materials easier to use . The stiffening process is a low - cost , in - house alternative to library binding of paperbacks . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Methods and materials 3 After market library binders 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Inline citations 5.2 General references 6 External links Purpose ( edit ) Library binding is a way to increase the life of books and periodicals used in libraries . This is done by sewing the pages in place and by reinforcing the spine for each volume . The goal of library binding is long - term preservation . However , library bound books also benefit library patrons by ensuring that the volume in hand is complete , opened with ease , and easy to photocopy . In addition , many libraries re-bind damaged books in library bindings regardless of whether they were originally paperback or hardcover . Methods and materials ( edit ) The buckram used to cover library bound books comes in a variety of colors . Most library binders use a method of bookbinding called oversewing to secure the volumes . Oversewing involves cutting or milling off the spines of the volumes , creating a block of loose pages . Then the loose sheets are combined into small units or signatures , which are secured with overlock stitching . The separate signatures then get sewn together , creating a single book block . Often a piece of linen is glued to the book block spine for further support . The spine of the volume sometimes is rounded and backed to keep the spine from caving in . But if the paper of the volume is too fragile , or the book block is too thick , the spine is left flat . The book block is placed in a sturdy cover or case , with special paper covering the inside covers ( Boardway 1993 ) . The most common cloth used by library binders to cover the boards of the book is buckram coated with acrylic . Acrylic coatings are generally resistant to water , mold , insects , and ultra-violet light . The buckram used is a 100 % cotton , bulky fabric designed to withstand wear and tear ( Jones 1993 ) . Smaller books may be bound in c - cloth , a lighter weight cloth that may or may not have an acrylic coating . The information about the volume ( such as title and call number ) is hot - stamped onto the spine . Bound serials are typically all bound in the same color of buckram , in order to indicate the relationship of the volumes . After market library binders ( edit ) Library - bound volumes on wooden bookcases Library binding is done at a commercial library binding company . Sending books to the library binder is a mass production process . The library will gather and set aside their volumes which they want library bound , and then box and ship these books to a library binding company . The binding company handles each volume one at a time , and then places all the items from the shipment back into boxes and sends them back to the library . Commercial library binding factories were first established in America and England in the early twentieth century . Since then , there have emerged several prominent library binding companies ( including Dague Bookbindery , Ocker & Trapp , or Wert Bookbinders ) . Although they are commercial enterprises , library binders act as partners to the library world . The operations they perform on books and serials help extend the life of these materials , making them more accessible to library users . The goal should always be to do as little damage to the volume as possible . A volume should not be sent to a commercial library binder if the papers in the volume are brittle , if the volume appears to have value as an artifact , if the item can be repaired or treated in - house , or if the item needs preparatory conservation treatment . Library binders and libraries agree on the conditions of the services provided and the prices charged , and then sign a contract confirming these . The library binder insures against the loss of volumes and corrects any mistakes ( such as the wrong color buckram cloth , or the incorrect title stamped on the spine ) . The Library Binding Institute is the main source of information and standards on library binding . In conjunction with the National Information Standards Organization , the Library Binding Institute has published standards of library binding that should be used by all binding companies . These include technical specifications ( for the different methods of library binding ) and material specifications ( for the materials used in library binding ) . See also ( edit ) Bookbinding Prebound Preservation ( library and archival science ) References ( edit ) Inline citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ State of Connecticut Binding Contract 1993 Jump up ^ Larson , Kent H. `` Welcome To BMI '' . Book Manufacturers ' Institute ( BMI ) . Ormond Beach , Florida . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . General references ( edit ) Boardway , David , et al. `` Commercial Library Binding '' . Preservation Planning Program : Managing a Library Binding Program . Jan Merrill - Oldham ( ed ) . Association of Research Libraries : Washington , D.C. , 1993 . Jones , Lynn . `` Report on the Manufacture of Book Cloth and Buckram '' . Preservation Planning Program : Managing a Library Binding Program . Jan Merrill - Oldham ( ed ) . Association of Research Libraries : Washington , D.C. , 1993 . `` State of Connecticut Binding Contract as Applied to the University of Connecticut Libraries at Storrs , Effective September 1993 '' , in : Preservation Planning Program : Managing a Library Binding Program . Jan Merrill - Oldham ( ed . ) . Association of Research Libraries : Washington , D.C. , 1993 . External links ( edit ) `` Conservation Procedures : 7.1 Guidelines for Library Binding '' . Northeast Document Conservation Center . `` Library Bindings '' . International Online Booksellers Association . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_binding&oldid=814928049 '' Categories : Bookbinding Library science Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 18 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does turtleback school library binding edition mean
[]
[]
584950737435545146
Sensory neuron
Sensory neuron - wikipedia Sensory neuron Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four types of sensory neuron Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons are neurons that convert a specific type of stimulus , via their receptors , into action potentials or graded potentials . This process is called sensory transduction . The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord . This sensory information travels along afferent nerve fibers in an afferent or sensory nerve , to the brain via the spinal cord . The stimulus can come from extoreceptors outside the body , for example light and sound , or from interoreceptors inside the body , for example blood pressure or the sense of body position . Different types of sensory neurons have different sensory receptors that respond to different kinds of stimuli . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types and function 1.1 External 1.1. 1 Smell 1.1. 2 Taste 1.1. 3 Vision 1.1. 4 Auditory 1.1. 5 Temperature 1.1. 6 Mechanoreceptors 1.2 Internal 1.2. 1 Blood 1.2. 2 Nociceptors 2 Connection with the central nervous system 3 Classification 3.1 Adequate stimulus 3.2 Location 3.3 Morphology 3.4 Rate of adaptation 4 Drugs 5 Neuroplasticity 6 Other animals 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Types and function ( edit ) External ( edit ) Smell ( edit ) The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory receptor neurons . These receptor neurons contain receptors , called olfactory receptors , that are activated by the odor molecules in the air . The perception of these odor molecules is called a scent . Taste ( edit ) Similarly to olfactory receptor neurons , taste receptors ( gustatory receptors ) in taste buds interact with chemicals in food to produce an action potential . Vision ( edit ) Photoreceptor cells are capable of phototransduction , a process which converts light ( electromagnetic radiation ) into electrical signals . These signals are refined and controlled by the interactions with other types of neurons in the retina . The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are photoreceptor cells , bipolar cells , ganglion cells , horizontal cells , and amacrine cells . The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three - neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor ( either a rod or cone ) , bipolar cell , and the ganglion cell . The first action potential occurs in the retinal ganglion cell . This pathway is the most direct way for transmitting visual information to the brain . There are three primary types of photoreceptors : Cones are photoreceptors that respond significantly to color . In humans the three different types of cones correspond with a primary response to short wavelength ( blue ) , medium wavelength ( green ) , and long wavelength ( yellow / red ) . Rods are photoreceptors that are very sensitive to the intensity of light , allowing for vision in dim lighting . The concentrations and ratio of rods to cones is strongly correlated with whether an animal is diurnal or nocturnal . In humans , rods outnumber cones by approximately 20 : 1 , while in nocturnal animals , such as the tawny owl , the ratio is closer to 1000 : 1 . Retinal ganglion cells are involved in the sympathetic response . Of the ~ 1.3 million ganglion cells present in the retina , 1 - 2 % are believed to be photosensitive . Problems and decay of sensory neurons associated with vision lead to disorders such as : Macular degeneration -- degeneration of the central visual field due to either cellular debris or blood vessels accumulating between the retina and the choroid , thereby disturbing and / or destroying the complex interplay of neurons that are present there . Glaucoma -- loss of retinal ganglion cells which causes some loss of vision to blindness . Diabetic retinopathy -- poor blood sugar control due to diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina . Auditory ( edit ) The auditory system is responsible for converting pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules or sound into signals that can be interpreted by the brain . This mechanoelectrical transduction is mediated with hair cells within the ear . Depending on the movement , the hair cell can either hyperpolarize or depolarize . When the movement is towards the tallest stereocilia , the K cation channels open allowing K to flow into cell and the resulting depolarization causes the Ca channels to open , thus releasing its neurotransmitter into the afferent auditory nerve . There are two types of hair cells : inner and outer . The inner hair cells are the sensory receptors . Problems with sensory neurons associated with the auditory system leads to disorders such as : Auditory processing disorder -- Auditory information in the brain is processed in an abnormal way . Patients with auditory processing disorder can usually gain the information normally , but their brain can not process it properly , leading to hearing disability . Auditory verbal agnosia -- Comprehension of speech is lost but hearing , speaking , reading , and writing ability is retained . This is caused by damage to the posterior superior temporal lobes , again not allowing the brain to process auditory input correctly . Temperature ( edit ) Thermoreceptors are sensory receptors , which respond to varying temperatures . While the mechanisms through which these receptors operate is unclear , recent discoveries have shown that mammals have at least two distinct types of thermoreceptors . The bulboid corpuscle , is a cutaneous receptor a cold - sensitive receptor , that detects cold temperatures . The other type is a warmth - sensitive receptor . Mechanoreceptors ( edit ) Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors which respond to mechanical forces , such as pressure or distortion . Specialized sensory receptor cells called mechanoreceptors often encapsulate afferent fibers to help tune the afferent fibers to the different types of somatic stimulation . Mechanoreceptors also help lower thresholds for action potential generation in afferent fibers and thus make them more likely to fire in the presence of sensory stimulation . Some types of mechanoreceptors fire action potentials when their membranes are physically stretched . Proprioceptors are another type of mechanoreceptors which literally means `` receptors for self '' . These receptors provide spatial information about limbs and other body parts . Nociceptors are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes . The burning pain and irritation experienced after eating a chili pepper ( due to its main ingredient , capsaicin ) , the cold sensation experienced after ingesting a chemical such as menthol or icillin , as well as the common sensation of pain are all a result of neurons with these receptors . Problems with mechanoreceptors lead to disorders such as : Neuropathic pain - a severe pain condition resulting from a damaged sensory nerve Hyperalgesia - an increased sensitivity to pain caused by sensory ion channel , TRPM8 , which is typically responds to temperatures between 23 and 26 degrees , and provides the cooling sensation associated with menthol and icillin Phantom limb syndrome - a sensory system disorder where pain or movement is experienced in a limb that does not exist Internal ( edit ) Internal receptors that respond to changes inside the body are known as interoceptors . Blood ( edit ) The aortic bodies and carotid bodies contain clusters of glomus cells -- peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in chemical properties in the blood such as oxygen concentration . These receptors are polymodal responding to a number of different stimuli . Nociceptors ( edit ) Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain . This process , called nociception , usually causes the perception of pain . They are found in internal organs as well as on the surface of the body . Nociceptors detect different kinds of damaging stimuli or actual damage . Those that only respond when tissues are damaged are known as `` sleeping '' or `` silent '' nociceptors . Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures . Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation . Chemical nociceptors respond to a wide variety of chemicals , some of which are signs of tissue damage . They are involved in the detection of some spices in food . Connection with the central nervous system ( edit ) Information coming from the sensory neurons in the head enters the central nervous system ( CNS ) through cranial nerves . Information from the sensory neurons below the head enters the spinal cord and passes towards the brain through the 31 spinal nerve s . The sensory information traveling through the spinal cord follows well - defined pathways . The nervous system codes the differences among the sensations in terms of which cells are active . Classification ( edit ) Adequate stimulus ( edit ) A sensory receptor 's adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality for which it possesses the adequate sensory transduction apparatus . Adequate stimulus can be used to classify sensory receptors : Baroreceptors respond to pressure in blood vessels Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli Electromagnetic radiation receptors respond to electromagnetic radiation Infrared receptors respond to infrared radiation Photoreceptors respond to visible light Ultraviolet receptors respond to ultraviolet radiation Electroreceptors respond to electric fields Ampullae of Lorenzini respond to electric fields , salinity , and to temperature , but function primarily as electroreceptors Hydroreceptors respond to changes in humidity Magnetoreceptors respond to magnetic fields Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stress or mechanical strain Nociceptors respond to damage , or threat of damage , to body tissues , leading ( often but not always ) to pain perception Osmoreceptors respond to the osmolarity of fluids ( such as in the hypothalamus ) Proprioceptors provide the sense of position Thermoreceptors respond to temperature , either heat , cold or both Location ( edit ) Sensory receptors can be classified by location : Cutaneous receptors are sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis . Muscle spindles contain mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles . Morphology ( edit ) Somatic sensory receptors near the surface of the skin can usually be divided into two groups based on morphology : Free nerve endings characterize the nociceptors and thermoreceptors and are called thus because the terminal branches of the neuron are unmyelinated and spread throughout the dermis and epidermis . Encapsulated receptors consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors . Encapsulation exists for specialized functioning . Rate of adaptation ( edit ) A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus . In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus . Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level . Examples of such tonic receptors are pain receptors , joint capsule , and muscle spindle . A phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus . The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops . It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus ; instead some of them convey information on rapid changes in stimulus intensity and rate . An example of a phasic receptor is the Pacinian corpuscle . Drugs ( edit ) There are many drugs currently on the market that are used to manipulate or treat sensory system disorders . For instance , Gabapentin is a drug that is used to treat neuropathic pain by interacting with one of the voltage - dependent calcium channels present on non-receptive neurons . Some drugs may be used to combat other health problems , but can have unintended side effects on the sensory system . Ototoxic drugs are drugs which affect the cochlea through the use of a toxin like aminoglycoside antibiotics , which poison hair cells . Through the use of these toxins , the K+ pumping hair cells cease their function . Thus , the energy generated by the endocochlear potential which drives the auditory signal transduction process is lost , leading to hearing loss . Neuroplasticity ( edit ) Ever since scientists observed cortical remapping in the brain of Taub 's Silver Spring monkeys , there has been a lot of research into sensory system plasticity . Huge strides have been made in treating disorders of the sensory system . Techniques such as constraint - induced movement therapy developed by Taub have helped patients with paralyzed limbs regain use of their limbs by forcing the sensory system to grow new neural pathways . Phantom limb syndrome is a sensory system disorder in which amputees perceive that their amputated limb still exists and they may still be experiencing pain in it . The mirror box developed by V.S. Ramachandran , has enabled patients with phantom limb syndrome to relieve the perception of paralyzed or painful phantom limbs . It is a simple device which uses a mirror in a box to create an illusion in which the sensory system perceives that it is seeing two hands instead of one , therefore allowing the sensory system to control the `` phantom limb '' . By doing this , the sensory system can gradually get acclimated to the amputated limb , and thus alleviate this syndrome . Other animals ( edit ) Hydrodynamic reception is a form of mechanoreception used in a range of animal species . Additional images ( edit ) Illustration of Tactile Receptors in the Skin Illustration of Lamellated Corpuscle Illustration of Ruffini Corpuscle Illustration of Skin Merkel Cell Illustration of Tactile Corpuscle Illustration of Root Hair Plexus Illustration of Free Nerve Endings See also ( edit ) Neuroscience portal Sensory nerves Afferent nerve Pseudounipolar neuron Efferent nerve Neural coding Posterior column Receptive field Sensory system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; Augustine , George ; Fitzpatrick , David ; Hall , William ; LaMantia , Anthony - Samuel ; McNamara , James ; White , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience ( 4 ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc. p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0878936977 . ^ Jump up to : `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foster , R.G. ; Provencio , I. ; Hudson , D. ; Fiske , S. ; Grip , W. ; Menaker , M. ( 1991 ) . `` Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse ( rd / rd ) '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology A 169 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00198171 Jump up ^ de Jong , Paulus T.V.M. ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Age - Related Macular Degeneration '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 355 ( 14 ) : 1474 -- 1485 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 17021323 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra062326 . Jump up ^ Alguire , Patrick ; Dallas , Wilbur ; Willis , John ; Kenneth , Henry ( 1990 ) . `` Chapter 118 Tonometry '' . Clinical methods : the history , physical , and laboratory examinations ( 3 ed . ) . Butterworths . ISBN 040990077X . OCLC 15695765 . Jump up ^ `` NIHSeniorHealth : Diabetic Retinopathy - Causes and Risk Factors '' . nihseniorhealth.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; Augustine , George ; Fitzpatrick , David ; Hall , William ; LaMantia , Anthony - Samuel ; McNamara , James ; White , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience ( 4 ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc . pp. 327 -- 330 . ISBN 978 - 0878936977 . Jump up ^ `` Auditory Processing Disorder ( APD ) '' ( PDF ) . British Society of Audiology APD Special Interest Group MRC Institute of Hearing Research . Jump up ^ Stefanatos , Gerry A. ; Gershkoff , Arthur ; Madigan , Sean ( 2005 - 07 - 01 ) . `` On pure word deafness , temporal processing , and the left hemisphere '' . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS. 11 ( 4 ) : 456 -- 470 ; discussion 455 . ISSN 1355 - 6177 . PMID 16209426 . Jump up ^ Krantz , John . Experiencing Sensation and Perception . Pearson Education , Limited , 2009 . p. 12.3 Jump up ^ Winter , R. , Harrar , V. , Gozdzik , M. , & Harris , L.R. ( 2008 ) . The relative timing of active and passive touch . ( Proceedings Paper ) . Brain Research , 1242 , 54 - 58 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2008.06. 090 Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; Augustine , George ; Fitzpatrick , David ; Hall , William ; LaMantia , Anthony - Samuel ; McNamara , James ; White , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience ( 4 ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc. p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0878936977 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; Augustine , George ; Fitzpatrick , David ; Hall , William ; LaMantia , Anthony - Samuel ; McNamara , James ; White , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience ( 4 ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc . pp. 215 -- 216 . ISBN 978 - 0878936977 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Y ; Lee , C ; Oh , U ( 2005 ) . `` Painful channels in sensory neurons '' . Molecules and Cells. 20 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Halligan , Peter W ; Zeman , Adam ; Berger , Abi ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Phantoms in the brain '' . BMJ : British Medical Journal . 319 ( 7210 ) : 587 -- 588 . ISSN 0959 - 8138 . PMC 1116476 . PMID 10473458 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 319.7210. 587 . Jump up ^ Satir , P. & Christensen , S.T. ( 2008 ) Structure and function of mammalian cilia. in Histochemistry and Cell Biology , Vol 129 : 6 Jump up ^ Sherrington C. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System . Oxford : Oxford University Press ; 1906 . Jump up ^ Kalat , James W. ( 2013 ) . Biological Psychology ( 11th ed . ) . Wadsworth Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1111831004 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Gregory . `` Sensory Systems '' . Clinton Community College . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Cutaneous+receptor ^ Jump up to : mentor.lscf.ucsb.edu/course/fall/eemb157/lecture/Lectures % 2016 , % 2017 % 2018. ppt ^ Jump up to : http://frank.mtsu.edu/~jshardo/bly2010/nervous/receptor.html Archived August 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Priuska , E.M. ; Schacht , J. ( 1997 ) . `` Mechanism and prevention of aminoglycoside ototoxicity : Outer hair cells as targets and tools '' . Ear , Nose , & Throat Journal . 76 : 164 -- 171 . PMID 9086645 . Jump up ^ Schwartz and Begley 2002 , p. 160 ; `` Constraint - Induced Movement Therapy '' , excerpted from `` A Rehab Revolution , '' Stroke Connection Magazine , September / October 2004 . Print . Jump up ^ Blakeslee , Sandra ; Ramachandran , V.S. ( 1998 ) . Phantoms in the brain : probing the mysteries of the human mind . William Morrow & Company , Inc . ISBN 0688152473 . OCLC 43344396 . External links ( edit ) The major classes of somatic sensory receptors ( hide ) Nervous tissue CNS Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Tissue Types Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia Ib or Golgi II or Aβ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sensory_neuron&oldid=802809731 '' Categories : Afferent neurons Human cells Receptor cells Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Norsk nynorsk Română ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where are sensory neurons located in the body
[]
[]
6172787959697018628
Eminent domain
Eminent domain - wikipedia Eminent domain Eminent domain ( United States , Philippines ) , land acquisition ( Singapore ) , compulsory purchase ( United Kingdom , New Zealand , Ireland ) , resumption ( Hong Kong , Uganda ) , resumption / compulsory acquisition ( Australia ) , or expropriation ( France , Italy , Mexico , South Africa , Canada , Brazil , Portugal , Spain , Chile , Denmark , Sweden , Germany ) is the power of a state , provincial , or national government to take private property for public use . However , this power can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities , government subdivisions , or even to private persons or corporations , when they are authorized by the legislature to exercise the functions of public character . In the Anglo - American historical context , property taken could be used only by the government taking the property in question . The most common uses of property taken by eminent domain have been for roads , government buildings and public utilities . However , in the mid-20th century , a new application of eminent domain was pioneered , in which the government could take the property and transfer it to a private third party . This was initially done only to `` blighted '' property , on the principle that such properties had a negative impact upon surrounding property owners , but was later expanded to allow the taking of any private property when the new 3rd party owner could develop the property in such a way as to bring in increased tax revenues to the government . Some jurisdictions require that the taker make an offer to purchase the subject property , before resorting to the use of eminent domain . However , once the property is taken and the judgment is final , the condemnor owns it in fee simple , and may put it to uses other than those specified in the eminent domain action . Takings may be of the subject property in its entirety ( total take ) or in part ( part take ) , either quantitatively or qualitatively ( either partially in fee simple or , commonly , an easement , or any other interest less than the full fee simple title ) . Contents 1 Meaning 2 North America 2.1 United States 2.2 Canada 3 Europe 3.1 France 3.2 England and Wales 3.3 Germany 3.4 Italy 3.5 Spain 3.6 Sweden 4 Australia 5 South America 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 6 Asia 6.1 India 6.2 Pakistan 7 Other countries 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Meaning ( edit ) The term `` eminent domain '' was taken from the legal treatise De jure belli ac pacis ( On the Law of War and Peace ) , written by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius in 1625 , which used the term dominium eminens ( Latin for supreme lordship ) and described the power as follows : ... The property of subjects is under the eminent domain of the state , so that the state or those who act for it may use and even alienate and destroy such property , not only in the case of extreme necessity , in which even private persons have a right over the property of others , but for ends of public utility , to which ends those who founded civil society must be supposed to have intended that private ends should give way . But , when this is done , the state is bound to make good the loss to those who lose their property . The exercise of eminent domain is not limited to real property . Condemnors may also take personal property , even intangible property such as contract rights , patents , trade secrets , and copyrights . Even the taking of a professional sports team 's franchise has been held by the California Supreme Court to be within the purview of the `` public use '' constitutional limitation , although eventually , that taking ( of the Oakland Raiders ' NFL franchise ) was not permitted because it was deemed to violate the interstate commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution . A taking of property must be accompanied by payment of `` just compensation '' to the ( former ) owner . In theory , this is supposed to put the owner in the same position `` pecuniarily '' that he would have been in had his property not been taken . But in practice courts have limited compensation to the property 's fair market value , considering its highest and best use . But though rarely granted , this is not the exclusive measure of compensation ; see Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States ( business losses in temporary takings ) and United States v. Pewee Coal Co. ( operating losses caused by government operations of a mine seized during World War II ) . In most takings owners are not compensated for a variety of incidental losses caused by the taking of their property that , though incurred and readily demonstrable in other cases , are deemed by the courts to be noncompensable in eminent domain . The same is true of attorneys ' and appraisers fees . But as a matter of legislative grace rather than constitutional requirement some of these losses ( e.g. , business goodwill ) have been made compensable by state legislative enactments , and may be partially covered by provisions of the federal Uniform Relocation Assistance Act . North america ( edit ) United states ( edit ) Main article : Eminent domain in the United States Most states use the term eminent domain , but some U.S. states use the term appropriation ( New York ) or expropriation ( Louisiana ) as synonyms for the exercise of eminent domain powers . The term condemnation is used to describe the formal act of exercising this power to transfer title or some lesser interest in the subject property . The constitutionally required `` just compensation '' in partial takings is usually measured by fair market value of the part taken , plus severance damages ( the diminution in value of the property retained by the owner ( remainder ) when only a part of the subject property is taken ) . Where a partial taking provides economic benefits specific to the remainder , those must be deducted , typically from severance damages . The former owners of the property rarely receive full market value because some elements of value are deemed noncompensable in eminent domain law . The practice of condemnation came to the American colonies with the common law . When it came time to draft the United States Constitution , differing views on eminent domain were voiced . The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution requires that the taking be for a `` public use '' and mandates payment of `` just compensation '' to the owner . In federal law , Congress may take private property directly ( without recourse to the courts ) by passing an Act transferring title of the subject property directly to the government . In such cases , the property owner seeking compensation must sue the United States for compensation in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims . The legislature may also delegate the power to private entities like public utilities or railroads , and even to individuals . The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently deferred to the right of states to make their own determinations of `` public use '' . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , expropriation is governed by federal or provincial statutes . Under these statutory regimes , public authorities have the right to acquire private property for public purposes , so long as the acquisition is approved by the appropriate government body . Once a property is taken , an owner is entitled to `` be made whole '' by compensation for : the market value of the expropriated property , injurious affection to the remainder of the property ( if any ) , disturbance damages , business loss , and special difficulty relocating . Owners can advance claims for compensation above that initially provided by the expropriating authority by bringing a claim before the court or an administrative body appointed by the governing legislation . Europe ( edit ) In many European nations , the European Convention on Human Rights provides protection from an appropriation of private property by the state . Article 8 of the Convention provides that `` Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life , his home , and his correspondence '' and prohibits interference with this right by the state , unless the interference is in accordance with law and necessary in the interests of national security , public safety , economic well - being of the country , prevention of disorder or crime , protection of health or morals , or protection of the rights and freedoms of others . This right is expanded by Article 1 of the First Protocol to the Convention , which states that `` Every natural person or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions . '' Again , this is subject to exceptions where state deprivation of private possessions is in the general or public interest , is in accordance with law , and , in particular , to secure payment of taxes . Settled case - law of ECHR provides that just compensation has to be paid in cases of expropriation . France ( edit ) In France , the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen similarly mandates just and preliminary compensation before expropriation ; and a Déclaration d'utilité publique is commonly required , to demonstrate a public benefit . Notably , in 1945 , by decree of General Charles de Gaulle based on untried accusations of collaboration , the Renault company was expropriated from Louis Renault posthumously and nationalised as Régie Nationale des Usines Renault -- without compensation . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Compulsory purchase in England and Wales After his victory in 1066 , William the Conqueror seized virtually all land in England . Although he maintained absolute power over the land , he granted fiefs to landholders who served as stewards , paying fees and providing military services . During the Hundred Years War in the 14th century , Edward III used the Crown 's right of purveyance for massive expropriations . Chapter 28 of Magna Carta required that immediate cash payment be made for expropriations . As the king 's power was broken down in the ensuing centuries , tenants were regarded as holding ownership rights rather than merely possessory rights over their land . In 1427 , a statute was passed granting commissioners of sewers in Lincolnshire the power to take land without compensation . After the early 16th century , however , Parliamentary takings of land for roads , bridges , etc. generally did require compensation . The common practice was to pay 10 % more than the assessed value . However , as the voting franchise was expanded to include more non-landowners , the bonus was eliminated . In spite of contrary statements found in some American law , in the United Kingdom , compulsory purchase valuation cases were tried to juries well into the 20th century , such as Attorney - General v De Keyser 's Royal Hotel Ltd ( 1919 ) . In England and Wales , and other jurisdictions that follow the principles of English law , the related term compulsory purchase is used . The landowner is compensated with a price agreed or stipulated by an appropriate person . Where agreement on price can not be achieved , the value of the taken land is determined by the Upper Tribunal . The operative law is a patchwork of statutes and case law . The principal Acts are the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 , the Land Compensation Act 1961 , the Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 , the Land Compensation Act 1973 , the Acquisition of Land Act 1981 , part IX of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 , the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 , and the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 . Germany ( edit ) The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany states in its Article 14 ( 3 ) that `` an expropriation is only allowed for the public good '' and just compensation must be made . It also provides for the right to have the amount of the compensation checked by a court . Italy ( edit ) Espropria , `` expropiate '' . Protest graffiti in Turin Esproprio , or more formally espropriazione per pubblica utilità ( literally `` expropriation for public utility '' ) in Italy takes place within the frame of civil law , as an expression of the potere ablatorio ( ablative power ) . The law regulating expropriation is the D.P.R. n. 327 of 2001 , amended by D. Lgs . n. 302 of 2002 ; it supersedes the old expropriation law , the Royal Decree n. 2359 of 1865 . Also other national and regional laws may apply , not always giving a full compensation to the owner . Expropriation can be total ( the whole property is expropriated ) or partial ; permanent or temporary . The article 42 of the Italian Constitution and the article 834 of the Italian Civil Code state that a private good can be expropriated for public utility . Furthermore , the article 2 of the Constitution binds Italian citizens to respect their mandatory duties of political , economical and social solidarity . The implementation of the eminent domain follows two principles : legality : a public institution can exporpriate private goods only in the cases law allowes it and respecting its procedures ( following the article 23 of the Italian Constitution ) ; compensation : ( art . 42 / III ) the State must provide a certain amount of money as compensation , which is determined by the law . According to the Italian Constitutional Court , this compensation is not required to be equal to the market value of the expropriated good , although this sum must not be merely symbolic . Nazionalizzazione ( `` nationalization '' ) , instead , is provided for by article 43 of the Constitution ; it transfers to governmental authority and property a whole industrial sector , if it is deemed to be a natural or de facto monopoly , and an essential service of public utility . The most famous nationalization in Italy was the 1962 nationalization of the electrical power sector . Spain ( edit ) Article 33.3 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 allows forced expropriation ( `` expropiación forzosa '' ) only where justified on the grounds of public utility or social interest and subject to the payment of appropriate compensation as provided for in law . Sweden ( edit ) Expropriation . The right of state or municipality to buy property when it is determined to be of `` particular public interest '' , is regulated in Expropriationslagen ( 1972 : 719 ) . The government purchases the property at an estimated market value plus a 25 % compensation . The law also states that the property owner shall not suffer economic harm because of the expropriation . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Section 51 ( xxxi ) of the Australian Constitution In Australia , section 51 ( xxxi ) of the Australian Constitution permits the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws with respect to `` the acquisition of property on just terms from any State or person for any purpose in respect of which the Parliament has power to make laws . '' This has been construed as meaning that just compensation may not always include monetary or proprietary recompense , rather it is for the court to determine what is just . It may be necessary to imply a need for compensation in the interests of justice , lest the law be invalidated . Property subject to resumption is not restricted to real estate as authority from the Federal Court has extended the states ' power to resume property to any form of physical property . For the purposes of section 51 ( xxxi ) , money is not property that may be compulsorily acquired . ( The following is cited by a dead link ) A statutory right to sue has been considered `` property '' under this section . The Commonwealth must also derive some benefit from the property acquired , that is , the Commonwealth can `` only legislate for the acquisition of Property for particular purposes '' . Accordingly , the power does not extend to allow legislation designed merely to seek to extinguish the previous owner 's title . The states and territories ' powers of resumption on the other hand are not so limited . The section 43 ( 1 ) of the Lands Acquisition Act 1998 ( NT ) grants the Minister the power to acquire land ' for any purpose whatever ' . The High Court of Australia interpreted this provision literally , relieving the Territory government of any public purpose limitation on the power . This finding permitted the Territory government to acquire land subject to Native Title , effectively extinguishing the Native Title interest in the land . Kirby J in dissent , along with a number of commentators , viewed this as a missed opportunity to comment on the exceptional nature of powers of resumption exercised in the absence of a public purpose limitation . The term resumption is a reflection of the fact that , as a matter of Australian law , all land was originally owned by the Crown before it was sold , leased or granted and that , through the act of compulsory acquisition , the Crown is `` resuming '' possession . South america ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Brazil 's expropriation laws are governed by the Presidential Decree No. 3365 of July 21 , 1941 . Chile ( edit ) Art . 19 , No. 24 , of the Chilean Constitution says in part , `` In no case may anyone be deprived of his property , of the assets affected or any of the essential faculties or powers of ownership , except by virtue of a general or a special law which authorizes expropriation for the public benefit or the national interest , duly qualified by the legislator . The expropriated party may protest the legality of the expropriation action before the ordinary courts of justice and shall , at all times , have the right to indemnification for patrimonial harm actually caused , to be fixed by mutual agreement or by a sentence pronounced by said courts in accordance with the law . '' Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Main articles : Land Acquisition in India and The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to ' acquire , hold and dispose of property ' . Article 31 provided that `` No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property had been ' taken possession of or acquired ' for public purposes . In addition , both the state government as well as the union ( federal ) government were empowered to enact laws for the `` acquisition or requisition of property '' ( Schedule VII , Entry 42 , List III ) . It is this provision that has been interpreted as being the source of the state 's ' eminent domain ' powers . The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The 44th amendment act of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights . A new article , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution to provide , `` No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' Thus , if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , it will not be unconstitutional . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by citizens . Land acquisition in India is currently governed by The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 , which came into force from 1 January 2014 . Until 2013 , land acquisition in India was governed by Land Acquisition Act of 1894 . However the new LARR ( amendment ) ordinance 31 December 2014 diluted many clauses of the original act . The liberalisation of the economy and the Government 's initiative to set up special economic zones have led to many protests by farmers and have opened up a debate on the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . Pakistan ( edit ) Under the Land Acquisition Act , 1894 , the government has the power to compulsorily acquire private land at the prevailing market rate for public purposes such as roads , highways , railways , dams , airports , etc . Other countries ( edit ) Many countries recognize eminent domain to a much lesser extent than the English - speaking world or do not recognize it at all . Japan , for instance , has very weak eminent domain powers , as evidenced by the high - profile opposition to the expansion of Narita International Airport , and the disproportionately large amounts of financial inducement given to residents on sites slated for redevelopment in return for their agreement to leave , one well - known recent case being that of Roppongi Hills . There are other countries such as the People 's Republic of China that practice eminent domain whenever it is convenient to make space for new communities and government structures . Singapore practices eminent domain under the Land Acquisitions Act , which allows it to carry out its Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme for urban renewal . The Amendments to the Land Titles Act allowed property to be purchased for purposes of urban renewal against an owner sharing a collective title if the majority of the other owners wish to sell and the minority did not . Thus , eminent domain often invokes concerns of majoritarianism . In the Bahamas , the Acquisition of Land Act operates to permit the acquisition of land where it is deemed likely to be required for a public purpose . The land can be acquired by private agreement or compulsory purchase ( s7 of the Act ) . Under section 24 of the Acquisition of Land Act , the purchaser may purchase the interest of the mortgagee of any land acquired under the Act . To do so , the purchaser must pay the principal sum and interest , together with costs and charges plus 6 months ' additional interest . Since the 1990s , the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe has seized a great deal of land and homes of mainly white farmers in the course of the land reform movement in Zimbabwe . The government argued that such land reform was necessary to redistribute the land to Zimbabweans dispossessed of their lands during colonialism -- these farmers were never compensated for this seizure . See also ( edit ) Angary Confiscation Individual reclamation Land bonds Legal plunder Navigable servitude Public use Water law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eminent Domain '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nowak , John E. ; Rotunda , Ronald D. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Law ( Seventh ed . ) . St. Paul , MN : Thomson West . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 14452 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders ( 1982 ) 32 C3d 60 '' . Online.ceb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New York Code , Public Lands , Art . 2 , Sec. 27 , Appropriations '' . NYSenate.gov . The New York Senate . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Revised Statutes , Title 19 , Expropriation '' . Louisiana State Legislature . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron . `` Eminent Domain '' . ExpertLaw.com . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Eminent Domain : A Remedy for Market Failure or an Effort to Limit Government Power and Government Failure ? '' ( PDF ) . Independent.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Linggi v. Garovotti , 45 Cal. 2d 20 , 286 P. 2d 15 ( 1955 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ See James v. the UK , decision of ECHR dated by 21 February 1986 , para 54 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louis Renault and the shame of a nation '' . London : The Daily Telegraph , Ian Morton . 14 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign News : Was He Murdered ? '' . Time Magazine . Feb 6 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Art . 14 GG '' . Dejure.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` D.P.R. 327 / 2001 '' . Camera.it . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dlgs 302 / 2002 '' . Parlamento.it . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ In other countries ( France , Germany , Great Britain , Germany ) is provided fair compensation according to the free market value both for regular expropriations or for absolutely unlawful occupations : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2003 ) . `` Occupazione acquisitiva : nodo irrisolto nonostante le modifiche al Testo unico '' . Diritto&Giustizia edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Assini , N. - Tescaroli , N. ( 2003 ) . Manuale pratico dell'espropriazione . Padua . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=33&tipo=2 Constitución Española de 1978 Art 33 part 3 Jump up ^ `` Expropriationslag ( 1972 : 719 ) ( ExprL ) '' . Lagen.nu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Andrews v Howell ( 1941 ) 65 CLR 255 '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Australian Constitutional Commission , Final Report of the Constitutionali Commission vol 1 ( Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service , 1988 ) : 600 . ISBN 0 - 644 - 06897 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Griffiths v Minister for Lands , Planning and Environment ( 2008 ) HCA 20 ( 15 May 2008 ) '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reale , Andreana ( 2009 ) . `` Assisted Theft : Compulsory land acquisition for private benefit in Australia and the US '' . Alternative Law Journal . Melbourne : Legal Service Bulletin Co-operative Ltd. 34 ( 3 ) : 147 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Samantha J. Hepburn , Principles of Property Law , 2nd ed . ( Newport , NSW : Cavendish , 2001 ) : 45 - 46 . ISBN 1 - 876905 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` DECRETO - LEI No 3.365 , DE 21 DE JUNHO DE 1941 '' . Presidência da República . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chile '' ( PDF ) . Confinder.richmond.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Amendment ) '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-33 Jump up ^ `` The Land Acquisition , Rehabilation and Resettlement Bill , 2011 -- Full Text of Bill '' . Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Debjani ( 2015 ) . `` The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice , Special Section Artic ... 9 Pages The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 50 ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement ( Amendment ) Ordinance '' ( PDF ) . Prsindia. irg. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Dancaescu , Nick . Note . Land reform in Zimbabwe. 15 Fla . J. Int'l L. 615 ( 2003 ) . External links ( edit ) `` Eminent Domain '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Real estate Property Tertiary sector of the economy By location Bangladesh China Italy Kenya Pakistan Puerto Rico Russia South Korea United Kingdom Types Commercial property Commercial building Corporate Real Estate Extraterrestrial real estate International real estate Lease administration Niche real estate Garden real estate Healthcare real estate Vacation property Arable land Golf property Luxury real estate Off - plan property Private equity real estate Real estate owned Residential property Sectors Property management Real estate development Real estate investing Real estate flipping Relocation Law and regulation Adverse possession Chain of title Closing Concurrent estate Conditional sale Conveyancing Deed Eminent domain Encumbrance Foreclosure Land law Land registration Leasehold estate Lease Property abstract Real estate transaction Real estate contract Real property Rent regulation Severance Torrens title Zoning Economics , financing and valuation Asset - based lending Capitalization rate Effective gross income Gross Rent Multiplier Hard money loan Highest and best use Investment rating for real estate Mortgage insurance Mortgage loan Real estate derivative Real estate economics Real estate bubble Real estate valuation Rental value Parties Appraiser Buyer agent Buyer broker Chartered Surveyor Exclusive buyer agent Land banking Landlord Moving company Property manager Real estate broker Real estate entrepreneur Real estate investment club Real estate investment trust Real property administrator Other Companies Eviction Gentrification Graduate real estate education Green belt Indices Industry trade groups Land banking People Property cycle Real estate trends Undergraduate real estate programs Urban decay Urban planning Commons List of topics Real estate developments Commercial Airport Business park Commercial area Mixed - use development Office building Port inland Retail park Riverfront Shopping mall / center Shopping streets and districts Warehouse District Industrial Business cluster Industrial district Industrial park Technology centers Residential Bungalow court City block Company town Golf course community Gated community Housing estate Intentional community Mixed - use development Model dwellings for the poor Multi-family residential Private community Public housing Residential area Retirement community Revenue house Single room occupancy Subdivision Tract housing Science / Education Campus Research park Satellite campus Science park Municipal Arcology Civic center Garden city movement Model village Planned cities Planned community Urban open space parks Buildings Apartment House types Skyscraper Tower block Villa Miscellaneous Brownfield land Cemetery Cluster development Construction Context theory Eminent domain Greenfield land Greyfield land Land - use planning Park Parking Playground Redevelopment Regional planning Urban design Urban planning Zoning Property By owner Communal land Marital property ( USA ) Cooperative Estate in land Private Public State Crown land By nature Croft Intangible Intellectual indigenous Personal Tangible immovable real Common resources Common land Common - pool resource Digital Global Information Knowledge Theory Bundle of rights Commodity fictitious commodities Common good ( economics ) Excludability First possession appropriation Homestead principle Free - rider problem Game theory Georgism Gift economy Labor theory of property Law of rent rent - seeking Legal plunder Natural rights Ownership common customary self state Property rights primogeniture usufruct women 's Right to property Rivalry Tragedy of the commons anticommons Applications Acequia ( watercourse ) Ejido ( agrarian land ) Forest types Inheritance Land tenure Property law alienation easement restraint on alienation real estate title Rights Air Fishing Forest - dwelling ( India ) Freedom to roam Grazing pannage Hunting Land aboriginal indigenous squatting Littoral Mineral Bergregal Right of way Water prior - appropriation riparian Disposession / redistribution Bioprospecting Collectivization Eminent domain Enclosure Eviction Expropriation Farhud Forced migration population transfer Illegal fishing Illegal logging Land reform Legal plunder Piracy Poaching Primitive accumulation Privatization Regulatory taking Slavery Bride buying Human trafficking wage wife selling Tax inheritance poll progressive property Theft Scholars ( key work ) Frédéric Bastiat Ronald Coase Henry George Garrett Hardin David Harvey John Locke Two Treatises of Government Karl Marx Marcel Mauss The Gift John Stuart Mill Elinor Ostrom Karl Polanyi The Great Transformation Pierre - Joseph Proudhon What Is Property ? David Ricardo Murray N. Rothbard The Ethics of Liberty Jean - Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Categories : Property Property law by country GND : 4014843 - 9 LCCN : sh85042794 NARA : 10637795 NDL : 00573437 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eminent_domain&oldid=849717716 '' Categories : Eminent domain Legal doctrines and principles Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 21 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the condemnation of private property for public use is allowed under the state's right of
[ "Eminent domain (United States, Philippines), land acquisition (Singapore), compulsory purchase (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland), resumption (Hong Kong, Uganda), resumption/compulsory acquisition (Australia), or expropriation (France, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, Canada, Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Chile, Denmark, Sweden, Germany) is the power of a state, provincial, or national government to take private property for public use. However, this power can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities, government subdivisions, or even to private persons or corporations, when they are authorized by the legislature to exercise the functions of public character.[1]\n" ]
[ "Eminent domain" ]
6653140160195306166
Oregon Trail
Oregon trail - wikipedia Oregon trail This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oregon Trail ( disambiguation ) . The Oregon Trail The route of the Oregon Trail shown on a map of the western United States from Independence , Missouri ( on the eastern end ) to Oregon City , Oregon ( on the western end ) Map from The Ox Team , or the Old Oregon Trail 1852 -- 1906 , by Ezra Meeker Location Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , Oregon Established 1830s by mountain men of fur trade , widely publicized by 1843 Governing body National Park Service Website Oregon National Historic Trail The Oregon Trail is a 2,170 - mile ( 3,490 km ) historic East -- West , large - wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon . The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas , and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming . The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon . The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840 , and was only passable on foot or by horseback . By 1836 , when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence , Missouri , a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall , Idaho . Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west , and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete , even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges , cutoffs , ferries , and roads , which made the trip faster and safer . From various starting points in Iowa , Missouri , or Nebraska Territory , the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains . From the early to mid-1830s ( and particularly through the epoch years , 1846 -- 69 ) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers , farmers , miners , ranchers , and business owners and their families . The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail ( from 1843 ) , Mormon Trail ( from 1847 ) , and Bozeman Trail ( from 1863 ) , before turning off to their separate destinations . Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , making the trip west substantially faster , cheaper , and safer . Today , modern highways , such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84 , follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Lewis and Clark Expedition 1.2 Pacific Fur Company 1.3 The North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company 1.4 Great American Desert 1.5 Fur traders , trappers and explorers 1.6 Missionaries 1.7 Early emigrants 1.8 Great Migration of 1843 1.9 Oregon Country 1.10 Women on the Overland Trail 1.11 Mormon emigration 1.12 California Gold Rush 1.13 Later emigration and uses of the trail 1.14 Trail decline 2 Routes 2.1 Missouri 2.2 Iowa 2.3 Kansas 2.4 Nebraska 2.4. 1 Cholera on the Platte River 2.5 Colorado 2.6 Wyoming 2.7 Utah 2.8 Idaho 2.9 Oregon 3 Travel equipment 3.1 Wagons and pack animals 3.2 Food 3.3 Clothing , equipment and supplies 4 Statistics 4.1 Emigrants 4.2 Western census data 4.3 Costs 4.4 Deaths 5 Other trails west 6 Legacy 6.1 Art , entertainment , and media 6.1. 1 Games 6.1. 2 Music 6.1. 3 Television 6.1. 4 Commemorative Coin 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Oregon Trail Lewis and Clark expedition ( edit ) Main article : Lewis and Clark Expedition In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis : `` The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river , & such principal stream of it , as , by its course & communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean , whether the Columbia , Oregon , Colorado and / or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent , for the purposes of commerce . '' Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean , it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route , the Mullan Road , connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff The first land route across what is now the United States was mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806 . Lewis and Clark initially believed they had found a practical overland route to the west coast ; however , the two passes they found going through the Rocky Mountains , Lemhi Pass and Lolo Pass , turned out to be much too difficult for prairie schooner wagons to pass through without considerable road work . On the return trip in 1806 , they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo pass again . They then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass and on to the head of the Missouri River . This was ultimately a shorter and faster route than the one they followed west . This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot Indians . Even though Lewis and Clark had only traveled a narrow portion of the upper Missouri River drainage and part of the Columbia River drainage , these were considered the two major rivers draining most of the Rocky Mountains , and the expedition confirmed that there was no `` easy '' route through the northern Rocky Mountains as Jefferson had hoped . Nonetheless , this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river valleys ( Platte and Snake Rivers ) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail ( and other emigrant trails ) across the continental divide -- they just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country . They did show the way for the mountain men , who within a decade would find a better way across , even if it was not to be an easy way . Pacific fur Company ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Fur Company Founded by John Jacob Astor as a subsidiary of his American Fur Company ( AFC ) in 1810 , the Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) operated in the Pacific Northwest in the ongoing North American fur trade . Two movements of PFC employees were planned by Astor , one detachment to be sent to the Columbia River by the Tonquin and the other overland under an expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt . Hunt and his party were to find possible supply routes and trapping territories for further fur trading posts . Upon arriving at the river in March 1811 , the Tonquin crew began construction of what became Fort Astoria . The ship left supplies and men to continue work on the station and ventured north up the coast to Clayoquot Sound for a trading expedition . While anchored there , Jonathan Thorn insulted an elder Tla - o - qui - aht who was previously elected by the natives to negotiate a mutually satisfactory price for animal pelts . Soon after , the vessel was attacked and overwhelmed by the indigenous Clayoquot killing most of the crew except its Quinault interpreter , who later told the PFC management at Fort Astoria of the destruction . The next day , the ship was blown up by surviving crew members . Under Hunt , fearing attack by the Niitsitapi , the overland expedition veered south of Lewis and Clark 's route into what is now Wyoming and in the process passed across Union Pass and into Jackson Hole , Wyoming . From there they went over the Teton Range via Teton Pass and then down to the Snake River into modern Idaho . They abandoned their horses at the Snake River , made dugout canoes , and attempted to use the river for transport . After a few days ' travel they soon discovered that steep canyons , waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible . Too far from their horses to retrieve them , they had to cache most of their goods and walk the rest of the way to the Columbia River where they made new boats and traveled to the newly established Fort Astoria . The expedition demonstrated that much of the route along the Snake River plain and across to the Columbia was passable by pack train or with minimal improvements , even wagons . This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape . Pacific Fur Company partner Robert Stuart led a small group of men back east to report to Astor . The group planned to retrace the path followed by the overland expedition back up to the east following the Columbia and Snake rivers . Fear of an Indian attack near Union Pass in Wyoming forced the group further south where they discovered South Pass , a wide and easy pass over the Continental Divide . The party continued east via the Sweetwater River , North Platte River ( where they spent the winter of 1812 -- 13 ) and Platte River to the Missouri River , finally arriving in St. Louis in the spring of 1813 . The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route , requiring minimal improvements , and Stuart 's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route . Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U.S. fur trading posts in the Pacific Northwest , most of the route was unused for more than 10 years . The North west Company and Hudson 's Bay Company ( edit ) See also : North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840 . Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller In August 1811 , three months after Fort Astor was established , David Thompson and his team of British North West Company explorers came floating down the Columbia to Fort Astoria . He had just completed a journey through much of western Canada and most of the Columbia River drainage system . He was mapping the country for possible fur trading posts . Along the way he camped at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers and posted a notice claiming the land for Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort on the site ( Fort Nez Perces was later established there ) . Astor , concerned the British navy would seize their forts and supplies in the War of 1812 , sold to the North West Company in 1812 their forts , supplies and furs on the Columbia and Snake River . The North West Company started establishing more forts and trading posts of its own . By 1821 , when armed hostilities broke out with its Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) rivals , the North West Company was pressured by the British government to merge with the HBC . The HBC had nearly a complete monopoly on trading ( and most governing issues ) in the Columbia District , or Oregon Country as it was referred to by the Americans , and also in Rupert 's Land . That year the British parliament passed a statute applying the laws of Upper Canada to the district and giving the HBC power to enforce those laws . From 1812 to 1840 , the British , through the HBC , had nearly complete control of the Pacific Northwest and the western half of the Oregon Trail . In theory , the Treaty of Ghent , which ended the War of 1812 , restored possession of Oregon territory to the United States . `` Joint occupation '' of the region was formally established by the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The British , through the HBC , tried to discourage any U.S. trappers , traders and settlers from work or settlement in the Pacific Northwest . Breaking up Camp at Sunrise , by Alfred Jacob Miller By overland travel , American missionaries and early settlers ( initially mostly ex-trappers ) started showing up in Oregon around 1824 . Although officially the HBC discouraged settlement because it interfered with its lucrative fur trade , its Chief Factor at Fort Vancouver , John McLoughlin , gave substantial help , including employment , until they could get established . In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon . McLoughlin , despite working for the HBC , gave help in the form of loans , medical care , shelter , clothing , food , supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants . These new emigrants often arrived in Oregon tired , worn out , nearly penniless , with insufficient food or supplies , just as winter was coming on . McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon . The York Factory Express , establishing another route to the Oregon territory , evolved from an earlier express brigade used by the North West Company between Fort Astoria and Fort William , Ontario on Lake Superior . By 1825 the HBC started using two brigades , each setting out from opposite ends of the express route -- one from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River and the other from York Factory on Hudson Bay -- in spring and passing each other in the middle of the continent . This established a `` quick '' -- about 100 days for 2,600 miles ( 4,200 km ) one way -- to resupply its forts and fur trading centers as well as collecting the furs the posts had bought and transmitting messages between Fort Vancouver and York Factory on Hudson Bay . HBC 's York Factory Express trade route , 1820s to 1840s . Modern political boundaries shown . The HBC built a new much larger Fort Vancouver in 1824 slightly upstream of Fort Astoria on the north side of the Columbia River ( they were hoping the Columbia would be the future Canada -- U.S. border ) . The fort quickly became the center of activity in the Pacific Northwest . Every year ships would come from London to the Pacific ( via Cape Horn ) to drop off supplies and trade goods in its trading posts in the Pacific Northwest and pick up the accumulated furs used to pay for these supplies . It was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast ; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands , and from Russian Alaska into Mexican - controlled California . At its pinnacle in about 1840 , Fort Vancouver and its Factor ( manager ) watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , 6 ships , and about 600 employees . When American emigration over the Oregon Trail began in earnest in the early 1840s , for many settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail where they could get supplies , aid and help before starting their homesteads . Fort Vancouver was the main re-supply point for nearly all Oregon trail travelers until U.S. towns could be established . The HBC established Fort Colvile in 1825 on the Columbia River near Kettle Falls as a good site to collect furs and control the upper Columbia River fur trade . Fort Nisqually was built near the present town of DuPont , Washington and was the first HBC fort on Puget Sound . Fort Victoria was erected in 1843 and became the headquarters of operations in British Columbia , eventually growing into modern - day Victoria , the capital city of British Columbia . The Oregon Country / Columbia District stretched from 42'N to 54 40'N . The most heavily disputed portion is highlighted . By 1840 the HBC had three forts : Fort Hall ( purchased from Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth in 1837 ) , Fort Boise and Fort Nez Perce on the western end of the Oregon Trail route as well as Fort Vancouver near its terminus in the Willamette Valley . With minor exceptions they all gave substantial and often desperately needed aid to the early Oregon Trail pioneers . When the fur trade slowed in 1840 because of fashion changes in men 's hats , the value of the Pacific Northwest to the British was seriously diminished . Canada had few potential settlers who were willing to move more than 2,500 miles ( 4,000 km ) to the Pacific Northwest , although several hundred ex-trappers , British and American , and their families did start settling in Oregon , Washington and California . They used most of the York Express route through northern Canada . In 1841 , James Sinclair , on orders from Sir George Simpson , guided nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony ( located at the junction of the Assiniboine River and Red River near present Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ) into the Oregon territory . This attempt at settlement failed when most of the families joined the settlers in the Willamette Valley , with their promise of free land and HBC - free government . In 1846 , the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain . The British lost the land north of the Columbia River they had so long controlled . The new Canada -- United States border was established much further north at the 49th parallel . The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts , clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted , and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria . It gave the United States what it mostly wanted , a `` reasonable '' boundary and a good anchorage on the West Coast in Puget Sound . While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846 , the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory , and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington . Great American desert ( edit ) Trail ruts near Guernsey , Wyoming Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as `` unfit for human habitation '' and as `` The Great American Desert '' . These descriptions were mainly based on the relative lack of timber and surface water . The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like `` desert '' were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of millions of Plains Bison that somehow managed to live in this `` desert '' . In the 1840s , the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846 -- initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Indian settlements . The next available land for general settlement , Oregon , appeared to be free for the taking and had fertile lands , disease free climate ( yellow fever and malaria were prevalent in much of the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage then ) , extensive uncut , unclaimed forests , big rivers , potential seaports , and only a few nominally British settlers . Fur traders , trappers and explorers ( edit ) Fur trappers , often working for fur traders , followed nearly all possible streams looking for beaver in the years ( 1812 -- 40 ) the fur trade was active . Fur traders included Manuel Lisa , Robert Stuart , William Henry Ashley , Jedediah Smith , William Sublette , Andrew Henry , Thomas Fitzpatrick , Kit Carson , Jim Bridger , Peter Skene Ogden , David Thompson , James Douglas , Donald Mackenzie , Alexander Ross , James Sinclair , and other mountain men . Besides discovering and naming many of the rivers and mountains in the Intermountain West and Pacific Northwest , they often kept diaries of their travels and were available as guides and consultants when the trail started to become open for general travel . The fur trade business wound down to a very low level just as the Oregon trail traffic seriously began around 1840 . Our Camp , by Alfred Jacob Miller In fall of 1823 , Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River . They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter . Smith reasoned since the Sweetwater flowed east it must eventually run into the Missouri River . Trying to transport their extensive fur collection down the Sweetwater and North Platte River , they found after a near disastrous canoe crash that the rivers were too swift and rough for water passage . On July 4 , 1824 , they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River . Upon arriving back in a settled area they bought pack horses ( on credit ) and retrieved their furs . They had re-discovered the route that Robert Stuart had taken in 1813 -- eleven years before . Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840 . Jedediah Smith was killed by Indians around 1831 . The exploration of the West by Jedediah Smith Up to 3,000 mountain men were trappers and explorers , employed by various British and United States fur companies or working as free trappers , who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s . They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection . Trapping took place in the fall when the fur became prime . Mountain men primarily trapped beaver and sold the skins . A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man 's wage was often $1 per day . Some were more interested in exploring the West . In 1825 , the first significant American Rendezvous occurred on the Henry 's Fork of the Green River . The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River . These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales . They normally used the north side of the Platte River -- the same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail . For the next 15 years the American rendezvous was an annual event moving to different locations , usually somewhere on the Green River in the future state of Wyoming . Each rendezvous , occurring during the slack summer period , allowed the fur traders to trade for and collect the furs from the trappers and their Indian allies without having the expense of building or maintaining a fort or wintering over in the cold Rockies . In only a few weeks at a rendezvous a year 's worth of trading and celebrating would take place as the traders took their furs and remaining supplies back east for the winter and the trappers faced another fall and winter with new supplies . Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of `` Mirth , songs , dancing , shouting , trading , running , jumping , singing , racing , target - shooting , yarns , frolic , with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent . '' In 1830 , William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte , North Platte , and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney , Wyoming . He had a crew that dug out the gullies and river crossings and cleared the brush where needed . This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons . In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies . The HBC 's annual collection and re-supply Snake River Expedition was transformed to a trading enterprise . Beginning in 1834 , it visited the American Rendezvous to undersell the American traders -- losing money but undercutting the American fur traders . By 1840 the fashion in Europe and Britain shifted away from the formerly very popular beaver felt hats and prices for furs rapidly declined and the trapping almost ceased . Map of the Green River watershed Fur traders tried to use the Platte River , the main route of the eastern Oregon Trail , for transport but soon gave up in frustration as its many channels and islands combined with its muddy waters were too shallow , crooked and unpredictable to use for water transport . The Platte proved to be unnavigable . The Platte River and North Platte River Valley , however , became an easy roadway for wagons , with its nearly flat plain sloping easily up and heading almost due west . There were several U.S. government - sponsored explorers who explored part of the Oregon Trail and wrote extensively about their explorations . Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte , North Platte , Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming . He explored most of Idaho and the Oregon Trail to the Columbia . The account of his explorations in the west was published by Washington Irving in 1838 . ) . John C. Frémont of the U.S. Army 's Corps of Topographical Engineers and his guide Kit Carson led three expeditions from 1842 to 1846 over parts of California and Oregon . His explorations were written up by him and his wife Jessie Benton Frémont and were widely published . The first detailed map of California and Oregon were drawn by Frémont and his topographers and cartographers in about 1848 . Missionaries ( edit ) In 1834 , The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River . In 1836 , Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman traveled west to establish the Whitman Mission near modern - day Walla Walla , Washington . The party included the wives of the two men , Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding , who became the first European - American women to cross the Rocky Mountains . En route , the party accompanied American fur traders going to the 1836 rendezvous on the Green River in Wyoming and then joined Hudson 's Bay Company fur traders traveling west to Fort Nez Perce ( also called Fort Walla Walla ) . The group was the first to travel in wagons all the way to Fort Hall , where the wagons were abandoned at the urging of their guides . They used pack animals for the rest of the trip to Fort Walla Walla and then floated by boat to Fort Vancouver to get supplies before returning to start their missions . Other missionaries , mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains , established missions in the Willamette Valley , as well as various locations in the future states of Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . Early emigrants ( edit ) On May 1 , 1839 , a group of eighteen men from Peoria , Illinois , set out with the intention of colonizing the Oregon country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the HBC operating there . The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail . The men were initially led by Thomas J. Farnham and called themselves the Oregon Dragoons . They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto `` Oregon Or The Grave '' . Although the group split up near Bent 's Fort on the South Platte and Farnham was deposed as leader , nine of their members eventually did reach Oregon . In September 1840 , Robert Newell , Joseph L. Meek , and their families reached Fort Walla Walla with three wagons that they had driven from Fort Hall . Their wagons were the first to reach the Columbia River over land , and they opened the final leg of Oregon Trail to wagon traffic . In 1841 , the Bartleson - Bidwell Party was the first emigrant group credited with using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west . The group set out for California , but about half the party left the original group at Soda Springs , Idaho , and proceeded to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , leaving their wagons at Fort Hall . On May 16 , 1842 , the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove , Missouri , with more than 100 pioneers . The party was led by Elijah White . The group broke up after passing Fort Hall with most of the single men hurrying ahead and the families following later . Great migration of 1843 ( edit ) In what was dubbed `` The Great Migration of 1843 '' or the `` Wagon Train of 1843 '' , an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon . They were led initially by John Gantt , a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person . The winter before , Marcus Whitman had made a brutal mid-winter trip from Oregon to St. Louis to appeal a decision by his mission backers to abandon several of the Oregon missions . He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip . When the pioneers were told at Fort Hall by agents from the Hudson 's Bay Company that they should abandon their wagons there and use pack animals the rest of the way , Whitman disagreed and volunteered to lead the wagons to Oregon . He believed the wagon trains were large enough that they could build whatever road improvements they needed to make the trip with their wagons . The biggest obstacle they faced was in the Blue Mountains of Oregon where they had to cut and clear a trail through heavy timber . The wagons were stopped at The Dalles , Oregon by the lack of a road around Mount Hood . The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt . Hood . Nearly all of the settlers in the 1843 wagon trains arrived in the Willamette Valley by early October . A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles . In 1846 , the Barlow Road was completed around Mount Hood , providing a rough but completely passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley : about 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) . Oregon country ( edit ) In 1843 , settlers of the Willamette Valley drafted the Organic Laws of Oregon organizing land claims within the Oregon Country . Married couples were granted at no cost ( except for the requirement to work and improve the land ) up to 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) ( a section or square mile ) , and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . As the group was a provisional government with no authority , these claims were not valid under United States or British law , but they were eventually honored by the United States in the Donation Land Act of 1850 . The Donation Land Act provided for married settlers to be granted 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) and unmarried settlers 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) . Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) with a limit of 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) -- the same as most other unimproved government land . Women on the Overland trail ( edit ) Consensus interpretations , as found in John Faragher 's book , Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 1979 ) , held that men and women 's power within marriage was uneven . This meant that women did not experience the trail as liberating , but instead only found harder work than they had handled back east . However , feminist scholarship , by historians such as Lillian Schlissel , Sandra Myres , and Glenda Riley , suggests men and women did not view the West and western migration in the same way . Whereas men might deem the dangers of the trail acceptable if there was a strong economic reward at the end , women viewed those dangers as threatening to the stability and survival of the family . Once they arrived at their new western home , women 's public role in building western communities and participating in the western economy gave them a greater authority than they had known back East . There was a `` female frontier '' that was distinct and different from that experienced by men . Women 's diaries kept during their travels or the letters they wrote home once they arrived at their destination supports these contentions . Women wrote with sadness and concern of the numerous deaths along the trail . Anna Maria King wrote to her family in 1845 about her trip to the Luckiamute Valley Oregon and of the multiple deaths experienced by her traveling group : `` But listen to the deaths : Sally Chambers , John King and his wife , their little daughter Electa and their babe , a son 9 months old , and Dulancy C. Norton 's sister are gone . Mr. A. Fuller lost his wife and daughter Tabitha . Eight of our two families have gone to their long home . '' Similarly , emigrant Martha Gay Masterson , who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13 , mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps . Anna Maria King , like many other women , also advised family and friends back home of the realities of the trip and offered advice on how to prepare for the trip . Women also reacted and responded , often enthusiastically , to the landscape of the West . Betsey Bayley in a letter to her sister , Lucy P. Griffith described how travelers responded to the new environment they encountered : `` The mountains looked like volcanoes and the appearance that one day there had been an awful thundering of volcanoes and a burning world . The valleys were all covered with a white crust and looked like salaratus . Some of the company used it to raise their bread . '' Mormon emigration ( edit ) Main article : Mormon Trail Following persecution and mob action in Missouri , Illinois , and other states , and the assassination of their prophet Joseph Smith in 1844 , Mormon leader Brigham Young was chosen by the leaders of the Latter Day Saints ( LDS ) church to lead the LDS settlers west . He chose to lead his people to the Salt Lake Valley in present - day Utah . In 1847 Young led a small , especially picked fast - moving group of men and women from their Winter Quarters encampments near Omaha , Nebraska , and their approximately 50 temporary settlements on the Missouri River in Iowa including Council Bluffs . About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year as they filtered in from Mississippi , Colorado , California , and several other states . The initial pioneers were charged with establishing farms , growing crops , building fences and herds , and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years . After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha , the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present - day Wyoming . They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants , which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail . Organized as a complete evacuation from their previous homes , farms , and cities in Illinois , Missouri , and Iowa , this group consisted of entire families with no one left behind . The much larger presence of women and children meant these wagon trains did not try to cover as much ground in a single day as Oregon and California bound emigrants . Typically taking about 100 days to cover the 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) trip to Salt Lake City . ( The Oregon and California emigrants typically averaged about 15 miles ( 24 km ) per day . ) In Wyoming , the Mormon emigrants followed the main Oregon / California / Mormon Trail through Wyoming to Fort Bridger , where they split from the main trail and followed ( and improved ) the rough path known as Hastings Cutoff , used by the ill - fated Donner Party in 1846 . Between 1847 and 1860 , over 43,000 Mormon settlers and tens of thousands of travelers on the California Trail and Oregon Trail followed Young to Utah . After 1848 , the travelers headed to California or Oregon resupplied at the Salt Lake Valley , and then went back over the Salt Lake Cutoff , rejoining the trail near the future Idaho -- Utah border at the City of Rocks in Idaho . Starting in 1855 , many of the poorer Mormon travelers made the trek with hand built handcarts and fewer wagons . Guided by experienced guides , handcarts -- pulled and pushed by two to four people -- were as fast as ox - drawn wagons and allowed them to bring 75 to 100 pounds ( 34 to 45 kg ) of possessions plus some food , bedding , and tents to Utah . Accompanying wagons carried more food and supplies . Upon arrival in Utah , the handcart pioneers were given or found jobs and accommodations by individual Mormon families for the winter until they could become established . About 3,000 out of over 60,000 Mormon pioneers came across with handcarts . Along the Mormon Trail , the Mormon pioneers established a number of ferries and made trail improvements to help later travelers and earn much needed money . One of the better known ferries was the Mormon Ferry across the North Platte near the future site of Fort Caspar in Wyoming which operated between 1848 and 1852 and the Green River ferry near Fort Bridger which operated from 1847 to 1856 . The ferries were free for Mormon settlers while all others were charged a toll of from $3 to $8 . California gold rush ( edit ) Main article : California Trail In January 1848 , James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada portion of the American River , sparking the California Gold Rush . It is estimated that about two - thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the opportunity . To get there , they helped build the Lassen Branch of the Applegate - Lassen Trail by cutting a wagon road through extensive forests . Many returned with significant gold which helped jump - start the Oregon economy . Over the next decade , gold seekers from the Midwestern United States and East Coast of the United States dramatically increased traffic on the Oregon and California Trails . The `` forty - niners '' often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles ( 72 km ) of desert without water , grass , or fuel for fires . 1849 was the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States , and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to California -- most buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska . The `` adjusted '' 1850 U.S. Census of California showed this rush was overwhelmingly male with about 112,000 males to 8,000 females ( with about 5,500 women over age 15 ) . Women were significantly underrepresented in the California Gold Rush , and sex ratios did not reach essential equality in California ( and other western states ) until about 1950 . The relative scarcity of women gave them many opportunities to do many more things that were not `` normally '' considered `` women 's work '' of this era . After 1849 , the California Gold Rush continued for several years as the miners continued to find about $50,000,000 worth of gold per year at $21 per ounce . Once California was established as a prosperous state , many thousands more emigrated there each year for the opportunities . Later emigration and uses of the trail ( edit ) The trail was still in use during the Civil War , but traffic declined after 1855 when the Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama was completed . Paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships , often heavily subsidized to carry the mail , provided rapid transport to and from the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to and from Panama to ports in California and Oregon . Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail . Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River , Kansas River , Little Blue River , Elkhorn River , Loup River , Platte River , South Platte River , North Platte River , Laramie River , Green River , Bear River , two crossings of the Snake River , John Day River , Deschutes River , Columbia River , as well as many other smaller streams . During peak immigration periods several ferries on any given river often competed for pioneer dollars . These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers . They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but increased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860 . Ferries also helped prevent death by drowning at river crossings . In April 1859 , an expedition of U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers led by Captain James H. Simpson left Camp Floyd , Utah , to establish an army supply route across the Great Basin to the eastern slope of the Sierras . Upon return in early August , Simpson reported that he had surveyed the Central Overland Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa , Nevada . This route went through central Nevada ( roughly where U.S. Route 50 goes today ) and was about 280 miles ( 450 km ) shorter than the `` standard '' Humboldt River California trail route . The Central Route in Nevada The Army improved the trail for use by wagons and stagecoaches in 1859 and 1860 . Starting in 1860 , the American Civil War closed the heavily subsidized Butterfield Overland Mail stage Southern Route through the deserts of the American Southwest . In 1860 -- 61 the Pony Express , employing riders traveling on horseback day and night with relay stations about every 10 miles ( 16 km ) to supply fresh horses , was established from St. Joseph , Missouri , to Sacramento , California . The Pony Express built many of their eastern stations along the Oregon / California / Mormon / Bozeman trails and many of their western stations along the very sparsely settled Central Route across Utah and Nevada . The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California . In 1861 , John Butterfield , who since 1858 had been using the Butterfield Overland Mail , also switched to the Central Route to avoid traveling through hostile territories during the American Civil War . George Chorpenning immediately realized the value of this more direct route , and shifted his existing mail and passenger line along with their stations from the `` Northern Route '' ( California Trail ) along the Humboldt River . In 1861 , the First Transcontinental Telegraph also laid its lines alongside the Central Overland Route . Several stage lines were set up carrying mail and passengers that traversed much of the route of the original Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger and from there over the Central Overland Route to California . By traveling day and night with many stations and changes of teams ( and extensive mail subsidies ) , these stages could get passengers and mail from the midwest to California in about 25 to 28 days . These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the First Transcontinental Telegraph stations and telegraph line , which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City , Nevada to Salt Lake City . The Pony Express folded in 1861 as they failed to receive an expected mail contract from the U.S. government and the telegraph filled the need for rapid east -- west communication . This combination wagon / stagecoach / pony express / telegraph line route is labeled the Pony Express National Historic Trail on the National Trail Map . From Salt Lake City the telegraph line followed much of the Mormon / California / Oregon trails to Omaha , Nebraska . Covered wagon replica and Mission Monument at the Whitman Mission National Historic Site about ten miles west of Walla Walla , Washington After the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 , telegraph lines usually followed the railroad tracks as the required relay stations and telegraph lines were much easier to maintain alongside the tracks . Telegraph lines to unpopulated areas were largely abandoned . As the years passed , the Oregon Trail became a heavily used corridor from the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Offshoots of the trail continued to grow as gold and silver discoveries , farming , lumbering , ranching , and business opportunities resulted in much more traffic to many areas . Traffic became two - directional as towns were established along the trail . By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels . With the exception of most of the 180,000 population increase in California , most of these people living away from the coast traveled over parts of the Oregon Trail and its many extensions and cutoffs to get to their new residences . Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War , the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle , horses , sheep , and goats from the midwest to various towns and cities along the trails . According to studies by trail historian John Unruh the livestock may have been as plentiful or more plentiful than the immigrants in many years . In 1852 , there were even records of a 1,500 - turkey drive from Illinois to California . The main reason for this livestock traffic was the large cost discrepancy between livestock in the midwest and at the end of the trail in California , Oregon , or Montana . They could often be bought in the midwest for about 1 / 3 to 1 / 10 what they would fetch at the end of the trail . Large losses could occur and the drovers would still make significant profit . As the emigrant travel on the trail declined in later years and after livestock ranches were established at many places along the trail large herds of animals often were driven along part of the trail to get to and from markets . Trail decline ( edit ) The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , providing faster , safer , and usually cheaper travel east and west ( the journey took seven days and cost as little as $65 or $1189.39 in 2016 dollars ) . Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s , and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail , including U.S. Highway 26 , Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska . Contemporary interest in the overland trek has prompted the states and federal government to preserve landmarks on the trail including wagon ruts , buildings , and `` registers '' where emigrants carved their names . Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries there have been a number of re-enactments of the trek with participants wearing period garments and traveling by wagon . Routes ( edit ) Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker erected this boulder near Pacific Springs on Wyoming 's South Pass in 1906 . As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon . The basic route follows river valleys as grass and water were absolutely necessary . While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove , the Oregon Trail 's primary starting point was Independence , Missouri , or Westport , ( which was annexed into modern day Kansas City ) , on the Missouri River . Later , several feeder trails led across Kansas , and some towns became starting points , including Weston , Fort Leavenworth , Atchison , St. Joseph , and Omaha . The Oregon Trail 's nominal termination point was Oregon City , at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory . However , many settlers branched off or stopped short of this goal and settled at convenient or promising locations along the trail . Commerce with pioneers going further west helped establish these early settlements and launched local economies critical to their prosperity . At dangerous or difficult river crossings , ferries or toll bridges were set up and bad places on the trail were either repaired or bypassed . Several toll roads were constructed . Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip ( as recorded in numerous diaries ) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later . Many other trails followed the Oregon Trail for much of its length , including the Mormon Trail from Illinois to Utah ; the California Trail to the gold fields of California ; and the Bozeman Trail to Montana . Because it was more a network of trails than a single trail , there were numerous variations with other trails eventually established on both sides of the Platte , North Platte , Snake , and Columbia rivers . With literally thousands of people and thousands of livestock traveling in a fairly small time slot the travelers had to spread out to find clean water , wood , good campsites , and grass . The dust kicked up by the many travelers was a constant complaint , and where the terrain would allow it there may be between 20 and 50 wagons traveling abreast . Remnants of the trail in Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , and Oregon have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and the entire trail is a designated National Historic Trail . Missouri ( edit ) Initially , the main `` jumping off point '' was the common head of the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon trail -- Independence , and Kansas City . Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River . After following the Santa Fe trail to near present - day Topeka , they ferried across the Kansas River to start the trek across Kansas and points west . Another busy `` jumping off point '' was St. Joseph -- established in 1843 . In its early days , St. Joseph was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town , serving as one of the last supply points before heading over the Missouri River to the frontier . St. Joseph had good steamboat connections to St. Louis and other ports on the combined Ohio , Missouri , and Mississippi River systems . During the busy season there were several ferry boats and steamboats available to transport travelers to the Kansas shore where they started their travels westward . Before the Union Pacific Railroad was started in 1865 , St. Joseph was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail . Other towns used as supply points in Missouri included Old Franklin , Arrow Rock , and Fort Osage . Iowa ( edit ) A bison bull on a Nebraska wildlife refuge In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson obtained from France the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million ( equivalent to about $230 million today ) which included all the land drained by the Missouri River and roughly doubled the size of U.S. territory . The future states of Iowa and Missouri , located west of the Mississippi River and east of Missouri River , were part of this purchase . The Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped several times in the future state of Iowa on their 1805 -- 1806 expedition to the west coast . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison ( future ninth President of the U.S. ) that surrendered much of the future state of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk ( Sac ) Indians and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa Territory . Some settlers started drifting into Iowa in 1833 . President Martin Van Buren on July 4 , 1838 , signed the U.S. Congress laws establishing the Territory of Iowa . Iowa was located opposite the junction of the Platte and Missouri rivers and was used by some of the fur trapper rendezvous traders as a starting point for their supply expeditions . In 1846 the Mormons , expelled from Nauvoo , Illinois , traversed Iowa ( on part of the Mormon Trail ) and settled temporarily in significant numbers on the Missouri River in Iowa and the future state of Nebraska at their Winter Quarters near the future city of Omaha , Nebraska . ( See : Missouri River settlements ( 1846 -- 1854 ) ) The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville , Iowa ( renamed Council Bluffs in 1852 ) on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River . For those travelers to Oregon , California , and Utah who were bringing their teams to the Platte River junction Kanesville and other towns became major `` jumping off places '' and supply points . In 1847 the Mormons established three ferries across the Missouri River and others established even more ferries for the spring start on the trail . In the 1850 census there were about 8,000 mostly Mormons tabulated in the large Pottawattamie County , Iowa District 21 . ( The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more . ) By 1854 most of the Mormon towns , farms and villages were largely taken over by non-Mormons as they abandoned them or sold them for not much and continued their migration to Utah . After 1846 the towns of Council Bluffs , Iowa , Omaha ( est. 1852 ) and other Missouri River towns became major supply points and `` jumping off places '' for travelers on the Mormon , California , Oregon , and other trails west . Kansas ( edit ) Map of principal rivers in Kansas Starting initially in Independence , Missouri , or Kansas City in Missouri , the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River . After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence , the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries . After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River . Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks . There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing . Nebraska ( edit ) See also : California Hill and O'Fallons Bluff Chimney Rock , Nebraska Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats ( fitted out for ferry duty ) to cross into towns in Nebraska . Several towns in Nebraska were used as jumping off places with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855 . Fort Kearny ( est. 1848 ) is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the Missouri River , and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west . The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies , do repairs , get medical aid , or mail a letter . Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort . Map showing the Platte River watershed , including the North Platte and South Platte tributaries The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow , crooked , muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe . The Platte as it pursued its braided paths to the Missouri River was `` too thin to plow and too thick to drink '' . While unusable for transportation , the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water , grass , buffalo , and buffalo chips for fuel . The trails gradually got rougher as it progressed up the North Platte . There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers . The Platte was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide and 2 to 60 inches ( 5.1 to 152.4 cm ) deep . The water was silty and bad tasting but it could be used if no other water was available . Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1 / 4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out . In the spring in Nebraska and Wyoming the travelers often encountered fierce wind , rain and lightning storms . Until about 1870 travelers encountered hundreds of thousands of bison migrating through Nebraska on both sides of the Platte River , and most travelers killed several for fresh meat and to build up their supplies of dried jerky for the rest of the journey . The prairie grass in many places was several feet high with only the hat of a traveler on horseback showing as they passed through the prairie grass . In many years the Indians fired much of the dry grass on the prairie every fall so the only trees or bushes available for firewood were on islands in the Platte River . Travelers gathered and ignited dried cow dung to cook their meals . These burned fast in a breeze , and it could take two or more bushels of chips to get one meal prepared . Those traveling south of the Platte crossed the South Platte fork at one of about three ferries ( in dry years it could be forded without a ferry ) before continuing up the North Platte River Valley into present - day Wyoming heading to Fort Laramie . Before 1852 those on the north side of the Platte crossed the North Platte to the south side at Fort Laramie . After 1852 they used Child 's Cutoff to stay on the north side to about the present day town of Casper , Wyoming , where they crossed over to the south side . Notable landmarks in Nebraska include Courthouse and Jail Rocks , Chimney Rock , Scotts Bluff , and Ash Hollow with its steep descent down Windlass Hill over the South Platte . Today much of the Oregon Trail follows roughly along Interstate 80 from Wyoming to Grand Island , Nebraska . From there U.S. Highway 30 which follows the Platte River is a better approximate path for those traveling the north side of the Platte . The National Park Service ( NPS ) gives traveling advice for those who want to follow other branches of the trail . Cholera on the Platte River ( edit ) Because of the Platte 's brackish water , the preferred camping spots were along one of the many fresh water streams draining into the Platte or the occasional fresh water spring found along the way . These preferred camping spots became sources of cholera in the epidemic years ( 1849 -- 1855 ) as many thousands of people used the same camping spots with essentially no sewage facilities or adequate sewage treatment . One of the side effects of cholera is acute diarrhea which helps contaminate even more water unless it is isolated and / or treated . The cause of cholera , ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacterium from contaminated water , and the best treatment for cholera infections were unknown in this era . Thousands of travelers on the combined California , Oregon , and Mormon trails succumbed to cholera between 1849 and 1855 . Most were buried in unmarked graves in Kansas , Nebraska and Wyoming . Although also considered part of the Mormon Trail , the grave of Rebecca Winters is one of the few marked ones left . There are many cases cited involving people who were alive and apparently healthy in the morning and dead by nightfall . Colorado ( edit ) A branch of the Oregon trail crossed the very northeast corner of Colorado if they followed the South Platte River to one of its last crossings . This branch of the trail passed through present day Julesburg before entering Wyoming . Later settlers followed the Platte and South Platte Rivers into their settlements there ( much of which became the state of Colorado ) . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Emigrant Trail in Wyoming After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming . Fort Laramie , at the confluence of the Laramie and North Platte rivers , was a major stopping point . Fort Laramie was a former fur trading outpost originally named Fort John that was purchased in 1848 by the U.S. Army to protect travelers on the trails . It was the last army outpost till travelers reached the coast . Fort Laramie was the end of most cholera outbreaks which killed thousands along the lower Platte and North Platte from 1849 to 1855 . Spread by cholera bacteria in fecal contaminated water , cholera caused massive diarrhea , leading to dehydration and death . In those days its cause and treatment were unknown , and it was often fatal -- up to 30 percent of infected people died . It is believed that the swifter flowing rivers in Wyoming helped prevent the germs from spreading . Independence Rock After crossing the South Platte the trail continues up the North Platte River , crossing many small swift - flowing creeks . As the North Platte veers to the south , the trail crosses the North Platte to the Sweetwater River Valley , which heads almost due west . Independence Rock is on the Sweetwater River . The Sweetwater would have to be crossed up to nine times before the trail crosses over the Continental Divide at South Pass , Wyoming . From South Pass the trail continues southwest crossing Big Sandy Creek -- about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) wide and 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) deep -- before hitting the Green River . Three to five ferries were in use on the Green during peak travel periods . The deep , wide , swift , and treacherous Green River which eventually empties into the Colorado River , was usually at high water in July and August , and it was a dangerous crossing . After crossing the Green , the main trail continued approximately southwest until the Blacks Fork of the Green River and Fort Bridger . From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Hastings Cutoff through the Wasatch Mountains . From Fort Bridger , the main trail , comprising several variants , veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley . The trail turned north following the Bear River past the terminus of the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff at Smiths Fork and on to the Thomas Fork Valley at the present Wyoming -- Idaho border . Over time , two major heavily used cutoffs were established in Wyoming . The Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff was established in 1844 and cut about 70 miles ( 110 km ) off the main route . It leaves the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of South Pass and heads almost due west crossing Big Sandy Creek and then about 45 miles ( 72 km ) of waterless , very dusty desert before reaching the Green River near the present town of La Barge . Ferries here transferred them across the Green River . From there the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff trail had to cross a mountain range to connect with the main trail near Cokeville in the Bear River Valley . Prairie Scene : Mirage , by Alfred Jacob Miller The Lander Road , formally the Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake Wagon Road , was established and built by U.S. government contractors in 1858 -- 59 . It was about 80 miles ( 130 km ) shorter than the main trail through Fort Bridger with good grass , water , firewood and fishing but it was a much steeper and rougher route , crossing three mountain ranges . In 1859 , 13,000 of the 19,000 emigrants traveling to California and Oregon used the Lander Road . The traffic in later years is undocumented . The Lander Road departs the main trail at Burnt Ranch near South Pass , crosses the Continental Divide north of South Pass and reaches the Green River near the present town of Big Piney , Wyoming . From there the trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet ( 2,700 m ) Thompson Pass in the Wyoming Range . It then crosses over the Smith Fork of the Bear River before ascending and crossing another 8,200 - foot ( 2,500 m ) pass on the Salt River Range of mountains and then descending into Star Valley . It exited the mountains near the present Smith Fork road about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of the town of Smoot . The road continued almost due north along the present day Wyoming -- Idaho western border through Star Valley . To avoid crossing the Salt River ( which drains into the Snake River ) which runs down Star Valley the Lander Road crossed the river when it was small and stayed west of the Salt River . After traveling down the Salt River Valley ( Star Valley ) about 20 miles ( 32 km ) north the road turned almost due west near the present town of Auburn , and entered into the present state of Idaho along Stump Creek . In Idaho , it followed the Stump Creek valley northwest until it crossed the Caribou Mountains and proceeded past the south end of Grays Lake . The trail then proceeded almost due west to meet the main trail at Fort Hall ; alternatively , a branch trail headed almost due south to meet the main trail near the present town of Soda Springs . Numerous landmarks are located along the trail in Wyoming including Independence Rock , Ayres Natural Bridge and Register Cliff . Utah ( edit ) In 1847 , Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers departed from the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming and followed ( and much improved ) the rough trail originally recommended by Lansford Hastings to the Donner Party in 1846 through the Wasatch Mountains into Utah . After getting into Utah , they immediately started setting up irrigated farms and cities -- including Salt Lake City . In 1848 , the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley , and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails . This cutoff rejoined the Oregon and California Trails near the City of Rocks near the Utah -- Idaho border and could be used by both California and Oregon bound travelers . Located about half way on both the California and Oregon trails many thousands of later travelers used Salt Lake City and other Utah cities as an intermediate stop for selling or trading excess goods or tired livestock for fresh livestock , repairs , supplies or fresh vegetables . The Mormons looked on these travelers as a welcome bonanza as setting up new communities from scratch required nearly everything the travelers could afford to part with . The overall distance to California or Oregon was very close to the same whether one `` detoured '' to Salt Lake City or not . For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail . To raise much needed money and facilitate travel on the Salt Lake Cutoff they set up several ferries across the Weber , Bear , and Malad rivers , which were used mostly by travelers bound for Oregon or California . Idaho ( edit ) The main Oregon and California Trail went almost due north from Fort Bridger to the Little Muddy Creek where it passed over the Bear River Mountains to the Bear River Valley , which it followed northwest into the Thomas Fork area , where the trail crossed over the present day Wyoming line into Idaho . In the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills in the Thomas Fork valley the emigrants encountered Big Hill . Big Hill was a detour caused by a then - impassable cut the Bear River made through the mountains and had a tough ascent often requiring doubling up of teams and a very steep and dangerous descent . ( Much later , US - 30 , using modern explosives and equipment , was built through this cut ) . In 1852 Eliza Ann McAuley found and with help developed the McAuley Cutoff which bypassed much of the difficult climb and descent of Big Hill . About 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) on they passed present - day Montpelier , Idaho , which is now the site of the National Oregon - California Trail Center . The trail follows the Bear River northwest to present - day Soda Springs . The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging `` steamboat '' springs . Many stopped and did their laundry in the hot water as there was usually plenty of good grass and fresh water available . Just west of Soda Springs the Bear River turns southwest as it heads for the Great Salt Lake , and the main trail turns northwest to follow the Portneuf River valley to Fort Hall , Idaho . Fort Hall was an old fur trading post located on the Snake River . It was established in 1832 by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth and company and later sold in 1837 to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed . Mosquitoes were constant pests , and travelers often mention that their animals were covered with blood from the bites . The route from Fort Bridger to Fort Hall is about 210 miles ( 340 km ) , taking nine to twelve days . Storm : Waiting for the Caravan , by Alfred Jacob Miller At Soda Springs was one branch of Lander Road ( established and built with government contractors in 1858 ) , which had gone west from near South Pass , over the Salt River Mountains and down Star Valley before turning west near present - day Auburn , Wyoming , and entering Idaho . From there it proceeded northwest into Idaho up Stump Creek canyon for about 10 miles ( 16 km ) . One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs . Another branch headed almost due west past Gray 's Lake to rejoin the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Fort Hall . On the main trail about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth 's Cutoff ( established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users ) took off from the main trail heading almost due west , bypassing Fort Hall . It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks . Hudspeth 's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall , but many took it thinking it was shorter . Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods , making more grass available . West of Fort Hall the main trail traveled about 40 miles ( 64 km ) on the south side of the Snake River southwest past American Falls , Massacre Rocks , Register Rock , and Coldwater Hill near present - day Pocatello , Idaho . Near the junction of the Raft River and Snake River the California Trail diverged from the Oregon Trail at another Parting of the Ways junction . Travellers left the Snake River and followed Raft River about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southwest past present day Almo . This trail then passed through the City of Rocks and over Granite Pass where it went southwest along Goose Creek , Little Goose Creek , and Rock Spring Creek . It went about 95 miles ( 153 km ) through Thousand Springs Valley , West Brush Creek , and Willow Creek , before arriving at the Humboldt River in northeastern Nevada near present - day Wells . The California Trail proceeded west down the Humboldt before reaching and crossing the Sierra Nevadas . Goodale 's Cutoff of the Oregon Trail at Lava Lake , west of Arco , ID and east of Carey , ID along US 26 , 20 , 93 . Picture of current two track along section of the cutoff of the Oregon Trail . There were only a few places where the Snake River was not buried deep in a canyon , and few spots where the river slowed down enough to make a crossing possible . Two of these fords were near Fort Hall , where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate ( established about 1852 ) and Goodale 's Cutoff ( established 1862 ) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side . Nathaniel Wyeth , the original founder of Fort Hall in 1834 , writes in his diary that they found a ford across the Snake River 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of where he founded Fort Hall . Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail . Some lost their wagons and teams over the falls . The trails on the north side joined the trail from Three Island Crossing about 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Glenns Ferry on the north side of the Snake River . Goodale 's Cutoff , established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River , formed a spur of the Oregon Trail . This cutoff had been used as a pack trail by Indians and fur traders , and emigrant wagons traversed parts of the eastern section as early as 1852 . After crossing the Snake River the 230 - mile ( 370 km ) cutoff headed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte following the Lost River part of the way . It passed near the present - day town of Arco , Idaho , and wound through the northern part of what is now Craters of the Moon National Monument . From there it went southwest to Camas Prairie and ended at Old Fort Boise on the Boise River . This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate , which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons , causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels . Loss of wheels caused many wagons to be abandoned along the route . It rejoined the main trail east of Boise . Goodale 's Cutoff is visible at many points along US - 20 , US - 26 , and US - 93 between Craters of the Moon National Monument and Carey . View across top of Shoshone Falls , Snake River , Idaho ( Timothy H. O'Sullivan , 1874 ) One of Boise 's 21 Oregon Trail monuments . From the present site of Pocatello , the trail proceeded almost due west on the south side of the Snake River for about 180 miles ( 290 km ) . This route passed Cauldron Linn rapids , Shoshone Falls , two falls near the present city of Twin Falls , and Upper Salmon Falls on the Snake River . At Salmon Falls there were often a hundred or more Indians fishing who would trade for their salmon , a welcome treat . The trail continued west to Three Island Crossing ( near present - day Glenns Ferry . ) Here most emigrants used the divisions of the river caused by three islands to cross the difficult and swift Snake River by ferry or by driving or sometimes floating their wagons and swimming their teams across . The crossings were doubly treacherous because there were often hidden holes in the river bottom which could overturn the wagon or entangle the team , sometimes with fatal consequences . Before ferries were established there were several drownings here nearly every year . The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south . The trail from Three Island Crossing to Old Fort Boise was about 130 miles ( 210 km ) long . The usually lush Boise River Valley was a welcome relief . The next crossing of the Snake River was near Old Fort Boise . This last crossing of the Snake could be done on bull boats while swimming the stock across . Others would chain a large string of wagons and teams together . The theory was that the front teams , usually oxen , would get out of water first and with good footing help pull the whole string of wagons and teams across . How well this worked in practice is not stated . Often young Indian boys were hired to drive and ride the stock across the river -- they knew how to swim , unlike many pioneers . In present - day Idaho , I - 84 roughly follows the Oregon Trail from the Idaho - Oregon State border at the Snake River . Approximately seven miles ( 11 km ) east of Declo in present - day rural Cassia County , I - 84 meets the western terminus of the western section of I - 86 . I - 86 heads east , then northeast to American Falls and Pocatello following the Oregon Trail , while I - 84 heads southeast to the State border with Utah . US - 30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from Pocatello to Montpelier Starting in about 1848 the South Alternate of Oregon Trail ( also called the Snake River Cutoff ) was developed as a spur off the main trail . It bypassed the Three Island Crossing and continued traveling down the south side of the Snake River . It rejoined the trail near present - day Ontario , Oregon . It hugged the southern edge of the Snake River canyon and was a much rougher trail with poorer water and grass , requiring occasional steep descents and ascents with the animals down into the Snake River canyon to get water . Travellers on this route avoided two dangerous crossings of the Snake River . In present - day Idaho , the state highway ID - 78 roughly follows the path of the South Alternate route of the Oregon Trail . In 1869 , the Central Pacific established Kelton , Utah as a railhead and the terminus of the western mail was moved from Salt Lake City . The Kelton Road became important as a communication and transportation road to the Boise Basin . Boise has 21 monuments in the shape of obelisks along its portion of the Oregon Trail . Oregon ( edit ) Once across the Snake River ford near Old Fort Boise the weary travelers traveled across what would become the state of Oregon . The trail then went to the Malheur River and then past Farewell Bend on the Snake River , up the Burnt River canyon and northwest to the Grande Ronde Valley near present - day La Grande before coming to the Blue Mountains . In 1843 settlers cut a wagon road over these mountains making them passable for the first time to wagons . The trail went to the Whitman Mission near Fort Nez Perces in Washington until 1847 when the Whitmans were killed by Native Americans . At Fort Nez Perce some built rafts or hired boats and started down the Columbia ; others continued west in their wagons until they reached The Dalles . After 1847 the trail bypassed the closed mission and headed almost due west to present day Pendleton , Oregon , crossing the Umatilla River , John Day River , and Deschutes River before arriving at The Dalles . Interstate 84 in Oregon roughly follows the original Oregon Trail from Idaho to The Dalles . Arriving at the Columbia at The Dalles and stopped by the Cascade Mountains and Mount Hood , some gave up their wagons or disassembled them and put them on boats or rafts for a trip down the Columbia River . Once they transited the Cascade 's Columbia River Gorge with its multiple rapids and treacherous winds they would have to make the 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) portage around the Cascade Rapids before coming out near the Willamette River where Oregon City was located . The pioneer 's livestock could be driven around Mount Hood on the narrow , crooked and rough Lolo Pass . Several Oregon Trail branches and route variations led to the Willamette Valley . The most popular was the Barlow Road , which was carved though the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock . It was rough and steep with poor grass but still cheaper and safer than floating goods , wagons and family down the dangerous Columbia River . In Central Oregon , there was the Santiam Wagon Road ( established 1861 ) , which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley . The Applegate Trail ( established 1846 ) , cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada , crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley . U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail . Travel equipment ( edit ) Wagons and pack animals ( edit ) Three types of draft and pack animals were used by Oregon Trail pioneers : oxen , mules , and horses . By 1842 , many emigrants favored oxen -- castrated bulls ( males ) of the genus Bos ( cattle ) , generally over four years old -- as the best animal to pull wagons , because they were docile , generally healthy , and able to continue moving in difficult conditions such as mud and snow . Oxen could also survive on prairie grasses and sage , unlike horses , who had to be fed . Moreover , oxen were less expensive to purchase and maintain than horses . Oxen also could stand idle for long periods without suffering damage to the feet and legs . Oxen were trained by leading , the use of a whip or goad , and the use of oral commands ( such as `` Gee '' ( right ) , `` Haw '' ( left ) , and `` Whoa '' ( stop ) ) . Two oxen were typically yoked together at the neck or head ; the left ox was referred to as the `` near '' or `` nigh '' ox , and the right ox as the `` off '' ox . While no reins , bits , or halters were needed , the trainer had to be forceful . Oxen typically traveled at a steady pace up to two miles an hour . One drawback of oxen was the difficulty of shoeing . Oxen hooves are cloven ( split ) , and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal , one on each side of the hoof . While horses and mules allowed themselves to be shod relatively easily , the process was more difficult with oxen , which would lie down and tuck their feet under themselves . As a result , several men had to lift and hold an ox while he was being shod . Mules were used by some emigrants . The competing merits of oxen and mules were hotly debated among emigrants . Some found oxen to be more durable . Others , by contrast , believed that mules were more durable , and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen . Like oxen , mules could survive on prairie grasses . Mules were , however , notoriously ill - tempered . Mules also cost about three times as much as oxen , a deciding factor for many emigrants . Conestoga wagons Covered wagon ( `` prairie schooners '' ) Studebaker Food ( edit ) The typical cost of food for four people for six months was about $150 . Food and water were key concerns for migrants . Wagons typically carried at least one large water keg , and guidebooks available from the 1840s and later gave similar advice to migrants on what food to take . T.H. Jefferson , in his Brief Practice Advice guidebook for migrants , recommended that each adult take 200 pounds of flour : `` Take plenty of bread stuff ; this is the staff of life when everything else runs short . '' Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack ; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour . Emigrants typically ate rice and beans only at forts stopped at along the way , because boiling water was difficult on the trail , and fuel was not abundant . Lansford Hastings recommended that each emigrant take 200 pounds of flour , 150 pounds of `` bacon '' ( a word which , at the time , referred broadly to all forms of salt pork ) , 20 pounds of sugar , and 10 pounds of salt . Chipped beef , rice , tea , dried beans , dried fruit , saleratus ( for raising bread ) , vinegar , pickles , mustard , and tallow might also be taken . Joseph Ware 's 1849 guide recommends that travelers take for each individual a barrel of flour or 180 pounds of ship 's biscuit ( i.e. , hardtack ) , 150 - 180 pounds of bacon , 60 pounds of beans or peas , 25 pounds of rice , 25 pounds of coffee , 40 pounds of sugar , a keg of lard , 30 or 40 pounds of dried fruit ( peaches or apples ) , a keg of clear , rendered beef suet ( to substitute for butter ) , as well as some vinegar , salt , and pepper . Many emigrant families also carried a small amount of tea and maple sugar . Randolph B. Marcy , an Army officer who wrote an 1859 guide , advised taking less bacon than the earlier guides had recommended . He advised emigrants to drive cattle instead as a source of fresh beef . Marcy also instructed emigrants to store sides of bacon in canvas bags or in boxes surrounded by bran to protect against extreme heat , which could make bacon go rancid . Marcy instructed emigrants to put salt pork on the bottom of wagons to avoid exposure to extreme heat . Marcy also recommended the use of pemmican , as well as the storage of sugar in India - rubber or gutta - percha sacks , to prevent it from becoming wet . Canning technology had just begun to be developed , and it gained in popularity through the period of westward expansion . Initially , only upper - class migrants typically used canned goods . There are references in sources to canned cheese , fruit , meat , oysters , and sardines . By the time Marcy wrote his 1859 guide , canned foods were increasingly available but remained expensive . Canning also added weight to a wagon . Rather than canned vegetables , Marcy suggested that travelers take dried vegetables which had been used in the Crimean War and by the U.S. Army . Some pioneers took eggs and butter packed in barrels of flour , and some took dairy cows along the trail . Hunting provided another source of food along the trail ; pioneers hunted American bison as well as pronghorn antelope , deer , bighorn sheep , and wildfowl . From rivers and lakes , emigrants also fished for catfish and trout . When emigrants faced starvation , they would sometimes slaughter their animals ( horses , mules , and oxen ) . In desperate times , migrants would search for less - popular sources of food , including coyote , fox , jackrabbit , marmot , prairie dog , and rattlesnake ( nicknamed `` bush fish '' in the later period ) . At the time , scurvy was well - recognized , but there was a lack of clear understanding of how to prevent the disease . Nevertheless , pioneers ' consumption of the wild berries ( including chokeberry , gooseberry , and serviceberry ) and currants that grew along the trail ( particularly along the Platte River ) and were consumed , helped make scurvy infrequent . Marcy 's guide correctly suggested that the consumption of wild grapes , greens , and onions could help prevent the disease and that if vegetables were not available , citric acid could be drunk with sugar and water . Emigrant families , who were mostly middle - class , prided themselves on preparing a good table . Although operating Dutch ovens and kneading dough was difficult on the trail , many baked good bread and even pies . For fuel to heat food , travelers would collect cedar wood , cottonwood , or willow wood , when available , and sometimes dry prairie grass . More frequently , however , travelers relied on `` buffalo chips '' -- dried bison dung -- to fuel fires . Buffalo chips resembled rotten wood and would make clear and hot fires . Chips burned quickly , however , and it took up to three bushels of chips to heat a single meal . Collecting buffalo chips was a common task for children and was one chore that even very young children could carry out . As a result , `` memoirs written by those who were very young when they made the journey west invariably refer to this aspect of life on the trail . '' Clothing , equipment and supplies ( edit ) Tobacco was popular , both for personal use , and for trading with Indians and other pioneers . Each person brought at least two changes of clothes and multiple pairs of boots ( two to three pairs often wore out on the trip ) . About 25 pounds of soap was recommended for a party of four , for bathing and washing clothes . A washboard and tub were usually brought for washing clothes . Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month , or less , depending on availability of good grass , water , and fuel . Most wagons carried tents for sleeping , though in good weather most would sleep outside . A thin fold - up mattress , blankets , pillows , canvas , or rubber gutta percha ground covers were used for sleeping . Sometimes an unfolded feather bed mattress was brought for the wagon , if there were pregnant women or very young children along . The wagons had no springs , and the ride along the trail was very rough . Despite modern depictions , hardly anyone actually rode in the wagons ; it was too dusty , too rough , and too hard on the livestock . Oregon Trail , painting by Albert Bierstadt , circa 1863 Travelers brought books , Bibles , trail guides , and writing quills , ink , and paper for writing letters or journalling ( about one in 200 kept a diary ) . A belt and folding knives were carried by nearly all men and boys . Awls , scissors , pins , needles , and thread for mending were required . Spare leather was used for repairing shoes , harnesses , and other equipment . Some used goggles to keep dust out of the eyes . Storage boxes were ideally the same height , so they could be arranged to give a flat surface inside the wagon for a sleeping platform . Saddles , bridles , hobbles , and ropes were needed if the party had a horse or riding mule , and many men did . Extra harnesses and spare wagon parts were often carried . Most carried steel shoes for horses , mules , or livestock . Tar was carried to help repair an ox 's injured hoof . Goods , supplies , and equipment were often shared by fellow travelers . Items that were forgotten , broken , or worn out could be bought from a fellow traveler , post , or fort along the way . New iron shoes for horses , mules , and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way . Equipment repairs and other goods could be procured from blacksmith shops established at some forts and some ferries . Emergency supplies , repairs , and livestock were often provided by local residents in California , Oregon , and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow . Non-essential items were often abandoned to lighten the load , or in case of emergency . Many travelers would salvage discarded items , picking up essentials or leaving behind their lower quality item when a better one was found abandoned along the road . Some profited by collecting discarded items , hauling them back to jumping off places , and reselling them . In the early years , Mormons sent scavenging parties back along the trail to salvage as much iron and other supplies as possible and haul it to Salt Lake City , where supplies of all kinds were needed . Others would use discarded furniture , wagons , and wheels as firewood . During the 1849 gold rush , Fort Laramie was known as `` Camp Sacrifice '' because of the large amounts merchandise discarded nearby . Travelers had pushed along the relatively easy path to Fort Laramie with their luxury items but discarded them before the difficult mountain crossing ahead , and after discovering that many items could be purchased at the forts or located for free along the way . Some travelers carried their excess goods to Salt Lake City to be sold . Professional tools used by blacksmiths , carpenters , and farmers were carried by nearly all . Axes , crow bars , hammers , hatchets , hoes , mallets , mattocks , picks , planes , saws , scythes , and shovels were used to clear or make a road through brush or trees , cut down the banks to cross a wash or steep banked stream , build a raft or bridge , or repair the wagon . In general , as little road work as possible was done . Travel was often along the top of ridges to avoid the brush and washes common in many valleys . Statistics ( edit ) Overall , some 268,000 pioneers used the Oregon Trail and its three primary offshoots , the Bozeman , California , and Mormon trails to reach the West Coast , 1840 - 60 . Another 48,000 headed to Utah . There is no estimate on how many used it to return East . Emigrants ( edit ) Estimated California Oregon Mormon Trail Emigrants Year Oregon California Utah Total 1834 -- 39 20 − − 20 1840 13 − − 13 1841 24 34 − 58 1842 125 − − 125 1843 875 38 − 913 1844 1,475 53 − 1,528 1845 2,500 260 − 2,760 1846 1,200 1,500 − 2,700 1847 4,000 450 2,200 6,650 1848 1,300 400 2,400 4,100 Total 11,512 2,735 4,600 18,847 1849 450 25,000 1,500 26,950 1850 6,000 44,000 2,500 52,500 1851 3,600 1,100 1,500 6,200 1852 10,000 50,000 10,000 70,000 1853 7,500 20,000 8,000 35,500 1854 6,000 12,000 3,200 21,200 1855 500 1,500 4,700 6,700 1856 1,000 8,000 2,400 11,400 1857 1,500 4,000 1,300 6,800 1858 1,500 6,000 150 7,650 1859 2,000 17,000 1,400 20,400 1860 1,500 9,000 1,600 12,100 Total 53,000 200,300 43,000 296,300 1834 -- 60 Oregon California Utah Total 1861 − − 3,148 5,000 1862 − − 5,244 5,000 1863 − − 4,760 10,000 1864 − − 2,626 10,000 1865 − − 690 20,000 1866 − − 3,299 25,000 1867 − − 700 25,000 1868 − − 4,285 25,000 Total 80,000 250,000 70,000 400,000 1834 -- 67 Oregon California Utah Total Some of the trail statistics for the early years were recorded by the U.S. Army at Fort Laramie , Wyoming , from about 1849 to 1855 . None of these original statistical records have been found -- the Army either lost them or destroyed them . Only some partial written copies of the Army records and notes recorded in several diaries have survived . Emigration to California spiked considerably with the 1849 gold rush . Following the discovery of gold , California remained the destination of choice for most emigrants on the trail up to 1860 , with almost 200,000 people traveling there between 1849 and 1860 . Travel diminished after 1860 , as the Civil War caused considerable disruptions on the trail . Many of the people on the trail in 1861 -- 1863 were fleeing the war and its attendant drafts in both the south and the north . Trail historian Merrill J. Mattes has estimated the number of emigrants for 1861 -- 1867 given in the total column of the above table . But these estimates may well be low since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people , and the 1870 census shows that over 200,000 additional people ( ignoring most of the population increase in California , which had excellent sea and rail connections across Panama by then ) showed up in all the states served by the Bozeman , California , Mormon , and Oregon Trail ( s ) and their offshoots . Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate , as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868 . Gold and silver strikes in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , and Oregon caused a considerable increase in people using the trails , often in directions different from the original trail users . Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times , far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states . Between 1840 and 1860 , the population of the United States rose by 14 million , yet only about 300,000 decided to make the trip . Many were discouraged by the cost , effort and danger of the trip . Western scout Kit Carson is thought to have said , `` The cowards never started and the weak died on the way '' , though the general saying was written by Joaquin Miller , in reference to the California gold rush . According to several sources , 3 to 10 percent of the emigrants are estimated to have perished on the way west . Many who went were between the ages 12 and 24 . Between 1860 and 1870 , the U.S. population increased by seven million ; about 350,000 of this increase was in the Western states . Western census data ( edit ) Census Population of western States State 1870 1860 Difference California 560,247 379,994 180,253 Nevada 42,491 6,857 35,634 Oregon 90,923 52,465 38,458 Colorado 39,684 34,277 5,407 Idaho 14,990 − 14,990 Montana 20,595 − 20,595 Utah 86,789 40,273 46,516 Washington 23,955 11,594 12,361 Wyoming 9,118 − 9,118 Totals 888,792 525,460 363,332 These census numbers show a 363,000 population increase in the western states and territories between 1860 and 1870 . Some of this increase is because of a high birth rate in the western states and territories , but most is from emigrants moving from the east to the west and new immigration from Europe . Much of the increase in California and Oregon is from emigration by ship , as there was fast and reasonably low cost transportation via east and west coast steamships and the Panama Railroad after 1855 . The census numbers imply at least 200,000 emigrants ( or more ) used some variation of the California / Oregon / Mormon / Bozeman trails to get to their new homes between 1860 and 1870 . Costs ( edit ) The cost of traveling over the Oregon Trail and its extensions varied from nothing to a few hundred dollars per person . Women seldom went alone . The cheapest way was to hire on to help drive the wagons or herds , allowing one to make the trip for nearly nothing or even make a small profit . Those with capital could often buy livestock in the Midwest and drive the stock to California or Oregon for profit . About 60 to 80 percent of the travelers were farmers and as such already owned a wagon , livestock team , and many of the necessary supplies . This lowered the cost of the trip to about $50 per person for food and other items . Families planned the trip months in advance and made much of the extra clothing and many other items needed . Individuals buying most of the needed items would end up spending between $150 -- $200 per person . As the trail matured , additional costs for ferries and toll roads were thought to have been about $30 per wagon . Deaths ( edit ) Oregon - California - Mormon Trail Deaths Cause Estimated deaths Disease 6,000 -- 12,500 Native American attack 3,000 -- 4,500 Freezing 300 -- 500 Run overs 200 -- 500 Drownings 200 -- 500 Shootings 200 -- 500 Miscellaneous 200 -- 500 Scurvy 300 -- 500 Totals 9,400 -- 21,000 The route west was arduous and fraught with many dangers , but the number of deaths on the trail is not known with any precision ; there are only wildly varying estimates . Estimating is difficult because of the common practice of burying people in unmarked graves that were intentionally disguised to avoid their being dug up by animals or Indians . Graves were often put in the middle of a trail and then run over by the livestock to make them difficult to find . Disease was the main killer of trail travelers ; cholera killed up to 3 percent of all travelers in the epidemic years from 1849 to 1855 . Indian attacks increased significantly after 1860 , when most of the army troops were withdrawn , and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country , often encroaching on Indian territory . Increased attacks along the Humboldt led to most travelers ' taking the Central Nevada Route . The Goodall cutoff , developed in Idaho in 1862 , kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the Indian trouble nearer the Snake River . Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Indian hot spots . Other common causes of death included hypothermia , drowning in river crossings , getting run over by wagons , and accidental gun deaths . Later , more family groups started traveling , and many more bridges and ferries were being put in , so fording a dangerous river became much less common and dangerous . Surprisingly few people were taught to swim in this era . Being run over was a major cause of death , despite the wagons ' only averaging 2 -- 3 miles per hour . The wagons could not easily be stopped , and people , particularly children , were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were moving -- not always successfully . Another hazard was a dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling the person under . Accidental shootings declined significantly after Fort Laramie , as people became more familiar with their weapons and often just left them in their wagons . Carrying around a ten - pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary , as the perceived Indian threat faded and hunting opportunities receded . A significant number of travelers were suffering from scurvy by the end of their trips . Their typical flour and salted pork / bacon diet had very little vitamin C in it . The diet in the mining camps was also typically low in fresh vegetables and fruit , which indirectly led to early deaths of many of the inhabitants . Some believe that scurvy deaths may have rivaled cholera as a killer , with most deaths occurring after the victim reached California . Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth , falling trees , flash floods , homicides , kicks by animals , lightning strikes , snake bites , and stampedes . According to an evaluation by John Unruh , a 4 percent death rate or 16,000 out of 400,000 total pioneers on all trails may have died on the trail . Reaching the Sierra Nevada before the start of the winter storms was critical for a successful completion of a trip . The most famous failure in that regard was that of the Donner Party , whose members struggled to traverse what is today called Donner Pass , in November 1846 . When the last survivor was rescued in April 1847 , 33 men , women , and children had died at Donner Lake ; with some of the 48 survivors ' confessing to having resorted to cannibalism to survive . Other trails west ( edit ) There were other possible migration paths for early settlers , miners , or travelers to California or Oregon besides the Oregon trail prior to the establishment of the transcontinental railroads . From 1821 -- 1846 , the Hudson 's Bay Company twice annually used the York Factory Express overland trade route from Fort Vancouver to Hudson Bay then on to London . James Sinclair led a large party of nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony in 1841 . These northern routes were largely abandoned after Britain ceded its claim to the southern Columbia River basin by way of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The longest trip was the voyage of about 13,600 to 15,000 miles ( 21,900 to 24,100 km ) on an uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous , cold , and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon . This trip typically took four to seven months ( 120 to 210 days ) and cost about $350 to $500 . The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman . The hundreds of abandoned ships , whose crews had deserted in San Francisco Bay in 1849 -- 50 , showed many thousands chose to do this . Other routes involved taking a ship to Colón , Panama ( then called Aspinwall ) and a strenuous , disease ridden , five - to seven - day trip by canoe and mule over the Isthmus of Panama before catching a ship from Panama City , Panama to Oregon or California . This trip could be done from the east coast theoretically in less than two months if all ship connections were made without waits and typically cost about $450 / person . Catching a fatal disease was a distinct possibility as Ulysses S. Grant in 1852 learned when his unit of about 600 soldiers and some of their dependents traversed the Isthmus and lost about 120 men , women , and children . This passage was considerably sped up and made safer in 1855 when the Panama Railroad was completed at terrible cost in money and life across the Isthmus . The once treacherous 50 - mile ( 80 km ) trip could be done in less than a day . The time and the cost for transit dropped as regular paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships went from ports on the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to Colón , Panama ( $80 -- $100 ) , across the Isthmus of Panama by railroad ( $25 ) and by paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships to ports in California and Oregon ( $100 -- $150 ) . Another route established by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1849 was across Nicaragua . The 120 - mile ( 190 km ) long San Juan River to the Atlantic Ocean helps drain the 100 - mile ( 160 km ) long Lake Nicaragua . From the western shore of Lake Nicaragua it is only about 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the Pacific Ocean . Vanderbilt decided to use paddle wheel steam ships from the U.S. to the San Juan River , small paddle wheel steam launches on the San Juan River , boats across Lake Nicaragua , and a stage coach to the Pacific where connections could be made with another ship headed to California , Oregon , etc ... Vanderbilt , by undercutting fares to the Isthmus of Panama and stealing many of the Panama Railroad workers , managed to attract roughly 30 % of the California bound steam boat traffic . All his connections in Nicaragua were never completely worked out before the Panama Railroad 's completion in 1855 . Civil strife in Nicaragua and a payment to Cornelius Vanderbilt of a `` non-compete '' payment ( bribe ) of $56,000 per year killed the whole project in 1855 . Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco , Mexico to California etc . This route was used by some adventurous travelers but was not too popular because of the difficulties of making connections and the often hostile population along the way . The Gila Trail going along the Gila River in Arizona , across the Colorado River and then across the Sonora Desert in California was scouted by Stephen Kearny 's troops and later by Captain Philip St. George Cooke 's Mormon Battalion in 1846 who were the first to take a wagon the whole way . This route was used by many gold hungry miners in 1849 and later but suffered from the disadvantage that you had to find a way across the very wide and very dry Sonora Desert . It was used by many in 1849 and later as a winter crossing to California , despite its many disadvantages . Running from 1857 to 1861 , the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000 / yr . U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco , California . As dictated by southern Congressional members , the 2,800 - mile ( 4,500 km ) route ran from St. Louis , Missouri through Arkansas , Oklahoma Indian Territory , Texas , New Mexico Territory , and across the Sonora Desert before ending in San Francisco , California . Employing over 800 at its peak , it used 250 Concord Stagecoaches seating 12 very crowded passengers in three rows . It used 1,800 head of stock , horses and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night . A one way fare of $200 delivered a very thrashed and tired passenger into San Francisco in 25 to 28 days . After traveling the route , New York Herald reporter Waterman Ormsby said , `` I now know what Hell is like . I 've just had 24 days of it . '' Other ways to get to Oregon were : using the York Factory Express route across Canada , and down the Columbia River ; ships from Hawaii , San Francisco , or other ports that stopped in Oregon ; emigrants trailing up from California , etc . All provided a trickle of emigrants , but they were soon overwhelmed in numbers by the emigrants coming over the Oregon Trail . The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad , which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 ( economy ) Legacy ( edit ) One of the enduring legacies of the Oregon Trail is the expansion of the United States territory to the West Coast . Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California , and thousands more on their way each year , it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred . Art , entertainment , and media ( edit ) The western expansion , and the Oregon Trail in particular , inspired numerous creative works about the settlers ' experiences . Games ( edit ) The story of the Oregon Trail inspired the popular educational computer game , The Oregon Trail ( 1971 ) , which became widely popular in the 1980s and early 1990s . Several sequels to the game were also released , such as The Oregon Trail II ( 1995 ) , The Yukon Trail ( 1994 ) , and The Amazon Trail ( 1994 ) . Music ( edit ) The song `` Uncle Sam 's Farm '' encouraged east - coast dwellers to `` Come right away . Our lands they are broad enough , so do n't be alarmed . Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm . '' In `` Western Country '' , the singer exhorts that , `` if I had no horse at all , I 'd still be a hauling , far across those Rocky Mountains , goin ' away to Oregon . '' Online rapper Bones has a side project called `` OregonTrail , '' which has roughly 10,400 followers on SoundCloud . The lyrical themes of his songs under this pseudonym revolve around the Oregon Trail . Television ( edit ) The Oregon Trail was a television series that ran from September 22 through October 26 , 1977 , on NBC . The show stars Rod Taylor , Tony Becker , Darleen Carr , Charles Napier , and Ken Swofford . Although the show was canceled after six episodes , the remaining seven episodes were later aired on BBC 2 in the United Kingdom , the entire series was shown in the UK on BBC1 , from November 1977 to January 1978 , and on April 13 , 2010 , Timeless Media Group ( TMG ) released in the USA the entire show on six DVDs , running 750 minutes . The set includes 14 original episodes , including the feature - length pilot and the six episodes that did not air on NBC . The episode of Teen Titans Go ! titled ' Oregon Trail ' parodies expeditions that took place on the Oregon Trail , as well as the video game The Oregon Trail . Commemorative coin ( edit ) The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was coined to commemorate the route . Issued intermittently between 1926 and 1939 , 202,928 were sold to the public . With 131,050 minted in 1926 , that year 's issue remains readily available for collectors . See also ( edit ) Kansas Territory Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center National Historic Trails Interpretive Center Nebraska Territory Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar Route of the Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life The West as America Art Exhibition Trailside Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basic Facts About the Oregon Trail '' . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT . n.d. Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers Project ( 1939 ) . The Oregon Trail : The Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean . Open Library . p. 215 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Randall A . `` The Mullan Road : A Real Northwest Passage '' ( Reprint of 1995 article in The Pacific Northwesterner , Vol. 39 , No. 2 ) . History Ink . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tonquin '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James H. ( 1999 ) . The Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia . ISBN 9780771020995 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Astorian expedition , Lewis and Clark expedition , Oregon Trail , etc. in Pacific Northwest etc '' . oregon.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Philip Ashton ( 1995 ) . The Discovery of the Oregon Trail : Robert Stuart 's Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812 -- 13 . University of Nebraska . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9234 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific ; 1793 - 1843 . UBC Press . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 8 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Colville '' . Nwcouncil.org . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red River Settlers in Oregon , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Area Histories : Historical Maps '' . North East Winnipeg Historical Society Inc. ( 2010 ) . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ It was not until later that the Ogallala Aquifer was discovered and used for irrigation , dry farming techniques developed and railtracks laid . Jump up ^ `` IDAHO FUR TRADE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gowans , Fred R. Rocky Mountain Rendezvous , pg 27 . Gibbs Smith Publisher . ISBN 1 - 58685 - 756 - 8 Jump up ^ The Adventures of Captain Bonneville s : The Adventures of Captain Bonneville Jump up ^ Frémont 's Map of California and Oregon , Retrieved December 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Protestant Ladder '' . Oregon Historical Society . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Emigrants 1839 '' . Oregonpioneers.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Kit ( 2003 ) . `` Robert Newell and Joseph Meek reach Fort Walla Walla '' . www.historylink.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Members of the party later disagreed over the size of the party , one stating 160 adults and children were in the party , while another counted 105 . Jump up ^ `` The Wagon Train of 1843 : The Great Migration '' . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Events in The West : 1840 -- 1850 PBS . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , `` Women 's diaries on the western frontier . '' American Studies ( 1977 ) : 87 - 100 online . Jump up ^ Sandra L. Myres , ed. , Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( Huntington Library Press , 1980 ) Jump up ^ Glenda Riley , `` The Specter of a Savage : Rumors and Alarmism on the Overland Trail . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1984 ) : 427 - 444 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Holmes , Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , Introduction by Anne M. Butler , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , ( 1983 ) pp 1 - 10 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Anna Maria King , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 41 . Jump up ^ Peavy , Linda S. , and Ursula Smith . Pioneer Women : The Lives of Women on the Frontier . University of Oklahoma Press , 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Betsey Bayley , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 35 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons in Iowa towns '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 109 . Jump up ^ `` American West - Oregon Trail '' . American West . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1850 U.S. California Census , the first census that included everyone , showed only about 7,019 females with 4,165 non-Indian females older than 15 in the state . To find a `` correct '' census there should be added about 20,000 men and about 1,300 females from San Francisco , Santa Clara , and Contra Costa counties whose censuses were lost and not included in the official totals. ( 1 ) Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ U.S. Seventh Census 1850 : California Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace . `` An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859 '' . www.yosemite.ca.us . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 410 Jump up ^ Simpson , Capt . J.H. ( 1876 ) . `` Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office : 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Pony Express Trail maps , Retrieved January 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Unruh , John D ( 1993 ) . The Plains Across the Overland Emigrants and Trans - Mississippi West 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 392 , 512 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barry , Louise . The Beginnings of the West . 1972 . pp 1084 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Railroad ticket 1870 Transcontinental Railroad Statistics '' . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ventures and Adventures of Ezra Meeker : Or , Sixty Years of Frontier Life by Ezra Meeker . Rainer Printing Company 1908 . ASIN : B000861WA8 Jump up ^ North America Travel Guide . `` Saint Peters : Missouri '' . North America Travel Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Larry and Carolyn . `` Franklin Missouri The Beginning of the Santa Fe Trail '' . www.santafetrailresearch.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Quarters Project '' . Winterquarters.byu.edu . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. The Great Platte River Road . Bison Books , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8153 - 0 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail in Western Nebraska '' . www.globalclassroom.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Greg . `` NE - OCTA Home Page '' . gnelson.incolor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail Nebraska eastern Wyoming NPS road guide , accessed February 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chronological List of Fort Laramie History '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treading the Elephant 's Tail : Medical Problems on the Overland Trails '' . Overland Journal , Volume 6 , Number 1 , 1988 ; Peter D. Olch ; Pp. 25 -- 31 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00881 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Hastings Cutoff Introduction '' . scienceviews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln County Photos II - Wyoming Tales and Trails '' . Wyomingtalesandtrails.com . June 30 , 1952 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sublette -- Greenwood Cutoff Map '' . Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Additional estimate for Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake wagon road : letter from the acting Secretary of the Interior , transmitting a communication from Colonel Lander in regard to the Fort Kearney , South Pass and Honey Lake wagon road '' . United States . Dept. of the Interior . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Road Construction '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unruh : page 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ `` Lander Road Cutoff Map '' . Wyoshpo.state.wy.us . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emigrant Trails of Southern Idaho '' ; Bureau of Land Management & Idaho State Historical Society ; 1993 ; pp 117 -- 125 ASIN : B000KE2KTU Jump up ^ `` An Emigrant Train from the top of Big Mountain entering the valley of the Great Salt Lake '' . Utah Division of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schindler , Hal ( June 5 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Sam Hensley - Not Hansel - Who Discovered Cutoff '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . pp. D1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Hill Idaho . OCTA Idaho accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ The National Oregon - California Trail Center Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Soda Springs quotes Idaho State Historical Society ( 2 ) Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hudspeth cutoff map ( OCTA - Idaho ) ( 3 ) Accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ For an Oregon - California trail map up to the junction in Idaho NPS Oregon National Historic Trail Map . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Northern Nevada and Utah , Southern Idaho Tail Map Accessed February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ map of North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goodale 's Cutoff NPS ( 5 ) Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing photos Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing quotes `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Mile Island Crossing Park , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ National Trail Map Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` IdahoHistory.net '' ( PDF ) . IdahoHistory.net . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Trail Monuments '' . Boise City Department of Arts & History . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David Dary , The Oregon Trail : An American Saga ( Knopt , 2004 ) , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Stamm , The Mule Alternative : The Saddle Mule in the American West ( 1992 ) , p. 61 - 62 . Jump up ^ George R. Stewart , The California Trail : An Epic with Many Heroes ( 1962 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McLynn , Frank ( 2002 ) . Wagons West : The Epic Story of America 's Overland Trails . Random House . pp. 103 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Reginald Horsman , Feast or Famine : Food and Drink in American Westward Expansion ( University of Missouri Press , 2008 ) , pp. 128 - 31 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 155 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Unruh : p 150 Jump up ^ `` Supplies '' . Oregon Trail Center . Jump up ^ Unruh ( 1992 ) . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . pp. 119 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mormon Pioneer Companies ( 6 ) Retrieved April 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merril J. ; `` The Great Platte River Road '' ; p23 ; Nebraska State Historical Society ; 1979 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 686 - 26254 - 1 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. ; op . cit. ; p 23 Jump up ^ A. Roman , ed . ( January 1881 ) . `` The Californian '' . The Californian . San Francisco , CA : The California Publishing Company . III . Old Californians , page 48 , by Joaquin Miller . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . The cowards did not start to the Pacific Coast in the old days ; all the weak died on the way . And so it was that we had then not only a race of giants , but of gods . Jump up ^ Lloyd W. Coffman , 1993 , Blazing A Wagon Trail To Oregon Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census 1790 -- 1870 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Territory Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . pp. 272 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . Jump up ^ Unruh : page 408 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 408 -- 410 , 516 Jump up ^ Steele , Volney M.D. Bleed , Blister , and Purge : A History of Medicine on the American Frontier . Mountain Press Publishing Company , 2005 . pp 115 , 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 505 - 1 Jump up ^ Unruh , John David ( 1993 ) . ' The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 408 -- 410 , 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 102 - 109 . Jump up ^ Brooks D. Simpson ; Ulysses S. Grant : Triumph Over Adversity , 1822 -- 1865 ; 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 65994 - 6 , pg. 55 Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua Route '' . Jump up ^ Railroad fares 1869 Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Oregon Trail - The ' 70s NBC Show Starring Rod Taylor Comes to DVD with Unaired Episodes '' . TV Shows on DVD . TV Guide Online . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bagley , Will . So Rugged and Mountainous : Blazing the Trails to Oregon and California , 1812 -- 1848 ( University of Oklahoma Press ; 458 pages ; 2010 ) . First book in a projected four - volume study of the course and impact of western migration . Faragher , John Mack . Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) excerpt and text search Federal Writers ' Project . The Oregon trail : the Missouri River to the Pacific ocean ( 1939 ) online edition , 244pp Hanson , TJ ( 2001 ) . Western Passage . Bookmasters , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9705847 - 0 - 9 . Peters , Arthur K. ( 1996 ) . Seven trail west . Abbeville Press . ISBN 1 - 55859 - 782 - 4 . Unruh , John David . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1979 ) University of Illinois Press . the standard scholarly history Primary sources ( edit ) Crawford , Medorem ( 1897 ) . Journal of Medorem Crawford : an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 ( DJVU ) . Star Job Office . OCLC 5001642 . Hewitt , Randall ( 1863 ) . Notes by the way : memoranda of a journey across the plains , from Dundee , Ill. , to Olympia , W.T. May 7 , to November 3 , 1862 ( DJVU ) . Washington Standard . OCLC 51465106 . Myres , Sandra L. , ed . Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( 2007 ) Parkman , Francis , The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life . University of Virginia Press. , personal account by a famous historian Smedley , William ( 1916 ) . Across the plains in ' 62 ( DJVU ) . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 460 - 0 . OCLC 4981167 . Ward , D.B. ( 1911 ) . Across the plains in 1853 ( DJVU ) . Ward . ISBN 0 - 8466 - 0061 - 7 . OCLC 2931824 . Williams , Joseph ( 1921 ) . Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841 -- 2 ( DJVU ) . Standard . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 172 - 5 . OCLC 2095243 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oregon Trail . Find more aboutOregon Trailat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Oregon National Historic Trail ( National Park Service ) National Trail Map Oregon Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) California Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) Oregon Trail history ( archived from broken Oregon Department of Transportation link ) ( with maps ) Pathways of Pioneers : Idaho 's Oregon Trail Legacy Documentary produced by Idaho Public Television U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking Pioneer history of Oregon ( 1806 -- 1890 ) Topics American Fur Company Columbian Exchange Executive Committee Ferries Hudson 's Bay Company Oregon & California Railroad Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Country Oregon Lyceum Oregon missionaries Oregon Spectator Oregon Territory Oregon Trail Oregon Treaty Organic Laws Pacific Fur Company Provisional Government Events Treaty of 1818 Russo - American Treaty of 1824 Willamette Cattle Company Champoeg Meetings Star of Oregon Whitman massacre Cayuse War Donation Land Claim Act Holmes v. Ford Rogue River Wars Constitutional Convention Modoc War Great Gale of 1880 Places Albina Applegate Trail Barlow Road Canemah Champoeg Elliott Cutoff Fort Astoria Fort Dalles Fort Vancouver Fort William French Prairie Linn City Meek Cutoff Methodist Mission Oregon City Oregon Institute Philip Foster Farm Thomas and Ruckle Road Tualatin Academy Whitman Mission Willamette Trading Post People George Abernethy Jesse Applegate Ira Babcock Sam Barlow François Blanchet William H. Boring Elijah Bristow Tabitha Brown Matthew Deady Abigail Scott Duniway Thomas Lamb Eliot Philip Foster Peter French Joseph Gale Cornelius Gilliam David Hill Chief Joseph Joseph Kellogg H.A.G. Lee Jason Lee David Thomas Lenox Asa Lovejoy Morton M. McCarver John McLoughlin Joseph Meek Ezra Meeker James D. Miller John Minto Robert Newell Joel Palmer Osborne Russell Sager orphans Levi Scott Henry Spalding William Vandevert Elijah White Marcus Whitman Narcissa Whitman Geo . H. Williams Ewing Young Transportation Columbia Lot Whitcomb Canemah Colonel Wright Gazelle Oregon Steam Navigation Company Oregon history pre-Pioneer Pioneer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Trail&oldid=843384279 '' Categories : Oregon Trail National Historic Trails of the United States Trails and roads in the American Old West History of Oregon History of the Rocky Mountains Columbia River Gorge Jefferson Territory Lincoln Highway Oregon Country U.S. Route 30 Units of the National Landscape Conservation System Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2016 Vague or ambiguous time from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how long did it take pioneers on the oregon trail
[ "At dangerous or difficult river crossings, ferries or toll bridges were set up and bad places on the trail were either repaired or bypassed. Several toll roads were constructed. Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip (as recorded in numerous diaries) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later.[citation needed]" ]
[ "about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later" ]
836319745593371842
Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)
Kasautii Zindagii Kay ( 2018 tv series ) - Wikipedia Kasautii Zindagii Kay ( 2018 tv series ) Kasautii Zindagii Kay Genre Romance Created by Ekta Kapoor Written by Anil Nagpal Raghuvir Shekhavat Screenplay by Anil Nagpal Mrunal Tripathi Story by Anil Nagpal Directed by Muzammil Desai Creative director ( s ) Chloe Ferns Shivangi Babbar Starring Erica Fernandes Parth Samthaan Hina Khan Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 as of 29 October 2018 Production Producer ( s ) Ekta Kapoor Shobha Kapoor Cinematography Deepak Malvankar Editor ( s ) Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma Sandeep Bhatt Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 23 minutes ( approx . ) Production company ( s ) Balaji Telefilms Distributor Star India Release Original network Star Plus Picture format SDTV 576i HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital Original release 25 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) -- Present Chronology Related shows Kasautii Zindagii Kay External links Website Production website Kasautii Zindagii Kay ( lit . Trials of Life ) is an Indian soap opera created and produced by Ekta Kapoor 's Balaji Telefilms . It premiered on September 25 , 2018 and airs on Star Plus . It is a reboot of the 2001 series Kasautii Zindagii Kay . It stars Erica Fernandes , Parth Samthaan and Hina Khan . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Reception 2.1 Critical response 2.2 Ratings 3 References 4 External Links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erica Fernandes as Prerna Sharma Parth Samthaan as Anurag Basu Hina Khan as Komolika Chaubey Recurring ( edit ) Uday Tikekar as Moloy Basu : Mohini 's husband , Nivedita , Anurag and Tapur 's father , Anupam 's father - in - law , a publisher by profession as well as a tycoon in the publishing industry , and Rajesh 's close friend . Shubhavi Choksey as Mohini Basu : Moloy 's wife , Nivedita , Anurag and Tapur 's mother , Anupam 's mother - in - law , a high - class egocentric party queen . Pooja Banerjee as Nivedita Basu Sengupta , Moloy and Mohini 's eldest daughter , Anurag and Tapur 's elder sister , Anupam 's wife , employed at her father Moloy 's publishing company . Sahil Anand as Anupam Sengupta , Nivedita 's husband , Moloy and Mohini 's son - in - law , Anurag and Tapur 's brother - in - law . Upasana Salunkhe / Priyal Mahajan as Tapur Basu , Moloy and Mohini 's youngest daughter , Nivedita and Anurag 's younger sister . Sanjay Swaraj as Naveen Chandra Chattopadhyay , Mohini 's foster brother , Prerna 's fiancé . Madhura Naik as Naveen 's mistress , whom he fondly calls Jaan . Kali Prasad Mukherjee as Rajesh Sharma , Veena 's husband , Shekhar , Prerna , Shivani and Mahesh 's father , Suman 's father - in - law , Moloy 's close friend as well as managing editor in his publishing firm . Kanupriya Pandit as Veena Sharma , Rajesh 's wife , Shekhar , Prerna , Shivani and Mahesh 's mother , Suman 's mother - in - law , a self - made entrepreneur who sets up stalls and does gift - packaging as well to assist Rajesh in running the household . Antara Banerjee as Suman Sharma , Shekhar 's wife , Veena and Rajesh 's daughter - in - law , Prerna , Shivani and Mahesh 's sister - in - law , greedy in nature . Charvi Saraf as Shivani Sharma , Veena and Rajesh 's 3rd child and youngest daughter , Shekhar and Prerna 's younger sister , Mahesh 's elder sister . Adi Irani as Sidhant Choubey , A renowned Meerut - based M.P. of Bihari origin , serving in Kolkata . He is Uma Majumdar 's husband and Komolika 's father . Sidharth Banerjee as Sid , Anurag 's best friend and confidante . Rohit Sharma as Gaurav , Komolika 's boyfriend . Roopali Prakash as Komolika 's friend . Monica Sharma as Kirti , Prerna 's friend , Rohan 's wife . Naveen Sharma as Rohan , Anurag and Prerna 's friend , Kirti 's husband . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( October 2018 ) Urmila Banerjee of Bollywood Life stated , `` Ekta Kapoor introduces Parth Samthaan and Erica Fernandes as the iconic Anurag Basu and Prerna Sharma with Sanjay Leela Bhanshali 's grandeur and epic background score . Kasautii Zindagii Kay is technically a very good product from Balaji Telefilms . In fact , it is one of their finest so far . '' Shweta Kesari from India Today said , `` Parth Samthaan and Erica Fernandes beautifully fit into the shoes of punctual Anurag and carefree Prerna . The grandeur and magnificence of the show will make your a jaw drop . The makers have tried to retain the essence of Kolkata and Bengalis . Overall the show is a complete package of entertainment for soap viewers ! '' Soumya Srivastava from Hindustan Times described the show as `` louder and garnish '' and wrote that , `` The background score is excessive . It plays without reason and way too often . Whether the scene demands it or not , a joyful , somber or a comical tone is always there to force your brain into thinking that this is how you are supposed to feel right now . Times Now commented that , `` The reboot takes you in the lives of Anurag and Prerna that were part of our every day lives and the first episode is all about nostalgia of the epic Kasautii Zindagii Kay . '' Priyanka Bansal from The Quint wrote `` The chemistry between Parth and Erica seems to be lacking . The coming episodes will be a testament if these two can come anywhere close to the benchmark scintillating chemistry Khan and Tiwari shared on screen . '' Ratings ( edit ) In its debut week , the series opened with 5589 million impressions in urban areas thereby being 10th most - watched show during the week . In UK in its second week , the series was the top most watched show on Thursday with 101100 views . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ekta Kapoor hints at the comeback of Kasautii Zindagii Kay '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Kasautii Zindagii Kay Reboot to go on air from September 10 '' . mid-day. 2018 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ekta Kapoor 's Kasauti Zindagi Kay 2 delayed ; check out the new premiere date '' . India Today . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Erica Fernandes begins shooting for Kasautii Zindagii Kay promo '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Parth Samthaan is the new Anurag Basu in Kasuati Zindagi Kay reboot '' . Jump up ^ `` Kasautii Zindagii Kay promo : SRK introduces Parth and Erica as Anurag and Prerna '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 : Ekta Kapoor reveals Hina Khan 's look as Komolika '' . The Indian Express . ^ Jump up to : `` Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 : From Anurag , Prerna to Komolika , who 's playing who in the reboot '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kasautii Zindagii Ki : Sidharth Banerjee Joins Ekta Kapoor 's Serial Reboot '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 First Episode Review : Ekta Kapoor introduces Parth Samthaan and Erica Fernandes with Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's grandeur ! Jump up ^ Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 first episode review : Parth - Erica shine in this retelling of the epic love saga Jump up ^ Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 episode 1 review : There was no room for it but things have become worse Jump up ^ Review : Kasautii 2 : It 's all about getting Nostalgic Jump up ^ Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 First Episode Review : Will it be Ekta Kapoor 's comeback to monopoly ! Jump up ^ Most watched Indian TV shows : Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 opens to big numbers on TRP charts Jump up ^ Ratings war : Ekta Kapoor 's Kasautii Zindagii Kay beats Bigg Boss 12 , enters top ten Jump up ^ TRP Report : Erica Fernandes and Parth Samthaan 's Kasautii Zindagii Kay enters top 10 ; Bigg Boss 12 kicked off Jump up ^ Ekta Kapoor 's ' Kasautii Zindagii Kay ' gets a thundering welcome , beats Salman Khan 's ' Bigg Boss 12 ' on BARC Jump up ^ ' Kasautii Zindagii Kay ' soars to No. 1 on Thursday in UK External links ( edit ) Kasautii Zindagii Kay on IMDb Current broadcasts on StarPlus Currently broadcasting Primetime soap opera Ishqbaaaz Kasautii Zindagii Kay Krishna Chali London Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Nazar Ye Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Qayamat Ki Raat Dance Plus 4 Balaji Telefilms Key individuals Jeetendra Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Tusshar Kapoor Companies Balaji Telefilms Balaji Motion Pictures ALT Entertainment ALT Digital Media Entertainment BOLT Media Limited Film productions Kyo Kii ... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta 2003 Kucch To Hai Krishna Cottage 2005 Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Koi Aap Sa 2007 Shootout at Lokhandwala 2008 Mission Istanbul C Kkompany EMI -- Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega Love Sex aur Dhokha Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2011 Taryanche Bait Shor in the City Ragini MMS The Dirty Picture 2012 Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum 2013 Ek Thi Daayan Shootout at Wadala Lootera Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara ! 2014 Shaadi Ke Side Effects Ragini MMS 2 Main Tera Hero Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi Ek Villain 2016 Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 Azhar Udta Punjab Great Grand Masti Flying Jat 2017 Half Girlfriend Super Singh Lipstick Under My Burkha 2018 Veere Di Wedding Laila Majnu 2019 Mental Hai Kya Jabariya Jodi Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare Present TV shows Zee TV Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 - ) Kundali Bhagya ( 2017 - ) Star Plus Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( 2013 - ) Qayamat Ki Raat ( 2018 - ) Kasautii Zindagii Kay ( 2018 - ) Colors Naagin ( season 3 ) ( 2018 - ) Sony TV Dil Hi Toh Hai ( 2018 - ) Past TV shows Star Plus Chandra Nandni Dhhai Kilo Prem K. Street Pali Hill Kaahin Kissii Roz Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Kahiin to Hoga Kalash Karam Apnaa Apnaa Karma Kasautii Zindagii Kay Kasturi Kayamath Kesar Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil Kkavyanjali Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Nach Baliye 7 Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil Tere Liye Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna Zee TV Brahmarakshas Hum Paanch Jodha Akbar Kammal Kasamh Se Keshav Pandit Kohi Apna Sa Koshish Mano Ya Na Mano Pavitra Rishta Sony TV Bade Achhe Lagte Hain Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai Box Cricket League 1 Ghar Ek Mandir Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai Khwaish Kkoi Dil Mein Hai Kkusum Kuchh Is Tara Kuchh Jhuki Palkain Kutumb Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat Kya Huaa Tera Vaada Pyaar Ka Bandhan Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do Colors Bairi Piya Box Cricket League 2 Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Kavach ... Kaali Shaktiyon Se Koi Aane Ko Hai Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Naagin ( season 1 ) Naagin ( season 2 ) Parichay - Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka Life OK Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh Ek Thhi Naayika Kalash - Ek Vishwaas Mazaak Mazaak Mein Savdhaan India Imagine TV Bandini Kitani Mohabbat Hai ( season 1 ) Kitani Mohabbat Hai ( season 2 ) Sarvggun Sampanna Channel V Confessions of an Indian Teenager Gumrah : End of Innocence Gumrah ( Season 2 ) Gumrah ( Season 3 ) Gumrah ( Season 4 ) Gumrah ( Season 5 ) V The Serial MTV India Box Cricket League 3 , 2018 MTV Webbed ( season 1 ) MTV Webbed ( season 2 ) Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi DD National Kayaamat Pavitra Bandhan Star One Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani Sahara One Kahi To Milenge 9X Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki Kahe Naa Kahe Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket Kya Dill Mein Hai Zoom Kyaa Kahein Metro Gold Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Kundali Sony Pal Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai &TV Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum Hungama TV Kartika Sun TV Kudumbbam Kulaa Villaakku Pasamalargal Kelunga Mamiyare Kanavarukaaha Kasthuri Kanmaneeya Naagini Jaya TV Kalki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasautii_Zindagii_Kay_(2018_TV_series)&oldid=866524468 '' Categories : Balaji Telefilms television series 2018 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian drama television series Star Plus television series Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2010s Indian television series Indian television soap operas Television shows set in Kolkata Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with style issues from October 2018 All articles with style issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is kasauti zindagi ki season 2 starting
[]
[]
1789199151975829862
Glossary of motorsport terms
Glossary of motorsport Terms - wikipedia Glossary of motorsport Terms Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a glossary of terminology used in motorsport , along with explanations of their meanings . Contents J O Q U V X Y Z References External links 0 -- 9 ( edit ) 107 % rule Often used in Formula One or other racing series , it is a time which the driver must qualify the car within 107 % of the polesitter 's time to be allowed to compete . Variations of this may be used to monitor drivers and warn them to make the required threshold of speed or be parked ( disqualified ) . Similarly , the IndyCar Series uses a 105 % rule and NASCAR has a 115 % rule , mainly for performance on track , though INDYCAR and NASCAR often adjust the rule for tracks with very abrasive surfaces ( such as Atlanta Motor Speedway ) where lap times can be considerably faster when a car has newer tires . 200 MPH Club ( Also known as the `` 2 Club '' or `` Dirty Two Club '' for records taking place at El Mirage Lake ) A lifetime `` membership '' awarded by the SCTA or another sanctioning body / circuit to any driver who drives over a specified distance at a minimum speed of 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) , while also breaking a record . Membership can stretch over from the more exclusive 300 to the elite 400 . Drivers race on the apron at Chicagoland Speedway ( the area between the white and yellow lines ) Aero cover see wheel shroud Air jacks Compressed air activated lifting cylinders strategically mounted to the frame of and near the wheels of a racing car which project downwards to lift the car off the ground during a pit stop so to more quickly change wheels / tires or provide mechanics access to the underside of the car for repairs . Apex The part of a corner where the racing line is nearest the inside of the bend . Apron An area of asphalt or concrete that separates the racing surface from the infield . Armchair enthusiast Alternatively armchair racer , an individual who follows motor sports primarily on television and or the internet and reads books and magazines about the subject . Can also refer to someone who plays racing video games Auto racing Alternative term for motorsport , largely American in nature , although referring specifically to circuit / oval racing for cars and excluding sports such as motorcycling racing , rallying and drifting . Awful Awful North American hot rod slang for a AA / FA ( `` double A '' Fuel Altered ) drag racer B main See Semi-feature . B - team See Satellite team . Back half ( drag racing ) referring to distance from the 1 / 8 mile mark to the 1 / 4 mark of the track . Backmarker A slower car , usually in the process of being lapped by the leaders . It is sometimes a derogatory term . Backup car See Spare car . Beam ( drag racing ) starting line electric eye controlling prestaged and staged lights . Banking A . ) The angle at which a track inclines towards the outside of a corner or from the lower to the higher side of a straight , also referred to as camber , more so when modest or negative , B . ) a corner that inclines towards the outside or C . ) an earth bank where spectators sit or stand The Big One A large pileup during a stock car race involving up to 30 cars . The term is largely reserved for restrictor plate racing at Daytona and Talladega . Black Flagged To be ordered to the pits or penalty box , due to a rules infraction or unsafe car ( loose parts , smoking , dropping fluid , etc . ) . A black flag is shown to the car that has to stop . Also known as `` being posted '' . Blend line The painted line defining the exit from pit lane where it rejoins the race track . It prevents emerging race cars from driving into race traffic travelling past the pits . Competitors are penalised for crossing the blend line , ensuring cars have attained full racing speed before rejoining the race . Bleach box ( drag racing ) Area where bleach is deposited for cars to perform burnouts ( q.v ) . Gasoline ( since discontinued for safety reasons ) , water , and TrackBite are also used . Blow See Blown . Blower supercharger ( occasionally turbocharger ) ; in ' 90s , generally grouped as `` power adder '' with turbocharger and nitrous . Blown A . ) An engine that is supercharged ( i.e. a `` blown '' V8 is a supercharged V8 ) B . ) An engine that has suffered serious failure , usually no longer running and / or having sustained irreparable damage ( i.e. `` Looks like # 21 has a blown engine ... his race is over '' ) . Blowover flipping of a car or boat , due to air under car lifting front wheels . Commonly suffered by dragsters and powerboats . Bottle ( drag racing ) refers to the nitrous system , also the jug . Bottoming , Bottoming out When the bottom of the chassis hits the track . Box Box Box An F1 term used by people on the pit wall to tell a driver to come into the pitlane for a pitstop . Breakout ( drag racing ) running quicker than dial - in ; also `` breaking out . '' Grounds for disqualification if opponent does not commit a foul start or cross boundary lines ; also known as Bustout . Bump and run A move in stock car racing , where a trailing car intentionally bumps the car in front in an attempt to pass . Burnout Performed to heat the tires up for better traction . It is also used in stock car racing typically to celebrate a race win . Buschwhacker , Claim Jumper ( 2008 -- 14 ) , or Signal Pirate ( 2015 -- ) ( NASCAR ) A driver who regularly races in the first tier NASCAR series , the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , who makes guest or semi-regular appearances racing in the second - tier NASCAR Xfinity Series . The term was named originally for then sponsor of the second - tier series Anheuser - Busch brewery . Claim Jumper was a reference to second - tier sponsor Nationwide Insurance ( 2008 -- 14 ) , and Signal Pirate references current second - tier sponsor Comcast Xfinity . Bye Allows a driver to advance to the next stage or heat of an event , without competing , when there are uneven numbers entered . Commonly used in speedway , drag racing and drifting etc . Catch fence at an American dirt track Cackle Fest A . ) ( Drag Racing ) Referring to when 2 Top Fuel or Funny Car cars are sitting at the starting line and one or both cars refuse to stage . The motor noise at idle sounds like a cackle . At the discretion of the starter , they can order the drivers to stage or even have them pull out of the lanes and have the next race group come forward . Or B . ) A show and shine for hot rods where the cars are allowed to idle . Camber A . ) The angle at which wheels are set up to tilt in or out , measured in degrees in or out from 90 degrees ( i.e. `` 2.5 degrees negative camber '' means each wheel is tilted 2.5 degrees inwards from vertical ) `` Positive camber '' means the top of the tyre is angled outwards from the car ; `` negative camber '' means that the top tilts inwards . Negative camber assists cornering performance as the outside tyres lean into the corner ( like a motorcycle ) which keeps the lateral forces on the tire lower and causes less flex in the sidewall , although it does also have the effect of increasing tyre wear . Or B . ) Banking , the angle at which a corner inclines towards the outside or a straight from its lower side to its higher side . Sometimes specified as positive camber and negative camber , the latter indicating a decline from the inside of a corner . Catch fence A series of and combination of chain - link fencing , welded grid fencing , and / or cables used to slow or stop out of control cars and prevent debris and tyres from hitting the crowd . It is common on short tracks , street and permanent circuits . Caution / Caution period See Full course yellow . Chase vehicle In off - road racing , a non-competitive vehicle that follows a competing vehicle to assist with repairs . Chicane An artificial feature added to the natural course of a track to slow cars or create a passing zone . The `` Christmas tree '' counting down at SIR Chopping Down the Christmas Tree See Wired to the tree . Christmas tree The series of lights in drag racing that signal the approach and start of a race in addition to showing starting violations . Church break A compulsory time - off period in which all motorsport activities must cease for a short period on late Sunday morning to allow church services to proceed without disruption from adjacent noise , common to all motorsport venues taking place within a certain proximity of a church , or if local regulations mandate such . At Lime Rock Park , racing on Sunday is specifically prohibited . Some series intentionally do not allow any activity on the circuit until after noon on Sunday . Many series in North America reserve such time off in order to have chapel services inside the circuit , organised by a ministry traveling with the series , and spectators with chapel services organised by local churches . Clean air Air that has not been affected by turbulence from other cars . The opposite of dirty air . Clerk of the Course The official responsible for all on - track activities including demonstrations and parades . They oversee the track conditions , supervise the marshals and emergency services , control the deployment of the safety car and decide upon suspending a session . If a race director is appointed the clerk is junior and the race director has ultimate authority ; if not they are often the most senior official at a racing event . Closing / shutting the door A driver takes an early defensive racing line into a corner to block the car behind from overtaking along the preferred line . Co-driver In rally racing , a co-driver directs the driver through the course by reading pacenotes which describe the turns and obstacles ahead . Also called a navigator historically when the reading of maps played a larger part in rallies prior to the widespread adoption of pacenoting . The term is also used in long - distance sports car and touring car racing where more than one driver is sharing the same vehicle . Competition caution A preplanned full course yellow , mandated by the sanctioning body , where drivers bring their vehicles into the pits . Frequently done to change tires because of excessive tire wear . Control Where the series organisers specify that all competitors in the race must use an identical part ; as in control tyre or control engine . Crate motor An engine that is ready - built and sealed by an independent company . Crate motors are sometimes mandated and sometimes optional . They are commonly used in regional touring series down to local tracks in divisions from late models on down . Crate motors are implemented to limit costs and it ensures that the entire field has the same equipment . Crossed sticks Two curled up flags held out in form of a cross signal the halfway mark in many American racing series . Cushion In dirt or off - road racing , when dirt is kicked up from the track that lands near the wall after trucks drift through the corners . The dirt builds up after time and can slow a driver down if they slide too deep into it while sliding through the turn . Customer car When a racing team uses a car built for them , either by another team , or by a specialist racing chassis manufacturer . Primarily a Formula One term where the majority of teams build their own cars . The practice has since been banned from F1 . Delaware start Deep braking Applying the brakes later than normal when entering a turn . Delaware start A style of restart where the race leader starts in the first row by himself and the other drivers start two - wide . Named after a start method for a short track in the state of Delaware in the United States . The leader can choose which lane he wants for the restart , which can be an advantage , with a clear advantage over second place . Compare that to Lane Choice . Delta Time ( also Pit - Stop Delta ) The entire time it generally takes a driver to enter the pit lane , make a full pit stop , and exit the pit area back to the track to resume racing at optimum pace . For example , a Delta Time of 25 seconds means the entire pitting process ( entering , stopping and exiting ) cost the driver 25 seconds not driving at full race speed even though the car may have been stationary in the pit box for only 5 seconds . Density Altitude ( often DA ) ( drag racing ) which often refers to the quality of air . Technically `` quality of air '' refers to the pressure drop as altitude above sea level increases . Atmospheric air pressure is lower at a race track higher above sea level . All non-turbocharged internal combustion engines produce less power as air pressure drops , as each intake stroke draws in less air per volume than normally . This may require the engine to be `` tuned '' to optimize the power , as it may still `` think '' it 's at a lower altitude . Because a supercharged engine pressurizes intake air at a fixed mechanical ratio to the engines RPM 's , it suffers a proportionate loss in power , but not as severe as a naturally aspirated engine will . A turbocharged engine is largely unaffected , as the lower density of the intake air is offset by the lower backpressure resisting the exhaust flow through the turbo . Dial - in ( drag racing ) when bracket racing , drivers must estimate or `` dial in '' the time in which they expect to run . Therefore , two unmatched cars in weight and power can compete , by a handicap system . If one runs a faster time than dialed in , it is a breakout . Did Not Attend ( often DNA ) Denotes a driver who was entered for a race but did not attend the circuit . Sometimes referred to as Did Not Arrive or simply a `` no show . '' Did Not Finish ( often DNF ) A driver who did not finish the race . Some sanctioning bodies do not classify a driver in the final results if he did not finish completed a certain number of laps , for example in Formula One a driver must complete 90 % of the completed laps to be classified as a finisher . Did Not Qualify / Did Not Pre-qualify ( often DNQ / DNPQ ) A failure to qualify or pre-qualify for a race . Most often because the driver was too slow to make it into a limited number of grid positions , or was slower than the 107 % rule . Refer 107 % rule . Did Not Start ( often DNS ) A driver who did not attempt to compete in a race , even though he may have competed in practice sessions and / or qualifying . Not the same as the DNA already mentioned . Digger dragster ( as distinct from a bodied car or flopper ) . Dirty air The air disrupted by a car when it moves at speed , which can cause aerodynamic difficulties for a car following closely behind . The opposite of clean air . Disqualify ( often DQ or DSQ ) Where a competitor is removed from the results , usually in penalty for a technical infringement . Sometimes , but not always , interchangeable with Excluded . Dogleg A gentle turn or kink on a racing circuit , usually associated with road courses , but also present on oval tracks . On road courses , a dogleg may be present on a long straightaway ( e.g. Mid-Ohio ) , curving the straight slightly , but usually not enough to require drivers to slow down much for the turn . On an oval , a dogleg can be located on the frontstretch ( e.g. Charlotte ) or backstretch ( e.g. Phoenix ) creating an oblong shape , adding a challenge , increasing sightlines for fans , and again , usually not requiring drivers to slow down for the extra curve . A quad - oval is also referred to as a `` double dogleg . '' ( See Charlotte or Atlanta Motor Speedway ) Some tracks classify the dogleg as a turn ( Mid Ohio turn 3 ) or not ( Charlotte ) . Also known as a sweeper . A drift competition in progress Doped ( or Dope ) ( drag racing ) commonly used word in the southern states if the car is using nitrous or propane injection on diesels . Door - slammer Drag racing term used to group vehicles , usually sedan bodied , that still have functional doors for driver access to the vehicle , as opposed to Funny cars which have a single lightwight outer body draped over the racing chassis . Downforce Increased force holding the car onto the track . This is created by the aerodynamics or aerodynamic aids ( F1 wings , etc . ) of a vehicle which causes a `` reverse lift '' effect . That is , creating an area of low pressure ( suction ) under the car and / or under the wing ( s ) or other aids fixed to the car , the higher pressure above forcing the tires harder to the ground , effectively increasing the static friction . This allows it to travel faster through a corner , at the cost of having a reduced overall top speed , since drag is proportionate to lift and downforce is caused by lift . Drafting A technique where multiple vehicles align in a close group reducing the overall effect of drag due to exploiting the lead object 's slipstream . Same as slipstreaming . Drag Reduction System A mechanically activated element of the rear wing of modern Formula One cars , where in a predetermined position on the circuit a wing element will open , moving from steeply inclined to flat , thus reducing the amount of drag generated by the rear wing , increasing its top speed on a straightaway . The mechanism artificially assists overtaking with additional benefit of overcoming Dirty Air issues while following cars closely . Drifting Drifting is a form of motorsport in which drivers intentionally provoke constant oversteering slides while preserving vehicle control and a high exit speed . In motor racing , drifting is a cornering technique ( also called a four - wheel drift ) where a car takes a high - speed corner held at an angle on the track without major steering inputs , balancing natural understeer with power oversteer . Drive - through penalty A penalty applied by race officials while the race is underway . A competitor is directed to drive into the pit lane and travel its length at much reduced speed ( pit lanes are mostly speed - limited to protect the pitcrew and marshals ) losing significant track position in the process . When the driver is serving his drive through penalty he is not allowed to stop anywhere in the pits . See also Stop - go penalty . Drivers ' meeting before a motocross race Drivers ' meeting A meeting where drivers and officials meet before a race to discuss the upcoming event . Also referred to as Drivers ' briefing or Driver and Crew Chief meeting , as in some series , the driver and his crew chief must attend . DRS see Drag Reduction System Dry line On a drying circuit , the racing line that becomes dry first as the cars displace water from it . Early Doors A popular term used by competitors when referring to the early stages of the series ' season . The esses at Road Atlanta Esses Sequences of alternating turns on a road course , resembling the letter ' S ' . E.T. Elapsed Time . A term used in drag racing about the total time the run took , from start , to finish . E.T. Slip ( drag racing ) Slip of paper turned in by the race timer which denotes elapsed time for both drivers , and who won the race ; it may also include reaction time and `` 60 foot '' time . This is an official document , used for timekeeping . Also known as a timeslip . Excluded ( often EXC or EXCL ) Removed from competition before the race has started , generally due to an infringement during practice or qualifying . ERS Energy Recovery System . Part of the hybrid engines used in Formula One since 2014 , that recover energy from the brakes and heat and stores it in batteries , which is then used to boost power . It combines both a kinetic energy recovery system ( KERS ) , known officially as the Motor Generator Unit -- Kinetic ( MGU - K ) , and a system recovering heat from the turbocharger , officially known as the Motor Generator Unit -- Heat ( MGU - H ) . Factory - backed A racing team / driver that competes with official sanction and financial support from a manufacturer . In Europe , known as a works team . Factory team A more specific version of Factory - backed referring to racing teams run directly from the factory of the vehicle manufacturer . Fan car Usually refers specifically to the Brabham BT46 Formula One car , although the concept was actually pioneered by sports car manufacturer Chaparral Cars on the Chaparral 2J . The placement of a large fan at the rear of the chassis driven either independently or by the engine with the purpose of creating negative air - pressure underneath the car to create additional downforce for increased cornering speed . Fastest lap fastest time in which a lap was completed by a driver during a race . Sometimes rewarded with bonus championship points . Field The competing cars in an event . Field - filler A driver or team usually slower than the majority of the field that only participates if there are open spots . See also start and park . First or Worse In drag racing , if both drivers commit a foul , the driver who commits the foul first loses , unless it is two separate fouls , where the loser is the driver who committed the worse foul ; ( a foul start is worse than a break out , in a bracket class with breakout rules in effect , then a lane violation is worse than foul start , and failure to participate in a post-run inspection is worst ) . The `` worse '' part is in case of a double breakout , the driver closer to their index wins . If one driver commits a foul start , but the opponent crosses a boundary line ( wall or center line ) , the driver who commits the red light wins . The only double disqualification fouls are deep staging , leaving before the tree is activated , or crossing the boundary line ( although an official has the right to declare the driver who crossed the line second was forced ; in a final , only the first to cross the line is disqualified ) . Flag - to - flag coverage Television or radio coverage that consists of the entire race start - to - finish rather than highlights , tape delayed , `` packaged '' coverage , or highlights of the first portion of the race before broadcasting the final quarter of the race live . Derives from green flag ( start ) to checkered flag ( finish ) . Instituted largely in the late 1970s , with the 1979 Daytona 500 being the first major 500 - mile race with live , flag - to - flag coverage . Flat spot When a wheel locks under braking , the car skids and leaves a flat spot on the section of the tyre that was touching the ground at the time . Flopper ( drag racing ) Funny Car , short for `` fender flopper . '' Coined by dragster crews in the late 1960s to separate Funny Cars , which had fiberglass bodies with fenders , from dragsters . Erroneously attributed to flip - top bodies of Funny Cars . Flying lap A lap started by a competitor at optimum speed , as opposed to a lap from a standing start , usually in qualifying . Flying Start ( See Rolling Start ) Formation lap The lap cars make before forming up on the grid for the start . Formula racing A type of racing , generally open wheeled , where the conditions of technical entry comply with strict rules or formulae . Free practice When drivers or riders learn the circuit and / or teams experiment with race settings for the track . Fuel ( drag racing ) mix of methanol and nitromethane ( `` pop , '' nitro ) ; race class using it . Fuel cell A fuel tank with a flexible inner liner to minimize the potential for punctures in the event of a collision or other mishap resulting in serious damage to the vehicle . Mandatory in most forms of motorsport . Fueler ( drag racing ) any car running fuel or in Fuel class ( most often , TFD or TF / FC ) . Full course yellow When yellow flags are deployed at every flag point around a race circuit and a Safety Car leads the field until a hazard is cleared . Funny Car Funny Car ( drag racing ) a vehicle with a single - piece body draped over the chassis which is lifted off or rear - hinged to allow the driver access to the cabin ; a race class for such a car Gap Beating an opponent in a heads up drag race with a visible distance between the between the 2 competitors Garagiste Also called garagistas , disparaging term given by Enzo Ferrari to describe the new wave of British racing cars such as Cooper and Team Lotus that challenged his team with a smaller budget . Gasser bodied drag racer running on gasoline ( before Pro Stock was introduced ) Gentleman driver in sportscar racing , typically refers to a driver who is not a professional racing driver . These drivers ' primary source of income is not related to motorsport . Most sportscar racing categories today use a driver rating system where notable drivers with major accomplishment in single - seater competition and under 50 years of age are platinum , drivers with major wins in domestic motorsport or platinum - level drivers 50 - 59 , gentleman drivers who are experienced are silver , and gentleman drivers with an entry - level ( B ) international licence , or platinum - level drivers older than 60 ( Emerson Fittipaldi raced in the 2014 6 Hours of São Paulo as a bronze driver because of his age ) are declared bronze . Many series require gentleman drivers in lower - level categories ( P2 and GTE - AM in WEC , PC and GT3 / GTD in IMSA ) and only allow one professional driver in a three - driver team in those classes . Graining When small grains of rubber start coming off a tyre . See also marbles . Grand Chelem To qualify on pole , set the fastest lap , win and lead every lap of a grand prix . Grand marshal Ceremonial marshaling role at a race meeting . Largely held by celebrities or retired notable drivers with no actual duties or responsibilities beyond the waving of a flag to commence activity or to announce the traditional start your engines prior to some races . Gravel trap Off - track run - off area , usually positioned on the outside of corners , filled with gravel intended to slow down and stop cars that have left the track at speed . Generally there are tyre barriers between a gravel trap and the catch fencing , in order to protect the spectators . Sometimes nicknamed `` kitty litter '' for its visual resemblance . Green track A paved race course that is clean from rubber buildup , oil / grease , marbles ( see below ) , and debris , typically cleansed by means of a recent rain shower . A `` green track '' is usually considered preferable . Track crews may also use jet blowers to remove marbles and debris from the surface , to mimic the green track conditions . Green - white - checker finish When a full - course caution comes out right before the end of a race , the race is extended beyond its scheduled distance . Depending on sanctioning body , there may be either one or multiple attempts at a restart , between one and five laps , before the race is declared officially over . NASCAR 's national series will have a maximum of three attempts if the penultimate lap only under caution , while some short track races have unlimited attempts at a span between one and five consecutive green - flag laps . In British Superbike Championship motorcycle racing , if a caution is called in the final third of the race , three additional laps will be added on the ensuing restart in a green - white - checker style finish . Grenade wreck an engine ( the engine `` grenaded '' ) so violently that internal parts of the engine breaking through the block and / or bolt on parts ( cylinder heads , oil pans , etc . ) to blow off the engine . Distinct from `` popping the blower '' . A hand - grenade engine is a usually derogatory engine of tuned to maximise engine power at the cost of low mechanical reliability . Grid The starting formation of a race , generally in rows of two for cars and three or four for bikes . The Indianapolis 500 traditionally has a unique grid of three cars per row . Groove Also called The Groove . The optimal path around the track for the lowest lap time . In drag racing it is about the center portion of the lane , where the cars can gain traction quicker . Groove a tire see Sipe Ground effect A method of creating downforce by the shape of the car 's body , notably by shaping the underside of the car in combination with the car 's lateral edges in order to trap and dramatically slow the airflow running underneath the car , effectively turning the entire car into a wing . Gurney , Gurney flap A small lip placed at the trailing edge of a race car 's aerodynamic wing . Despite its relative size , often only millimetres tall , it can double the downforce achieved by the wing , although at the premium of increasing drag , hence the small size . Named for the man commonly attributed to its proliferation , Formula One driver and constructor , Dan Gurney . Also known as a wickerbill . Hairpin turn on the Mont Ventoux in France Hairpin A tight 180 degree corner that twists back on itself . Handicap where cars start a race in the reverse order of qualifying , or perceived race pace , usually with timed gaps between cars starting a race . More common in racing 's early days than today , the effect was the produce a race result in which all cars would arrive at the race finish together , regardless of the performance of the race vehicle . Another form of handicapping is success ballast , where more successful cars are assessed a weight penalty for every win , and Balance of Power in sportscar racing . Hanford Device a spoiler attached across the back of the rear wing to greatly increase drag . The result is a massive increase in the slipstream , which improves wheel - to - wheel competition as well as multiple lead changes per lap . HANS Device ( Head and Neck Support device ) also known as a head restraint , is a safety item compulsory in many car racing sports . It reduces the likelihood of head and / or neck injuries , such as a basilar skull fracture , in the event of a crash . Heads - up Racing in drag racing , where both drivers leave at the same time and is used in all professional ( `` pro '' ) classes . Heat A shorter race which decides the participants of the main race and sometimes starting order as well , usually there are more heats in which only a part of the drivers from the entry list take part . Can also mean part of the main race , when it consists of two or more parts . Holeshot when beginning a race from a standing start : ( motorcycle , off - road , powerboat racing ) , the rider who is the first one through the first turn at the start of a race ( drag racing ) getting a substantial starting line advantage due to a quicker reaction time . The other driver gets `` holeshotted '' `` welded to the line '' or `` left at the tree . '' A `` holeshot win '' is any win in a heads - up class where a slower car beats a faster car because of better reaction time , despite having a slower elapsed time ( e.t. ) . Homologation Process by which a new vehicle or part of a vehicle is approved by organizers for usage in racing . It also refers to the majority of the world 's road racing sanctioning bodies having a racing class following the FIA 's Group GT3 formula . This was done to allow a car to be raced in multiple series with no changes . Hook up ( drag racing ) Good traction between tires and track resulting in increased acceleration and reduced slipping or smoking of tires . Hot lap ( See Flying Lap . ) Hung - out - to - dry Typically used in context to pack racing ; a car that pulls out of the `` draft train '' to make a pass , but ends up losing many positions . Numerous cars drafting closely together normally drive faster than one car by itself . The lone car hung out to dry sometimes falls all the way to the end of the draft train . Also known as freight trained . Hydrolocking Excessive fuel entering ( flooding ) one or more cylinders due to abnormal operating conditions . The fuel can not be compressed , causing damage to the motor . Most common in drag racing . May cause the motor to grenade . May also happen if a motor ingests water through the air intake . Impact wrench A tool specifically designed for rapidly winding off and on wheel nuts , allowing the changing of wheels and tyres to be performed faster during pit stops . Also known as an impactor , air wrench , air gun , rattle gun , torque gun . Impound Rule NASCAR 's version of Parc Fermè , used at certain tracks In - lap Any lap which concludes with a visit to the pits , especially a pre-arranged pit stop , either during a race or during practice or qualifying . Often drivers push hard to drive fast on their in - lap ( despite perhaps having worn out tires ) in order to gain time during the pit stop sequence . See Delta time Incident officer ( often IO or I / O ) A motorsport marshal who is in charge of other marshals on the track , allocating duties to them . Second in rank to observer . In hillclimbing , they are responsible for the radio communication . Independent A competitor ( team or driver ) taking part with no or very little backing from a manufacturer . They have their own championship within the World Touring Car Championship , where there is a strong manufacturer presence . Inspector See Scrutineer . Installation lap A lap which can take place in practice or qualifying , which is intended simply to gain data and telemetry for the driver or team , rather than any intention of setting a competitive time . Intermediate A wet weather tyre of lighter grooving than a wet weather tyre . Sometimes an intermediate is a slick tyre with grooves cut into it . It is used for conditions between dry and wet conditions , most often when the track is wet but it is not actually raining . International season In Australian sprint car racing , the time generally between December and February . Because of Australia being in the Southern Hemisphere , some drivers in North America will fly down to Australia during the time and participate in various meetings before the World of Outlaws season starts in Barberville , Florida in February . The recognised International Season typically runs from Christmas Day ( because of the time difference , it usually is Christmas night United States time , where the international drivers are based , until the week before the Barberville meeting . Invert The portion of the field which is started by reverse qualifying speed . With an invert of five , the fifth - fastest qualifier starts first and the fastest qualifier starts fifth . The rest of the field starts by their qualifying speed ( sixth fastest starts sixth ) . The invert is often not announced before qualifying or a dice / die roll happens after qualifying . J ( edit ) Jet dryer mounted on a pickup truck James Bond ( Red ) In drag racing , when driver 's reaction time ( when he leaves the start line ) is seven thousands of a second after the green light (. 007 ) . A `` Red '' is a reaction time of -. 007 seconds ( red light ) , which is disqualification unless the opponent commits a more serious violation . Jet dryer An airplane engine mounted on a pickup truck or trailer . The exhaust from the engine is used to blow debris or evaporate moisture from the racing surface . Joker Lap In Rallycross events each vehicle must run a lap with a detour once during each single race . In events overseen by the FIA , such as the FIA World Rallycross Championship , this lap must be at least two seconds slower , therefore , the alternative route makes the lap longer . In the American Global Rallycross series the Joker Lap is usually a bit shorter than a lap on the original track . The Joker Lap idea was thought up as a tactical component by Svend Hansen , the late father of 14 - times FIA European Rallycross Champion Kenneth Hansen , to spice up the competition . Jump start In a standing start , when a vehicle moves from its grid slot before the start of a race is signaled . In a rolling start , when a car passes before they cross the start - finish line or the restart line . When this is done , a penalty is usually imposed . In drag racing , a jump start is signalled by a red light in the offending driver 's lane , and he loses unless a more serious foul ( boundary line or failure to report to post-race inspection after a round win ) occurs . Kerb - hopping To clip , or drive over completely , the concrete kerbs ( curbs ) on the inside of a corner . While often the fastest method of negotiating chicanes in particular , the practice is usually frowned upon by race officials for the damage it can do to the kerbs , tyres and vehicles . The practice also can drag debris or water from behind the kerb onto the racing line . KERS Kinetic Energy Recovery System . A device which recovers energy created when brakes are applied and stores it until required to add power in the engine . In 2008 KERS systems started to appear in the World Rally Championship and Formula One followed soon after , where its application is limited to a push to pass system . Kit ( drag racing ) refers to a turbo kit or a nitrous kit . Using nitrous oxide in the professional categories in drag racing is illegal . Kitty litter Informal term with two possible meanings . It is either a nickname for a gravel trap , or for a material applied to the track surface to clean up a leaking fluid . Early apex Ideal Line Late apex Ladder series Generally refers to a category or series of lesser importance which in most cases will race at the same race meeting as a senior category . Cars will be generally similar in characteristic to drive but will be smaller , less powerful and / or slower . Competitors will generally be younger emerging drivers who are climbing an apprenticeship ' ladder ' towards entry into the senior series . Lambda reading Fuel to air ratio readings , used to determine how much fuel is pushed through the fuel injectors into the cylinders for combustion . Lap of honour A non-competitive lap taken before or after the race by a driver in celebration . Also known as a lap of honor , or , if after the race , a victory lap . Lap record Fastest race lap recorded at a circuit for a category of race car . The circumstances allowed vary significantly , but practice laps are generally not considered official records . Laps recorded in qualifying may or may not contribute but are sometimes referred together with practice laps as Qualifying lap record . The outright lap record is the fastest race lap ever recorded at any particular circuit , regardless of category of vehicle being raced . Le Mans car A slang given by the general public to describe a sports prototype racing car , commonly a Le Mans Prototype and its predecessors including Group C , Group 6 and Group 5 , regardless if it is competing at Le Mans or not . Lead trophy See Success ballast . Lid The top of something , either a crash helmet or the roof of a car . Lit the tires ( drag racing ) lost traction , producing smoke . Livery The paint colors and decals applied to a vehicle to mark its sponsorship or team identity . Lollipop A sign on a stick used in pit stops , which is held in front of the car and raised when the pit stop is completed . Though the same basic device is utilized in NASCAR and IndyCar , generic terms such as pit board or sign board are preferred as the sign is not round , but sometimes square , and often is in a specific design unique to the driver or team ( such as Kevin Harvick 's happy face logo , or a team 's number stylised as it fits on the car ) . In addition , in NASCAR & IndyCar , the sign is usually only used for the driver to locate their pit box . It is pulled back , and not normally used to signal departure as it is in Formula One . Loose See oversteer . Marshal Marbles Pieces of rubber from tires that accumulate on the racing surface outside of the racing line that are slippery like toy marbles . Marshal A person responsible for signaling track conditions to drivers ( through use of flags ) , extinguishing fires , removing damaged cars from the track and sometimes providing emergency first aid . Meatball A specific racing flag used in some countries to indicate to a competitor there is a defect with the car which has the potential to cause a safety risk to the competitor or to another competitor . Most usually applied to trailing smoke or loose bodywork . The flag is black with a large orange dot in the centre of the flag , looking vaguely like a meatball . Some racing series use this flag to indicate the car being flagged is no longer being scored , due to ignoring orders to pit because of a rules infraction . Meth ( drag racing ) refers to methanol injection used in conjunction with racing gasoline Mickey Mouse corner A pejorative term for a corner or series of corners on a circuit that are thought to be poorly designed , slow , uncompetitive , uninteresting , and usually difficult or near impossible to overtake through , which detract from the overall challenge of the course . In some cases where the entire course is deemed poorly designed , it can be referred to as a `` Mickey Mouse track . '' Mill any internal combustion engine used in a race car ( inherited from hot rodding slang ) Missing man formation The vehicle on the pole position drops back a row during a pace lap to salute a deceased motorsport personality . Mobile chicane Disparaging slang . A competitor noticeably slower than the front running pace , so slow as to be a ' chicane that moves around the track ' . Monsoon wet Increasingly common nickname for an extreme weather version of the wet weather tyre . Motorsport Valley A tag given to the mid-south of England by the Motorsport Industry Association where high concentration of activities within the motorsport industry on and off track occur . Mountain motor ( mainly North American ) term for large - displacement engines , often used in hot rods and drag racers . Named for their size ( over 8,100 cubic centimetres , or 500 cubic inches , the limit in some sanctioning bodies ) , and for being constructed in the mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina . Murrayism A funny term or phrase originally uttered during a broadcast , by and named in honour of veteran Formula One broadcaster , Murray Walker . Mystery Caution An unknown condition caution in the closing laps of a race called for the purpose of closing up the field , typically to create a Green / White / Checkered shoot - out finish . NASCAR acronym for National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing . Navigator See co-driver . Nationals Most NHRA events are called Nationals , referring to the first race held by the NHRA in a parking lot in Pomona , California , called simply , `` The Nationals . '' Nitro ( drag racing ) nitromethane ( sometimes incorrectly used to refer to nitrous oxide ) . Nitrous ( drag racing ) refers to Nitrous Oxide systems manufactured by a wide range of companies . Not classified ( often NC ) A driver was racing at the end of the race , but did not complete the required distance to be classified . O ( edit ) Observer The highest ranking trackside marshal within the post ; the main decision maker at the event of an incident , they relay information to the race control . Can be seen standing in the marshal post . Second to Chief Marshal . Official See Steward . Oildown ( drag racing ) When a car 's engine or lubrication breaks during a run , leaving a streak of oil and other fluids on the track . This is punishable by fines , point penalties , and / or suspension . Open wheel car or Open wheeler A specific type of racing car in which the wheels are not enclosed by bodywork of the car , e.g. : Formula One . Formula Mazda , a one - make series One - make racing Racing equipment that must be identical for all competitors , usually to cut down on costs or for business purposes by car manufacturers . Known in North America as spec , specific parts can be spec , as in the IndyCar Series ' spec engine , or the type of car can be spec , as in spec racing series such as Spec Miata . Out - brake Gaining time or position by braking harder and deeper in a corner . Out - lap The first lap to be completed after exiting the pit lane , either during a race or during practice or qualifying . Also known as a reconnaissance lap if it is not taken at race speed , e.g. when a car leaves the pit lane to take up its position on the grid prior to the race start . Outright lap record Fastest lap recorded at a circuit of any category of race car . Most often this does not include qualifying and practice laps but confusingly some sources occasionally include laps not recorded during races . Overdrive ( drag racing ) The ratio between the revolutions of the supercharger to the revolutions of the engine , controlling amount of boost ; see underdrive . Overpowering the track A drag racing term used when talking about a run when the driver loses traction . It is normally used to talk about the actions of the team crew chief . Oversteer Cornering behaviour where the rear wheels do not track behind the front wheels but instead move out toward the outside of the turn . Opposite of understeer . A pit stop in Formula One Pace car See safety car . Pacenotes In rally racing , notes that describe the course in great detail . Paddock An enclosure at a track used by team support personnel and vehicles , and other officials and VIPs . Paint scheme see Livery . Parade lap A lap before a motorsport race begins where the drivers go around the track at a slow speed , also known as a formation lap . Parc fermé or Impound An area which cars enter after they have qualified for the race , where they are not allowed to be worked upon by mechanics unless on strict supervision by the stewards . Some motorsports series other than Formula One refer to this as the Impound . Pay driver A driver who pays for his race seat rather than receiving a salary from the team . Generally has a negative connotation . Sometimes known as a Ride Buyer . Pedalfest ( drag racing ) where both cars break traction and the drivers have to work the throttle to get the car to regain traction , but keep the car going fast enough to win the race . Pedalling ( drag racing ) working the throttle to avoid lighting the tires , or as a way to sandbag ; `` pedalled '' it , had to `` pedal '' it . Photo finish A finish in which two or more cars are so close that in times past a photograph of the finishers crossing the finish line would need to be studied to determine the finishing order . While the practice has been mostly superseded by modern electronic timing systems , the location of the transponder in a vehicle is not located near the nose of the vehicle , so stewards often use video replays to detect where the nose ( of a car ) or wheel ( of a motorcycle ) crosses the finish line first . Pit board A board that is held up from the pit wall to the side of the finishing straight when a driver goes past , to confirm their position in the race and the amount of laps remaining . Before the introduction of radio communication , also used to instruct drivers to pit for fuel and / or tires , or to comply with rules violations . Pit lane A lane , adjacent to the race track , where the garages are located . Pit stop Stopping in the pit lane for repairs , refuelling , and / or new tires . Pit wall Where the team owners and managers sit to observe the race , opposite the garages in the pit lane . Pole position The first grid position , placed closest to the starting line ( in Formula One ) , nearest the inside of the first turn , or both . Usually reserved for the competitor who has recorded the fastest lap during qualifying . A competitor who starts a race there is said to be on the pole . Polish Victory Lap Was started by Alan Kulwicki which is a reverse victory lap . Popping the blower ( Drag Racing ) When an intake valve hangs open , allowing the igniting fuel in the combustion chamber to leave the chamber . This , in turn , causes the fuel in the intake manifold to explode , blowing the blower off the top of the motor . Pre-qualifying A preliminary qualifying session held prior to a regular qualifying session in order to reduce the number of competitors taking part in the regular session , usually for safety reasons . An example of pre-qualifying is in Formula One in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Privateer A competitor not directly supported by a sponsor or manufacturer . To be privately funded . Progressive grid Where a category races multiple times at a meeting , the starting order for the grid is decided by the finishing order of the previous race . Pro tree ( drag racing ) timing lights which flash all three yellow lights simultaneously , and after four tenths of a second , turn green . Prototype An endurance sports racing car that does not noticeably look like a standard production model . An informal `` puke can '' . Though some form is mandatory , this type is illegal at some tracks . Puke can ( drag racing ) radiator overflow tank , sometimes , used beer cans are used as puke cans , although , on some tracks , these types of modifications are considered illegal . A standard puke can is usually made of plastic , or some high strength polymer , and attached close to the radiator . Pulling an Eckman A term in drag racing , particularly in Pro Stock , when a driver is cited , and fined for racing with a nitrous oxide system ; driver Jerry Eckman was the first driver in the NHRA to be indefinitely suspended for such an infraction ; he was reinstated after two years . Push See understeer . Push to pass System in which engine power is increased for short periods to create a short burst of extra speed . This can be done by increasing the boost pressure in a turbocharged car , increasing the maximum rpm , or using a separate system to provide power . Also , see KERS . Put on the trailer When a driver has either lost ( got `` put on the trailer '' ) or won ( put the other driver on the trailer ) . Named because losing drivers pull their vehicle home on a trailer . Q ( edit ) Qualifying The process of deciding the starting order of a race . See also pre-qualifying . Quick 8 ( often Q8 ) ( drag racing ) Quickest eight cars in a defined race . Rules appear to can differ per location / race . R.T. Abbreviation for `` Reaction Time '' . In drag racing , it refers to the time it takes for a driver to leave the starting line after the green light . This time can mean the difference between a win and loss , especially in closely matched races . Race Director An official appointed by a series organiser who holds ultimate authority over race operations throughout every event of a championship . The race director is the senior official present , and controls the activities of the local Clerk of the Course and marshals and the other staff appointed by the series . When appointed , they hold the responsibility of deploying the safety car and starting and stopping sessions . Racing line The fastest path around a circuit . Rainout When a race is delayed or cancelled due to rain , or the threat of rain . Rail ( or rail job ) dragster ( as distinct from bodied car or flopper ) . From the exposed frame rails of early cars . Usually refers to early short - wheelbase cars . Rail ( drag racing ) guardrail Ramp run In a practice lap , to rev the engine as far as possible without changing gears to allow engine management systems to take Lambda readings of the fuel to air ratio across a smooth engine revolution range . Rattle gun See Impact Wrench . Reactive suspension A system by which the suspension is controlled by computer to maintain an optimum distance above the racing surface , regardless of forces acting upon the car and changes in the racing surface , thus maximising the aerodynamic assistance that can be gained by running the car close to the ground . Developed originally by Team Lotus in Formula One . Redlight ( ed ) ( drag racing ) a.k.a. bulb ( ed ) -- jump ( ed ) the start , left before tree turned green . This is a loss unless a more serious ( opponent crossing the center boundary line ) foul occurs . Relief driver A driver who fills in for another driver in case of injury , or during a race because of exhaustion or pain . Restart The race is started again after a caution or other condition that stopped the race . In the case of a restart from a caution period on an oval track and most road courses , this is accomplished by the safety car pulling off the track , the green flag / light being displayed , and cars simply accelerating back to race speeds . Retirement ( often Ret ) see Did Not Finish . Reverse grid racing when the starting order of a race is reversed , so that the driver on pole position , starts last . Occasionally reverse grid is limited to only part of the grid , for example , just the top ten positions may be reversed . Often used to increase the entertainment value of a race , mainly used when a category races several times over the course of a meeting . Riding mechanic an early term for a co-driver . Rim blanking see wheel shroud Ripple strip Concrete kerb , usually placed on the inside of a corner , painted in chunks of colour , usually red and white alternately , hence the ' ripple ' . Road course ringer ( NASCAR ) A driver who generally competes only on road courses as a substitute for a team 's primary driver . Such drivers are no longer used by top teams in the Sprint Cup Series due to competition changes in the 21st century , but are still frequently used by lower - tier Cup teams and teams in other NASCAR series . Roll cage Roll cage Network of metal bars that criss - cross the interior of production - based sedan - bodied racing cars . Originally created as a safety device in more recent times it has been used to connect suspension , chassis , engine to substantially increase the torsional rigidity of a race car . Roll hoop Looped bar protruding above and behind the drivers helmets in open wheel and prototype sports racing cars . The hoop is placed that in the event of a car rolling over in a crash the car lands on the roll hoop rather than the drivers helmet . It also makes a handy hook for cranes for removing stopped cars from dangerous positions on the circuit . Rolling start A starting method where moving cars start a race after the starter displays a green flag . Roof flap an aerodynamic piece designed to keep a car on the ground when it is traveling in reverse . Rumble strip Variation of ripple strip with an upward - pointed , rounded saw - tooth edge . The saw - tooth effect is to discourage competitors from kerb - hopping . The saw - tooth creates a rumble sound and feel for the competitor when driven over . Roost In off - road racing , the act of accelerating quickly in a corner to kick up dirt , dust , and rocks , usually in an effort to temporarily blind a trailing driver . Run - off area Areas off the track put aside for vehicles to leave the track in case of emergency without accident . Chevrolet Corvette safety car leads the field in a NASCAR Nationwide Series race Safety car A safety car or pace car limits the speed of competing cars on a racetrack in the case of an accident or caution periods caused by obstruction / s on the track . Sandbag To gain a competitive advantage by deliberately underperforming at an event . Sandtrap An area at the very end of a dragstrip to slow down and stop vehicles that have gone off the track , it is filled with , as the name implies , sand . The design of the sandtrap is intentional , and used as a safety device . Satellite team A second racing team either operated by or in partnership with a larger team but maintaining a separate identity . The team may share vehicles and technology with the main operation , or may develop the careers of upcoming drivers , such as Scuderia Toro Rosso . Scattershield A bellhousing or external shield surrounding a bellhousing , and designed to contain metal fragments in the event of clutch and / or flywheel failure . The term also refers a metal shield intended to contain fragments in case of catastrophic transmission failure . Scratch race A type of race which competitors start on an equal term . Scrub Also known as the Bubba Scrub ; a jump technique in motocross in which the rider transfer their weight to the bike sideways at the face of the jump for a lower trajectory which decreases time spent in the air . Scrutineer A qualified official who examines racing vehicles pre-race for compliance with the rules of competition , usually in a scrutineering bay adjacent to the pit lane . Scuffs Tires which have been used limitedly , but are not worn out . Scuffs may be put on a car during a pit stop to improve handling . At times , brand new tires may be ' scuffed in ' before a race by practicing in them for a lap or two . ( See `` Sticker tires '' ) Sector A section of one complete lap of the circuit used for timing purposes . For the purposes of Formula One , each circuit is split into three sectors . Semi-automatic gearbox A motorsport application , created initially by Scuderia Ferrari for Formula One , in which the driver can change gears manually , but without having to manually activate the clutch . On open wheel race cars it is usually activated by paddles immediately behind the steering wheel , although touring cars and rally usually place the gear shifter as a gear stick in the more conventional position on the centre console , but occasionally is mounted as a stalk off the steering column , when activated , automatically engages the clutch and changes the gear and releases the clutch without any further input from the driver . Semi feature , B - main , Qualifier A qualifying race before the main event , where non-qualified cars compete for a predetermined number of spots in the main event . Some races have a C - main where the top finisher ( s ) qualify for the B - main . At those events , the main event is known as the `` A-main '' . Setup The set of adjustments made to the vehicle in order to optimize its behavior . Shakedown The first test of a new vehicle . Shootout See Superpole . Short shifting A technique used , primarily in motorsport , to regain control of a car through a high speed corner . Involves the driver shifting up a gear earlier than usual . Shunt A crash . Usually side to side contact . Shutdown Area In drag racing , it is the extra 440 yards from the finish line , to the sand trap , used to safely shut down the car , and turn it off the track , so the next racers can begin their race . The Sauber C24 Formula 1 car with the right `` sidepod '' highlighted . Sidepod Aerodynamic device to improve airflow between front and rear wheels on open wheel racing car which also covers ancillary equipment within car , most often water radiators which are air cooled by ram scoops at the open front of the sidepods . Crew members grooving a tire Sipe a tire To use a razor blade to cut a tire 's thread causing the rubber to break off . Grooving or Cutting a tire means to use a tool to add additional grooves to a tire to adjust handling for a track . Skid plate Metal plates , most commonly titanium , fixed to the bottom of flat bottomed racing cars on the undertray facing the racing surface , put there to protect the undertray from ground strikes tearing through the undertray . Today less common as racing cars usually are mandated to have a ground clearance that is less critical to hitting the track . Slapper bar see traction bar . Sled In truck and tractor pulling , an implement pulled behind the machine which uses friction to stop the machine . Late model stock cars on a slick dirt track Slick ( clay oval ) A phenomenon caused on short - circuit clay ovals that dry out too much . Clay circuits that do not maintain a certain amount of moisture as a race meeting progresses will start to wear the rubber off the soft specialised clay surface tyres of clay surface race car tyres much in the same way asphalt or concrete paved circuits do , giving the track surface a noticeably black shade . Formula One slick Slick ( tyre ) A tyre with no tread pattern , maximising the amount of tyre rubber in contact with the racing surface . A specialist motor racing application as in wet weather conditions these tyres have little resistance to aquaplaning . Slidejob pass Especially in dirt oval racing , a passing car dives low into a corner , deliberately oversteers in front of the vehicle being passed in an attempt to slow their momentum . The vehicle being passed often attempts to pass back by steering low coming out of the corner down the following straightaway . Slingshot front - engined dragster , named for the driving position behind the rear wheels ( erroneously attributed to launch speed ) . Slingshot pass A pass using Slipstreaming ( see below ) . Slipstreaming A car following close behind another uses the slipstream created by the lead car to close the gap between them or pass it . Same as drafting . Smoking the tires Also called Lighting the hides , or Blowing the tires off . A term used mostly in drag racing when a loss of traction occurs , causing the rear tires to rise , and smoke profusely . This usually happens off the starting line . When this happens during a race , it usually results in a loss , unless the opponent also loses traction as well . Spare car , Backup car A car used by a driver if he has damaged his main car . It may or may not have the same setup as the primary car . Now banned in Formula One for cost - cutting reasons , though teams in many other major racing series have a spare car available at the track . At Indianapolis , it is traditionally called a `` T Car '' ( `` T '' loosely short for `` training '' ) Spec see One - make racing Special stage A section of road or track , closed off used for timed runs in rallying . A rally is made up of a number of special stages . Spin turn A semi-doughnut which a driver use to turn themselves to a correct position on a tight space without the need of a reverse gear . Splash and dash , Splash and go A pit stop which involves refueling the car only , often less than a full tank . Splitter ( in white ) on a NASCAR car Splitter Also referred to as the front Spoiler , Front Air Dam , or Diffuser . Aerodynamic device placed on the nose of some touring cars and GTs to improve airflow around the nose of the car and sometimes create downforce for the front wheels to aid steering . It is prominent on NASCAR 's Car of Tomorrow body style . Spoiler Aerodynamic device attached to the trailing edge of a race car to increase its rear downforce . The difference between a spoiler and a wing is that wings are generally multi-element with air passing both above and below the aerodynamic surface , whereas a spoiler is flush fitted to the car 's bodywork . Spotter a person , positioned high above the circuit , who communicates what going on the track to the driver Stagger the difference in circumference between the left and right tires . It is used to make a racing car turn easier on oval tracks . Standard tree ( drag racing ) timing lights which flash in sequence five tenths of a second between each yellow light before turning green . Traditional form , before introduction of pro tree . Standing start A starting method where the race machines are stationary on the grid . Start and park A team or driver who starts a race and only runs a small number of laps to avoid using up resources ( tires , parts , pit crew , etc ... ) . Steward The adjudicator or referee at a race meeting who interprets incidents and decides whether penalties or fines should be issued . Sticker tires Brand new tires put on a race car . Nicknamed `` sticker tires '' because the manufacturer 's labels are still visible . ( Opposite of `` Scuffs '' ) Stint The period a driver is at the wheel in an event involving more than one driver in the vehicle . Sometimes refers to the period of driving between pit stops . Stop - go penalty A penalty assessed to a driver for an on - track infraction that requires them to enter their pit box ( or in some cases a special penalty pit box ) and come to a complete stop before resuming . No work is allowed to be done on the car during the penalty , even if it is being served in the driver 's own pit box . Doing work on the car would negate the serving of the penalty , and the penalty would have to be re-served the next time around . In some cases , the car is held in the box for a specified number of seconds before being allowed to resume . Sometimes called a Stop and go penalty . Since the early / mid-1990s , this penalty has seen less use , and is instead typically replaced by the Drive - through penalty . The drive - through penalty requires a driver to enter and drive through the pit road ( below the pit road speed limit ) , before returning to the track . When pit lane speed limits became standard in motorsport in the early 1990s , the drive - through penalty was deemed sufficient , while stop - go penalties ( when coupled with the now slow pit speed limits ) were now considered excessive . Stripe or Strip The start / finish line . Struck the tires ( drag racing ) loss of traction , causing them to smoke . Success ballast A method used to level performance between competitors by adding weight to cars the win races or are successful . Somestimes referred to as Lead trophy as the usage of lead bars is most popular in applying the additional weight . Superpole , or Shootout A selection procedure in which the ten or 15 fastest qualifiers compete for grid positions in a single - lap effort without other vehicles on the track . While not specifically referenced , most NASCAR races will use this style of qualifying for all cars . Support race A race ( s ) that takes place before and / or after the main event race . It may also be held during a qualifying day , and is often used to provide a fuller weekend of activities . It is normally a race from a lower or `` ladder '' series , is usually shorter in duration , and in some cases might feature some moonlighting drivers from the main event . Super rally When a rally driver retires on any day , except the last , they can continue the next day incurring penalties for the stages they did not drive , including the one they retired on . Currently , in World Rally Championship , a driver will be given the time of the fastest driver of their class , plus a five - minute - penalty for each missed stage . Super Special Timed special stage in a rally on a purpose - built track , often in a stadium . Usually two cars will set off at the same time in separate lanes , and at the halfway point of the stage they will swap lanes , usually due to a crossover involving a bridge . A similar format is used in the Race of Champions . Swinger ( from Sidecar racing ) A passenger on a racing motorcycle sidecar who athletically moves from one side of the sidecar to the other , altering a sidecar 's weight distribution to assist in cornering speed and in some corners to prevent the sidecar from tipping over . T - bone T - bone A collision in which the front of a car crashes into the side of another car , forming a `` T '' shape . This is one of the more dangerous types of crash due to the relative vulnerability of side impacts where there is much less deformable structure on the side of a car to protect the driver . Also , to crash into another car in such a fashion ; the victim is `` T - boned '' . T - car Alternative term for spare / backup car Tank - slapper When the front wheel of a motorcycle oscillates rapidly , causing the handlebars to slap against the fuel tank . It is increasingly being used to refer to a vehicle that loses traction at the rear , regains traction and loses it again , causing the rear to weave side to side independently of the front of the car . This is more often referred to as fish - tailing . Tansō ( 単 走 , solo run ) ( drifting ) Japanese term for individual passes where drivers drive whilst being observed in front of judges in an attempt to vy for the top spot . Team orders The practice of one driver allowing another from the same team or manufacturer to gain a higher finish at the direction of the team management . Often employed to prevent the risk of an accident resulting in damage to both of a team 's cars . The practice was briefly forbidden in Formula One as a consequence of the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix controversy . U.S. - based series ( NASCAR , IndyCar , etc . ) rarely if ever have used team orders , and the practice is widely frowned upon due to sportsmanship issues and fan backlash . Tear - off thin plastic sheets that drivers stack up over their visor or windshield for visibility . Drivers ( or pit crews ) tear one off after it becomes dirty . Template a device used by sanctioning body officials to check the body shape and height of racing vehicles Ten - tenths Refers to driving a car to its absolute potential . Throttleman In offshore powerboat racing , the boat 's second occupant who work alongside the driver , whose role is to steer the boat . The throttleman 's position is to adjust the trim tab whilst observing water conditions and extract as much speed out of the boat by controlling the hand - throttle during a race whilst it hops over tides after tides to prevent the propellers from spinning wildly whilst the boat is airborne , which causes the engine to overrev , leading to engine damage . Throw a belt ( drag racing ) losing the drive belt connecting the engine 's crankshaft to the supercharger . Tight See Understeer . Time attack A competition which involve cars running around the circuit in lieu of a qualifying lap . Timed race Instead of running a predetermined number of laps , a race runs for a predetermined amount of time ( i.e. 24 Hours of Le Mans ) . This is common in endurance racing , although series such as Formula 1 have a limit on how long a race can be run ( Usually two hours ) , which means that a race may be ended after the time limit expires but before the predetermined number of laps is run . Timeslip ( drag racing ) E.T. slip . Tin - top Road car - derived vehicles with a roof , mainly in touring car racing . Tire shake A term in drag racing , when the engine is putting out more horsepower than the drive axle can handle , causing the rear tires to shake violently . This results in a loss of speed , and can also result in loss of steering , and occasionally , lead to on track accidents . Refer to in other disciplines sometimes as axle tramp . Top end ( drag racing ) finish line of strip ; high part of engine 's rev band . Track The racing surface . Track record A term referring either to the best performance of any athlete on a certain track , or to the history of a certain racer 's past performance . Traction bars ( drag racing ) rear struts fixed to rear axle to keep rear axle from twisting , which causes wheel hop and loss of traction ; also called slapper bars . In FWD cars , commonly import drag racing , used to keep front wheels in the ground . Traction control This regulates the power supplied to the wheels of a vehicle to prevent wheelspin . It is banned in many forms of motor racing . Trap ( s ) ( drag racing ) the 20 meter ( 66 ft ) timing lights at top end of race track to measure speed & E.T. Trap speed ( drag racing ) Speed as measured by the speed trap near the finish line , indicative of the maximum speed reached on a pass . Tsuisō ( 追 走 , chase - attack ) ( drifting ) Japanese term for tandem passes where two cars are paired off against each other over two passes within a heat , with each driver taking a turn to lead . U ( edit ) Understeer or push Cornering behaviour where the front wheels do not follow the steered course but instead push out toward the outside of the turn . Known as push in NASCAR and other stock car racing . Opposite of oversteer . Undertray Flat or stepped flat surface on the bottom of open wheel and sports prototype racing cars . Theory has varied along with aerodynamic developments and regulations , from the sidepod tunnels of ground effect to the flat undertrays of the 1980s in various attempts to use aerodynamics to suck the cars closer to the bitumen , minimising the air underneath the car that could slow its progress . Today most such categories feature a stepped undertray with sidepods siting higher in the air than the centre of the car , usually mandated by series organisers in an attempt to limit vehicle performance . Also refers to flat surfaces extending behind splitters in sedan and GT based racing cars . V ( edit ) Victory lane Also ' Winner 's Circle , ' because of early motorsport 's roots at horse racing tracks , the American term for the place where the winner of a race goes to celebrate victory after winning an event . Victory lap A lap , after the conclusion of the race , where the winning racer drives at reduced speed to celebrate his or her victory . The Wally In the NHRA , The Wally is the nickname of the trophy that is earned by the winner of an event , the nickname refers to the founder of the NHRA , Wally Parks . Wallies A slower car , usually found at the rear of the grid . It is sometimes a derogatory term . Wastegate Device attached to turbochargers used to limit the additional horsepower they produce . Usually a mechanical device , activated when the pressure within the turbocharger reaches a certain point , opening a valve , thus reducing boost pressure . Used primarily for safety ( speed reduction of the racing cars ) or cost ( reducing stress on both turbo and engine , lengthening the life of the parts prior to failure or rebuild ) . Not to be confused with a Blow - Off Valve . Wear the shiny off A term used , mostly within drag racing , when a brand new car either hits the wall , or , in the Pro Stock class , when a new car flips over into its top and continues down the track for a considerable length , peeling the paint , or more common in recent years , vinyl wrap , off . Weight shifting A technique used to reduce understeer . This involves the driver decelerating through a corner to shift the weight of the car from the back to the front , increasing grip of the front tyres and decreasing understeer . Wet ( or wet - weather ) tyre A racing tyre with deep grooves designed to displace standing water , allowing the tyre to obtain grip in conditions where dry weather tyres ( slicks ) would aquaplane . Monsoon wet has become a term used for extremely wet conditions . Wheel banging When the wheels of two different race cars slightly collide during an overtaking manoeuvre . Wheel hop ( drag racing ) violent shaking of the car as the tires lose and regain traction in quick succession . Maynard Yingst performing a wheelie in his sprint car Wheel shroud also known as aero cover or rim blanking . A wheel cover designed to distribute airflow to the brakes , thereby generate downforce . Saw common use in the Group C era , Indycar up to 1993 when banned and in F1 between 2006 - 2009 . Wheelie In a rear wheel drive vehicle , when the front wheel ( s ) rise up in the air under acceleration . Wheelie bars ( drag racing ) rear struts fixed to rear axle , which protrude out to rear of car to help prevent car 's front from raising too high or flipping over on launch . The wheelie bar ( foreground ) and parachute ( gray ) on Kenny Bernstein 's Top Fuel dragster . Wheelspin When the rear tyres ( or front tyres in the case of a front wheel drive vehicle ) break traction with the racing surface under acceleration , spinning the wheels faster than they move across the surface . On higher traction surfaces like bitumen the tyre will begin to shred and melt from the friction , producing white smoke . Wheelstand wheelie . In drag racing , an extreme case , with front wheels very near vertical . Wheelstander In drag racing , an exhibition car designed to complete a pass in a wheelstand ( wheels near vertical ) Whip A motocross technique in which the rider pitch their bike sideways and reposition themselves for the landing whilst airborne . Wickerbill See Gurney flap . Wing Aerodynamic device on many racing cars . The principle is the same as an aircraft wing except in motor racing applications the wing is inverted to create downforce instead of lift , pressing the car onto the road surface to increase traction . Wired to the tree A drag racing term for a racer that consistently beats his opponent off the starting line . Also called Chopping down the Christmas Tree . Wishbone Suspension control arm with three points , shaped roughly like a chicken wishbone . Works team A motor racing team supported by a vehicle manufacturer , usually run in - house at the manufacturer 's premises . A works driver is a driver who drives for the works team . Y ( edit ) Yellow chequer A term derived when the final lap ( s ) in a race is completed during a full course yellow while the field is under the control of the Safety Car . In this instance the yellow and chequered flags are waved together and the race is declared finished with the order the same as when the full course yellow began . Unpopular with spectators because of the anti-climactic nature of the finish , the possibility does make some senior race officials hesitate to use it late in the race , call a red flag to allow for further cleanup of the circuit to ensure a final restart ( which is often used anyway for severe debris incidents , especially with carbon fibre ) , or direct to slow the safety car in order that the hazard may be cleared in time for a competitive race finish . INDYCAR has a Yellow chequer rule , and NASCAR allows it ( 1 ) if a race is shortened because of curfew or darkness , ( 2 ) if the race is already on its final lap when the yellow must be waved , or ( 3 ) if there is a yellow implemented after the leader crosses the `` overtime line '' ( usually located on the backstretch ) during a valid green - white - checkered finish once the race has restarted . In Formula One , when there is a yellow chequer , the safety car will not lead the leader to the finish line , unlike INDYCAR and NASCAR . Z ( edit ) Zero car Used in rallying . Prior to the rally cars running over a special stage several official vehicles run through the course to check for safety , conditions of the road , to see if spectators or animals may be a hazard or for obstructions . Sometimes there are a triple zero ( 000 ) and double zero ( 00 ) as well as the zero . Zero cars travel the course immediately ahead of the competitors and are usually rally cars themselves . Zero Light Also known as `` cutting a zero , '' and a `` zero R.T . '' Used in drag racing when someone leaves the starting line at the exact moment when the light turns green (. 000 ) . Very difficult to achieve , due to the quick flashing of the lights on a Pro tree . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR '' Gordon questions ' field filler ' role after shunt. `` . Crash.net . Crash Media Group . March 2004 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Jeff Gordon says NASCAR should rethink minimum speeds '' . USA Today . USA Today . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IndyCar officials rule no extra boost for Lotus on race day at Indianapolis '' . autoweek.com . Autoweek . May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Breitenstein ( 2004 ) . Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary : A-Bombs to Zoomies . illustrated by Troy Paiva . MotorBooks International . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1823 - 9 . Jump up ^ url = http://www.bonneville200mph.org/bylaws.html Jump up ^ Dan McCosh ( April 1993 ) . Photos by John B. Carnett . `` Bonneville Salt Flats : Quest for Speed '' . Popular Science . Times Mirror Magazines . 242 ( 4 ) : 88 -- 92,101 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Racing Terms '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to be an armchair racer News Bike Expert '' . bikeexpert.co.uk . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton warns that F1 backmarkers could cause ' a disaster ' at Monaco Grand Prix '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , David ( 2007 ) . The Official ITV Sport Formula One Annual 2008 . Granada Ventures . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906211 - 02 - 8 . Jump up ^ Crossman , Matt ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` The art of the bump and run '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 18 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Sigal , Peter ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` On Dirt Roads of Mexico , Racers ' Toughness Is Tested '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Calming 101 '' . Project for Public Spaces . Retrieved 18 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` NASCAR may throw competition caution to address tire concerns at Indy '' . Scene Daily . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ASA Late Model Series Road to Success '' . ASA Late Model Series . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` xc 65th season of the United Racing Company is quickly approaching '' . The Racers Resource . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . horizontal tab character in title = at position 4 ( help ) Jump up ^ Emmons , Don , `` R&C Modelrama '' in Rod & Custom , 9 / 00 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ http://atlasf1.autosport.com/99/mar31/horton.html Jump up ^ http://www.f1-grandprix.com/?page_id=923 Jump up ^ Error Archived 2009 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Drag Racing Basics '' . International Hot Rod Association ( IHRA ) . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Jeff ( July 16 , 1999 ) . `` Speedway is ' inverting ' to multiply fun for fans '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sam 's Town 300 '' . NASCAR . February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Racing Terminology '' . Dyson Racing . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan prepare to tackle Le Mans 24 Hour race with astonishing , bizarre Deltawing '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Le Mans car fetches record £ 843,000 at Weybridge auction '' . BBC News . 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota reveals new Le Mans car as Peugeot quits Automotive & Motoring News Car Magazine Online '' . carmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Ed ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) . `` F1 Drivers Knock Indy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Sides Wins Back to Back in an Emotional Week '' . Jason Sides , World of Outlaws driver . June 27 , 2006 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , David ( 2007 ) . The Official ITV Sport Formula One Annual 2008 . Granada Ventures . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906211 - 02 - 8 . Jump up ^ According to IHRA Executive VP Ted Jones , in Car Craft , 1 / 1991 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Motorsport Terms '' . Pete 's Racing Site . Retrieved 18 January 2009 . Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki Jump up ^ Scuderia Toro Rosso Sporting Life -- F1 News Live lap - by - lap , Italian GP , Monza , Lewis Hamilton Jump up ^ The bellhousing scattershield 's invention is credited to Vic King and Pete Wolley for their X / Gas digger in 1959 . Dain Gingerelli , `` Midnight Oil ! '' in American Rodder , 6 / 94 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Motocross : How To Do The `` Bubba Scrub , '' With James `` Bubba '' Stewart Maxim `` . maxim.com . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Tip : The Bubba Scrub Transworld Motocross '' . motocross.transworld.net . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Backmarker : Breaking Down the `` Bubba Scrub '' - Motorcycle USA `` . motorcycle-usa.com . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Guidelines on Siping & Grooving Hoosier Sprint Tires '' . Hoosier Tire . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sled '' . Lake Country Antique Tractor Association . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bolles , Bob ( April 1 , 2004 ) . `` Dirt Car Setup Tips Real - World Tips From Practice To The Main Event '' . Circle Track . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , John ( February 2009 ) . `` Racing Suspension - Tire Stagger '' . Stock Car Racing magazine . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeller , Bob ( February 2009 ) . `` The Quitting Game '' . Car and Driver . Car and Driver . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 ® - The Official F1 ® Website - Interviews - Q&A with Spyker 's Christijan Albers '' . formula1.com . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Siska , Ellen . `` Tear - offs add new layer to windshield safety '' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Skorupa ( July 1995 ) . `` Popular Mechanics '' . 172 ( 7 ) . Hearst Magazines : 50 -- 53 . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Glossary T-Z '' . NASCAR . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` F1 technical glossary '' . F1technical . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Race Engine Technology : Formula One Technology '' . www.motorsportads.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sam ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Wind Cheaters - 11 ways F1 teams increase top speed ( UPDATED ) '' . Racecar Engineering . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ SEAS . `` Wheel Shrouds '' . www.formula1-dictionary.net . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Motocross Skills : How to Whip a motocross bike - Moto Magazine '' . motomagazine.co.uk . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whip 101 Transworld Motocross '' . motocross.transworld.net . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How To Whip It with Kris Keefer - Pro Riding Secret - Dirt Rider Magazine '' . dirtrider.com . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Formula One glossary World Rally Championship glossary Moto GP glossary Glossaries of sports American football Archery Association football Australian rules football Baseball derived idioms Basketball Board games Bowling Bowls Canadian football Chess chess problems computer chess Climbing Contract bridge Cricket Cue sports Curling Cycling parts Darts Equestrian Australian and New Zealand punting North American horse racing Fencing Figure skating Gaelic games Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Motorsport Poker Professional wrestling Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Surfing Sumo Tennis Trampolining Underwater diving Volleyball Water polo Wing Chun Terms named after people Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_motorsport_terms&oldid=806153526 '' Categories : Motorsport terminology Glossaries of sports Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : chapter ignored Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Nederlands Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did a change in the weather slow down the craft crossword clue
[]
[]
1899314965569718276
The Writing's on the Wall
The Writing 's on the Wall - wikipedia The Writing 's on the Wall For other uses , see The writing on the wall ( disambiguation ) . The Writing 's on the Wall Studio album by Destiny 's Child Released July 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 27 ) Recorded December 1998 -- March 1999 Genre R&B pop Length 64 : 52 Label Columbia Producer Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs Beyoncé Knowles Jovonn Alexander D - Major Chad `` Dr. Seuss '' Elliot Missy Elliott Donald Holmes Anthony Hardy Oshea Hunter Rodney Jerkins Eric Nealante Phillips K - Fam Daryl Simmons Platinum Status Chris Stokes Gerard Thomas D'wayne Wiggins Kandi Burruss Destiny 's Child chronology Destiny 's Child ( 1998 ) Destiny 's Child 1998 The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) The Platinum 's on the Wall ( 2001 ) The Platinum 's on the Wall 2001 Singles from The Writing 's on the Wall `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' Released : June 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 14 ) `` Bug a Boo '' Released : August 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 23 ) `` Say My Name '' Released : November 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 07 ) `` Jumpin , Jumpin '' Released : July 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 04 ) The Writing 's on the Wall is the second studio album by American girl group Destiny 's Child , released on July 27 , 1999 by Columbia Records . The album was produced by Missy Elliott , Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs , Rodney Jerkins , Eric Nealante Phillips and Beyoncé among others and included guest appearances from rapper Missy Elliott and R&B trio Next . The Writing 's on The Wall spawned four singles , including the number one - hits `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' and `` Say My Name '' . This is the last album with the group 's original line - up . The album saw the group taking creative control from writing and producing their own tracks working closely with producer Eric Nealante Phillips and singer - songwriter Xscape member Kandi Burruss . `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' and `` Bug a Boo '' were among the first songs written and produced by the group . The album debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 chart on August 14 , 1999 , with first - week sales of 132,000 units , and later peaked at number five on May 6 , 2000 . It earned Destiny 's Child six Grammy nominations for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ( twice ) , Best R&B Song ( twice ) , Record of the Year , and Song of the Year . The Writing 's on the Wall was certified 8 × Platinum by the RIAA on November 6 , 2001 , and has sold over 6 million copies in the United States alone . Billboard magazine ranked The Writing 's on the Wall at number 39 on the magazine 's Top 200 Albums of the Decade . Contents 1 Critical reception 2 Commercial performance 3 Controversy 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Decade - end charts 6.4 Certifications 7 References Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Sun - Times Entertainment Weekly The Guardian NME 6 / 10 Pitchfork 9.0 / 10 Q Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide The Village Voice B+ The Writing 's on the Wall received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars , stating : `` With their second album , Writing 's on the Wall , Destiny 's Child still suffers from slightly uneven songwriting , but it 's nevertheless an assured step forward for the girl group . Not only are they maturing as vocalists , they are fortunate to work with such skilled , talented producers as Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs , Rodney Jerkins , D'Wayne Wiggins , Chad Elliot , Daryl Simmons , and Missy Elliott , who all give the quartet rich , varied music upon which to work their charm . So , even when the album fails to deliver memorable songs , it always sounds alluring , thanks to the perfect combination of vocalists and producers . '' Rob Brunner from Entertainment Weekly gave the album the grade of B , stating : `` Judging from The Writing 's on the Wall , the second album from Destiny 's Child , it 's not Briggs ' fault . With his help , the Houston quartet ( Beyonce , LaTavia , LeToya , and the unimaginatively monikered Kelly ) prove themselves to be more capable of confident , inventive R&B than many of their contemporaries . Though Briggs is joined by a slew of trendy producers ( including Elliott and Rodney Jerkins ) , Wall still manages to avoid sounding like a mere rehash of other people 's hits . With a snaky lead vocal that slithers around staccato harmony parts , the aptly titled album opener `` So Good '' coolly mixes restrained production and playful melody . `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' , the first single , is a sort of companion piece to `` No Scrubs '' , taking on guys who seem perfect but turn into jerks once they get comfortable in a relationship . And `` If You Leave '' , a duet with male vocal trio Next , is an ambitious collaboration that delivers despite its potentially lethal abundance of voices . Wall gets bogged down by too much banal balladry ( `` Stay '' , `` Sweet Sixteen '' ) , proving Destiny 's Child to be capable of sounding exactly like any other group of snooze - inducing slow - jammers . But more often they recognize the difference between extremes of pitch and extremes of passion , a distinction lost on many R&B balladeers ( Blaque frequently fall for this trap , and they 'd probably spend even more time screaming and yelling if they were a little better at it ) . Destiny 's Child have learned a thing or two from the Supremes , singers who knew how to use a well - placed pause or a quietly sung harmony to maximum effect . No , they have n't managed to reach that lofty level on Wall , but if you 're casting Motown ' 99 , the album 's worth a listen . Its best stuff is close enough to the spirit of the Supremes to at least win them a callback . '' Robert Christgau gave the album the grade of B+ , stating : `` I like teenpop fine , but please , one song at a time . And since teenpop likes this glamorous femme quartet , individual songs are all a reasonable grownup would expect . Uh - uh . Lyrics are the usual problem -- if there 's a quotable quote here , I have n't noticed it . But that may just be because the multivalent harmonies , suavely irregular beats , and , not incidentally , deep - seated self - respect have been keeping me busy ever since I heard through the visuals . '' Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone , however , gave the album negative review , giving it the grade of two out of five stars , stating : `` Destiny 's Child blew up last summer with `` No , No , No '' , which wiggled seductively while begging the question , Since there are four ladies in the group , should n't that be `` No , No , No , No '' ? Or is one still making up her mind ? The Houston R&B group 's new hit , `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' , takes the same three - out - of - four - divas approach to a classic pop sentiment : These gals do n't want your love , just your money money money . But unlike TLC 's `` No Scrubs '' , `` Bills '' is n't sexy enough to get you up off your deadbeat ass . The track has too much fussy clutter , and the singers hang out the passenger side of TLC 's ride , groveling for spare change like forty - niners who 've been on the job since ' 29 . The Writing 's on the Wall has a similar case of the blahs . Despite OK moments like the `` Waterfalls sequel `` Sweet Sixteen '' , the Destiny children never find that one money tune that turns a no - no - no scrub into a yeah - yeah - yeah paying customer . '' However , Nathan Brackett and Christian David Hoard from The New Rolling Stone Album Guide gave a more positive review and the grade of four out of five stars in 2004 , five years after The Writing 's on the Wall was released . Organization Country Accolade Year Source Entertainment Weekly United States The 100 Best Albums From 1983 to 2008 ( ranked 92 ) 2008 Vibe United States `` The 150 Albums that Define the Vibe Era '' 2007 NME United Kingdom 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ( ranked 454 ) 2013 The Face United Kingdom The Face Recordings of the Year ( ranked 9 ) 1999 Q United Kingdom `` 100 Women Who Rock the World '' ( ranked 77 ) 2002 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame United States `` The Definitive 200 : Top 200 Albums of All - Time '' ( ranked 160 ) 2007 NPR United States `` The 150 Greatest Albums Made By Women '' ( ranked 61 ) 2017 Commercial Performance ( edit ) In the United States the album debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 on August 14 , 1999 , selling over 132,000 copies in its first week and slipped to number ten the following week with 100,000 copies . It remained in the top forty for most of 1999 and had sold over 1.6 million copies by the end of the year according to Nielsen SoundScan and was certified 2 × platinum in January 2000 . Nine months after its release The Writing 's on the Wall , following the huge success of third single `` Say My Name '' , returned to the top ten , peaking at number five on May 6 , 2000 . During its first year on the chart it spent forty - seven out of fifty - two weeks in the top forty ( including eleven weeks in the top ten ) or better and was the tenth best - selling album of 2000 , selling 3.8 million copies during the year . The Writing 's on the Wall enjoyed its best week of sales more than one year after its release when it sold over 163,000 units during the Christmas week of 2000 , and by the release of the group 's third album Survivor it had scanned 5.8 million in the United States and shipped over seven million copies . The Writing 's on the Wall spent ninety - nine consecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 ( from the summer of 1999 until the spring of 2001 ) and was certified 8 × platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on November 8 , 2001 . It has sold 6,347,000 copies to date in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan , and over 700,000 at BMG Music Club . Worldwide The Writing 's on the Wall was a similarly huge hit and became one of the best - selling R&B albums of all - time . It achieved gold , platinum and multi-platinum status across Europe and was certified 2 × platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) in early 2001 in recognition of two million albums sold in Europe . In Canada , the album peaked within the top on Canadian Albums Chart and was certified 5 × platinum by Music Canada for selling over 500,000 copies . It was certified 3 × platinum in the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , in New Zealand by the Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) and in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Controversy ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Michelle Williams ( above ) and Farrah Franklin joined the group as replacements for Luckett and Roberson . In December 1999 , Luckett and Roberson attempted to split with their manager , claiming that he kept a disproportionate share of the group 's profits and unfairly favored Knowles and Rowland . While they never intended to leave the group , when the video for `` Say My Name '' surfaced in February 2000 , Roberson and Luckett found out that two new members were joining Knowles and Rowland . Prior to the video premiere , Knowles announced on TRL that original members Luckett and Roberson had left the group . They were replaced by Michelle Williams , a former backup singer to Monica , and Farrah Franklin , an aspiring singer - actress . Shortly after her stint with Monica , Williams was introduced to Destiny 's Child by choreographer Braden Larson aka `` Peanut Orlando '' , and was flown to Houston where she stayed with the Knowles family . In March 2000 , Roberson and Luckett filed a lawsuit against Mathew Knowles and their former bandmates for breach of partnership and fiduciary duties . Following the suit , both sides were disparaging towards each other in the media . Five months after joining , Franklin left the group . The remaining members claimed that this was due to missed promotional appearances and concerts . According to Williams , Franklin could not handle stress . Franklin , however , disclosed that she left because of the negativity surrounding the strife and her inability to assert any control in the decision making . Her departure was seen as less controversial . Williams , on the other hand , disclosed that her inclusion in the group resulted in her `` battling insecurity '' : `` I was comparing myself to the other members , and the pressure was on me . '' Towards the end of 2000 , Roberson and Luckett dropped the portion of their lawsuit aimed at Rowland and Knowles in exchange for a settlement , though they continued the action against their manager . As part of the agreement , both sides were prohibited from speaking about each other publicly . Roberson and Luckett formed another girl group named Anjel but also left it due to issues with the record company . Although band members were affected by the turmoil , Destiny 's Child 's success continued . The following years of their career were seen as the group 's most successful stretch , becoming a pop culture phenomenon . There was also controversy surrounding the rights to use the `` Columbia '' name and trademark for the album 's release in international markets . There were different rules for owning the rights to the `` Columbia '' brand name , depending on the market . For the album 's release in Japan , where Columbia Records ' parent company Sony does not use the `` Columbia '' name or trademark , for example , the label was re-branded as SME Records ( SME is an abbreviation for Sony Music Entertainment ) , which is a sublabel of Sony Music Entertainment Japan , itself a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation and operates independently from the American Sony Music Entertainment , of which Columbia Records is a part of . The `` Columbia '' name and trademark are actually controlled in Japan by Nippon Columbia , which is a direct competitor and neither has direct relations with the American Columbia Records , nor with Sony Music Japan . It should , however , be noted that Nippon Columbia was , in fact , the former licensee for the American Columbia Records up until 1968 , when Sony Music Japan 's predecessor , CBS / Sony Inc. , was established . Track listing ( edit ) The Writing 's on the Wall -- Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro ( The Writing 's on the Wall ) '' Beyoncé Knowles LeToya Luckett Kelly Rowland LaTavia Roberson 2 : 05 2 . `` So Good '' Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs Kandi Burruss Knowles Luckett Roberson Rowland She'kspere Burruss 3 : 13 3 . `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' Briggs Burruss Knowles Luckett Roberson Rowland She'kspere 4 : 16 4 . `` Confessions '' ( featuring Missy Elliott ) M. Elliott D. Holmes G. Thomas Missy Elliott 4 : 57 5 . `` Bug a Boo '' Briggs Burruss Knowles Luckett Roberson Rowland She'kspere 3 : 32 6 . `` Temptation '' Dwayne Wiggins C. Wheeler Knowles Luckett Roberson Rowland A. Ray Dwayne Wiggins 4 : 05 7 . `` Now That She 's Gone '' Chris Valentine K. Fambro D. Boynton T. Geter L. Simmons A. Simmons Fambro Boynton 5 : 35 8 . `` Where 'd You Go '' Knowles Luckett Roberson Rowland Platinum Status Chris Stokes Platinum Status Chris Stokes 4 : 15 9 . `` Hey Ladies '' Briggs Burruss Knowles Luckett Roberson Rowland She'kspere 4 : 16 10 . `` If You Leave '' T. Turman R.L. Huggar Chad Elliot Oshea Hunter Chad Elliot Oshea Hunter 4 : 35 11 . `` Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' '' Chad Elliot Knowles Rufus Moore Knowles Chad Elliot Jovonn Alexander 3 : 50 12 . `` Say My Name '' Rodney Jerkins Fred Jerkins III LaShawn Daniels Knowles Luckett Roberson Rowland Darkchild 4 : 31 13 . `` She Ca n't Love You '' Briggs Burruss Knowles I. Lindo Luckett Roberson Rowland She'kspere 4 : 04 14 . `` Stay '' Daryl Simmons Simmons 4 : 51 15 . `` Sweet Sixteen '' Knowles Rowland Dwayne Wiggins J. Watley Wiggins 4 : 12 16 . `` Outro ( Amazing Grace ... ) '' ( Dedicated to Andretta Tillman ) John Newton 2 : 38 show International edition COL 494394 2 The Vinyl Classics German special edition ( Vinyl Classics ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 17 . `` Get on the Bus '' ( featuring Timbaland ) M. Elliott Tim Mosley 4 : 44 show Japanese edition No . Title Length 17 . `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' ( Digital Black - N - Groove Club Mix ) 7 : 16 show Houston special edition No . Title Length 17 . `` Ca n't Help Myself '' 4 : 53 show Australian edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 17 . `` Get on the Bus '' ( featuring Timbaland ) M. Elliott Tim Mosley 4 : 44 18 . `` No , No , No Part 1 '' ( music video ) show EU limited platinum edition bonus CD COL 494394 6 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' ( Remix featuring Sporty Thievz ) 4 : 00 2 . `` No , No , No Part 2 '' ( featuring Wyclef Jean ) R. Fusari Gaines Brown V. Herbert 3 : 33 3 . `` Say My Name '' ( Timbaland remix ) F. Jerkins III Mosley Jerkins Knowles Luckett L. Daniels Roberson Rowland Garrett 7 : 33 show UK limited edition bonus CD European re-release COL 494394 5 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 17 . `` Independent Women Part I '' ( Pasadena Remix ) 3 : 42 18 . `` Independent Women Part II '' Knowles Rapture Stewart Eric Seats Frank Comstock David Donaldson 3 : 46 19 . `` 8 Days of Christmas '' Errol McCalla Knowles 3 : 31 20 . `` No , No , No Part 2 '' ( featuring Wyclef Jean ) Robert Fusari Calvin Gaines Mary Brown Vincent Herbert 3 : 28 Note Tracks 1 -- 15 end with a short spoken interlude which relates to the following song , which is spoken by the band members . Each interlude is in the style of the Ten Commandments and are listed on the front of the disc . Personnel ( edit ) Bill Ortiz -- trumpet Daryl Simmons -- drum programming , keyboard programming D'Wayne Wiggins -- guitar , producer Rodney Jerkins -- producer Claudine Pontier -- assistant engineer James Hoover -- engineer Steve Baughman -- mixing assistant Missy Elliott -- performer Jimmy Douglass -- engineer Prince Charles Alexander -- mixing Vince Lars -- saxophone Albert Sanchez -- photography Blake Eiseman -- engineer Dexter Simmons -- mixing Brian Springer -- engineer Joey Swails -- engineer Destiny 's Child -- main performer Dan Workman -- engineer LaShawn Daniels -- vocal producer Anthony Hardy -- producer Beyoncé Knowles -- lead vocals , background vocals LeToya Luckett -- background vocals , Lead vocals LaTavia Roberson -- background vocals , lead vocals Mathew Knowles -- executive producer , mixing Kelly Rowland -- lead vocals , background vocals Michelle Williams -- background vocals ( re-issued version only on UK Limited Edition Bonus CD `` Independent Women Part I & II '' ) Farrah Franklin -- background vocals ( re-issued version only on UK Limited Edition Bonus CD `` Independent Women Part I & II '' ) Kenny Stallworth -- assistant engineer Donald `` Lenny '' Holmes -- producer Nealante -- producer K - Fam -- producer Gerard Thomas -- producer Chris Bell -- engineer Brad Gildem -- engineer Jean Marie Hurout -- engineer , mixing Kevin `` Shekspere '' Briggs -- producer Kevin `` KD '' Davis -- mixing Tara Geter Tillman -- background vocals Mike Calderon -- engineer Jon Gass -- engineer Thom `` TK '' Kidd -- engineer Tony Williams -- drum programming Vernon J. Mungo -- engineer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 18 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 8 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 19 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 5 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 16 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 French Albums ( SNEP ) 32 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 8 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 33 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 7 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 16 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 23 UK Albums ( OCC ) 10 UK R&B Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 5 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 13 Dutch Albums Chart 44 UK Albums Chart 78 US Billboard 200 88 Chart ( 2000 ) Position Dutch Albums Chart 42 UK Albums Chart 22 US Billboard 200 13 Chart ( 2001 ) Position UK Albums Chart 82 US Billboard 200 87 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Rank US Billboard 200 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 500,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) 2 × Gold 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 45,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Gold 25,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 900,000 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 6,400,000 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 31 . Destiny 's Child , The Writing 's on the Wall -- The 50 Best R&B Albums of the ' 90s '' . Damien Scott , Brendan Frederick , Craig Jenkins , Elena Bergeron , Justin Charity , Ross Scarano , Shannon Marcec of Complex . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Rob ( July 16 , 1999 ) . `` Music Review -- The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) -- Destiny 's Child '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Katy Perry Knocks Miley Cyrus Down a Couple Pegs '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s -- Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` The Writing 's on the Wall -- Destiny 's Child '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Myers , Angela ( August 8 , 1999 ) . `` Destiny 's Child , ' Writing 's on the Wall ' ( Columbia ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( July 30 , 1999 ) . `` Destiny 's Child : The Writing 's on the Wall ( Columbia ) '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Fadele , Dele ( August 2 , 1999 ) . `` Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's On The Wall '' . NME . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ St. Asaph , Katherine ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Destiny 's Child : The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child : The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Q ( 196 ) : 124 . November 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield , Rob ( September 2 , 1999 ) . `` Destiny 's Child : The Writing 's On The Wall '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield , Rob ( 2004 ) . `` Destiny 's Child '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( February 1 , 2000 ) . `` Happy You Near '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Albums From 1983 to 2008 '' , Entertainment Weekly , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ `` The 150 Albums that Define the Vibe Era '' , Vibe , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ NME 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ `` The Face Recordings of the Year 1999 '' , The Face , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ `` 100 Women Who Rock the World '' , Q , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Definitive 200 '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 19 , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The 150 Greatest Albums Made By Women '' , NPR , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( June 13 , 2005 ) . `` Destiny 's Child 's Long Road to Fame ( The Song Is n't Called Survivor for Nothing ) '' . MTV . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference People was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Jancee ( May 24 , 2001 ) . `` A Date With Destiny '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child - The Writings On The Wall ( CD , Album ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child - The Writings On The Wall ( CD , Album ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's On The Wall ( CD , Album ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child - The Writing 's On The Wall '' . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child The Writing 's On The Wall UK 2 CD album set ( Double CD ) ( 170648 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child Album & Song Chart History '' . Prometheus Global Media . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child : The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DESTINY 'S CHILD -- THE WRITING 'S ON THE WALL ( ALBUM ) '' . Oricon . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 6 , 2001 / 40 / `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Albums 2000 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2001 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 1999 - Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Year - End Chart -- Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2001 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 2000 - Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Year - End Chart -- Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Year - End Chart -- Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Charts -- Decade - end Albums -- Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 2009 . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- albums 2000 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Destiny 's Child ; ' The Writing 's on the Wall ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Enter The Writing 's on the Wall in the `` Artiest of titel '' box . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2000 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Destiny 's Child ; ' The Writing 's on the Wall ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter The Writing 's on the Wall in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Destiny 's Child -- The Writing 's on the Wall '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Beyoncé 's ' Dangerously in Love ' Surpasses 5 Million Sold in U.S. '' Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 2001 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Destiny 's Child Beyoncé Knowles Kelly Rowland Michelle Williams LaTavia Roberson LeToya Luckett Farrah Franklin Studio albums Destiny 's Child The Writing 's on the Wall Survivor 8 Days of Christmas Destiny Fulfilled Compilation albums This Is the Remix # 1 's Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol. 1 : Love Destiny Playlist : The Very Best of Destiny 's Child Love Songs Extended plays Love : Destiny Singles `` No , No , No '' `` With Me '' `` Get on the Bus '' `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' `` Bug a Boo '' `` Say My Name '' `` Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' '' `` Independent Women '' `` Survivor '' `` Bootylicious '' `` Emotion '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` 8 Days of Christmas '' `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' `` Lose My Breath '' `` Soldier '' `` Girl '' `` Cater 2 U '' `` Stand Up for Love '' Featured singles `` Just Be Straight with Me '' `` Thug Love '' `` What 's Going On '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' Live and video releases The Platinum 's on the Wall Destiny 's Child World Tour Live in Atlanta Destiny 's Child Video Anthology Concert tours Total Request Live Tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It Related topics Discography Awards and nominations Songs Mathew Knowles Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Writing%27s_on_the_Wall&oldid=845899639 '' Categories : 1999 albums Albums produced by Rodney Jerkins Albums produced by Missy Elliott Columbia Records albums Destiny 's Child albums Destiny 's Child video albums Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with broken reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 21 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
writing on the wall album destiny's child
[]
[]
8100453779300457312
Cheese in the Trap (TV series)
Cheese in the Trap ( TV series ) - wikipedia Cheese in the Trap ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Cheese in the Trap Promotional poster featuring Hong Seol and Yoo Jung Genre Romance Drama Based on Cheese in the Trap by Soonkki Written by Kim Nam - hee Go Sun - hee Directed by Lee Yoon - jung Starring Park Hae - jin Kim Go - eun Seo Kang - joon Lee Sung - kyung Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer ( s ) Park Ho - sik Kang Hoon Kim Won - ju Yang Hwan - chul Producer ( s ) Kim Keo - hong Jung Se - ryung Production company ( s ) Eight Works Kross Pictures , Inc . PGood Media Release Original network tvN Original release 4 January ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) -- 1 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Chronology Preceded by Bubble Gum Followed by Pied Piper External links Website program.interest.me/tvn/tvncheese/ Cheese in the Trap ( Hangul : 치즈 인 더 트랩 ) is a South Korean television series starring Park Hae - jin , Kim Go - eun , Seo Kang - joon and Lee Sung - kyung . It aired on the cable network tvN on Mondays and Tuesdays for 16 episodes between 4 January -- 1 March 2016 . The series is based on the webtoon of the same name , serialized on Naver from 2010 -- 2016 , although it featured an original ending since the webtoon had not been completed at the time of filming . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 Hong family 2.2. 2 Yeon - yi university 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 5 Reception 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast 9 Film 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The drama focuses on the life and relationships of a group of university students , particularly the difficult relationship between Hong Seol ( Kim Go - eun ) and her sunbae , or her senior , Yoo Jung ( Park Hae - jin ) . Jung is the rich heir to Taerang Group and seemingly has the perfect life , but also displays psychopathic tendencies , which cause Seol to take time off school to get away from him . When she returns through a scholarship that was intended for Jung , he is unexpectedly nice to her and asks her on a date . They begin an awkward relationship which is further complicated by the arrival of Baek In - ho and his sister In - ha , childhood friends of Jung who were both adopted into his family after running away from their abusive aunt as children . In - ha is in love with Jung , but he dismisses her feelings . She leads an extravagant lifestyle funded by other men 's money , and often behaves antagonistically . In - ho moves into the area while he is being pursued by gangsters , but strikes up a friendship with Seol and begins to work at her parents ' restaurant . As well as managing her conflicted feelings towards Jung and In - ho , Seol tries to cope with everyday struggles in her school and work life , such as unwanted advances and classmates that make her do their work for them . She is helped by her two best friends Jang Bo - ra ( Park Min - ji ) and Kwon Eun - taek ( Nam Joo - hyuk ) , who begin to date each other . Meanwhile , she also tries to find out the reason why Jung and In - ho hate each other . It is revealed later that Jung looked on as In - ho damaged his hand in a fight that ruined his dreams of becoming a concert pianist . In the end , In - ho gets back on track with piano lessons , having been helped by Seol . The drama escalates towards the end of the series , when In - ha physically attacks Seol and pushes her into the street . Seol is then run over and hospitalised , and In - ha is put in a mental institution . Jung , realising that Seol has been suffering during their relationship , breaks up with her . After giving In - ho a piano score that he had intended to give him years ago , before they had fallen out , and settling In - ho 's debts with the gang , Jung leaves the country for three years . Three years later , Seol is working at the company job that she wanted , and has realised that she still has to deal with the everyday problems of her school life , only in a different setting . Her friend Bo - ra now owns a clothing store and is still with Eun - taek , who is a model . In - ha has been released from the mental hospital and changed her ways , falling in love with a humble , nerdy character . While the absent Jung has not responded to Seol 's emails to him , the open ending reveals one of her email 's statuses changing to `` read '' . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Yoo Jung ( Park Hae - jin ) , Seol 's senior . He is intelligent and successful , but secretly harbors a dark side to his personality . He is sometimes cold or manipulative , and has trouble forming relationships with others because of his uncertainty that they are not using him for his money . However , he is attracted to Seol . Hong Seol ( Kim Go - eun ) , a hardworking college student who struggles to figure out Yoo Jung 's true intentions , but sees an innocent side in him against the advice of his childhood friend Baek In - ho . Baek In - ho ( Seo Kang - joon ) , is a talented pianist who is adopted into Jung 's wealthy family by his father . He and his sister come from a difficult background , but he is good - natured and finds it easy to get along with Seol , later developing feelings for her . He and Jung were friends as children , although they later develop a bitter rivalry as he believes that Jung was responsible for instigating a fight that damaged his hand , ending his dreams of becoming a concert pianist . Baek In - ha ( Lee Sung - kyung ) , In - ho 's melodramatic and materialistic older sister . She was also adopted into Jung 's family as a child , and is in love with Jung , although he does not reciprocate her feelings . Supporting ( edit ) Hong family ( edit ) Hong Joon ( Kim Hee - chan ) , Seol 's younger brother who returns to Korea from the United States . Hong Jin - tak ( Ahn Gil - kang ) , Seol 's father . Kim Young - hee ( Yoon Bok - in ) , Seol 's mother . Yeon - yi university ( edit ) Jang Bo - ra ( Park Min - ji ) , Seol 's supportive best friend . Kwon Eun - taek ( Nam Joo - hyuk ) , Seol and Bo - ra 's loyal friend , who is in love with Bo - ra . Oh Young - gon ( Ji Yoon - ho ) , a delinquent who is obsessed with Seol . Son Min - soo ( Yoon Ji - won ) , a shy classmate who gains confidence by assuming Seol 's identity . Kim Sang - cheol ( Moon Ji - yoon ) , a lazy senior in Seol 's class . Lee Da - young ( Kim Hye - ji ) , a girl in Seol 's class who dates Young - gon . Nam Joo - yeon ( Cha Joo - young ) , a girl who is obsessed with Jung at the beginning of the series . Kang Ah - young ( Yoon Ye - joo ) , Seol 's junior and Joon 's love interest . Ha Jae - woo ( Oh Hee - joon ) Kim Kyung - hwan ( Go Hyun ) Min Do - hyun ( Shin Joo - hwan ) Heo Yoon - sub ( Lee Woo - dong ) , Seol 's boss at her university admin job . Professor Kang ( Hwang Seok - jeong ) Professor Han ( Kim Jin - keun ) Others ( edit ) Yoo Young - soo ( Son Byong - ho ) , Jung 's father . Kong Joo - yong ( Kim Ki - bang ) , Seol 's neighbour and Yoon - sub 's boyfriend . Production ( edit ) The role of Hong Seol was initially offered to Bae Suzy , but due to protest from fans of the original webtoon , she declined the offer . Shooting began in September 2015 , and wrapped up filming in January 2016 . Original soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of `` Cheese in the Trap '' was released in six parts . ( show ) Cheese in the Trap OST Part . 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` 어쩌면 좋아 '' ( `` Maybe '' ) Cosmos Hippie ( 우주 히피 ) 3 : 40 2 . `` 치즈 인 더 트랩 '' ( `` Cheese In The Trap '' ) Twenty Years Old ( 스무 살 ) 3 : 54 3 . `` Golden Coconut Club '' ( Sentimental Scenery Mix ) Tearliner 4 . `` 우리 소곤 소곤 '' ( Sentimental Scenery Mix ) Tearliner ( show ) Cheese in the Trap OST Part . 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` I Am Love '' Tearliner ft . Yozoh ( 요조 ) 2 : 41 2 . `` Einfühlung '' Tearliner 2 : 44 3 . `` 고양이 와 낮잠 '' ( `` Taking A Nap With A Cat '' ) Tearliner 1 : 08 4 . `` 따뜻한 겨울 라떼 '' ( `` Warm Winter Latte '' ) Tearliner 2 : 58 5 . `` 오늘도 맑음 '' ( `` Today Also Sunny '' ) Tearliner 1 : 24 ( show ) Cheese in the Trap OST Part . 3 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Such '' Kang Hyun Min ft . Jo Hyun Ah of Urban Zakapa 4.22 2 . `` 말 없는 슬픔 '' ( `` Silent Sorrow '' ) 사람 또 사람 ( People And People ) 3.46 3 . `` 사랑과 연애 어디 쯤 '' ( `` Somewhere Between Love And Romance '' ) Tearliner 2.05 4 . `` 이 길 지나 너 '' ( `` Passing This Road , To You '' ) Tearliner 1.28 5 . `` 삼각 김밥 사용법 '' ( `` How To Use A Triangle Kimbab '' ) Tearliner 1.48 ( show ) Cheese in the Trap OST Part . 4 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` 너와 나의 시간 은 '' ( `` Our Time '' ) Vanilla Acoustic 3.30 2 . `` 너를 채운다 . 너를 지운다 . '' ( `` Fill You . Erase You . '' ) Tearliner ft. 5urprise 3.22 3 . `` 슈가 파우더 가 내리면 '' ( `` Sugar Powder Is Falling '' ) Tearliner 1.26 4 . `` 오늘도 지각 '' ( `` Today Is Late Too '' ) 우지 해 ( Woo Ji Hye ) 1.20 5 . `` 그 남자 의 꿈 '' ( `` That Man 's Dream '' ) Tearliner 3.11 ( show ) Cheese in the Trap OST Part . 5 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Go ( Korean ver . ) '' 솔튼 페이퍼 ( SALTNPAPER ) 3.11 2 . `` 그냥 좋은데 '' ( `` I Like You '' ) 테테 ( Tété ) 3.46 3 . `` Go ( English ver . ) '' 솔튼 페이퍼 ( SALTNPAPER ) 3.11 4 . `` The End is Near '' Tearliner 2.53 5 . `` 방황 하는 파도 '' ( Wandering Wave ) Tearliner 2.18 6 . `` First Kiss '' 센티멘탈 시너리 ( Sentimental Scenery ) 2.22 ( show ) Cheese in the Trap OST Part . 6 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` 조금만 더 '' ( `` A Little Bit More '' ) 스웨덴 세탁소 ( Sweden Laundry ) 2.53 2 . `` 사랑 인가 봐요 '' ( `` Maybe It 's Love '' ) Monkeyz 3.43 3 . `` 장화 속 무당 벌레 '' ( `` Lady Bug In Boots '' ) Tearliner 2.20 4 . `` 밤 의 편의점 '' ( `` Convenience Store At Night '' ) Tearliner 1.37 Reception ( edit ) Cheese in the Trap was a success in both South Korea and China . It was sold to China for $125,000 per episode , becoming the most expensive cable series . It won praise for its realistic depiction of the life of university students , but was criticized for diverging from the source webtoon by placing undue focus on the second male lead and including an original ending `` that was rushed and left many viewers baffled '' . Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Episode Original broadcast date Average audience share AGB Nielsen TNmS Ratings 4 January 2016 3.6 % 2.6 % 5 January 2016 4.8 % 2.9 % 11 January 2016 5.2 % 5.8 % 12 January 2016 5.7 % 5.8 % 5 18 January 2016 6.5 % 6.2 % 6 19 January 2016 6.3 % 6.6 % 7 25 January 2016 6.0 % 7.0 % 8 26 January 2016 6.8 % 7.1 % 9 1 February 2016 7.1 % 7.2 % 10 2 February 2016 6.6 % 7.6 % 11 15 February 2016 5.6 % 7.3 % 12 16 February 2016 5.8 % 7.2 % 13 22 February 2016 6.2 % 6.9 % 14 23 February 2016 6.5 % 7.2 % 15 29 February 2016 5.9 % 6.4 % 16 1 March 2016 6.9 % 7.5 % Average 6.0 % 6.3 % Note : This drama airs on a cable channel / pay TV which normally has a relatively smaller audience compared to free - to - air TV / public broadcasters ( KBS , SBS , MBC & EBS ) . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2016 Korean Cable TV Awards 2016 Best Actor Park Hae - jin Won 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards Best New Actress ( Television ) Kim Go - eun Won Most Popular Actor ( Television ) Park Hae - jin Nominated Most Popular Actor ( Television ) Seo Kang - joon Nominated Most Popular Actress ( Television ) Kim Go - eun Nominated Most Popular Actress ( Television ) Lee Sung - kyung Nominated 5th APAN Star Awards Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Park Hae - jin Nominated Best New Actress Kim Go - eun Nominated 9th Korea Drama Awards Excellence Award , Actor Park Hae - jin Nominated Best New Actress Kim Go - eun Nominated tvN10 Awards Made in tvN , Actor in Drama Seo Kang - joon Nominated 1st Asia Artist Awards Best Artist Award , Actor Park Hae - jin Won Best Entertainer Award , Actor Seo Kang - joon Won International broadcast ( edit ) Singapore -- VV Drama Malaysia -- 8TV ( Malaysia ) Thailand -- True4U Philippines -- GMA Network Southeast Asia -- tvN Film ( edit ) See also : Cheese in the Trap ( film ) As of August 2016 , the series is in the process of being adapted into a film version , starring Park Hae - jin opposite a new lead actress . The Korean - Chinese production team are holding open casting auditions for the female lead in advance of shooting , which is scheduled to commence in early 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cheese in the Trap ' to start Monday night '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ Hong , Grace Danbi ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Park Hae Jin Cast as Lead for Drama Cheese in the Trap '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghim , Sora ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Park Hae Jin Joins Cheese in the Trap '' . BNTNews . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ko , Ji - seon ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Kim Go - eun to star in Cheese in the Trap '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jin , Min - ji ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Kim confirmed for Cheese '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Park Hae - jin , Seo Kang - joon also to star in ' Cheese ' '' . The Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` Seo Kang - joon and Lee Sung - kyung become siblings '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Lee Sung Kyung Joins ′ Cheese in the Trap ′ '' . enewsWorld. 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hye - won ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` Nam Joo - hyuk to appear in Cheese in the Trap '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Ki - bang to play homosexual character in ' Cheese in the Trap ' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Suzy considered for the lead role in ' Cheese In The Trap ' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` ' Cheese in the Trap ' fans think Suzy is a misfit '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Suzy turns down offer for ' Cheese in the Trap ' '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` ' Cheese in the Trap ' reveals first teaser image '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` ' Cheese in the Trap ' wraps up filming '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ Herald , The Korea . `` TV series ' Cheese in the Trap ' sets sights on new record '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cheese in the Trap ' attracts 1.9 billion views on Weibo '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Baek , Byung - yeul . `` Webtoons emerge as source for dramas , films '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cheese in the Trap ' sold to China for record $2 m '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ Kwon , Ji - youn. `` Park Hae - jin disappears from ' Cheese in the Trap ' '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jae - yeon . `` ( Yonhap Interview ) ' Cheese in the Trap ' actor dismisses rumors of interfering with script '' . Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jung , Eun - jin . `` ( Herald Review ) ' Cheese in the Trap ' caught in deluge of complaints '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TNmS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNmS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Park , So - jung . `` Actor Park Hae - jin named best actor at cable awards '' . Yonhap News Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ji - young . `` Kim Go - eun not offered role in ' Cheese in the Trap ' movie '' . Kpop Herald . The Korea Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jin - a ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` ' Cheese in the Trap ' seeks actress for lead role '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) Cheese in the Trap on Facebook ( in Korean ) Cheese in the Trap at HanCinema Cheese in the Trap on IMDb Official Webtoon Monday - Tuesday Drama 2010 -- 2014 I Need Romance Birdie Buddy Flower Boy Ramen Shop Shut Up Flower Boy Band The Wedding Scheme I Love Lee Tae - ri Reply 1997 Basketball Flower Boys Next Door Nine : Nine Time Travels Dating Agency : Cyrano Who Are You ? I Need Romance 3 Witch 's Romance High School King of Savvy My Secret Hotel Liar Game Valid Love 2015 -- 2017 Hogu 's Love Let 's Eat 2 Hidden Identity Bubble Gum Cheese in the Trap Pied Piper Another Miss Oh Hey Ghost , Let 's Fight Drinking Solo Ugly Miss Young - Ae ( season 15 ) Introverted Boss The Liar and His Lover Circle The Bride of Habaek Argon Because This is My First Life Ugly Miss Young - Ae ( season 16 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheese_in_the_Trap_(TV_series)&oldid=807810937 '' Categories : 2016 South Korean television series debuts 2010s South Korean television series Television programs based on South Korean webcomics Korean - language television programs South Korean romance television series South Korean drama television series TVN ( South Korea ) television dramas Television series set in universities and colleges 2016 South Korean television series endings South Korean teen dramas Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing Korean - language text Track listings with input errors Articles with Korean - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does seol end up with in cheese in the trap
[]
[]
-7470102183599285644
Levite
Levite - wikipedia Levite Jump to : navigation , search Levites לויים Total population Around 500 -- 600 thousand worldwide Regions with significant populations Israel 240,000 United States 200,000 France 16,000 Canada 12,000 Languages Vernacular : Hebrew , English Historical : Biblical Hebrew , Aramaic Religion Judaism , Samaritanism Related ethnic groups Jews , Samaritans Levites are the descendants of the Tribe of Levi , one of the twelve tribes . In addition to Levites , the Kohens ( priests ) are also descended from Levi . Both are integrated in Jewish and Samaritan communities , but keep a distinct status . A Levite or Levi ( / ˈliːvaɪt / , Hebrew : לֵוִי ‎ , Modern Levi Tiberian Lēwî ) is a Jewish male whose descent is traced by tradition to Levi . In Jewish tradition , a Levite is a member of the Israelite Tribe of Levi , descended from Levi , the third son of Jacob and Leah . As a surname , Levite status may be indicated by the term HaLevi , which consists of the Hebrew prefix `` ה '' Ha - ( `` the '' ) plus Levi ( Levite ) . The daughter of a Levite is a `` Bat Levi '' ( Bat being Hebrew for `` daughter '' ) . The Tribe of Levi served particular religious duties for the Israelites and had political responsibilities as well . In return , the landed tribes were expected to give tithe to support the Levites , particularly the tithe known as the ' Maaser Rishon ' . The Kohanim were the priests , who performed the work of holiness in the Temple . The Levites , who were not Kohanim , were specifically assigned to singing and / or playing music in the Temple serving as guards carrying When Joshua led the Israelites into the land of Canaan ( Joshua 13 : 33 ) , the Sons of Levi were the only Israelite tribe that received cities but were not allowed to be landowners `` because the Lord the God of Israel Himself is their inheritance '' ( Deuteronomy 18 : 2 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 In contemporary Jewish practice 1.1 Relationship with Kohanim 1.2 Bat Levi 1.3 The Levites and the Holocaust 2 Levite population 2.1 Levite Y - chromosome studies 2.2 Lineage 2.3 Notable descendants 2.3. 1 In tradition 2.3. 2 Levite surnames 2.3. 3 Modern Levites 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links In contemporary Jewish practice ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Today , Levites in Orthodox Judaism continue to have additional rights and obligations compared to lay people , although these responsibilities have diminished with the destruction of the Temple . For instance , Kohanim are eligible to be called to the Torah first , followed by the Levites . Levites also provide assistance to the Kohanim , particularly washing their hands , before the Kohanim recite the Priestly Blessing . They also do not participate in the Pidyon HaBen ( redemption of the firstborn ) ceremony , because they are traditionally pledged to Divine service . Conservative Judaism recognizes Levites as having special status , but not all Conservative congregations call Kohanim and Levites to the first and second reading of the Torah , and many no longer perform rituals such as the Priestly Blessing and Pidyon HaBen in which Kohanim and Levites have a special role . Reconstructionist and Reform Judaism do not observe the distinctions between Kohanim , Levites , and other Jews . Orthodox Judaism believes in the eventual rebuilding of a Temple in Jerusalem and a resumption of the Levitical role . There are a small number of schools , primarily in Israel , to train priests and Levites in their respective roles . Conservative Judaism believes in a restoration of the Temple as a house of worship and in some special role for Levites , although not the ancient sacrificial system as previously practiced . Relationship with Kohanim ( edit ) Main articles : Kohen and Priesthood ( Ancient Israel ) The Kohanim are traditionally believed and halachically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the Biblical Aaron of the Levi tribe . The noun kohen is used in the Torah to refer to priests , both Israelite and non-Israelite , such as the Israelite nation as a whole , as well as the priests ( Hebrew kohanim ) of Baal . During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem , Kohanim performed the daily and holiday ( Yom Tov ) duties of sacrificial offerings . Today kohanim retain a lesser though somewhat distinct status within Judaism , and are bound by additional restrictions according to Orthodox Judaism . During the Priestly Blessing , the Levites traditionally wash the hands of the Kohanim prior to the blessing of the House of Israel . Bat Levi ( edit ) A Bat Levi ( daughter of a Levite ) is no longer recognized by many rishonim as having lineal sanctity in both Orthodox and Conservative Judaism , stemming from her traditional eligibility to receive proceeds of the Levitical tithe ( Maaser Rishon ) . In both Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism , children of a Bat Levi , regardless of her marital status or husband 's tribe , retain the traditional exemption for their children from the requirement of being redeemed through the Pidyon HaBen . Contrary to popular belief , this is not due to any sort of lineal sanctity , but rather , it is a mitzvah similar to all other mitzvahs . Conservative Judaism permits a Bat Levi to perform essentially all the rituals a male Levi would perform , including being called to the Torah for the Levite aliyah in those Conservative synagogues which have both retained traditional tribal roles and modified traditional gender roles . In Israel , Conservative / Masorti Judaism has not extended Torah honors to either a bat Kohen or a bat Levi . The Levites and the Holocaust ( edit ) Main article : Holocaust theology In 1938 , with the outbreak of violence that would come to be known as Kristallnacht , American Orthodox rabbi Menachem HaKohen Risikoff wrote about the central role he saw for Priests and Levites in terms of Jewish and world responses , in worship , liturgy , and teshuva , repentance . In The Priests and the Levites , he stressed that members of these groups exist in the realm between history ( below ) and redemption ( above ) , and must act in a unique way to help move others to prayer and action , and help bring an end to suffering . He wrote , `` Today , we also are living through a time of flood , Not of water , but of a bright fire , which burns and turns Jewish life into ruin . We are now drowning in a flood of blood ... Through the Kohanim and Levi'im help will come to all Israel . '' Levite population ( edit ) Levite Y - chromosome studies ( edit ) A 2003 study of the Y - chromosome by Behar et al. pointed to multiple origins for Ashkenazi Levites , a priestly class who comprise approximately 4 % among the Ashkenazi Jews . It found that Haplogroup R1a1a ( R - M17 ) , uncommon in the Middle East or among Sephardi Jews , is present in over 50 % of Ashkenazi Levites , while the rest of Ashkenazi Levites ' paternal lineage is of certain Middle Eastern origin . Haplogroup R1a1a is found at the highest levels among people of Eastern European descent , with 50 to 65 % among Sorbs , Poles , Russians , and Ukrainians . In South Asia , R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups , reaching over 70 % in West Bengal Brahmins in India and among the Mohani tribe in Sindh province in Pakistan . Behar suggested a founding event , probably involving one or very few European men , occurring at a time close to the initial formation and settlement of the Ashkenazi community as a possible explanation . As Nebel , Behar and Goldstein speculate , `` although neither the NRY haplogroup composition of the majority of Ashkenazi Jews nor the microsatellite haplotype composition of the R1a1 haplogroup within Ashkenazi Levites is consistent with a major Khazar or other European origin , as has been speculated by some authors ( Baron 1957 ; Dunlop 1967 ; Ben - Sasson 1976 ; Keys 1999 ) , one can not rule out the important contribution of a single or a few founders among contemporary Ashkenazi Levites . '' A 2013 paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. confirmed a Near or Middle Eastern origin for all Ashkenazi Levites , including the R1a Y - chromosome carriers , and refuted the Khazar origin : Previous Y - chromosome studies have demonstrated that Ashkenazi Levites , members of a paternally inherited Jewish priestly caste , display a distinctive founder event within R1a , the most prevalent Y - chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europe . Here we report the analysis of 16 whole R1 sequences and show that a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defines the Ashkenazi R1a lineage . While our survey of one of these , M582 , in 2,834 R1a samples reveals its absence in 922 Eastern Europeans , we show it is present in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites , as well as in 33.8 % of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males and 5.9 % of 303 R1a Near Eastern males , where it shows considerably higher diversity . Moreover , the M582 lineage also occurs at low frequencies in non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations . In contrast to the previously suggested Eastern European origin for Ashkenazi Levites , the current data are indicative of a geographic source of the Levite founder lineage in the Near East and its likely presence among pre-Diaspora Hebrews . Lineage ( edit ) Having a last name of Levi or a related term does not necessarily mean a person is a Levite , and some Levites do not have such last names . Levitical status is passed down in families from parent to child , as part of a family 's genealogical tradition . Tribal status of Levite is determined by patrilineal descent , so a child whose biological father is a Levite ( in cases of adoption or artificial insemination , status is determined by the genetic father ) , is also considered a Levite . Jewish status is determined by matrilineal descent , thus conferring levitical status onto children requires both biological parents to be Israelites and the biological father to be a Levite . Currently the only branches of Judaism which regard Jewish status as being conferable by both parents have largely abolished tribal statuses and distinctions , due to a view in both cases that egalitarian principles override halakha ( traditional Jewish law ) . Accordingly , there is currently no branch of Judaism that regards levitical status as conferable by matrilineal descent . It is either conferable patrilineally , in the traditional manner , or it does not exist and is not conferred at all . Notable descendants ( edit ) In tradition ( edit ) Moses Aaron Ezekiel Isaiah Jeremiah Samuel Habakkuk Malachi Miriam Ezra Korah John the Baptist Levite surnames ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some Levites have adopted a related last name to signify their priestly status . Because of diverse geographical locations , the names have several variations : Alouwi , Arabic variant , of Sephardic origin Aguiló - surname to the Jews from Mallorca ( Xuetes ) . Bazes -- a Levite Surname . Benveniste - a Sephardic Levite surname . Epstein - one of the European lineages descended from Zerahiah Ha - Levi of Sepharad HaLevi , Halevi and Halevy - Hebrew language and all translate to `` the Levi '' or `` the Levite '' . Horowitz HaLevi , or simply Horowitz / Hurwitz / Gurvich / Gurevich - a European Levite surname , tracing to Isaiah Horowitz HaLevi - a descendant of Zerahiah Ha - Levi of Sepharad Lavi - a common Levite surname Leevi - Finnish variation . Lev - simplified Russian variation of Levi Levai and Levay - a Levitic surname , originally meaning `` a person from Levice '' but today it is used by Jews who were forced to change their name during the Holocaust . Leven - Swedish variation . Lévi , Levi , Lévy or Levy - Hebrew for `` Levite '' , equally common in Ashkenasic and Sephardic groups . Levian / Livian / Benlevi / Liviem - Persian - Jewish variations . Lević , - also Levinić , Prelević , Croatian or Serbian variations . Levin - Russian variation , also Levine , Lavin or Lavine ( / ləˈviːn / , rhyming with `` ravine '' , or in some cases further anglicised to / ləˈvaɪn / , rhyming with `` divine '' ) and Lewin a Polish variation . Sometimes supplemented with German `` thal '' ( valley ) to Levinthal or Leventhal and - sohn and - son to Levinson or Levinsohn as a patronymic , and with Slavic - ski and - sky suffixes Levinski , Levinsky , Lewinski and Lewinsky ( the `` e '' often replaced with `` a '' in German areas ) . Levit , - also Levitt , typically from the Bessarabia region of Romania , Moldova and southern Ukraine . Levita - Elia Levita , an ancestor of David Cameron Leviyev - the Russified surname ( adding the yev / ev ) that many Bukharian Jews of Central Asia have . Sometimes spelled Leviev or even Levaev . Lewi or Lewj ( Polish , Levi and Levy ) Lewicki - Polish `` of the Levites '' , also Lewicka , Lewycka , Lewycki , Lewycky , Lewicky , Levicki , Levicky ( can also originate from placenames in Poland ) . Lewita : - Polish Levite or Levita Latinized , with Slavic suffix - an / in Lewitan , Levitan , Levitin , Lewitin , Lewitinn , and with additional suffix - ski / sky Levitanski , Lewitanski , Levitansky , also Lewitas , Levitas , Lithuanian , Belorussian , also but rare Lefite , Lafite , Lafitte , of French Sephardic origin . Variants from Yiddish Leyvik , a pet form of Leyvi : Levitch Ukrainian variant , also Levicz , Levis , Levitz , Lewicz , Lewitz , Lewis , and with - ski and - sky suffixes Leviczky , Levitski , Levitsky , Lewitski and Lewitsky ( `` e '' and `` s '' often replaced with `` a '' and `` z '' in German areas ) . Loewy , Löwi , Löwy and Loewe German or Swiss variations ( although the usual origin for these names is Löwe , the German word for `` lion '' ) . Segal - shortened `` Segen Levi '' ( secondary Levite ) Urfali or Levi Urfali ( also Levi Abud , Levi Aslan , Levi Hamami - an Urfalim community surname , which was mostly Levite in origin Zemmel - shortened `` Zecher mi - Shevet Levi '' ( descendant of the Levite tribe ) Modern Levites ( edit ) The following is a list of Levites in modern times : Frank Gehry Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz ( HaLevi ) Efraim Halevy Saadia Kobashi Norman Lear Primo Levi Claude Lévi - Strauss Chaim Herzog See also ( edit ) bat - Kohen Samaritans Urfalim Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Levites comprise a subgroup of about 4 % of world Jewry . Combined with Kohanim , who are also Levites , the subgroup forms roughly 8 % of the Jewish population worldwide , or about 1 -- 1.1 million . Levites also comprise one of the four surviving families of Samaritans , where they serve the role of High Priests due to the fact that the last Samaritan High Priest Cohanic family went extinct in the 17th century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Medical Definition of Levite '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Numbers 18 : 21 - 25 Jump up ^ Joshua 13 : 33 , cited in Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Levites '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 18 : 2 Jump up ^ `` The general procedure of the Priestly Blessing is : After * Kedushah the priests prepare themselves , removing their shoes and washing their hands with the assistance of the levites , whereafter they ascend the platform before the Ark . '' `` Priestly Blessing . '' Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Rivash '' 15 ; `` Divrei Yatziv '' by R ' Y . Halberstam , E.H. 6 ; `` Yechaveh Da'at '' by R ' O. Yosef , V 61 ) Jump up ^ `` Rivash '' 15 ; `` Divrei Yatziv '' by R ' Y . Halberstam Jump up ^ Joel Roth , The Status of Daughters of Kohanim and Leviyim for Aliyot , Rabbinical Assembly Jump up ^ See : Robert A. ( Rafael ) Harris , Rabbinical Assembly of Israel 's Law Committee Teshuvah : `` The First Two Aliyot for a Bat Kohen and a Bat Levi . '' Pages 31 -- 33 in Responsa of the Va'ad Halacha of the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel 5748 -- 5749 ( 1989 ) . Volume 3 . Jerusalem : The Rabbinical Assembly of Israel and the Masorti Movement ( Hebrew ; English Summary , vii -- viii ) . Jump up ^ הכהנים והלוים HaKohanim vHaLeviim ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Gershon Greenberg , `` Kristallnacht : The American Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Theology of Response , '' in Maria Mazzenga ( editor ) , American Religious Responses to Kristallnacht , Palgrave MacMillan : 2009 , pp158 - 172 . Jump up ^ Underhill , PA ; Myres , NM ; Rootsi , S ; Metspalu , M ; Zhivotovsky , LA ; King , RJ ; Lin , AA ; Chow , CE ; Semino , O ; Battaglia , V ; Kutuev , I ; Järve , M ; Chaubey , G ; Ayub , Q ; Mohyuddin , A ; Mehdi , SQ ; Sengupta , S ; Rogaev , EI ; Khusnutdinova , EK ; Pshenichnov , A ; Balanovsky , O ; Balanovska , E ; Jeran , N ; Augustin , DH ; Baldovic , M ; Herrera , RJ ; Thangaraj , K ; Singh , V ; Singh , L ; Majumder , P ; Rudan , P ; Primorac , D ; Villems , R ; Kivisild , T ( 2010 ) . `` Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a '' . Eur. J. Hum . Genet. 18 : 479 -- 84 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.194 . PMC 2987245 . PMID 19888303 . Jump up ^ Balanovsky 2008 . Jump up ^ Sengupta 2006 . Jump up ^ Behar DM , Thomas MG , Skorecki K , et al. ( October 2003 ) . `` Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites : Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 73 ( 4 ) : 768 -- 779 . doi : 10.1086 / 378506 . PMC 1180600 . PMID 13680527 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David B. ( 2008 ) . `` 3 '' . Jacob 's legacy : A genetic view of Jewish history . Yale University Press . pp. location 873 ( Kindle for PC ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12583 - 2 . Jump up ^ Siiri Rootsi ; Doron M. Behar ; Mari Järve ; Alice A. Lin ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Phylogenetic applications of whole Y - chromosome sequences and the Near Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Levites '' . Nature Communications . 4 : 1 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms3928 . PMC 3905698 . PMID 24346185 . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 5 - 6 Jump up ^ `` David Cameron ' may be directly descended from Moses ' '' . Mail Online . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast February 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast January 26 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Bradman et al. 1999 . Jump up ^ Sean Ireton ( 2003 ) . `` The Samaritans - A Jewish Sect in Israel : Strategies for Survival of an Ethno - religious Minority in the Twenty First Century '' . Anthrobase . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Grena , G.M. ( 2004 ) . LMLK : A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1 . Redondo Beach , California : 4000 Years of Writing History . ISBN 0 - 9748786 - 0 - X . External links ( edit ) Twenty - four places in tanach where the Kohanim are called Levi'im - Kehuna.org The Cohen - Levi Family Heritage LeviteDNA.org - website on R1a Ashkenazi Levites Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levite&oldid=814019501 '' Categories : Levites Torah people Hebrew Bible words and phrases Jewish religious occupations Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Hebrew - language text `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 13 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is a levite according to the bible
[ "A Levite or Levi (/ˈliːvaɪt/, Hebrew: לֵוִי‎, Modern Levi Tiberian Lēwî) is a Jewish male whose descent is traced by tradition to Levi.[1] In Jewish tradition, a Levite is a member of the Israelite Tribe of Levi, descended from Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah. As a surname, Levite status may be indicated by the term HaLevi, which consists of the Hebrew prefix \"ה\" Ha- (\"the\") plus Levi (Levite). The daughter of a Levite is a \"Bat Levi\" (Bat being Hebrew for \"daughter\")." ]
[ "a Jewish male whose descent is traced by tradition to Levi" ]
7480425455330701728
Tablespoon
Tablespoon - wikipedia Tablespoon This tablespoon has a capacity of about 15 ml . A tablespoon is a large spoon used for serving or eating . In many English - speaking regions , the term now refers to a large spoon used for serving , however , in some regions , including parts of Canada , it is the largest type of spoon used for eating . By extension , the term is used as a measure of volume in cooking . In this capacity , it is most commonly abbreviated tbsp or T , and occasionally referred to as a tablespoonful to distinguish it from the utensil . The unit of measurement varies by region : a United States tablespoon is approximately 14.8 ml ( 0.50 US fl oz ) , a United Kingdom and Canadian tablespoon is exactly 15 ml ( 0.51 US fl oz ) , and an Australian tablespoon is 20 ml ( 0.68 US fl oz ) . The capacity of the utensil ( as opposed to the measurement ) is not defined by law or custom and bears no particular relation to the measurement . Contents 1 History 2 Variants 2.1 Relationship to teaspoon and fluid ounce 2.2 Traditional definitions 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Before about 1700 , it was customary for Europeans to bring their own spoons to the table . Spoons were carried as personal property in much the same way as people today carry wallets , key rings , etc . From about 1700 the place setting became popular , and with it the `` table - spoon '' , `` table - fork '' and `` table - knife '' . Around the same time the tea - spoon and dessert - spoon first appeared , and the table - spoon was reserved for eating soup . The 18th century witnessed a proliferation of different sorts of spoons , including the mustard - spoon , salt - spoon , coffee - spoon , and soup - spoon . In the late 19th century UK , the dessert - spoon and soup - spoon began to displace the table - spoon as the primary implement for eating from a bowl , at which point the name `` table - spoon '' took on a secondary meaning as a much larger serving spoon . At the time the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was published in 1928 , `` tablespoon '' ( which by then was no longer hyphenated ) still had two definitions in the UK : the original definition ( eating spoon ) and the new definition ( serving spoon ) . In the 18th century , the table - spoon became an unofficial unit of the Apothecaries ' system of measures , equal to 4 drams or ​ ⁄ fl oz . It was more commonly known by the Latin cochleare majus ( abbreviated cochl . maj . ) or , in Apothecaries ' notation , f ℥ ss or f ℥ ß . Variants ( edit ) Measuring spoons Main article : Dry measure A level tablespoon , the usual meaning without further qualification , is measured by filling the spoon and scraping it level . In contrast , a heaped , heaping , or rounded spoonful is not leveled off , and includes a heap above the spoon . The exact volume of a heaped tablespoon depends somewhat on the shape and curvature of the measuring spoon being used , and so is not a precise unit of measurement . Common tablespoons intended for use as cutlery ( called dessert spoons in the UK , where a tablespoon is always a serving spoon ) usually hold 7 -- 14 ml ( 0.24 -- 0.47 US fl oz ) , considerably less than some tablespoons used for serving . Relationship to teaspoon and fluid ounce ( edit ) In most regions ( including the US , UK , most Commonwealth countries , East Asia and the Philippines ) , one tablespoon equals three teaspoons . In many of these regions , one tablespoon is 14.8 ml ( 0.50 US fl oz ) . In South Africa , one tablespoon is 15 ml . In some places like the US , the tablespoon was historically defined as ​ ⁄ US fl oz ( 2 tbsp. = 1 US fl oz ) . In Australia , a tablespoon is defined as four teaspoons , equaling to 20 ml ( 0.68 US fl oz ) . Victorian and Edwardian era tablespoons used in the UK are often 25 ml ( 0.85 US fl oz ) or sometimes larger . They are used only for preparing and serving food , not as part of a place - setting . In writing volume - based recipes , an abbreviation like tbsp. is usually used to refer to a tablespoon , to differentiate it from the smaller teaspoon ( tsp . ) . Some authors additionally capitalize the abbreviation , as Tbsp. , while leaving tsp. in lower case , to emphasize that the larger tablespoon , rather than the smaller teaspoon , is wanted . The tablespoon abbreviation is sometimes further abbreviated to `` Tb . '' or T . Traditional definitions ( edit ) The traditional US interpretation of the tablespoon as a unit of volume is : 1 US tablespoon = 4 fluid drams = 3 teaspoons = ​ ⁄ US fluid ounce = ​ ⁄ US shot = ​ ⁄ US gill = ​ ⁄ US cup ≈ 14.8 ml In nutrition labeling in the US and the UK , a tablespoon is defined as 15 ml ( 0.51 US fl oz ) . A metric tablespoon is exactly equal to 15 cm ( 0.92 cu in ) . The Australian definition of the tablespoon as a unit of volume is : 1 Australian tablespoon = 20 ml ≈ ​ ⁄ fl . oz . = 2 dessertspoons = 4 teaspoons See also ( edit ) Dessert spoon Teaspoon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary Third edition , December 2008 , entry at tablespoon ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` How Many Tablespoons in a Cup - Easy Conversions '' . First Health Mag . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chuck Smothermon ( 2002 ) . Better Homes and Gardens Biggest Book of Slow Cooker Recipes . Meredith Books . p. 416 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Simon ( 1987 ) . Spoons 1650 -- 1930 . Shire Publications . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Simon Moore ( 2005 ) . Spoons 1650 - 2000 . Osprey Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0640 - 0 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander Whitelaw , ed. ( 1884 ) . The popular encyclopedia ; or , ' Conversations Lexicon ' . p. 11 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson Ritter ; Elizabeth Johnstone ( 1910 ) . Mother 's remedies ; over one thousand tried and tested remedies from mothers of the United States and Canada . G.H. Foote pub . co . p. 637 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hazell 's annual . Hazell , Watson and Viney. 1910 . p. 584 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dean BS , Krenzelok EP ( April 1986 ) . `` Syrup of ipecac dosing ... How much is a tablespoonful ? '' . Vet Hum Toxicol. 28 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 6 . PMID 2871653 . Jump up ^ A. Thompson ; B.N. Taylor . The NIST Guide for the use of International System of Units ( PDF ) . United States Government . Jump up ^ Mechtly , E. A : The International System of units , NASA - SP = 7012 , 1964 , 1973 . The reference indicates the exact conversion to cubic meters , which has been converted to 14.78676478125 ml here for convenience . Jump up ^ 21 CFR ( Code of Federal Regulations ) 101.9 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( viii ) Jump up ^ Cardarelli , François Cradarelli ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units , Weights and Measures . London : Springer . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4471 - 1122 - 1 . Look up tablespoon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tablespoon&oldid=851467159 '' Categories : Cooking weights and measures Units of volume Spoons Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Metricated units Alcohol measurement Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ 粵語 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how much is a table spoon in ounces
[ "A tablespoon is a large spoon used for serving or eating. In many English-speaking regions, the term now refers to a large spoon used for serving,[1] however, in some regions, including parts of Canada, it is the largest type of spoon used for eating. By extension, the term is used as a measure of volume in cooking. In this capacity, it is most commonly abbreviated tbsp or T, and occasionally referred to as a tablespoonful to distinguish it from the utensil. The unit of measurement varies by region: a United States tablespoon is approximately 14.8 ml (0.50 US fl oz), a United Kingdom and Canadian tablespoon is exactly 15 ml (0.51 US fl oz),[2] and an Australian tablespoon is 20 ml (0.68 US fl oz).[3] The capacity of the utensil (as opposed to the measurement) is not defined by law or custom and bears no particular relation to the measurement.\n" ]
[ "0.50 US fl oz" ]
-8072231939455513192
The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini
The ghost in the Invisible Bikini - wikipedia The ghost in the Invisible Bikini Ghost in the Invisible Bikini Theatrical release poster by Reynold Brown Directed by Don Weis Produced by Samuel Z . Arkoff James H. Nicholson Written by Louis M. Heyward Elwood Ullman Starring Deborah Walley Tommy Kirk Basil Rathbone Aron Kincaid Quinn O'Hara Boris Karloff Nancy Sinatra Jesse White Dwayne Hickman Music by Les Baxter Cinematography Stanley Cortez Edited by Eve Newman Production company American International Pictures Distributed by AIP Release date April 1966 ( 1966 ) Running time 82 min . Country United States Language English Budget $600,000 Box office $1.5 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) Ghost in the Invisible Bikini ( according to the film and all advertising material ) is the seventh ( and last ) of the American International Pictures ( AIP ) beach party films and was released in 1966 . The entire film takes place in and around a haunted house with no beach in sight , with the teenage gang instead cavorting in and around it and the adjacent swimming pool . Besides the usual bikini - clad cast , random singing , silly plot line , musical guests , and ridiculous chases and fight scenes , the continuity linking this to the other beach films is the Rat Pack motorcycle gang led by Eric Von Zipper ( Harvey Lembeck ) , as well as the appearance of previous beach party alumni Tommy Kirk , Deborah Walley , Bobbi Shaw , Jesse White , Aron Kincaid , Quinn O'Hara and Boris Karloff . Pop singer Nancy Sinatra , who was on the rise at the time just before the film was released , has a supporting role and performs one song written for the film ; and The Bobby Fuller Four appear as themselves and sing two songs . Claudia Martin , daughter of Dean Martin , co-stars in the film as Lulu . The briefly famous Italian starlet Piccola Pupa appears as herself and sings a song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Principal cast 2.1 The Rat Pack 3 Production notes 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Addition of Karloff / Hart sequences 3.5 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical 4.2 Box office 5 DVD 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The ghost of recently dead Mr. Hiram Stokeley ( Boris Karloff ) finds that he has 24 hours to perform one good deed to get into Heaven . He enlists the help of his long - dead girlfriend , Cecily , to stop his lawyer , Reginald Ripper ( Basil Rathbone ) , and a henchman from claiming the estate for themselves . The real heirs , Chuck , Lili , Hiram 's cousin Myrtle , and her son bring their beach party friends to the mansion for a pool party while Reginald Ripper also employs his daughter Sinistra , and J. Sinister Hulk 's slow - witted associates Chicken Feather and Yolanda to help them terrorize the teens , while dopey biker Eric Von Zipper and his Malibu Rat Pack bikers also get involved in pursuing Yolanda for a share of the Stokely estate . Principal cast ( edit ) Tommy Kirk as Chuck Phillips Deborah Walley as Lili Morton Aron Kincaid as Bobby Quinn O'Hara as Sinistra Jesse White as J. Sinister Hulk Nancy Sinatra as Vicki Claudia Martin as Lulu Francis X . Bushman as Malcolm Benny Rubin as Chicken Feather Bobbi Shaw as Princess Yolanda George Barrows as Monstro Basil Rathbone as Reginald Ripper Patsy Kelly as Myrtle Forbush Boris Karloff as Hiram Stokely Susan Hart as Cecily the Ghost Piccola Pupa as Piccola Luree Holmes as Luree Ed Garner as Ed Frank Alesia as Frank The Rat Pack ( edit ) Harvey Lembeck as Eric Von Zipper Andy Romano as J.D. Alberta Nelson as Puss Myrna Ross as Boots Jerry Brutsche as Jerome Bob Harvey as Bobby Sam Page as Chauncey John Macchia as Joey Allen Fife as Beard Production notes ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The project originated as Pajama Party in a Haunted House being first announced by AIP in January 1965 . It was part of a line up of Beach Party - linked projects from the studio , the others including Beach Blanket Bingo , How to Stuff a Wild Bikini , Ski Party , Sergeant Deadhead , The Chase Jet Set Party , and a Beach Party TV series . ( The last two of those announced were never made . ) It was also known in development as The Girl in the Glass Bikini and was originally to star Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon , and be directed by William Asher . The title of Girl in the Glass Bikini can be seen in the promo in the end credits for Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine , an AIP spy spoof loosely affiliated with the Beach Party series ( with `` beach '' alumni Avalon , Walley , Dwayne Hickman , and Susan Hart ) . By June 1965 , Don Weis was announced as director . He had made Pajama Party for AIP , and did it under a two - picture deal with the studio . Louis M. Heyward , who had also worked on Pajama Party , wrote the script . During filming , the movie was also called Bikini Party in a Haunted House . Casting ( edit ) Although Avalon and Funicello had been announced as the stars originally , neither appeared in the final film ( it remains the only movie in the series to not feature either . ) Walley signed in June 1965 , and was soon followed by Nancy Sinatra and Claudia Martin . Beach Party regulars Jody McCrea , Harvey Lembeck and John Ashley were also originally announced in the cast with Buster Keaton signing to reprise his role as a comic Indian . Keaton died before filming began and his role was taken by Ben Rubin . Ashley and McCrea did not appear in the final film , the male leads being played by Tommy Kirk and Aron Kincaid , both of whom had worked for AIP before . Other veteran actors who appeared were Francis X . Bushman , Basil Rathbone and Patsy Kelly . The movie was reportedly Bushman 's 435th . Elsa Lanchester was originally announced to be playing a small role but did not appear in the final film . Actress and singer Piccola Pupa was a 13 - year - old discovery of Danny Thomas . The movie marked her film debut . Filming ( edit ) The shoot began in September 1965 . Aron Kincaid , who was forced to participate in the film under his long - term contract with AIP , was supposed to perform two musical numbers , but these scenes were dropped . After filming was completed , a number of the cast went to the Golden Oak Ranch to film the opening number , Bikini Party in a Haunted House , sung by Kincaid and Piccola Pupa . The stunt scene of Eric Von Zipper crashing his motorcycle into a pond was used again in the first Billy Jack film , The Born Losers ( 1967 ) , also produced by AIP . Addition of Karloff / Hart sequences ( edit ) James H. Nicholson and Samuel Z . Arkoff of AIP were not happy with the original cut of the film and subsequently ordered reshoots several weeks after the completion of principal photography , including addition of a new plot involving an old man who has to perform a good deed in order to gain eternal youth , and a sexy ghost in an invisible bikini who helps him . The old man was played by Boris Karloff and the ghost by Nicholson 's wife Susan Hart . The movie was retitled Ghost in the Invisible Bikini . Hart shot her scenes wearing a blonde wig and black velvet bathing suit , shot against a black velvet backdrop . They were directed by editor Ronnie Sinclair . Hart worked for two weeks on her own , then for a week with Boris Karloff . Karloff 's scenes were all filmed in a one - room mausoleum set on a separate soundstage . For his scenes , Karloff is clearly standing in a bottomless coffin , rather than sitting up in it , a necessity given his chronic back problems and leg brace . Neither Hart or Karloff worked with any members of the original cast ; their scenes were edited into the existing footage . Music ( edit ) Les Baxter composed and conducted the musical score . Al Simms was the musical supervisor , and Albert Harris composed some additional music and served as the film 's orchestrator . Guy Hemric and Jerry Styner wrote five songs that appear in the film : `` Geronimo '' performed by Nancy Sinatra `` Do n't Try to Fight It Baby '' performed by Quinn O'Hara `` Stand Up and Fight '' performed by Piccola Pupa `` Swing A-Ma Thing '' performed by The Bobby Fuller Four `` Make the Music Pretty '' performed by The Bobby Fuller Four Reception ( edit ) The film was released in April 1966 . Critical ( edit ) The Los Angeles Times said the film `` had little to distinguish itself from its predecessors beyond the rumour that this beach party romp ... will be the last in AIP 's long proliferating series ... Old timers give the picture some class . '' Box office ( edit ) The film 's theatrical releases was a commercial disappointment . Vincent Canby in the New York Times described it as `` a flop '' . As a result , AIP made no further Beach Party films . Philip Bent , who had a small role , died in a plane crash in July 1966 shortly after the film 's release . In the same month , Bobby Fuller was also found dead near his home in LA . DVD ( edit ) Under its ' Midnite Movie ' line , Ghost in the Invisible Bikini was released on Region 1 DVD February 15 , 2005 by MGM Home Entertainment . Ghost of Dragstrip Hollow was on Side Two of the disc , emulating AIP 's theatrical release double features of the 1960s . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1966 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuel Z Arkoff & Richard Turbo , Flying Through Hollywood By the Seat of My Pants , Birch Lane Press , 1992 p 129 Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' , Variety , 4 January 1967 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Stephen Jacobs , Boris Karloff : More Than a Monster , Tomohawk Press 2011 p 470 - 471 Jump up ^ Lawrence ' Team Reunited Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 25 June 1965 : C11 . Jump up ^ Christus Portrayal No Longer ' Types ' : Own Career Cited by Hunter ; Happy Days for Freelancers Scheuer , Philip K. Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 22 Jan 1965 : c11 . Jump up ^ MOVIE CALL SHEET : Spiegel to Film ' Swimmer ' Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 19 Mar 1965 : D13 . Jump up ^ McParland , Stephen J. ( 1994 ) . It 's Party Time - A Musical Appreciation of the Beach Party Film Genre . USA : PTB Productions . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 9601880 - 2 - 9 . Jump up ^ MOVIE CALL SHEET : SPIEGEL TO FILM ' SWIMMER ' . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 19 Mar 1965 : D13 . Jump up ^ Knotts ' Running Scared ' . Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 23 June 1965 : D11 . Jump up ^ `` Film Packager Plans Comedy '' . Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 09 Oct 1965 : a9 . Jump up ^ Triple - Threat Man Signed Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 24 June 1965 : d12 . Jump up ^ MOVIE CALL SHEET : JOAN STALEY SET FOR ' SCARED ' Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 03 July 1965 : 17 . Jump up ^ MOVIE CALL SHEET : Mineo Forms Film Outfit . Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 23 Aug 1965 : C22 . Jump up ^ `` Nat Cole Daughter Signed '' . Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 26 June 1965 : 15 . Jump up ^ Poitier Plans Film Safari in Africa . Hopper , Hedda . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 26 Aug 1965 : D13 . Jump up ^ Bushman to Star in No. 435 Briggs , Andrew . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 17 Sep 1965 : d11 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIE CALL SHEET : Paul Ford Set for Comedy '' . Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 02 July 1965 : d10 . Jump up ^ THE TV SCENE : Danny Thomas Rich by Accident Smith , Cecil . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 13 Nov 1964 : C18 . Jump up ^ Waterloo ' Set Next Year Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 07 Oct 1965 : D16 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Lisanti , Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies : The First Wave , 1959 -- 1969 , McFarland 2005 , p282 - 294 Jump up ^ Tom Weaver , `` Susan Hart '' , Double Feature Creature Attack : A Monster Merger of Two More Volumes of Classic Interviews , McFarland , 2003 , pp. 139 -- 141 . Jump up ^ The Internet Movie Database entry for The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ' The Ghost ' a Romp at Beach Harford , Margaret . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 22 Apr 1966 : c9 . Jump up ^ SERIES OF MOVIES ON CYCLISTS NEAR : SMALL COMPANY FINDS GOLD IN HOODLUMS ' BEHAVIOR By VINCENT CANBY . New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 22 Nov 1966 : 32 . Jump up ^ `` Actor and Folksinger Killed In Crash of Plane on Coast '' ; The New York Times . 13 July 1966 : 20 . External links ( edit ) The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini on IMDb The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini at AllMovie The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini at the TCM Movie Database The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini at the American Film Institute Catalog The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini at Brian 's Drive in Theatre hide Films directed by Don Weis Bannerline ( 1951 ) Just This Once ( 1952 ) I Love Melvin ( 1953 ) A Slight Case of Larceny ( 1953 ) The Affairs of Dobie Gillis ( 1953 ) The Adventures of Hajji Baba ( 1954 ) Ride the High Iron ( 1956 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 1959 ) The Gene Krupa Story ( 1959 ) Critic 's Choice ( 1963 ) Pajama Party ( 1964 ) Billie ( 1965 ) The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini ( 1966 ) hide Beach Party Official Beach Party ( 1963 ) Muscle Beach Party ( 1964 ) Bikini Beach ( 1964 ) Pajama Party ( 1964 ) Beach Blanket Bingo ( 1965 ) How to Stuff a Wild Bikini ( 1965 ) The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini ( 1966 ) Related films Ski Party ( 1965 ) Sergeant Deadhead ( 1965 ) Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine ( 1965 ) Fireball 500 ( 1966 ) Thunder Alley ( 1967 ) Back to the Beach ( 1987 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ghost_in_the_Invisible_Bikini&oldid=841218546 '' Categories : 1966 films English - language films 1960s comedy films 1960s fantasy films 1960s sequel films 1960s teen films American International Pictures films American films American sequel films Fantasy - comedy films Beach party films Films directed by Don Weis Films set in California Ghost films Haunted house films Bikinis Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
cast of the ghost in the invisable bikini
[]
[]
281636523724214323
Child development stages
Child development stages - wikipedia Child development stages Jump to : navigation , search See also : Parenting and Family Part of a series on Human growth and development Stages Human embryogenesis Fetus Infant Toddler Early childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adult Middle age Old age Biological milestones Fertilization Childbirth Walking Language acquisition Puberty Menopause Ageing Death Development and psychology Pre - and perinatal Infant and child Adolescent Youth Young adult Adult Maturity Developmental stage theories Attachment Ecological Psychosocial Psychosexual development Moral Cognitive Cultural - historical Evolutionary Human body portal ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The treatment in the `` Language '' sections in this article deals specifically with a child 's acquisition of the English language and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject . Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Child development stages are the theoretical milestones of child development , some of which are asserted in nativist theories . This article discusses the most widely accepted developmental stages . There exists a wide variation in terms of what is considered `` normal , '' caused by variation in genetic , cognitive , physical , family , cultural , nutritional , educational , and environmental factors . Many children reach some or most of these milestones at different times from the norm . Holistic development sees the child in the round , as a whole person - physically , emotionally , intellectually , socially , morally , culturally and spiritually . Learning about child development involves studying patterns of growth and development , from which guidelines for ' normal ' development are drawn up . Developmental norms are sometimes called milestones - they define the recognised pattern of development that children are expected to follow . Each child develops in a unique way ; however , using norms helps in understanding these general patterns of development while recognising the wide variation between individuals . This page talks mostly about the linguistic development of a child . One way to identify pervasive developmental disorders is if infants fail to meet the development milestones in time or at all . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of milestones 2 Physical specifications 3 Milestones by age 3.1 1 -- 4 months 3.2 4 -- 8 months 3.3 8 -- 12 months 3.4 Toddlers ( 12 -- 24 months ) 3.5 Two - year - old 3.6 Three - year - old 3.7 Four - year - old 3.8 Five - year - old 3.9 Six - year - old 3.10 Seven year old 3.11 Eight year old 3.12 Nine year old 3.13 Ten year old 3.14 Eleven year old 3.15 Twelve year old 3.16 Thirteen year olds 3.17 Fourteen year olds 3.18 Fifteen year olds 3.19 Sixteen year olds 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Table of milestones ( edit ) Developmental Milestones Age Motor Speech Vision and hearing Social 1 -- 1.5 months When held upright , holds head erect and steady Cooes and babbles at parents and people they know Focuses on parents . Loves looking at new faces Starts to smile at parents Startled by sudden noises 1.6 -- 2 months When prone , lifts self by arms ; rolls from side to back . Vocalizes Cooes ( makes vowel - like noises ) or babbles . Focuses on objects as well as adults Loves looking at new faces Smiles at parent Starting to smile 2.1 -- 4.5 months Rolls from tummy to side Rests on elbows , lifts head 90 degrees Sits propped up with hands , head steady for short time Changes sounds while verbalizing , `` eee - ahhh '' Verbalizes to engage someone in interaction Blows bubbles , plays with tongue Deep belly laughs Hand regard : following the hand with the eyes Color vision adult - like . Serves to practice emerging visual skills . Also observed in blind children . 3 months Prone : head held up for prolonged periods No grasp reflex Makes vowel noises Follows dangling toy from side to side Turns head around to sound . Follows adults ' gaze ( joint attention ) Sensitivity to binocular cues emerges . Squeals with delight appropriately Discriminates smile . Smiles often Laughs at simple things . Reaches out for objects . 5 months Holds head steady Goes for objects and gets them Objects taken to mouth Enjoys vocal play Noticing colors Adjusts hand shape to shape of toy before picking up 6 months Transfers objects from one hand to the other Pulls self up to sit and sits erect with supports Rolls over prone to supine Palmar grasp of cube hand to hand eye coordination Double syllable sounds such as ' mumum ' and ' dada ' babbles ( consonant - vowel combinations ) Localises sound 45 cm lateral to either ear Visual acuity adult - like ( 20 / 20 ) Sensitivity to pictorial depth cues ( those used by artists to indicate depth ) emerges May show Stranger anxiety 9 -- 10 months Wiggles and crawls Sits unsupported Picks up objects with pincer grasp Babbles tunefully Looks for toys dropped Apprehensive about strangers 1 year Stands holding furniture Stands alone for a second or two , then collapses with a bump Babbles 2 or 3 words repeatedly Drops toys , and watches where they go Cooperates with dressing Waves goodbye Understands simple commands 18 months Can walk alone Picks up toy without falling over Gets up / down stairs holding onto rail Begins to jump with both feet . Can build a tower of 3 or 4 cubes and throw a ball ' Jargon ' . Many intelligible words Be able to recognise their favourite songs , and will try to join in . Demands constant mothering Drinks from a cup with both hands Feeds self with a spoon Most children with autism are diagnosed at this age . 2 years Able to run Walks up and down stairs 2 feet per step Builds tower of 6 cubes Joins 2 -- 3 words in sentences Parallel play Dry by day 3 years Goes up stairs 1 - foot per step and downstairs 2 feet per step Copies circle , imitates hand motions and draws man on request Builds tower of 9 cubes Constantly asks questions Speaks in sentences Cooperative play Undresses with assistance Imaginary companions 4 years Goes down stairs one foot per step Skips on one foot Imitates gate with cubes Copies a cross Questioning at its height Many infantile substitutions in speech Dresses and undresses with assistance Attends to own toilet needs 5 years Skips on both feet and hops . Draws a stick figure and copies a hexagonal based pyramid using graphing paper Gives age Fluent speech with few infantile substitutions in speech Dresses and undresses alone 6 years Copies a diamond Knows right from left and number of fingers Fluent speech Physical specifications ( edit ) Age Average length / height ( cm ) Length growth Average weight Weight gain Respiration rate ( per minute ) Normal body temperature Heart rate ( pulse ) ( per minute ) Visual acuity ( Snellen chart ) 1 -- 4 months 50 -- 70 cm ( 20 -- 28 in ) 2.5 cm ( 0.98 in ) per month 4 -- 8 kg ( 8.8 -- 17.6 lb ) 100 -- 200 g per week 30 to 40 35.7 -- 37.5 ° C 4 -- 8 months 70 -- 75 cm ( 28 -- 30 in ) 1.3 cm ( 0.51 in ) per month Doubling birth weight 500 g per month 25 to 50 Body temperature Heart rate 8 -- 12 months Approx . 1.5 times birth length by first birthday 9.6 kg ( 21 lb ) Nearly triple the birth weight by first birthday 500 g per month 20 to 45 Body temperature Heart rate 20 / 100 12 -- 24 months 80 -- 90 cm ( 31 -- 35 in ) 5 -- 8 cm ( 2.0 -- 3.1 in ) per year 9 -- 13 kg ( 20 -- 29 lb ) 130 -- 250 g per month 22 to 40 Body temperature 80 to 110 20 / 60 2 years 85 -- 95 cm ( 33 -- 37 in ) 7 -- 13 cm ( 2.8 -- 5.1 in ) per year 12 -- 15 kg ( 26 -- 33 lb ) about 4 times birth weight 1 kg per year 20 to 35 Body temperature Heart rate Milestones by age ( edit ) 1 -- 4 months ( edit ) Physical Head and chest circumference are nearly equal to the part of the abdomen . Head circumference increases approximately 2 cm per month until two months , then increases 1.5 cm per month until four months . Increases are an important indication of continued brain growth . Continues to breathe using abdominal muscles . Posterior fontanelle . Anterior fontanelle . Skin remains sensitive and easily irritated . Legs may appear slightly bowed . Cries with tears . Gums are red . Eyes begin moving together in unison ( binocular vision ) . Responds to and thrives on warm , sensitive physical contact and care . Expresses discomfort , hunger or thirst . Has very poor vision . The infant has trouble focusing on objects and could barely make out images with its eyes . Motor development Rooting and sucking reflexes are well developed . Swallowing reflex and tongue movements are immature ; inability to move food to the back of the mouth . Grasp reflex . Landau reflex appears near the middle of this period ; when baby is held in a prone ( face down ) position , the head is held upright and legs are fully extended . Grasps with entire hand ; strength insufficient to hold items . Holds hands in an open or semi-open position . Movements are large and jerky . Raises head and upper body on arms when in a prone position . Turns head side to side when in a supine ( face up ) position ; can not hold head up and line with the body . Upper body parts are more active : clasps hands above face , waves arms about , reaches for objects . According to Sigmund Freud , the infant is in the oral fixation stage . The oral fixation stage is when the infant begins to root and suck . 4 -- 8 months ( edit ) Physical Head and chest circumferences are basically equal . Head circumference increases approximately 1 cm per month until six to seven months , then 0.5 cm per month ; head circumference should continue to increase steadily , indicating healthy , ongoing brain growth . Posterior fontanelle closing or fully closed . Anterior fontanelle . Breathing is abdominal ; respiration rate depending on activity ; rate and patterns vary from infant to infant . Teeth may begin to appear , with upper and lower incisors coming in first . Gums may become red and swollen , accompanied by increased drooling , chewing , biting , and mouthing of objects . Legs may appear bowed ; bowing gradually disappears as infant grows older . Fat rolls ( `` Baby Fat '' ) appear on thighs , upper arms , and neck . True eye colour is established . Motor development Reflexive behaviors are changing : Blinking reflex is well established Sucking reflex becomes voluntary Moro reflex disappears When lowered suddenly , infant throws out arms as a protective measure . Swallowing reflex appears and allows infant to move solid foods from front of mouth to the back for swallowing . Picks up objects using finger and thumb ( pincer grip ) . Reaches for objects with both arms simultaneously ; later reaches with one hand or the other . Transfers objects from one hand to the other ; grasps object using entire hand ( palmar grasp ) . Handles , shakes , and pounds objects ; puts everything in mouth . Able to hold bottle . Sits alone without support , holding head erect , back straightened , and arms propped forward for support Pulls self into a crawling position by raising up on arms and drawing knees up beneath the body ; rocks back and forth , but generally does not move forward . Lifts head when placed on back . Can roll over from back or stomach position . May accidentally begin scooting backwards when placed on stomach ; soon will begin to crawl forward . Looks for fallen objects by 7 months Plays ' peek - a-boo ' games Cannot understand `` no '' or `` danger '' 8 -- 12 months ( edit ) Physical Respiration rates vary with activity Environmental conditions , weather , activity , and clothing still affect variations in body temperature . Head and chest circumference remain equal . Anterior fontanelle begins to close . Continues to use abdominal muscles for breathing . More teeth appear , often in the order of two lower incisors then two upper incisors followed by four more incisors and two lower molars but some babies may still be waiting for their first . Arm and hands are more developed than feet and legs ( cephalocaudal development ) ; hands appear large in proportion to other body parts . Legs may continue to appear bowed . `` Baby Fat '' continues to appear on thighs , upper arms and neck . Feet appear flat as arch has not yet fully developed . Both eyes work in unison ( true binocular coordination ) . Can see distant objects ( 4 to 6 m or 13 to 20 ft away ) and points at them . Motor development Reaches with one hand leading to grasp an offered object or toy . Manipulates objects , transferring them from one hand to the other . Explores new objects by poking with one finger . Uses deliberate pincer grasp to pick up small objects , toys , and finger foods . Stacks objects ; also places objects inside one another . Releases objects or toys by dropping or throwing ; can not intentionally put an object down . Beginning to pull self to a standing position . Beginning to stand alone , leaning on furniture for support ; moves around obstacles by side - stepping . Has good balance when sitting ; can shift positions without falling . Creeps on hands and knees ; crawls up and down stairs . Walks with adult support , holding onto adult 's hand ; may begin to walk alone . Watches people , objects , and activities in the immediate environment . Responds to hearing tests ( voice localization ) ; however , loses interest quickly and , therefore , may be difficult to test formally . Reaches for toys that are out of reach but visible Recognizes objects in reverse Drops thing intentionally and repeats and watches object Imitates activities like playing a drum Begins to develop expressive rather than receptive language - child actually responding to what is said to them instead of only receiving and watching the interaction . Toddlers ( 12 -- 24 months ) ( edit ) Physical Weight is now approximately 3 times the child 's birth weight . Respiration rate varies with emotional state and activity . Rate of growth slows . Head size increases slowly ; grows approximately 1.3 cm every six months ; anterior fontanelle is nearly closed at eighteen months as bones of the skull thicken . Anterior fontanelle closing or fully closed , usually at the middle of this year . Chest circumference is larger than head circumference . Legs may still appear bowed . Toddler will begin to lose the `` Baby Fat '' once he / she begins walking . Body shape changes ; takes on more adult - like appearance ; still appears top - heavy ; abdomen protrudes , back is swayed . Motor development Crawls skillfully and quickly . Stands alone with feet spread apart , legs stiffened , and arms extended for support . Gets to feet unaided . Most children walk unassisted near the end of this period ; falls often ; not always able to maneuver around obstacles , such as furniture or toys . Uses furniture to lower self to floor ; collapses backwards into a sitting position or falls forward on hands and then sits . Enjoys pushing or pulling toys while walking . Repeatedly picks up objects and throws them ; direction becomes more deliberate . Attempts to run ; has difficulty stopping and usually just drops to the floor . Crawls up stairs on all fours ; goes down stairs in same position . Sits in a small chair . Carries toys from place to place . Enjoys crayons and markers for scribbling ; uses whole - arm movement . Helps feed self ; enjoys holding spoon ( often upside down ) and drinking from a glass or cup ; not always accurate in getting utensils into mouth ; frequent spills should be expected . Helps turn pages in book . Stacks two to six objects per day . Cognitive development Enjoys object - hiding activities . Early in this period , the child always searches in the same location for a hidden object ( if the child has watched the hiding of an object ) . Later , the child will search in several locations . Passes toy to other hand when offered a second object ( referred to as `` crossing the midline '' -- an important neurological development ) . Manages three to four objects by setting an object aside ( on lap or floor ) when presented with a new toy . Puts toys in mouth less often . Enjoys looking at picture books . Demonstrates understanding of functional relationships ( objects that belong together ) : Puts spoon in bowl and then uses spoon as if eating ; places teacup on saucer and sips from cup ; tries to make doll stand up . Shows or offers toy to another person to look at . Names many everyday objects . Shows increasing understanding of spatial and form discrimination : puts all pegs in a pegboard ; places three geometric shapes in large formboard or puzzle . Places several small items ( blocks , clothespins , cereal pieces ) in a container or bottle and then dumps them out . Tries to make mechanical objects work after watching someone else do so . Responds with some facial movement , but can not truly imitate facial expression . Most children with autism are diagnosed at this age . English language Produces considerable `` jargon '' : puts words and sounds together into speech - like ( inflected ) patterns . Holophrastic speech : uses one word to convey an entire thought ; meaning depends on the inflection ( `` me '' may be used to request more cookies or a desire to feed self ) . Later ; produces two - word phrases to express a complete thought ( telegraphic speech ) : `` More cookie , '' `` Daddy bye - bye . '' Follows simple directions , `` Give Daddy the cup . '' When asked , will point to familiar persons , animals , and toys . Identifies three body parts if someone names them : `` Show me your nose ( toe , ear ) . '' Indicates a few desired objects and activities by name : `` Bye - bye , '' `` cookie '' ; verbal request is often accompanied by an insistent gesture . Responds to simple questions with `` yes '' or `` no '' and appropriate head movement . Speech is 25 to 50 percent intelligible during this period . Locates familiar objects on request ( if child knows location of objects ) . Acquires and uses five to fifty words ; typically these are words that refer to animals , food , and toys . Uses gestures , such as pointing or pulling , to direct adult attention . Enjoys rhymes and songs ; tries to join in . Seems aware of reciprocal ( back and forth ) aspects of conversational exchanges ; some turn - taking in other kinds of vocal exchanges , such as making and imitating sounds . Social Less wary of strangers . Helps pick up and put away toys . Plays alone . Enjoys being held and read to . Often imitates adult actions in play . Enjoys adult attention ; likes to know that an adult is near ; gives hugs and kisses . Recognizes self in mirror . Enjoys the companionship of other children , but does not play cooperatively . Begins to assert independence ; often refuses to cooperate with daily routines that once were enjoyable ; resists getting dressed , putting on shoes , eating , taking a bath ; wants to try doing things without help . May have a tantrum when things go wrong or if overly tired or frustrated . Exceedingly curious about people and surroundings ; needs to be watched carefully to prevent them from getting into unsafe situations . Two - year - old ( edit ) Physical Posture is more erect ; abdomen still large and protruding , back swayed , because abdominal muscles are not yet fully developed . Respirations are slow and regular Body temperature continues to fluctuate with activity , emotional state , and environment . Brain reaches about 80 percent of its adult size . 16 baby teeth almost finished growing out Motor development Can walk around obstacles and walk more erectly . Squats for long periods while playing . Climbs stairs unassisted ( but not with alternating feet ) . Balances on one foot ( for a few moments ) , jumps up and down , but may fall . Often achieves toilet training during this year ( depending on child 's physical and neurological development ) although accidents should still be expected ; the child will indicate readiness for toilet training . Throws large ball underhand without losing balance . Holds small cup or tumbler in one hand . Unbuttons large buttons ; unzips large zippers . Opens doors by turning doorknobs . Grasps large crayon with fist ; scribbles . Climbs up on chair , turns , and sits down . Stacks four to six objects on top of one another . Uses feet to propel wheeled riding toys . Cognitive Eye -- hand movements better coordinated ; can put objects together , take them apart ; fit large pegs into pegboard . Begins to use objects for purposes other than intended ( may push a block around as a boat ) . Does simple classification tasks based on single dimension ( separates toy dinosaurs from toy cars ) . Seems fascinated by , or engrossed in , figuring out situations : where the tennis ball rolled , where the dog went , what caused a particular noise . Attends to self - selected activities for longer periods of time . Discovering cause and effect : squeezing the cat makes them scratch . Knows where familiar persons should be ; notes their absence ; finds a hidden object by looking in last hiding place first . ( This is what Piaget termed object permanence , which usually occurs during the sensorimotor stage of Piaget 's childhood theory of cognitive development ) Names familiar objects . Recognizes , expresses , and locates pain . Expected to use `` magical thinking '' . Tells about objects and events not immediately present ( this is both a cognitive and linguistic advance ) . Expresses more curiosity about the world . English language Enjoys participating while being read to . Realizes language is effective for getting desired responses . Uses fifty to three - hundred words ; vocabulary continuously increasing . Has broken the linguistic code ; in other words , much of a two - year - old 's talk has meaning to them . Receptive language is more developed than expressive language ; most two - year - olds understand significantly more than they can talk about . Utters three - and four - word statements ; uses conventional word order to form more complete sentences . Refers to self as `` me '' or sometimes `` I '' rather than by name : `` Me go bye - bye '' ; has no trouble verbalizing `` mine . '' Expresses negative statements by tacking on a negative word such as `` no '' or `` not '' : `` Not more milk . '' Uses some plurals . Some stammerings and other dysfluencies are common . Speech is as much as 65 to 70 percent intelligible . Is able to verbalize needs . Asks a lot of questions . May use some pronouns . Social and emotional Shows signs of empathy and caring : comforts another child if hurt or frightened ; appears to sometimes be overly affectionate in offering hugs and kisses to children Continues to use physical aggression if frustrated or angry ( for some children , this is more exaggerated than for others ) ; Physical aggression usually lessens as verbal skills improve . Temper tantrums likely to peak during this year ; extremely difficult to reason with during a tantrum . Impatient ; finds it difficult to wait or take turns . Enjoys `` helping '' with household chores ; imitates everyday activities : may try to toilet train a stuffed animal , feed a doll . `` Bossy '' with parents and caregivers ; orders them around , makes demands , expects immediate compliance from adults . Watches and imitates the play of other children , but seldom interacts directly ; plays near others , often choosing similar toys and activities ( parallel play ) ; solitary play is often simple and repetitive . Offers toys to other children , but is usually possessive of playthings ; still tends to hoard toys . Making choices is difficult ; wants it both ways . Often defiant ; shouting `` no '' becomes automatic . Ritualistic ; wants everything `` just so '' ; routines carried out exactly as before ; belongings placed `` where they belong . '' Three - year - old ( edit ) Physical Growth is steady though slower than in first two years . Adult height can be predicted from measurements of height at three years of age ; males are approximately 53 % of their adult height and females , 57 % . Legs grow faster than arms . Circumference of head and chest is equal ; head size is in better proportion to the body . `` Baby fat '' disappears as neck appears . Posture is more erect ; abdomen no longer protrudes . Slightly knock - kneed . Can jump from low step Can stand up and walk around on tiptoes `` Baby '' teeth stage over . Needs to consume approximately 6,300 kJ ( 1,500 calories ) daily . Motor development Walks up and down stairs unassisted , using alternating feet ; may jump from bottom step , landing on both feet . Can momentarily balance on one foot . Can kick big ball - shaped objects . Needs minimal assistance eating . Jumps on the spot . Pedals a small tricycle . Throws a ball overhand ; aim and distance are limited . Catches a large bounced ball with both arms extended . Enjoys swinging on a swing . Shows improved control of crayons or markers ; uses vertical , horizontal and circular strokes . Holds crayon or marker between first two fingers and thumb ( tripod grasp ) , not in a fist as earlier . Can turn pages of a book one at a time Enjoys building with blocks . Builds a tower of eight or more blocks . Enjoys playing with clay ; pounds , rolls , and squeezes it . May begin to show hand dominance . Carries a container of liquid , such as a cup of milk or bowl of water , without much spilling ; pours liquid from pitcher into another container . Manipulates large buttons and zippers on clothing . Washes and dries hands ; brushes own teeth , but not thoroughly . Usually achieves complete bladder control during this time . Cognitive development Listens attentively to age - appropriate stories . Makes relevant comments during stories , especially those that relate to home and family events . Likes to look at books and may pretend to `` read '' to others or explain pictures . Enjoys stories with riddles , guessing , and `` suspense . '' Speech is understandable most of the time . Produces expanded noun phrases : `` big , brown dog . '' Produces verbs with `` ing '' endings ; uses `` - s '' to indicate more than one ; often puts `` - s '' on already pluralized forms : geeses , mices . Indicates negatives by inserting `` no '' or `` not '' before a simple noun or verb phrase : `` Not baby . '' Answers `` What are you doing ? '' , `` What is this ? '' , and `` Where ? '' questions dealing with familiar objects and events . Four - year - old ( edit ) Physical development Head circumference is usually not measured after age three . Requires approximately 1,700 calories daily . Hearing acuity can be assessed by child 's correct usage of sounds and language , and also by the child 's appropriate responses to questions and instructions . Motor development Walks a straight line ( tape or chalk line on the floor ) . Hops on one foot . Pedals and steers a wheeled toy with confidence ; turns corners , avoids obstacles and oncoming `` traffic . '' Climbs ladders , trees , playground equipment . Jumps over objects 12 to 15 cm ( 5 to 6 in ) high ; lands with both feet together . Runs , starts , stops , and moves around obstacles with ease . Throws a ball overhand ; distance and aim improving . Builds a tower with ten or more blocks . Forms shapes and objects out of clay : cookies , snakes , simple animals . Reproduces some shapes and letters . Holds a crayon or marker using a tripod grasp . Paints and draws with purpose ; may have an idea in mind , but often has problems implementing it so calls the creation something else . Becomes more accurate at hitting nails and pegs with hammer . Threads small wooden beads on a string . Can run in a circle Can jump Cognitive Can recognize that certain words sound similar Names eighteen to twenty uppercase letters . Writes several letters and sometimes their name . A few children are beginning to read simple books , such as alphabet books with only a few words per page and many pictures . Likes stories about how things grow and how things operate . Delights in wordplay , creating silly Language . Understands the concepts of `` tallest , '' `` biggest , '' `` same , '' and `` more '' ; selects the picture that has the `` most houses '' or the `` biggest dogs . '' Rote counts to 20 or more . Understands the sequence of daily events : `` When we get up in the morning , we get dressed , have breakfast , brush our teeth , and go to school . '' When looking at pictures , can recognize and identify missing puzzle parts ( of person , car , animal ) . Very good storytellers . Counts 1 to 7 objects out loud , but not always in order Follows two to three step directions given individually or in a group May put the `` ed '' on the end of words such as `` I goed outside and I played . '' English language Uses the prepositions `` on , '' `` in , '' and `` under . '' Uses possessives consistently : `` hers , '' `` theirs , '' `` baby 's . '' Answers `` Whose ? '' , `` Who ? '' , `` Why ? '' , and `` How many ? '' Produces elaborate sentence structures : `` The cat ran under the house before I could see what color it was . '' Speech is almost entirely intelligible . Begins to use the past tense of verbs correctly : `` Mommy closed the door , '' `` Daddy went to work . '' Refers to activities , events , objects , and people that are not present . Changes tone of voice and sentence structure to adapt to listener 's level of understanding : To baby brother , `` Milk gone ? '' To Mother , `` Did the baby drink all of his milk ? '' States first and last name , gender , siblings ' names , and sometimes own telephone number . Answers appropriately when asked what to do if tired , cold , or hungry . Recites and sings simple songs like mangoes and rhymes . Social development Outgoing ; friendly ; overly enthusiastic at times . Moods change rapidly and unpredictably ; laughing one minute , crying the next ; may throw tantrum over minor frustrations ( a block structure that will not balance ) ; sulk over being left out . Imaginary playmates or companions are common ; holds conversations and shares strong emotions with this invisible friend . Boasts , exaggerates , and `` bends '' the truth with made - up stories or claims of boldness ; tests the limits with `` bathroom '' talk . Cooperates with others ; participates in group activities . Shows pride in accomplishments ; seeks frequent adult approval . Often appears selfish ; not always able to take turns or to understand taking turns under some conditions ; tattles on other children . Insists on trying to do things independently , but may get so frustrated as to verge on tantrums when problems arise : paint that drips , paper airplane that will not fold right . Enjoys role - playing and make - believe activities . Relies ( most of the time ) on verbal rather than physical aggression ; may yell angrily rather than hit to make a point ; threatens : `` You ca n't come to my birthday party . '' Name - calling and taunting are often used as ways of excluding other children . Can be bossy at times , telling their parents to stop talking , or telling their friends to `` Come here right now . '' Establishes close relationships with playmates ; beginning to have `` best '' friends . Five - year - old ( edit ) Physical Head size is approximately that of an adult 's . May begin to lose `` baby '' ( deciduous ) teeth . Body is adult - like in proportion . Requires approximately 7,500 J ( 1,800 calories ) daily Visual tracking and binocular vision are well developed . Motor development Walks backwards , toe to heel . Walks unassisted up and down stairs , alternating feet . May learn to turn somersaults ( should be taught the right way in order to avoid injury ) . Can touch toes without flexing knees . Walks a balance beam . Learns to skip using alternative feet . Catches a ball thrown from 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) away . Rides a tricycle or wheeled toy with speed and skillful steering ; some children learning to ride bicycles , usually with training wheels . Jumps or hops forward ten times in a row without falling . Balances on either foot with good control for ten seconds . Builds three - dimensional structures with small cubes by copying from a picture or model . Reproduces many shapes and letters : square , triangle , A , I , O , U , C , H , L , T . Demonstrates fair control of pencil or marker ; may begin to color within the lines . Cuts on the line with scissors ( not perfectly ) . Hand dominance is fairly well established Often has an imaginary friend Cognitive Forms rectangle from two triangular cuts . Builds steps with set of small blocks . Understands concept of same shape , same size . Sorts objects on the basis of two dimensions , such as color and form . Sorts a variety of objects so that all things in the group have a single common feature ( classification skill : all are food items or boats or animals ) . Understands the concepts of smallest and shortest ; places objects in order from shortest to tallest , smallest to largest . Identifies objects with specified serial position : first , second , last . Rote counts to 20 and above ; many children count to 100 . Recognizes numerals from 1 to 10 . Understands the concepts of less than : `` Which bowl has less water ? '' Understands the terms dark , light , and early : `` I got up early , before anyone else . It was still dark . '' Relates clock time to daily schedule : `` Time to turn on TV when the little hand points to 5 . '' Some children can tell time on the hour : five o'clock , two o'clock . Knows what a calendar is for . Recognizes and identifies coins ; beginning to count and save money . Many children know the alphabet and names of upper - and lowercase letters . Understands the concept of half ; can say how many pieces an object has when it 's been cut in half . Asks innumerable questions : Why ? What ? Where ? When ? How ? Who ? Eager to learn new things . Curious and inquisitive . English language development Vocabulary of 1,500 words plus . Tells a familiar story while looking at pictures in a book . Defines simple words by function : a ball is to bounce ; a bed is to sleep in . Identifies and names four to eight colours . Recognizes the humor in simple jokes ; makes up jokes and riddles . Produces sentences with five to seven words ; much longer sentences are not unusual . States the name of own city or town , birthday , and parents ' names . Answers telephone appropriately ; calls person to phone or takes a brief message Speech is almost entirely grammatically correct . Uses `` would '' and `` could '' appropriately . Uses past tense of irregular verbs consistently : `` went , '' `` caught , '' `` swam . '' Uses past - tense inflection ( - ed ) appropriately to mark regular verbs : `` jumped , '' `` rained , '' `` washed . '' Social development Enjoys and often has one or two focus friendships . Plays cooperatively ( can lapse ) , is generous , takes turns , shares toys . Participates in group play and shared activities with other children ; suggests imaginative and elaborate play ideas . Shows affection and caring towards others especially those `` below '' them or in pain Generally subservient to parent or caregiver requests . Needs comfort and reassurance from adults but is less open to comfort . Has better self - control over swings of emotions . Likes entertaining people and making them laugh . Enjoys conversing with other children and adults . Boasts about accomplishments . Often has an imaginary friend Six - year - old ( edit ) Physical Weight gains reflect significant increases in muscle mass . Heart rate and respiratory rates are close to adults . Body may appear lanky as through period of rapid growth . Baby teeth beginning to be replaced by permanent ones , starting with the two lower front teeth 20 / 20 eyesight ; if below 20 / 40 should see a professional . The most common vision problem during middle childhood is myopia , or nearsightedness . ( Berk , 2007 ) . Uses 6,700 J to 7,100 J ( 1,600 to 1,700 calories ) a day . Motor development Gains greater control over large and fine motor skills ; movements are more precise and deliberate , though some clumsiness persists . Enjoys vigorous running , jumping , climbing , and throwing etc . Has trouble staying still . Span of attention increases ; works at tasks for longer periods of time . Can concentrate effort but not always consistently . Understands time ( today , tomorrow , yesterday ) and simple motion ( some things go faster than others ) . Recognizes seasons and major activities done at certain times . Has fun with problem solving and sorting activities like stacking , puzzles , and mazes Enjoys the challenge of puzzles , counting and sorting activities , paper - and - pencil mazes , and games that involve matching letters and words with pictures . Recognizes some words by sight ; attempts to sound out words In some cases the child may be reading well . Functioning which facilitates learning to ride a bicycle , swim , swing a bat , or kick a ball . Enjoys making things . Reverses or confuses certain letters : b / d , p / g , g / q , t / f . Able to trace objects . Folds and cuts paper into simple shapes . Can tie laces , string ( like shoes ) . English language Can identify right and left hands fairly consistently . Holds onto positive beliefs involving the unexplainable ( magic or fantasy ) Arrives at some understanding about death and dying ; expresses fear that parents may die . Talks a lot . Loves telling jokes and riddles ; often , the humor is far from subtle . Experiments with slang and profanity and finds it funny . Enthusiastic and inquisitive about surroundings and everyday events . Able to carry on adult - like conversations ; asks many questions . Learns 5 to 10 words a day ; vocabulary of 10,000 -- 14,000 . Uses appropriate verb tenses , word order , and sentence structure . Social and emotional Uses language rather than tantrums or physical aggression to express displeasure : `` That 's mine ! Give it back , you dummy . '' Talks self through steps required in simple problem - solving situations ( though the `` logic '' may be unclear to adults ) . Has mood swings towards primary caregiver depending on the day Friendship with parent is less depended on but still needs closeness and nurturing . Anxious to please ; needs and seeks adult approval , reassurance , and praise ; may complain excessively about minor hurts to gain more attention . Often ca n't view the world from another 's point of view Self - perceived failure can make the child easily disappointed and frustrated . Ca n't handle things not going their own way Does not understand ethical behavior or moral standards especially when doing things that have not been given rules Understands when he or she has been thought to be `` bad '' ; values are based on others ' enforced values . May be increasingly fearful of the unknown like things in the dark , noises , and animals . Seven year old ( edit ) Motor development Well - developed hand - eye coordination Good sense of balance Capable of basic gymnastics moves such as somersaults Able to ride a balance bicycle Increased ability at problem solving and reasoning Can feel shame and guilt English language Vocabulary now numbers at least a few thousand words Capable of telling time Begins to understand how words form sounds Social and emotional Highly self - critical and eager to please Can understand right and wrong Complains a lot and has strong emotional swings Occasionally has meltdowns over minor frustrations , mainly for attention Ability at dealing with mistakes and failure improves Eight year old ( edit ) Motor development Has good finger control Increased physical strength and endurance Almost able to converse at an adult level Wants to understand how and why things work Clear , logical thinking skills Exhibits a clear preference for certain subjects and activities English skills Enjoys reading a lot Can start to understand how opposites work Social and emotional Starts to develop a close circle of same - gender friends Becomes more susceptible to peer pressure Enjoys group activities Prone to mood swings and melodramatics Extremely impatient and may have a hard time waiting for special events such as Christmas Nine year old ( edit ) Motor skills Quite good at handling tools Manual dexterity and hand - eye coordination are well - developed Capable of drawing in detail May persist with a particular physical activity to the point of exhaustion English skills Good at memorizing and recalling information , but typically does not show a deep understanding of it Capable of concentrating and resuming a task after an interruption Eager to learn skills Starts to understand right vs wrong in place of good vs bad Social skills Often displays an intense revulsion of the opposite gender Will use physical complaints as a means of getting out of undesired tasks Generally dependable and can be trusted with basic responsibilities Prone to wide mood swings Ten year old ( edit ) Motor skills Capable of demanding motor / endurance tasks like bicycling and team sports Girls may begin breast development and exhibit a change in facial shape English skills Still does not display a deep understanding of subjects Does not yet fully understand right from wrong Not yet good at organizing or planning things in a practical way Social skills Some interest in the opposite gender Not as moody as 7 - 9 year olds ; overall disposition tends to be cheerful and fun - oriented Friendships are highly important , friends are almost exclusively same gender Can have a short temper , but has learned to adjust anger levels according to the appropriateness of the situation Gets along well with parents , eager to please Has fewer fears than he / she did at younger ages Eleven year old ( edit ) Motor skills Extremely jumpy and has a hard time sitting still No obvious signs of puberty in boys yet , girls typically begin growth of pubic hair . Breast development not significant yet , but is of great interest . Rapid height gains Better ability at making decisions Begins to understand that not everyone holds the same beliefs English skills Able to use logic and debate others quite well School reports may combine visual , oral , and written material Social and emotional development Often critical of others , stubborn , and egotistical Tends to display anger physically by hitting people / objects , throwing things , or slamming doors Still no interest in the opposite sex Friends are important , but with more arguments than before May be worrisome and afraid of things Twelve year old ( edit ) Motor skills Typically a substantial appetite Girls are developing breasts , filled - out pubic hair , underarm hair , and may begin menstruation Changes in boys less dramatic , but enlargement of the penis and testicles typically begins along with growth of fine pubic hair and frequent , random erections English skills Capable of categorizing information to make better sense of it Reads adult books and magazines on subjects of interest Capable of proofreading homework for spelling , grammar , and logic Social skills Overall disposition is pleasant and upbeat Can become extremely excited over subjects of interest or accomplishments Strongly prone to peer pressure and following trends More stable friendships with less melodramatics than at 11 May begin to be interested in the opposite sex , particularly girls Thirteen year olds ( edit ) Moody and uncomfortable with themselves and their surroundings Likes to be alone and values privacy May believe the world is out to get them Insecure about their bodies May not get along well with adults Fourteen year olds ( edit ) Generally pleasant , sunny disposition May show interest in the opposite sex Often a high interest in extracurricular activities May want to please and be popular Has a large circle of both gender friends Fifteen year olds ( edit ) Typically quarrelsome and unwilling to share their problems with others May want to be independent and free of their family Typically gets along better with siblings than parents Friendships are highly important Romantic interests are common Sixteen year olds ( edit ) Good overall relationship with family Begins to see parents as human beings instead of authority figures Friendships highly important , may have a wide circle of both gender friends Love interests can be intense See also ( edit ) Attachment in children Attachment theory Behavioral cusp Child development Developmental differences in solitary facial expressions Early childhood Early childhood education Infant vision Sign language in infants and toddlers The Connected Baby ( documentary film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Developmental Milestones by Age '' . Autism Speaks . Autism Speaks . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Seminars in child and adolescent psychiatry ( second edition ) . Ed . Simon G. Gowers . Royal College of Psychiatrists ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 904671 - 13 - 6 Jump up ^ Berk , Laura E. ( 2012 ) . Infants and children : Prenatal through middle childhood . Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 0205011098 . ^ Jump up to : Overview of motor , speech , vision and hearing development . Kids Count ( blog ) , 2012 , accessed 25 March 2014 ^ Jump up to : http://www.nhs.uk/Tools/Pages/birthtofive.aspx#close ^ Jump up to : Jim McMorran ; Damian Crowther ; Stew McMorran ; Steve Youngmin ; Ian Wacogne ; Jon Pleat ; Clive Prince . `` Hand regard -- General Practice Notebook '' . Gpnotebook.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Early Development . Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired , tsbvi.edu Jump up ^ http://www.foundationyears.org.uk/files/2012/03/Development-Matters-FINAL-PRINT-AMENDED.pdf Jump up ^ NHS ( 2013 ) . Birth - to - five development timeline . Last accessed 24.03. 2014 . Jump up ^ The Early Years Foundation Stage . ( 2012 ) . Child Development Overview . Available : http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/eyfs_cards_0001207.pdf . Last accessed 31.03. 2014 . Jump up ^ Baby Milestones Slideshow : Your Child 's First Year of Development at webMD . Retrieved May 2013 Jump up ^ Trawick - Smith , J ( 2013 ) Early childhood development : a multicultural perspective . ( 6th Edition ) USA : Pearson . Jump up ^ Harding , J. ( 2013 ) Child development : an illustrated handbook . Oxon : Hodder Education . Jump up ^ Parten , M. ( 1932 ) . `` Social participation among pre-school children '' . The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 27 ( 3 ) : 243 . doi : 10.1037 / h0074524 . Jump up ^ Ruben , K.H. , Fein , G.G. , & Vandenberg , B. ( 1983 ) . `` Play '' , pp. 693 -- 744 in E.M. Hetherington ( Ed . ) , Handbook of child psychology : Vol. 4 . Socialization , personality , and social development ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley , ISBN 0471090654 . Jump up ^ Hobart , C. Frankel , J. and Walker , M. ( 2009 ) . A practical guide to child observation and assessment . ( 4th Edition . ) Cheltenham : Stanley Thornes Publishers Jump up ^ Child development . Early Years Matters , Bury , UK ( last accessed 12 March ) Jump up ^ Sharman , C. Cross , W. and Vennis , D. ( 2004 ) Observing children : a practical guide . London : Continuum . Jump up ^ James , Stark ( September 2017 ) . `` Toddler can ride Balance Bike '' . Wishing Clover . Further reading ( edit ) Segal , Marilyn ( 1998 ) . Your Child At Play : Three to Five Years . New York : Newmarket Press . p. 292 . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 337 - X . Doherty , J. and Hughes , M. ( 2009 ) Child development theory and practice 0 - 11 . Essex : Pearson . Chapter 6 and 7 . External links ( edit ) CDC 's `` Learn the Signs . Act Early '' campaign -- Information for parents on early childhood development and developmental disabilities Developmental Milestones , National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities , NICHCY YourChild : Developmental Milestones , University of Michigan Health System Human biological and psychological development Before birth Embryo Fetus After birth Infant Toddler Early childhood Childhood Child Preadolescence Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Old age Definitions Minor Age of majority Events and phases Gestational age Prenatal development Birth Child development stages Cognitive development of infants Human development Adult development Puberty Ageing Senescence Death Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Attachment theory Theory Affectional bond Attachment in adults Attachment in children Attachment disorder Attachment and Health Attachment measures Attachment theory Fathers as attachment figures Human bonding Maternal deprivation Object relations theory Reactive attachment disorder Notable theorists Mary Ainsworth William E. Blatz John Bowlby Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud Harry Harlow Jerome Kagan Melanie Klein Konrad Lorenz Mary Main René Spitz Nikolaas Tinbergen Controversy Attachment parenting Attachment therapy Candace Newmaker Clinical applications Attachment - based therapy ( children ) Attachment - based psychotherapy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_development_stages&oldid=800433217 '' Categories : Child development Childhood Medical lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Simple English Tiếng Việt Walon Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is a child's neck fully developed
[]
[]
-44016567053046075
Reese Witherspoon
Reese Witherspoon - wikipedia Reese Witherspoon Jump to : navigation , search Reese Witherspoon Witherspoon at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon ( 1976 - 03 - 22 ) March 22 , 1976 ( age 42 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , U.S. Occupation Actress , producer , entrepreneur Years active 1991 -- present Spouse ( s ) Ryan Phillippe ( m . 1999 ; div. 2007 ) Jim Toth ( m . 2011 ) Children Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon ( born March 22 , 1976 ) is an American actress , producer , and entrepreneur . She is the recipient of several awards , including an Academy Award , a Primetime Emmy Award , a BAFTA Award , and two Golden Globe Awards . Born in New Orleans , Louisiana , and raised in Tennessee , she began her career as a teenager , making her professional screen debut in The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) , for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award . Following breakout roles in Desperate Choices : To Save My Child ( 1992 ) and Jack the Bear ( 1993 ) , she starred in the comedy - drama Pleasantville ( 1998 ) , for which she won the Young Hollywood Award for Breakthrough Performance . Her leading role of Tracy Flick in Election ( 1999 ) was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . Witherspoon 's breakthrough role was playing Elle Woods in the 2001 film Legally Blonde , for which she received her second Golden Globe nomination . The following year , she starred in the romantic comedy Sweet Home Alabama , which emerged as her biggest live - action commercial success . In 2005 , she portrayed June Carter in Walk the Line , which earned her the Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , BAFTA Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and Critics Choice Award for Best Actress . Her other films include Legally Blonde 2 : Red , White & Blonde ( 2003 ) , Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) , Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , and Sing ( 2016 ) . In 2014 , Witherspoon produced the thriller Gone Girl and received critical acclaim for portraying Cheryl Strayed in Wild , for which she earned her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and a fourth Golden Globe nomination . In 2017 , she co-produced and starred in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies , for which she received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and Outstanding Limited Series , winning the latter as a producer . Witherspoon owns a production company Hello Sunshine , a clothing company Draper James , and she is actively involved in children 's and women 's advocacy organizations . She serves on the board of the Children 's Defense Fund ( CDF ) and was named Global Ambassador of Avon Products in 2007 , serving as honorary chair of the charitable Avon Foundation . She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 2.1 1991 -- 1998 : Career beginnings 2.2 1999 -- 2000 : Rise to prominence 2.3 2001 -- 2006 : Worldwide recognition 2.4 2007 -- 2012 : Career downturn 2.5 2013 -- present : Career comeback and production work 3 Other ventures 3.1 Philanthropy 4 Personal life 5 In the media 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Video game 7 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Witherspoon was born on March 22 , 1976 at Southern Baptist Hospital , in New Orleans , Louisiana , while her father , Dr. John Draper Witherspoon , was a student at Tulane University medical school . Dr. Witherspoon was born in Georgia and served as a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army Reserve . He was in private practice as an otolaryngologist until 2012 . Her mother , Mary Elizabeth `` Betty '' ( née Reese ) , is from Harriman , Tennessee . Betty earned five degrees in total , including a Ph. D in pediatric nursing . She became a professor of nursing at Vanderbilt University . Witherspoon has claimed descent from Scottish - born John Witherspoon , who signed the United States Declaration of Independence ; however , this claim has not been verified by the Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence genealogists . Her parents are still legally married , although they separated in 1996 . Because Witherspoon 's father worked for the U.S. military in Wiesbaden , Germany , she lived there for four years as a little girl . After returning to the U.S. , she spent her childhood in Nashville , Tennessee . Witherspoon was raised as an Episcopalian , and has said she is proud of the `` definitive Southern upbringing '' which she received . She said that it gave her `` a sense of family and tradition '' and taught her about `` being conscientious about people 's feelings , being polite , being responsible and never taking for granted what you have in your life . '' At the age of seven , Witherspoon was selected as a model for a florist 's television advertisements , which motivated her to take acting lessons . At age eleven , she took first place in the Ten - State Talent Fair . Witherspoon received high grades in school , loved reading , and considered herself `` a big dork who read loads of books . '' On mentioning her love for books , she said , `` I get crazy in a bookstore . It makes my heart beat hard because I want to buy everything . '' She has been described as a `` multi-achiever '' and was given the nickname `` Little Type A '' by her parents . Witherspoon attended middle school at Harding Academy and graduated from the all - girls ' Harpeth Hall School in Nashville , during which time she was a cheerleader . She later attended Stanford University as an English literature major , but left the school prior to completing her studies to pursue an acting career . Acting career ( edit ) 1991 -- 1998 : career beginnings ( edit ) In 1991 , Witherspoon attended an open casting call for The Man in the Moon , intending to audition as a bit player ; she was instead cast for the lead role of Dani Trant , a 14 - year - old country girl who falls in love for the first time with her 17 - year - old neighbor . According to The Guardian , her performance made an early impression . On her performance , Roger Ebert commented , `` Her first kiss is one of the most perfect little scenes I 've ever seen in a movie . '' For this role , Witherspoon was nominated for the Young Artist Award Best Young Actress . Later that year , she made her television debut role in Wildflower with Patricia Arquette . In 1992 , Witherspoon appeared in the TV movie Desperate Choices : To Save My Child , portraying a critically ill young girl . In 1993 , she played a young wife in the CBS miniseries Return to Lonesome Dove , Nonnie Parker in the Disney film A Far Off Place and had a minor role in Jack the Bear , which garnered her the Young Artist Award for Best Youth Actress Co-star . The next year , Witherspoon had another leading role as Wendy Pfister in the 1994 film S.F.W. , directed by Jefery Levy . In 1996 , Witherspoon starred in two major films : the thriller Fear alongside Mark Wahlberg , as Nicole Walker , a teenage girl who starts dating a man with obsessive tendencies , and the black - comedy thriller Freeway , alongside Kiefer Sutherland and Brooke Shields , where she held the lead role . Her character in Freeway , Vanessa Lutz , is a poor girl living in Los Angeles , who encounters a serial killer on the way to her grandmother 's home in Stockton . The film received positive reviews from the press . Among them was the San Francisco Chronicle , with Mick LaSalle commenting , `` Witherspoon , who does a Texas accent , is dazzling , utterly believable in one extreme situation after the other . '' Witherspoon 's performance won her the Best Actress Award at the Cognac Police Film Festival and helped establish her as a rising star . The making of the film also gave Witherspoon significant acting experience ; as she said , `` Once I overcame the hurdle of that movie -- which scared me to death -- I felt like I could try anything . '' In 1998 , Witherspoon had major roles in three movies : Overnight Delivery , Pleasantville and Twilight . In Pleasantville , she starred with Tobey Maguire in a tale about 1990s teenage siblings who are magically transported into the setting of a 1950s television series . She portrayed Jennifer , the sister of Maguire 's character who is mainly concerned about appearances , relationships and popularity . Her performance received good reviews and garnered her the Young Hollywood Award for Best Female Breakthrough Performance . Director Gary Ross applauded her efforts saying , `` she commits to a character so completely and she understands comedy '' . 1999 -- 2000 : rise to prominence ( edit ) In 1999 , Witherspoon starred alongside Alessandro Nivola in the drama thriller Best Laid Plans ; she played Lissa , a woman who schemes with her lover Nick to escape a small dead - end town . Also that year co-starred with Sarah Michelle Gellar and Ryan Phillippe in the drama film Cruel Intentions , a modern take on the 18th - century French novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses . The San Francisco Chronicle praised her performance as Annette Hargrove : `` Witherspoon is especially good in the least flashy role , and even when called upon to make a series of cute devilish faces , she pulls it off . '' She also appeared in a music video by Marcy Playground for the film 's soundtrack . The film became a box office success and a cult classic . Next came perhaps Witherspoon 's career - defining role : starring with Matthew Broderick in Election , based on Tom Perrotta 's novel ; for her portrayal of Tracy Flick , she received vast critical acclaim and won the Best Actress Award from the National Society of Film Critics and the Online Film Critics Society , a first Golden Globe nomination and an Independent Spirit Award nomination . Witherspoon also received a rank on the list of 100 Greatest Film Performances of All Time by Premiere . Director Alexander Payne said of her , `` She 's got that quality that men find attractive , while women would like to be her friend . But that 's just the foundation . Nobody else is as funny or brings such charm to things . She can do anything . '' In spite of her success with Election , Witherspoon noted in an interview that she struggled to find work after completing the film due to typecasting . Analyzing the reasons behind her difficulty to find work , Witherspoon commented , `` I think because the character I played was so extreme and sort of shrewish -- people thought that was who I was , rather than me going in and creating a part . I would audition for things and I 'd always be the second choice -- studios never wanted to hire me and I was n't losing the parts to big box office actresses but to ones who I guess people felt differently about . '' In 2000 , Witherspoon played a supporting role in American Psycho as Patrick Bateman 's trophy girlfriend , and made a cameo appearance in Little Nicky as the mother of the Antichrist . She also guest starred in season six of Friends as Rachel Green 's sister Jill . 2001 -- 2006 : worldwide recognition ( edit ) The 2001 film Legally Blonde marked a turning point in Witherspoon 's career ; she starred as Elle Woods , a fashion - merchandising major who decides to become a law student in order to follow her ex-boyfriend to Harvard Law School . Witherspoon said about the role , `` When I read Legally Blonde , I was like , ' She 's from Beverly Hills , she 's rich , she 's in a sorority . She has a great boyfriend . Oh yeah , she gets dumped . Who cares ? I still hate her . ' So we had to make sure she was the kind of person you just ca n't hate . '' Legally Blonde was a box - office hit , grossing US $96 million domestically . Witherspoon 's performance earned her praise from critics as the press began referring to her as `` the new Meg Ryan '' . Roger Ebert commented , `` Witherspoon effortlessly animated this material with sunshine and quick wit '' , and Salon.com noted that `` she ( Witherspoon ) delineates Elle 's character beautifully '' . Meanwhile , the Seattle Post-Intelligencer concluded , `` Witherspoon is a talented comedian who can perk up a scene just by marching in full of pep and drive and she powers this modest little comedy almost single - handedly . '' For her work , Witherspoon garnered her second Golden Globe Best Actress nomination and an MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance . In 2002 , after the success of Legally Blonde , Witherspoon starred in several roles , such as Greta Wolfcastle in The Simpsons episode `` The Bart Wants What It Wants '' , and as Cecily in the comedy The Importance of Being Earnest , a film adaptation of Oscar Wilde 's play in which she received a Teen Choice Award nomination . Later that year , she starred with Josh Lucas and Patrick Dempsey in Andy Tennant 's film Sweet Home Alabama , where she played Melanie Carmichael , a young fashion designer who intends to marry a New York politician but must return to Alabama to divorce her childhood sweetheart , from whom she has been separated for seven years . Witherspoon regarded this as a `` personal role '' in that it reminded her of experiences she had when she moved from her hometown Nashville to Los Angeles . The movie became Witherspoon 's biggest live - action box office hit , earning over $35 million in the opening weekend and grossing over $127 million in the U.S. Despite the commercial success , critics gave Sweet Home Alabama negative reviews . It was called `` a romantic comedy so rote , dull and predictable '' by The Miami Herald , and the press widely agreed that Witherspoon was the only reason the movie attracted such a large audience . When describing Witherspoon 's role in the movie , The Christian Science Monitor concluded , `` She is not the movie 's main attraction , she is its only attraction . '' In 2003 , Witherspoon followed up the success of Legally Blonde by starring in the sequel Legally Blonde 2 : Red , White & Blonde . Elle Woods has become a Harvard - educated lawyer who is determined to protect animals from cosmetics industry science tests . The sequel was not as financially successful as the first film and it generated mostly negative reviews . USA Today considered the movie `` plodding , unfunny and almost cringe - worthy '' , but also noted that `` Reese Witherspoon still does a fine job portraying the fair - haired lovable brainiac , but her top - notch comic timing is wasted on the humorless dialogue . '' Meanwhile , Salon.com concluded that the sequel `` calcifies everything that was enjoyable about the first movie '' . Despite being panned by critics , the sequel took in over $39 million in its first five days in the U.S. box office charts and eventually grossed $90 million in the US . Witherspoon received a $15 million paycheck for the role -- a starting point to make her consistently one of Hollywood 's highest - paid actresses from 2002 until 2010 . In 2004 , Witherspoon starred in Vanity Fair , adapted from the 19th - century classic novel Vanity Fair and directed by Mira Nair . Her character , Becky Sharp , is a poor woman with a ruthless determination to find fortune and establish herself a position in society . Witherspoon was carefully costumed to conceal that during the filming she was pregnant with her second child . This pregnancy was not a hindrance to her work as Witherspoon believed the gestation had in fact helped her portrayal of Sharp 's character : `` I love the luminosity that pregnancy brings , I love the fleshiness , I love the ample bosom -- it gave me much more to play with '' , she said . The film and Witherspoon 's portrayal of Sharp received mixed reviews , as The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Nair 's cast is splendid . Witherspoon does justice to the juicy role by giving the part more buoyancy than naughtiness . '' At the same time , The Charlotte Observer called her work `` an excellent performance that 's soft around the edges '' and the Los Angeles Times concluded that Becky is `` a role Reese Witherspoon was born to play '' . However , LA Weekly wrote `` ( Witherspoon ) ends up conveying so little of what 's at once appalling and perversely attractive about the would - be mistress of Vanity Fair '' and states that it may have to do with Witherspoon 's vanity , `` with an Oscar-less young star 's need to be loved more than anyone could conceivably love the `` real '' Becky Sharp. `` . Others have stated she was miscast . In late 2004 , Witherspoon began working alongside Mark Ruffalo on the romantic comedy Just Like Heaven . Her character , Elizabeth Masterson , is an ambitious young doctor who gets into a car accident on her way to a blind date and is left in a coma ; her spirit returns to her old apartment where she later finds true love . Witherspoon at the Toronto International Film Festival premiere of Walk the Line in 2005 Earlier that year Witherspoon was chosen to portray June Carter Cash , the second wife of country music singer - songwriter Johnny Cash ( Joaquin Phoenix ) , in Walk the Line . She never had the chance to meet Carter Cash , as Witherspoon was filming Vanity Fair at the time the singer died . Witherspoon performed her own vocals in the film and her songs had to be performed in front of a live audience , she was so worried about needing to perform live that she asked her lawyer to terminate the film contract . `` That was the most challenging part of the role , '' she later recalled in an interview . `` I 'd never sung professionally . '' Subsequently , she had to spend six months learning how to sing for the role . Witherspoon 's portrayal of Carter Cash was well received by critics , and Roger Ebert wrote that her performance added `` boundless energy '' to the movie . She won several awards for her performance , including the Golden Globe Award , the Screen Actors Guild , the BAFTA and the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role . Besides critical success in the movie industry , Witherspoon and Phoenix received a nomination for `` collaborative video of the year '' from the CMT Music Awards . Witherspoon expressed her passion for the movie : `` I really like in this film that it is realistic and portrays sort of a real marriage , a real relationship where there are forbidden thoughts and fallibility . And it is about compassion in the long haul , not just the short easy solutions to problems . '' She also stated that she believed Carter Cash was a woman ahead of her time : `` I think the really remarkable thing about her character is that she did all of these things that we sort of see as normal things in the 1950s when it was n't really acceptable for a woman to be married and divorced twice and have two different children by two different husbands and travel around in a car full of very famous musicians all by herself . She did n't try to comply to social convention , so I think that makes her a very modern woman . '' Witherspoon 's first post-Oscar role came in the modern - day fairy tale Penelope , as Annie , the best friend of Penelope ( Christina Ricci ) , a girl who has a curse in her family . The film was produced by her company Type A Films , with filming commencing in March 2006 , immediately following Witherspoon 's Oscar win for Walk the Line . Although the movie premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival , the final release date of Penelope was delayed twice before an eventual February 2008 release . 2007 -- 2012 : career downturn ( edit ) Following her critical success with Walk the Line , Witherspoon admits to spending several years `` kind of floundering career-wise '' . Reflecting on this period of time in a December 2014 interview , Witherspoon attributed it to her separation from her first husband in October 2006 and their subsequent divorce , stating that she spent `` a few years just trying to feel better . You know , you ca n't really be very creative when you feel like your brain is scrambled eggs . '' She claims that she `` was n't making things I was passionate about . I was just kind of working , you know . And it was really clear that audiences were n't responding to anything I was putting out there . '' This period of Witherspoon 's career began with the filming of the abduction thriller Rendition in November 2006 . In the film , she plays Isabella El - Ibrahim , the pregnant wife of a bombing suspect . The film was released in October 2007 and marked Witherspoon 's first appearance in theaters since the 2005 release of Walk the Line . The movie received mostly mixed reviews and was generally considered a disappointment at the Toronto International Film Festival . Witherspoon 's performance was also criticized : `` Reese Witherspoon is surprisingly lifeless '' , Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote . `` She customarily injects energy and spirit into her parts , but here , her performance feels tamped down . '' Witherspoon at the Water for Elephants premiere in May 2011 In December 2007 , Witherspoon began working with Vince Vaughn , filming the holiday comedy Four Christmases , a story about a couple who must spend their Christmas Day trying to visit all four of their divorced parents . The film was released in November 2008 . Despite being panned by critics , the movie became a box office success , earning more than $120 million domestically and $157 million worldwide . In 2009 , Witherspoon voiced Susan Murphy , lead character in DreamWorks ' computer - animated film Monsters vs. Aliens , released in March 2009 , becoming her biggest hit at the time . She also co-produced the Legally Blonde spin - off Legally Blondes , starring Milly and Becky Rosso . However , Witherspoon did not appear in a live - action film for two years after the 2008 release of Four Christmases . She told Entertainment Weekly that the `` break '' was unplanned , stating that , `` I just did n't read anything I liked ... There are a lot of really , really , really big movies about robots and things -- and there 's not a part for a 34 - year - old woman in a robot movie . '' Witherspoon returned with three films released in 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , all centered on her as a woman caught in a love triangle between two men . In a 2012 interview with MTV , Witherspoon jokingly referred to this trio of films as her `` love triangle period '' . The first film was James L. Brooks ' romantic comedy How Do You Know which starred Witherspoon as a former national softball player who struggles to choose between a baseball - star boyfriend ( Owen Wilson ) and a business executive being investigated for white - collar crime ( Paul Rudd ) . The movie was filmed in Philadelphia and Washington , D.C. during the summer and fall of 2009 and released on December 17 , 2010 . The movie was both a critical and box office failure . Despite a budget of more than $100 million the film earned only $7.6 million in its opening weekend , leading the Los Angeles Times to call it `` one of the year 's biggest flops '' . The movie earned mainly negative reviews from critics , scoring 35 % on Rotten Tomatoes with 111 reviews as of late December 2010 . Witherspoon 's second love - triangle movie was the film adaptation of the 1930s circus drama Water for Elephants . She began circus training in March 2010 for her role as Marlena , a glamorous performer stuck in a marriage to a volatile husband ( Christoph Waltz ) but intrigued by the circus 's new veterinarian ( Robert Pattinson ) . The movie was filmed between late May and early August 2010 in various locations in Tennessee , Georgia , and California . It was released on April 22 , 2011 and received mixed critical reviews . In September 2010 , Witherspoon began principal photography in Vancouver for the third and final love - triangle film , This Means War , a 20th Century Fox spy comedy directed by McG in which Witherspoon 's character is at the center of a battle between best friends ( played by Chris Pine and Tom Hardy ) who are both in love with her . The film had a `` sneak - peek '' release on Valentine 's Day , before fully opening on February 17 , 2012 . The film was panned by critics ( with a 25 % Rotten Tomatoes rating ) , and fared poorly at the box office , taking fifth place on its opening weekend with sales of $17.6 million . The New York Times remarked that this `` extended the box office cold streak for the Oscar - winning Ms. Witherspoon . '' 2013 -- present : career comeback and production work ( edit ) Witherspoon 's subsequent films signaled a departure from the love - triangle theme . In September 2011 , a year after beginning work on This Means War , she filmed a small role in Jeff Nichols 's coming - of - age drama Mud in Arkansas , playing Juniper , the former girlfriend of a fugitive ( Matthew McConaughey ) , who enlists two local boys to help him evade capture and rekindle his romance with her . Mud premiered in May 2012 in competition for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival , but did not win . Following its American debut at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19 , 2013 , the film had a limited release in select North American theaters on April 26 , 2013 . Witherspoon at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival premiere of Mud Witherspoon next starred in Devil 's Knot , which is based on Atom Egoyan 's true crime book of the same name and examines the controversial case of the West Memphis Three . Like Mud , the film is set in Arkansas . Witherspoon played Pam Hobbs , the mother of one of three young murder victims . In an interview subsequent to her casting in the film , Egoyan noted that although the role requires `` an emotionally loaded journey '' , he `` met with Reese , and ... talked at length about the project , and she 's eager to take on the challenge '' . The movie was shot in Georgia in June and July 2012 . Witherspoon was pregnant with her third child during filming . The film 's world premiere was held on September 8 , 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival . It was then released in selected American theaters on May 9 , 2014 . In April 2013 , Witherspoon began production in Atlanta on Canadian director Philippe Falardeau 's film The Good Lie . It is based on real - life events , about a brash American woman assigned to help four young Sudanese refugees ( known as Lost Boys of Sudan ) who win a lottery for relocation to the U.S. It was released on October 3 , 2014 . Witherspoon shot a small role in Inherent Vice ( 2014 ) , an adaptation of Thomas Pynchon 's novel , in Pasadena , California in summer 2013 . In 2012 she , by herself , started the production company Pacific Standard . The goal of the company was to produce movies with strong female lead roles . In a speech she gave at the Glamour Awards in 2015 , she said that she was tired of seeing only movies with a strictly male focus being produced . The mission of the production company is to focus more on stories about the trials and tribulations of women . So far they have produced movies like Gone Girl and Wild. Through her company Pacific Standard , Witherspoon served as a producer in the film adaptation of Gillian Flynn 's novel Gone Girl , though she did not star . Indeed , Witherspoon and her producing partner `` had little to do with the production of Gone Girl '' , leaving it to director David Fincher while focusing their efforts on another adaptation produced via Pacific Standard , that of Cheryl Strayed 's memoir Wild , which began production in fall 2013 on the same day as Gone Girl . Witherspoon starred in the project , portraying Strayed herself on her 1,000 - mile ( 1,600 km ) hike along the Pacific Crest Trail . Wild was released in December 2014 to critical acclaim ; Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune wrote in his review , `` Witherspoon does the least acting of her career , and it works . Calmly yet restlessly , she brings to life Strayed 's longings , her states of grief and desire and her wary optimism . '' Wild was promoted as Witherspoon 's primary `` comeback '' vehicle following her previous career slump , and she earned her second Academy Award nomination for the role . In May 2014 , Witherspoon began production in Louisiana on Hot Pursuit , a comedy in which she plays a police officer trying to protect a drug lord 's widow ( Sofía Vergara ) . The movie was released on May 8 , 2015 . In 2016 , she had a voice role in the animated film Sing , as well as serving as a major performer on the film 's soundtrack . The movie became Witherspoon 's biggest hit , being the first to make over $200 million domestically and $600 million worldwide . In January 2016 , Witherspoon began filming her first television project since Return To Lonesome Dove , the seven - part miniseries adaptation of the Liane Moriarty bestseller , Big Little Lies . She produced the miniseries , along with her co-star , Nicole Kidman , and the show 's director , Jean - Marc Vallée , her second project under his direction . The series premiered on February 19 , 2017 on HBO and finished on April 2 . Witherspoon has garnered critical acclaim for her performance , with TV Line proclaiming her as `` Performer of the Week '' of February 26 to March 4 . The Washington Post compared her performance to her previous work in Election and Legally Blonde . In November 2016 , Witherspoon began production on the romantic comedy Home Again , the directorial debut of filmmaker Nancy Meyers ' daughter , Hallie Meyers - Shyer , which was released on September 8 , 2017 . A few months later , she began filming Disney 's A Wrinkle in Time , the film adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle 's classic novel of the same name , where she plays Mrs. Whatsit . The film was released in March 2018 , co-stars Oprah Winfrey and Mindy Kaling , and is directed by Ava DuVernay . Other ventures ( edit ) Witherspoon at the 69th Annual Golden Globe Awards in January 2012 Witherspoon owned a production company called Type A Films , which the media believed was a moniker honoring her childhood nickname `` Little Miss Type A . '' However , when asked about the company by Interview magazine , she clarified the name 's origin : `` ... people think I named it after myself ... It was actually an in - joke with my family because at ( age ) 7 I understood complicated medical terms , such as the difference between type A and type B personalities . But I just wished I 'd named the company Dogfood Films or Fork or something . You carry that baggage all your life . '' In March 2012 , Witherspoon merged Type A Films with producer Bruna Papandrea 's Make Movies banner to create a new production company entitled Pacific Standard . In 2016 , Witherspoon and Papandrea split up , with Witherspoon gaining full control over the company . In 2013 , Witherspoon recorded a cover of the classic Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra duet , `` Somethin ' Stupid '' with Michael Bublé for his 2013 album , To Be Loved . In May 2015 , Witherspoon launched Draper James , a retail brand with a focus on fashion , accessories and home décor inspired by the American South . The brand is named after Witherspoon 's grandparents , Dorothea Draper and William James Witherspoon , who are said to be her greatest influences . Some of the products are being manufactured and designed in - house , and the brand launched direct to consumers online before opening its first brick and mortar store in fall 2015 in Witherspoon 's hometown of Nashville , Tennessee . In October 2016 , Witherspoon announced that she would be writing her first book . In November 2016 , Witherspoon and Otter Media formed Hello Sunshine , a joint venture focused on telling female - driven stories on film , TV and digital platforms . In March 2017 , Witherspoon became the storyteller - in - chief for Elizabeth Arden , Inc ... There , she will be helping the company to shape the brand 's narrative through advertising campaigns and marketing programs . Of her involvement , Witherspoon states that she is `` excited to work as a creative partner alongside the Elizabeth Arden team , producing content that celebrates the spirit of the brand , highlighting female - centric stories that illustrate women 's true life experiences which unite us all . '' Philanthropy ( edit ) Witherspoon is actively involved in children 's and women 's advocacy organizations . She is a longtime supporter of Save the Children , an organization that helps provide children around the world with education , health care and emergency aid . She also serves on the board of the Children 's Defense Fund , a child advocacy and research group . In 2006 , she was among a group of actresses who went to New Orleans , Louisiana in a CDF project to publicize the needs of Hurricane Katrina victims . During this trip , she helped open the city 's first Freedom School , as she met and talked with the children . Witherspoon later called this an experience that she would never forget . In 2007 , Witherspoon made her first move into the world of endorsements , as she signed a multi-year agreement to serve as the first Global Ambassador of cosmetic company Avon Products . She acts as a spokeswoman for Avon 's cosmetic products and serves as the honorary chair of the Avon Foundation , a charitable organization that supports women and focuses on breast cancer research and the prevention of domestic violence . Witherspoon is also committed to participating in cosmetics product development and appearing in commercial advertisements . Explaining her motives for joining the foundation , she said , `` As a woman and a mother I care deeply about the well being of other women and children throughout the world and through the years , I have always looked for opportunities to make a difference . '' Personal life ( edit ) Witherspoon has cited actresses Meryl Streep , Holly Hunter , Susan Sarandon , Frances McDormand , Debra Winger , Diane Ladd , Julia Roberts , Nicole Kidman , Jodie Foster , Jennifer Aniston , Goldie Hawn , Sally Field , Sigourney Weaver , Lucille Ball , Carole Lombard , Judy Holliday , Gena Rowlands , and actors Tom Hanks , Jack Nicholson , and Michael Keaton as influences on her acting . Her favorite films are Splendor in the Grass , Waiting For Guffman , Broadcast News , Raising Arizona , and Overboard . Witherspoon met actor Ryan Phillippe at her 21st birthday party in March 1997 . They became engaged in December 1998 and married near Charleston , South Carolina , on June 5 , 1999 , at Old Wide Awake Plantation . They have two children together , a daughter , Ava Elizabeth Phillippe , born on September 9 , 1999 , and a son , Deacon Reese Phillippe , born on October 23 , 2003 . In October 2006 , Witherspoon and Phillippe announced their separation . In early February 2010 , it was reported that Witherspoon was dating Jim Toth , a talent agent and co-head of motion picture talent at Creative Artists Agency , where Witherspoon is a client . Witherspoon and Toth announced their engagement in December 2010 , and married on March 26 , 2011 , in Ojai , California , at Libbey Ranch , Witherspoon 's country estate , which she later sold . The couple have a son , Tennessee James Toth , born on September 27 , 2012 . In 2013 , Witherspoon was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct after her husband was pulled over for suspicion of DUI . She later pleaded no contest to obstruction and was required to pay court costs . In the media ( edit ) Witherspoon being interviewed at the premiere of Walk the Line in 2005 Witherspoon hosted Saturday Night Live on September 29 , 2001 , the first episode to air after the September 11 attacks . In 2005 , she was ranked No. 5 in Teen People magazine 's list of most powerful young Hollywood actors . In 2006 , Witherspoon was listed among the Time 100 . Her featured article was written by Luke Wilson . In the same year , she was selected as one of the `` 100 Sexiest Women In The World '' by the readers of FHM . Witherspoon has been featured four times in the annual `` 100 Most Beautiful '' issues of People magazine . Witherspoon has appeared on the annual Celebrity 100 list by Forbes magazine in 2006 and 2007 , at No. 75 and No. 80 , respectively . Forbes also put her on the top ten Trustworthy Celebrities list . She was listed among CEOWorld Magazine 's Top Accomplished Women Entertainers . In 2007 , she was selected by People and the entertainment news program Access Hollywood as one of the year 's best - dressed female stars . The yellow dress she wore to that year 's Golden Globe Awards was widely acclaimed . A study conducted by E-Poll Market Research showed that Witherspoon was the most likable female celebrity of 2007 . That same year , Witherspoon established herself as the highest - paid actress in the American film industry , earning $15 to $20 million per film . In recent years , however , her appearance in a number of movies that fared badly at the box office caused a turnabout in her status , and she has been noted as one of the most overpaid actors in Hollywood in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 . In April 2011 , Witherspoon ranked 3rd on the 22nd annual People 's Most Beautiful issue . In 2010 , Witherspoon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6262 Hollywood Blvd . In June 2013 , Witherspoon filed suit against Marketing Advantages International Inc. , claiming it used her name and image extensively in jewelry advertising without her permission , both throughout the United States and internationally . In December 2015 , while Witherspoon 's trademark claims to her name were rejected , for she had not established secondary meaning to her full name , that she did not claim `` emotional distress '' and the `` photos and facts were generally known by the public and the photos were taken in public with Plaintiff 's consent '' , the court ruled that she could proceed with her right of publicity claims against a number of defendants . Two months later , Witherspoon withdrew her lawsuit , having `` come to private agreements with the various defendants , including Centerbrook Sales , Fragrance Hut , Gemvara , and others '' . In the wake of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations , Witherspoon revealed that she had been sexually assaulted by a director at the age of 16 and has had `` multiple experiences of harassment and sexual assault '' throughout her career . In 2015 , Witherspoon made her second appearance among the Time 100 , with her featured article being written by Mindy Kaling . The same year , she was awarded , by a unanimous vote from the committee , the American Cinematheque for being `` a perfect example of an actress flourishing in today 's world '' and `` an active and successful movie producer who is moving her career forward both behind and in front of the camera '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 The Man in the Moon Dani Trant 1993 A Far Off Place Nonnie Parker 1993 Jack the Bear Karen Morris S.F.W. Wendy Pfister Freeway Vanessa Lutz Fear Nicole Walker 1998 Twilight Mel Ames 1998 Overnight Delivery Ivy Miller 1998 Pleasantville Jennifer / Mary Sue Parker 1999 Cruel Intentions Annette Hargrove 1999 Election Tracy Flick 1999 Best Laid Plans Lissa 2000 Little Nicky Holly Cameo 2000 American Psycho Evelyn Williams 2001 The Trumpet of the Swan Serena ( voice ) 2001 Legally Blonde Elle Woods 2002 The Importance of Being Earnest Cecily Cardew 2002 Sweet Home Alabama Melanie Smooter 2003 Legally Blonde 2 : Red , White & Blonde Elle Woods Also executive producer Vanity Fair Becky Sharp 2005 Walk the Line June Carter Cash 2005 Just like Heaven Elizabeth Masterson 2006 Penelope Annie Also producer 2007 Rendition Isabella Fields El - Ibrahimi 2008 Four Christmases Kate 2009 Monsters vs. Aliens Susan Murphy / Ginormica ( voice ) How Do You Know Lisa Jorgenson 2011 Water for Elephants Marlena Rosenbluth 2012 This Means War Lauren Scott 2012 Mud Juniper 2014 Devil 's Knot Pamela Hobbs 2014 Gone Girl Producer 2014 Wild Cheryl Strayed Also producer 2014 The Good Lie Carrie Davis 2014 Inherent Vice Penny Kimball 2015 Hot Pursuit Officer Rose Cooper Also producer 2016 Sing Rosita ( voice ) 2017 Home Again Alice Kinney 2018 A Wrinkle in Time Mrs. Whatsit Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Wildflower Ellie Perkins Movie Desperate Choices : To Save My Child Cassie Robbins Movie 1993 Return to Lonesome Dove Ferris Dunnigan Miniseries 2000 King of the Hill Debbie ( voice ) 2 episodes 2000 Friends Jill Green 2 episodes 2001 Saturday Night Live Host / Various Episode : `` Reese Witherspoon / Alicia Keys '' 2002 Simpsons , The The Simpsons Greta Wolfcastle ( voice ) Episode : `` The Bart Wants What It Wants '' 2003 Freedom : A History of Us Various roles 3 episodes ; documentary 2009 Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space Susan Murphy / Ginormica ( voice ) Special 2015 Saturday Night Live Host / Various Episode : `` Reese Witherspoon / Florence + the Machine '' 2015 Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Guest announcer Episode : `` Reese Witherspoon '' 2015 The Muppets Herself Episode : `` Walk the Swine '' 2017 -- present Big Little Lies Madeline Martha Mackenzie Main role ; 7 episodes ; also executive producer 2017 The Mindy Project Herself Episode : `` Girl Gone Wild '' Video game ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Monsters vs. Aliens Susan Murphy / Ginormica Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Reese Witherspoon Witherspoon has won numerous awards , including the BAFTA Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Walk the Line in 2005 . In 2015 , she received another nomination in the category for her performance in Wild . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1251 ) : 25 . March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Aaron ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` Green Threads on the Red Carpet '' . Tulane University magazine . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hurst , Greg ( March 5 , 2006 ) . `` The dork who grew into a Hollywood princess '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reese Witherspoon biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Slschy , Ingrid ( December 1 , 2005 ) . `` That 's Reese : stepping into the ring of fire '' . Interview . ISSN 0149 - 8932 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleeman and Kay West ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon 's Mom : My Husband Married Another Woman '' . people.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Communications and Marketing ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` College of Nursing Honors 2012 Outstanding Alumni Award Recipients '' . uthsc.edu . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Dominic . `` Reese Witherspoon biography ( page 1 ) '' . Tiscali . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Stuges , Fiona ( August 7 , 2004 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon : Legally Blonde . Physically flawed ? '' . The Independent . UK . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon : Legally Blonde ... Again '' . Agirlsworld.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DSDI Staff ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` John Witherspoon -- The Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence '' . USA . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon 's parents in bigamy dispute '' . CNN . May 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flockhart , Hary ( October 19 , 2007 ) . `` Reese revels in her Scots ( blonde ) roots '' . The Scotsman . UK . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reese : Kids are my top priority '' . The Sun . UK . April 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talent behind Witherspoon 's win '' . BBC News . January 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2007 . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( September 18 , 2002 ) . `` Witherspoon 's ' Sweet Home ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon Opens Up About Religion and the Afterlife : ' I Think You Get an Angel and Wings and a Halo ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Dominic . `` Reese Witherspoon biography ( page 2 ) '' . Tiscali . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Meg ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Face to Face With Reese Witherspoon '' . Reader 's Digest . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reese Witherspoon : A novel challenge for blonde ambition '' . London : The Independent . January 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Norma ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` A type A is already on A-list '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Playing It Straight ( page 1 ) '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Elysa ( September 13 , 1998 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon ; Commitment , Success and the Age of Ambivalence '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon : behind - the - scenes revival of Hollywood 's unlikely feminist '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Escobar , Sam ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Through the Years '' . Good Housekeeping . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Levy , Jefery ( January 20 , 1995 ) , S.F.W. , Stephen Dorff , Reese Witherspoon , Jake Busey , retrieved November 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon 's Love Life : From Ryan Phillippe To Jim Toth '' . MTV . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zupkus , Lauren ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Alyssa Milano Shares A ' 90s # TBT Photo With Reese Witherspoon '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freeway ( 1996 ) from Reese Witherspoon 's Best Roles '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 23 , 1996 ) . `` ` Freeway 's ' Wild , Funny Ride '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon '' . The Biography Channel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Philip ( February 6 , 2003 ) . `` Spoonfuls of video treats '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon Awards '' . uk.movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Graham , Bob ( March 5 , 1999 ) . `` ` ` Dangerous Liaisons ' Junior '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon Award '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Film Independent Spirit Awards '' ( PDF ) . spiritawards.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Movie Performances of All Time '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Playing It Straight ( page 3 ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( May 4 , 2004 ) . `` Guest stars : The good , the bad , the twin sister '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reese Witherspoon '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harkness , John ( February 6 , 2003 ) . `` Classic Crawford '' . NOW . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 13 , 2001 ) . `` Reviews : Legally Blonde '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 13 , 2001 ) . `` Legally Blonde '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Axmaker , Sean ( July 13 , 2001 ) . `` Enough energy in this ' Blonde ' to perk up limp comedy '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clark , John ( May 12 , 2002 ) . `` Young and talented , headstrong and ' Earnest ' Reese Witherspoon gets what she wants '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Announces the 4th Annual 2002 Teen Choice Awards Nominees '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2003 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Reese Witherspoon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wills , Dominic . `` Reese Witherspoon biography ( page 6 ) '' . Tiscali . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Connie ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Linin ' up good ol ' cliches , in a fashion '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . Tiscali . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sterritt , David ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` A down - home dilemma '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( July 2 , 2003 ) . `` Legally Blonde 2 Review '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Charles ( July 2 , 2003 ) . `` Legally Blonde 2 '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Witherspoon leads UK première '' . BBC News . July 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2003 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Steven M. ( December 3 , 2002 ) . `` Julia Roberts Tops Actress Power List '' . People magazine . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Witherspoon Walks The Line '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mira 's early feminist '' . The Telegraph . Kolkota , India . September 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Director Nair 's Vanity project '' . BBC News . December 1 , 2004 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( August 27 , 2004 ) . `` Vanity Fair '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toppman , Lawrence ( September 1 , 2004 ) . `` A ' Vanity Fair ' with flair '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( September 1 , 2004 ) . `` ' Vanity Fair'Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stringer , Ron ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Becky , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . LA Weekly . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( September 7 , 2004 ) . `` Vanity Fair '' . Cinema 24 / 7 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moten , Katie ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` Just Like Heaven ( PG ) '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faces of the week '' . BBC News . November 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon , live on Breakfast '' . BBC News . February 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Donaldson - Evans , Catherine ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Stars Learn to Sing for Roles ... or Do They ? '' . Fox News Channel . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Walk the Line '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Movie stars up for country award '' . BBC . March 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Nominees '' . Country Music Television . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Interview '' . About.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Penelope Set Pics '' . Empire . March 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( September 6 , 2006 ) . `` From Toronto : Let the film festival begin ! '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer M. ( February 29 , 2008 ) . `` Deconstructing Penelope '' . MovieMaker . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Gregg ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` Penelope ' slides to Summit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Charlie ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon : Ready for a Change '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( October 16 , 2007 ) . `` Witherspoon Gives a Dramatic ` Rendition ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( October 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Rendition ' is story of torture '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' Rendition ' fails to turn over interest '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mcnary , Dave ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Vaughn , Witherspoon set for comedy '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Four Christmases ( 2008 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved November 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` First look : ' Monsters vs. Aliens ' is the ultimate ; a 3 - D ' first ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Legally Blondes ( 2008 ) '' . All Movie Guide . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Cover : The return of Reese Witherspoon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' This Means War ' Star Reese Witherspoon is in her ' Love Triangle Period ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Star - Heavy Big - Budget Love Story Bucks Trend '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brunsting , Joshua ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Gordon and the Whale '' . Gordon and the Whale . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Film trailer : Witherspoon , Rudd , Wilson and Nicholson in ' How Do You Know ' '' . The Independent . UK . August 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Rudd , Wilson in talks for Brooks film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon : Filming in Philly '' . GossipCenter Network . October 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon , Owen Wilson Movie Coming to D.C. '' Washington City Paper . June 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box office : ' How Do You Know ' flops ; ' Tron ' does n't ; and like the bear himself , ' Yogi ' is soft ( Updated ) '' . Los Angeles Times . December 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes : How Do You Know '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Kevin ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Goes to Washington '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Pattinson begins shooting for `` Water for Elephants '' . Hollywood News . May 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Francis . `` Twitter '' . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Fox Pushes Rio , Water for Elephants Releases '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes : Water for Elephants '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Chris Pine in early negotiations for spy comedy ' This Means War ' at Fox '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine preps for `` War '' `` . Hollywood News . May 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This Means War to start filming '' . Vancouver Sun . September 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This Means War Gets Romantic Release Date '' . Movieline . April 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fox to Release McG 's ' This Means War ' on Valentine 's Day '' . Reuters . January 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Means War -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` This Means Box Office Dud '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Everything We Know About Reese Witherspoon 's Film ' Mud , ' Filming in Arkansas '' . InArkansas . September 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mud ' banks trio of thesps '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Cannes sets 2012 fest lineup '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leffler , Rebecca ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` Cannes 2012 : Jeff Nichols ' ' Mud ' Slides Into Competition with Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sundance 2013 : The Rebirth of Matthew McConaughey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox , Jesse David ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Mud Trailer : Matthew McConaughey and Reese Witherspoon Have a Southern - Accent - Off '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Mud ' trailer with Matthew McConaughey reignites the fuse in advance of Sundance bow '' . Hitflix . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Gayle ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Egoyan signs Reese Witherspoon for new film '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Cannes 2012 : Colin Firth , Reese Witherspoon 's West Memphis Three Pic Gets Financing ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Pregnant Reese Witherspoon Spotted Shooting New Movie '' . eOnline . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon movie filming in Cartersville '' . Access Atlanta . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Pregnant Reese Witherspoon Begins Shooting Devil 's Knot in Atlanta '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon talks of prom dresses , pregnancy and new film '' . Chicago Sun Times . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` TIFF : WikiLeaks movie The Fifth Estate to open film festival '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nathalie ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` TIFF 2013 : All the night moves with Sandra Bullock , Reese Witherspoon and Jesse Eisenberg on the red carpet ( but no George Clooney , sorry ) '' . National Post . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` West Memphis Three drama ' Devil 's Knot ' with Reese Witherspoon sets release date -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Corey Stoll , Sarah Baker , Sudanese Lost Boys Cast In ' The Good Lie ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` ATLwood : Reese Witherspoon back in town for `` The Good Lie '' `` . Creative Loafing Atlanta . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Drama ' The Good Lie ' Shifts to October Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look At Joaquin Phoenix On The Set Of ' Inherent Vice ' '' . indiewire.com . June 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Eyes Reteam With Joaquin Phoenix in ' Inherent Vice ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Dustin ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' filming at Giant City State Park '' . The Southern . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher in Talks to Direct ' Gone Girl ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' gets release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Bruna Papandrea Push for Female - Driven Material With Pacific Standard '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon buys movie rights to Cheryl Strayed 's memoir '' . Oregon Live . March 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon 's ' Wild ' Adds Michiel Huisman , W. Earl Brown '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wild ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Wild ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Can Reese Witherspoon Have Her Own ' McConaissance ? ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wild is Reese Witherspoon 's major comeback '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon on her Oscar nomination : ' I ca n't imagine ever having a year this good ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Do n't Mess With Texas , ' starring Reese Witherspoon and Sofia Vergara , starts filming this week in New Orleans '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for Reese Witherspoon - Sofia Vergara 's ' Hot Pursuit ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Limited Series Starring Nicole Kidman & Reese Witherspoon Picked Up By HBO '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Little Lies ' , starring Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon , is filming in Monterey , CA this week '' . On Location Movies . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Reese Witherspoon '' . TV Line . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon is unlikable again in ' Big Little Lies . ' Thank goodness '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon in Talks to Star in ' Home Again ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . November 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Tiffany ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Fashion victim : Reese Witherspoon '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Bruna Panadrea Merge Production Companies to Create Pacific Standard '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Producers Reese Witherspoon & Bruna Papandrea Parting '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` To Be Loved by Michael Bublé '' . iTunes . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon launches Draper James lifestyle brand '' . CBS News . May 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ew.com/article/2016/10/13/reese-witherspoon-southern-lifestyle-book/ Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Otter Media Pact For New Company Hello Sunshine '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Arden Inc . ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Elizabeth Arden Signs Reese Witherspoon As Storyteller - in - Chief '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finn , Natalie ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Avon Lady '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plaisance , Stacey ( May 8 , 2006 ) . `` Witherspoon , Garner Tour New Orleans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reese Witherspoon Speaks About Children of Katrina '' . ABC News . May 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Guest , Katy ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon : From Hollywood star to Avon lady '' . London : The Independent . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reese Witherspoon heeds Avon call to be spokeswoman '' . Reuters . August 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Witherspoon to become ' Avon lady ' '' . BBC News . August 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon on Twitter '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video : Who Influences Reese Witherspoon ? '' . NewYou . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Entertainment Power 100 : The Stars '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Reese Witherspoon Dec 28 , 2014 at 5 : 20pm UTC '' . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Movie That Had the Biggest Influence on Reese Witherspoon '' . ABC . February 17 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Witherspoon , Reese . `` Reese Witherspoon on Facebook '' . Facebook . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . at 21 : 37 mark Jump up ^ Team Coco ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Loves Pinterest & Jennifer Aniston - CONAN on TBS '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ de Kretser , Leela ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Split end for a ' Legal blonde ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Karen ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Ryan Phillippe separate '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reese Witherspoon gives birth '' . CNN . October 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheri & Bob Stritof . `` Reese Witherspoon and Ryan Phillippe Marriage Profile '' . About.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( June 8 , 1999 ) . `` Witherspoon . Phillippe . Married '' . Eonline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon and Ryan Phillippe 's Sweet 18th Birthday Messages to Daughter Ava '' . 2017 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon & Ryan Phillippe Split '' . People . October 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Reese Witherspoon Dating Again ? '' . People . February 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon 's Date Night '' . People . February 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon 's Birthday Getaway with Jim Toth '' . People . March 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Heads Of CAA 's MP Talent Department '' . People . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon , Jim Toth Engaged ! '' . Us Weekly . December 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon Wedding on Saturday '' . Extra . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon Weds Jim Toth ! '' . Us Weekly . March 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Jennifer ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Sells Ojai Home for $5.9 Million : See Robert Pattinson 's Post-Breakup Hideout '' . E !. Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Welcomes Son Tennessee James '' . People . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/414232/reese-witherspoon-arrest-actress-will-pay-fine-for-obstruction-hubby-jim-toth-pleads-guilty-for-dui Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Live Preps ' Emotional ' Premiere '' . ABC News . September 27 , 2001 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kutcher tops list of young , powerful '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . August 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The people who shape our world '' . TIME . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Luke ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon '' . TIME . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Sexiest Women In The World 2006 '' . FHM . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about People 's most beautiful list '' ( PDF ) . CBS News . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 : The Celebrity 100 '' . Forbes . June 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 : The Celebrity 100 '' . Forbes . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` The Ten Most Trustworthy Celebrities '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Accomplished Women Entertainers '' . CEOWORLD magazine . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People : Beyonce , Jennifer Lopez , Reese Witherspoon Among Best - Dressed '' . Fox News . September 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Access Hollywood 's Best Dressed Stars Of 2007 '' . Access Hollywood . January 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Hal . `` The `` Ryan Who ? '' Dress `` . 100 Unforgettable Dresses . New York : Harper Design . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219888 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon tops list of most - liked celebs '' . Reuters . January 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Christopher ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` A testing time for Reese Witherspoon '' . The Times . UK . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grabicki , Michelle ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` Witherspoon is Hollywood 's highest - paid actress '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Barrymore , Eddie Murphy named Hollywood 's most overpaid actors by Forbes -- NY Daily News '' . New York : Articles.nydailynews.com . November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Eddie Murphy Tops Our List Of The Most Overpaid Actors In Hollywood '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Sandler Tops Forbes ' 2013 List Of The Most Overpaid Actors '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Most Beautiful 2011 -- Reese Witherspoon '' . People . April 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome -- Hollywood Chamber of Commerce '' . Hollywoodchamber.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Judge Leans Against `` Reese Witherspoon '' as a Protectable Slogan `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eslinger , Bonnie ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Wins Round In Publicity Rights Battle '' . Law360 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Jennifer E. ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` L.A. Court Allows Reese Witherspoon to Proceed with Right of Publicity Claim Against Jeweler '' . Rothman 's RoadMap To The Right Of Publicity . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eriq , Gardner ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Docket : Reese Witherspoon Settles Imitation Jewelry Lawsuit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon Reveals She Was Assaulted by a Director at 16 '' . Elle. 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaling , Mindy ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon '' . TIME . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon To Get 2015 American Cinematheque Award '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon to be Honored by American Cinematheque '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon Carries Torch For Women At American Cinematheque Tribute ; Katzenberg Receives Sid Grauman Award '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Trumpet of the Swan at AllMovie Jump up ^ Mike Judge ( creator ) . King of the Hill -- The Complete Fourth Season ( DVD ) . Fox Television . Jump up ^ `` Freedom : A History of Us '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space at AllMovie Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon on Saturday Night Live '' . NBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Best Time Ever With Neil Patrick Harris ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon vs. Miss Piggy Video '' . ABC . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon to Guest on ' The Mindy Project ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Reese Witherspoon Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reese Witherspoon . Official website Reese Witherspoon on IMDb Reese Witherspoon at AllMovie Awards for Reese Witherspoon Academy Award for Best Actress 1928 -- 1950 Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1967 ) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1952 -- 1967 Vivien Leigh British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Leslie Caron Foreign ( 1953 ) Yvonne Mitchell British , Cornell Borchers Foreign ( 1954 ) Katie Johnson British , Betsy Blair Foreign ( 1955 ) Virginia McKenna British , Anna Magnani Foreign ( 1956 ) Heather Sears British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1957 ) Irene Worth British , Simone Signoret Foreign ( 1958 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1959 ) Rachel Roberts British , Shirley MacLaine Foreign ( 1960 ) Dora Bryan British , Sophia Loren Foreign ( 1961 ) Leslie Caron British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1962 ) Rachel Roberts British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1963 ) Audrey Hepburn British , Anne Bancroft Foreign ( 1964 ) Julie Christie British , Patricia Neal Foreign ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor British , Jeanne Moreau Foreign ( 1966 ) Edith Evans British , Anouk Aimée Foreign ( 1967 ) 1968 -- present Katharine Hepburn ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) Katharine Ross ( 1970 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Stéphane Audran ( 1973 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1974 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Jane Fonda ( 1979 ) Judy Davis ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Maggie Smith ( 1984 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1987 ) Maggie Smith ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1994 ) Emma Thompson ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Gena Rowlands ( 1980 ) Marília Pêra ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Rosanna Arquette ( 1983 ) Judy Davis ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Chloe Webb ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Geena Davis ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Julianne Moore ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Samantha Morton ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal ( 2002 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Anne Hathaway / Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock / Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Natalie Portman ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance Billy Crystal ( 1992 ) Robin Williams ( 1993 ) Robin Williams ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey ( 1995 ) Jim Carrey ( 1996 ) Jim Carrey ( 1997 ) Jim Carrey ( 1998 ) Adam Sandler ( 1999 ) Adam Sandler ( 2000 ) Ben Stiller ( 2001 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2002 ) Mike Myers ( 2003 ) Jack Black ( 2004 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2005 ) Steve Carell ( 2006 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Jim Carrey ( 2009 ) Zach Galifianakis ( 2010 ) Emma Stone ( 2011 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2012 ) Jonah Hill ( 2014 ) Channing Tatum ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2016 ) Lil Rel Howery ( 2017 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Sylvie ( 1966 ) Bibi Andersson ( 1967 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1968 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Cicely Tyson ( 1972 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1973 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1974 ) Isabelle Adjani ( 1975 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Marília Pêra ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Debra Winger ( 1983 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1984 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1985 ) Chloe Webb ( 1986 ) Emily Lloyd ( 1987 ) Judy Davis ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Alison Steadman ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Emily Watson ( 1996 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 1999 ) Laura Linney ( 2000 ) Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Yolande Moreau ( 2009 ) Giovanna Mezzogiorno ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Greta Garbo ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Greta Garbo ( 1937 ) Margaret Sullavan ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1942 ) Ida Lupino ( 1943 ) Tallulah Bankhead ( 1944 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1945 ) Celia Johnson ( 1946 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1947 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Bette Davis ( 1950 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1959 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) No Award ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Kim Stanley ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor / Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Edith Evans ( 1967 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1968 ) Jane Fonda ( 1969 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1972 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1973 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1974 ) Isabelle Adjani ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Norma Aleandro ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter ( 1987 ) Meryl Streep ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Linda Fiorentino ( 1994 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1995 ) Emily Watson ( 1996 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Cameron Diaz ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Laura Linney ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Hope Davis ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2017 ) People 's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actress Barbra Streisand ( 1975 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1976 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1977 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1978 ) Olivia Newton - John ( 1979 ) Jane Fonda ( 1980 ) Jane Fonda / Goldie Hawn ( 1981 ) Jane Fonda / Sally Field ( 1982 ) Jane Fonda / Katharine Hepburn ( 1983 ) Meryl Streep ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Meryl Streep ( 1986 ) Meryl Streep ( 1987 ) Glenn Close ( 1988 ) Meryl Streep ( 1990 ) Julia Roberts ( 1991 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1993 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1996 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1997 ) Julia Roberts ( 1998 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Julia Roberts ( 2001 ) Julia Roberts ( 2002 ) Julia Roberts ( 2003 ) Julia Roberts ( 2004 ) Julia Roberts ( 2005 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2006 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2007 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2008 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2009 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2010 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2011 ) Emma Stone ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2016 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Jennifer Westfeldt ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2009 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ‎ / Ruth Negga ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins / Diane Kruger ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Jodie Foster ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) BIBSYS : 4017960 BNE : XX1166788 BNF : cb14010032j ( data ) GND : 130459143 ISNI : 0000 0001 1021 3083 LCCN : no99063811 MusicBrainz : 2316a4da - 365a - 4e46 - 85bf - febc6537cce9 SELIBR : 352140 SNAC : w6qr5t7w SUDOC : 113134282 VIAF : 12502979 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reese_Witherspoon&oldid=843421864 '' Categories : Reese Witherspoon 1976 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New Orleans Actresses from Tennessee American child actresses American child models American Episcopalians American film actresses American film producers American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American television actresses American television producers Women television producers American voice actresses American women film producers American women in business Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Businesspeople from Tennessee Living people Military brats Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Nashville , Tennessee Stanford University alumni Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 01 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played in the movie walk the line
[]
[]
7055946670182682919
2018 Wimbledon Championships
2018 Wimbledon Championships - Wikipedia 2018 Wimbledon Championships Further information on singles results at : Gentlemen 's singles draw and Ladies ' singles draw 2018 Wimbledon Championships Date 2 -- 15 July Edition 132nd Grand Slam ( ITF ) Draw 128S / 64D / 48XD Prize money £ 34,000,000 Surface Grass Location Church Road SW19 , Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom Venue All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Champions Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The main tournament began on Monday , 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday , 15 July 2018 . Novak Djokovic won the Gentleman 's Singles title and Angelique Kerber won the Ladies Singles title . The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships , the 125th staging of the Ladies ' Singles Championship event , the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year . It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour , the WTA Tour , the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour . The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation . Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles . Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson , while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck . Contents 1 Tournament 2 Point and prize money distribution 2.1 Point distribution 2.1. 1 Senior points 2.1. 2 Wheelchair points 2.1. 3 Junior points 2.2 Prize money 3 Singles players 3.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 3.2 Ladies ' Singles 4 Day - by - day summaries 5 Singles seeds 5.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 5.1. 1 Withdrawn players 5.2 Ladies ' Singles 6 Doubles seeds 6.1 Gentlemen 's Doubles 6.2 Ladies ' Doubles 6.3 Mixed Doubles 7 Champions 7.1 Seniors 7.1. 1 Gentlemen 's Singles 7.1. 2 Ladies ' Singles 7.1. 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.1. 4 Ladies ' Doubles 7.1. 5 Mixed Doubles 7.2 Juniors 7.2. 1 Boys ' Singles 7.2. 2 Girls ' Singles 7.2. 3 Boys ' Doubles 7.2. 4 Girls ' Doubles 7.3 Invitation 7.3. 1 Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.3. 2 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles 7.3. 3 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.4 Wheelchair events 7.4. 1 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles 7.4. 2 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles 7.4. 3 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.4. 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles 7.4. 5 Wheelchair Quad Doubles 8 Main draw wild card entries 8.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 8.2 Ladies ' Singles 8.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 8.4 Ladies ' Doubles 8.5 Mixed Doubles 9 Main draw qualifier entries 9.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 9.1. 1 Lucky Losers 9.2 Ladies ' Singles 9.2. 1 Lucky Losers 9.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 9.4 Ladies ' Doubles 10 Protected ranking 11 Withdrawals 12 References 13 External links Tournament ( edit ) Centre Court where the Finals of Wimbledon take place The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London . The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category . The tournament consisted of men 's ( singles and doubles ) , women 's ( singles and doubles ) , mixed doubles , boys ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) and girls ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) , which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18 , and singles and doubles events for men 's and women 's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category . The tournament was played only on grass courts ; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , Wimbledon . Qualifying matches were played , from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018 , at the Bank of England Sports Ground , Roehampton . The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June . Point and prize money distribution ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament . Senior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men 's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men 's Doubles 0 -- -- 0 Women 's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women 's Doubles 10 -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair points ( edit ) Event 3rd 4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 -- Junior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys ' Singles 1000 600 370 200 100 45 30 20 Girls ' Singles Boys ' Doubles 750 450 275 150 75 N / A N / A N / A Girls ' Doubles N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £ 34,000,000 , up by 7.6 % on 2017 . The winners of the men 's and women 's singles titles will earn £ 2.25 m . Prize money for the men 's and women 's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition . A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on - site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money , the other half to be awarded to the replacement Lucky Loser . Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards , may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money , to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money . Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles £ 2,250,000 £ 1,125,000 £ 562,000 £ 281,000 £ 163,000 £ 100,000 £ 63,000 £ 39,000 £ 19,500 £ 9,750 £ 4,875 Doubles * £ 450,000 £ 225,000 £ 112,000 £ 56,000 £ 29,000 £ 17,750 £ 11,500 -- -- -- -- Mixed Doubles * £ 110,000 £ 55,000 £ 27,500 £ 13,750 £ 6,500 £ 3,250 £ 1,625 -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Singles £ 40,000 £ 20,000 £ 13,000 £ 8,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Doubles * £ 14,000 £ 7,000 £ 4,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Invitation Doubles £ 26,000 £ 22,000 £ 19,000 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Singles players ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Semifinals out John Isner ( 9 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) Quarterfinals out Roger Federer ( 1 ) Milos Raonic ( 13 ) Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 5 ) 4th round out Adrian Mannarino ( 22 ) Gaël Monfils Mackenzie McDonald Stefanos Tsitsipas ( 31 ) Karen Khachanov Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) Gilles Simon Jiří Veselý 3rd round out Jan - Lennard Struff Daniil Medvedev Sam Querrey ( 11 ) Philipp Kohlschreiber ( 25 ) Guido Pella Dennis Novak ( Q ) Radu Albot Thomas Fabbiano ( Q ) Frances Tiafoe Kyle Edmund ( 21 ) Nick Kyrgios ( 15 ) Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) Benoît Paire Matthew Ebden Fabio Fognini ( 19 ) Alex de Minaur 2nd round out Lukáš Lacko Ivo Karlović Ryan Harrison Guillermo García López Sergiy Stakhovsky ( WC ) Paolo Lorenzi Gilles Müller Andreas Seppi Marin Čilić ( 3 ) Nicolás Jarry Lucas Pouille ( 17 ) John Millman Ruben Bemelmans ( Q ) Aljaž Bedene Jared Donaldson Stan Wawrinka Marcos Baghdatis Julien Benneteau Bradley Klahn ( Q ) Horacio Zeballos Robin Haase Bernard Tomic ( LL ) Damir Džumhur ( 27 ) Taylor Fritz Feliciano López Denis Shapovalov ( 26 ) Matteo Berrettini Stéphane Robert ( Q ) Diego Schwartzman ( 14 ) Simone Bolelli ( LL ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert Mikhail Kukushkin 1st round out Dušan Lajović Benjamin Bonzi ( Q ) Mikhail Youzhny Leonardo Mayer ( 32 ) Christian Garín ( Q ) Roberto Carballés Baena Gastão Elias Borna Ćorić ( 16 ) Jordan Thompson João Sousa Laslo Đere Richard Gasquet ( 23 ) Evgeny Donskoy Michael Mmoh ( LL ) John - Patrick Smith ( Q ) Norbert Gombos ( Q ) Yoshihito Nishioka ( PR ) Jason Kubler ( Q ) Ričardas Berankis Filip Krajinović ( 28 ) Denis Kudla ( WC ) Peter Polansky ( LL ) Stefano Travaglia ( Q ) Liam Broady ( WC ) Yannick Maden ( Q ) Steve Johnson Cameron Norrie Pablo Carreño Busta ( 20 ) Grégoire Barrère ( Q ) Malek Jaziri Yuki Bhambri Grigor Dimitrov ( 6 ) Dominic Thiem ( 7 ) David Ferrer Márton Fucsovics Fernando Verdasco ( 30 ) Alex Bolt ( Q ) Yūichi Sugita Guido Andreozzi Tennys Sandgren Denis Istomin Marius Copil Hubert Hurkacz ( LL ) Christian Harrison ( Q ) Maximilian Marterer Jay Clarke ( WC ) Lorenzo Sonego ( LL ) James Duckworth ( PR ) Peter Gojowczyk Federico Delbonis Jason Jung ( LL ) Jérémy Chardy Jack Sock ( 16 ) Nikoloz Basilashvili Albert Ramos Viñolas David Goffin ( 10 ) Mirza Bašić Florian Mayer Pablo Cuevas Taro Daniel Marco Cecchinato ( 29 ) Mischa Zverev Vasek Pospisil Dudi Sela Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) Semifinals out Jeļena Ostapenko ( 12 ) Julia Görges ( 13 ) Quarterfinals out Dominika Cibulková Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) Camila Giorgi 4th round out Hsieh Su - wei Aliaksandra Sasnovich Alison Van Uytvanck Belinda Bencic Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) Donna Vekić Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) Ekaterina Makarova 3rd round out Simona Halep ( 1 ) Elise Mertens ( 15 ) Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) Daria Gavrilova ( 26 ) Anett Kontaveit ( 28 ) Ashleigh Barty ( 17 ) Naomi Osaka ( 18 ) Carla Suárez Navarro ( 27 ) Mihaela Buzărnescu ( 29 ) Venus Williams ( 9 ) Barbora Strýcová ( 23 ) Yanina Wickmayer Kristina Mladenovic Madison Keys ( 10 ) Kateřina Siniaková Lucie Šafářová 2nd round out Zheng Saisai ( PR ) Lara Arruabarrena Johanna Konta ( 22 ) Sachia Vickery Kirsten Flipkens Sofia Kenin Samantha Stosur Taylor Townsend Garbiñe Muguruza ( 3 ) Jennifer Brady Eugenie Bouchard ( Q ) Yulia Putintseva Claire Liu ( Q ) Katie Boulter ( WC ) Sara Sorribes Tormo ( Q ) Alison Riske Victoria Azarenka Katie Swan ( WC ) Anna Blinkova Alexandra Dulgheru ( Q ) Vera Lapko Lesia Tsurenko Andrea Petkovic Rebecca Peterson Tatjana Maria Viktoriya Tomova ( Q ) Sorana Cîrstea Luksika Kumkhum Ons Jabeur ( WC ) Madison Brengle Agnieszka Radwańska ( 32 ) Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) 1st round out Kurumi Nara Wang Qiang Ana Bogdan Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( 30 ) Natalia Vikhlyantseva Alizé Cornet Markéta Vondroušová Danielle Collins Katy Dunne ( WC ) Heather Watson Maria Sakkari Maria Sharapova ( 24 ) Caroline Dolehide ( LL ) Peng Shuai Pauline Parmentier Petra Kvitová ( 8 ) Naomi Broady ( WC ) Polona Hercog Kateryna Kozlova Denisa Allertová Stefanie Vögele Gabriella Taylor ( WC ) Magda Linette Jana Fett Vera Zvonareva ( Q ) Ana Konjuh Verónica Cepede Royg Monica Niculescu Carina Witthöft Kaia Kanepi Mariana Duque Mariño ( LL ) Caroline Garcia ( 6 ) Harriet Dart ( WC ) Ekaterina Alexandrova Irina - Camelia Begu Aryna Sabalenka Barbora Štefková ( Q ) Wang Yafan Kristýna Plíšková Johanna Larsson Monica Puig Christina McHale Tímea Babos Svetlana Kuznetsova Zhang Shuai ( 31 ) Mona Barthel ( Q ) Viktória Kužmová Sloane Stephens ( 4 ) Elina Svitolina ( 5 ) Anna Karolína Schmiedlová Tereza Smitková ( WC ) Arantxa Rus Magdaléna Rybáriková ( 19 ) Antonia Lottner ( Q ) Bernarda Pera Ajla Tomljanović Coco Vandeweghe ( 16 ) Viktorija Golubic Aleksandra Krunić Anastasija Sevastova ( 21 ) Elena - Gabriela Ruse ( Q ) Kateryna Bondarenko Petra Martić Varvara Lepchenko Day - by - day summaries ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Day - by - day summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's singles ( edit ) The seeds for men 's singles are adjusted on a surface - based system to reflect more accurately the individual player 's grass court achievement as per the following formula , which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP Rankings on 25 June 2018 : Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018 . Add 100 % points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months ( 26 June 2017 -- 24 June 2018 ) . Add 75 % points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that ( 20 June 2016 -- 25 June 2017 ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Roger Federer 8,720 2,000 360 7,080 Quarterfinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Rafael Nadal 8,770 180 720 9,310 Semifinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 5 Marin Čilić 5,060 1,200 45 3,905 Second round lost to Guido Pella Alexander Zverev 5,755 180 90 5,665 Third round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 5 Juan Martín del Potro 5,080 45 360 5,395 Quarterfinals lost to Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) 6 6 Grigor Dimitrov 4,780 180 10 4,610 First round lost to Stan Wawrinka 7 7 Dominic Thiem 3,835 180 10 3,665 First round retired against Marcos Baghdatis 8 8 Kevin Anderson 3,635 180 1,200 4,655 Runner - up , lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 9 10 John Isner 3,045 45 720 3,720 Semifinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 10 9 David Goffin 3,110 0 10 3,120 First round lost to Matthew Ebden 11 13 Sam Querrey 2,130 720 90 1,500 Third round lost to Gaël Monfils 12 21 Novak Djokovic 1,715 360 2,000 3,355 Champion , defeated Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 13 32 Milos Raonic 1,430 360 360 1,430 Quarterfinals lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 14 11 Diego Schwartzman 2,435 10 45 2,470 Second round lost to Jiří Veselý 15 18 Nick Kyrgios 1,855 10 90 1,935 Third round lost to Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) 16 20 Borna Ćorić 1,745 10 10 1,745 First round lost to Daniil Medvedev 17 19 Lucas Pouille 1,835 45 45 1,835 Second round lost to Dennis Novak ( Q ) 18 15 Jack Sock 2,110 45 10 2,075 First round lost to Matteo Berrettini 19 16 Fabio Fognini 2,030 90 90 2,030 Third round lost to Jiří Veselý 20 12 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,145 0 10 2,155 First round lost to Radu Albot 21 17 Kyle Edmund 1,950 45 90 1,995 Third round lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 22 26 Adrian Mannarino 1,580 180 180 1,580 Fourth round lost to Roger Federer ( 1 ) 23 31 Richard Gasquet 1,465 10 10 1,465 First round lost to Gaël Monfils 24 28 Kei Nishikori 1,530 90 360 1,800 Quarterfinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 25 27 Philipp Kohlschreiber 1,575 10 90 1,655 Third round lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 26 25 Denis Shapovalov 1,588 0 45 1,633 Second round lost to Benoît Paire 27 23 Damir Džumhur 1,665 45 45 1,665 Second round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 28 30 Filip Krajinović 1,489 ( 80 ) 10 1,419 First round lost to Nicolás Jarry 29 29 Marco Cecchinato 1,514 10 + 10 10 + 6 1,510 First round lost to Alex de Minaur 30 34 Fernando Verdasco 1,280 10 10 1,280 First round lost to Frances Tiafoe 31 35 Stefanos Tsitsipas 1,254 35 180 1,399 Fourth round lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 32 36 Leonardo Mayer 1,235 ( 48 ) 10 1,197 First round lost to Jan - Lennard Struff † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead . Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Reason 14 Roberto Bautista Agut 2,120 180 1,940 Hip injury 22 Chung Hyeon 1,685 0 1,685 Ankle injury 24 Tomáš Berdych 1,625 720 905 Back injury 33 Andrey Rublev 1,281 70 1,211 Back injury Ladies ' singles ( edit ) The seeds for ladies ' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018 , with an exception for Serena Williams ( details are given below ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Simona Halep 7,871 430 130 7,571 Third round lost to Hsieh Su - wei Caroline Wozniacki 6,910 240 70 6,740 Second round lost to Ekaterina Makarova Garbiñe Muguruza 6,550 2,000 70 4,620 Second round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck Sloane Stephens 5,463 10 10 5,463 First round lost to Donna Vekić 5 5 Elina Svitolina 5,250 240 10 5,020 First round lost to Tatjana Maria 6 6 Caroline Garcia 4,960 240 10 4,730 First round lost to Belinda Bencic 7 8 Karolína Plíšková 4,315 70 240 4,485 Fourth round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 8 7 Petra Kvitová 4,610 70 10 4,550 First round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 9 9 Venus Williams 3,971 1,300 130 2,801 Third round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 10 11 Madison Keys 3,536 70 130 3,596 Third round lost to Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) 11 10 Angelique Kerber 3,545 240 2,000 5,305 Champion , defeated Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 12 12 Jeļena Ostapenko 3,437 430 780 3,787 Semifinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 13 13 Julia Görges 3,210 10 780 3,980 Semifinals lost to Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 14 14 Daria Kasatkina 3,165 70 430 3,525 Quarterfinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 15 15 Elise Mertens 2,635 10 130 2,755 Third round lost to Dominika Cibulková 16 16 CoCo Vandeweghe 2,603 430 10 2,183 First round lost to Kateřina Siniaková 17 17 Ashleigh Barty 2,435 10 130 2,555 Third round lost to Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) 18 18 Naomi Osaka 2,350 130 130 2,350 Third round lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 19 19 Magdaléna Rybáriková 2,310 780 10 1,540 First round lost to Sorana Cîrstea 20 20 Kiki Bertens 2,090 10 430 2,510 Quarterfinals lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 21 21 Anastasija Sevastova 2,005 70 10 1,945 First round lost to Camila Giorgi 22 24 Johanna Konta 1,866 780 70 1,156 Second round lost to Dominika Cibulková 23 23 Barbora Strýcová 1,915 70 130 1,975 Third round lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 24 22 Maria Sharapova 1,943 0 10 1,953 First round lost to Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) 25 181 Serena Williams 315 0 1,300 1,615 Runner - up , lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 26 25 Daria Gavrilova 1,765 10 130 1,885 Third round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 27 26 Carla Suárez Navarro 1,677 70 130 1,737 Third round lost to Belinda Bencic 28 27 Anett Kontaveit 1,656 130 130 1,656 Third round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck 29 28 Mihaela Buzărnescu 1,648 ( 85 ) 130 1,693 Third round lost to Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) 30 29 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 1,596 10 10 1,596 First round lost to Hsieh Su - wei 31 31 Zhang Shuai 1,545 10 10 1,545 First round lost to Andrea Petkovic 32 30 Agnieszka Radwańska 1,580 240 70 1,410 Second round lost to Lucie Šafářová † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 . Accordingly , points for her 16th best result are deducted instead . ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced , because she missed most of the last 12 - month period due to her pregnancy . Nevertheless she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers . Doubles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Oliver Marach Mate Pavić Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7 Henri Kontinen John Peers 15 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 19 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 27 5 Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 28 6 Mike Bryan Jack Sock 31 7 Nikola Mektić Alexander Peya 37 8 Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi Jean - Julien Rojer 44 9 Ivan Dodig Rajeev Ram 46 10 Pablo Cuevas Marcel Granollers 50 11 Rohan Bopanna Édouard Roger - Vasselin 50 12 Raven Klaasen Michael Venus 53 13 Ben McLachlan Jan - Lennard Struff 61 14 Dominic Inglot Franko Škugor 66 15 Max Mirnyi Philipp Oswald 75 16 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Tímea Babos Kristina Mladenovic 12 Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková Barbora Strýcová 12 Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková 15 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 26 Latisha Chan Peng Shuai 27 5 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 27 6 Chan Hao - ching Yang Zhaoxuan 34 7 Elise Mertens Demi Schuurs 41 8 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 45 9 Ashleigh Barty CoCo Vandeweghe 48 10 Raquel Atawo Anna - Lena Grönefeld 49 11 Nicole Melichar Květa Peschke 51 12 Kirsten Flipkens Monica Niculescu 63 13 Lucie Hradecká Hsieh Su - wei 67 14 Irina - Camelia Begu Mihaela Buzărnescu 72 15 Lyudmyla Kichenok Alla Kudryavtseva 77 16 Vania King Katarina Srebotnik 79 17 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Team Rank Seed Mate Pavić Gabriela Dabrowski 10 Bruno Soares Ekaterina Makarova 15 Ivan Dodig Latisha Chan 21 Jean - Julien Rojer Demi Schuurs 27 Nikola Mektić Chan Hao - ching 29 5 Édouard Roger - Vasselin Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková 31 6 Robert Farah Anna - Lena Grönefeld 34 7 Rajeev Ram Andreja Klepač 42 8 Michael Venus Katarina Srebotnik 51 9 Juan Sebastián Cabal Abigail Spears 52 10 Alexander Peya Nicole Melichar 52 11 Matwé Middelkoop Johanna Larsson 55 12 Max Mirnyi Květa Peschke 56 13 Ben McLachlan Eri Hozumi 59 14 Marcelo Demoliner María José Martínez Sánchez 61 15 Henri Kontinen Heather Watson 65 16 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018 . Champions ( edit ) Seniors ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic def . Kevin Anderson , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber def . Serena Williams , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def . Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def . Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def . Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Juniors ( edit ) Boys ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin def . Jack Draper , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek def . Leonie Küng , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Boys ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def . Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def . Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 Invitation ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def . Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def . Cara Black / Martina Navratilova , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def . Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair events ( edit ) Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson def . Gustavo Fernández , 6 -- 2 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot def . Aniek van Koot , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def . Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def . Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 Wheelchair Quad Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def . Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Main draw wild card entries ( edit ) The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events . Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Liam Broady Jay Clarke Denis Kudla Sergiy Stakhovsky Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Katie Boulter Naomi Broady Harriet Dart Katy Dunne Ons Jabeur Tereza Smitková Katie Swan Gabriella Taylor Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Jonny O'Mara Alex Bolt / Lleyton Hewitt Liam Broady / Scott Clayton Jay Clarke / Cameron Norrie Jürgen Melzer / Daniel Nestor Frederik Nielsen / Joe Salisbury Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Katie Boulter / Katie Swan Naomi Broady / Asia Muhammad Harriet Dart / Katy Dunne Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Christian Harrison Ruben Bemelmans Dennis Novak Grégoire Barrère Stefano Travaglia Norbert Gombos Stéphane Robert Jason Kubler Yannick Maden John - Patrick Smith Christian Garín Ernests Gulbis Alex Bolt Benjamin Bonzi Bradley Klahn Thomas Fabbiano Lucky Losers ( edit ) Bernard Tomic Peter Polansky Michael Mmoh Hubert Hurkacz Lorenzo Sonego Simone Bolelli Jason Jung Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Alexandra Dulgheru Eugenie Bouchard Sara Sorribes Tormo Antonia Lottner Claire Liu Vera Zvonareva Viktoriya Tomova Mona Barthel Evgeniya Rodina Elena - Gabriela Ruse Vitalia Diatchenko Barbora Štefková Lucky Losers ( edit ) Mariana Duque Mariño Caroline Dolehide Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Qualifying Sriram Balaji / Vishnu Vardhan Kevin Krawietz / Andreas Mies Andre Begemann / Yasutaka Uchiyama Austin Krajicek / Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan Ladies ' doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Qualifying Ysaline Bonaventure / Bibiane Schoofs Alexa Guarachi / Erin Routliffe Han Xinyun / Luksika Kumkhum Arina Rodionova / Maryna Zanevska The following pairs received entry as Lucky Losers : Nicola Geuer / Viktorija Golubic Georgina García Pérez / Fanny Stollár Anna Blinkova / Markéta Vondroušová Protected ranking ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking : Gentlemen 's Singles James Duckworth Yoshihito Nishioka Ladies ' Singles Serena Williams Zheng Saisai Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries , suspensions , or personal reasons : Gentlemen 's Singles Roberto Bautista Agut → replaced by Peter Polansky Tomáš Berdych → replaced by Guido Andreozzi Chung Hyeon → replaced by Lorenzo Sonego Alexandr Dolgopolov → replaced by Simone Bolelli Nicolás Kicker → replaced by Dudi Sela Lu Yen - hsun → replaced by Bernard Tomic Andy Murray → replaced by Jason Jung Andrey Rublev → replaced by Hubert Hurkacz Viktor Troicki → replaced by Michael Mmoh Jo - Wilfried Tsonga → replaced by Laslo Đere Ladies ' Singles Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Mariana Duque Mariño Catherine Bellis → replaced by Arantxa Rus Zarina Diyas → replaced by Caroline Dolehide Sara Errani → replaced by Viktorija Golubic Beatriz Haddad Maia → replaced by Anna Blinkova Laura Siegemund → replaced by Jana Fett Elena Vesnina → replaced by Andrea Petkovic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Announcements for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Jurejko ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon 2018 : Serena Williams could be top seed on return '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CHAMPIONSHIPS , WIMBLEDON -- PRIZE MONEY PER PROGRAMME '' ( PDF ) . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Newman ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon set to introduce new rules that penalise injured players who retire mid-match '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild cards for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 24 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by 2018 French Open Grand Slam Tournaments Succeeded by 2018 US Open Preceded by 2017 Wimbledon Championships The Championships , Wimbledon Succeeded by 2019 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan 2018 WTA Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) San Jose ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taipei ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Lugano ( S , D ) İstanbul ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Santa Ponsa ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) 2018 in tennis Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP Finals Next Generation ATP Finals ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA Premier WTA Finals WTA Elite Trophy WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team events Davis Cup World Group Fed Cup World Group Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Other events Asian Games Central American and Caribbean Games Mediterranean Games South American Games Summer Youth Olympic Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Wimbledon_Championships&oldid=864607098 '' Categories : 2018 Wimbledon Championships 2018 ATP World Tour 2018 in English sport 2018 in tennis 2018 sports events in London 2018 WTA Tour Wimbledon Championships by year July 2018 sports events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 09 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the wimbledon runner up prize money
[ "\n\n\nEvent\n\nW\n\nF\n\nSF\n\nQF\n\nRound of 16\n\nRound of 32\n\nRound of 64\n\nRound of 128\n\nQ3\n\nQ2\n\nQ1\n\n\nSingles\n\n£2,250,000\n\n£1,125,000\n\n£562,000\n\n£281,000\n\n£163,000\n\n£100,000\n\n£63,000\n\n£39,000\n\n£19,500\n\n£9,750\n\n£4,875\n\n\nDoubles*\n\n£450,000\n\n£225,000\n\n£112,000\n\n£56,000\n\n£29,000\n\n£17,750\n\n£11,500\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nMixed Doubles*\n\n£110,000\n\n£55,000\n\n£27,500\n\n£13,750\n\n£6,500\n\n£3,250\n\n£1,625\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nWheelchair Singles\n\n£40,000\n\n£20,000\n\n£13,000\n\n£8,500\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nWheelchair Doubles*\n\n£14,000\n\n£7,000\n\n£4,500\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nInvitation Doubles\n\n£26,000\n\n£22,000\n\n£19,000\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n" ]
[ "£1,125,000" ]
-2508973280372146175
Brazilian general election, 1945
Brazilian general election , 1945 - wikipedia Brazilian general election , 1945 Jump to : navigation , search Brazil This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Brazil Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Michel Temer Vice President Vacant Cabinet Attorney General of the Union National Defense Council Federal institutions Legislative ( show ) Federal Senate Chamber of Deputies Court of Accounts of the Union Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Superior Court of Justice Superior Labor Court Superior Electoral Court Superior Military Court National Justice Council Law ( show ) Constitution ( history ) Anti-discrimination Human rights LGBT rights Administrative divisions ( show ) States State governors State Senators Municipalities Recent elections ( show ) General : 2010 2014 2018 Municipal : 2008 2012 2016 Referendums : 1993 2005 Political parties Foreign relations Other countries Atlas General elections were held in Brazil on 2 December 1945 , the first since the establishment of Getúlio Vargas ' Estado Novo . The presidential elections were won by Eurico Gaspar Dutra of the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , whilst the PSD also won a majority of seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate . Voter turnout was 83.1 % in the presidential election , 83.5 % in the Chamber elections and 76.7 % in the Senate elections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Results 2.1 President 2.2 Chamber of Deputies 2.3 Senate 3 References Background ( edit ) Following the end of World War II , Vargas was forced by the military to re-democratize the country . However , the military feared that Vargas would suspend the elections like he had suspended the scheduled 1938 elections in 1937 and staged a preventive coup which prematurely removed Vargas from power on October 29 , 1945 and installed a caretaker government led by José Linhares to ensure the free and fair carry - out of the elections . During this era of liberalization , Vargas founded two parties : the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , a centre - right party composed primarily of the national industrial bourgeoisie which had supported Vargas and Vargas ' interventors in the states , and the Brazilian Labour Party ( PTB ) composed of the urban working class and trade union movement . The PSD would become the largest party of the two , although Vargas used the PTB as his personal machine . The PSD consistently had the largest number of deputies until the 1964 military coup . The Vargista coalition had nominated Vargas ' War Minister Eurico Gaspar Dutra earlier in 1945 , but the PTB and Vargas offered Dutra 's fledgling candidacy only lukewarm support . Vargas ' traditional opponents had founded the National Democratic Union ( UDN ) in April 1945 . The UDN , a conservative party defending economic liberalism through public incentive to foreign capital , was mostly a party of intellectuals and the urban middle - class , as well as the remnants of the oligarchic interests of the República Velha . It nominated the former tenente and Air Force brigadier Eduardo Gomes , later known for participating in the 1964 coup , as its presidential candidate . Gomes notably advocated repealing a majority of the social legislation and labour reforms passed during the Vargas rule . The recently legalized Brazilian Communist Party elected 14 deputies , and the party 's popular leader , Luís Carlos Prestes was elected to the Senate in Guanabara . Getúlio Vargas , nominated by the PSD and his Brazilian Labour Party ( PTB ) in various states including Rio Grande do Sul was elected to the Senate representing Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo as well as elected to the Chamber in six states and Rio de Janeiro . He opted to accept the Senate seat he won for the PSD ( although he supported the PTB ) in Rio Grande do Sul . Former President Artur Bernardes standing for election to the Senate in Minas Gerais for the Republican Party was defeated , placing third with 21.4 % of the vote . Results ( edit ) President ( edit ) Candidate Party Votes % Eurico Gaspar Dutra Social Democratic Party ( Brazil ) 3,251,507 55.4 Eduardo Gomes National Democratic Union 2,039,341 34.7 Yedo Fiúza Brazilian Communist Party 569,818 9.7 Rolim Teles National Agrarian Party 10,001 0.2 Invalid / blank votes 330,138 -- Total 6,200,805 100 Registered voters / turnout 7,549,849 83.1 Source : Nohlen Chamber of Deputies ( edit ) Party Votes % Seats Social Democratic Party 2,531,944 42.7 151 National Democratic Union 1,575,375 26.6 81 Brazilian Labour Party 603,500 10.2 22 Brazilian Communist Party 511,302 8.6 14 Republican Party 219,562 3.7 9 Syndicalist Popular Party 107,321 1.8 Christian Democratic Party 101,636 1.7 Party of Popular Representation 94,447 1.6 Progressive Renewal Party 70,675 0 Liberator Party 57,341 1.0 Democratic Republican Party 33,647 0.6 0 Others 17,866 0.3 0 Invalid / blank votes 198,209 -- -- Total 6,192,158 100 286 Registered voters / turnout 7,418,930 83.5 -- Sourec : Nohlen Senate ( edit ) In the Senate elections each voter had two votes . Party Votes % Seats Social Democratic Party 4,225,389 38.0 25 National Democratic Union 2,699,493 24.3 12 Brazilian Communist Party 1,095,834 9.9 Brazilian Labour Party 1,084,553 9.8 Republican Party 443,654 4.0 0 Syndicalist Popular Party 175,452 1.6 Progressive Renewal Party 60,820 0.5 0 Democratic Republican Party 11,125 0.1 0 Liberator Party 7,326 0.1 0 Social Progressive Party 3,584 0.0 0 National Agrarian Party 3,533 0.0 0 Others 597,441 5.4 0 Independents 716,715 6.5 0 Invalid / blank votes 293,097 -- -- Total 11,403,782 100 42 Registered voters / turnout 7,418,930 76.7 -- Source : Nohlen ( votes ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nohlen , D ( 2005 ) Elections in the Americas : A data handbook , Volume II , p173 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928358 - 3 Jump up ^ Nohlen , pp191 - 232 Jump up ^ Bourne , R : Getulio Vargas of Brazil , 1883 - 1954 Sphinx of the Pampas , page 135 . C. Knight , 1974 . Jump up ^ Nohlen , p210 ( hide ) Elections and referendums in Brazil Presidential elections 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1919 1922 1926 1930 1945 1950 1955 1960 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Legislative elections 1823 1826 1830 1834 1842 1843 1845 1848 1850 1853 1857 1861 1864 1867 1869 1872 1877 1878 1882 1885 1886 1890 1894 1896 1899 1903 1906 1909 1912 1915 1918 1927 1930 1933 1934 1945 1947 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Municipal elections 1985 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Referendums 1963 1993 2005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_general_election,_1945&oldid=814587700 '' Categories : General elections in Brazil 1945 elections in South America 1945 in Brazil December 1945 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
in 1945 who won the federal elections in brazil
[]
[]
-2948099047788011468
Founding Fathers of the United States
Founding Fathers of the United States - wikipedia Founding Fathers of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Declaration of Independence , a painting by John Trumbull depicting the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 Signature page of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 that was negotiated on behalf of the Patriots by John Adams , Benjamin Franklin and John Jay The Founding Fathers of the United States were individuals from the Thirteen Colonies in North America who led the American Revolution against the Kingdom of Great Britain and contributed to the establishment of the United States of America . Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers : John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and George Washington . Adams , Jefferson , and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . Hamilton , Madison , and Jay were authors of The Federalist Papers , advocating ratification of the Constitution . The constitutions drafted by Jay and Adams for their respective states of New York ( 1777 ) and Massachusetts ( 1780 ) were heavily relied upon when creating language for the US Constitution . Jay , Adams and Franklin negotiated the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) that would end the American Revolutionary War . Washington was Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army and was President of the Constitutional Convention . Washington , Jay and Franklin are considered the Founding Fathers of U.S. Intelligence by the CIA . All held additional important roles in the early government of the United States , with Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and Madison serving as President . Jay was the nation 's first Chief Justice . Four of these seven -- Washington , Jay , Hamilton and Madison -- were not signers of the Declaration of Independence . The term Founding Fathers is sometimes used to refer to the Signers of the embossed version of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 . It is not to be confused with the term Framers ; the Framers are defined by the National Archives as those 55 individuals who were appointed to be delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention and took part in drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States . Of the 55 Framers , only 39 were signers of the Constitution . Two further groupings of Founding Fathers include : 1 ) those who signed the Continental Association , a trade ban and one of the colonists ' first collective volleys protesting British control and the Intolerable Acts in 1774 or 2 ) those who signed the Articles of Confederation , the first U.S. constitutional document . The phrase `` Founding Fathers '' is a twentieth - century appellation , coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916 . Prior to , and during the 19th century , they were referred to as simply the `` Fathers '' . The term has been used to describe the founders and first settlers of the original royal colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Interesting facts and commonalities 2.1 Education 2.1. 1 Colonial Colleges attended 2.1. 2 Advanced degrees and apprenticeships 2.1. 2.1 Doctors of Medicine 2.1. 2.2 Theology 2.1. 2.3 Legal apprenticeships 2.1. 3 Self - taught or little formal education 2.2 Demographics 2.3 Occupations 2.4 Finances 2.5 Prior Political Experience 2.6 Religion 2.7 Ownership of slaves and position on slavery 2.8 Attendance at conventions 2.9 Spouses and children 2.10 Charters of freedom and historical documents of the United States 2.11 Post-constitution life 2.12 Youth and longevity 2.13 Founders who were not signatories or delegates 3 Legacy 3.1 Institutions formed by Founders 3.2 Scholarship on the Founders 3.2. 1 Living historians whose focus is the Founding Fathers 3.2. 2 Noted collections of the Founding Fathers 3.3 In stage and film 3.4 Children 's books 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Albany Congress of 1754 was a conference attended by seven colonies , which presaged later efforts at cooperation . The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 included representatives from nine colonies . The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1774 , consisting of fifty - six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies ( excluding Georgia ) that became the United States of America . Among them was George Washington , who would soon be drawn out of military retirement to command the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . Also in attendance was Patrick Henry , and John Adams , who like all delegates were elected by their respective colonial assemblies . Other delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts , John Dickinson from Pennsylvania and New York 's John Jay . This congress in addition to formulating appeals to the British crown , established the Continental Association to administer boycott actions against Britain . When the Second Continental Congress convened on May 10 , 1775 , it essentially reconstituted the First Congress . Many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting participated in the second . New arrivals included Benjamin Franklin and Robert Morris of Pennsylvania , John Hancock of Massachusetts , and John Witherspoon of New Jersey . Hancock was elected Congress President two weeks into the session when Peyton Randolph was recalled to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses . Thomas Jefferson replaced Randolph in the Virginia congressional delegation . The second Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence . Witherspoon was the only active clergyman to sign the Declaration . He also signed the Articles of Confederation and attended the New Jersey ( 1787 ) convention that ratified the Federal Constitution . The newly founded country of the United States had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament . The U.S. adopted the Articles of Confederation , a declaration that established a national government with a one - house legislature . Its ratification by all thirteen colonies gave the second Congress a new name : the Congress of the Confederation , which met from 1781 to 1789 . Later , the Constitutional Convention took place during the summer of 1787 , in Philadelphia . Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset for some including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton was to create a new frame of government rather than amending the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution . Interesting facts and commonalities ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy George Washington served as President of the 1787 Constitutional Convention . Benjamin Franklin , an early advocate of colonial unity , was a foundational figure in defining the U.S. ethos and exemplified the emerging nation 's ideals . Alexander Hamilton wrote the Federalist papers with Jay and Madison . John Jay was President of the Continental Congress from 1778 - 1779 and negotiated the Treaty of Paris with Adams and Franklin . James Madison , called the `` Father of the Constitution '' by his contemporaries Peyton Randolph , as President of the Continental Congress , presided over creation of the Continental Association . Richard Henry Lee , who introduced the Lee Resolution in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies ' independence from Great Britain A Committee of Five , composed of John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , Roger Sherman , and Robert Livingston , drafted and presented to the Continental Congress what became known as the U.S. Declaration of Independence of July 4 , 1776 . John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress , renowned for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence John Dickinson authored the first draft of the Articles of Confederation in 1776 while serving in the Continental Congress as a delegate from Pennsylvania , and signed them late the following year , after being elected to Congress as a delegate from Delaware . Henry Laurens was President of the Continental Congress when the Articles were passed on November 15 , 1777 . Roger Sherman , the only person who signed all four U.S. historical documents The Founding Fathers represented a cross-section of 18th - century U.S. leadership . Almost all of them were well - educated men of means who were leaders in their communities . Many were also prominent in national affairs . Virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; at least 29 had served in the Continental Army , most of them in positions of command . Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution . Education ( edit ) Many of the Founding Fathers attended or held degrees from the colonial colleges , most notably Columbia known at the time as `` King 's College '' , Princeton originally known as `` The College of New Jersey '' , Harvard College , the College of William and Mary , Yale College and University of Pennsylvania . Some had previously been home schooled or obtained early instruction from private tutors or academies . Others had studied abroad . Ironically , Benjamin Franklin who had little formal education himself would ultimately establish the College of Philadelphia based on European models ( 1740 ) ; `` Penn '' would have the first medical school ( 1765 ) in the thirteen colonies where another Founder , Benjamin Rush would eventually teach . With a limited number of professional schools established in the U.S. , Founders also sought advanced degrees from traditional institutions in England and Scotland such as the University of Edinburgh and University of St. Andrews . Colonial colleges attended ( edit ) College of William and Mary : Thomas Jefferson Harvard College : John Adams , John Hancock and William Williams King 's College ( now Columbia ) : John Jay , Alexander Hamilton , Gouverneur Morris , Robert R. Livingston and Egbert Benson . College of New Jersey ( now Princeton ) : James Madison , Gunning Bedford Jr. , Aaron Burr , Benjamin Rush and William Paterson College of Philadelphia later merged into the University of Pennsylvania : Hugh Williamson Yale College : Oliver Wolcott James Wilson attended University of St. Andrews and Edinburgh though he never received a degree . Advanced degrees and apprenticeships ( edit ) Doctors of Medicine ( edit ) University of Edinburgh : Rush University of Utrecht , Netherlands : Williamson Theology ( edit ) University of Edinburgh : Witherspoon ( attended , no degree ) University of St. Andrews : Witherspoon ( honorary doctorate ) Legal apprenticeships ( edit ) Several like John Jay , James Wilson , John Williams and George Wythe were trained as lawyers through apprenticeships in the colonies while a few trained at the Inns of Court in London . Self - taught or little formal education ( edit ) Franklin , Washington , John Williams and Henry Wisner had little formal education and were largely self - taught or learned through apprenticeship . Demographics ( edit ) Some of the Founding Fathers were natives of the Thirteen Colonies . Massachusetts : Adams New York : Jay Pennsylvania : Franklin , Morris Virginia : Washington , Madison At least nine were immigrants England : Robert Morris Ireland : Butler , Fitzsimons , McHenry , and Paterson West Indies : Hamilton Scotland Wilson and Witherspoon Many of them had moved from one state to another . Eighteen had already lived , studied or worked in more than one state or colony : Baldwin , Bassett , Bedford , Davie , Dickinson , Few , Franklin , Ingersoll , Hamilton , Livingston , Alexander Martin , Luther Martin , Mercer , Gouverneur Morris , Robert Morris , Read , Sherman , and Williamson . Several others had studied or traveled abroad . Occupations ( edit ) The Founding Fathers practiced a wide range of high and middle - status occupations , and many pursued more than one career simultaneously . They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists , except they were generally younger and less senior in their professions . As many as thirty - five including Adams , Hamilton and Jay were trained as lawyers though not all of them practiced law . Some had also been local judges . Washington trained as a land surveyor before he became commander of a small militia At the time of the convention , 13 men were merchants : Blount , Broom , Clymer , Dayton , Fitzsimons , Shields , Gilman , Gorham , Langdon , Robert Morris , Pierce , Sherman , and Wilson . Broom and Few were small farmers . Three had retired from active economic endeavors : Franklin , McHenry , and Mifflin . Franklin and Williamson were scientists , in addition to their other activities . McClurg , McHenry , Rush , and Williamson were physicians Johnson and Witherspoon were college presidents . Finances ( edit ) Historian Caroline Robbins in 1977 examined the status of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and concluded : There were indeed disparities of wealth , earned or inherited : some Signers were rich , others had about enough to enable them to attend Congress ... The majority of revolutionaries were from moderately well - to - do or average income brackets . Twice as many Loyalists belonged to the wealthiest echelon . But some Signers were rich ; few , indigent ... The Signers were elected not for wealth or rank so much as because of the evidence they had already evinced of willingness for public service . A few of them were wealthy or had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent , but there are other founders who were less than wealthy . On the whole they were less wealthy than the Loyalists . Seven were major land speculators : Blount , Dayton , Fitzsimmons , Gorham , Robert Morris , Washington , and Wilson . Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale : Bedford , Blair , Clymer , Dayton , Fitzsimons , Franklin , King , Langdon , Robert Morris , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , and Sherman . Many derived income from plantations or large farms which they owned or managed , which relied upon the labor of enslaved men and women particularly in the southern colonies : Bassett , Blair , Blount , Davie , Johnson , Butler , Carroll , Jefferson , Jenifer , Madison , Mason , Charles Pinckney , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , Rutledge , Spaight , and Washington . Eight of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office : Baldwin , Blair , Brearly , Gilman , Livingston , Madison , and Rutledge . Prior political experience ( edit ) Several of the Founding Fathers had extensive national , state , local and foreign political experience prior to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787 . Some had been diplomats . Several had been members of the Continental Congress or elected President of that body . Benjamin Franklin began his political career as a city councilman and then Justice of the Peace in Philadelphia . He was next elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly and was sent by them to London as a colonial agent which helped hone his diplomatic skills . Jefferson , Adams , Jay and Franklin all acquired significant political experience as ministers to countries in Europe . John Adams and John Jay drafted the Constitutions of their respective states , Massachusetts and New York , and successfully navigated them through to adoption . Jay , Thomas Mifflin and Nathaniel Gorham had served as President of the Continental Congress . Gouverneur Morris had been a member of the New York Provincial Congress . John Dickinson , Franklin , Langdon , and Rutledge had been governors or presidents of their states . Robert Morris had been a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly and President of Pennsylvania 's Committee of Safety ( American Revolution ) . He was also a member of the Committee of Secret Correspondence . Roger Sherman had served in the Connecticut House of Representatives . Elbridge Gerry was a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress . Carroll served in the Maryland Senate . Wythe 's first exposure to politics was as a member of Virginia 's House of Burgesses . Read 's entry into the political arena was as a commissioner of the town of Charlestown , Maryland . Clymer was a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety and the Continental Congress . Wilson 's time as a member of the Continental Congress in 1776 was his introduction to colonial politics . Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had some experience in colonial and state government , and the majority had held county and local offices. . Those who lacked national congressional experience were Bassett , Blair , Brearly , Broom , Davie , Dayton , Alexander Martin , Luther Martin , Mason , McClurg , Paterson , Charles Pinckney , Strong , and Yates . Religion ( edit ) Franklin T. Lambert ( 2003 ) has examined the religious affiliations and beliefs of some of the Founders . Of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , 28 were Anglicans ( in the Church of England ; or Episcopalian , after the American Revolutionary War was won ) , 21 were Protestants , and two were Roman Catholics ( D. Carroll , and Fitzsimons ) . Among the Protestant delegates to the Constitutional Convention , eight were Presbyterians , seven were Congregationalists , two were Lutherans , two were Dutch Reformed , and two were Methodists . A few prominent Founding Fathers were anti-clerical Christians such as Thomas Jefferson , who constructed the Jefferson Bible , and Benjamin Franklin . Historian Gregg L. Frazer argues that the leading Founders ( Adams , Jefferson , Franklin , Wilson , Morris , Madison , Hamilton , and Washington ) were neither Christians nor Deists , but rather supporters of a hybrid `` theistic rationalism '' . The Faiths of the Founding Fathers is a book that discusses the religion held by the founding fathers , written in 2006 by historian of U.S. religion David L. Holmes . Ownership of slaves and position on slavery ( edit ) Portrait of George Washington and his valet slave William Lee See also : George Washington and slavery and Thomas Jefferson and slavery One of the greatest contradictions of the Founding Fathers was their disunity with regard to slavery at a time that they were seeking liberty for themselves . This hypocrisy was as evident in the North as it was in the South for many wealthy Northerners owned domestic slaves . In her study of Thomas Jefferson , historian Annette Gordon - Reed emphasizes this irony , `` Others of the founders held slaves , but no other founder drafted the charter for freedom , '' In addition to Jefferson , George Washington , John Jay and many other of the Founding Fathers practiced slavery but were also conflicted by the institution which many saw as immoral and politically divisive . Franklin though he was a key founder of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society originally owned slaves whom he later manumitted . John Jay would try unsuccessfully to abolish slavery as early as 1777 in the State of New York but was overruled . He nonetheless founded the New York Manumission Society in 1785 , for which Hamilton became an officer . They and other members of the Society founded the African Free School in New York City , to educate the children of free blacks and slaves . It was not until Jay was governor of New York in 1798 , that he signed into law a gradual abolition law ; fully ending slavery as of 1827 . He freed his own slaves in 1798 . Alexander Hamilton opposed slavery , as his experiences in life left him very familiar with slavery and its effect on slaves and on slaveholders , although he did negotiate slave transactions for his wife 's family , the Schuylers . John Adams , Samuel Adams , and Thomas Paine never owned slaves Slaves and slavery are mentioned only indirectly in the 1787 Constitution . For example , Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 prescribes that `` three fifths of all other Persons '' are to be counted for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and direct taxes . Additionally , in Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , slaves are referred to as `` persons held in service or labor '' . The Founding Fathers , however , did make important efforts to contain slavery . Many Northern states had adopted legislation to end or significantly reduce slavery during and after the American Revolution . In 1782 Virginia passed a manumission law that allowed slave owners to free their slaves by will or deed . As a result , thousands of slaves were manumitted in Virginia . Thomas Jefferson , in 1784 , proposed to ban slavery in all the Western Territories , which failed to pass Congress by one vote . Partially following Jefferson 's plan , Congress did ban slavery in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , for lands north of the Ohio River . The international slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina , by 1800 . Finally in 1807 , President Jefferson called for and signed into law a Federally - enforced ban on the international slave trade throughout the U.S. and its territories . It became a federal crime to import or export a slave . However , the domestic slave trade was allowed , for expansion , or for diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory . Attendance at conventions ( edit ) In the winter and spring of 1786 -- 1787 , twelve of the thirteen states chose a total of 74 delegates to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia . Nineteen delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates ; for example , Patrick Henry of Virginia thought that state politics were far more interesting and important than national politics , though during the ratification controversy of 1787 -- 1788 he claimed , `` I smelled a rat . '' Rhode Island did not send delegates because of its politicians ' suspicions of the Convention delegates ' motivations . As the colony was founded by Roger Williams as a sanctuary for Baptists , Rhode Island 's absence at the Convention in part explains the absence of Baptist affiliation among those who did attend . Of the 55 who did attend at some point , no more than 38 delegates showed up at one time . Spouses and children ( edit ) Most of the Founding Fathers married and had children . Many of their spouses , like Eliza Schuyler Hamilton , Martha Washington , Abigail Adams , Sarah Livingston Jay , Dolley Madison , Mary White Morris and Catherine Alexander Duer were strong women and made significant contributions of their own to the fight for liberty . Sherman fathered the largest family : 15 children by two wives . At least nine ( Bassett , Brearly , Johnson , Mason , Paterson , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , Sherman , Wilson , and Wythe ) married more than once . Four ( Baldwin , Gilman , Jenifer , and Alexander Martin ) were lifelong bachelors . Many of the delegates also had children conceived illegitimately . George Washington , `` The Father of our Country , '' had no biological descendants . Charters of Freedom and Historical Documents of the United States ( edit ) The National Archives and Records Administration also known as NARA , defines U.S. Founding Documents , or Charters of Freedom , as the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , The Constitution ( 1787 ) and the Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) . These original instruments which represent the philosophy of the United States are housed in Washington , D.C. in the NARA Rotunda . The Library of Congress further identifies the Articles of Confederation , also preserved at NARA , as a primary U.S. document . The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution of the United States until its replacement by the present Constitution on March 4 , 1789 . Signatories of the Continental Association ( CA ) , Declaration of Independence ( DI ) , Articles of Confederation ( AC ) , and the United States Constitution ( USC ) ) : Name Province / state CA ( 1774 ) DI ( 1776 ) AC ( 1777 ) USC ( 1787 ) Andrew Adams Connecticut Yes John Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes Samuel Adams Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes Thomas Adams Virginia Yes John Alsop New York Yes Abraham Baldwin Georgia Yes John Banister Virginia Yes Josiah Bartlett New Hampshire Yes Yes Richard Bassett Delaware Yes Gunning Bedford Jr . Delaware Yes Edward Biddle Pennsylvania Yes John Blair Virginia Yes Richard Bland Virginia Yes William Blount North Carolina Yes Simon Boerum New York Yes Carter Braxton Virginia Yes David Brearley New Jersey Yes Jacob Broom Delaware Yes Pierce Butler South Carolina Yes Charles Carroll of Carrollton Maryland Yes Daniel Carroll Maryland Yes Yes Richard Caswell North Carolina Yes Samuel Chase Maryland Yes Yes Abraham Clark New Jersey Yes William Clingan Pennsylvania Yes George Clymer Pennsylvania Yes Yes John Collins Rhode Island Yes Stephen Crane New Jersey Yes Thomas Cushing Massachusetts Yes Francis Dana Massachusetts Yes Jonathan Dayton New Jersey Yes Silas Deane Connecticut Yes John De Hart New Jersey Yes John Dickinson Delaware Yes Yes Pennsylvania Yes William Henry Drayton South Carolina Yes James Duane New York Yes Yes William Duer New York Yes Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut Yes William Ellery Rhode Island Yes Yes William Few Georgia Yes Thomas Fitzsimons Pennsylvania Yes William Floyd New York Yes Yes Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire Yes Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania Yes Yes Christopher Gadsden South Carolina Yes Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Yes Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts Yes Yes Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire Yes Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts Yes Button Gwinnett Georgia Yes Lyman Hall Georgia Yes Alexander Hamilton New York Yes John Hancock Massachusetts Yes Yes John Hanson Maryland Yes Cornelius Harnett North Carolina Yes Benjamin Harrison Virginia Yes Yes John Hart New Jersey Yes John Harvie Virginia Yes Patrick Henry Virginia Yes Joseph Hewes North Carolina Yes Yes Thomas Heyward Jr . South Carolina Yes Yes Samuel Holten Massachusetts Yes William Hooper North Carolina Yes Yes Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Yes Yes Francis Hopkinson New Jersey Yes Titus Hosmer Connecticut Yes Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania Yes Samuel Huntington Connecticut Yes Yes Richard Hutson South Carolina Yes Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania Yes William Jackson South Carolina Yes John Jay New York Yes Thomas Jefferson Virginia Yes Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland Yes Thomas Johnson Maryland Yes William Samuel Johnson Connecticut Yes Rufus King Massachusetts Yes James Kinsey New Jersey Yes John Langdon New Hampshire Yes Edward Langworthy Georgia Yes Henry Laurens South Carolina Yes Francis Lightfoot Lee Virginia Yes Yes Richard Henry Lee Virginia Yes Yes Yes Francis Lewis New York Yes Yes Philip Livingston New York Yes Yes William Livingston New Jersey Yes Yes James Lovell Massachusetts Yes Isaac Low New York Yes Thomas Lynch South Carolina Yes Thomas Lynch Jr . South Carolina Yes James Madison Virginia Yes Henry Marchant Rhode Island Yes John Mathews South Carolina Yes James McHenry Maryland Yes Thomas McKean Delaware Yes Yes Yes Arthur Middleton South Carolina Yes Henry Middleton South Carolina Yes Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Yes Yes Gouverneur Morris New York Yes Pennsylvania Yes Lewis Morris New York Yes Robert Morris Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes John Morton Pennsylvania Yes Yes Thomas Nelson Jr . Virginia Yes William Paca Maryland Yes Yes Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts Yes Yes William Paterson New Jersey Yes Edmund Pendleton Virginia Yes John Penn North Carolina Yes Yes Charles Pinckney South Carolina Yes Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina Yes Peyton Randolph Virginia Yes George Read Delaware Yes Yes Yes Joseph Reed Pennsylvania Yes Daniel Roberdeau Pennsylvania Yes Caesar Rodney Delaware Yes Yes George Ross Pennsylvania Yes Yes Benjamin Rush Pennsylvania Yes Edward Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes John Rutledge South Carolina Yes Yes Nathaniel Scudder New Jersey Yes Roger Sherman Connecticut Yes Yes Yes Yes James Smith Pennsylvania Yes Jonathan Bayard Smith Pennsylvania Yes Richard Smith New Jersey Yes Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina Yes Richard Stockton New Jersey Yes Thomas Stone Maryland Yes John Sullivan New Hampshire Yes George Taylor Pennsylvania Yes Edward Telfair Georgia Yes Matthew Thornton New Hampshire Yes Matthew Tilghman Maryland Yes Nicholas Van Dyke Delaware Yes George Walton Georgia Yes John Walton Georgia Yes Samuel Ward Rhode Island Yes George Washington Virginia Yes Yes John Wentworth Jr . New Hampshire Yes William Whipple New Hampshire Yes John Williams North Carolina Yes William Williams Connecticut Yes Hugh Williamson North Carolina Yes James Wilson Pennsylvania Yes Yes Henry Wisner New York Yes John Witherspoon New Jersey Yes Yes Oliver Wolcott Connecticut Yes Yes George Wythe Virginia Yes Post-constitution life ( edit ) Subsequent events in the lives of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution were characterized by success or failure , reflecting the abilities of these men as well as the vagaries of fate . Washington , Adams , Jefferson and Madison served in highest U.S. office of President . Jay would be appointed as Chief Justice of the United States and later elected to two terms as Governor of New York . Seven ( Fitzsimons , Gorham , Luther Martin , Mifflin , Robert Morris , Pierce , and Wilson ) suffered serious financial reversals that left them in or near bankruptcy . Robert Morris spent three of the last years of his life imprisoned following bad land deals . Two , Blount and Dayton , were involved in possibly treasonous activities . Yet , as they had done before the convention , most of the group continued to render public service , particularly to the new government they had helped to create . Youth and longevity ( edit ) Death age of the Founding Fathers Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 : James Armistead Lafayette was 15 , Marquis de Lafayette was 18 , Alexander Hamilton was 19 , Aaron Burr was 20 , Gouverneur Morris and Betsy Ross were 24 . The oldest were Benjamin Franklin , 70 , and Samuel Whittemore , 81 . Secretary Charles Thomson lived to the age of 94 . Johnson died at 92 . John Adams lived to the age of 90 . A few -- Franklin , Jay , Jefferson , Madison , Hugh Williamson , and George Wythe -- lived into their eighties . Approximately 16 died in their seventies , 21 in their sixties , 8 in their fifties , and 5 in their forties . Three ( Alexander Hamilton , Richard Dobbs Spaight and Button Gwinnett ) were killed in duels . Friends and political adversaries John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the same day -- July 4 , 1826 . The last remaining founders , also called the `` Last of the Romans '' , lived well into the nineteenth century . Founders who were not signatories or delegates ( edit ) The following men and women are also recognized by many as having been founders of the United States based upon their significant contributions to the formation of American nation and democracy . Abigail Adams , advisor , First Lady and mother of a president Ethan Allen , military and political leader in Vermont Richard Allen , African - American bishop John Bartram , botanist , horticulturist and explorer Egbert Benson , politician from New York Elias Boudinot , New Jersey delegate to Continental Congress Aaron Burr , Vice President under Jefferson George Rogers Clark , army general George Clinton , New York governor and Vice President of the U.S Tench Coxe , economist in the Continental Congress William Richardson Davie , delegate to the Constitutional Convention ( leaving before he could sign it ) , and Governor of North Carolina . Albert Gallatin , politician and Treasury Secretary Horatio Gates , army general Nathanael Greene , army general Nathan Hale , captured U.S. soldier executed in 1776 Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , wife of Alexander Hamilton James Iredell , advocate for Constitution , judge John Paul Jones , navy captain Henry Knox , army general , Secretary of War Tadeusz Kościuszko , Polish army general Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , French army general Henry Lee III , army officer and Virginia governor Robert R. Livingston , diplomat and jurist William Maclay , Pennsylvania politician and U.S. Senator Dolley Madison , spouse of President James Madison John Marshall , fourth Chief Justice of the United States George Mason , revolutionary writer , co-father of the Bill of Rights Philip Mazzei , Italian physician , merchant and author James Monroe , fifth President of the United States Daniel Morgan , military hero and Virginia Congressman James Otis Jr. , Massachusetts lawyer and politician Thomas Paine , author of Common Sense Andrew Pickens , army general and South Carolina congressman Timothy Pickering , U.S. Secretary of State from Massachusetts Israel Putnam , army general Edmund Randolph , first United States Attorney General , second Secretary of State Jean - Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur , comte de Rochambeau , French army general Haym Solomon , financier and spy for Continental Army Thomas Sumter , SC military hero and congressman Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , Prussian officer Joseph Warren , doctor , revolutionary leader Mercy Otis Warren , political writer Anthony Wayne , army general and politician Noah Webster , writer , lexicographer , educator Thomas Willing , banker Paine Wingate , oldest survivor , Continental Congress Legacy ( edit ) Institutions formed by founders ( edit ) Several Founding Fathers were instrumental in establishing schools and societal institutions that still exist today : Benjamin Franklin founded the University of Pennsylvania , while Jefferson founded the University of Virginia . Benjamin Rush founded Dickinson College and Franklin College , ( today Franklin and Marshall ) as well as the College of Physicians of Philadelphia , the oldest medical society in America . Alexander Hamilton founded the New York Post , as well as the United States Coast Guard . Henry Knox helped found the Society of the Cincinnati in 1783 ; the society was predicated on service as an officer in the Revolutionary War and heredity . Members included Washington , Hamilton and Burr . Other Founders like Sam Adams , John Adams , Franklin and Jay criticized the formation of what they considered to be an elitist body and threat to the Constitution . Franklin would later accept an honorary membership though Jay declined . Scholarship on the founders ( edit ) Articles and books by twenty - first century historians combined with the digitization of primary sources like handwritten letters continue to contribute to an encyclopedic body of knowledge about the Founding Fathers . Living historians whose focus is the Founding Fathers ( edit ) Ron Chernow won the Pulitzer Prize for his biography of George Washington . His bestselling book about Alexander Hamilton inspired the blockbuster musical of the same name . Joseph J. Ellis - According to Ellis , the concept of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. emerged in the 1820s as the last survivors died out . Ellis says `` the founders '' , or `` the fathers '' , comprised an aggregate of semi-sacred figures whose particular accomplishments and singular achievements were decidedly less important than their sheer presence as a powerful but faceless symbol of past greatness . For the generation of national leaders coming of age in the 1820s and 1830s -- men like Andrew Jackson , Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , and John C. Calhoun -- `` the founders '' represented a heroic but anonymous abstraction whose long shadow fell across all followers and whose legendary accomplishments defied comparison . `` We can win no laurels in a war for independence , '' Webster acknowledged in 1825 . `` Earlier and worthier hands have gathered them all . Nor are there places for us ... ( as ) the founders of states . Our fathers have filled them . But there remains to us a great duty of defence and preservation . '' Joanne B. Freeman Freeman 's area of expertise is the life and legacy of Alexander Hamilton as well as political culture of the revolutionary and early national eras . Freeman has documented the often opposing visions of the Founding Fathers as they tried to build a new framework for governance , `` Regional distrust , personal animosity , accusation , suspicion , implication , and denouncement -- this was the tenor of national politics from the outset . '' Annette Gordon - Reed is an American historian and Harvard Law School professor . She is noted for changing scholarship on Thomas Jefferson regarding his relationship with Sally Hemings and her children . She has studied the challenges facing the Founding Fathers particularly as it relates to their position and actions on slavery . She points out `` the central dilemma at the heart of American democracy : the desire to create a society based on liberty and equality '' that yet does not extend those privileges to all . '' Jack N. Rakove - Thomas Jefferson Peter S. Onuf - Thomas Jefferson Noted collections of the Founding Fathers ( edit ) Adams Papers Editorial Project Founders Online Founders Online is a searchable database of over 178,000 documents authored by or addressed to George Washington , John Jay , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams ( and family ) , Thomas Jefferson , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton The Selected Papers of John Jay at Columbia University The Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Princeton University The Papers of James Madison at University of Virginia The Washington Papers at University of Virginia The Franklin Papers at Yale University In stage and film ( edit ) The Founding Fathers were portrayed in the Tony Award winning musical 1776 , a stage production about the debates over , and eventual adoption of , the Declaration of Independence ; the popular performance was later turned into the 1972 film More recently , several of the Founding Fathers - Hamilton , Washington , Jefferson , Madison , Laurens and Burr - were reimagined in Hamilton , an acclaimed production about the life of Alexander Hamilton , with music , lyrics and book by Lin - Manuel Miranda. The show was inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . The rap musical won 11 Tony Awards . Children 's Books ( edit ) In their 2015 children 's book , The Founding Fathers author Jonah Winter and illustrator Barry Blitt categorized 14 leading patriots into two teams based on their contributions to the formation of America - the Varsity Squad ( Washington , Franklin , Jefferson , John Adams , Madison , Jay , and Hamilton ) and the Junior Varsity Squad ( Sam Adams , Hancock , Henry , Morris , Marshall , Rush , and Paine ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal List of national founders ( worldwide ) History of the United States Constitution Rights of Englishmen Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American Revolution : Key to Declaration of Independence '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellinkoff , David . Mellinkoff 's Dictionary of American Legal Usage ( West Publishing , 1992 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny : The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries ( New York : Harper & Row , 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Kettler , Sarah . `` The Founding Fathers : Who Were They Really ? '' . Biography . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About America , The Constitution of the United States '' ( PDF ) . World Book . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour . `` Forgotten Founding Father '' . Jump up ^ Rose , P.K. `` The Founding Fathers of American Intelligence '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Did any of our `` Founding Fathers '' NOT sign the Declaration of Independence ? `` . Harvard University : Declaration Resources Project . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Signers of the Declaration '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Meet the Framers of the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ US Constitution Online . `` The Framers '' . Jump up ^ Carl G. Karsch . `` The First Continental Congress : A Dangerous Journey Begins '' . Carpenter 's Hall . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanfield , Jack . America 's Founding Fathers : Who Are They ? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots ( Universal - Publishers , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Parham , C.P. `` From Great Wilderness to Seaway Towns : A Comparative History of Cornwall , Ontario , and Massena , New York , 1784 - 2001 '' . SUNY Press , 2012 ( chapter 1 , page 7 ) . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . The founding fathers of Cornwall and ... Jump up ^ Jill Lepore , The Whites of Their Eyes : The Tea Party 's Revolution and the Battle American History ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2010 ) , 16 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Baron of Beacon Hill , 189 . Jump up ^ `` Signers of the Declaration '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . p . Biography # 54 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Congress '' . Ohio Historical Society . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calvin C. Jillson ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ See Brown ( 19764 ) ; Martin ( 19739 ) ; `` Data on the Framers of the Constitution , '' at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Brown ( 1976 ) ; Harris ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ `` The Alma Maters of Our Founding Fathers '' . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Columbia '' . Columbia University . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Rush ( 1746 - 1813 ) access - date = April 9 , 2017 '' . Penn University Archives and Records Center . Jump up ^ `` George Wythe '' . Colonial Williamsburg . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Brown ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Caroline Robbins , `` Decision in ' 76 : Reflections on the 56 Signers '' Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society Vol. 89 ( 1977 ) , pp. 72 - 87 online quoting page 83 . Jump up ^ Greene ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ William R. Davie , Blackwell P. Robinson . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 1957 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1973 ) ; Greene ( 1973 ) ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Franklin T. ( 2003 ) . The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press ( published 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0691126029 . Jump up ^ Letter to Alexander von Humboldt , December 6 , 1813 `` History , I believe , furnishes no example of a priest - ridden people maintaining a free civil government , '' Jump up ^ Letter to Horatio G. Spafford , March 17 , 1814 `` In every country and in every age , the priest has been hostile to liberty . He is always in alliance with the despot , abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own . '' Jump up ^ The Religion of Thomas Jefferson Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ Quoted in The New England Currant ( July 23 , 1722 ) , `` Silence Dogood , No. 9 ; Corruptio optimi est pessima . '' `` And it is a sad Observation , that when the People too late see their Error , yet the Clergy still persist in their Encomiums on the Hypocrite ; and when he happens to die for the Good of his Country , without leaving behind him the Memory of one good Action , he shall be sure to have his Funeral Sermon stuff 'd with Pious Expressions which he dropt at such a Time , and at such a Place , and on such an Occasion ; than which nothing can be more prejudicial to the Interest of Religion , nor indeed to the Memory of the Person deceas 'd . The Reason of this Blindness in the Clergy is , because they are honourably supported ( as they ought to be ) by their People , and see nor feel nothing of the Oppression which is obvious and burdensome to every one else . '' Jump up ^ Frazer , Gregg L. ( 2012 ) . The Religious Beliefs of America 's Founders : Reason , Revelation , and Revolution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700620214 . ^ Jump up to : Annette Gordon - Reed , Engaging Jefferson : Blacks and the Founding Father , The William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 57 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 2000 ) , pp. 171 - 182 Jump up ^ `` The Founders and Slavery : John Jay Saves the Day '' . The Economist . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , William D. ( 2002 ) . Critical Reflections on Black History . West Port , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 125 . Jump up ^ The Selected Papers of John Jay , Columbia University , http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/inside/dev/jay/JaySlavery.html Jump up ^ Horton , James O. ( 2004 ) . `` Alexander Hamilton : Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation '' . New York Journal of American History . New York Historical Society ( 3 ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magness , Phillip . `` Alexander Hamilton 's Exaggerated Abolitionism '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 87 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . JSTOR 1856595 . ^ Jump up to : The Cambridge History of Law in America . 2008 . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 88 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . JSTOR 1856595 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William W. ( February 1972 ) . `` The Founding Fathers and Slavery '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 1 ) : 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 1856595 . JSTOR 1856595 . Jump up ^ See the discussion of the Convention in Clinton L. Rossiter , 1787 : The Grand Convention ( New York : Macmillan , 1966 ; reprint ed. , with new foreword by Richard B. Morris , New York : W.W. Norton , 1987 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griswold , Rufus ( 1855 ) , The Republican Court , or , American Society in the Days of Washington , D. Appleton & Co . Jump up ^ Staar ( January 2009 ) . `` Our Founding Fathers '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ George Washington 's Mount Vernon . `` Father of His Country '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` America 's Founding Documents '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Andrlik , Todd . `` How Old Were the Leaders of the American Revolution on July 4 , 1776 ? '' . Jump up ^ History . `` Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Die '' . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox - Genovese ; Eugene D. Genovese ( 2005 ) . The Mind of the Master Class : History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders ' Worldview . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 9780521850650 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica . Founding fathers : the essential guide to the men who made America ( John Wiley and Sons , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ McWilliams , J. ( 1976 ) . `` The Faces of Ethan Allen : 1760 - 1860 '' . The New England Quarterly . 49 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 282 . doi : 10.2307 / 364502 . JSTOR 364502 . Jump up ^ Newman , Richard . Freedom 's Prophet : Bishop Richard Allen , the AME Church , and the Black Founding Fathers ( NYU Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jane Goodall ( 27 August 2013 ) . Seeds of Hope : Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants . Grand Central Publishing . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 1321 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ballenas , Carl . Images of America : Jamaica ( Arcadia Publishing , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Holmes , David . The Faiths of the Founding Fathers . ( Oxford University Press US , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters , What Made the Founding Fathers Different . ( New York : Penguin Books , 2007 ) 225 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , John . `` Founding Fighters : The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence ( review ) '' . The Journal of Military History ( Volume 71 , Number 2 , April 2007 ) , pp. 522 -- 524 . ^ Jump up to : R.B. Bernstein , The Founding Fathers Reconsidered ( New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen Yafa ( 2006 ) . Cotton : The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber . Penguin . p. 75 . ISBN 9780143037224 . ^ Jump up to : Dungan , Nicholas . Gallatin : America 's Swiss Founding Father ( NYU Press 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Cokie . `` Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation '' . Harper Perennial , 2005 Jump up ^ Roberts , Cokie . `` Ladies of Liberty : The Women Who Shaped Our Nation '' . Harper , 2008 Jump up ^ Broadwater , Jeff ( 2006 ) . George Mason , Forgotten Founder . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3053 - 6 . OCLC 67239589 . Jump up ^ LaGumina , Salvatore . The Italian American experience : an encyclopedia , page 361 ( Taylor & Francis , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Unger , Harlow ( 2009 ) . James Monroe : The Last Founding Father . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81808 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kann , Mark E. ( 1999 ) . The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy . ABC - CLIO . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96112 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Father Thomas Paine : He Genuinely Abhorred Slavery '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( 48 ) : 45 . 2005 . doi : 10.2307 / 25073236 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . Jump up ^ David Braff , `` Forgotten Founding Father : The Impact of Thomas Paine , '' in Joyce Chumbley . ed. , Thomas Paine : In Search of the Common Good ( 2009 ) pp. 39 -- 43 Jump up ^ Burstein , Andrew . `` Politics and Personalities : Garry Wills takes a new look at a forgotten founder , slavery and the shaping of America '' , Chicago Tribune ( November 09 , 2003 ) : `` Forgotten founders such as Pickering and Morris made as many waves as those whose faces stare out from our currency . '' ^ Jump up to : Rafael , Ray . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Founding Fathers : And the Birth of Our Nation ( Penguin , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Founding Fathers : Virginia '' . FindLaw Constitutional Law Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Laurens R. Jews and the American Revolution : Haym Solomon and Others , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co. , 1987 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Joshua . The Forgotten Founding Father : Noah Webster 's Obsession and the Creation of an American Culture ( Penguin 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Wright , R.E. ( 1996 ) . `` Thomas Willing ( 1731 - 1821 ) : Philadelphia Financier and Forgotten Founding Father '' . Pennsylvania History . 63 ( 4 ) : 525 -- 560 . doi : 10.2307 / 27773931 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . JSTOR 27773931 . Jump up ^ `` A Patriot of Early New England '' , New York Times ( December 20 , 1931 ) . This book review referred to Wingate as one of the `` Fathers '' of the United States , per the book title . Jump up ^ The New Yorker , Volume I , page 398 ( September 10 , 1836 ) : `` ' The Last of the Romans ' -- This was said of Madison at the time of his decease , but there is one other person who seems to have some claims to this honorable distinction . Paine Wingate of Stratham , N.H. still survives . '' Jump up ^ `` THE FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY , 1783 -- 1784 '' . Society of the Cincinnati . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut '' . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ; Passionate Sage : The Character and Legacy of John Adams . ( 2001 ) p. 214 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Schuessler . `` Up From the Family Basement , a Little - Seen Hamilton Trove '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman . `` The Long History of Political Idiocy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joanne B. Freeman . `` How Hamilton Uses History : What Lin - Manuel Miranda Included in His Portrait of a Heroic , Complicated Founding Father -- and What He Left Out '' . Slate . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Bray . `` Tip and Gip Sip and Quip - The politics of never '' . The Baffler . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Viagas. `` Hamilton Tops Tony Awards With 11 Wins '' . Playbill . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jonah and Blitt , Barry , The Founding Fathers ! Those Horse - Ridin ' , Fiddle - Playin ' , Book - Readin ' , Gun - Totin ' Gentlemen Who Started America Simon and Schuster , New York ( 2015 ) References ( edit ) American National Biography Online , ( 2000 ) . Bernard Bailyn , To Begin the World Anew Knopf , 2003 . Richard B. Bernstein , Are We to Be a Nation ? The Making of the Constitution . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1987 . R.B. Bernstein , The Founding Fathers Reconsidered ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Richard D. Brown . `` The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787 : A Collective View , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd Ser. , Vol. 33 , No. 3 ( Jul. 1976 ) , pp. 465 -- 480 online at JSTOR . Henry Steele Commager , `` Leadership in Eighteenth - Century America and Today , '' Daedalus 90 ( Fall 1961 ) : 650 -- 673 , reprinted in Henry Steele Commager , Freedom and Order ( New York : George Braziller , 1966 ) . Joseph J. Ellis . Founding Brothers : The Revolutionary Generation ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2000 ) , winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History . Joseph J. Ellis . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution , 1783 - 1789 ( New York : First Vintage Books Edition , May 2016 ) . Joanne B. Freeman , Affairs of Honor : National Politics in the New Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2001 . Steven K. Green , Inventing a Christian America : The Myth of the Religious Founding . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press , 2015 . Jack P. Greene . `` The Social Origins of the American Revolution : An Evaluation and an Interpretation , '' Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 88 , No. 1 ( Mar. 1973 ) , pp. 1 -- 22 online in JSTOR . P.M.G. Harris , `` The Social Origins of American Leaders : The Demographic Foundations , '' Perspectives in American History 3 ( 1969 ) : 159 -- 364 . Mark E. Kann ; The Gendering of American Politics : Founding Mothers , Founding Fathers , and Political Patriarchy ( New York : Frederick Praeger , 1999 ) . Adrienne Koch ; Power , Morals , and the Founding Fathers : Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment ( Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1961 ) . K.M. Kostyal . Founding Fathers : The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty ( 2014 ) Franklin T. Lambert , The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . ( Princeton , NJ Princeton University Press , 2003 ) . James Kirby Martin , Men in Rebellion : Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution , ( New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press , 1973 ; reprint , New York : Free Press , 1976 ) . Richard B. Morris , Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny : The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries ( New York : Harper & Row , 1973 ) . Robert Previdi ; `` Vindicating the Founders : Race , Sex , Class , and Justice in the Origins of America , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 29 , 1999 Rakove , Jack . Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ; 2010 ) 487 pages ; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action , beginning in the 1770s Cokie Roberts . Founding Mothers : The Women Who Raised Our Nation . New York : William Morrow , 2005 . Gordon S. Wood . Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( New York : Penguin Press , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States . Founders Online : Correspondence and Other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States Debunks -- along with other fact finding sites -- the Internet Myth of `` What Happened to The Signers of the Declaration of Independence '' ( retrieved 01 - 30 - 15 ) `` What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today ? '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 14 , 2007 ) `` Founding Father Quotes , Biographies , and Writings '' Founding Fathers and their related articles John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Category Samuel Adams 4th Governor of Massachusetts , 1794 -- 1797 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , 1766 -- 1774 United States founding events The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author , 1768 -- 1769 `` Journal of Occurrences '' Arranged Christopher Seider funeral , 1770 Co-author , 1772 Boston Pamphlet Boston Committee of Correspondence , 1772 Hutchinson Letters Affair Co-inspired and publicized , Boston Tea Party Signed , 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author , 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada Signed , United States Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise Life Early life Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S. House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground Related American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House Legacy Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) Adams , Massachusetts Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Family John Adams ( second cousin ) John Dickinson 5th President of Pennsylvania , 1782 -- 1785 5th President of Delaware , 1781 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1776 , 1779 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Stamp Act Congress , 1765 Founding of the United States Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 United we stand , divided we fall ) Petition to the King ( 1774 ) Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote , 1775 ) Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) Other events Brigadier General , Pennsylvania militia Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Delaware Constitution of 1792 Life and homes Mary Norris Dickinson ( wife ) Philemon Dickinson ( brother ) Early life Poplar Hall home Fair Hill estate Friends Burial Ground Legacy Dickinson College Dickinson School of Law , Pennsylvania State University John Dickinson High School 1776 ( 1969 musical , 1972 film ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related Claymont Stone School American Revolution patriots Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1775 USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Center John Hancock Tower Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr. ( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 miniseries ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishments Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v. Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) Robert Morris United States Senator , Pennsylvania , 1789 -- 1795 Superintendent of Finance of the United States , 1781 -- 1784 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 United States Founding events Financier of the American Revolution Signed , Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation Signed , United States Constitution 1776 Model Treaty Committee of Secret Correspondence , Second Continental Congress Chairman , Pennsylvania Committee of Safety U.S. Superintendent of Finance Agent of the Marine Bank of North America Philadelphia as U.S. capital city , 1790 -- 1800 Residence Act President 's House Other events Willing , Morris & Co . ( Slavery ) Use of the dollar sign Newburgh Conspiracy Empress of China merchant ship Old China Trade Phelps and Gorham Purchase Life Early life Summerseat home 1788 U.S. Senate election Panic of 1796 -- 97 Christ Church , Philadelphia , burial site Legacy Robert Morris University , Pennsylvania Robert Morris University , Illinois Robert Morris statue , Philadelphia Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Heald Square Monument , Chicago Mount Morris , New York village dam Morrisville , Pennsylvania Related Founding Fathers Thomas Willing USS Alfred Family Thomas Morris ( son ) Bishop William White ( brother - in - law ) Thomas Paine Writings Common Sense ( January 1776 ) The American Crisis ( December 1776 ) Rights of Man ( March 1791 , February 1792 ) The Age of Reason ( 1794 , 1795 , 1807 ) Agrarian Justice ( 1797 ) Life 1792 Rights of Man trial Wearmouth Bridge Thomas Paine Cottage Legacy Thomas Paine National Historical Association Thomas Paine Monument , New Rochelle , New York Institute of Thomas Paine Studies In Lambeth Liberty ! A New World : A Life of Thomas Paine Related Headstrong Club George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States&oldid=828224493 '' Categories : Words coined in the 1910s Age of Enlightenment American Revolution Articles about multiple people Patriots in the American Revolution Political leaders of the American Revolution National founders Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Use mdy dates from April 2011 Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 08 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is considered the father of american history
[]
[]
-5275931331130698994
Sizwe Banzi Is Dead
Sizwe Banzi is Dead - wikipedia Sizwe Banzi is Dead Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sizwe Banzi Is Dead Poster for the 2007 Royal National Theatre production Written by Athol Fugard John Kani Winston Ntshona Characters Styles Robert ( Sizwe Banzi ) Buntu Date premiered 1972 Sizwe Banzi Is Dead ( originally produced and published as : Sizwe Bansi is Dead ) is a play by Athol Fugard , written collaboratively with two South African actors , John Kani and Winston Ntshona , both of whom appeared in the original production . Its world première occurred on 8 October 1972 at the Space Theatre , Cape Town , South Africa . Its subsequent British première won a London Theatre Critics Award for the Best Play of 1974 . Its American première occurred at the Edison Theatre , in New York City , on 13 November 1974 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Critical account of play 's genesis 3 Production history 4 Awards and nominations 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) The play opens in the photography studio of a man named Styles . The studio is located in New Brighton , Port Elizabeth , South Africa . After reading a newspaper article on an automobile plant , Styles tells a humorous story to the audience about an incident that occurred when he worked at Ford Motor Company . Styles continues to read the paper and talks about his photography studio . His musings are interrupted when a customer , Sizwe Bansi , arrives . He asks to have his picture taken , but when Styles asks him for his deposit and name , Sizwe hesitates , then says his name is Robert Zwelinzima . Styles asks Sizwe what he will do with the photo , and Sizwe tells him he will send it to his wife . When the picture is taken , the moment is frozen into what the photograph will look like . It comes to life and Sizwe dictates the letter to his wife that will accompany the photo . In the letter , Sizwe tells his wife that Sizwe Bansi is dead . He writes that when he arrived in Port Elizabeth from their home in King William 's Town , he stayed with a friend named Zola who tried to help Sizwe find a job . His employment search was unsuccessful ; as a result , he was told by the authorities that he must leave in three days . Sizwe went to stay with Zola 's friend , Buntu . The play returns to present time . Staying at Buntu 's house , Sizwe tells Buntu about his problems -- unless a miracle happens , he will have to leave town in three days . Buntu is sympathetic to the problem and suggests he work in the mines in King William 's Town . Sizwe rejects the idea as too dangerous . Buntu decides to take him out for a treat at Sky 's place , a local bar . The focus switches back to Sizwe as he continues to compose the letter to his wife . He describes his experiences at Sky 's Shebeen , where he was served alcohol by a woman in a respectful manner . The scene shifts to the outside of Sky 's after Sizwe and Buntu have been drinking . Buntu decides that he needs to get home to go to work tomorrow . He goes into an alley to relieve himself and finds a dead man there . Sizwe wants to report the body to the police . Buntu nixes the idea , but he retrieves the dead man 's identity book to find his address . Buntu finds that the man , named Robert Zwelinzima , has a work - seeker 's permit -- the very thing that Sizwe needs to stay in town . They take the book . At Buntu 's house , Buntu switches the photographs in the books . He proposes that they burn Sizwe 's book -- effectively making him dead -- and have Sizwe adopt the dead man 's identity so he can stay in Port Elizabeth . Sizwe is unsure about the plan ; in particular , he worries about his wife and children . Buntu contends that they can remarry . After much discussion , Sizwe agrees to the switch . Sizwe finishes dictating the letter to his wife . In it , he tells her that Buntu is helping him get a lodger 's permit . The scene shifts back to Styles ' photography studio ; Sizwe is getting his picture taken . Critical account of play 's genesis ( edit ) According to Marie Rose Napierkowski , in Drama for Students ( Detroit : Gale , 2006 ; eNotes.com ) : The genesis of Sizwe Bansi Is Dead can be traced to Fugard 's experiences as a law clerk at the Native Commissioner 's Court in Johannesburg . At that time it was required that every black and colored citizen over the age of sixteen carried ( sic ) an identity book that restricted employment and travel within the country . In court , Fugard saw the repercussions of this law : blacks were sent to jail at an alarming rate . Although these restrictions are specifically South African , critics have noted that the play 's greater theme of identity is universal . Critics and scholars have also observed that Sizwe Bansi Is Dead contains elements of absurdism , especially its sparse setting and surreal subject matter . Production history ( edit ) In 1972 , Fugard directed the play 's world premiere in Cape Town , followed the next year by a staging at London 's Royal Court Theatre , which transferred to the Ambassadors , with Kani as Styles and Buntu and Ntshona as Robert / Sizwe . There , it won The London Theatre Critics award . After six previews , the Broadway production , presented in repertory with The Island , opened on 13 November 1974 at the Edison Theatre , where it ran for 159 performances . Kani and Ntshona jointly won Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Play for their performances in both Sizwe Banzi Is Dead and The Island . They reunited for the production staged at the Royal National Theatre in London in 2007 . That year the play was translated into French by Marie - Hélène Estienne for a version staged by Peter Brook at the Barbican Centre . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Tony Award for Best Play ( co-nominee with The Island ) Tony Award for Best Actor in Play ( Kani and Ntshona , winners ) Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play ( Kani and Ntshona , co-nominees ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Foreign Play ( co-nominee with The Island ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sizwe Banzi Is Dead at the Internet Broadway Database . Accessed 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Marie Rose Napierkowski , ed . `` Sizwe Banzi Is Dead : Introduction '' . Drama for Students. 14 . Detroit : Gale , eNotes.com . ( January 2006 ) . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ( Free excerpt ; registration required for full access . ) Jump up ^ `` John Kani '' , Tony Awards past winners page . Jump up ^ `` Sizwe Banzi Is Dead '' . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sizwe Banzi is Dead : Peter Brook '' . Barbican . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . References ( edit ) Soloski , Alexis , `` Sizwe Banzi Is Dead Remains Alive : A Great Play Bids Its Farewell at BAM '' , The Village Voice 15 April 2008 . Accessed 1 October 2008 ( review of production at the Harvey Theater , Brooklyn Academy of Music , Fulton Street , Brooklyn , New York ) . External links ( edit ) Sizwe Banzi Is Dead at the Internet Broadway Database ( hide ) Plays by Athol Fugard Blood Knot ( 1961 , revised 1987 ) Boesman and Lena ( 1969 ) Sizwe Bansi Is Dead ( 1972 ) The Island ( 1972 ) Marigolds in August ( 1980 ) `` Master Harold '' ... and the Boys ( 1982 ) The Road to Mecca ( 1984 ) The Train Driver ( 2010 ) The Shadow of the Hummingbird ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sizwe_Banzi_Is_Dead&oldid=785895542 '' Categories : 1972 plays Broadway plays South African plays Plays by Athol Fugard Plays set in South Africa Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles that may contain original research from October 2008 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
athol fugard's sizwe bansi is dead pdf
[]
[]
3947524562237613038
List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada
List of highest - grossing films in the United States and Canada - wikipedia List of highest - grossing films in the United States and Canada Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the highest - grossing films in the United States and Canada , a market known in the film industry as the North American box office and the domestic box office , and where `` gross '' is defined in US dollars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Not adjusted for inflation 2 Adjusted for ticket - price inflation 2.1 Factors in determining `` adjusted gross '' 3 Franchises and film series not adjusted for inflation 4 Franchises and film series adjusted for inflation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Not Adjusted for Inflation ( edit ) This is a list of the highest - grossing films in the U.S. and Canada , a market known in the film industry as the North American box office , or as the domestic box office within the U.S. itself . The chart is ranked by lifetime gross , and for comparison , the figures adjusted for the effects of inflation are also listed , using the U.S. consumer price index ; a film 's earnings from its initial release are also included to provide a basis for comparison between films released around the same time . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 25 May 2018 in theaters around the world . Rank Title Initial gross ( unadjusted ) Unadjusted Adjusted Year Lifetime gross Star Wars : The Force Awakens $936,662,225 $936,662,225 $967,038,327 2015 Avatar $749,766,139 $760,507,625 $867,301,893 2009 Black Panther $698,745,233 $698,745,233 $698,745,233 2018 Titanic $659,363,944 $659,363,944 $978,271,484 1997 5 Jurassic World $652,270,625 $652,270,625 $673,423,863 2015 6 Avengers : Infinity War $627,649,180 $627,649,180 $627,649,180 2018 7 The Avengers $623,357,910 $623,357,910 $664,469,354 2012 8 Star Wars : The Last Jedi $620,181,382 $620,181,382 $620,181,382 2017 9 The Dark Knight $533,345,358 $534,858,444 $607,829,532 2008 10 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $532,177,324 $532,177,324 $542,655,580 2016 11 Beauty and the Beast $504,014,165 $504,014,165 $504,014,165 2017 12 Finding Dory $486,295,561 $486,295,561 $495,870,432 2016 13 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace $431,088,301 $474,544,677 $679,607,130 1999 14 Star Wars $221,280,994 $460,998,007 $1,430,350,624 1977 15 Avengers : Age of Ultron $459,005,868 $459,005,868 $473,891,500 2015 16 The Dark Knight Rises $448,139,099 $448,139,099 $477,694,584 2012 17 Shrek 2 $441,226,247 $441,226,247 $571,666,283 18 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $359,197,037 $435,110,554 $1,051,290,628 1982 19 The Hunger Games : Catching Fire $424,668,047 $424,668,047 $446,144,117 2013 20 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $423,315,812 $423,315,812 $513,876,606 2006 21 The Lion King $312,855,561 $422,783,777 $640,421,427 1994 22 Toy Story 3 $415,004,880 $415,004,880 $465,732,624 23 Wonder Woman $412,563,408 $412,563,408 $412,563,408 2017 24 Iron Man 3 $409,013,994 $409,013,994 $429,698,416 2013 25 Captain America : Civil War $408,084,349 $408,084,349 $416,119,288 2016 26 The Hunger Games $408,010,692 $408,010,692 $434,919,645 2012 27 Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle $404,372,659 $404,372,659 $404,372,659 2017 28 Spider - Man $403,706,375 $403,706,375 $549,279,682 2002 29 Jurassic Park $357,067,947 $402,453,882 $652,582,729 1993 30 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen $402,111,870 $402,111,870 $458,683,216 2009 31 Frozen $400,738,009 $400,738,009 $421,003,903 2013 32 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 $389,813,101 $389,813,101 $389,813,101 2017 33 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $381,011,219 $381,011,219 $414,490,607 2011 34 Finding Nemo $339,714,978 $380,843,261 $495,769,838 2003 35 Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith $380,270,577 $380,270,577 $476,488,298 2005 36 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $377,027,325 $377,845,905 $502,456,888 2003 37 Spider - Man 2 $373,585,825 $373,585,825 $484,029,274 38 The Passion of the Christ $370,274,604 $370,782,930 $480,376,099 39 The Secret Life of Pets $368,384,330 $368,384,330 $375,637,599 2016 40 Despicable Me 2 $368,061,265 $368,061,265 $386,674,649 2013 41 The Jungle Book $364,001,123 $364,001,123 $371,168,089 2016 42 Deadpool $363,070,709 $363,070,709 $370,219,356 2016 43 Inside Out $356,461,711 $356,461,711 $368,021,820 2015 44 Furious 7 $353,007,020 $353,007,020 $364,455,093 2015 45 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $352,390,543 $352,390,543 $383,355,037 2011 46 American Sniper $350,126,372 $350,126,372 $361,938,338 2014 47 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers $339,789,881 $342,551,365 $465,803,684 2002 48 Zootopia $341,268,248 $341,268,248 $347,987,617 2016 49 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 $337,135,885 $337,135,885 $348,509,601 2014 50 Spider - Man 3 $336,530,303 $336,530,303 $397,182,450 2007 51 Minions $336,045,770 $336,045,770 $346,943,787 2015 52 Spider - Man : Homecoming $334,201,140 $334,201,140 $334,201,140 2017 53 Alice in Wonderland $334,191,110 $334,191,110 $375,040,657 54 Guardians of the Galaxy $333,176,600 $333,176,600 $344,416,744 2014 55 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice $330,360,194 $330,360,194 $336,864,790 2016 56 Forrest Gump $329,694,499 $330,252,182 $544,935,129 1994 57 It $327,481,748 $327,481,748 $327,481,748 2017 58 Suicide Squad $325,100,054 $325,100,054 $331,501,081 2016 59 Shrek the Third $322,719,944 $322,719,944 $380,883,079 2007 60 Transformers $319,246,193 $319,246,193 $376,783,262 2007 61 Iron Man $318,412,101 $318,412,101 $361,916,938 2008 62 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone $317,575,550 $317,575,550 $438,911,970 2001 63 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull $317,101,119 $317,101,119 $360,426,836 2008 64 The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring $313,364,114 $315,544,750 $435,806,066 2001 65 Thor : Ragnarok $315,058,289 $315,058,289 $315,058,289 2017 66 Iron Man 2 $312,128,345 $312,128,345 $350,281,070 67 Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones $302,191,252 $310,676,740 $422,704,301 2002 68 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End $309,420,425 $309,420,425 $365,186,616 2007 69 Return of the Jedi $252,583,617 $309,306,177 $715,535,408 70 Independence Day $306,169,268 $306,169,268 $477,735,794 71 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl $305,413,918 $305,413,918 $406,297,748 2003 72 Skyfall $304,360,277 $304,360,277 $324,433,320 2012 73 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey $303,003,568 $303,003,568 $322,987,134 2012 74 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince $301,959,197 $301,959,197 $344,440,505 2009 75 The Twilight Saga : Eclipse $300,531,751 $300,531,751 $337,266,976 76 The Twilight Saga : New Moon $296,607,170 $296,607,170 $338,335,525 2009 77 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 $295,983,305 $295,983,305 $332,162,555 78 The Sixth Sense $293,506,292 $293,506,292 $431,171,648 1999 79 Up $293,004,164 $293,004,164 $334,225,628 2009 80 Inception $292,576,195 $292,576,195 $328,338,980 81 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 $292,324,737 $292,324,737 $311,604,017 2012 82 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix $292,004,738 $292,004,738 $344,632,137 2007 83 The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe $291,710,957 $291,710,957 $365,520,937 2005 84 Man of Steel $291,045,518 $291,045,518 $305,764,106 2013 85 The Empire Strikes Back $181,379,640 $290,475,067 $755,094,311 1980 86 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire $290,013,036 $290,013,036 $363,393,400 2005 87 Monsters , Inc . $255,873,250 $289,916,256 $389,923,205 2001 88 Home Alone $285,761,243 $285,761,243 $535,274,626 1990 89 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 $281,723,902 $281,723,902 $290,860,252 2015 90 The Matrix Reloaded $281,576,461 $281,576,461 $374,586,341 2003 91 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 $281,287,133 $281,287,133 $306,003,783 2011 92 Meet the Fockers $279,261,160 $279,261,160 $361,819,339 93 The Hangover $277,322,503 $277,322,503 $316,337,783 2009 94 Gravity $274,092,705 $274,092,705 $287,953,965 2013 95 Sing $270,329,045 $270,329,045 $275,651,663 2016 96 Monsters University $268,492,764 $268,492,764 $282,070,827 2013 97 Shrek $267,665,011 $267,665,011 $369,932,060 2001 98 Despicable Me 3 $264,624,300 $264,624,300 $264,624,300 2017 99 The Amazing Spider - Man $262,030,663 $262,030,663 $279,312,001 2012 100 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets $261,988,482 $261,988,482 $356,459,444 2002 These films fall outside the top 100 when considering only initial gross , and would be replaced by The Incredibles ( $261.44 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( $260.04 m ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( $259.76 m ) , and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( $258.36 m ) . The initial gross of Star Wars is up to the date of its expansion on July 21 , 1978 . It was still in theatres at the time of the expansion so it could be argued that the initial run should include the expansion . If the expansion gross is included , the initial gross is $265.06 m and therefore would not fall outside the top 100 at present . Adjusted for Ticket - Price Inflation ( edit ) This chart was compiled based on data from Box Office Mojo , by dividing the gross by the average ticket price to calculate an estimate of the total number of admissions . Admissions better reflect the popularity of older films , since they are less susceptible to the effects of inflation . Many of the films on this list were released prior to the availability of home video and have had multiple releases . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 25 May 2018 in theaters around the world . Rank Title Year Est . tickets Adjusted gross Gone with the Wind 1939 202,044,600 $1,850,728,536 Star Wars 1977 178,119,600 $1,631,575,536 The Sound of Music 1965 142,415,400 $1,304,525,064 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 141,854,300 $1,299,385,388 5 Titanic 1997 135,551,900 $1,241,655,404 6 The Ten Commandments 1956 131,000,000 $1,199,960,000 7 Jaws 128,078,800 $1,173,201,808 8 Doctor Zhivago 1965 124,135,500 $1,137,081,180 9 The Exorcist 1973 110,599,200 $1,013,088,672 10 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937 109,000,000 $998,440,000 11 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 2015 108,115,100 $990,334,316 12 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 1961 99,917,300 $915,242,468 13 The Empire Strikes Back 1980 98,180,600 $899,334,296 14 Ben - Hur 1959 98,000,000 $897,680,000 15 Avatar 2009 7007972553000000000 ♠ 97,255,300 $890,858,548 16 Return of the Jedi 94,059,400 $861,584,104 17 Jurassic Park 1993 91,922,000 $842,005,520 18 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 1999 90,312,700 $827,264,332 19 The Sting 1973 89,142,900 $816,548,964 20 The Lion King 1994 89,101,100 $816,166,076 21 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 88,526,800 $810,905,488 22 The Graduate 1967 85,576,700 $783,882,572 23 Fantasia 1941 83,043,500 $760,678,460 24 Jurassic World 2015 79,051,900 $724,115,404 25 The Godfather 1972 78,922,600 $722,931,016 26 Forrest Gump 1994 78,545,600 $719,477,696 27 Mary Poppins 1964 78,181,800 $716,145,288 28 Grease 1978 76,969,200 $705,037,872 29 The Avengers 2012 76,881,200 $704,231,792 30 Black Panther 2018 76,277,600 $698,702,816 31 Thunderball 1965 74,800,000 $685,168,000 32 The Dark Knight 2008 74,455,400 $682,011,464 33 The Jungle Book 1967 73,679,900 $674,907,884 34 Sleeping Beauty 1959 72,676,100 $665,713,076 35 Ghostbusters 1984 71,160,400 $651,829,264 36 Shrek 2 71,050,900 $650,826,244 37 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 1969 70,557,900 $646,310,364 38 Love Story 1970 69,998,100 $641,182,596 39 Spider - Man 2002 69,484,700 $636,479,852 40 Independence Day 69,268,900 $634,503,124 41 Avengers : Infinity War 2018 68,388,800 $626,441,408 42 Home Alone 1990 67,734,200 $620,445,272 43 Star Wars : The Last Jedi 2017 67,557,900 $618,830,364 44 Pinocchio 1940 67,403,300 $617,414,228 45 Cleopatra 1963 67,183,500 $615,400,860 46 Beverly Hills Cop 1984 67,150,000 $615,094,000 47 Goldfinger 1964 66,300,000 $607,308,000 48 Airport 1970 66,111,300 $605,579,508 49 American Graffiti 1973 65,714,300 $601,942,988 50 The Robe 1953 65,454,500 $599,563,220 51 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 2006 64,628,400 $591,996,144 52 Around the World in 80 Days 1956 64,615,400 $591,877,064 53 Bambi 1942 63,712,400 $583,605,584 54 Blazing Saddles 63,227,500 $579,163,900 55 Batman 1989 62,954,600 $576,664,136 56 The Bells of St. Mary 's 1945 62,745,100 $574,745,116 57 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 2003 61,639,700 $564,619,652 58 Finding Nemo 2003 61,623,900 $564,474,924 59 The Towering Inferno 61,375,700 $562,201,412 60 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 2016 60,442,600 $553,654,216 61 Cinderella 1950 60,301,400 $552,360,824 62 Spider - Man 2 60,158,700 $551,053,692 63 My Fair Lady 1964 60,000,000 $549,600,000 64 The Greatest Show on Earth 1952 60,000,000 $549,600,000 65 National Lampoon 's Animal House 1978 59,890,300 $548,595,148 66 The Passion of the Christ 59,704,800 $546,895,968 67 Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 59,324,600 $543,413,336 68 Back to the Future 1985 59,050,700 $540,904,412 69 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers 2002 57,725,300 $528,763,748 70 The Dark Knight Rises 2012 57,601,400 $527,628,824 71 The Sixth Sense 1999 57,579,100 $527,424,556 72 Superman 1978 57,358,100 $525,400,196 73 Beauty and the Beast 2017 57,015,200 $522,259,232 74 Tootsie 1982 56,903,900 $521,239,724 75 Smokey and the Bandit 1977 56,832,900 $520,589,364 76 Finding Dory 2016 56,165,800 $514,478,728 77 West Side Story 1961 55,970,300 $512,687,948 78 Close Encounters of the Third Kind 1977 55,922,000 $512,245,520 79 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone 2001 55,913,000 $512,163,080 80 Lady and the Tramp 1955 55,734,900 $510,531,684 81 Lawrence of Arabia 1962 55,383,600 $507,313,776 82 The Rocky Horror Picture Show 55,069,400 $504,435,704 83 Rocky 1976 55,040,000 $504,166,400 84 The Best Years of Our Lives 1946 55,000,000 $503,800,000 85 The Poseidon Adventure 1972 54,902,000 $502,902,320 86 The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring 2001 54,799,300 $501,961,588 87 Twister 54,688,100 $500,942,996 88 Men in Black 1997 54,616,700 $500,288,972 89 The Bridge on the River Kwai 1957 54,400,000 $498,304,000 90 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 2009 53,900,900 $493,732,244 91 It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World 1963 53,875,400 $493,498,664 92 Swiss Family Robinson 1960 53,808,000 $492,881,280 93 One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest 53,685,400 $491,758,264 94 M * A * S * H 1970 53,684,200 $491,747,272 95 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1984 53,532,800 $490,360,448 96 Avengers : Age of Ultron 2015 53,527,100 $490,308,236 97 Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones 2002 53,468,500 $489,771,460 98 Mrs. Doubtfire 1993 52,684,400 $482,589,104 99 Aladdin 1992 52,442,300 $480,371,468 100 Toy Story 3 52,201,900 $478,169,404 Factors in determining `` Adjusted gross '' ( edit ) No one yet has calculated a truly precise and definite referential adjusted gross for a film , since doing so would have to take into account most ( or all ) of the following : Box office gross on initial release Ticket price at time of release , or its relative price to other commodities in a given year , in relation to general inflation and gross domestic product . Related to that : economic conditions that may help or hurt the entertainment industry as a whole ( theaters in 2008 lowered ticket prices to attract more viewers though the average ticket cost $7.00 ) Population at time of release -- to be used to calculate : Availability of films ( number of theaters and screens , number of prints ) Competition of other media ( television , internet , home video , film piracy ) Total number of films in the marketplace at a given time Screen quotas ( no influence on U.S. box office ) Price differences : matinee and evening tickets , roadshow tickets , or difference between rural and urban cinemas Length of release ( number of weeks ) Further explanation of issues with calculating an adjusted gross can be found in the article for List of highest - grossing films . Franchises and film series not Adjusted for Inflation ( edit ) This is a list of highest - grossing franchises and film series in the U.S. and Canada . Background shading indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 25 May 2018 in theaters around the world . ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' ) Rank Series Total box office No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $6,600,415,933 19 $347,390,312 Black Panther ( $698,745,233 ) ( show ) Phase Three $3,006,193,212 7 $429,456,173 Black Panther ( $698,745,233 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) $698,745,233 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) $627,649,180 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $408,084,349 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $389,813,101 5 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $334,201,140 6 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) $315,058,289 7 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $232,641,920 ( show ) Phase Two $1,847,527,337 6 $307,921,223 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $459,005,868 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $459,005,868 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $409,013,994 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $333,176,600 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $259,766,572 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $206,362,140 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $180,202,163 ( show ) Phase One $1,746,695,384 6 $291,115,897 The Avengers ( $623,357,910 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $623,357,910 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $318,412,101 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $312,433,331 Thor ( 2011 ) $181,030,624 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $176,654,505 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $134,806,913 ( show ) Star Wars $4,453,470,542 11 $404,860,958 The Force Awakens ( $936,662,225 ) ( show ) Episodes $3,783,114,852 8 $472,889,357 The Force Awakens ( $936,662,225 ) ( show ) Sequel trilogy $1,556,843,607 $778,421,804 The Force Awakens ( $936,662,225 ) VII : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $936,662,225 VIII : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) $620,181,382 ( show ) Prequel trilogy $1,165,491,994 $388,497,331 The Phantom Menace ( $474,544,677 ) I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $474,544,677 III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $380,270,577 II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $310,676,740 ( show ) Original trilogy $1,060,779,251 $353,593,084 Star Wars ( $460,998,007 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) $460,998,007 Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $309,306,177 The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $290,475,067 ( show ) Anthology films $635,194,136 $317,597,068 Rogue One ( $532,177,324 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $532,177,324 Solo ( 2018 ) $103,016,812 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $35,161,554 ( show ) Wizarding World $2,625,790,547 9 $291,754,505 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $381,011,219 ) ( show ) Harry Potter series $2,391,752,972 8 $298,969,122 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $381,011,219 ) Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $381,011,219 Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) $317,575,550 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $301,959,197 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $295,983,305 5 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $292,004,738 6 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $290,013,036 7 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $261,988,482 8 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $249,541,069 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,676,376 ( show ) Fantastic Beasts series $234,037,575 $234,037,575 Where to Find Them ( $234,037,575 ) Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $234,037,575 ( show ) Batman $2,451,123,594 13 $188,547,969 The Dark Knight ( $534,858,444 ) ( show ) Nolan series $1,188,341,317 $396,113,772 The Dark Knight ( $534,858,444 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $534,858,444 The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $448,139,099 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $205,343,774 ( show ) Burton / Schumacher series $745,579,308 5 $149,115,862 Batman ( $251,188,924 ) ( show ) Main series $705,376,929 $176,344,232 Batman ( $251,188,924 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $251,188,924 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $184,031,112 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $162,831,698 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $107,325,195 Catwoman ( 2004 ) $40,202,379 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $330,360,194 $330,360,194 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $330,360,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $330,360,194 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $175,750,384 Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $5,617,391 The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $3,775,000 Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $1,700,000 5 ( show ) X-Men $2,262,709,668 11 $205,700,879 Deadpool ( $363,070,709 ) ( show ) Main series $1,142,384,201 6 $190,397,367 The Last Stand ( $234,362,462 ) The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $234,362,462 Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $233,921,534 X2 ( 2003 ) $214,949,694 X-Men ( 2000 ) $157,299,717 5 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $155,442,489 6 First Class ( 2011 ) $146,408,305 ( show ) Deadpool series $582,778,061 $291,389,031 Deadpool ( $363,070,709 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $363,070,709 Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) $219,707,352 ( show ) Wolverine series $538,717,077 $179,572,359 Logan ( $226,277,068 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $226,277,068 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $179,883,157 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $132,556,852 6 ( show ) James Bond $2,135,650,120 26 $82,140,389 Skyfall ( $304,360,277 ) ( show ) Eon series $2,057,472,561 24 $85,728,023 Skyfall ( $304,360,277 ) ( show ) Daniel Craig 's Bond $840,249,273 $210,062,318 Skyfall ( $304,360,277 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $304,360,277 Spectre ( 2015 ) $200,074,609 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $168,368,427 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $167,445,960 ( show ) Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $519,620,040 $129,905,010 Die Another Day ( $160,942,139 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $160,942,139 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $126,943,684 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $125,304,276 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $106,429,941 ( show ) Roger Moore 's Bond $346,530,989 7 $49,504,427 Moonraker ( $70,308,099 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $70,308,099 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $67,893,619 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $54,812,802 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $50,327,960 5 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $46,838,673 6 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $35,377,836 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $20,972,000 ( show ) Sean Connery 's Bond $242,444,854 6 $40,407,476 Thunderball ( $63,595,658 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $63,595,658 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $51,081,062 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $43,819,547 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $43,084,787 5 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $24,796,765 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $16,067,035 ( show ) Timothy Dalton 's Bond $85,852,912 $42,926,456 The Living Daylights ( $51,185,897 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $51,185,897 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $34,667,015 ( show ) George Lazenby 's Bond $22,774,493 $22,774,493 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $22,774,493 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $22,774,493 Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $55,432,841 Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $22,744,718 7 ( show ) Spider - Man $1,912,908,239 6 $318,818,040 Spider - Man ( $403,706,375 ) ( show ) Raimi series $1,113,822,503 $371,274,168 Spider - Man ( $403,706,375 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $403,706,375 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $373,585,825 Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $336,530,303 ( show ) Webb series $464,884,596 $232,442,298 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $262,030,663 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $262,030,663 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $202,853,933 ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $334,201,140 $334,201,140 Homecoming ( $334,201,140 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $334,201,140 8 ( show ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $1,877,142,951 7 $268,163,279 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $377,027,325 ) ( show ) Peter Jackson series $1,846,671,531 6 $307,778,589 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $377,027,325 ) ( show ) The Lord of the Rings $1,030,181,320 $343,393,773 The Return of the King ( $377,027,325 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $377,027,325 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $339,789,881 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $313,364,114 ( show ) The Hobbit $816,490,211 $272,163,404 An Unexpected Journey ( $303,003,568 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $303,003,568 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $258,366,855 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $255,119,788 The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $30,471,420 9 ( show ) Avengers $1,710,012,958 $570,004,319 Infinity War ( $627,649,180 ) Infinity War ( 2018 ) $627,649,180 The Avengers ( 2012 ) $623,357,910 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $459,005,868 10 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $1,588,093,469 5 $317,618,694 Wonder Woman ( $412,563,408 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $412,563,408 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $330,360,194 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $325,100,054 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $291,045,518 5 Justice League ( 2017 ) $229,024,295 11 ( show ) The Fast and the Furious $1,516,556,816 8 $189,569,602 Furious 7 ( $353,007,020 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $353,007,020 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $238,679,850 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $225,764,765 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $209,837,675 5 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $155,064,265 6 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $144,533,925 7 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $127,154,901 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $62,514,415 12 ( show ) Jurassic Park $1,464,983,061 $366,245,765 Jurassic World ( $652,270,625 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $652,270,625 Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $402,453,882 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $229,086,679 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $181,171,875 13 ( show ) Transformers $1,455,206,012 6 $242,534,335 Revenge of the Fallen ( $402,111,870 ) ( show ) Bay series $1,449,356,365 5 $289,871,273 Revenge of the Fallen ( $402,111,870 ) Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $402,111,870 Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $352,390,543 Transformers ( 2007 ) $319,246,193 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $245,439,076 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $130,168,683 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $5,849,647 14 ( show ) Pirates of the Caribbean $1,451,780,833 5 $290,356,167 Dead Man 's Chest ( $423,315,812 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $423,315,812 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $309,420,425 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $305,413,918 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $241,071,802 5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $172,558,876 15 ( show ) The Hunger Games $1,451,538,526 $362,884,632 Catching Fire ( $424,668,047 ) Catching Fire ( 2013 ) $424,668,047 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) $408,010,692 Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) $337,135,885 Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) $281,723,902 16 ( show ) Shrek $1,419,608,493 5 $283,921,699 Shrek 2 ( $441,226,247 ) ( show ) Main series $1,270,347,989 $317,586,997 Shrek 2 ( $441,226,247 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $441,226,247 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $322,719,944 Shrek ( 2001 ) $267,665,011 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $238,736,787 Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $149,260,504 17 ( show ) Star Trek $1,400,952,742 13 $107,765,596 Star Trek ( $257,730,019 ) ( show ) Kelvin Timeline $645,357,020 $215,119,007 Star Trek ( $257,730,019 ) Star Trek ( 2009 ) $257,730,019 Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $228,778,661 Beyond ( 2016 ) $158,848,340 ( show ) The Original Series $474,454,642 6 $79,075,774 The Voyage Home ( $109,713,132 ) IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $109,713,132 The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $82,258,456 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $78,912,963 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $76,471,046 5 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $74,888,996 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $52,210,049 ( show ) The Next Generation $281,141,080 $70,285,270 First Contact ( $92,027,888 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $92,027,888 Generations ( 1994 ) $75,671,125 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $70,187,658 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $43,254,409 18 ( show ) The Twilight Saga $1,365,922,346 5 $273,184,469 Eclipse ( $300,531,751 ) Eclipse ( 2010 ) $300,531,751 New Moon ( 2009 ) $296,623,634 Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) $292,324,737 Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) $281,287,133 5 Twilight ( 2008 ) $192,769,854 6 Twilight / New Moon Combo $2,385,237 19 ( show ) Despicable Me $1,220,245,320 $305,061,330 Despicable Me 2 ( $368,061,265 ) ( show ) Main series $884,199,550 $294,733,183 Despicable Me 2 ( $368,061,265 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) $368,061,265 Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) $264,624,300 Despicable Me ( 2010 ) $251,513,985 Minions ( 2015 ) $336,045,770 20 ( show ) Superman $1,153,818,709 8 $144,227,339 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $330,360,194 ) ( show ) DC Extended Universe $621,405,712 $310,702,856 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $330,360,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $330,360,194 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $291,045,518 ( show ) Original series $332,331,805 5 $66,466,361 Superman ( $134,218,018 ) ( show ) Christopher Reeve films $318,035,367 $79,508,842 Superman ( $134,218,018 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $134,218,018 Superman II ( 1980 ) $108,185,706 Superman III ( 1983 ) $59,950,623 The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $15,681,020 Supergirl ( 1984 ) $14,296,438 Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $200,081,192 21 ( show ) Iron Man $1,039,859,426 $346,619,809 Iron Man 3 ( $409,013,994 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $409,013,994 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $318,412,101 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $312,433,331 22 ( show ) Indiana Jones $942,303,167 $235,575,792 Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( $317,101,119 ) Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) $317,101,119 Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) $248,159,971 Last Crusade ( 1989 ) $197,171,806 Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) $179,870,271 23 ( show ) Mission : Impossible $934,861,826 5 $186,972,365 Mission : Impossible II ( $215,409,889 ) Mission : Impossible 2 ( 2000 ) $215,409,889 Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) $209,397,903 Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) $195,042,377 Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) $180,981,856 5 Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) $134,029,801 24 ( show ) Toy Story $883,355,738 $294,451,913 Toy Story 3 ( $415,004,880 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) $415,004,880 Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) $245,852,179 Toy Story ( 1995 ) $191,796,233 Toy Story / Toy Story 2 ( 3D ) $30,702,446 25 ( show ) Finding Nemo $867,138,822 $433,569,411 Finding Dory ( $486,295,561 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) $486,295,561 Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) $380,843,261 Franchises and film series Adjusted for Inflation ( edit ) This chart was compiled based on data from Box Office Mojo , by dividing the gross by the average ticket price to calculate an estimate of the total number of admissions . Background shading indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 25 May 2018 in theaters around the world . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' ) Rank Series Total adjusted for inflation No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film ( show ) Star Wars $7,563,268,812 11 $687,569,892 Star Wars ( $1,631,575,500 ) ( show ) Episodes $6,861,748,900 8 $857,718,613 Star Wars ( $1,631,575,500 ) ( show ) Original trilogy $3,391,802,700 $1,130,600,900 Star Wars ( $1,631,575,500 ) IV : Star Wars ( 1977 ) $1,631,575,500 V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $898,643,100 VI : Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $861,584,100 ( show ) Prequel trilogy $1,860,442,900 $620,147,633 The Phantom Menace ( $827,258,600 ) I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $827,258,600 III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $543,413,200 II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $489,771,100 ( show ) Sequel trilogy $1,609,503,300 $804,751,650 The Force Awakens ( $990,334,300 ) VII : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $990,334,300 VIII : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) $619,169,000 ( show ) Anthology films $656,662,012 $328,331,006 Rogue One ( $553,645,200 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $553,645,200 Solo ( 2018 ) $103,016,812 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $44,857,900 ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $7,135,880,413 19 $375,572,653 The Avengers ( $704,231,900 ) ( show ) Phase Three $3,053,198,613 7 $436,171,230 Black Panther ( $698,745,233 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) $698,745,233 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) $627,649,180 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $428,277,900 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $398,977,800 5 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $342,750,600 6 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) $314,382,100 7 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $242,415,800 ( show ) Phase One $2,055,407,400 6 $342,567,900 The Avengers ( $704,231,900 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $704,231,900 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $406,208,100 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $363,361,500 Thor ( 2011 ) $205,797,400 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $203,826,400 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $171,982,100 ( show ) Phase Two $2,027,274,400 6 $337,879,067 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $490,306,500 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $490,306,500 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $447,459,600 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $377,186,500 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $285,749,900 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $226,626,300 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $199,945,600 ( show ) James Bond $6,155,062,495 26 $236,733,173 Thunderball ( $685,168,000 ) ( show ) Eon series $5,826,936,500 24 $242,789,021 Thunderball ( $685,168,000 ) ( show ) Sean Connery 's Bond $2,282,002,100 6 $380,333,683 Thunderball ( $685,168,000 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $685,168,000 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $607,308,000 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $328,880,500 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $244,234,800 5 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $243,264,900 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $173,145,900 ( show ) Roger Moore 's Bond $1,242,689,400 7 $177,527,057 Moonraker ( $256,582,500 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $256,582,500 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $197,430,300 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $192,395,600 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $183,085,300 5 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $180,606,200 6 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $129,860,300 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $102,729,200 ( show ) Daniel Craig 's Bond $1,005,055,100 $251,263,775 Skyfall ( $346,632,700 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $346,632,700 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $232,926,700 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $214,798,700 Spectre ( 2015 ) $210,697,000 ( show ) Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $950,377,200 $237,594,300 Die Another Day ( $252,669,800 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $252,669,800 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $246,506,400 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $227,660,900 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $223,540,100 ( show ) Timothy Dalton 's Bond $199,901,200 $99,950,600 The Living Daylights ( $119,913,800 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $119,913,800 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $79,987,400 ( show ) George Lazenby 's Bond $146,911,500 $146,911,500 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $146,911,500 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $146,911,500 Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $166,930,795 Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $161,195,200 ( show ) Batman $3,652,847,396 13 $280,988,261 The Dark Knight ( $680,304,200 ) ( show ) Burton / Schumacher series $1,589,864,237 5 $317,972,847 Batman ( $576,664,300 ) ( show ) Main series $1,537,776,800 $384,444,200 Batman ( $576,664,300 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $576,664,300 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $387,523,000 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $359,406,800 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $214,182,700 Catwoman ( 2004 ) $52,087,437 ( show ) Nolan series $1,501,193,300 $500,397,767 The Dark Knight ( $680,304,200 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $680,304,200 The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $527,449,300 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $293,439,800 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $350,467,400 $350,467,400 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $350,467,400 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $350,467,400 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $182,063,700 Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $12,822,359 Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $12,373,100 The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $4,063,300 5 ( show ) Wizarding World $3,488,987,000 9 $387,665,222 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( $512,162,900 ) ( show ) Harry Potter series $3,245,180,700 8 $405,647,588 Sorcerer 's Stone ( $512,162,900 ) Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) $512,162,900 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $439,587,500 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $413,805,500 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $411,429,500 5 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $388,773,700 6 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $370,715,500 7 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $368,083,100 8 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $338,821,000 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,802,000 ( show ) Fantastic Beasts series $243,806,300 $243,806,300 Where to Find Them ( $243,806,300 ) Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $243,806,300 6 ( show ) X-Men $2,724,831,981 11 $247,711,998 Deadpool ( $387,403,700 ) ( show ) Main series $1,509,043,300 6 $251,507,217 The Last Stand ( $327,749,700 ) The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $327,749,700 X2 ( 2003 ) $326,523,900 X-Men ( 2000 ) $267,322,000 Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $257,698,300 5 First Class ( 2011 ) $166,573,300 6 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $163,176,100 ( show ) Wolverine series $609,847,300 $203,282,433 Logan ( $234,205,600 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $234,205,600 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $220,875,200 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $154,766,500 ( show ) Deadpool series $607,111,100 $303,555,550 Deadpool ( $387,403,700 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $387,403,700 Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) $219,707,400 7 ( show ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $2,633,785,882 7 $376,255,126 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $564,579,808 ) ( show ) Peter Jackson series $2,514,504,582 6 $419,084,097 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $564,579,808 ) ( show ) The Lord of the Rings $1,594,586,782 $531,528,927 The Return of the King ( $564,579,808 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $564,579,808 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $528,349,475 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $501,657,499 ( show ) The Hobbit $919,917,800 $306,639,267 An Unexpected Journey ( $346,556,800 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $346,556,800 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $288,678,200 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $284,682,800 The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $119,281,300 8 ( show ) Star Trek $2,598,988,100 13 $199,922,162 Star Trek ( $316,459,800 ) ( show ) The Original Series $1,303,372,100 6 $217,228,683 The Motion Picture ( $300,194,200 ) The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $300,194,200 IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $264,448,800 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $245,864,900 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $208,474,700 5 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $163,925,000 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $120,464,500 ( show ) Kelvin Timeline $738,269,400 $246,089,800 Star Trek ( $316,459,800 ) Star Trek ( 2009 ) $316,459,800 Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $250,849,900 Beyond ( 2016 ) $170,959,700 ( show ) The Next Generation $557,346,600 $139,336,650 First Contact ( $189,991,000 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $189,991,000 Generations ( 1994 ) $165,295,400 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $134,640,000 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $67,420,200 9 ( show ) Spider - Man $2,509,997,800 6 $418,332,967 Spider - Man ( $636,480,300 ) ( show ) Raimi series $1,635,589,300 $545,196,433 Spider - Man ( $636,480,300 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $636,480,300 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $551,054,100 Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $448,054,900 ( show ) Webb series $531,657,900 $265,828,950 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $308,489,900 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $308,489,900 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $223,168,000 ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $342,750,600 $342,750,600 Homecoming ( $342,750,600 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $342,750,600 10 ( show ) Jurassic Park $2,311,796,567 $577,949,142 Jurassic Park ( $837,326,667 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $837,326,667 Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $724,090,700 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $457,175,200 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $293,204,000 11 ( show ) Indiana Jones $2,158,273,652 $539,568,413 Raiders of the Lost Ark ( $810,711,152 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) $810,711,152 Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) $490,360,600 Last Crusade ( 1989 ) $452,655,100 Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) $404,546,800 12 ( show ) Superman $2,079,782,850 8 $259,972,856 Superman ( $525,400,400 ) ( show ) Original series $1,126,612,950 5 $225,322,590 Superman ( $525,400,400 ) ( show ) Christopher Reeve films $1,092,937,100 $273,234,275 Superman ( $525,400,400 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $525,400,400 Superman II ( 1980 ) $356,468,000 Superman III ( 1983 ) $174,332,600 The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $36,736,100 Supergirl ( 1984 ) $33,675,850 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $673,361,700 $336,680,850 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $350,467,400 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $350,467,400 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $322,894,300 Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $279,808,200 13 ( show ) Shrek $1,966,061,700 5 $393,212,340 Shrek 2 ( $650,826,500 ) ( show ) Main series $1,791,508,100 $447,877,025 Shrek 2 ( $650,826,500 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $650,826,500 Shrek ( 2001 ) $433,182,200 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $429,667,800 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $277,831,600 Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $174,553,600 14 ( show ) Pirates of the Caribbean $1,918,666,200 5 $383,733,240 Dead Man 's Chest ( $591,995,900 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $591,995,900 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $463,943,900 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $411,960,900 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $274,136,000 5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $176,629,500 15 ( show ) Rocky $1,829,057,300 7 $261,293,900 Rocky ( $504,166,200 ) ( show ) Main series $1,713,333,000 6 $285,555,500 Rocky ( $504,166,200 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) $504,166,200 Rocky III ( 1982 ) $389,421,400 Rocky IV ( 1985 ) $324,147,700 Rocky II ( 1979 ) $310,864,000 5 Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) $96,065,000 6 Rocky V ( 1990 ) $88,668,700 Creed ( 2015 ) $115,724,300 16 ( show ) Avengers $1,822,187,580 $607,395,860 The Avengers ( $704,231,900 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $704,231,900 Infinity War ( 2018 ) $627,649,180 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $490,306,500 17 ( show ) The Fast and the Furious $1,811,972,700 8 $226,496,588 Furious 7 ( $375,778,000 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $375,778,000 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $261,481,400 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $238,507,600 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $233,910,000 5 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $231,313,000 6 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $193,157,400 7 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $190,400,600 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $87,424,700 18 ( show ) Transformers $1,750,215,000 6 $291,702,500 Revenge of the Fallen ( $493,732,500 ) ( show ) Bay series $1,735,772,200 5 $347,154,440 Revenge of the Fallen ( $493,732,500 ) Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $493,732,500 Transformers ( 2007 ) $425,042,900 Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $405,429,800 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $278,240,800 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $133,326,200 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $14,442,800 19 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $1,674,035,800 5 $334,807,160 Wonder Woman ( $422,418,200 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $422,418,200 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $350,467,400 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $349,720,300 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $322,894,300 5 Justice League ( 2017 ) $228,535,600 20 ( show ) Jaws $1,672,228,000 $418,057,000 Jaws ( $1,173,202,000 ) Jaws ( 1975 ) $1,173,202,000 Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) $318,023,600 Jaws 3 - D ( 1983 ) $132,360,700 The Revenge ( 1987 ) $48,641,700 See also ( edit ) List of best - selling films in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The figure of 97,255,300 is an average value based on Box Office Mojo estimating the number of admissions by dividing gross revenue by the cost of an average ticket . However in the case of Avatar , ticket sales are a combination of the three formats of 2D , 3D and IMAX used during its theatrical run . Since box office admissions are not tracked , the total number of admissions can not therefore be accurately determined simply by dividing the gross receipts by the average ticket price . Box Office Mojo revised estimate - by taking account of the ticket prices for all three different formats - is that Avatar sold 75 million tickets by April 21 , 2010 , by which time it had grossed $745 million of its $760 million total . An extra $15 million of sales would be equivalent to about 2 million more ticket sales , at the average 2D ticket price of $7.50 in 2009 ; using this revision , Avatar probably sold closer to 77,000,000 tickets . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Genre and InternatIonal Box offIce '' ( PDF ) . Film Victoria / Government of Australia . p. 10 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . North American box office statistics includes figures from both the United States and Canada as industry standard . ^ Jump up to : Richwine , Lisa ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Think Like a Man tops North American box office '' . Reuters via Canada.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 ... easily beat four new films to win the U.S. and Canadian box office race ... Think Like a Man led domestic charts with ... Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , A.D. ( July 21 , 1978 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Proves There 's Plenty of Life in Deluxers '' . Daily Variety . p. 1 Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' B.O. History '' . Variety . May 17 , 1999 . p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Box Office > Domestic Grosses : Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . * Adjusted to the estimated number of tickets sold . Inflation - adjustment is mostly done by multiplying estimated admissions by the latest average ticket price . Where admissions are unavailable , adjustment is based on the average ticket price for when each film was released ( taking into account rereleases where applicable ) . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Strikes DVD '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adjusting for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , S. Eric ; Albertson , Stewart ; Shavlik , David . `` 2004 Proceedings of the Midwest Business Economics Association March 17 -- March 19 , Chicago , Illinois : How the Motion Picture Industry Miscalculates Box Office Receipts '' . Loma Linda University . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Garris , Daniel ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` $200 Million Adjusted Extra '' . BoxOfficeReport.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Franchise and series sources Avengers `` Avengers - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Batman `` Batman - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . `` Catwoman ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' , Variety , 4 January 1967 p 8 DC Extended Universe `` DC Extended Universe - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Indiana Jones `` Indiana Jones - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . James Bond `` James Bond - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jaws `` Jaws - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jurassic Park `` Jurassic Park - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Marvel Cinematic Universe `` Marvel Cinematic Universe - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Middle - earth `` Middle Earth - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Pirates of the Caribbean `` Pirates of the Caribbean - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Rocky `` Rocky - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Shrek `` Shrek - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Spider - Man `` Spider - Man - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Star Trek `` Star Trek - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Star Wars `` Star Wars - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Superman `` Superman - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . `` Supergirl ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . The Fast and the Furious `` The Fast and the Furious - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Transformers `` Transformers - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Wizarding World `` J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . X-Men `` X-Men - Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` All Time North American Domestic Top 20 '' . The Numbers ' . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . `` All - Time Box Office : USA '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Lists of box office number - one films Americas Argentina 2016 Brazil 2007 2008 2009 Canada 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Chile 2007 2008 2009 Colombia 2011 Ecuador 2011 Mexico 2002 2003 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 United States ( Records ) 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Venezuela 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Asia - Pacific Australia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 China ( Hong Kong ) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 India Indian overseas Bengali Hindi Telugu Japan ( Anime ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Philippines ( Filipino ) 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 South Korea 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Taiwan 2014 2016 2017 2018 Taipei 2016 2017 2018 Thailand 2015 2016 2017 2018 Europe , the Middle East , and Africa ( EMEA ) Belgium 2007 2008 2009 France 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Greece ( Greek ) 2013 Ireland 2011 Italy 2009 2011 2012 2013 2016 2017 Netherlands 2009 See also Crystal Films Golden Films Platinum Films Diamond Films Poland 2011 2013 Romania 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Spain 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Turkey 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 United Kingdom 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Highest - grossing Films animated hybrid superhero non-English Country Bangladesh Malaysia Nigeria Pakistan Portugal Singapore Soviet Union Openings animated Records by film Avatar ( 2009 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Related topics Box office Box office bomb list Fastest - grossing films Second weekend box office list Sequels by improvement Highest - grossing directors Highest - grossing media franchises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_States_and_Canada&oldid=843629236 '' Categories : Lists of highest - grossing films by region Lists of Canadian films Canadian film - related lists Lists of American films American film - related lists Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français 한국어 Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 11 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the highest grossing movie in the united states
[]
[]
-1522127255393641335
The Man in the High Castle (TV series)
The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Production location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format 5.1 Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternate history television series , produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions , and Big Light Productions . The series is based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into the Greater Nazi Reich , comprising more than half of eastern part of the continent , and the Japanese Pacific States to the west . These territories are separated by a neutral zone that encompasses the Rocky Mountains . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after they come into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a very different history from their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began '' . The next month , Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later , to be released on October 5 , 2018 . On July 21 , 2018 , it was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that the series had been renewed for a fourth season . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Advertising controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kenpeitai just after she gives Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage . Entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , it depicts an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . It is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel to reflect some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink -- who keeps his Jewish roots hidden to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis -- believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns that Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Joe is a 27 - year - old New Yorker , who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Joe is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , who replaces Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official , the Trade Minister , in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman , Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are both concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer , Adolf Hitler , either dies or is forced to step down because of his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war that is full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for . They kill Frank 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frank to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately finds himself unable to execute the plan . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season encompasses Frank 's decision to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States . He eventually participates in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in Downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich by using its San Francisco Embassy so that she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , sponsors the claim himself , and takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe discovers that he was a product of the Lebensborn programme and is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually , Joe reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and then becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Hitler dies . Hitler named Heusmann the Acting Chancellor of the Reich when he fell ill , so after Hitler 's collapse and death , Heusmann assumes the role until the Nazi party can meet and select his successor . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents who , he claims , assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To understand why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann that is designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill the emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to absorb themselves into a global Nazi Reich and strengthen Heusmann 's position . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and finally travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler , the Nazi Reichsführer , who is not involved , of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence that reach too deeply within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by Smith over to Himmler , who then leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Hitler 's office , which is occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Hitler , detains Joe along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle , packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers . Nixing the speech declaring war , which would have been delivered by Heusmann , Himmler instead informs the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and of Smith 's exposure . The entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood that is marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men , in general , and then of Smith , in particular . The season ends with Himmler and Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement somewhere , Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films that were watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control . She is an expert in aikido and is friendly with the Japanese people who live in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , who killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of prewar American pistols that are prized by the Japanese . On his own time , he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if that is exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance , but he is actually an agent working for the SS , under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States , as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer who is investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who had served in the US Army Signal Corps . He lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco . Brennan Brown as Robert Childan ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank . Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell ( season 2 ) , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen . Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer ( season 2 ) , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who crosses paths with Joe . Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi . Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , the owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance . Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man . Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant . Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister . Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance . Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees . Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City . Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee , David P. Frees . Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance . Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew who is living in the Pacific States and is Frank 's friend . Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects prewar American memorabilia . Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife . Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building . Bernhard Forcher as Hugo Reiss , the Nazi ambassador to the Japanese Pacific States . Aaron Blakely as Erich Raeder , an SS - Sturmbannführer working with Smith . Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States . Neal Bledsoe as Captain Connolly ( season 1 ) , an American SS officer serving under John Smith and secretly an agent for Reinhard Heydrich . Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle ( season 2 ) . Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann ( season 2 ) , Joe 's estranged father and a high - ranking member of the Reich . Cara Mitsuko as Sarah ( season 2 ) , a Japanese American Resistance member , Frank 's confidante and a survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp Tate Donovan as George Dixon ( season 2 ) , a mysterious friend of the Crains . Michael Hogan as Hagan ( season 2 ) , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco Resistance . Tzi Ma as Rikugun - Taishō Hidehisa Onoda ( season 2 ) , a leading member of the Japanese army . John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father . Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II . Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half - sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However , she is shown alive at the end of the second season . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke 's wife . Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son . Historical characters ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 9 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 10 December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 10 October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) In 1962 Nazi - occupied New York , Joe Blake volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck to the Neutral Zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to later see her shot by the Japanese police . Juliana discovers the package contains impossible footage of the Allies winning World War II . Her boyfriend , Frank , urges her to go to the police to plead her innocence . However , Juliana lies to him and instead heads to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A woman attempts to steal the film but escapes only with decoys . The Japanese trade minister , Nobusuke Tagomi , meets the Nazi ambassador to finalize the details of a visit to San Francisco by the Japanese Crown Prince . Later Tagomi meets Rudolph Wegener , a high - ranking Nazi official pretending to be a Swedish businessman . Joe and Juliana meet and become friends in Canon City in the Neutral Zone . In San Francisco , the Kempeitai -- the Japanese secret police -- begin searching for Juliana because of her connection to Trudy . Blake calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is secretly working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man whom she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that this contact is actually an undercover SD agent working against resistance and orders him not to intervene . However , when Juliana goes to meet the agent , Joe drives up behind her to help her . The SD agent tries to kill Juliana , but she is able to throw him over a railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters in an assassination attempt . In San Francisco , the Kempeitai arrest Frank to find out the whereabouts of Juliana . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter , who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children for his refusal to help them , but stop the planned execution of Frank when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter named the Marshal in town . The Marshal is looking for the man Juliana killed . Joe and Juliana go to dispose of the dead agent 's body and car and , while doing this , find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and a list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . The Marshal realizes Juliana 's true identity and tries to kill her . In San Francisco , the Japanese Crown Prince arrives in the city . Tagomi tells Wegener that his contact is Japanese Science Minister Shimura . Wegener is to contact him during the Crown Prince 's speech at the Nazi Embassy . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank also returns to work , where he makes a real gun . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel , who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters . Lemuel forces them to give up the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough away , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in New York , after he is attacked on the way to work , Smith suspects SS Captain Connolly is the informant who supplied information about his movements to the resistance . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him but hesitates . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . Wegener leaves a microfilm capsule in the Science Minister 's pocket . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku for failing to protect the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns that the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner , Randall , but is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then compelled to report to Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped . Smith believes that Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA Day ( Victory in America Day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA Day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe him for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe , who tries to retrieve a new film and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when he is confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics that she cowrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith , as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco in which the SS round up and execute survivors . Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Smith learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper who shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince to avoid the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener 's assassination of Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle , filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle . However , after confronting Hitler , who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault and says that he learns something every time he watches , Wegener kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports him to Hitler . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm . He opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 in which the Allies won World War II and the United States is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and submits resignation , but Smith refuses to accept the resignation before he delivers the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , where he keeps his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule that Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contained plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family then , desperate to save Ed , goes ask for Childan 's help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue that may help avert the nuclear war . Gary Connell , the leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers , and Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects that Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods that he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza with whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery if Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , Reichminister Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue about a mysterious man on whom Abendsen is fixated , Juliana discovers the man to be a family friend , George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning that he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum and leaves a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end the life of his son Thomas , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps that a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states but does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai , in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member , Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant because of Heusmann 's treatment of Joe 's mother . Joe crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when he is given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich , under the tutelage of Smith 's wife , Helen , and Thomas . While looking for Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and is almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife , Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing , as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals that he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Still , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , but he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance , and Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen with moving to a new location because the location of the High Castle may have compromised . Abendsen destroys most of the films before he leaves . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke but discovers that the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee , as planned , and gains the support of one of its members , Lucy . Helen discovers that Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and living a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's forgoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right - hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns that the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members who are present for treason , as he has deduced the Yakuza to be working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor , where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an nuclear bomb there . He alerts the Resistance of that information . At Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife , Alice , raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while she talks to Thomas , she notices that he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen not to reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana that she knows that supposedly - live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband managed the television broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decides that it is time to stage an uprising . Juliana is left concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe that she has been trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary , but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly - imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war . That leads Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich but not before learning that it is someone else who is the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away . Now in charge is the new chancellor , Heusmann , who is revealed to be the one to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family on the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , but their conversation is secretly being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation , much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda by using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the underground parking garage of the Kempeitai . They set the bomb 's timer and attempt to leave the building , but they are spotted by Kido . A gunfight starts in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . The fates of Frank and Sarah are not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai headquarters . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith that appears to provide evidence that the Japanese have a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she violently escapes . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi superiors not to attack Japan to avoid nuclear retaliation . Smith meets privately with Himmler to expose Heusmann as a traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition that Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for the third season to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of the second season . Reception ( edit ) The first season received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns '' . Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex and gripping plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz '' . The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing '' . Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building '' , cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After the season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the 40 best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . The second season was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives it an approval rating of 63 % , based on reviews from 19 critics with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , an entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery , as seen in the show , including multiple US flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads because the neutral content subway ad standards prohibit only advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad because of pressure from Cuomo . See also ( edit ) Fatherland , 1994 TV film SS - GB , 2017 TV series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man In The High Castle ' Renewed For Season 4 ; Unveils Season 3 Premiere Date & Trailer -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . Amazon Video original programming Current Bosch ( since 2014 ) Transparent ( since 2014 ) The Man in the High Castle ( since 2015 ) Patriot ( since 2015 ) Sneaky Pete ( since 2015 ) The Collection ( since 2016 ) Fleabag ( since 2016 ) Goliath ( since 2016 ) The Grand Tour ( since 2016 ) The Tick ( since 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( since 2017 ) Comrade Detective ( since 2017 ) Lore ( since 2017 ) Britannia ( since 2018 ) Foreign language Kamen Rider Amazons ( since 2016 ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( since 2016 ) You Are Wanted ( since 2017 ) Baahubali : The Lost Legends ( since 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( since 2017 ) Tokyo Vampire Hotel ( since 2017 ) Inside Edge ( since 2017 ) Laakhon Mein Ek ( since 2017 ) Pushpavalli ( since 2017 ) Shaitaan Haveli ( since 2018 ) Breathe ( since 2018 ) The Remix ( since 2018 ) Diablo Guardián ( since 2018 ) Inspector Chingum ( since 2018 ) Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare ( since 2018 ) Gangstars ( since 2018 ) Comicstaan ( since 2018 ) Falco ( since 2018 ) Ended Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- 18 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Ripper Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- 17 ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Dangerous Book for Boys ( 2018 ) Upcoming Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Forever ( 2018 ) The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Homecoming ( 2018 ) The Boys ( 2019 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) The Expanse ( 2019 ) The Feed ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Too Old To Die Young ( 2019 ) Undone ( 2019 ) Utopia ( 2019 ) Cortes ( TBA ) Daisy Jones & The Six ( TBA ) The Expatriates ( TBA ) Hanna ( TBA ) The Hunt ( TBA ) Invincible ( TBA ) Lorena ( TBA ) Modern Love ( TBA ) Tales from the Loop ( TBA ) Them ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) The Underground Railroad ( TBA ) Upload ( TBA ) Philip K. Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award LCCN : no2015162175 VIAF : 39145003703561340487 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=857111958 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Parallel universes in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who stars in the man in the high castle
[ "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite", "The Man in the High Castle\nGenre\n\nAlternate history\nDrama\nDystopia\nThriller\nCreated by\nFrank SpotnitzBased on\nThe Man in the High Castleby Philip K. DickStarring\n\nAlexa Davalos\nRupert Evans\nLuke Kleintank\nDJ Qualls\nJoel de la Fuente\nCary-Hiroyuki Tagawa\nRufus Sewell\nBrennan Brown\nCallum Keith Rennie\nBella Heathcote\nOpening theme\n\"Edelweiss\", performed by Jeanette OlssonComposer(s)\n\nHenry Jackman\nDominic Lewis\nCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n2No. of episodes\n20 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nRidley Scott\nFrank Spotnitz\nChristian Baute\nIsa Dick Hackett\nStewart Mackinnon\nChristopher Tricarico\nProducer(s)\n\nMichael Cedar\nJean Higgins\nJordan Sheehan\nDavid W. Zucker\nProduction location(s)\n\nSeattle, Washington\nMonroe, Washington\nVancouver, British Columbia\nCinematography\nJames HawkinsonGonzalo AmatEditor(s)\nKathrynn HimoffRunning time\n48–60 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nAmazon Studios\nScott Free Productions\nElectric Shepherd Productions\nHeadline Pictures\nBig Light Productions\nPicrow\nReunion Pictures\nDistributor\nAmazon.comReleaseOriginal network\nAmazon VideoPicture format\n\n4K (Ultra HD)\nHigh dynamic range\nAudio format\n5.1Original release\nJanuary 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – presentExternal links\nWebsite" ]
[ "Alexa Davalos", "Rupert Evans", "Luke Kleintank", "DJ Qualls", "Joel de la Fuente", "Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa", "Rufus Sewell", "Brennan Brown", "Callum Keith Rennie", "Bella Heathcote" ]
2638233413886054482
Princess Leia
Princess Leia - wikipedia Princess Leia Jump to : navigation , search Princess Leia Star Wars character Promotional photo of Fisher as Princess Leia for the original 1977 Star Wars film First appearance Star Wars ( 1977 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Carrie Fisher ( Episodes IV -- VIII , Holiday Special ) Aidan Barton ( infant , Episode III ) Ingvild Deila ( Rogue One ; motion capture ) Voiced by Carrie Fisher ( Holiday Special animated sequence , Super Star Wars : Return of the Jedi , Robot Chicken : Star Wars Episode II , Lego : Episode VII , Rogue One ; archival audio ) Other : ( show ) Ann Sachs ( radio dramatizations ) Lisa Fuson ( Shadows of the Empire , Star Wars : Masters of Teräs Käsi , Star Wars : Rebellion , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out ) Patricia Parris ( Read - along storybook CDs ) Grey DeLisle ( Star Wars : Force Commander ) Joyce Kurtz ( Star Wars : Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike and Star Wars : Battlefront II ) Catherine Taber ( Star Wars : The Force Unleashed , Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II and Star Wars : Detours ) Heather Doerksen ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) April Winchell ( Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ) Anna Graves ( Disney Infinity 3.0 ) Julie Dolan ( Star Wars : Uprising , Star Wars Rebels , Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures , Disney Infinity 3.0 ) Misty Lee ( Star Wars Battlefront and Star Wars Battlefront II ) Shelby Young ( Star Wars Forces of Destiny ) Information Aliases Boushh ( Return of the Jedi ) Gender Female Occupation Supreme commander of the Resistance Republic Senator of Alderaan ( formerly ) Imperial Senate Ambassador ( formerly ) Princess of Alderaan Legends : Chief of State of the New Republic Jedi Knight Affiliation Imperial Senate Rebel Alliance New Republic Resistance Legends : Galactic Alliance Jedi Council Jedi Coalition Title General Family Anakin Skywalker ( biological father ) Padmé Amidala ( biological mother ) Luke Skywalker ( twin brother ) Bail Organa ( adoptive father ) Breha Organa ( adoptive mother ) Spouse ( s ) Han Solo Children Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Legends : Jaina Solo Jacen Solo Anakin Solo Relatives Shmi Skywalker ( paternal grandmother ) Legends : Mara Jade ( sister - in - law ) Ben Skywalker ( nephew ) Allana Solo ( granddaughter ) Winter Celchu ( adoptive sister ) Homeworld Alderaan ( homeworld ) Polis Massa ( birthplace ) Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan ( also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher . Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977 , Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan , a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance . She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire 's cataclysmic superweapon , the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler , Han Solo . In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt , and is revealed to be Vader 's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker . The prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) establishes that the twins ' mother is Senator ( and former queen ) Padmé Amidala of Naboo , who dies after childbirth . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan . In The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order . She and Han have a son named Ben , who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force . In the original Star Wars expanded universe ( 1977 -- 2014 ) of novels , comics and video games , which are set in an alternate continuity , Leia continues her adventures with Han and Luke after Return of the Jedi , fighting Imperial resurgences and new threats to the galaxy . She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master , and is the mother to three children by Han : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . One of the more popular Star Wars characters , Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines . She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising , and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films . Her `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle from Star Wars ( 1977 ) and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and casting 2 Character 3 Appearances 3.1 Feature films 3.1. 1 Star Wars 3.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 3.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 3.1. 4 Revenge of the Sith 3.1. 5 The Force Awakens 3.1. 6 The Last Jedi 3.1. 7 Episode IX 3.2 Anthology films 3.2. 1 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 3.3 Novels 3.4 Comics 3.5 Television 3.5. 1 Star Wars Holiday Special 3.5. 2 Star Wars Rebels 3.5. 3 Star Wars : Forces of Destiny 3.6 Legends works 3.6. 1 Novels 3.6. 1.1 Post-Return of the Jedi 3.6. 1.2 Works set between films 3.6. 1.3 New Jedi Order 3.6. 1.4 Legacy of the Force 3.6. 2 Comics 3.6. 2.1 Dark Empire 4 Cultural impact 4.1 `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle 4.2 Feminist analysis 4.2. 1 Metal bikini 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Creation and casting ( edit ) Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas . In 1999 , Lucas explained his early development of Leia , Luke and Obi - Wan Kenobi : The first ( version ) talked about a princess and an old general . The second version involved a father , his son , and his daughter ; the daughter was the heroine of the film . Now the daughter has become Luke , Mark Hamill 's character . There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister . The older brother was imprisoned , and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad . Film historian Laurent Bouzereau notes in his 1997 book Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays that in the rough draft of Star Wars , Leia is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae , with two brothers , Biggs and Windy ; Biggs returned to the fourth draft as a childhood friend of Luke . According to Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas ( 1999 ) , Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and Leia was `` the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke 's cousin -- together they visit the grave of his mother , who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star . '' J.W. Rinzler explains in The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( 2007 ) that a later story synopsis establishes Leia as `` Leia Antilles '' , the daughter of Bail Antilles from the peaceful world of Organa Major . In the fourth draft it was established that `` Leia Organa '' came instead from Alderaan . Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia , with actresses including Amy Irving , Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role . In 2014 , InkTank reported that the extended list of `` more than two dozen actresses '' who had auditioned for Leia included Glenn Close , Farrah Fawcett , Jessica Lange , Sissy Spacek , Sigourney Weaver , Cybill Shepherd , Jane Seymour , Anjelica Huston , Kim Basinger , Kathleen Turner , Geena Davis and Meryl Streep . Asked about Streep in 2015 , Fisher said , `` I 've never heard that one . But Jodie Foster was up for it ... that one I knew the most . Amy Irving and Jodie . And I got it . '' The second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi - Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister . She and their mother were `` sent to the protection of friends in a distant system . The mother died shortly thereafter , and Luke 's sister was adopted by Ben 's friends , the governor of Alderaan and his wife . '' Fisher explained in 1983 : `` Leia 's real father left her mother when she was pregnant , so her mother married this King Organa . I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess . '' Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga . `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' was recorded as a concert suite ( 4 : 18 length ) for the score of the 1977 film . Character ( edit ) Anthony Breznican of Entertainment Weekly describes Leia as a `` diplomat , spy , warrior , undercover agent '' . Mark Edlitz calls her `` a smart , feisty , brave diplomat and warrior '' in The Huffington Post . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 : There are a lot of people who do n't like my character in these movies ; they think I 'm some kind of space bitch . She has no friends , no family ; her planet was blown up in seconds ... so all she has is a cause . From the first film ( Star Wars ) , she was just a soldier , front line and center . The only way they knew to make the character strong was to make her angry . In Return of the Jedi , she gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . She said in 2014 : I would rather have played Han Solo . When I first read the script I thought that 's the part to be , always wry and sardonic . He 's always that . I feel like a lot of the time Leia 's either worried or pissed or , thank God , sort of snarky . But I 'm much more worried and pissed than Han Solo ever was , and those are n't fun things to play ... I had a lot of fun killing Jabba the Hutt . They asked me on the day if I wanted to have a stunt double kill Jabba . No ! That 's the best time I ever had as an actor . And the only reason to go into acting is if you can kill a giant monster . Appearances ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Star Wars ( edit ) Introduced in the original 1977 film Star Wars , Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan is a member of the Imperial Senate . She is captured by Darth Vader on board the ship Tantive IV , where she is acting as a spy for the Rebel Alliance . Leia has secretly hidden the plans for the Death Star , the Empire 's moon - sized battle station , inside the astromech droid R2 - D2 and has sent it to find one of the last remaining Jedi , Obi - Wan Kenobi , on the nearby planet of Tatooine . Vader arrests Leia and has her tortured , but she resists revealing anything . Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin threatens to destroy her home planet Alderaan with the Death Star unless she reveals the location of the hidden Rebel base . She provides the location of an old , abandoned base , but Tarkin orders Alderaan to be destroyed anyway . Leia is rescued by Obi - Wan , Luke Skywalker , Han Solo , the Wookiee Chewbacca and the two droids R2 - D2 and C - 3PO , and they escape aboard Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . After analyzing the Death Star 's plans , the Rebels find a tiny weakness in the battle station , which Luke uses to destroy it in his X-wing fighter . The battle won , Leia bestows medals on its heroes at the hidden Rebel base on Yavin 4 . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post writes of Leia in the film : Leia 's nerves as a revolutionary are clear from the moment she arrives on screen ... She takes shots at the Storm Troopers boarding her ship , gets stunned with a blaster in her hand , then has the audacity to try to make Darth Vader feel ashamed of himself ... She has enough energy left over after a nasty session of torture to insult Grand Moff Tarkin . And while she grieves when her home planet , Alderaan , is destroyed by the Death Star , Leia 's not paralyzed : when her unexpected rescuers show up , she 's ready to go , and to gripe about their operational sloppiness . Rosenberg also notes that , though Han is almost immediately attracted to Leia , they conflict because she insists on asserting command and he automatically resists , even as she proves herself to be worthy of it . And despite her initial disdain for the smuggler , whom she sees as selfish , Leia later acknowledges `` I knew there was more to you than money '' when Han comes through for the Rebellion . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1980 that in the original script , when Luke and Han come to rescue a captured Leia , `` I was hanging upside down with yellow eyes , like in The Exorcist ... Some form of radar torture was done to me and I was in a beam , bruised and beaten up , suspended in midair . The reason it was cut from the film was because I was unconscious and the Wookiee would have had to carry me for , like , the next fifteen minutes . '' The Empire Strikes Back ( edit ) In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia is at the Rebel base on Hoth . She leads its evacuation during an Imperial attack , and then flees with Han , Chewbacca and C - 3PO on Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . They dodge pursuing Imperial TIE fighters by flying into an asteroid field when the Falcon 's hyperdrive breaks down , with Leia piloting the ship at one point . Romance blossoms between Leia and Han during their flight from the Empire ; while hiding in the stomach of a space slug , they finally share a kiss . With his ship needing repairs , Han seeks out his old friend Lando Calrissian in Cloud City , the floating city over Bespin . Though he welcomes them graciously , Lando soon turns them over to a newly arrived Darth Vader , who hopes to use them as bait to capture Luke . Leia confesses her love for Han as he is frozen in carbonite and then handed over to bounty hunter Boba Fett , who is charged with bringing him to gangster Jabba the Hutt . Lando helps Leia , Chewbacca and the two droids escape . Leia senses that Luke is in trouble , and goes back to save him after he is nearly killed during a lightsaber duel with Vader . Rosenberg notes : Yes , it 's slightly ridiculous ... that ( Han ) tries to pry a confession of affection out of her on Hoth , as Leia is trying to manage an evacuation with just an ion cannon for defense . But Han 's not wrong that if Leia does n't figure out that she 's a person with needs , she 's going to burn out ... In a way , it 's an early confession of love : Han 's anxious about the bounty hunters who are still pursuing him ... But he would stay and give his love and support to Leia if she could just acknowledge that she needs him . Return of the Jedi ( edit ) In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia infiltrates Jabba 's palace on Tatooine disguised as the Ubese bounty hunter Boushh , and brings a captive Chewbacca with her as part of the ruse . She frees Han from the carbonite , but they are recaptured by Jabba . Leia is now chained to Jabba as his slave , outfitted in a metal bikini . After Luke arrives and kills Jabba 's Rancor , Jabba sentences Luke , Han and Chewbacca to be fed to the Sarlacc . Lando ( disguised as a guard ) helps them overpower their captors , and Leia seizes the moment to strangle Jabba with her chain . Luke and Leia swing to safety , blowing up Jabba 's barge behind them . Later , the heroes go to the forest moon of Endor to prepare for a battle with the Empire . There , Luke reveals to Leia that she is his twin sister and that Vader is their father . Leia joins Han in leading the Rebels in battle with Imperial troops as the Rebel Fleet attacks the second Death Star . Leia is slightly injured , but the Rebels , with help from the Ewoks , defeat the forces of the Empire . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 , `` In Return of the Jedi , ( Leia ) gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . But let 's not forget that these movies are basically boys ' fantasies . So the other way they made her more female in this one was to have her take off her clothes . '' Rosenberg writes of Han and Leia : And we know those two crazy kids are locked for life in Return of the Jedi when it turns out that Han has accepted a Generalship in the Rebellion , keeping it a secret from Leia . In A New Hope , Leia was grumbling about the quality of Han as a rescuer ... But when she finds out what Han 's done , accepting a rank he once found insulting and a mission she knows to be dangerous , Leia is the first person to volunteer to join his strike team . In Star Wars , that 's what love looks like : trusting your partner 's commitment to the cause and respecting his strategic and technical judgement . In the film , Leia says that she has vague memories of her real mother , who she describes as `` kind ... but sad '' . Bouzereau quoted Lucas in 1997 : The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia 's mother . I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts , but it basically did n't survive . When I got to Jedi , I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new episodes I 'm writing . But I really debated whether or not Leia should remember her . Revenge of the Sith ( edit ) In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker 's twins near the end of the Clone Wars . After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader , Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa and his wife Queen Breha of Alderaan . Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` As we watch Anakin nearly melt in the lava , only to be put together , Frankenstein style , in a lab while Lucas intercuts scenes of Padme giving birth to the twins Luke and Leia , a link to genuine feeling is established at last . '' The Force Awakens ( edit ) Carrie Fisher reprised the role of Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens in 2015 . In March 2013 , Fisher confirmed that she would reprise her role as Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens reintroduces a Leia who is `` a little more battle weary , a little more broken hearted '' . In November 2015 , director J.J. Abrams said of Leia , `` She 's referred to as General but ... there 's a moment in the movie where a character sort of slips and calls her ' Princess . ' '' Commenting on the story he added , `` The stakes are pretty high in the story for her , so there 's not much goofing around where Leia 's concerned . '' Asked how Leia is handling things in the film , Fisher said , `` Not easily ... ( she is ) solitary . Under a lot of pressure . Committed as ever to her cause , but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated , tired , and pissed . '' In the film , Leia is the leader of the Resistance , a group formed by the New Republic to fight a proxy war with the First Order and trying to find Luke , who disappeared years earlier . When her forces foil a First Order attack searching for the Resistance astromech droid BB - 8 , Leia is reunited with Han , who has helped the renegade stormtrooper Finn and orphaned scavenger Rey bring the droid this far . Han and Leia have been estranged for many years ; their marriage fell apart after their son , Ben , fell to the dark side and became the First Order commander Kylo Ren . Leia believes Ben can still be brought back to the light side . Han volunteers for a mission to infiltrate the First Order 's Starkiller Base to disable its defensive shields . Confronting Ren , Han tries to convince his son to leave the First Order , but Ren instead impales his father on his lightsaber . Leia senses Han 's death through the Force , and later shares a moment of grief with Rey , who had thought of Han as a mentor . Leia sees Rey , Chewbacca , and R2 - D2 off when they depart to locate Luke , saying , `` may the Force be with you '' . Asked why Leia is not shown to be a Jedi in The Force Awakens ( as she is in the Star Wars expanded universe works ) , Abrams told IGN , `` It was a great question , and one that we talked about quite a bit , even with Carrie ( Fisher ) . Why did she not take advantage of this natural Force strength that this character had . And one of the answers was that it was simply a choice that she made , that her decision to run the Rebellion , and ultimately this Resistance , and consider herself a General , as opposed to a Jedi . It was simply a choice that she took '' . He also added , `` I would like to think that there really is n't much of a ticking clock , and it 's never too late ... clearly we 've seen , and we do again , that she still is Force strong . And it 's something that I think is an intrinsic piece of her character . Fisher was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal . The last Jedi ( edit ) In December 2015 , producer Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Fisher would reprise the role of Leia in the next installment , then known as Star Wars : Episode VIII , but later named Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Fisher died on December 27 , 2016 , after going into cardiac arrest . It was confirmed that she had completed filming her role in the film shortly before her death . In the film , Leia is among those on the bridge of her flagship , the Raddus , who are expelled into space when the ship is attacked by the First Order . Leia uses the Force to pull herself back to the ship . After recovering , she shoots and stuns Poe Dameron , who has mutinied against her successor , Vice Admiral Holdo . From his solitude on Ahch - To , Luke projects himself through the Force to the Resistance stronghold on Crait and reunites with Leia , apologizing for what happened to Ben . Leia replies that she knows her son is gone . While Luke distracts Kylo and his attacking First Order troops , Leia is among the remaining Resistance forces who escape from Crait in the Millennium Falcon . Episode IX ( edit ) Following Fisher 's death , Variety reported that she was slated to appear in Star Wars : Episode IX and speculated that Lucasfilm would need to find a way to address her death and what would become of her character . Filming is expected to begin in 2018 . Lucasfilm announced in January 2017 that they had `` no plans to digitally recreate Carrie Fisher 's performance as Princess or General Leia Organa '' . In April 2017 , Fisher 's family granted Disney and Lucasfilm the rights to use recent footage of the late actress in Episode IX . However , Kennedy subsequently said that Fisher would not appear in the film . Anthology films ( edit ) Rogue one : a Star Wars story ( edit ) Leia makes a brief appearance in the final scene of the 2016 film Rogue One , receiving the plans for the Death Star as a lead - up to the beginning of A New Hope . Since this movie takes place prior to the original Star Wars trilogy , a very young Leia was required . To achieve that effect , a computer - generated image of a young Carrie Fisher was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face ; archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Novels ( edit ) Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars , which was released six months before the film in November 1976 . Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , the novel was based on Lucas ' screenplay . Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn . She is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Foster . Foster 's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low - budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful . In the story , Luke and Leia seek a crystal on a swampy planet and eventually face Vader in combat . Leia also appears in the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens line of novels and comic books , introduced in conjunction with The Force Awakens to connect the film with previous installments . She is the lead character in the young adult novel Moving Target : A Princess Leia Adventure ( 2015 ) by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry , which is set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and Claudia Gray 's novels Star Wars : Bloodline ( 2016 ) and Leia : Princess of Alderaan ( 2017 ) . The former is set six years before The Force Awakens , while the latter features a 16 - year - old Leia before the events of A New Hope . Comics ( edit ) Leia is the lead character in the five - part comic limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia ( 2015 ) , set between Episode IV : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back . She is featured prominently in the four - part comic limited series Star Wars : Shattered Empire ( 2015 ) , set immediately after Return of the Jedi . In Princess Leia # 2 and Shattered Empire , Leia is seen using her Force sensitivities to sense the past , and in Star Wars # 12 , she uses a lightsaber as a weapon for the first time canonically . Princess Leia reveals Leia to have had royal training in martial arts and explores her reaction to the destruction of Alderaan , while Shattered Empire also portrays her as a skilled pilot who undertakes a dangerous mission alongside Poe Dameron 's mother . Television ( edit ) Star Wars Holiday Special ( edit ) Leia appears briefly in the 1978 Star Wars Holiday Special TV film as a leader and administrator of the new Rebel Alliance base . She and C - 3PO contact Chewbacca 's wife Mallatobuck for assistance in finding Chewbacca and Han . Leia also appears in the cartoon segment at a different Rebel Base , located in an asteroid field , and at the Life Day ceremony at the end of the film . Fisher also appeared in and hosted the November 18 , 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live that aired one day after the holiday special . The Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone magazine poked fun at this appearance . Star Wars Rebels ( edit ) A teenage version of Princess Leia , voiced by Julie Dolan , appears in a 2016 episode of the animated series Star Wars Rebels , which is set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope . In the episode , Leia is sent on a secret mission to assist the titular rebels . Executive producer Dave Filoni said of the appearance : We thought we had an opportunity to show her learning to be a leader , experimenting with the personality that becomes the stronger more resolute character you see in A New Hope . One of the complex challenges of depicting Leia in Rebels is that we have to remind the audience that at this point she is part of the Empire . She does n't believe in the Empire , but she is acting the part , almost a double agent . Star Wars : forces of Destiny ( edit ) Leia appears in the animated series Star Wars : Forces of Destiny , voiced by Shelby Young . Legends works ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars expanded universe The original three Star Wars films have spawned a large franchise of works that include novels , comic books , video games and animated television series . Leia appears in much of this material . In April 2014 ( with the sequel film The Force Awakens in production ) , Lucasfilm separated the Star Wars expanded universe ( rebranded as Star Wars Legends ) from official Star Wars canon . Novels ( edit ) The 1991 New York Times bestselling novel Heir to the Empire by Timothy Zahn began what would become a large collection of works set before , between and especially after the original films . Post-return of the Jedi ( edit ) The bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 93 ) by Timothy Zahn begins five years after the events of Return of the Jedi . In Heir to the Empire ( 1991 ) , Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins . Noghri commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn 's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic . In Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) , Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance , and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic . In The Last Command ( 1993 ) , Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina and Jacen on Coruscant during Thrawn 's siege . Leia , now the Chief of State of the New Republic , is a minor character in the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , set after the Thrawn trilogy . Next in the timeline is the Callista trilogy : Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) by Barbara Hambly , Darksaber ( 1995 ) by Anderson and Planet of Twilight ( 1997 ) by Hambly . In The Crystal Star ( 1994 ) by Vonda McIntyre , young Jacen , Jaina and their three - year - old brother Anakin are kidnapped in a plot to restore the Empire , but are rescued by Leia and Chewbacca . Leia struggles with the responsibilities of her position in The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy ( 1996 ) by Michael P. Kube - McDowell . In The New Rebellion ( 1996 ) by Kristine Kathryn Rusch , she avoids an assassination attempt and then aids in the defeat of the Dark Jedi Kueller , whom she shoots to death . The Corellian trilogy ( 1995 ) by Roger MacBride Allen finds Han and Leia swept up in a civil war while visiting his homeworld of Corellia with their children . In the two Hand of Thrawn novels by Timothy Zahn ( 1997 's Specter of the Past and 1998 's Vision of the Future ) , Leia tries to hold the New Republic together as Moff Disra conspires for its volatile factions to destroy each other . Leia appears periodically in the Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 98 ) by Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta . The 14 - volume young adult fiction series covers the Jedi training of Jacen and Jaina . In The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) by Kathy Tyers , set one day after the ending of Return of the Jedi , Leia establishes New Alderaan , a sanctuary for the destroyed planet 's surviving inhabitants . The spirit of Anakin Skywalker appears to Leia and pleads for her forgiveness , but she angrily banishes him . The six - volume Jedi Prince series ( 1992 -- 93 ) by Paul Davids and Hollace Davids , later contradicted by other novels , is set within a year after Return of the Jedi . In The Glove of Darth Vader ( 1992 ) , the self - proclaimed son of the defeated Emperor Palpatine , Trioculus , seeks the titular glove to cement himself as the new Emperor . Entranced by Leia 's beauty in The Lost City of the Jedi ( 1992 ) , Trioculus vows to make her his queen . He captures her in Zorba the Hutt 's Revenge ( 1992 ) , but Jabba the Hutt 's vengeful father , Zorba , offers to trade his own prisoner Ken -- Palpatine 's real grandson whom Trioculus has been seeking -- for Leia , his son 's killer . But Leia and Ken are rescued and Trioculus is frozen in carbonate by Zorba . Mission from Mount Yoda ( 1993 ) finds Ken 's father Triclops alive and willing to join the Rebels against the Empire . Leia , now engaged to Han , is captured by Zorba in Queen of the Empire ( 1993 ) . Trioculus is revived and seizes Leia before Zorba can kill her . Leia is rescued and replaced with a lookalike droid decoy , which kills Trioculus . In Prophets of the Dark Side ( 1993 ) , Leia looks forward to her wedding to Han and has a vision of their two children . Matthew Stover 's 2008 standalone novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor picks up the story soon after , as Luke , Leia and the Rebels fight the Sith Lord Shadowspawn . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes . A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir ; Luke and Isolder follow , and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj . Defeating him , Han and Leia marry . The 2003 novels A Forest Apart and Tatooine Ghost by Troy Denning are set immediately after The Courtship of Princess Leia . The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father . During an adventure on Tatooine in Tatooine Ghost , she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker and meets some of young Anakin 's childhood friends . When she learns of Anakin 's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother , Leia learns to forgive her father . Works set between films ( edit ) In Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) by Steve Perry , the only Star Wars novel set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , Leia is searching for Boba Fett to find a captive Han . She is bewitched by the crime lord Prince Xizor using pheromones , but Chewbacca helps her elude the seduction . Allegiance ( 2007 ) and Choices of One ( 2011 ) by Timothy Zahn are set between Star Wars : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back , and feature Leia and her cohorts seeking new allies for their Rebellion against the Empire . Razor 's Edge ( 2013 ) by Martha Wells and Honor Among Thieves ( 2014 ) by James S.A. Corey take place in the same time period and also chronicle the adventures of Leia and Han . New Jedi Order ( edit ) In the New Jedi Order series ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Leia resigns as Chief of State , and on the heels of her warnings before the Senate , the alien Yuuzhan Vong invade the galaxy . They destroy system after system and defeat both the Jedi and the New Republic forces in countless battles . Chewbacca dies in Vector Prime ( 1999 ) by R.A. Salvatore , which sends Han into a deep depression that causes a rift between him and Leia . They reunite after Leia is gravely wounded at the Battle of Duro in Kathy Tyers ' Balance Point ( 2000 ) . She is targeted by a deadly Voxyn slayer in Troy Dennings ' Star By Star ( 2001 ) , and though she manages to evade death , her son Anakin is later killed during a mission to prevent more Voxyn from being cloned . The Vong are finally defeated in The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) by James Luceno . In Denning 's The Dark Nest trilogy ( 2005 ) , Leia , Han and several Jedi become involved in an escalating border dispute between the Chiss and the insidious insectoid Killiks , and Leia makes a bitter enemy in the Twi'lek warrior Alema Rar . In The Joiner King ( 2005 ) , Leia asks Saba Sebatyne to train her as a Jedi Knight . R2 - D2 malfunctions in The Unseen Queen ( 2005 ) and shows Luke a holoclip of his father Anakin and a pregnant woman , whom Luke learns is his and Leia 's biological mother , Padmé Amidala . Anakin and Padmé are discussing a dream of Anakin 's in which Padmé dies in childbirth ; later , Luke and Leia watch a clip in which Padmé is talking to Obi - Wan Kenobi about Anakin . Tenel Ka , Queen Mother of the Hapes Consortium , has a daughter , Allana , secretly fathered by Jacen . In The Swarm War ( 2005 ) , Luke and Leia view holoclips of their mother 's death , and Leia is promoted to Jedi Knight . Legacy of the Force ( edit ) The bestselling Legacy of the Force series ( 2006 -- 08 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen to the dark side of the Force while the Jedi , Solos and Skywalkers fight against his growing power . In Betrayal ( 2006 ) by Aaron Allston , Jacen turns to the dark side , believing that it is the only way to save the galaxy from the chaos brewing among the member systems of the Galactic Alliance . Jacen realizes in Bloodlines ( 2006 ) by Karen Traviss that the Sith discipline will require him to kill one of his loved ones , which he decides is an acceptable sacrifice to save the galaxy . In Troy Denning 's Tempest ( 2006 ) , Han and Leia thwart the assassination of Tenel Ka and Allana , but become caught up in a Corellian conspiracy . They are almost killed when the Millennium Falcon is attacked by a Star Destroyer controlled by an increasingly powerful Jacen -- who knows that his parents are on board . With Han injured , Leia and Lando further investigate the Corellians in Aaron Allston 's Exile ( 2007 ) , but Alema reappears to exact her vengeance on Leia . Sacrifice ( 2007 ) by Karen Traviss finds Leia and Han on the run , hunted by Jacen as traitors to the Galactic Alliance . He kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as his final sacrifice to become Darth Caedus , the new ruler of the Sith . In Inferno ( 2007 ) by Troy Denning , Han and Leia are faced with the reality that their son , now Joint Chief of State , is the enemy . Leia attempts unsuccessfully to manipulate Jacen in Aaron Allston 's Fury ( 2007 ) so that the Jedi can both thwart him and neutralize Alema . Finally , in Invincible ( 2008 ) by Troy Denning , Jaina kills Jacen in lightsaber duel . At Tenel Ka 's request , Leia and Han adopt Allana , disguised with the name `` Amelia '' to protect her from any future vengeance against Cadeus or the Hapes Consortium . Multiple novels in the series made the New York Times Best Seller list . The nine - volume Fate of the Jedi series ( 2009 -- 12 ) by Aaron Allston , Troy Denning and Christie Golden finds Han and Leia become caught up in the intensifying conflict between the Galactic Alliance and the Jedi . In the wake of Darth Cadeus ' death , the now - peaceful Galactic Alliance harbors a growing mistrust toward the Jedi , and the situation is worsened by a Force - induced psychosis that begins afflicting individual Jedi , sending them on violent rampages . In Millennium Falcon ( 2008 ) by James Luceno , set between Legacy of the Force and Fate of the Jedi , a mysterious device hidden inside the eponymous spacecraft sends Han , Leia and Allana on an adventure to investigate the ship 's past before it came into Han 's possession . Troy Denning 's Crucible ( 2013 ) , set after Fate of the Jedi and the last novel to date in the Star Wars Legends chronology , reunites Leia , Han and Luke with Lando as they aid him to thwart a vast criminal enterprise threatening his asteroid mineral refinery in the Chilean Rift nebula . Comics ( edit ) Dark Empire ( edit ) During the events of the comic series Dark Empire ( 1991 -- 92 ) , Palpatine has been resurrected in a young clone body and seduces Luke to the dark side of the Force as part of his plan to restore the Empire . A captive Leia , resisting Palpatine 's attempts to turn her as well , escapes with an artifact he needs to secure his power , the Jedi Holocron . Luke pursues her , and Leia manages to turn him back . Brother and sister then fight Palpatine with the light side of the Force , turning his own Force - generated storm against him and destroying Palpatine and his Star Destroyer . In Dark Empire II ( 1994 -- 95 ) , Leia gives birth to a third child by Han , whom she names Anakin . Palpatine is reborn in an inferior , rapidly deteriorating clone body in Empire 's End ( 1995 ) , and seeks to possess the body of the infant Anakin . Cultural impact ( edit ) Princess Leia cosplay ( Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim , California , April 2015 ) Princess Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and `` an exemplary personification of female empowerment '' . In 2008 , Leia was selected by Empire magazine as the 89th greatest film character of all time , and IGN listed her as their 8th top Star Wars hero . UGO Networks listed Leia as one of their best heroes of all time in 2010 . The character has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films , and celebrated in cosplay . Fisher appeared in the Leia metal bikini on the cover of the Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone , and a painting of Leia and other characters surrounding Lucas appeared on the cover of the May 25 , 1983 issue of Time announcing Return of the Jedi . In 2013 , cartoonist Jeffrey Brown published the bestselling Star Wars : Vader 's Little Princess , a comic strip - style book featuring Darth Vader and a young Leia in humorous father - daughter situations . Princess Leia appears on a 2007 US postage stamp and a 2015 UK stamp . Leia has also been used in a wide range of Star Wars merchandise , including statuettes , action figures and other toys , household items and clothing , office supplies , food products , and bubble bath and shampoo in Leia - shaped bottles with her head as the cap . In her one - woman show Wishful Drinking , Fisher called the Princess Leia Pez dispenser one of the `` merchandising horrors '' of the series . In a 2011 interview , Fisher said : I signed away my likeness for free . In those days , there was no such thing as a `` likeness '' ... There was no merchandising tied to movies . No one could have known the extent of the franchise . Not that I do n't think I 'm cute or anything , but when I looked in the mirror , I did n't think I was signing away anything of value . Lately I feel like I 'm Minnie Mouse -- the identity of Princess Leia so eclipses any other identity that I 've ever had . After the 2012 acquisition of LucasFilm by the Walt Disney Company , the Disney Store stated in May 2014 that the company had `` no plans for Leia products '' . After public criticism , Disney told Time in June 2014 that it would be releasing several Leia products . Funko has since produced several versions of Leia ( at least one for each film ) in their POP ! line of 4.5 inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed style . Hasbro is set to release an action figure of Leia as she appears in the Star Wars Rebels animated series . `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle ( edit ) Hopi girl with `` squash blossom '' hairdo ( Edward S. Curtis , 1922 ) Lady of Elche Leia 's unique hairdo in 1977 's A New Hope has come to be known as the `` doughnut '' or `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle , and is iconic of the character and series . A February 1978 cover story for the British teen magazine Jackie included step - by - step instructions on how to replicate Leia 's hair buns . In the 1978 short film parody Hardware Wars , Princess Anne - Droid has actual cinnamon buns on the side of her head . Miss Piggy of The Muppet Show copied the hairdo in a Star Wars - themed episode of the series in February 1980 . In the 1987 Mel Brooks comedy film Spaceballs , Princess Vespa ( Daphne Zuniga ) appears to have the hairstyle , which is soon revealed to in fact be a large pair of headphones . In the parody film Thumb Wars , the role of Leia was filled by a character named Princess Bunhead , who has two cinnamon rolls for hair . In 2015 , Fisher 's daughter Billie Lourd 's character in the horror - comedy TV series Scream Queens , a rich and disaffected sorority girl known as Chanel No. 3 , wears earmuffs in every scene as an homage to Fisher 's iconic Leia hairstyle . Lourd also has a cameo in The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) in which she wears Leia 's distinctive hair buns . Asked about his inspiration for the hairstyle , George Lucas told Time in 2008 , `` In the 1977 film , I was working very hard to create something different that was n't fashion , so I went with a kind of Southwestern Pancho Villa woman revolutionary look , which is what that is . The buns are basically from turn - of - the - century Mexico . '' However , in 2015 Linda Rodriguez McRobbie of Mental Floss recounted research suggesting that while female Mexican revolutionaries of that time did not have such elaborate hairstyles , young marriageable Hopi women did , and their `` squash blossom whorls '' superficially resemble Leia 's hair buns . McRobbie also relates Michael Heilemann 's theory that Leia 's hairstyle was likely also inspired by that of two earlier characters : Queen Fria in the 1939 Flash Gordon comic strip `` The Ice Kingdom of Mongo '' , and scientist Barnes Wallis ' wife Molly ( played by Ursula Jeans ) in the 1955 war film The Dam Busters . Lucas was influenced by the Flash Gordon serials , and the Battle of Yavin in Star Wars is an homage to the penultimate bombing sequence in The Dam Busters . Comparisons have also been made to the 4th century BC Iberian sculpture Lady of Elche , as well as the 1920s `` earphones '' hairstyle . Feminist analysis ( edit ) Protest sign from the Amsterdam Women 's March in 2017 reading `` A Woman 's Place is in the Resistance '' over a photograph of Princess Leia . Leia has been the subject of feminist analysis . Mark Edlitz wrote for The Huffington Post in 2010 that `` Leia is an exemplary personification of female empowerment . '' David Bushman , television curator at the Paley Center for Media , said in 2012 , `` From the male perspective ... Princess Leia was a very creditable character for her time -- not perfect , but certainly defiant , assertive , and strong . '' Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote in 2015 , `` Leia was n't just the first great heroine of science fiction and fantasy to capture my imagination . She was one of the first characters I encountered whose power came from her political conviction and acumen . '' In her 2007 article `` Feminism and the Force : Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far , Far Away '' , Diana Dominguez cited Leia as a welcome change from the previous portrayals of women in film and TV . She wrote : Here was a woman who could play like and with the boys , but who did n't have to become one of the boys and who could , if and when she wanted to , show she liked the boys , a woman who is outspoken , unashamed , and , most importantly , unpunished for being so . She is n't a flirty sex - pot , tossing her hair around seductively to distract the enemy ... She does n't play the role of `` Maternal caretaker '' , although she does display caring and compassion , or `` the sweet innocent damsel '' who stands passively by while the men do all the work , but does step aside to let them do what they 're good at when it is wise to do so ... Leia is a hero without losing her gendered status ; she does not have to play the cute , helpless sex kitten or become sexless and androgynous to get what she wants . She can be strong , sassy , outspoken , bossy , and bitchy , and still be respected and seen as feminine . Rosenberg writes that , though at first Luke is an apolitical innocent in search of adventure and Han is a detached opportunist in search of money , both are `` influenced by Leia 's passion ( and ) take their places as full participants in the Rebellion '' . She notes , `` Everyone else eventually comes around to Leia 's view of the world . '' Leia herself , singularly dedicated to her political movement against the Empire , `` finds a partner in Han , acknowledging that personal happiness can help her sustain her commitment to building a better galactic order '' . Rosenberg cites `` Leia 's willingness to see the best in him , and Han 's desire to live up to her belief in him '' as a foundation of their relationship , also pointing out his attempts to make her recognize that she has needs like anyone else and should acknowledge that she needs him . In their 2012 essay `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages '' , Ray Merlock and Kathy Merlock Jackson cite Leia as the successor of earlier science fiction heroines Wilma Deering of Buck Rogers and Dale Arden of Flash Gordon , and the embodiment of `` a new stage in the ongoing presentation of the fairy - tale princess in jeopardy '' . Writing that `` after Leia , no longer would princesses be passive and salvaged simply with a kiss , '' they note the reflection of the character in later Disney Princess animated films and in woman warriors such as Ellen Ripley from the Alien franchise and Xena of the adventure TV series Xena : Warrior Princess . A.O. Scott of The New York Times described Leia as `` a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter - day Disney princesses . She also foretold the recent , somewhat belated feminist turn in the Star Wars cycle itself '' . Fisher herself described Leia as a `` huge '' feminist icon , dismissing the suggestion that the character was ever a `` damsel in distress '' . Fisher said of Leia , `` She bossed them around . I do n't know what your idea of distress is , but that was n't it ! And I was n't some babe running through the galaxy with my tits bouncing around . So I was n't threatening to women '' , adding `` I like Princess Leia . I like how she was feisty . I like how she killed Jabba the Hutt '' . Metal bikini ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia 's bikini Actress Olivia Munn cosplaying in the iconic Princess Leia `` metal bikini '' slave outfit from Return of the Jedi Leia 's slave costume when she is held captive by Jabba the Hutt at the beginning of Return of the Jedi -- made of brass and dubbed Leia 's `` Metal Bikini '' or `` Gold Bikini '' -- immediately made the character ( and Fisher ) a `` generational sex symbol '' celebrated by pin - up posters , and later merchandising and cosplay . The outfit has gained a cult following of its own . Rosenberg noted that `` the costume has become culturally iconic in a way that has slipped loose from the context of the scenes in which Leia wore it and the things she does after she is forced into the outfit . '' Philip Chien of the website Wired wrote in 2006 , `` There 's no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci - fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983 . '' Acknowledging the opinion of some that the `` Slave Leia '' iconography tarnishes the character 's position as `` feminist hero '' , Rosenberg argues : Leia may be captive in these scenes , but she 's not exactly a compliant fantasy . Instead , she 's biding her time for the moment when she can put that fury into action , carrying out a carefully laid plan to rescue her lover . And when that moment comes , the bikini does n't condemn Leia to passivity . She rises , and uses the very chains that bind her to strangle the creature who tried to take away her power by turning her into a sex object . Science fiction filmmaker Letia Clouston concurs , saying `` Sci - fi has had a long history of strong female characters . Yes , Princess Leia was in a gold bikini , but she was also the one who single - handedly killed Jabba . When you take into account movies and TV shows like Terminator , Aliens , Battlestar Galactica , and even video games like Metroid , you can see sci - fi has consistently promoted the strength of women more than any other genre . '' Family tree ( edit ) Main articles : Skywalker family and Solo family ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal Star Wars portal Television in the United States portal 1970s portal List of Kenner Star Wars action figures Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chatting With Julie Dolan - The New Voice Of Princess Leia ! '' . disneyinfinitycodes.com. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Dyer ( @ MitchyD ) ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm trying to avoid spoilers , but @ misty_lee 's Leia was such an important role when we see the Rebellion and she absolutely nailed it . She captures the empathy and heart of the character beautifully '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Clouzot , Claire ( 1999 ) . `` The Morning of the Magician : George Lucas and Star Wars '' . In Kline , Sally . The George Lucas Interviews . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 125 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( September 8 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 40981 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Dale ( 1999 ) . Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 146 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( April 24 , 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film . LucasBooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49476 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars original cast looked ' a little melted ' for Episode VII -- Carrie Fisher '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Star Wars Screen Tests : Meeting Han , Leia and Luke '' . BBC . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Jodie Foster '' . GamesRadar . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Willans , Joel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` 20 things you did n't know about Carrie Fisher and Star Wars '' . InkTank . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Candace ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars actress Carrie Fisher turns 59 ! '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm in a Business Where the Only Things that Matter Are Weight and Appearance '' . Good Housekeeping . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie Fisher 's Crazy Star Wars Ride : Cocaine , the Rolling Stones , and That Slave Bikini '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , Carol ( July 21 , 1983 ) . `` Carrie Fisher : A Few Words on Princess Leia , Fame and Feminism '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Leia 's Return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Edlitz , Mark ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Fashion by Jabba the Hutt '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alyssa ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Princess Leia , political icon '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Timothy ( July 24 , 1980 ) . `` Slaves to the Empire : The Star Wars Kids Talk Back '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . p. 291 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` Review : Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Confirms She 'll Return as Princess Leia in Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` She 's Not Called ' Princess ' Leia Anymore '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kylo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Jason ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : J.J. Abrams on Why Leia Did n't Become a Jedi '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy confirms that entire cast will return for eighth film '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Fisher , who had recently wrapped the filming of Star Wars : Episode VIII ... Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on Star Wars : Episode VIII Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on Star Wars : Episode VIII : What Does Her Death Mean for Episode IX ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new Family Guy shows , Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Statement Regarding New Rumors '' . StarWars.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desorbough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in final Star Wars movie , says brother Todd Fisher '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Manne ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in Star Wars : Episode IX '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in Star Wars : Episode IX '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's CGI Princess Leia : The sands of time are so cruel you ca n't even do motion capture for your younger self '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About the Ending of Rogue One '' . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Weird Differences Between the First Star Wars Movie and Its Preceding Novelization '' . Tor.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter I '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . ISBN 9781101965504 . Jump up ^ Fry , Jason ( July -- August 2000 ) . `` Alan Dean Foster : Author of the Mind 's Eye '' . Star Wars Insider ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars to release 20 books in journey to The Force Awakens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherer , Jay ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Moving Target : A Princess Leia Adventure by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry '' . SF Signal . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Freeman ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` The new canon books to read before you see Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Deseret News . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Read an excerpt from Star Wars : Bloodline '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Molly ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` A Political Thriller with a Personal Core : Star Wars : Bloodline by Claudia Gray '' . Tor.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Rucka feels Rebellious for Star Wars comic '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Waid , Mark ; Terry , Dodson . Star Wars : Princess Leia . Marvel Comics . ISBN 0785193170 . ^ Jump up to : Rucka , Greg . Star Wars : Shattered Empire . Marvel Comics . ISBN 0785197818 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` 5 Marvelous Moments in Marvel 's Star Wars Comics '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Holiday Special ( Television film ) . CBS . November 17 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Robb , Brian J. , ed . ( October 23 , 2007 ) . `` Luke & Leia '' . Star Wars Insider . Titan Magazines ( 97 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Checklist : 10 Strange Star Wars Magazine Covers ( Rolling Stone ) '' . StarWars.com . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` July -- August 1983 cover '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sands , Rich ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels Scoop : Princess Leia Set to Appear on the Disney XD Animated Series '' . TV Insider . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critical Opinion : Heir to the Empire Reviews '' . StarWars.com. April 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zahn , Timothy ( 1991 ) . Heir to the Empire . ISBN 0 - 553 - 07327 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zahn , Timothy ( 1992 ) . Dark Force Rising . ISBN 0 - 553 - 08574 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zahn , Timothy ( 1993 ) . The Last Command . ISBN 0 - 553 - 09186 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` How the Abandoned Star Wars Expanded Universe Inspired Force Awakens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bouie , Jamelle ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` How The Force Awakens Remixes the Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . Slate . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , Ben ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : Kylo Ren Backstory Explained '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saavedra , John ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Easter Eggs and Reference Guide ( Kylo Ren / Ben Solo and the Knights of Ren ) '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Courtship of Princess Leia ( Review ) '' . Kirkus Reviews . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolverton , Dave ( 1994 ) . The Courtship of Princess Leia . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 0 - 553 - 08928 - 5 . Jump up ^ Perry , Steve ( April 1 , 1996 ) . Shadows of the Empire . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 10089 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : June 18 , 2006 ( Betrayal ) '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 2006 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Best Sellers : March 18 , 2007 ( Exile ) '' . The New York Times . March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Best Sellers : September 16 , 2007 ( Inferno ) '' . The New York Times . September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Best Sellers : Fiction : Mass - Market : December 16 , 2007 ( Fury ) '' . The New York Times . December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Fiction : Sunday , June 1 , 2008 ( Invincible ) '' . The New York Times . June 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schou , Silvej ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` The new Star Wars and women : Female sci - fi directors on Leia , Amidala , and what lies ahead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alyssa ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` The fraught history of Princess Leia 's infamous bikini '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . 2008 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Top 25 Star Wars Heroes : Day 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . January 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecque , Jeff ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Princess Leia on film and TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vokes - Dudgeon , Sophie ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris and His Kids Win Halloween Again With Amazing Star Wars Outfits '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miskell , Kyle ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Everybody 's Favorite Droids Grace the Cover of Time Magazine '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cover : May 25 , 1983 '' . Time . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Darth Vader 's Little Princess : Sith Lord no match for teen Leia '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Farah L. ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` Star Wars : Vader 's Little Princess Imagines How The Sith Lord Would Have Parented A Young Princess Leia '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stephan ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` See 10 images from Vader 's Little Princess and Darth Vader and Son '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stamp Announcement 07 - 14 : Star Wars Stamps '' . United States Postal Service . April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia and R2 - D2 Star Wars US postage stamp '' . Geeks of Doom . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohut , Tania ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars stamps revealed ahead of new film '' . Global News . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGuire Gresock , Brandy ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Characters Grace British Stamps '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia UK 1st class stamp '' . Royal Mail . 2015 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Carrie Fisher on how George Lucas stole her identity '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , Joseph ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : 15 important and / or insane pieces of Slave Leia merchandise '' . Blastr . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Princess Leia '' . Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Carrie ( May 16 , 1999 ) . `` Postcards From the Edge of the Galaxy '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2001 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke , I Am Your Lather ' : Star Wars Shampoo , Soap , and Bubble Bath '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia Figural Bubble Bath '' . Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Wishful Drinking makes rough landing at the Hippodrome , but still flies '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dockterman , Eliana ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney Says Star Wars Toys for Girls Are Coming '' . Time . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC 2016 : Grand Admiral Thrawn Leads Star Wars Hasbro Figures '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Merlock , Ray ; Merlock Jackson , Kathy ( 2012 ) . `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages for Princess Leia and Queen Amidala '' . In Brode , Douglas ; Deyneka , Leah . Sex , Politics , and Religion in Star Wars : An Anthology . The Scarecrow Press . pp. 77 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8514 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Checklist : 10 Strange Star Wars Magazine Covers ( Jackie ) '' . StarWars.com . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` February 4 , 1978 cover '' . Jackie . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Bob ( May 21 , 2002 ) . `` Hardware Wars : The movie , the legend , the household appliances '' . Salon . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Muppet Show Season 4 -- Episode 17 : Mark Hamill '' . SideReel . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` The royal reason for Scream Queens earmuffs '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Princess Leia 's Daughter Is Reprising That Iconic Star Wars Look '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Chris ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : See Carrie Fisher 's Daughter in Star Wars : The Force Awakens -- with Princess Leia 's Hairdo ! '' . People . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , Ross ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Carrie Fisher 's daughter Billie Lourd 's character in The Force Awakens revealed ... with a VERY Princess Leia hairdo '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : A collection of cameos and Easter eggs : Friend of the General '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( 2002 ) . `` So , What 's the Deal with Leia 's Hair ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez McRobbie , Linda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` A Brief History of Princess Leia 's Buns '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Heilemann , Michael . `` Princess Hair ( with photos ) '' . Kitbashed . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Edward S. `` A Hopiland Beauty ( 1906 ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vroman , A.C. `` Hopi Maiden ( 1901 ) '' . UCR / California Museum of Photography . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serafino , Jason ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Films That Inspired The Star Wars Saga '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` 10 films that influenced Star Wars '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Speak the Culture : Spain . Thorogood Publishing . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85418 - 605 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's 1920s Hairstyles : An Overview '' . Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dominguez , Diana ( 2007 ) . `` Feminism and the Force : Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far , Far Away '' . In Silvio , Carl ; Vinci , Tony . Culture , Identities and Technology in the Star Wars Films : Essays on the Two Trilogies . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . pp. 109 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` A Princess , a Rebel and a Brave Comic Voice '' . The New York Times . p . A17 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Strikes Back : Behind the Scenes of the Biggest Movie of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merlock ; Merlock Jackson ( 2012 ) . `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages '' . Sex , Politics , and Religion in Star Wars . p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Allie ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Princess Leia 's Gold Bikini in Return of the Jedi '' . Time . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chien , Philip ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Cult of Leia 's Metal Bikini '' . Wired . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutPrincess Leiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Princess Leia in the StarWars.com Databank Princess Leia on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Princess Leia on IMDb Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Iden Versio Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Legends Mara Jade Kyle Katarn KOTOR characters HK - 47 Kreia Revan Starkiller Jacen Solo Organizations Force - users Jedi Sith Military Battle droid Clone trooper Stormtrooper Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker family Solo family Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Species Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiees Other Droid Mandalorian VIAF : 314900768 LCCN : nb2015003397 NLA : 56408613 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Leia&oldid=821185590 '' Categories : Female characters in film Fictional adoptees Fictional ambassadors Fictional aviators Fictional chancellors and presidents Fictional characters introduced in 1977 Fictional commanders Fictional diplomats Fictional double agents Fictional female generals Fictional princesses Fictional revolutionaries Fictional senators Fictional slaves Fictional twins Fictional war veterans Star Wars characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does luke find out he is leia's brother
[]
[]
1234970148325223854
I'm Only Human
I 'm Only Human - wikipedia I 'm Only Human I 'm Only Human may refer to : `` I 'm Only Human '' , an episode of Get Smart originally aired in February 1966 `` I 'm Only Human '' , a song by Rick Ross from the 2008 album Trilla It may also refer to : `` Human '' ( The Human League song ) , a 1986 song by The Human League `` Human '' ( Christina Perri song ) , a 2013 song by Christina Perri from the album Head or Heart `` Human '' ( Rag'n'Bone Man song ) , a 2016 song by Rag'n'Bone Man Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title I 'm Only Human . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Only_Human&oldid=796411502 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 17 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who sang the song i'm only human
[]
[]
-6202877249851368454
Chandrayaan-1
Chandrayaan - 1 - Wikipedia Chandrayaan - 1 Chandrayaan - 1 Mission type Lunar orbiter Operator Indian Space Research Organisation COSPAR ID 2008 - 052A SATCAT no . 33405 Website www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/chandrayaan-1 Mission duration Planned : 2 years Final : 10 months , 6 days Spacecraft properties Launch mass 1,380 kg ( 3,040 lb ) Start of mission Launch date 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 ( 2008 - 10 - 22UTC00 : 52 ) UTC Rocket PSLV - XL C11 Launch site Satish Dhawan Second Pad Contractor ISRO End of mission Last contact 28 August 2009 , 20 : 00 ( 2009 - 08 - 28UTC21 ) UTC Orbital parameters Reference system Selenocentric Semi-major axis 1,758 kilometers ( 1,092 mi ) Eccentricity 0.0 Periselene 200 km ( 120 mi ) Aposelene 200 km ( 120 mi ) Epoch 19 May 2009 Lunar orbiter Orbital insertion 8 November 2008 Orbits 3,400 at EOM Indian Lunar Exploration Program Chandrayaan - 2 → Chandrayaan - 1 ( Sanskrit : ( t͡ʃʌnd̪ɾʌːjaːn ) ; lit : Moon vehicle pronunciation ( help info ) ) was India 's first lunar probe . It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008 , and operated until August 2009 . The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor . India launched the spacecraft using a PSLV - XL rocket , serial number C11 , on 22 October 2008 at 00 : 52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre , about 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Chennai . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003 . The mission was a major boost to India 's space program , as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon . The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008 . On 14 November 2008 , the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 14 : 36 UTC and struck the south pole in a controlled manner , making India the fourth country to place its flag on the Moon . The probe hit near the crater Shackleton at 15 : 01 UTC , ejecting sub-surface soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice . The estimated cost for the project was ₹ 386 crore ( US $56 million ) . The remote sensing lunar satellite had a mass of 1,380 kg ( 3,040 lb ) at launch and 675 kg ( 1,488 lb ) in lunar orbit . It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible , near infrared , and soft and hard X-ray frequencies . Over a two - year period , it was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three - dimensional topography . The polar regions are of special interest as they might contain ice . The lunar mission carried five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA , ESA , and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency , which were carried free of cost . Among its many achievements , the greatest achievement was the discovery of the widespread presence of water molecules in the lunar soil . After almost a year , the orbiter started suffering from several technical issues including failure of the star sensors and poor thermal shielding ; Chandrayaan stopped sending radio signals about 20 : 00 UTC on 28 August 2009 , shortly after which the ISRO officially declared the mission over . Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95 % of its planned objectives . On 2 July 2016 , NASA used ground - based radar systems to relocate Chandrayaan - 1 in its lunar orbit , more than seven years after it shut down . Repeated observations over the next three months allowed a precise determination of its orbit which varies between 150 and 270 km ( 93 and 168 mi ) in altitude every two years . Contents 1 History 2 Objectives 3 Specifications 4 Specific areas of study 5 Payload 5.1 Indian instruments 5.2 Instruments from other countries 6 Mission timeline 6.1 Earth orbit burns 6.2 Lunar orbit insertion 6.3 Impact of the MIP on the lunar surface 6.4 Rise of spacecraft 's temperature 6.5 Mapping of minerals 6.6 Mapping of Apollo landing sites 6.7 Image acquisition 6.8 Detection of X-Ray signals 6.9 Full Earth image 6.10 Orbit raised to 200 km 6.11 Attitude sensor failure 6.12 Radar scans 7 End of the mission 8 Analysis of collected data 8.1 Lunar water discovery 8.2 Lunar water production 8.3 Lunar caves 8.4 Tectonism 9 Awards for Chandrayaan - 1 10 Team 11 Public release of data 12 Chandrayaan - 2 13 Lunar outpost 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the Chandrayaan project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003 . The mission was a major boost to India 's space program . The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first mooted in 1999 during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences . The Astronautical Society of India carried forward the idea in 2000 . Soon after , the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force which concluded that ISRO has the technical expertise to carry out an Indian mission to the Moon . In April 2003 over 100 eminent Indian scientists in the fields of planetary and space sciences , Earth sciences , physics , chemistry , astronomy , astrophysics and engineering and communication sciences discussed and approved the Task Force recommendation to launch an Indian probe to the Moon . Six months later , in November , the Indian government gave the nod for the mission . Objectives ( edit ) The mission had the following stated scientific objectives : to design , develop , launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using an Indian - made launch - vehicle to conduct scientific experiments using instruments on the spacecraft which would yield data : for the preparation of a three - dimensional atlas ( with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5 -- 10 m or 16 -- 33 ft ) of both the near and far sides of the Moon for chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution , mapping particularly the chemical elements magnesium , aluminium , silicon , calcium , iron , titanium , radon , uranium , and thorium to increase scientific knowledge to test the impact of a sub-satellite ( Moon Impact Probe -- MIP ) on the surface of the Moon as a fore - runner for future soft - landing missions Specifications ( edit ) Diagram of the Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft Mass 1,380 kg ( 3,042 lb ) at launch , 675 kg ( 1,488 lb ) at lunar orbit , and 523 kg ( 1,153 lb ) after releasing the impactor . Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) Communications X band , 0.7 m ( 2.3 ft ) diameter dual gimballed parabolic antenna for payload data transmission . The Telemetry , Tracking & Command ( TTC ) communication operates in S band frequency . Power The spacecraft was mainly powered by its solar array , which included one solar panel covering a total area of 2.15 × 1.8 m ( 7.1 × 5.9 ft ) generating 750 W of peak power , which was stored in a 36 A h lithium - ion battery for use during eclipses . Propulsion The spacecraft used a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon . The power plant consisted of one 440 N engine and eight 22 N thrusters . Fuel and oxidiser were stored in two tanks of 390 litres ( 100 US gal ) each . Navigation and control The craft was 3 - axis stabilised with two star sensors , gyros and four reaction wheels . The craft carried dual redundant bus management units for attitude control , sensor processing , antenna orientation , etc . Specific areas of study ( edit ) High - resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north - and south - polar regions Searching for surface or sub-surface lunar water - ice , especially at the lunar poles Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks Chemical stratigraphy of the lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters , and of the South Pole Aitken Region ( SPAR ) , an expected site of interior material Mapping the height variation of features of the lunar surface Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon 's surface with 5 m ( 16 ft ) resolution Providing new insights in understanding the Moon 's origin and evolution Payload ( edit ) The scientific payload had a mass of 90 kg ( 198 lb ) and contained five Indian instruments and six instruments from other countries . Indian instruments ( edit ) TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera is a CMOS camera with 5 m ( 16 ft ) resolution and a 40 km ( 25 mi ) swath in the panchromatic band and was used to produce a high - resolution map of the Moon . The aim of this instrument was to completely map the topography of the Moon . The camera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and captures black and white stereo images . When used in conjunction with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument ( LLRI ) , it can help in better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well . TMC was built by the ISRO 's Space Applications Centre ( SAC ) at Ahmedabad . The TMC was tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC . HySI or Hyper Spectral Imager is a CMOS camera , performed mineralogical mapping in the 400 -- 900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m ( 260 ft ) . LLRI or Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument determines the height of the surface topography by sending pulses of infrared laser light towards the lunar surface and detecting the reflected portion of that light . It operated continuously and collected 10 measurements per second on both the day and night sides of the Moon . LLRI was developed by Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems of ISRO , Bangalore . It was tested on 16 November 2008 . HEX is a High Energy aj / gamma x-ray spectrometer for 30 -- 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km ( 25 mi ) , the HEX measured U , Th , Pb , Rn degassing , and other radioactive elements . MIP or the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO , is an impact probe which consisted of a C - band Radar altimeter for measurement of altitude of the probe , a video imaging system for acquiring images of the lunar surface and a mass spectrometer for measuring the constituents of the lunar atmosphere . It was ejected at 14 : 30 UTC on 14 November 2008 . As planned , the Moon Impact Probe impacted the lunar south pole at 15 : 01 UTC on 14 November 2008 . It carried with it a picture of the Indian flag . India is now the fourth nation to place a flag on the Moon after the Soviet Union , United States and Japan . Instruments from other countries ( edit ) Moon Mineralogy Mapper left SIR - 2 Logo C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer covering 1 -- 10 keV , mapped the abundance of Mg , Al , Si , Ca , Ti , and Fe at the surface with a ground resolution of 25 km ( 16 mi ) , and monitored solar flux . This payload results from collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory , U.K , ESA and ISRO . It was activated on 23 November 2008 . SARA , the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA mapped mineral composition using low energy neutral atoms emitted from the surface . M , the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL ( funded by NASA ) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition . It was activated on 17 December 2008 . SIR - 2 , a near infrared spectrometer from ESA , built at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research , Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen , also mapped the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer . The instrument is similar to that of the Smart - 1 SIR . It was activated on 19 November 2008 and scientific observations were started on 20 November 2008 . Mini-SAR , designed , built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center , Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Sandia National Laboratories , Raytheon and Northrop Grumman , with outer support from ISRO . Mini-SAR is the active Synthetic Aperture Radar system to search for lunar polar ice , water - ice . The instrument transmitted right polarised radiation with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and monitored scattered left and right polarised radiation . The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio ( CPR ) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements . Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR , so that water content of the Moon 's polar regions can be estimated . RADOM - 7 , Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences maps the radiation environment around the Moon . It was tested on 16 November 2008 . Mission timeline ( edit ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 00 : 52 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre using the ISRO 's 44.4 - metre ( 146 ft ) tall , four - stage PSLV launch vehicle . Chandrayaan - 1 was sent to the Moon in a series of orbit - increasing manoeuvres around the Earth over a period of 21 days as opposed to launching the craft on a direct trajectory to the Moon . At launch the spacecraft was inserted into geostationary transfer orbit ( GTO ) with an apogee of 22,860 km ( 14,200 mi ) and a perigee of 255 km ( 158 mi ) . The apogee was increased with a series of five orbit burns conducted over a period of 13 days after launch . For the duration of the mission , ISRO 's telemetry , tracking and command network ( ISTRAC ) at Peenya in Bangalore , tracked and controlled Chandrayaan - 1 . Scientists from India , Europe , and the U.S. conducted a high - level review of Chandrayaan - 1 on 29 January 2009 after the spacecraft completed its first 100 days in space . Earth orbit burns ( edit ) Earth orbit burns Date ( UTC ) Burn time ( minutes ) Resulting apogee 22 October Launch 18.2 in four stages 22,860 km 23 October 18 37,900 km 25 October 16 74,715 km 26 October 9.5 164,600 km 29 October 267,000 km 4 November 2.5 380,000 km First orbit burn The first orbit - raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft was performed at 03 : 30 UTC on 23 October 2008 when the spacecraft 's 440 Newton liquid engine was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre ( SCC ) at ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) at Peenya , Bangalore . With this Chandrayaan - 1 's apogee was raised to 37,900 km ( 23,500 mi ) , and its perigee to 305 km ( 190 mi ) . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft took about 11 hours to go around the Earth once . Second orbit burn The second orbit - raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft was carried out on 25 October 2008 at 00 : 18 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about 16 minutes , raising its apogee to 74,715 km ( 46,426 mi ) , and its perigee to 336 km ( 209 mi ) , thus completing 20 percent of its journey . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft took about twenty - five and a half hours to go round the Earth once . This is the first time an Indian spacecraft has gone beyond the 36,000 km ( 22,000 mi ) high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude more than twice that height . Third orbit burn The third orbit raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at 01 : 38 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about nine and a half minutes . With this its apogee was raised to 164,600 km ( 102,300 mi ) , and the perigee to 348 km ( 216 mi ) . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 took about 73 hours to go around the Earth once . Fourth orbit burn The fourth orbit - raising manoeuvre took place on 29 October 2008 at 02 : 08 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about three minutes , raising its apogee to 267,000 km ( 166,000 mi ) and the perigee to 465 km ( 289 mi ) . This extended its orbit to a distance more than half the way to the Moon . In this orbit , the spacecraft took about six days to go around the Earth once . Final orbit burn The fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 3 November 2008 at 23 : 26 UTC when the spacecraft 's engine was fired for about two and a half minutes resulting in Chandrayaan - 1 entering the Lunar Transfer Trajectory with an apogee of about 380,000 km ( 240,000 mi ) . Lunar orbit insertion ( edit ) Lunar orbit insertion Date ( UTC ) Burn time ( seconds ) Resulting periselene Resulting aposelene 8 November 817 504 km 7,502 km 9 November 57 200 km 7,502 km 10 November 866 187 km 255 km 11 November 31 101 km 255 km 12 November Final orbit 100 km 100 km Chandrayaan - 1 completed the lunar orbit insertion operation on 8 November 2008 at 11 : 21 UTC . This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquid engine for 817 seconds ( about thirteen and half minutes ) when the spacecraft passed within 500 km ( 310 mi ) from the Moon . The satellite was placed in an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon , with 7,502 km ( 4,662 mi ) aposelene and 504 km ( 313 mi ) periselene . The orbital period was estimated to be around 11 hours . With the successful completion of this operation , India became the sixth nation to put a vehicle in lunar orbit . First orbit reduction First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 was carried out on 9 November 2008 at 14 : 33 UTC . During this , the engine of the spacecraft was fired for about 57 seconds . This reduced the periselene to 200 km ( 124 mi ) while aposelene remained unchanged at 7,502 km . In this elliptical orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 took about ten and a half hours to circle the Moon once . Second orbit reduction This manoeuvre was carried out on 10 November 2008 at 16 : 28 UTC , resulting in steep decrease in Chandrayaan - 1 's aposelene to 255 km ( 158 mi ) and its periselene to 187 km ( 116 mi ) , During this manoeuvre , the engine was fired for about 866 seconds ( about fourteen and a half minutes ) . Chandrayaan - 1 took two hours and 16 minutes to go around the Moon once in this orbit . Third orbit reduction Third Lunar Orbit Reduction was carried out by firing the onboard engine for 31 seconds on 11 November 2008 at 13 : 00 UTC . This reduced the periselene to 101 km ( 63 mi ) , while the aposelene remained constant at 255 km . In this orbit Chandrayaan - 1 took two hours and 9 minutes to go around the Moon once . Final orbit Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft was placed into a mission - specific lunar polar orbit of 100 km ( 62 mi ) above the lunar surface on 12 November 2008 . In the final orbit reduction manoeuvre , Chandrayaan - 1 's aposelene and periselene were both reduced to 100 km . In this orbit , Chandrayaan - 1 takes about two hours to go around the Moon once . Two of the 11 payloads -- the Terrain Mapping Camera ( TMC ) and the Radiation Dose Monitor ( RADOM ) -- were switched on . The TMC acquired images of both the Earth and the Moon . Impact of the MIP on the lunar surface ( edit ) The Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) crash - landed on the lunar surface on 14 November 2008 , 15 : 01 UTC near the crater Shackleton at the south pole . The MIP was one of eleven scientific instruments ( payloads ) on board Chandrayaan - 1 . The MIP separated from Chandrayaan at 100 km from lunar surface and began its nosedive at 14 : 36 UTC . going into free fall for thirty minutes . As it fell , it kept sending information back to the mother satellite which , in turn , beamed the information back to Earth . The altimeter then also began recording measurements to prepare for a rover to land on the lunar surface during a second Moon mission . Following the deployment of the MIP , the other scientific instruments were turned on , starting the next phase of the mission . After scientific analyses of the received data from the MIP , the Indian Space Research Organisation confirmed the presence of water in the lunar soil and published the finding in a press conference addressed by its then Chairman G. Madhavan Nair . Rise of spacecraft 's temperature ( edit ) ISRO had reported on 25 November 2008 that Chandrayaan - 1 's temperature had risen above normal to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) , scientists said that it was caused by higher than normal temperatures in lunar orbit . The temperature was brought down by about 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) by rotating the spacecraft about 20 degrees and switching off some of the instruments . Subsequently , ISRO reported on 27 November 2008 that the spacecraft was operating under normal temperature conditions . In subsequent reports ISRO says , since the spacecraft was still recording higher than normal temperatures , it would be running only one instrument at a time until January 2009 when lunar orbital temperature conditions are said to stabilize . The spacecraft was experiencing high temperature because of radiation from the Sun and infrared radiation reflected by the Moon . Mapping of minerals ( edit ) The mineral content on the lunar surface was mapped with the Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( M ) , a NASA instrument on board the orbiter . The presence of iron was reiterated and changes in rock and mineral composition have been identified . The Oriental Basin region of the Moon was mapped , and it indicates abundance of iron - bearing minerals such as pyroxene . In 2018 it was announced that M infrared data had been re-analyzed to confirm the existence of water across wide expanses of the Moon 's polar regions . Mapping of Apollo landing sites ( edit ) ISRO announced in January 2009 the completion of the mapping of the Apollo Moon missions landing sites by the orbiter , using multiple payloads . Six of the sites have been mapped including landing sites of Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 . Image acquisition ( edit ) The craft completed 3,000 orbits acquiring 70,000 images of the lunar surface , which many in ISRO believe is quite a record compared to the lunar flights of other nations . ISRO officials estimated that if more than 40,000 images have been transmitted by Chandrayaan 's cameras in 75 days , it worked out to nearly 535 images being sent daily . They were first transmitted to Indian Deep Space Network at Byalalu near Bangalore , from where they were flashed to ISRO 's Telemetry Tracking And Command Network ( ISTRAC ) at Bangalore . Some of these images have a resolution of down to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) , providing a sharp and clear picture of the Moon 's surface , while many images sent by some of the other missions had only a 100 - metre resolution . On 26 November , the indigenous Terrain Mapping Camera , which was first activated on 29 October 2008 , acquired images of peaks and craters . This came as a surprise to ISRO officials because the Moon consists mostly of craters . Detection of X-ray signals ( edit ) The X-ray signatures of aluminium , magnesium and silicon were picked up by the C1XS X-ray camera . The signals were picked up during a solar flare that caused an X-ray fluorescence phenomenon . The flare that caused the fluorescence was within the lowest C1XS sensitivity range . Full Earth image ( edit ) On 25 March 2009 Chandrayaan beamed back its first images of the Earth in its entirety . These images were taken with the TMC . Previous imaging was done on only one part of the Earth . The new images show Asia , parts of Africa and Australia with India being in the center . Orbit raised to 200 km ( edit ) After the completion of all the major mission objectives , the orbit of Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft , which had been at a height of 100 km ( 62 mi ) from the lunar surface since November 2008 , was raised to 200 km ( 124 mi ) . The orbit raising manoeuvres were carried out between 03 : 30 and 04 : 30 UTC on 19 May 2009 . The spacecraft in this higher altitude enabled further studies on orbit perturbations , gravitational field variation of the Moon and also enabled imaging lunar surface with a wider swath . It was later revealed that the true reason for the orbit change was that it was an attempt to keep the temperature of the probe down . It was `` ... assumed that the temperature ( of the spacecraft subsystems ) at 100 km above the Moon 's surface would be around 75 degrees Celsius . However , it was more than 75 degrees and problems started to surface . We had to raise the orbit to 200 km . '' Attitude sensor failure ( edit ) The star sensors , a device used for pointing attitude determination ( orientation ) , failed in orbit after nine months of operation . Afterward , the orientation of Chandrayaan was determined using a back - up procedure using a two - axis Sun sensor and taking a bearing from an Earth station . This was used to update three axis gyroscopes which enabled spacecraft operations . The second failure , detected on 16 May , was attributed to excessive radiation from the Sun . Radar scans ( edit ) On 21 August 2009 Chandrayaan - 1 along with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter attempted to perform a bistatic radar experiment using their Mini-SAR radars to detect the presence of water ice on the lunar surface . The attempt was a failure ; it turned out the Chandrayaan - 1 radar was not pointed at the Moon during the experiment . The Mini-SAR has imaged many of the permanently shadowed regions that exist at both poles of the Moon . On March 2010 , it was reported that the Mini-SAR on board the Chandrayaan - 1 had discovered more than 40 permanently darkened craters near the Moon 's north pole which are hypothesized to contain an estimated 600 million metric tonnes of water - ice . The radar 's high CPR is not uniquely diagnostic of either roughness or ice ; the science team must take into account the environment of the occurrences of high CPR signal to interpret its cause . The ice must be relatively pure and at least a couple of meters thick to give this signature . The estimated amount of water ice potentially present is comparable to the quantity estimated from the previous mission of Lunar Prospector 's neutron data . Although the results are consistent with recent findings of other NASA instruments onboard Chandrayaan - 1 ( the Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( MP3 ) discovered water molecules in the Moon 's polar regions , while water vapour was detected by NASA 's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite , or LCROSS ) this observation is not consistent with the presence of thick deposits of nearly pure water ice within a few meters of the lunar surface , but it does not rule out the presence of small ( < ∼ 10 cm ) , discrete pieces of ice mixed in with the regolith . End of the mission ( edit ) The mission was launched on 22 October 2008 and expected to operate for two years . However , around 20 : 00 UTC on 28 August 2009 communication with the spacecraft was suddenly lost . The probe had operated for 312 days . The craft had been expected to remain in orbit for approximately another 1000 days and to crash into the lunar surface in late 2012 , although in 2016 it was found to still be in orbit . A member of the science advisory board of Chandrayaan - 1 said that it is difficult to ascertain reasons for the loss of contact . ISRO Chairman Madhavan Nair said that due to very high radiation , power - supply units controlling both the computer systems on board failed , snapping the communication connectivity . However , information released later showed that the power supply supplied by MDI failed due to overheating . Although the mission was less than 10 months in duration , and less than half the intended two years in length , a review by scientists termed the mission successful , as it had completed 95 % of its primary objectives . Analysis of collected data ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chandrayaan 's Moon Mineralogy Mapper has confirmed the magma ocean hypothesis , meaning that the Moon was once completely molten . The terrain mapping camera on board Chandrayaan - 1 , besides producing more than 70,000 three dimensional images , has recorded images of the landing site of U.S. spacecraft Apollo 15 . TMC and HySI payloads of ISRO have covered about 70 % of the lunar surface , while M covered more than 95 % of the same and SIR - 2 has provided high - resolution spectral data on the mineralogy of the Moon . Indian Space Research Organisation said interesting data on lunar polar areas was provided by Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument ( LLRI ) and High Energy X-ray Spectrometer ( HEX ) of ISRO as well as Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar ( Mini-SAR ) of the USA . LLRI covered both the lunar poles and additional lunar regions of interest , HEX made about 200 orbits over the lunar poles and Mini-SAR provided complete coverage of both North and South Polar Regions of the Moon . Another ESA payload -- Chandrayaan - 1 imaging X-ray Spectrometer ( C1XS ) -- detected more than two dozen weak solar flares during the mission duration . The Bulgarian payload called Radiation Dose Monitor ( RADOM ) was activated on the day of the launch itself and worked until the mission 's end . ISRO said scientists from India and participating agencies expressed satisfaction on the performance of Chandrayaan - 1 mission as well as the high quality of data sent by the spacecraft . They have started formulating science plans based on the data sets obtained from the mission . It is expected that in the next few months , interesting results about lunar topography , mineral and chemical contents of the Moon and related aspects are expected to be published . The Chandrayaan - 1 payload has enabled scientists to study the interaction between the solar wind and a planetary body like the Moon without a magnetic field . In its 10 - month orbit around the Moon , Chandrayaan - 1 's X-ray Spectrometer ( C1XS ) detected titanium , confirmed the presence of calcium , and gathered the most accurate measurements yet of magnesium , aluminium and iron on the lunar surface . Lunar water discovery ( edit ) Direct evidence of lunar water though Chandrayaan - 1 Chandra 's Altitudinal Composition ( CHACE ) output profile These images show a very young lunar crater on the side of the Moon that faces away from Earth , as viewed by Chandrayaan - 1 's NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper equipment On 18 November 2008 , the Moon Impact Probe was released from Chandrayaan - 1 at a height of 100 km ( 62 mi ) . During its 25 - minute descent , Chandra 's Altitudinal Composition Explorer ( CHACE ) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time . On 24 September 2009 Science journal reported that the Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( M ) on Chandrayaan - 1 had detected water ice on the Moon . But , on 25 September 2009 , ISRO announced that the MIP , another instrument on board Chandrayaan - 1 , had discovered water on the Moon just before impact and had discovered it 3 months before NASA 's M. The announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it . M detected absorption features near 2.8 -- 3.0 μm on the surface of the Moon . For silicate bodies , such features are typically attributed to hydroxyl - and / or water - bearing materials . On the Moon , the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters . The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M data with neutron spectrometer H abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of OH and H O is an ongoing surficial process . OH / H O production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration . The Moon Mineralogy Mapper ( M ) , an imaging spectrometer , was one of the 11 instruments on board Chandrayaan - I that came to a premature end on 28 August 2009 . M was aimed at providing the first mineral map of the entire lunar surface . M data were reanalyzed years later and revealed `` the most definitive proof to date '' of the presence of water in shaded regions of craters near the Moon 's north and south poles . Lunar scientists had discussed the possibility of water repositories for decades . They are now increasingly `` confident that the decades - long debate is over '' a report says . `` The Moon , in fact , has water in all sorts of places ; not just locked up in minerals , but scattered throughout the broken - up surface , and , potentially , in blocks or sheets of ice at depth . '' The results from the Chandrayaan mission are also `` offering a wide array of watery signals . '' Lunar water production ( edit ) Main article : Lunar water According to European Space Agency ( ESA ) scientists , the lunar regolith ( a loose collection of irregular dust grains making up the Moon 's surface ) absorbs hydrogen nuclei from solar winds . Interaction between the hydrogen nuclei and oxygen present in the dust grains is expected to produce hydroxyl ( HO − ) and water ( H 2O ) . The SARA ( Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser ) instrument developed by ESA and the Indian Space Research Organisation was designed and used to study the Moon 's surface composition and solar - wind / surface interactions . SARA 's results highlight a mystery : not every hydrogen nucleus is absorbed . One out of every five rebounds into space , combining to form an atom of hydrogen . Hydrogen shoots off at speeds of around 200 kilometres per second ( 120 mi / s ) and escapes without being deflected by the Moon 's weak gravity . This knowledge provides timely advice for scientists who are readying ESA 's BepiColombo mission to Mercury , as that spacecraft will carry two instruments similar to SARA . Lunar caves ( edit ) Chandrayaan - 1 imaged a lunar rille , formed by an ancient lunar lava flow , with an uncollapsed segment indicating the presence of a lunar lava tube , a type of large cave below the lunar surface . The tunnel , which was discovered near the lunar equator , is an empty volcanic tube , measuring about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) in length and 360 m ( 1,180 ft ) in width . According to A.S. Arya , scientist SF of Ahmedabad - based Space Application Centre ( SAC ) , this could be a potential site for human settlement on the Moon . Earlier , Japanese Lunar orbiter SELENE ( Kaguya ) also recorded evidence for other caves on the Moon . Tectonism ( edit ) Data from the microwave sensor ( Mini-SAR ) of Chandrayaan - 1 processed using the image analysis software ENVI , has revealed a good amount of past tectonic activity on the lunar surface . The researchers think that the faults and fractures discovered could be features of past interior tectonic activity coupled with meteorite impacts . Awards for Chandrayaan - 1 ( edit ) The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) has selected ISRO 's Chandrayaan - 1 mission as one of the recipients of its annual AIAA SPACE 2009 awards , which recognises key contributions to space science and technology . The International Lunar Exploration Working Group awarded the Chandrayaan - 1 team the International Co-operation Award in 2008 for accommodation and tests of the most international lunar payload ever ( from 20 countries , including India , the European Space Agency of 17 countries , USA , and Bulgaria ) . US - based National Space Society awarded ISRO the 2009 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category , for the Chandrayaan - 1 mission . Team ( edit ) The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan - 1 project are : G. Madhavan Nair -- Chairman , Indian Space Research Organisation Dr. T.K. Alex -- Director , ISAC ( ISRO Satellite Centre ) Dr. Mylswamy Annadurai -- Project Director , Chandrayan - 1 S.K. Shivkumar -- Director -- Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network Mr. M. Pitchaimani -- Operations Director , Chandrayan - 1 Mr. Leo Jackson John -- Spacecraft Operations Manager , Chandrayan - 1 Dr. K. Radhakrishnan ( scientist ) -- Director , VSSC George Koshy -- Mission Director , PSLV - C11 Srinivasa Hegde -- Mission Director , Chandrayaan - 1 Prof. JN Goswami -- Director of Physical Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan - 1 Madhavan Chandradathan - Head , Launch Authorization Board , Chandrayan - 1 Public release of data ( edit ) Data gathered by Chandrayaan - I was made available to the public by the end of the year 2010 . The data was split into two seasons with the first season going public by the end of 2010 and the second going public by the mid of 2011 . The data contained pictures of the Moon and also data of chemical and mineral mapping of the lunar surface . Chandrayaan - 2 ( edit ) Main article : Chandrayaan - 2 ISRO is currently developing a follow - on mission to Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan - 2 , which is scheduled to be launched in January - March 2019 . The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) plans to include a lander and robotic rover as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the Earth via the Chandrayaan - 2 orbiter , which will be orbiting the Moon . Lunar outpost ( edit ) Chandrayaan 's imagery will be used to identify regions of interest that will be explored in detail by the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter . The interest lies in identifying lunar water on the surface that can be exploited in setting up a future lunar outpost . The Mini-SAR , one of the U.S. payloads on Chandrayaan , was used to determine the presence of water ice . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Moon portal India portal Exploration of the Moon ISRO Orbital Vehicle List of artificial objects on the Moon List of current and future lunar missions List of Indian satellites Lunar water List of ISRO missions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mission Sequence '' . ISRO . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - I Spacecraft Loses Radio Contact '' . ISRO. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` chandra '' . Spoken Sanskrit . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` yaana '' . Spoken Sanskrit . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 shifted to VAB '' . The Hindu . 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PSLV - C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan - 1 '' . ISRO. 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bagla , Pallava ( 31 August 2009 ) . `` India Moon mission is ' mixed success ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Pasricha , Anjana ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` India Launches First Unmanned Mission to Moon '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 27 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - 1 Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit '' . ISRO . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tricolour 's 4th national flag on Moon '' . The Economic Times . 15 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan team over the Moon '' . The Hindu . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Crotts , Arlin ( October 2011 ) . `` Water on The Moon , I. Historical Overview '' . Astronomical Review . 6 ( 8 ) : 4 -- 20 . Bibcode : 2011AstRv ... 6h ... 4C . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Acharya , Prasanna ; Singh , Jitendra ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` Question No. 2222 : Status of Chandrayaan Programme '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Jump up ^ `` Spacecraft Description '' . ISRO . Archived from the original on 28 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bhandari N. ( 2005 ) . `` Title : Chandrayaan - 1 : Science goals '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Earth System Science . 114 : 699 . Bibcode : 2005JESS ... 114 ... 701B . doi : 10.1007 / BF02715953 . Jump up ^ Majumder , Sanjoy ( 21 October 2008 ) . `` India sets its sights on the Moon '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ VOA News - Chandrayaan Lunar Probe detects water on Moon Jump up ^ http://www.isro.gov.in/ Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 mission terminated '' . The Hindu . 31 August 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan , India 's first Moon mission is over : Project Director '' . Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayan not a failure : NASA astronaut '' . Press Trust of India . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Karimi , Faith ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` NASA finds lunar spacecraft that vanished 8 years ago '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Agle , D.C. ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` New NASA Radar Technique Finds Lost Lunar Spacecraft '' . NASA . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Udhayakumar , M. ; Singh , Jitendra ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Question No. 2783 : Chandrayaan - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha . Jump up ^ India 's Moon mission : nine years in the landing Jump up ^ Chandrayaan - 1 : India 's first scientific mission to the Moon Jump up ^ `` Objectives '' . ISRO . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Specifications of Chandrayaan 1 '' . Indian Space Research Organisation . October 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ on Chandrayaan 1 '' . Indian Space Research Organisation . October 2008 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ India Space Programs and Exploration Handbook Jump up ^ A.S. Kiran Kumar ; A. Roy Chowdhury ( 2005 ) . `` Terrain mapping camera for Chandrayaan - 1 '' ( PDF ) . J. Earth Syst . Sci. 114 ( 6 ) : 717 -- 720 . Bibcode : 2005JESS ... 114 ... 717K . doi : 10.1007 / BF02715955 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan 1 -- The payloads '' . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 Camera Tested '' . ISRO . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` LASER Instrument on Chandrayaan - 1 Successfully Turned ON '' . ISRO . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laser instrument on board Chandrayaan - 1 activated '' . The Hindu . 17 November 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 : The Payloads '' . ISRO . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chandrayaan - 1 X-ray Spectrometer : C1XS '' . Rutherford Appleton Laboratory . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - 1 Starts Observations of the Moon '' . Space Daily . 24 November 2008 . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bhardwaj , A. ; S. Barabash ; Y . Futaana ; Y . Kazama ; K. Asamura ; D. McCann ; R. Sridharan ; M. Holmström ; P. Wurz ; R. Lundin ( 2005 ) . `` Low energy neutral atom imaging on the Moon with the SARA instrument aboard Chandrayaan - 1 Mission '' ( PDF ) . J. Earth System Sci. 114 ( 6 ) : 749 -- 760 . Bibcode : 2005JESS ... 114 ... 749B . doi : 10.1007 / BF02715960 . Jump up ^ `` Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser ( SARA ) '' . ISRO . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Instrument Inaugurates 3 - D Moon Imaging '' . JPL . Retrieved 19 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Basilevsky A.T. ; Keller H.U. ; Nathues A. ; Mall J. ; Hiesinger H. ; Rosiek M. ; Space Science ( 2004 ) . `` Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART - 2 Infrared Spectrometer ( SIR ) '' . Planetary . 52 : 1261 -- 1285 . Bibcode : 2004P&SS ... 52.1261 B . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2004.09. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Near - IR Spectrometer ( SIR - 2 ) '' . ISRO . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ P.D. Spudis ; B. Bussey ; C. Lichtenberg ; B. Marinelli ; S. Nozette ( 2005 ) . `` mini-SAR : An Imaging Radar for the Chandrayaan 1 Mission to the Moon '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . 26 : 1153 . Jump up ^ `` Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar ( Mini-SAR ) '' . ISRO . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nasa Radar Tandem Searches For Ice on the Moon '' . NASA . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment ( RADOM ) '' . ISRO . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Chandrayaan - 1 is raised to higher orbits '' . The Hindu . 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 successfully put into earth 's orbit '' . Indian express . 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 100 days of Chandrayaan - 1 launch '' . The Times of India . Times News Network . 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 Spacecraft 's Orbit Raised '' . Indian Space Research Organisation. 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 Spacecraft 's Orbit Raised Further '' . ISRO . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 enters Deep Space '' . ISRO . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 's orbit closer to Moon '' . ISRO . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 enters Lunar Transfer Trajectory '' . ISRO . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan - 1 Successfully Carried Out '' . ISRO . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Now , one step closer to Moon '' . The Hindu . 11 November 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan 's orbit further reduced '' . The Hindu . 12 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan McDowell ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` Jonathan 's Space Report No. 603 '' . Jonathan 's Space Report . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - 1 Successfully Reaches its Operational Lunar Orbit '' . ISRO . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Laxman , Srinivas ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . Times of India . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India to go alone in second Moon mission '' . UMMID. 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Natarajan , Swaminathan ( 25 November 2008 ) . `` India moon craft hit by heat rise '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All fine with Chandrayaan - 1 : ISRO chief '' . Times of India . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 takes summer break till mid Jan '' . Economic Times . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Moon probe feels the heat '' . New Scientist. 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan reveals changes in rock composition '' . Times of India . 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fortin , Jacey ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Ice on the Surface of the Moon ? Almost Certainly , New Research Shows '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Chandrayaan 1 mission '' . ISRO website . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan sensor fails ; craft 's life may be reduced '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft completes 3000 orbits around the Moon '' . ISRO . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chandrayaan falters as ' star sensors ' fail '' . The Hindu . 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.ufo-blogger.com/2009/01/indian-moon-mission-pictures-show.html Jump up ^ Laxman , Srinivas ( 15 January 2009 ) . `` Chandrayaan beams back 40,000 images in 75 days '' . Times of India . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` C1XS Catches First Glimpse of X-rays from the Moon '' . ISRO. 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan detects X-ray signals '' . The Hindu . 24 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 1 Instrument Detects First X-ray Signature from Moon '' . Universe Today . 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Divya ( 11 April 2009 ) . `` Chandrayaan 's first image of Earth in its entirety '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Image of Earth from Chandrayaan - 1 '' . The Planetary Society . 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orbit of Chandrayaan - 1 Raised '' . ISRO . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moon 's heat hastened Indian probe 's demise '' , New Scientist , 12 September 2009 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Andrew ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Chandrayaan - I was ' killed ' by heat stroke '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan 's first sensor failed much earlier '' . The Hindu . 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NASA And ISRO Satellites Perform In Tandem To Search For Ice on the Moon '' . NASA . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ISRO - NASA Joint Experiment To Search for Water Ice on the Moon '' . ISRO. 21 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy ( 11 September 2011 ) . `` Joint Experiment with Chandrayaan - 1 and LRO Failed '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA Radar Finds Ice Deposits at Moon 's North Pole '' . NASA . March 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ice deposits found at Moon 's pole '' , BBC News , 2 March 2010 Jump up ^ D.B.J. Bussey , C.D. Neish ; P. Spudis ; W. Marshall ; B.J. Thomson ; G.W. Patterson ; L.M. Carter ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` The nature of lunar volatiles as revealed by Mini-RF observations of the LCROSS impact site '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Planets. 116 ( E01005 ) : 8 . Bibcode : 2011JGRE ... 116.1005 N . doi : 10.1029 / 2010JE003647 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . the Mini-RF instruments on ISRO 's Chandrayaan - 1 and NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) obtained S band ( 12.6 cm ) synthetic aperture radar images of the impact site at 150 and 30 m resolution , respectively . These observations show that the floor of Cabeus has a circular polarization ratio ( CPR ) comparable to or less than the average of nearby terrain in the southern lunar highlands . Furthermore , < 2 % of the pixels in Cabeus crater have CPR values greater than unity . This observation is not consistent with presence of thick deposits of nearly pure water ice within a few meters of lunar surface , but it does not rule out the presence of small ( < ∼ 10 cm ) , discrete pieces of ice mixed in with the regolith . Jump up ^ Chandrayaan - 1 off radar , but will work for 1000 days . The Economic Times 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ ISRO Loses Chandrayaan - 1 ^ Jump up to : Chandrayaan - 1 mission terminated The Hindu . 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Power supply glitch partially cripples Insat - 4B , HinduBusiness Line , Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandrayaan 1 Mission Terminated Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan confirms Moon was once completely molten : Scientist '' . Economic Times . 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scientist Rubbishes Apollo 15 Conspiracy Theory '' . Moondaily.com. 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing '' . Times of India . 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan Enables Study Interaction Without Magnetic Field '' . SpaceDaily.com. 10 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan enables study interaction without magnetic field '' . DNAIndia.com. 8 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Solar flares shine light on Moon 's minerals '' . The Hindu . 19 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2010/2430.html Jump up ^ `` Character and Spatial Distribution of OH / H O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M on Chandrayaan - 1 '' . Science Mag. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MIP detected water on Moon way back in June : ISRO Chairman '' . The Hindu . Bangalore. 25 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan first discovered water on Moon , but ? '' . DNA . Bangalore . DNA . 25 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bagla , Pallav ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Did India beat NASA to find water on Moon ? '' . NDTV . Bangalore . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To ISRO : : Press Release : : 29 August 2009 '' . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . 101004 isro.org Jump up ^ `` It 's not lunacy , probes find water in Moon dirt '' . USA Today . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Water discovered on Moon ? : `` A lot of it actually '' `` . The Hindu . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ India Space Programs and Exploration Handbook Jump up ^ A.S. Arya , R.P. Rajasekhar , Guneshwar Thangjam , Ajai and A.S. Kiran Kumar , `` Detection of potential site for future human habitability on the Moon using Chandrayaan - 1 data '' , Current Science , Vol. 100 , NO . 4 , 25 February 2011 ( accessed 24 January 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` After water , now Indian scientists find cave on Moon '' . Silicon India . 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Drake , Nadia ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Scientists May Have Spotted Buried Lava Tubes on the Moon '' . National Geographic . ^ Jump up to : Priyadarshini , Subhra ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` Moon shows Earth - like tectonic activity '' . Nature India . doi : 10.1038 / nindia. 2014.57 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ American astronautics society award for Chandrayaan - 1 team news Jump up ^ Choudhury , Shubhadeep ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Chandrayaan - 1 wins global award '' . Bangalore . Tribune News Service . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NSS awards for 2009 '' . National Space Society . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Rachel ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` NASA 's Lunar Impact Mission Honored by National Space Society '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The men behind the mission '' . NDTV. 22 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Looking beyond Chandrayaan - 1 '' . Economic Times . 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Chandrayaan Team '' . Zee News . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Launch authorization board '' . Telegraph India . 23 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Data From Chandrayaan Moon Mission To Go Public '' . Space - Travel . 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - 2 to be launched in January - March window in 2019 '' . The Economic Times . Press Trust of India . 12 August 2018 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Rathinavel , T. ; Singh , Jitendra ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` Question No. 1084 : Deployment of Rover on Lunar Surface '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Jump up ^ David , Leonard ( 26 December 2006 ) . `` Moonbase : In the Dark on Lunar Ice '' . Space.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chandrayaan - 1 . Official website Datta , Jayati ; Chakravarty , S.C. ( 2009 ) . Chandrayaan - 1 : India 's First Mission to Moon ( PDF ) . Indian Space Research Organisation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 October 2009 . Indian space programme Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme Satellites APPLE Aditya - L1 Aryabhata Astrosat AstroSat - 2 HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Space probes Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 Venus orbiter mission ( proposed ) Crewed spacecraft Gaganyaan Rockets Engine CE - 7.5 CE - 20 Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) Vikram Sarabhai Space Center ( VSSC ) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ( LPSC ) ISRO Propulsion Complex See also SAGA - 220 ( supercomputer ) List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Indian spacecraft List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Satellites Communication GSAT 3 ( EDUSAT ) 5P 6 6A 7 8 9 ( South Asia Satellite ) 10 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 HAMSAT INSAT 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2DT 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 3DR 3DS 3E 4A 4B 4C 4CR 4E 4F 4G Planned : GSAT 7A 11 20 22 23 24 29 Earth observation Bhaskara II Cartosat 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F IMS - 1 IRS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E P1 P2 P3 Megha - Tropiques Microsat Oceansat Resourcesat RISAT Rohini RS - D1 RS - D2 SARAL SCATSAT - 1 Technology Experiment Satellite ( TESS ) Planned : Cartosat - 3 NISAR GISAT Oceansat - 3 Resourcesat - 3 Experimental APPLE Aryabhata Rohini RS - 1 Rohini Technology Payload ( RTP ) Navigation IRNSS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G Student satellites ANUSAT Jugnu SRMSAT StudSat StudSat - 2 YouthSat Pratham Space probes Scientific SROSS C2 Astronomical Astrosat Aditya - L1 ( planned ) Lunar programme Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 ( planned ) Inter-planetary Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 ( planned ) Venus orbiter mission ( planned ) Human spaceflight Indian human spaceflight programme SRE - 1 SRE - II SRE - III Gaganyaan CARE Future spacecraft in italics . Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Commercial Lunar Payload Services Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Longjiang - 2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Longjiang - 1 Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS WIND WMAP Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2020 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2021 ) Luna 26 ( 2022 ) Luna 27 ( 2023 ) Luna 28 Luna 29 Others Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) Sparrow ( 2018 ) Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2019 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . 21st - century space probes Active space probes ( deep space missions ) Moon ARTEMIS Longjiang - 2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars ExoMars TGO InSight / MarCO Mangalyaan Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey MAVEN MER Opportunity MRO MSL Curiosity Venus Akatsuki IKAROS Minor planet Chang'e 2 Dawn Hayabusa2 / MASCOT New Horizons OSIRIS - REx PROCYON Solar science ACE DSCOVR Parker Solar Probe SOHO STEREO Wind Others Gaia Juno THEMIS Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Completed after 2000 ( by termination date ) NEAR Shoemaker Deep Space 1 2003 Pioneer 10 Galileo Nozomi Genesis 2005 Huygens 2006 Mars Global Surveyor 2008 Phoenix 2009 Chang'e 1 Ulysses Chandrayaan - 1 SELENE LCROSS Hayabusa MER Spirit 2011 Stardust 2012 GRAIL 2013 Deep Impact 2014 LADEE Venus Express Chang'e 5 - T1 2015 MESSENGER Chang'e 3 / Yutu 2016 Rosetta / Philae ExoMars Schiaparelli 2017 LISA Pathfinder Cassini List of Solar System probes List of lunar probes List of space telescopes ← 2007 Orbital launches in 2008 2009 → Thuraya 3 TecSAR Ekspress AM - 33 Progress M - 63 STS - 122 ( Columbus ) Thor 5 Kizuna Jules Verne ATV STS - 123 ( Kibō ELM - PS Dextre Spacelab MD002 ) USA - 200 AMC - 14 USA - 201 DirecTV - 11 SAR - Lupe 4 Soyuz TMA - 12 ICO G1 C / NOFS Vinasat - 1 Star One C2 Tianlian I - 01 GIOVE - B Cartosat - 2A TWSAT CanX - 2 CUTE - 1.7 + APD II Delfi - C3 AAUSAT - II Compass - 1 SEEDS - 2 CanX - 6 Rubin - 8 Amos - 3 Progress M - 64 Galaxy 18 Kosmos 2437 Kosmos 2438 Kosmos 2439 Yubileiny Feng Yun 3A STS - 124 ( Kibō PM ) ChinaSat 9 Fermi Skynet 5C Türksat 3A Orbcomm FM29 Orbcomm FM37 Orbcomm FM38 Orbcomm FM39 Orbcomm FM40 Orbcomm FM41 Jason - 2 Kosmos 2440 Badr - 6 ProtoStar 1 EchoStar XI SAR - Lupe 5 Kosmos 2441 Trailblazer NanoSail - D PRESat Explorers Superbird - C2 AMC - 21 Omid Inmarsat - 4 F3 Tachys Mati Choma Choros Trochia Huan Jing 1A Huan Jing 1B GeoEye - 1 Progress M - 65 Nimiq - 4 Galaxy 19 Kosmos 2442 Kosmos 2243 Kosmos 2444 Shenzhou 7 ( Banxing - 1 ) Ratsat THEOS Soyuz TMA - 13 IBEX Chandrayaan - 1 ( MIP ) Shijian 6E Shijian 6F COSMO - 3 Venesat - 1 Chuang Xin 1B Shiyan Weixing 3 Astra 1M Kosmos 2445 STS - 126 ( Leonardo MPLM PSSC - 1 ) Progress M - 01M Yaogan 4 Kosmos 2446 Yaogan 5 Hot Bird 9 Eutelsat W2M Feng Yun 2E Kosmos 2447 Kosmos 2448 Kosmos 2449 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&oldid=857064144 '' Categories : Space probes launched in 2008 2008 in India Missions to the Moon Indian lunar exploration programme ISRO space probes Space synthetic aperture radar Space radar altimeters Spacecraft launched by PSLV Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from February 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 09 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
chandrayan 1 indian first mission to moon was launched in
[]
[]
-267702269310827059
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe - wikipedia The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe Jump to : navigation , search For the film adaptation of the novel , see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . For other uses ( disambiguation ) , see The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( disambiguation ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe First edition dustjacket Author C.S. Lewis Illustrator Pauline Baynes Cover artist Pauline Baynes Country United Kingdom Language English Series The Chronicles of Narnia Genre Children 's fantasy novel , Christian literature Publisher Geoffrey Bles Publication date 16 October 1950 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book OCLC 7207376 LC Class PZ8. L48 Li Followed by Prince Caspian The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C.S. Lewis , published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950 . It is the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia ( 1950 -- 1956 ) . Among all the author 's books it is also the most widely held in libraries . Although it was written as well as published first in the series , it is volume two in recent editions , which are sequenced by the stories ' chronology ( the first being The Magician 's Nephew ) . Like the others , it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and her work has been retained in many later editions . Most of the novel is set in Narnia , a land of talking animals and mythical creatures that one White Witch has ruled for 100 years of deep winter . In the frame story , four English children are relocated to a large , old country house following a wartime evacuation . The youngest visits Narnia three times via the magic of a wardrobe in a spare room . All four children are together on her third visit , which verifies her fantastic claims and comprises the subsequent 12 of 17 chapters except for a brief conclusion . In Narnia , the siblings seem fit to fulfill an old prophecy and so are soon adventuring both to save Narnia and their lives . Lewis wrote the book for , and dedicated it to , his goddaughter Lucy Barfield . She was the daughter of Owen Barfield , Lewis 's friend , teacher , adviser , and trustee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Character list 3 Writing 4 Illustrations 5 Reception 6 Allusions 7 Differences between editions 8 Adaptations 8.1 Television 8.2 Theatre 8.3 Audio 8.4 Film 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In 1940 , four siblings -- Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie -- are among many children evacuated from London during World War II to escape the Blitz . They are sent to the countryside to live with professor Digory Kirke . Exploring the professor 's house , Lucy finds a wardrobe which doubles as a magic portal to a forest in a land called Narnia . At a lamppost oddly located in the forest , she meets Tumnus , a faun , who invites her to tea in his home . There the faun confesses that he invited her not out of hospitality , but with the intention of betraying her to the White Witch . The witch has ruled Narnia for years , using magic to keep it frozen in a perpetual winter . She has ordered all Narnians to turn in any humans ( `` Sons of Adam '' or `` Daughters of Eve '' ) they come across . But now that he has come to know and like a human , Tumnus repents his original intention and escorts Lucy back to the lamppost . Lucy returns through the wardrobe and finds that only a few seconds have passed in normal time during her absence . Her siblings do not believe her story about another world inside the wardrobe , which is now found to have a solid back panel . During a game of hide - and - seek on some days later , Lucy again passes into Narnia . This time her brother Edmund chances to follow her . He meets Jadis , who calls herself Queen of Narnia . When she learns that he is human and has two sisters and a brother , she places an enchantment on him . She urges him to bring his siblings to her castle , promising in return to make him her heir . When Lucy and Edmund return together through the wardrobe , Edmund realizes that the queen he met and the witch Lucy describes are one and the same . He denies to the others that he has been in Narnia at all . Peter and Susan are puzzled by Lucy 's insistence , and consult the Professor , who surprises them by taking Lucy 's side in the debate of Narnia 's existence . Soon afterward , all four children enter Narnia together after hiding in the wardrobe to avoid the professor 's dour housekeeper , Mrs. Macready . Remembering the winter cold ahead , they take coats from the wardrobe before exploring . Lucy guides them to Tumnus 's cave , but they find it ransacked , with a notice from Jadis ( the White Witch ) proclaiming his arrest for harbouring humans . A talking beaver intercepts them , proves himself a friend , and hides the children in his den . There , he and Mrs. Beaver tell them of a prophecy that Jadis 's power will fail when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve fill the four thrones at Cair Paravel . Aslan , the great lion and the rightful King , has been absent for many years but is now `` on the move again '' in Narnia . Edmund steals away to Jadis 's castle , which is filled with statues of Narnian victims she has turned to stone . Jadis is furious when Edmund appears alone and angrier still to learn that Aslan may have returned . She takes him on her sledge to catch the others or to reach Aslan 's court before them . Meanwhile , Mr Beaver realises that Edmund has betrayed them , and they set off at once to seek Aslan at the Stone Table . As they travel , the Witch 's spell over Narnia begins to break : Father Christmas ( who has not been seen in Narnia for a hundred years ) arrives with magical presents : a sword for Peter , a horn and a bow with arrows for Susan , a knife and a bottle of healing cordial for Lucy . The snow melts , and winter ends . Aslan welcomes the children and the Beavers to his camp near the Stone Table . Upon hearing Edmund 's situation , he orders a rescue party of loyal Narnians . After much hardship at the hands of the Witch and her sledge driver , Edmund is rescued from their camp and reunited with his siblings . Jadis approaches in truce to parley with Aslan . She insists that , according to `` deep magic from the dawn of time '' , she holds the right to kill Edmund following his treason . Aslan bargains with her privately and she renounces her claim . That evening , Aslan secretly returns to the Stone Table , shadowed by Susan and Lucy . Upon noticing them , Aslan welcomes their company but warns them not to interfere with what is about to happen . He has traded his own life to the witch for Edmund 's , and the girls watch as Jadis oversees his shaming before her underlings . She orders Aslan tied to the Stone Table , shaved and muzzled ; and she administers the killing blow herself . Confident now of victory , the Witch leads her army away to battle . Susan and Lucy remain weeping over Aslan 's abandoned body . They un-muzzle him and see mice gnaw away his bonds . The Stone Table breaks and Aslan is restored to life . He tells Lucy and Susan that Jadis was unaware of the `` deeper magic from before the dawn of time '' that will resurrect an innocent killed in place of a traitor . Aslan carries Lucy and Susan on his back as he hurries to Jadis 's castle . He breathes upon the stone statues in the courtyard , restoring them to life . Meanwhile , Peter and Edmund lead the Narnians against Jadis , and Edmund is seriously wounded . Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements . The Narnians rout Jadis 's supporters , and Aslan kills Jadis . Aslan breathes life into those Jadis has turned to stone on the battlefield , and Lucy uses her magic cordial to revive the wounded , starting with Edmund . The Pevensie children are crowned kings and queens of Narnia at Cair Paravel . Soon afterward , Aslan slips away and disappears . Fifteen years later , the four rulers chase a wish - granting white stag through the forest whereupon they rediscover the lamppost . They soon find their way not through branches but coats . They come back through the wardrobe in the Professor 's house and are suddenly children again , dressed in their old clothes . Almost no time has passed in the real world , despite their many years in Narnia . The four children consult the Professor . He forgives them the absence of the four coats they stole , and hints that theirs would prove not to be the first adventure in Narnia , nor by any means the last . Character list ( edit ) The Pevensie Siblings Raised in London , evacuated to the Dorset countryside , and reaching adulthood in Narnia , they are the four main characters . In one chapter , Father Christmas arrives to endow those present ( three Pevensies and two beavers ) with a feast , weapons , and magical items . After the restoration of Narnia , a Tetrarchy is established with the four siblings as the rulers . Lucy Pevensie is the youngest Pevensie child and , in some respects , the primary protagonist of the story . She is the first to discover the land of Narnia when she finds her way through the magical wardrobe in the Professor 's house . When Lucy tells her three siblings , they do n't believe her : Peter and Susan think she is just playing a game while Edmund persistently ridicules her about it . She is later crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant . Edmund Pevensie is the second - youngest of the Pevensie children . He has a bad relationship with his siblings . Edmund is known to be a liar , and often harasses children younger than him . He often singles out Lucy as his favourite target . In Narnia he meets the White Witch , who plies him with enchanted Turkish delight , drink , and smooth talk . Lured by the White Witch 's promise of power and an unlimited supply of the magical treats , Edmund betrays his siblings . He eventually regrets his actions and repents . After he helps Aslan and the good denizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch , he is crowned and named King Edmund the Just . He has no endowments , because of his betrayal . Susan Pevensie is the second - oldest of Pevensie children . She does not believe in Narnia until she actually goes there . Along with Lucy , she accompanies Aslan on the journey to his apparent self - sacrifice and secretly witnesses the horrific event . Tending to his carcass , she removes a muzzle from him to restore his dignity and oversees a horde of mice who gnaw away his bonds . She then shares the joy of his resurrection and the endeavor to bring reinforcements to a critical battle . She is crowned Queen of Narnia alongside Lucy and pronounced Queen Susan the Gentle . Peter Pevensie is the eldest of the Pevensie siblings . He judiciously settles disputes between his younger brother and sisters , often rebuking Edmund for his attitude . At first , Peter disbelieves Lucy 's stories about Narnia , but changes his mind when he sees it for himself . He is hailed as a hero for the slaying of Maugrim and for his command in the battle to overthrow the White Witch . He is eventually crowned High King of Narnia and dubbed King Peter the Magnificent . At the Country Home The house that shelters the Pevensie children is run by a Professor , staffed by servants , and frequently toured by historians . The Professor is a kindly old gentleman who takes the Pevensie children in when they are evacuated from London . He is the first to believe that Lucy did indeed visit a land called Narnia . He tries to convince the others logically that she did n't make it up . The book hints that he knows more of Narnia than he lets on . He is identified in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader as Professor Kirke , and appears as a young boy , Digory Kirke , a main character in the prequel , in which he witnesses Aslan 's creation of Narnia . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between himself and Aslan on the smaller scale of the house in Dorset ; in that he is rarely seen , can be sought for impartial wisdom , provides a sense of stability , and sometimes can not be found . Mrs. Macready is the housekeeper for the Professor and takes it upon herself to guide the tour groups . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between herself and the White Witch , albeit on the smaller scale ; for example , she effectively rules the country house in the absence of the Professor ( terrifyingly so in the imagination of a young girl torn from her home and mother ) . The Pevensies certainly see her as an antagonist and dub her `` The Macready '' . She is stated to be not very fond of children , imposes strict rules on their behavior , and disturbs their peace with the tours . Narnians The magical land of Narnia is populated by talking animals , mythological species , and sentient flora . Aslan , a lion , is the rightful King of Narnia and other magic countries . He sacrifices himself to save Edmund , but is resurrected in time to aid the denizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children against the White Witch and her minions . As the `` son of the Emperor beyond the sea '' ( an allusion to the first person of the Holy Trinity in Christianity ( the Father ) Aslan is the all powerful creator of Narnia . He is the deity that links all created worlds together and is thus all knowing , all present , and all powerful . The White Witch is the land 's self - proclaimed queen and the primary antagonist of the story . She tyrannizes Narnia through her magically imposed rule . Her spell on Narnia has made winter persist for a hundred years with no end in sight . When provoked , she turns creatures to stone with her wand . She fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that `` two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve '' ( meaning humans ; two male , two female ) will claim the right to rule and supplant her . She is usually referred to simply as `` the White Witch '' but her actual name , `` Jadis , '' appears in one proclamation in this book . Lewis later wrote a prequel to include her back - story and account for her presence in the Narnian world . Tumnus , a faun , is the first individual Lucy meets in Narnia . Tumnus befriends Lucy , despite the White Witch 's standing order to turn in any human found in Narnia . He initially plans to obey the order but , after getting to like Lucy , he can not bear to alert the Witch 's forces . He instead escorts her back towards the safety of her own country . His good deed is later given away by Edmund who innocently tells the White Witch that Lucy mentioned meeting a faun . The witch orders Tumnus arrested and turns him to stone , but he is later restored to life by Aslan . Mr. and Mrs. Beaver , two beavers , are friends of Tumnus . They play host to Peter , Susan , and Lucy and lead them to Aslan . A Dwarf serves the White Witch . He 's never named in the book but called Ginabrik in the film , where he has a more significant role . Maugrim ( Fenris Ulf in most American editions ) the wolf is the chief of the White Witch 's secret police . She sends him to hunt down the Pevensie children . He tries to kill Susan who flees and sees to the safety of others . She sounds her horn . Peter answers the call and slays Maugrim . Giant Rumblebuffin is a character who is turned to stone by the White Witch . Aslan restores him to life by breathing on him . Although slightly dim - witted , he is very kind . His significant contribution is to break down the gate of the Witch 's castle to let the rescued Narnians out , and also to crush some of her army . Writing ( edit ) Lewis described the origin of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled `` It All Began with a Picture '' : The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood . This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen . Then one day , when I was about forty , I said to myself : ' Let 's try to make a story about it . ' Shortly before the Second World War many children were evacuated from London to the English countryside to escape bomber attacks on London by Nazi Germany . On 2 September 1939 three school girls , Margaret , Mary and Katherine , came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis 's home three miles east of Oxford city centre . Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children 's story on an odd sheet that has survived as part of another manuscript : This book is about four children whose names were Ann , Martin , Rose and Peter . But it is most about Peter who was the youngest . They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids , and because Father , who was in the Army , had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work . They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother 's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country . The plot element of entering a new world through the back of a wardrobe had certainly entered Lewis 's mind by 1946 , when he used it to describe his first encounter with really good poetry : I did not in the least feel that I was getting in more quantity or better quality a pleasure I had already known . It was more as if a cupboard which one had hitherto valued as a place for hanging coats proved one day , when you opened the door , to lead to the garden of the Hesperides ... How much more of the story Lewis then wrote is uncertain . Roger Lancelyn Green thinks that he might even have completed it . In September 1947 Lewis wrote in a letter about stories for children : `` I have tried one myself but it was , by the unanimous verdict of my friends , so bad that I destroyed it . '' In August 1948 , during a visit by an American writer , Chad Walsh , Lewis talked vaguely about completing a children 's book he had begun `` in the tradition of E. Nesbit '' . After this conversation not much happened until the beginning of the next year . Then everything changed . In his essay `` It All Began With a Picture '' Lewis continues : `` At first I had very little idea how the story would go . But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it . I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time . Apart from that , I do n't know where the Lion came from or why he came . But once he was there , he pulled the whole story together , and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him . '' The major ideas of the book echo lines Lewis had written fourteen years earlier in his alliterative poem The Planets : ... Of wrath ended And woes mended , of winter passed And guilt forgiven , and good fortune Jove is master ; and of jocund revel , Laughter of ladies . The lion - hearted ... are Jove 's children . On 10 March 1949 Roger Lancelyn Green dined with Lewis at Magdalen College . After the meal Lewis read two chapters from his new children 's story to Green . Lewis asked Green 's opinion of the tale and Green said that he thought it was good . The manuscript of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949 . Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May . When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition , three new `` chronicles '' , Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , had also been completed . Illustrations ( edit ) Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , allowed him to choose the illustrator for the novel and the Narnia series . Lewis chose Pauline Baynes , possibly based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's recommendation . Baynes had greatly impressed Tolkien with her illustrations for his Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) . However , Baynes claimed that Lewis learned about her work after going into a bookshop and asking for a recommendation for an illustrator who was skilled at portraying both humans and animals . In December 1949 , Bles showed Lewis the first drawings for the novel , and Lewis sent Baynes a note congratulating her , particularly on the level of detail . Lewis 's appreciation of the illustrations is evident in a letter he wrote to Baynes after The Last Battle won the Carnegie Medal for best children 's book of 1956 : `` is it not rather ' our ' medal ? I 'm sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text '' . The British edition of the novel had 43 illustrations ; American editions generally had fewer . The popular United States paperback edition published by Collier between 1970 and 1994 , which sold many millions , had only 17 illustrations , many of them severely cropped from the originals , giving many readers in that country a very different experience when reading the novel . All the illustrations were restored for the 1994 worldwide HarperCollins edition , although these lacked the clarity of early printings . Reception ( edit ) Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel . He completed the sequel by end of 1949 , less than a year after finishing the initial book . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe had few readers during 1949 and was not published until late in 1950 , so his initial enthusiasm did not stem from favourable reception by the public . While Lewis is known today on the strength of the Narnia stories as a highly successful children 's writer , the initial critical response was muted . At the time it was fashionable for children 's stories to be realistic ; fantasy and fairy tales were seen as indulgent , appropriate only for very young readers and potentially harmful to older children , even hindering their ability to relate to everyday life . Some reviewers considered the tale overtly moralistic or the Christian elements over-stated -- attempts to indoctrinate children . Others were concerned that the many violent incidents might frighten children . Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , feared that the Narnia tales would not sell , and might damage Lewis ' reputation and affect sales of his other books . Nevertheless , the novel and its successors were highly popular with young readers , and Lewis 's publisher was soon eager to release further Narnia stories . In the United States a 2004 study found that The Lion was a common read - aloud book for seventh - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . In 2005 it was included on TIME 's unranked list of the 100 best English - language novels published since 1923 . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number five among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was the second most common book that UK adults had read as children , after Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . ( Adults , perhaps limited to parents , ranked Alice and The Lion fifth and sixth as books the next generation should read , or their children should read during their lifetimes . ) TIME magazine included the novel in its `` All - TIME 100 Novels '' ( best English - language novels from 1923 to 2005 ) . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 9 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . It has also been published in 47 foreign languages . Allusions ( edit ) Lewis wrote that `` The Narnian books are not as much allegory as supposal . Suppose there were a Narnian world and it , like ours , needed redemption . What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there ? '' The main story is an allegory of Christ 's crucifixion : Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund , a traitor who may deserve death , in the same way that Christians believe Jesus sacrificed himself for sinners . Aslan is killed on the Stone Table , symbolizing Mosaic Law , which breaks when he is resurrected , symbolizing the replacement of the strict justice of Old Testament law with redeeming grace and forgiveness granted on the basis of substitutional atonement , according to Christian theology . As with the Christian Passion , it is women ( Susan and Lucy ) who tend Aslan 's body after he dies and are the first to see him after his resurrection . The significance of the death contains elements of both the ransom theory of atonement and the satisfaction theory : Aslan suffers Edmund 's penalty ( satisfaction ) , and buys him back from the White Witch , who was entitled to him by reason of his treachery ( ransom ) . In Christian belief , Christ is associated with the Biblical `` Lion of Judah '' of Revelation 5 : 5 . Professor Kirke is based on W.T. Kirkpatrick , who tutored a 16 - year - old Lewis . `` Kirk , '' as he was sometimes called , taught the young Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly , skills that would be invaluable to him later . Narnia is caught in endless winter that has lasted a century when the children first enter . Norse tradition mythologises a `` great winter , '' known as the Fimbulwinter , said to precede Ragnarök . The trapping of Edmund by the White Witch is reminiscent of the seduction and imprisonment of Kay by The Snow Queen in Hans Christian Andersen 's novella of that name . The dwarves and giants are found in Norse mythology ; fauns , centaurs , minotaurs and dryads derive from Greek mythology . Father Christmas , of course , was part of popular English folklore . There are several parallels between the White Witch and the immortal white queen , Ayesha , of H. Rider Haggard 's She , a novel greatly admired by C.S. Lewis . The Story of the Amulet written by Edith Nesbit also contains scenes that can be considered precursors to sequences presenting Jadis , particularly in The Magician 's Nephew . Nesbit 's short story The Aunt and Amabel includes the motif of a girl entering a wardrobe to gain access to a magical place . The freeing of Aslan 's body from the stone table by field mice is reminiscent of Aesop 's fable of `` The Lion and the Mouse . '' In the fable , a lion catches a mouse , but the mouse persuades the lion to release him , promising that the favor would be rewarded . Later in the story , he gnaws through the lion 's bonds after he has been captured by hunters . It is also reminiscent of a scene from Edgar Allan Poe 's story `` The Pit and the Pendulum , '' in which a prisoner is freed when rats gnaw through his bonds . In a later book , `` Prince Caspian , '' we learn that as reward for their actions , mice gained the same intelligence and speech as other Narnian animals . Differences between editions ( edit ) Due to labor union rules , the text of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was reset for the publication of the first American edition of by Macmillan US in 1950 . Lewis took that opportunity to make the following changes to the original British edition published by Geoffrey Bles earlier that same year : In chapter one of the American edition , the animals that Edmund and Susan express interest in are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition . In chapter six of the American edition , the name of the White Witch 's chief of police is changed to `` Fenris Ulf '' from `` Maugrim '' in the British . In chapter thirteen of the American edition , `` the trunk of the World Ash Tree '' takes the place of `` the fire - stones of the Secret Hill '' . When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994 , they began using the original British edition for all subsequent English editions worldwide . The current US edition published by Scholastic has 36,135 words . Adaptations ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The story has been adapted three times for television . The first adaptation was a ten - part serial produced by ABC Weekend Television for ITV and broadcast in 1967 . In 1979 , an animated TV - movie , directed by Peanuts director Bill Meléndez , was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program . A third television adaptation was produced in 1988 by the BBC using a combination of live actors , animatronic puppets and animation . Only this last one was the first of a series of 3 Narnia adaptations . The programme was nominated for an Emmy and won a BAFTA . It was followed by three further Narnia adaptations . Theatre ( edit ) Stage adaptations include a 1984 version staged at London 's Westminster Theatre , produced by Vanessa Ford Productions . The play , adapted by Glyn Robbins , was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood . Jules Tasca , Ted Drachman , and Thomas Tierney collaborated on a musical adaptation published in 1986 . In 1997 , Trumpets Inc. , a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company , produced a musical rendition that Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson ( and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations ) , has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis 's intention . It starred among others popular young Filipino singer Sam Concepcion as Edmund Pevensie . The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian , while music was composed by Lito Villareal . In 1998 , the Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation by Adrian Mitchell , for which the acting edition has been published . The Stratford Festival in Canada mounted a new production of Mitchell 's work in June 2016 . ( 2 ) ( 3 ) In 2003 , there was an Australian commercial stage production which toured the country by Malcolm C. Cooke Productions , using both life - size puppets and human actors . It was directed by notable film director Nadia Tass , and starred Amanda Muggleton , Dennis Olsen , Meaghan Davies and Yolande Brown . In 2011 , a two - actor stage adaptation by Le Clanché du Rand opened Off - Broadway in New York City at St. Luke 's Theatre . The production was directed by Julia Beardsley O'Brien and starred Erin Layton and Andrew Fortman . As of 2014 , the production is currently running with a replacement cast of Abigail Taylor - Sansom and Rockford Sansom . Audio ( edit ) Multiple audio editions have been released , both straightforward readings and dramatizations . In 1981 , Michael Hordern read abridged versions of the classic tale ( and the others in the series ) . In 2000 , an unabridged audio book was released , narrated by Michael York . ( All the books were released in audio form , read by different actors . ) In 1988 , BBC Radio 4 mounted a full dramatization . In 1998 , Focus on the Family Radio Theatre also adapted this story . Both the original BBC version and the Focus on the Family version have been broadcast on BBC radio . Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books . The BBC series uses the title Tales of Narnia , while the Focus on the Family version uses the more familiar Chronicles moniker . The Focus on the Family version is also longer , with a full orchestra score , narration , a larger cast of actors , and introductions by Douglas Gresham , C.S. Lewis ' stepson . Film ( edit ) In 2005 , the story was adapted for a theatrical film , co-produced by Walt Disney and Walden Media . It has so far been followed by two more films : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . The latter was co-produced by Twentieth - Century Fox and Walden Media . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Fantasy portal Narnia portal Novels portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first edition ) . Library of Congress Catalog Record . `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first U.S. edition ) . LCC record . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis , C.S. ( Clive Staples ) 1898 -- 1963 '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 ^ Jump up to : `` Bibliography : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . ISFDB . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 p. 75 Jump up ^ for she is mentioned by name in the notice left by Maugrim after the arrest of Tumnus in chapter 6 , `` Into the Forest . '' Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . `` It All Began with a Picture '' . Radio Times . 15 July 1960 . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Of Other Worlds '' , by C.S. Lewis `` . Huntington . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 24 . Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edwards , Owen Dudley ( 2007 ) . British Children 's Fiction in the Second World War . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1650 - 3 . Jump up ^ Green , Roger Lancelyn , and Walter Hooper ( 2002 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . Fully Revised and Expanded Edition . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1966 ) , `` Different Tastes in Literature '' . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2004 ( 1947 ) ) . Collected Letters : Volume 2 ( 1931 - 1949 ) . p. 802 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 072764 - 0 . Letter to E.L. Baxter dated 10 September 1947 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Chad ( 1974 ) . C.S. Lewis : Apostle to the Skeptics . Norwood Editions . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 779 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , pp. xix , 53 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1935 ) , `` The Alliterative Metre '' . In Hooper , ed. ( 1969 ) , Selected Literary Essays , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9780521074414 , p. 25 . The connection argued in Michael Ward ( 2008 ) , Planet Narnia : the seven heavens in the imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195313871 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter . `` Lucy Barfield ( 1935 -- 2003 ) '' . SEVEN : An Anglo - American Literary Review . Volume 20 , 2003 , p. 5 . ISSN 0271 - 3012 . `` The dedication ... was probably taken from Lewis 's letter to Lucy of May 1949 '' . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Veith , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas , James Flood , Diane Lapp , and Nancy Frey ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / RT. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( 16 October 2005 ) . `` All - TIME 100 Novels : The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten books parents think children should read '' . The Telegraph . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ GoodKnight , Glen H. `` Translations of The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis '' ( index ) . Narnia Editions & Translations ( inklingsfocus.com ) . Updated 3 August 2010 . Confirmed 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ James E. Higgins . `` A Letter from C.S. Lewis '' . The Horn Book Magazine . October 1966 . Archived 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lindskoog , Kathryn . Journey into Narnia . Pasadena , CA : Hope Publ House . ISBN 9780932727893 . pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Gormley , Beatrice . C.S. Lewis : The Man Behind Narnia . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802853011 . p. 122 . ( Second edition of C.S. Lewis : Christian and Storyteller . Eerdmans. 1997 . ISBN 9780802851215 . ) Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 2007 ) . The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis , Volume 3 : Narnia , Cambridge , and Joy , 1950 - 1963 . Zondervan . p. 497 . ISBN 0060819227 . Jump up ^ Lindsley , Art . `` C.S. Lewis : His Life and Works '' . C.S. Lewis Institute . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No sex in Narnia ? How Hans Christian Andersen 's `` Snow Queen '' problematizes C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia `` . Free Online Library ( thefreelibrary.com ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tracy V. `` Howstuffworks `` The World of Narnia '' `` . Howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` C.S. Lewis And The Scholarship Of Imagination In E. Nesbit And Rider Haggard -- Research and Read Books , Journals , Articles at Questia Online Library '' . Questia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What C.S. Lewis Took From E. Nesbit '' . Project Muse . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Prince Caspian , Chapter 15 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Devin ( 2013 ) . Inside Narnia : A Guide to Exploring The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Abingdon Press . ISBN 0801065992 . Jump up ^ Schakel , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Way Into Narnia : A Reader 's Guide . Wm . B. Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802829849 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Bell , James ; Dunlop , Cheryl ( 2007 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the World of Narnia . Alpha . ISBN 1592576176 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Elizabeth ( 2013 ) . Milton , Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia : Literary Sources for the C.S . Abingdon Press . ISBN 9781426785559 . pp. 138 , 173 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Catalog - Book Information '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter ( 1998 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Complete Guide to His Life & Works . HarperCollins . pp. 787 , 960 . Jump up ^ WorldCat libraries have catalogued the related works in different ways including `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( book , 1986 , OCLC 14694962 ) ; `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( musical score , 1986 , OCLC 16713815 ) ; `` Narnia : a dramatic adaptation of C.S. Lewis 's The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( video , 1986 , OCLC 32772305 ) ; `` Narnia : based on C.S. Lewis ' ( classic story ) The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( 1987 , OCLC 792898134 ) . Google Books uses the title `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' and hosts selections , perhaps from the play by Tasca alone , without lyrics or music . `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' at Google Books ( books.google.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Trumpets The Lion The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . TheBachelorGirl.com. 29 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Evidently `` the Bachelor Girl '' was a former member of the Trumpets cast . Jump up ^ David , B.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Narnia Revisited '' . From a Filipino school newspaper , probably in translation , posted 12 September 2002 to a discussion forum at Pinoy Exchange ( pinoyexchange.com/forums ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . `` Stephen Gresham , stepson of C.S. Lewis '' saw the second staging by invitation and returned with his wife to see it again . `` ( T ) his approval from the family and estate of the well - loved author is enough evidence that the Trumpets adaptations is at par with other version . '' Jump up ^ See also blog reprint of local paper article at ( 1 ) . Article in English . Blog in Filipino . Jump up ^ Garcia , Rose ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Is Sam Concepcion the next Christian Bautista ? '' . PEP ( Philippine Entertainment Portal ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Adrian ( 4 December 1998 ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe : The Royal Shakespeare Company 's Stage Adaptation . An Acting Edition . Oberon Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1840020496 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Jim ( 2 January 2003 ) . `` Mythical , magical puppetry '' . The Age ( theage.com.au ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Yench , Belinda . `` Welcome to the lion 's den '' . The Blurb ( Australian arts and entertainment ) ( theblurb.com.au ) . Archived from the original on 8 September 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 ... This review mistakenly identifies C.S. Lewis as the author of Alice in Wonderland . Jump up ^ Charles Quittner . `` The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Is Cute and Compact '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Graeber , Laurel ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Spare Times for Children for Sept. 5 - 11 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Citations Ford , Paul F. ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : Revised Edition . San Francisco : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079127 - 8 . Hooper , Walter , ed. ( 1982 ) . On Stories and Other Essays on Literature . By C.S. Lewis . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 . Schakel , Peter J. ( 2002 ) . Imagination and the arts in C.S. Lewis : journeying to Narnia and other worlds . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1407 - X . Veith , Gene ( 2008 ) . The Soul of Prince Caspian : Exploring Spiritual Truth in the Land of Narnia . David C. Cook . ISBN 0 - 7814 - 4528 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Sammons , Martha C. ( 1979 ) . A Guide Through Narnia . Wheaton , Illinois : Harold Shaw Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87788 - 325 - 4 . Downing , David C. ( 2005 ) . Into the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 7890 - 6 . Ryken , Leland ; and Mead ; Marjorie Lamp ( 2005 ) . A Reader 's Guide Through the Wardrobe : Exploring C.S. Lewis 's Classic Story . London : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3289 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) -- immediately , the full - colour C.S. Lewis centenary edition The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Works by C.S. Lewis Poetry Spirits in Bondage ( 1919 ) Dymer ( 1926 ) Fiction The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) The Screwtape Letters ( 1942 ) The Great Divorce ( 1945 ) Till We Have Faces ( 1956 ) Screwtape Proposes a Toast ( 1959 ) Letters to Malcolm : Chiefly on Prayer ( 1964 ) Boxen ( 1985 ) The Space Trilogy Out of the Silent Planet ( 1938 ) Perelandra ( 1943 ) That Hideous Strength ( 1945 ) The Dark Tower ( manuscript ) ( 1977 ) The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Non-fiction The Allegory of Love ( 1936 ) The Personal Heresy ( 1939 ) The Problem of Pain ( 1940 ) A Preface to Paradise Lost ( 1942 ) The Abolition of Man ( 1943 ) Miracles ( 1947 ) Mere Christianity ( 1952 ) Surprised by Joy ( 1955 ) The Four Loves ( 1960 ) Studies in Words ( 1960 ) The World 's Last Night and Other Essays ( 1960 ) An Experiment in Criticism ( 1961 ) A Grief Observed ( 1961 ) They Asked for a Paper : Papers and Addresses ( 1962 ) Selections from Layamon 's Brut ( 1963 ) The Discarded Image ( 1964 ) The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses ( 1965 ) Of Other Worlds ( 1966 ) God in the Dock ( 1970 - 1971 ) VIAF : 179642103 LCCN : no97081413 GND : 7548964 - 8 BNE : XX2054247 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe&oldid=815144532 '' Categories : 1950 British novels 1950s fantasy novels British children 's novels British novels adapted into films Christian fiction and allegory High fantasy novels Jinn in popular culture Novels adapted into television programs The Chronicles of Narnia books 1950 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was the lion the witch and the wardrobe first published
[ "\nThe Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\n\n\nFirst edition dustjacket\n\n\n\nAuthor\nC.S. Lewis\n\n\nIllustrator\nPauline Baynes\n\n\nCover artist\nPauline Baynes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nSeries\nThe Chronicles of Narnia\n\n\nGenre\nChildren's fantasy novel, Christian literature\n\n\nPublisher\nGeoffrey Bles\n\n\n\nPublication date\n\n16 October 1950\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardcover and paperback), e-book\n\n\nOCLC\n7207376\n\n\nLC Class\nPZ8.L48 Li[1]\n\n\nFollowed by\nPrince Caspian\n\n" ]
[ "16 October 1950" ]
-1684288831503075357
The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail
The album of the SOUNDTRACK of the TRAILER of the film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail - wikipedia The album of the SOUNDTRACK of the TRAILER of the film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail Soundtrack album by Monty Python Released 18 July 1975 ( UK ) 21 July 1975 ( US ) Recorded 1974 ( soundtrack ) & 25 March 1975 ( studio material ) at Sunrise Music And Recording Ltd. , London Genre Comedy Soundtrack Label Charisma ( UK ) Arista ( US ) Producer Andre Jacquemin Dave Howman Michael Palin Terry Jones Terry Gilliam Monty Python chronology Monty Python Live at Drury Lane ( 1974 ) The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1975 ) Monty Python Live at City Center ( 1976 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the first film soundtrack album by Monty Python , released in 1975 . It features selected scenes from Monty Python and the Holy Grail interspersed with a large volume of new studio material , much of which centers on a spoof screening of the film at the Classic Silbury Hill Theatre . Also among the new items is the `` Marilyn Monroe '' sketch , which Graham Chapman co-wrote with Douglas Adams - the pair having recently collaborated on the fourth series of Monty Python . The album is billed as the `` Executive Version '' as a joke on popular `` special editions '' of albums that contained extra tracks unavailable on earlier versions . Naturally , no other version of this album existed in the original release . On the A side of the original UK vinyl release , the engraved text by George Peckham around the label reads : `` AN EXECUTIVE PORKY PRIME CUT '' , while on the B side it reads : `` THIS IS THE SMALL DETAILED WRITING ON THE RECORD OF THE ALBUM OF THE SOUNDTRACK OF THE TRAILER OF THE FILM OF MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL - THIS WRITING IS NOT INCLUDED ON THE EXECUTIVE VERSION OF THE ALBUM OF THE SOUNDTRACK OF THE TRAILER OF THE FILM OF MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL '' . The album reached No. 45 in the UK album charts . A CD reissue in 1997 contains extended versions of two sketches , `` Arrival At Castle '' and `` French Taunter '' . This CD reissue also contains `` The Bridge of Death '' . These additions are not available on any other version of the album . In 2006 a special edition was released containing three bonus tracks , consisting of two demos of unused Neil Innes songs and an audio extract of a documentary from the film 's DVD release . This version of the CD does not contain `` The Bridge of Death '' or the two extended sketches . Also in 2006 , yet another CD reissue was included in `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail : The Extraordinarily Deluxe DVD Edition '' . The bonus features disc had instructions on how to play the record . This CD does not contain `` The Bridge of Death '' , the bonus tracks , or the two extended versions . Contents 1 Track listing 1.1 Side one 1.2 Side two 1.3 Bonus Tracks on the 2006 special edition 2 Music credits 3 References Track listing ( edit ) Side one ( edit ) Introduction To The Executive Version Tour Of The Classic Silbury Hill Theatre Live Broadcast From London : Premiere Of The Film Narration From The Silbury Hill Gentlemen 's Room Arrival At Castle ( extended version on 1997 CD ) Bring Out Your Dead Constitutional Peasants Witch Burning Logician Camelot Song The Quest For The Holy Grail Live From The Parking Lot At The Silbury Hill Theatre French Taunter ( extended version on 1997 CD ) Bomb Scare Side two ( edit ) This Is Side Two ! Executive Version Announcement - Apology The Story So Far Brave Sir Robin The Knights Who Say Ni ! Marilyn Monroe Swamp Castle Tim the Enchanter Drama Critique Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch The Bridge of Death ( 1997 CD version only ) Executive Version Addendum French Taunter Part 2 Last Word Bonus Tracks on the 2006 special edition ( edit ) Arthur 's Song Documentary - Terry Jones And Michael Palin Run Away Song Music credits ( edit ) The following is the list of musical works included on the album . They comprise a mixture of De Wolfe library music , self - penned Python songs and specially composed music by Neil Innes . Jeunesse ( A. Mawer ) Honours List ( K. Papworth ) Big Country ( K. Papworth ) Homeward Bound ( T. Trombey ) God Choir ( Neil Innes ) Fanfare ( Neil Innes ) Camelot Song ( Graham Chapman , John Cleese & Neil Innes ) Sunrise Music ( Neil Innes ) Magic Finger ( K. Papworth ) Sir Robin 's Song ( Eric Idle & Neil Innes ) In The Shadows ( No. 3 ) ( Paul Ferris ) Desperate Moment ( K. Essex ) Knights Of Ni ( Neil Innes ) Circle Of Danger ( B. Holmes ) Love Theme ( P. Knight ) Magenta ( R. Webb ) Starlet In The Starlight ( K. Essex ) Monks Chant ( Neil Innes ) The Promised Land ( S. Black ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r107852 Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27206/monty-pythons-flying-circus/ Monty Python Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Neil Innes Television series Flying Circus episodes Fliegender Zirkus Personal Best Films And Now for Something Completely Different Holy Grail Life of Brian Live at the Hollywood Bowl The Meaning of Life The Crimson Permanent Assurance Studio albums Another Record Previous Record Matching Tie and Handkerchief Holy Grail Life of Brian Contractual Obligation The Meaning of Life Compilation albums Instant Record Collection Final Rip Off Sings Ultimate Rip Off Instant CD Collection Total Rubbish Live albums Flying Circus Live at Drury Lane Live at City Center Specials Parrot Sketch Not Included Live at Aspen Python Night Documentaries The Pythons Life of Python Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ) And Now for Something Rather Similar The Meaning of Live Stage productions Spamalot Not the Messiah ( He 's a Very Naughty Boy ) An Evening Without Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) Literature Big Red Book Brand New Bok Holy Grail ( Book ) Life of Brian / SCRAPBOOK The Meaning of Life Just the Words Song Book A Pocketful of Python The Pythons Autobiography Live ! Video games Flying Circus Complete Waste of Time Quest for the Holy Grail The Meaning of Life Cow Tossing Characters Mr Praline Gumbys The Colonel Mr Creosote Rabbit of Caerbannog Ron Obvious Other characters Sketches Albatross ! Anne Elk 's Theory on Brontosauruses Architects Argument Clinic Bishop Bruces Cheese Shop Colin `` Bomber '' Harris vs Colin `` Bomber '' Harris Crunchy Frog Dead Parrot Dirty Fork Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook Election Night Special Fish Licence Fish - Slapping Dance Four Yorkshiremen The Funniest Joke in the World How Not to Be Seen Kilimanjaro Expedition Lifeboat Marriage Guidance Counsellor Ministry of Silly Walks Mouse Problem Nudge Nudge Patient Abuse Philosophers ' Football Match Piranha Brothers Sam Peckinpah 's `` Salad Days '' Seduced Milkmen Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit Spam Spanish Inquisition Undertakers Upper Class Twit of the Year Vocational Guidance Counsellor World Forum / Communist Quiz Songs `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' `` Brian Song '' `` Bruces ' Philosophers Song '' `` Decomposing Composers '' `` Eric the Half - a-Bee '' `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' `` Finland '' `` Galaxy Song '' `` I Bet You They Wo n't Play This Song on the Radio '' `` I Like Chinese '' `` I 've Got Two Legs '' `` The Lumberjack Song '' `` Medical Love Song '' `` Never Be Rude to an Arab '' `` Oliver Cromwell '' `` Sit on My Face '' Related articles Filmography The Foot of Cupid Cambridge Circus I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again The Frost Report At Last the 1948 Show Twice a Fortnight Do Not Adjust Your Set We Have Ways of Making You Laugh Broaden Your Mind How to Irritate People The Complete and Utter History of Britain Teach Yourself Heath Tiny Black Round Thing Bert Fegg 's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls Rutland Weekend Television Fawlty Towers Ripping Yarns Out of the Trees The Secret Policeman 's Ball Python On Song All You Need Is Cash The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album Monty Python Live Concert for George Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years The Seventh Python Holy Flying Circus A Liar 's Autobiography : The Untrue Story of Monty Python 's Graham Chapman Monty Python and the Holy Grail Characters Knights Who Say Ni Black Knight Rabbit of Caerbannog Patsy Miscellaneous The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( Book ) Spamalot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Album_of_the_Soundtrack_of_the_Trailer_of_the_Film_of_Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail&oldid=866227885 '' Categories : Monty Python soundtracks Monty Python and the Holy Grail 1975 soundtracks Arista Records soundtracks Charisma Records soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 02 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
monty python and the holy grail travel music
[]
[]
2165148094735366387
Engagement
Engagement - wikipedia Engagement Jump to : navigation , search Engaged , Betrothed , Affiance , Fiancé , and Fiancée redirect here . For other uses , see Engaged ( disambiguation ) , Betrothed ( disambiguation ) , Affiance ( band ) , and Fiancé ( disambiguation ) For other uses , see Engagement ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William - Adolphe Bouguereau 's The Proposal An engagement , betrothal , or fiancer is a promise to wed , and also the period of time between a marriage proposal and a marriage . During this period , a couple is said to be betrothed , intended , affianced , engaged to be married , or simply engaged . Future brides and grooms may be called the betrothed , a wife - to - be or husband - to - be , fiancée or fiancé ( from the French word of the same form ) , respectively . The duration of the courtship varies vastly , and is largely dependent on cultural norms or upon the agreement of the parties involved . Long engagements were once common in formal arranged marriages , and it was not uncommon for parents betrothing children to arrange marriages many years before the engaged couple were old enough . This is still common in some countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Betrothal 2.1 Protestant Churches 2.2 Orthodox Churches 2.3 Roman Catholic Church 3 Engagement rings 4 Engagement parties 5 Notes Origin ( edit ) The origins of European engagement in marriage practice is found in the Jewish law ( Torah ) , first exemplified by Abraham , and outlined in the last Talmudic tractate of the Nashim ( Women ) order , where marriage consists of two separate acts , called erusin ( or kiddushin , meaning sanctification ) , which is the betrothal ceremony , and nissu'in or chupah , the actual ceremony for the marriage . Erusin changes the couple 's interpersonal status , while nissu'in brings about the legal consequences of the change of status . ( However , in the Talmud and other sources of Jewish law there is also a process , called kiddushin , corresponding to what today is called engagement . Marrying without such an agreement is considered immoral . To complicate matters , erusin in modern Hebrew means engagement , not betrothal . ) This was later adopted in Ancient Greece as the gamos and engeysis rituals , although unlike in Judaism the contract made in front of witness was only verbal . The giving of a ring was eventually borrowed from Judaism by Roman marriage law , with the fiancé presenting it after swearing the oath of marriage intent , and presenting of the gifts at the engagement party . Betrothal ( edit ) `` Betrothed '' redirects here . For other uses , see Betrothed ( disambiguation ) . Modern engagement gifts basket in Bangladesh . Betrothal ( also called espousal ) is a formal state of engagement to be married . In Jewish weddings during Talmudic times ( c. 1st century BC -- 6th century AD ) , the two ceremonies of betrothal ( erusin ) and wedding usually took place up to a year apart ; the bride lived with her parents until the actual marriage ceremony ( nissuin ) , which would take place in a room or tent that the groom had set up for her . Since the Middle Ages the two ceremonies have taken place as a combined ceremony performed in public . The betrothal is now generally part of the Jewish wedding ceremony , accomplished when the groom gives the bride the ring or another object of at least nominal value . As mentioned above , betrothal in Judaism is separate from engagement ; breaking a betrothal requires a formal divorce , and violation of betrothal is considered adultery . Typical steps of a match were the following : Negotiation of a match , usually done by the couple 's families with bride and groom having varying levels of input , from no input , to veto power , to a fuller voice in the selection of marriage partner . This is not as widely practiced as it was historically , although it is still common in culturally conservative communities in Israel , India , Africa , and Persian Gulf countries , although most of these have a requirement that the bride be at least allowed veto power . Negotiation of bride price or dowry In most cultures evolved from Europe , bride prices or dowries have been reduced to the engagement ring accompanying the marriage contract , while in other cultures , such as those on the Arabian Peninsula , they are still part of negotiating a marriage contract . Blessing by the parents and clergy Exchange of Vows and Signing of Contracts Often one of these is omitted Celebration Engagement photograph of Lionel Logue and Myrtle Gruenert , 1906 . The exact duration of a betrothal varies according to culture and the participants ' needs and wishes . For adults , it may be anywhere from several hours ( when the betrothal is incorporated into the wedding day itself ) to a period of several years . A year and a day are common in neo-pagan groups today . In the case of child marriage , betrothal might last from infancy until the age of marriage . The responsibilities and privileges of betrothal vary . In most cultures , the betrothed couple is expected to spend much time together , learning about each other . In some historical cultures ( including colonial North America ) , the betrothal was essentially a trial marriage , with marriage only being required in cases of conception of a child . Almost all cultures are loosening restrictions against physical contact between partners , even in cultures that normally had strong prohibitions against it . The betrothal period was also considered to be a preparatory time , in which the groom built a house , started a business or otherwise proved his readiness to enter adult society . In medieval Europe , in canon law , a betrothal could be formed by the exchange of vows in the future tense ( `` I will take you as my wife / husband , '' instead of `` I take you as my wife / husband '' ) , but sexual intercourse consummated the vows , making a binding marriage rather than a betrothal . Although these betrothals could be concluded with only the vows spoken by the couple , they had legal implications : Richard III of England had his older brother 's children declared illegitimate on the grounds their father had been betrothed to another woman when he married their mother . A betrothal is considered to be a ' semi-binding ' contract . Normal reasons for invalidation of a betrothal include : Revelation of a prior commitment or marriage Evidence of infidelity Failure to conceive ( in ' trial marriage ' cultures ) Failure of either party to meet the financial and property stipulations of the betrothal contract Normally , either party can break a betrothal , though some financial penalty ( such as forfeit of the bride price ) usually applies . In some common law countries , including England and Wales and many US states , it was once possible for the spurned partner ( often only the woman ) to sue the other for breach of promise or `` heart - balm '' . This provided some protection in an age where virginity at marriage was considered important and having a failed engagement could damage one 's reputation , but this tort has become obsolete in most jurisdictions as attitudes to premarital sex have softened and emphasis shifted to allowing people to leave loveless relationships . Protestant Churches ( edit ) The Rite of Betrothal in the Anglican Communion is found within The Book of Common Prayer , first published in 1549 . The Anglican Communion , as well as the Methodist Church and Presbyterian Church , has questions & responses for family members in its Rite of Betrothal . Orthodox Churches ( edit ) In the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches , the Rite of Betrothal is traditionally performed in the narthex ( entranceway ) of the church , to indicate the couple 's first entrance into the married estate . The priest blesses the couple and gives them lit candles to hold . Then , after a litany , and a prayer at which everyone bows , he places the bride 's ring on the ring finger of the groom 's right hand , and the groom 's ring on the bride 's finger . The rings are subsequently exchanged three times , either by the priest or by the best man , after which the priest says a final prayer . Originally , the betrothal service would take place at the time the engagement was announced . In recent times , however , it tends to be performed immediately before the wedding ceremony itself . The exchange of rings is not a part of the wedding service in the Eastern Churches , but only occurs at the betrothal . Traditionally , the groom 's ring is gold and the bride 's ring is silver . The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depicting a betrothal . Musée Condé , Chantilly . Roman catholic church ( edit ) Historically , betrothal in Roman Catholicism was a formal contract considered as binding as marriage , and a divorce was necessary to terminate a betrothal . Betrothed couples were regarded legally as husband and wife -- even before their wedding and physical union . The concept of an official engagement period in Western European culture may have begun in 1215 at the Fourth Lateran Council , headed by Pope Innocent III , which decreed that `` marriages are to be ... announced publicly in the churches by the priests during a suitable and fixed time so that , if legitimate impediments exist , they may be made known . '' Such a formal church announcement of the intent to marry is known as banns . In some jurisdictions , reading the banns may be part of one type of legal marriage . Engagement rings ( edit ) Main article : Engagement ring A white gold wedding ring and a single - diamond , gold - banded engagement ring . The engagement ring is usually worn on the outside . Customs for engagement rings vary according to time , place , and culture . An engagement ring has historically been uncommon , and when such a gift was given , it was separate from the wedding ring . The first recorded tradition of giving a ring for marriage is in Genesis 24 : 22 of the Hebrew Bible when a golden nose ring ( Chayei Sarah 24 : 22 ) was given by Eliezer of Damascus to Rebecca , with Saadiah Gaon also citing as a possible source of the practice in the phrase in Nehemiah 7 : 46 be'nei tabbaot ( children of the rings ) . The latter case refers to betrothal ( see above ) rather than engagement ; one of the three ways in which betrothal may be effected in Judaism is by the husband giving the bride money or an object of at least nominal value . In fact , it is a long - standing practice within Judaism to contract the betrothal with a ring . Romantic rings from the time of the Roman Empire sometimes bore clasped hands symbolizing contract , from which the later Celtic Claddagh symbol ( two hands clasping a heart ) may have evolved as a symbol of love and commitment between two people . Romans believed the circle was a bond between the two people who were to be married and signified eternity , but was first practiced on the fourth finger / ring finger by the Romans , who believed this finger to be the beginning of the vena amoris ( `` vein of love '' ) , the vein that leads to the heart . In cultures with European origin , and many other countries , an engagement ring is worn following the practice of the Romans who `` ... wore the ring either on the right middle finger or the left ring ( 4th ) finger , from which , according to ancient Egyptian physicians , a nerve led directly to the heart . '' The custom in Continental Europe and other countries is to wear it on the right hand . One historical exception arose in monarchical regimes , in which a nobleman entering into morganatic marriage , a marriage in which the person , usually the woman , of lower rank stayed at the same rank instead of rising ranks , would present their left hand to receive the ring , hence the alternative term ' marriage with the left hand ' ( Ger . Ehe zur linken Hand ) , the offspring of such marriages considered to be disinherited from birth . The modern Western form of the practice of giving or exchanging engagement rings is traditionally thought to have begun in 1477 when Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor , gave Mary of Burgundy a diamond ring as an engagement present . In other countries like Argentina , men and women each wear a ring similar to wedding bands . They are made of silver ( `` alianza de plata '' ) when manifesting an informal `` boyfriend - girlfriend '' relationship , though this first step might not always happen ; howbeit depending on finances , this may be the only ring given at all . The gold band ( `` anillo de compromiso '' or `` alianza de oro '' ) is given to the bride when the commitment is formal and the ( optional ) diamond ring ( `` cintillo '' ) is reserved for the wedding ceremony when the groom gives it to the bride . The gold band that the groom wore during the engagement -- or a new one , as some men choose not to wear them during engagement -- is then given to the groom by the bride ; and the bride receives both the original gold band and the new diamond at the ceremony . The bride 's diamond ring is worn on top of the engagement band at the wedding and thereafter , especially at formal occasions or parties ; otherwise the engagement band suffices for daily wear for both parties . At the wedding , the rings are swapped from the right to the left hand . In Brazil , they are always made of gold , and there is no tradition for the engagement ring . Both men and women wear the wedding band on their right hand while engaged , and , after they marry , they shift the rings to their left hands . In Nordic countries such as Finland and Norway , both men and women wear an engagement ring . In the modern era , some women 's wedding rings are made into two separate pieces . One part is given to her to wear as an engagement ring when she accepts the marriage proposal and the other during the wedding ceremony . When worn together , the two rings look like one piece of jewelry . The engagement ring is not worn during the wedding ceremony , when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride , and sometimes by the bride onto the groom 's finger . After the wedding , the engagement ring is put back on , and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring . Engagement parties ( edit ) Main article : Engagement party Some engagements are announced at an engagement party , traditionally hosted by the bride 's parents . These parties are given in the family 's usual style of entertainment . Traditionally , engagement parties were normal parties at which a surprise announcement of the engagement was made by the father of the bride to his guests . Therefore , it is not a traditional gift - giving occasion since no guests were supposed to be aware of the engagement until after their arrival . In modern times , engagement parties often celebrate a previously publicized engagement . Whether presents are given at these engagement parties varies from culture to culture . Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Betrothal . Jump up ^ To be precise , nesiuin is the process , and chuppah is the method . Sources Jump up ^ Kaplan , Rabbi Aryeh ( 1983 ) . Made in Heaven , A Jewish Wedding Guide . New York / Jerusalem : Moznaim Publishing . , Chapter 4 , See also footnote 1 and 2 . The author uses the specific term proposal , and considers this the first step in a formal engagement . Jump up ^ Norman Bancroft Hunt , Living in Ancient Greece , Infobase Publishing , 2008 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Philippe Ariès , Paul Veyne , eds. , A History of Private Life : From pagan Rome to Byzantium , Harvard University Press , 1992 , p. 467 Jump up ^ See Talmud Kiddushin , Mishna 1 : 1 and the main article Jump up ^ Nancy R. Gallo ( 2004 ) . `` Left at the Altar '' . Introduction to Family Law . Cengage Learning . pp. 114 -- 116 . ISBN 1401814530 . Jump up ^ Hefling , Charles ; Shattuck , Morehouse Cynthia ( 1 July 2006 ) . The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer . Oxford University Press . p. 510 . ISBN 9780199723898 . Jump up ^ Prichard , Robert W. ( 1 January 2009 ) . Cohabiting Couples and Cold Feet : A Practical Marriage - Preparation Guide for Clergy . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 107 . ISBN 9780898696035 . The Episcopal Book of Common Prayer of 1979 reworked the betrothal by adding a positive question to the congregation immediately after the couple speaks their words of betrothal . The celebrant asks the congregation , `` Will all of you witnessing these promises do all in your power to uphold these two persons in their marriage ? '' The congregation 's response is , `` We will . '' This inquiry was expanded in The United Methodist Hymnal ( 1989 ) and the Presybterian Book of Common Worship ( 1993 ) into separate questions for family members and for other members in the congregation . Jump up ^ Hapgood , Isabel F. ( 1922 ) . `` Service Book of the Holy Orthodox - Catholic Apostolic Church '' . Englewood , NJ : Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese ( published 1975 ) : 291 ff , 604 -- 5 Jump up ^ Askelm.com Jump up ^ Medieval Sourcebook : Twelfth Ecumenical Council : Lateran IV 1215 Jump up ^ Utunumsint.org Jump up ^ Herczeg , Y.I.Z , The Torah : with Rashi 's commentary , Vol. 1 , Mesorah Publications , New York , 2000 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Catherine Johns , The jewellery of Roman Britain : Celtic and classical traditions , Routledge , 1996 , p. 63 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Philippe Ariès , Paul Veyne , A History of Private Life : From pagan Rome to Byzantium , Harvard University Press , 1992 , p. 467 Jump up ^ Marie Maclean , The name of the mother : writing illegitimacy , Routledge , 1994 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Michael R Collings , Gemlore : An Introduction to Precious and Semi-Precious Stones , Wildside Press LLC , 2009 , p. 50 ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Same - sex marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engagement&oldid=822508454 '' Categories : Marriage Engagement Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
this refers to an old ritual of formalizing an engagement to marry
[ "Betrothal (also called espousal) is a formal state of engagement to be married." ]
[ "Betrothal (also called espousal)" ]
162977039281407815
Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics
Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics - wikipedia Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics Governing body FIS Events 11 ( men : 5 ; women : 5 ; mixed : 1 ) Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Medalists Alpine skiing has been contested at every Winter Olympics since 1936 , when a combined event was held in Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany . From 1948 through 1980 , the Winter Olympics also served as the World Championships in Olympic years , with separate competitions held in even - numbered non-Olympic years . During this period , the Olympic medalists received an additional medal of the same color from the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . The giant slalom was introduced at the 1950 World Championships and at the Olympics in 1952 ; both programs dropped the combined event , but it returned in 1954 at the World Championships as a `` paper '' race , using the results of the slalom , giant slalom , and downhill . At the Olympics from 1956 through 1980 , World Championship medals were awarded by the FIS in the combined event . It returned as a stand - alone event ( one run of downhill , two runs of slalom ) at the Olympics in 1988 , which also debuted the one - run super-G . The combined event was run on an FIS points system at the Olympics through 1992 , then was changed to total time of the three runs . The super combined debuted in 2010 , which reduced the slalom portion to one run and the event to one day . Since 1985 , the World Championships have been scheduled every odd - numbered year , independent of the Winter Olympics . At the World Championships , the combined returned as a stand - alone event in 1982 and the super-G debuted in 1987 . The combined event went from points to a total time in 1996 ( postponed from 1995 ) , and changed to super combined in 2007 . The event is traditional dominated by Alpine countries , Austria has a commanding lead in total medals with 121 and in gold medals with 37 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosts 2 Events 2.1 Men 's 2.2 Women 's 2.3 Mixed 3 Medal table 4 Participating nations 5 Age records 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Hosts ( edit ) Year City Nation Additional designation 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Germany 1948 St. Moritz Switzerland FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1948 1952 Oslo Norway FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1952 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1956 1960 Squaw Valley United States FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1960 1964 Innsbruck Austria FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1964 1968 Grenoble France FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1968 1972 Sapporo Japan FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1972 1976 Innsbruck Austria FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1976 1980 Lake Placid United States FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1980 1984 Sarajevo Yugoslavia 1988 Calgary Canada 1992 Albertville France 1994 Lillehammer Norway 1998 Nagano Japan 2002 Salt Lake City United States 2006 Torino Italy Vancouver Canada 2014 Sochi Russia 2018 Pyeongchang South Korea Events ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years combined 11 downhill 19 slalom 19 giant slalom 18 super-G 9 Total events 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Women 's ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years combined 11 downhill 19 slalom 19 giant slalom 18 super-G 9 Total events 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Mixed ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Team Event Total events Medal table ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic medalists in alpine skiing NOCs in italics no longer compete at the Winter Olympics Through 2018 Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Austria ( AUT ) 37 41 43 121 Switzerland ( SUI ) 22 22 22 66 United States ( USA ) 17 20 10 47 France ( FRA ) 15 16 17 48 5 Italy ( ITA ) 14 9 9 32 6 Germany ( GER ) ^ 12 7 7 26 7 Norway ( NOR ) 11 13 12 36 8 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 9 18 9 Croatia ( CRO ) 6 0 10 10 Canada ( CAN ) 6 11 11 West Germany ( FRG ) ^ 5 9 12 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 6 10 13 Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 14 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) ^ 5 15 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 Spain ( ESP ) 0 17 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 0 0 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 0 0 19 Finland ( FIN ) 0 0 Japan ( JPN ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 Russia ( RUS ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 0 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 0 Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 0 Total 154 155 152 461 ^ Germany has competed at the Winter Olympic Games under various names ; all of which are listed separately . Banned from the 1948 games ( as was Japan ) , they competed as Germany in 1952 , though only represented by West Germany . From 1956 through 1964 , they were known as the United Team of Germany ( EUA ) , which included East Germany , the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) . From 1968 through 1988 , separate Olympic teams were fielded and West Germany competed as the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) . East Germany had only one competitor in alpine skiing ( Eberhard Riedel in 1968 ) , who did not win a medal . Following the reunification of 1990 , they have competed at the Olympics as Germany , starting in 1992 . Through 2018 , Germany has a total of 40 medals in alpine skiing ( 17 gold , 13 silver , 10 bronze ) . Notes 2 bronze medals awarded at 1948 men 's downhill event 2 silver medals and no bronze were awarded at 1964 women 's giant slalom event 2 silver medals and no bronze were awarded at 1992 women 's giant slalom event 2 silver medals and no bronze were awarded at 1998 men 's super-G event 2 gold medals and no silver were awarded at 2014 women 's downhill event 2 bronze medals awarded at 2014 men 's super-G event Participating nations ( edit ) Nation 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Albania ( ALB ) Andorra ( AND ) Argentina ( ARG ) Armenia ( ARM ) Australia ( AUS ) Austria ( AUT ) 22 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) Belarus ( BLR ) Belgium ( BEL ) Bolivia ( BOL ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) Brazil ( BRA ) Bulgaria ( BUL ) Canada ( CAN ) 7 14 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) Chile ( CHI ) China ( CHN ) Colombia ( COL ) Croatia ( CRO ) 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) Czech Republic ( CZE ) 9 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 7 Denmark ( DEN ) East Timor ( TLS ) Eritrea ( ERI ) Estonia ( EST ) 6 Finland ( FIN ) France ( FRA ) 22 Georgia ( GEO ) Germany ( GER ) 8 14 Great Britain ( GBR ) 8 Greece ( GRE ) Hungary ( HUN ) Iceland ( ISL ) India ( IND ) Iran ( IRI ) Ireland ( IRL ) Israel ( ISR ) Italy ( ITA ) 8 20 Japan ( JPN ) Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) Kenya ( KEN ) Kosovo ( KOS ) Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) Latvia ( LAT ) Lebanon ( LBN ) Liechtenstein ( LIE ) Lithuania ( LTU ) Luxembourg ( LUX ) Macedonia ( MKD ) Madagascar ( MAD ) Malaysia ( MAS ) Malta ( MLT ) Mexico ( MEX ) Moldova ( MDA ) Monaco ( MON ) Montenegro ( MNE ) Morocco ( MAR ) Netherlands ( NED ) New Zealand ( NZL ) North Korea ( PRK ) Norway ( NOR ) 7 11 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 5 Pakistan ( PAK ) Peru ( PER ) Philippines ( PHI ) Poland ( POL ) Portugal ( POR ) Puerto Rico ( PUR ) Romania ( ROU ) Russia ( RUS ) San Marino ( SMR ) Serbia ( SRB ) Slovakia ( SVK ) 7 Slovenia ( SLO ) 11 South Africa ( RSA ) 5 South Korea ( KOR ) Spain ( ESP ) Sweden ( SWE ) 10 Switzerland ( SUI ) 22 Tajikistan ( TJK ) Thailand ( THA ) East Timor ( TLS ) Togo ( TOG ) Turkey ( TUR ) Ukraine ( UKR ) United States ( USA ) 8 13 12 22 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) Venezuela ( VEN ) Virgin Islands ( ISV ) Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Nations 26 25 28 29 22 31 33 27 33 30 42 43 50 45 49 57 60 71 74 80 Alpine skiers 103 174 183 133 174 188 144 181 174 225 271 321 250 249 278 287 309 327 322 Year 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Age records ( edit ) Several age - related records were recently set in 2014 : Bode Miller ( 36 ) oldest medalist in Olympic alpine skiing ; bronze in super-G . Mikaela Shiffrin ( 18 ) youngest gold medalist in slalom in Olympic alpine skiing ; gold in slalom . Mario Matt ( 34 ) oldest gold medalist in Olympic alpine skiing ; gold in slalom . Henrik Kristoffersen ( 19 ) youngest male medalist in Olympic alpine skiing ; bronze in slalom . These records continue : Michela Figini ( 17 ) youngest gold medalist in Olympic alpine skiing ; gold in downhill in 1984 . Traudl Hecher ( 16 ) youngest medalist in Olympic alpine skiing ; bronze in downhill in 1960 . Toni Sailer ( 20 ) youngest male gold medalist in Olympic alpine skiing ; won slalom , giant slalom , and downhill in 1956 . See also ( edit ) Alpine skiing World Cup FIS Alpine World Ski Championships List of Olympic venues in alpine skiing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bode Miller becomes oldest Olympic Alpine skiing medallist with bronze '' . The Guardian . Reuters. 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` USA 's Mikaela Shiffrin youngest - ever gold medal winner in slalom '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Pennington , Bill ( 22 February 2014 ) . `` Slalom Champion Sets an Age Record '' . New York Times . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alpine skiing at the Olympics . FIS-Ski.com -- Alpine skiing results -- Winter Olympics Sports Reference -- Winter Olympics -- Alpine skiing Ski-db.com -- results -- Winter Olympics Olympic medalists -- men Olympic medalists -- women Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics&oldid=833309314 '' Categories : Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics Sports at the Winter Olympics Alpine skiing at multi-sport events Skiing at the Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 19 : 44 . About Wikipedia
what are the ski races in the olympics
[]
[]
5583843668679910717
United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 235 ) Republican ( 235 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Length of term 2 years Elections Voting system Nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in Washington and California Two - round system in Georgia Ranked - choice voting in Maine Louisiana primary in Louisiana Single member plurality in all other 45 states . Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they comprise the legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 References 11.1 Surveys 11.2 Notes 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics . The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . However , after Republicans held control in the 1996 election , Clinton and the Gingrich - led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades , along with a substantial tax cut . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s . Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories . The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state they represents . Members are not required to live in the districts they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Current U.S. congressional districts Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts . Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and New Mexico ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and New Mexico were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent run - off election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice and can introduce bills on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Salaries are not for life , only during active term . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,500 in 2018 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 115th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the discontinuation of the House pages in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily Procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party . In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) . From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chairman 's powers are extensive ; he controls the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . ( If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . ) Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 235 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 7 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Balanced Budget : HR 2015 , FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation / Spending ; Tax Cut : HR 2014 , FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation - Revenue Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 . On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudiburg , Jane A. ( July 23 , 2018 ) . House Voting Procedures : Forms and Requirements ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Party Breakdown '' . April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 : A Review of Government and Politics : 107th and 108th Congresses ( 2005 ) Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . 2000 . , Cooper , Joseph ( 1970 ) . The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House . Rice Univ . Press . Cox , Gary W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1993 ) . Legislative Leviathan : Party Government in the House . Univ. of California Press . DeGregorio , Christine A. ( 1997 ) . Networks of Champions : Leadership , Access , and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Michigan Press . Dierenfield , Bruce J. ( 1987 ) . Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia . Univ . Press of Virginia . , leader of Conservative coalition 1940 -- 66 Farrell , John A. ( 2001 ) . Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century . Little , Brown . , Democratic Speaker in the 1980s Gertzog , Irwin J. ( 1984 ) . Congressional Women : Their Recruitment , Treatment , and Behavior . Praeger . Hardeman , D.B. ; Bacon , Donald C. ( 1987 ) . Rayburn : A Biography . Texas Monthly Press . Hatzenbuehler , Ronald L. ( 1972 ) . `` Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 29 : 367 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923870 . Hechler , Ken ( 1980 ) . Toward the Endless Frontier : History of the Committee on Science and Technology , 1959 -- 79 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Henig , Gerald S. ( 1973 ) . Henry Winter Davis : Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland . , Radical leader in Civil War era Hibbing , John R. ( 1991 ) . Congressional Careers : Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Jacobs , John ( 1995 ) . A Rage for Justice : The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton . Univ. of California Press . , leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s Jacobson , Gary C. ( 1990 ) . The Electoral Origins of Divided Government : Competition in U.S. House Elections , 1946 -- 1988 . Westview . Kiewiet , D. Roderick ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1991 ) . The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal : The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress , 1933 -- 39 . Price , David E. ( 1992 ) . The Congressional Experience : A View from the Hill . Westview . , Political scientist who served in House . Remini , Robert V. ( 1992 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ... Speaker for most of 1811 -- 1825 Rohde , David W. ( 1991 ) . Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House . Univ. of Chicago Press . Rohde , David W. ; Shepsle , Kenneth A. ( 1987 ) . `` Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives : Reflections on Woodrow Wilson 's Congressional Government '' . Congress & the Presidency. 14 . Schickler , Eric ( 2001 ) . Disjointed Pluralism : Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress . Schooley , C. Herschel ( 1977 ) . Missouri 's Cannon in the House . Marceline , Missouri : Walsworth . , Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s Shelley II , Mack C. ( 1983 ) . The Permanent Majority : The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1982 ) . Congressional Realignment , 1925 -- 1978 . Univ. of Texas Press . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1995 ) . Legislators , Leaders , and Lawmaking : The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era . Johns Hopkins Univ . Press . Steinberg , Alfred ( 1975 ) . Sam Rayburn : A Biography . Hawthorn . , popular biography Stewart , Charles H. , III ( 1989 ) . Budget Reform Politics : The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives , 1865 -- 1921 . Cambridge Univ . Press . Story , Joseph ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States ( 2 vol . ) . Boston : Brown & Little . Strahan , Randall ; Moscardelli , Vincent G. ( 2000 ) . `` The Clay Speakership Revisited '' . Polity. 32 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 593 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235293 . , uses roll call analysis Strahan , Randall ( 1990 ) . New Ways and Means : Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1997 ) . Thaddeus Stevens : Nineteenth - Century Egalitarian . , majority leader in the 1860s VanBeek , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . Univ. of Pittsburgh Press . Waller , Robert A. ( 1977 ) . Rainey of Illinois : A Political Biography , 1903 -- 34 . Univ. of Illinois Press . , Democratic Speaker 1932 -- 1934 Wilson , Woodrow ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . , Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2006 ) . On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States House of Representatives '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Clerk of the House of Representatives Chief Administrative Office of the House Office of the Majority Leader Office of the Speaker of the House Kids in the House Educational site Official list of current members Rules of the House Legislative information and archives for US House and Senate , via Congress.gov Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 to Present A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 Complete Downloadable List of U.S. Representative Contact Information , via AggData LLC ) Information about U.S. Congressional Bills and Resolutions United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) List of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Congressional apportionment Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands List of current U.S. state legislators United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Powers Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures WorldCat Identities GND : 35623 - 2 ISNI : 0000 0001 2309 4044 LCCN : n79107874 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.88889 ° N 77.00889 ° W  / 38.88889 ; - 77.00889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=866347084 '' Categories : United States House of Representatives National lower houses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2018 Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many years is the term for a member of the house of representatives
[ "Representatives and Delegates serve for two-year terms, while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only five members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: John Bullock Clark (D-MO), John William Reid (D-MO) and Henry Cornelius Burnett (D-KY). Michael Myers (D-PA) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, and James Traficant (D-OH) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption.[23] The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office.\n" ]
[ "two-year terms" ]
6195285135076065236
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis - wikipedia Hydrolysis Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with hydrogenolysis , hydroxylation , or water splitting . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Generic mechanism for a hydrolysis reaction . ( The 2 - way yield symbol indicates an equilibrium in which hydrolysis and condensation can go both ways . ) Hydrolysis ( / haɪˈdrɒlɪsɪs / ; from Ancient Greek hydro - , meaning ' water ' , and lysis , meaning ' to unbind ' ) usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water . When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis ( e.g. sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose ) , this is termed saccharification . Generally , hydrolysis or saccharification is a step in the degradation of a substance OR in the language of chemistry `` The reaction of cation and anion or both with water molecule due to which pH is altered , cleavage of H-O bond in hydrolysis takes place . '' Hydrolysis can be the reverse of a condensation reaction in which two molecules join together into a larger one and eject a water molecule . Thus hydrolysis adds water to break down , whereas condensation builds up by removing water and any other solvents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Salts 1.2 Esters and amides 1.3 ATP 1.4 Polysaccharides 1.5 Metal aqua ions 2 See also 3 References Types ( edit ) Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance . Sometimes this addition causes both substance and water molecule to split into two parts . In such reactions , one fragment of the target molecule ( or parent molecule ) gains a hydrogen ion . Salts ( edit ) A common kind of hydrolysis occurs when a salt of a weak acid or weak base ( or both ) is dissolved in water . Water spontaneously ionizes into hydroxide anions and hydronium cations . The salt also dissociates into its constituent anions and cations . For example , sodium acetate dissociates in water into sodium and acetate ions . Sodium ions react very little with the hydroxide ions whereas the acetate ions combine with hydronium ions to produce acetic acid . In this case the net result is a relative excess of hydroxide ions , yielding a basic solution . Strong acids also undergo hydrolysis . For example , dissolving sulfuric acid ( H SO ) in water is accompanied by hydrolysis to give hydronium and bisulfate , the sulfuric acid 's conjugate base . For a more technical discussion of what occurs during such a hydrolysis , see Brønsted -- Lowry acid -- base theory . Esters and amides ( edit ) Acid -- base - catalysed hydrolyses are very common ; one example is the hydrolysis of amides or esters . Their hydrolysis occurs when the nucleophile ( a nucleus - seeking agent , e.g. , water or hydroxyl ion ) attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group of the ester or amide . In an aqueous base , hydroxyl ions are better nucleophiles than polar molecules such as water . In acids , the carbonyl group becomes protonated , and this leads to a much easier nucleophilic attack . The products for both hydrolyses are compounds with carboxylic acid groups . Perhaps the oldest commercially practiced example of ester hydrolysis is saponification ( formation of soap ) . It is the hydrolysis of a triglyceride ( fat ) with an aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) . During the process , glycerol is formed , and the fatty acids react with the base , converting them to salts . These salts are called soaps , commonly used in households . In addition , in living systems , most biochemical reactions ( including ATP hydrolysis ) take place during the catalysis of enzymes . The catalytic action of enzymes allows the hydrolysis of proteins , fats , oils , and carbohydrates . As an example , one may consider proteases ( enzymes that aid digestion by causing hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins ) . They catalyse the hydrolysis of interior peptide bonds in peptide chains , as opposed to exopeptidases ( another class of enzymes , that catalyse the hydrolysis of terminal peptide bonds , liberating one free amino acid at a time ) . However , proteases do not catalyse the hydrolysis of all kinds of proteins . Their action is stereo - selective : Only proteins with a certain tertiary structure are targeted as some kind of orienting force is needed to place the amide group in the proper position for catalysis . The necessary contacts between an enzyme and its substrates ( proteins ) are created because the enzyme folds in such a way as to form a crevice into which the substrate fits ; the crevice also contains the catalytic groups . Therefore , proteins that do not fit into the crevice will not undergo hydrolysis . This specificity preserves the integrity of other proteins such as hormones , and therefore the biological system continues to function normally . Upon hydrolysis , an amide converts into a carboxylic acid and an amine or ammonia ( which in the presence of acid are immediately converted to ammonium salts ) . One of the two oxygen groups on the carboxylic acid are derived from a water molecule and the amine ( or ammonia ) gains the hydrogen ion . The hydrolysis of peptides gives amino acids . Mechanism for acid - catalyzed hydrolysis of an amide . Many polyamide polymers such as nylon 6 , 6 hydrolyse in the presence of strong acids . The process leads to depolymerization . For this reason nylon products fail by fracturing when exposed to small amounts of acidic water . Polyesters are also susceptible to similar polymer degradation reactions . The problem is known as environmental stress cracking . ATP ( edit ) Hydrolysis is related to energy metabolism and storage . All living cells require a continual supply of energy for two main purposes : the biosynthesis of micro and macromolecules , and the active transport of ions and molecules across cell membranes . The energy derived from the oxidation of nutrients is not used directly but , by means of a complex and long sequence of reactions , it is channelled into a special energy - storage molecule , adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . The ATP molecule contains pyrophosphate linkages ( bonds formed when two phosphate units are combined together ) that release energy when needed . ATP can undergo hydrolysis in two ways : the removal of terminal phosphate to form adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate , or the removal of a terminal diphosphate to yield adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) and pyrophosphate . The latter usually undergoes further cleavage into its two constituent phosphates . This results in biosynthesis reactions , which usually occur in chains , that can be driven in the direction of synthesis when the phosphate bonds have undergone hydrolysis . Polysaccharides ( edit ) Sucrose . The glycoside bond is represented by the central oxygen atom , which holds the two monosaccharide units together . Monosaccharides can be linked together by glycosidic bonds , which can be cleaved by hydrolysis . Two , three , several or many monosaccharides thus linked form disaccharides , trisaccharides , oligosaccharides or polysaccharides , respectively . Enzymes that hydrolyse glycosidic bonds are called `` glycoside hydrolases '' or `` glycosidases '' . The best - known disaccharide is sucrose ( table sugar ) . Hydrolysis of sucrose yields glucose and fructose . Invertase is a sucrase used industrially for the hydrolysis of sucrose to so - called invert sugar . Lactase is essential for digestive hydrolysis of lactose in milk ; many adult humans do not produce lactase and can not digest the lactose in milk ( not a disorder ) . The hydrolysis of polysaccharides to soluble sugars is called `` saccharification '' . Malt made from barley is used as a source of β - amylase to break down starch into the disaccharide maltose , which can be used by yeast to produce beer . Other amylase enzymes may convert starch to glucose or to oligosaccharides . Cellulose is first hydrolyzed to cellobiose by cellulase and then cellobiose is further hydrolyzed to glucose by beta - glucosidase . Ruminants such as cows are able to hydrolyze cellulose into cellobiose and then glucose because of symbiotic bacteria that produce cellulases . Metal aqua ions ( edit ) Main article : Metal ions in aqueous solution Metal ions are Lewis acids , and in aqueous solution they form metal aqua ions of the general formula M ( H O ) . The aqua ions undergo hydrolysis , to a greater or lesser extent . The first hydrolysis step is given generically as M ( H O ) + H O ⇌ M ( H O ) ( OH ) + H O Thus the aqua cations behave as acids in terms of Brønsted - Lowry acid - base theory . This effect is easily explained by considering the inductive effect of the positively charged metal ion , which weakens the O-H bond of an attached water molecule , making the liberation of a proton relatively easy . The dissociation constant , pK , for this reaction is more or less linearly related to the charge - to - size ratio of the metal ion . Ions with low charges , such as Na are very weak acids with almost imperceptible hydrolysis . Large divalent ions such as Ca , Zn , Sn and Pb have a pK of 6 or more and would not normally be classed as acids , but small divalent ions such as Be undergo extensive hydrolysis . Trivalent ions like Al and Fe are weak acids whose pK is comparable to that of acetic acid . Solutions of salts such as BeCl or Al ( NO ) in water are noticeably acidic ; the hydrolysis can be suppressed by adding an acid such as nitric acid , making the solution more acidic . Hydrolysis may proceed beyond the first step , often with the formation of polynuclear species via the process of olation . Some `` exotic '' species such as Sn ( OH ) are well characterized . Hydrolysis tends to proceed as pH rises leading , in many cases , to the precipitation of a hydroxide such as Al ( OH ) or AlO ( OH ) . These substances , major constituents of bauxite , are known as laterites and are formed by leaching from rocks of most of the ions other than aluminium and iron and subsequent hydrolysis of the remaining aluminium and iron . See also ( edit ) Adenosine triphosphate Catabolism Condensation reaction Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis constant Inhibitor protein Polymer degradation Proteolysis Sol - gel polymerisation Solvolysis Thermal hydrolysis Tissue digestion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burgess , J. ( 1978 ) . Metal ions in solution . New York : Ellis Horwood . Jump up ^ Richens , D.T. ( 1997 ) . The chemistry of aqua ions : synthesis , structure , and reactivity : a tour through the periodic table of the elements . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 97058 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Baes , C.F. ; Mesmer , R.E. The Hydrolysis of Cations , ( 1976 ) , Wiley , New York Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 384 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . NDL : 00565138 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrolysis&oldid=825162165 '' Categories : Equilibrium chemistry Chemical reactions Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from April 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does hydrolysis take place in the body
[]
[]
7336265151407907701
Piss Up a Rope
Piss up a rope - Wikipedia Piss up a rope Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Piss Up a Rope '' Single by Ween from the album 12 Golden Country Greats B - side `` Sweet Texas Fire '' Released Genre Alternative country , comedy Length 3 : 34 Songwriter ( s ) Gene Ween , Dean Ween `` Piss Up a Rope '' is a song by the band Ween in 1996 from the album 12 Golden Country Greats . It was released on 7 '' yellow vinyl single on Diesel Only Records . History ( edit ) When asked about the lyrics `` You can wash my balls with a warm wet rag '' and `` On your knees , you big bootied bitch , '' Dean Ween stated that he wrote the song for his wife . The inspiration for the title came from his father : `` ( It is ) a funny expression that I copped from my dad . When I was a kid , he used to say , ' Aw , go piss up a rope . ' It was just nonsense . It was like , ' Aw , go shit in your hat ' or whatever . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The song is heard in the background in a scene in the cafe from a May 2008 episode of English soap EastEnders . The song can be heard in the movie U Turn when Bobby ( Sean Penn ) asks Darrell ( Billy Bob Thornton ) to replace a radiator hose . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eric Spitznagel ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Dean Ween on Ween : `` We 've Never Broken Up '' `` . MTVHive ( interview ) . Ween Dean Ween Gene Ween Claude Coleman Jr . Dave Dreiwitz Glenn McClelland Internationally released studio albums GodWeenSatan : The Oneness The Pod Pure Guava Chocolate and Cheese 12 Golden Country Greats The Mollusk Craters of the Sac White Pepper Quebec Shinola , Vol. 1 La Cucaracha Independently released studio albums The Crucial Squeegie Lip Axis : Bold as Boognish Erica Peterson 's Flaming Crib Death The Live Brain Wedgie / WAD Prime 5 Live albums Paintin ' the Town Brown : Ween Live 1990 -- 1998 Live in Toronto Canada Live at Stubb 's Live in Chicago At The Cat 's Cradle , 1992 GodWeenSatan Live Song articles `` Push th ' Little Daisies '' `` Freedom of ' 76 '' `` Voodoo Lady '' `` Piss Up a Rope '' `` Mutilated Lips '' `` Ocean Man '' `` Even If You Do n't '' Related articles Chocodog Records Moistboyz Synthetic Socks The Friends EP Z - Rock Hawaii Josh Freese Ween discography This 1990s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piss_Up_a_Rope&oldid=795025951 '' Categories : 1996 singles Ween songs 1996 songs Songs written by Gene Ween Songs written by Dean Ween 1990s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 14 : 50 . About Wikipedia
where did piss up a rope come from
[ "\"Piss Up a Rope\" is a song by the band Ween in 1996 from the album 12 Golden Country Greats. It was released on 7\" yellow vinyl single on Diesel Only Records." ]
[ "a song by the band Ween in 1996 from the album 12 Golden Country Greats" ]
-1406215908183192444
The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)
The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 musical ) - wikipedia The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 musical ) Jump to : navigation , search The Wizard of Oz Music Harold Arlen Andrew Lloyd Webber ( additional ) Herbert Stothart ( incidental ) Lyrics E.Y. Harburg Tim Rice ( additional ) Book Andrew Lloyd Webber Jeremy Sams Basis 1939 film The Wizard of Oz and 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum Productions 2011 West End 2012 Toronto 2013 North American tour 2017 Australian tour The Wizard of Oz is a musical based on the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , with a book adapted by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Jeremy Sams . The musical uses the Harold Arlen and E.Y. Harburg songs from the film and includes some new songs and additional music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and additional lyrics by Tim Rice . After previews in the West End from 7 February , the musical opened on 1 March 2011 , directed by Jeremy Sams , and closed on 2 September 2012 . The original cast included Danielle Hope as Dorothy Gale , Michael Crawford as the Wizard and Hannah Waddingham as the Wicked Witch of the West . Sophie Evans played Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and took over the role full - time in February 2012 . The role of Dorothy was cast through the 2010 reality television show Over the Rainbow , in which Hope won and Evans was the runner - up . After a similar Canadian reality TV search show , a Toronto production began in December 2012 and closed in August 2013 , and was followed by a North American tour . In April 2017 an Australian tour was announced including season at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre and Capitol Theatre , Sydney . The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good Witch and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch of the West . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Productions 3 Plot 4 Roles and original cast 5 Musical numbers 6 Cast album 7 Reception 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 Original London production 8.2 Original Toronto production 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz was first turned into a musical extravaganza by Baum himself . A loose adaptation of his 1900 novel ( there is no Wicked Witch or Toto , and there are some new characters ) , it first played in Chicago in 1902 and was a success on Broadway the following year . It then toured for nine years . The 1939 film adaptation bore a closer resemblance to the storyline of Baum 's original novel than most previous versions . It was a strong success , winning the Academy Awards for best song and best score , and continues to be broadcast perennially . Among the many musical theatre adaptations of The Wizard of Oz , two previous ones have used the songs from the film . In 1945 , the St. Louis Municipal Opera ( MUNY ) created a version with a script adapted by Frank Gabrielson from the novel , but it is influenced in some respects by the motion picture screenplay . It uses most of the songs from the film . This was followed , in 1987 , by a Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) adaptation designed to more closely recreate the film version . The book by John Kane closely follows the film 's screenplay , and it and uses nearly all of the film 's music . Both the MUNY and RSC adaptations were successes and have been revived numerous times in the US and UK . Lloyd Webber The Wizard of Oz is Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 18th musical . Tim Rice first collaborated with Lloyd Webber in 1965 , together writing The Likes of Us . Their next piece was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , followed by two more concept albums that became hit musicals , Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) and Evita ( 1978 ) . Except for a special collaboration for Queen Elizabeth 's 60th birthday celebration , the musical Cricket in 1986 , after Evita , each man turned to other collaborators to produce further well - known musical theatre works . The Wizard of Oz was Rice and Lloyd Webber 's first production together in the West End in over three decades . To create the new musical , Lloyd Webber and director Jeremy Sams adapted the 1939 film 's screenplay , and Rice and Lloyd Webber added several new songs to the film 's score . In 2010 , Lloyd Webber told the Daily Mail , `` The fact is that The Wizard of Oz has never really worked in the theatre . The film has one or two holes where in the theatre you need a song . For example , there 's nothing for either of the two witches to sing . '' He also commented `` Tim and I are doing quite a specific thing , because we know what 's missing . '' Productions ( edit ) After previews beginning 7 February , the musical opened in the West End , at the London Palladium , on 1 March 2011 . The role of Dorothy was originated by Danielle Hope , who was selected through the reality television show Over the Rainbow , and the title role of the Wizard was created by Michael Crawford . Over the Rainbow runner - up Sophie Evans performed the role of Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and when Hope was ill or on holiday . Hannah Waddingham originated the role of the Wicked Witch of the West and was replaced in September 2011 by her understudy , Marianne Benedict . Hope and Crawford left the production on 5 February 2012 . Evans replaced Hope in the role of Dorothy full - time in February 2012 , and Russell Grant took over soon afterwards as The Wizard , for 14 weeks . Des O'Connor portrayed The Wizard from May 2012 until the production closed . The musical was produced by Lloyd Webber and Bill Kenwright , with direction by Jeremy Sams , choreography by Arlene Phillips and sets and costumes by Robert Jones . It took in pre-opening sales of £ 10 million . The production celebrated its 500th performance on 9 May 2012 and closed on 2 September 2012 . An autumn 2012 reality TV show , Over the Rainbow , hosted by Daryn Jones , searched for a Canadian girl to play the role of Dorothy in a Toronto staging by Mirvish Productions . On 5 November 2012 , viewers of the show chose Danielle Wade , a 20 - year - old University of Windsor acting major , to play the role , with Stephanie La Rochelle as 1st runner up . The production premiered on 20 December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre with an official opening on 13 January 2013 . Besides Wade , the all - Canadian cast also included Cedric Smith as Professor Marvel / the Wizard , Lisa Horner as Miss Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West , Mike Jackson as the Tin Man , Lee MacDougall as the Cowardly Lion , Jamie McKnight as the Scarecrow and Robin Evan Willis as Glinda . The production concluded its run on 18 August 2013 , having been seen by over 500,000 people . The musical received a North American tour beginning on 10 September 2013 at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas , Nevada , with the original Canadian cast , except that Jacquelyn Piro Donovan played Miss Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West . It concluded on 29 June 2014 at the Detroit Opera House . The musical began touring Australia beginning 4 November 2017 at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane , Queensland , followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre , Sydney in Sydney from 30 December 2017 . The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch of the West . Durack and Rix previously portrayed Glinda and Elphaba respectively in the Australian production of Wicked . Plot ( edit ) Act I Orphaned teenager Dorothy Gale lives on a farm in Kansas with her Aunt Em , Uncle Henry and dog Toto , but feels misunderstood ( `` Nobody Understands Me '' ) . The unpleasant Miss Gulch threatens to call the sheriff after Toto bites her leg . Dorothy wants to escape to a nicer place , somewhere ( `` Over the Rainbow '' ) . She runs away from the farm and meets Professor Marvel , who tells her all about ( `` The Wonders of the World '' ) . They are interrupted by a twister , and Dorothy runs home for shelter . Inside the farmhouse , she bangs her head on the bedside . The house is borne away by the storm . Landing in Oz , Dorothy 's house flattens the Wicked Witch of the East . Glinda , the Good Witch of the North , greets Dorothy and tells her where she is . Glinda calls for the Munchkins to `` Come Out '' . These little people , overjoyed at the demise of their wicked tormentor , welcome Dorothy and Toto ( `` Ding Dong the Witch is Dead '' ; `` We Welcome You to Munchkin Land '' ) . Glinda presents Dorothy with the magic ruby slippers that belonged to the dead witch . This enrages the witch 's sister , the Wicked Witch of the West . Glinda tells Dorothy that the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her return home , and how to find him ( `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road '' ) . Dorothy sets off toward the Emerald City to speak to the great Oz ( `` You 're Off to See the Wizard '' ) . On her way , she meets the Scarecrow , who feels inadequate with a head full of only stuffing ( `` If I Only Had a Brain '' ) . Dorothy invites him to travel with her , hoping the Wizard can help him ( `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ) . They soon meet the Tin Man , who is unhappy with his empty tin chest ( `` If I Only Had a Heart '' ) and invite him to join them . The Wicked Witch of the West threatens to light the Scarecrow on fire unless Dorothy gives her the ruby slippers ; Dorothy refuses . In the dark forest , they encounter a very unhappy Lion , afraid of his own tail ( `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' ) . He too joins the group on the road to the Emerald City . Emerging into the light , the friends encounter another obstacle . The Wicked Witch has cast a spell creating a huge field of poppies that puts Dorothy and the Lion to sleep . Glinda counters with a snowfall that nullifies the poison , so the friends may continue on their journey ( `` Optimistic Voices '' ) . Arriving at the Emerald City , Dorothy and company persuade the gatekeeper to admit them . They are welcomed with open arms and are groomed in preparation for a meeting with the Wizard ( `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' ) . The Wicked Witch flies down into the City with more threats , still angry that she does n't have the ruby slippers . The four friends and Toto go into the Wizard 's chamber . The great Oz appears as a frightening , disembodied head and says he will grant the group their wishes if they do something for him first . He demands : `` Bring Me the Broomstick '' of the Wicked Witch of the West . Act II In a forest on the way to the castle of the Wicked Witch of the West , the group try to figure out how to steal the broomstick ( `` We Went to See the Wizard '' ) . They hide from a group of the Witch 's Winkies ( `` March of the Winkies '' ) . Meanwhile , in her castle , the Witch sends her flying monkeys to capture Dorothy and Toto and bring them to the castle ( `` Red Shoes Blues '' ) . She imprisons Dorothy and tells her to give up the slippers within the hour or die ( `` Red Shoes Blues '' ( reprise ) ) . Dorothy wishes more than ever that she was back at home ( `` Over the Rainbow '' ( reprise ) ) . The Scarecrow , Tin Man and Lion consider how to rescue her from the Witch 's castle ( `` If We Only Had a Plan '' ) . They disguise themselves as Winkies and sneak into the castle ( `` March of the Winkies '' ( reprise ) ) . They find the Witch and Dorothy . When the Witch tries to attack the Scarecrow , a Winkie hands Dorothy a bucket of water , which she throws over the Witch , melting her . The Winkies are thrilled to be free of the wicked witch ( `` Hail -- Hail ! The Witch is Dead '' ) . Dorothy and her friends return with the broomstick to see the Wizard . Toto reveals that the Wizard 's fearsome visage is an illusion ; he is just an ordinary man . Still , he gives the Scarecrow , Tin Man and Lion tokens of the brains , heart and courage that they already had inside of them . He tells Dorothy that he himself will take her to Kansas in his hot air balloon , appointing the Scarecrow as prime minister of Oz , with the Tin Man and Lion as other ministers ( `` You Went to See the Wizard '' ) . Just before the balloon flies off , Toto runs into the crowd , and Dorothy retrieves him , missing her ride ; she is seemingly stranded in Oz . Glinda appears to tell her that she and Toto had the power to return home all along ( `` Already Home '' ) . After saying goodbye to her friends , Dorothy clicks her heels together three times , chanting `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Back in Kansas , Aunt Em and Uncle Henry tell Dorothy that she hit her head and had been unconscious for days . Dorothy insists her adventure in Oz was real , not a dream , but she is very grateful to be home . As Aunt Em and Uncle Henry leave her alone in her bedroom to rest , a gust of wind blows open her cupboard door , revealing the ruby slippers . Roles and original cast ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz / Professor Marvel -- Michael Crawford Dorothy Gale -- Danielle Hope Alternate Dorothy Gale -- Sophie Evans Scarecrow / Hunk -- Paul Keating Tin Man / Hickory -- Edward Baker - Duly Cowardly Lion / Zeke -- David Ganly The Wicked Witch of the West / Miss Gulch -- Hannah Waddingham Glinda the Good Witch -- Emily Tierney Aunt Em / Munchkin Barrister -- Helen Walsh Uncle Henry / Philippe / Head Guard -- Stephen Scott Toto -- Four different West Highland White Terriers alternate in the role . Musical numbers ( edit ) Most of the musical 's songs are taken from the 1939 film and were written by Harold Arlen and E.Y. Harburg . New numbers written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice include a song for Professor Marvel ( `` The Wonders of the World '' ) and the Wicked Witch of the West ( `` Red Shoes Blues '' ) , two songs for the Wizard ( `` Bring Me the Broomstick '' and `` Farewell to Oz '' ) and another song for Dorothy ( `` Nobody Understands Me '' ) . A song featured in the film but omitted in the musical is `` If I Were King of the Forest . '' Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra and Ensemble `` Nobody Understands Me '' * -- Dorothy , Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , Hunk , Hickory , Zeke and Miss Gulch `` Over the Rainbow '' -- Dorothy `` The Wonders of the World '' * -- Professor Marvel `` The Twister '' -- Orchestra Munchkinland Sequence : `` Come Out , Come Out ... Ding ! Dong ! The Witch is Dead ... We Welcome You to Munchkinland '' -- Glinda , Dorothy and Munchkins `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road '' -- Glinda , Dorothy and Munchkins `` If I Only Had a Brain '' -- Scarecrow and Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Dorothy and Scarecrow `` If I Only Had a Heart '' -- Tin Man `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' -- Lion `` Optimistic Voices '' -- Dorothy , Lion , Scarecrow , Tin Man and Ensemble `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' -- Company `` Bring Me the Broomstick '' * -- The Wizard Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` We Went to See the Wizard '' * * -- Dorothy , Scarecrow , Tin Man and Lion `` March of the Winkies '' -- Ensemble `` Red Shoes Blues '' * -- Wicked Witch of the West and Winkies `` Over the Rainbow '' ( reprise ) * * -- Dorothy `` If We Only Had a Plan '' * * -- Lion , Tin Man and Scarecrow `` March of the Winkies '' ( reprise ) -- Ensemble , Tin Man , Scarecrow and Lion `` Hail -- Hail ! The Witch is Dead '' -- Ensemble `` You Went to See the Wizard '' * * -- The Wizard `` Farewell to Oz '' * -- The Wizard `` Already Home '' * -- Glinda , Dorothy and Ensemble Finale -- Dorothy and Company * denotes new song by Rice and Lloyd Webber . * * denotes new lyric by Rice . Cast album ( edit ) A cast album , featuring the songs from the original production , was released as a CD and digital download on 9 May 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Opening night reviews were mixed but generally praised the designs , the special effects and several cast members , especially Waddingham . The Telegraph reviewer , Charles Spencer , rated the production three out of five stars , writing : `` Jeremy Sams 's production pulls out all the stops , with ingenious designs by Robert Jones that skilfully conjure up both the sepia world of Kansas and the lurid colours of Oz . Dorothy 's flight to the enchanted land is thrillingly caught with the help of film effects that would n't look out of place on Dr Who and the story is told with clarity and pace '' , but added that Hope `` offers a thoroughly competent rather than an inspired performance '' that `` lacks the heart - catching vulnerability of the young Judy Garland '' . Paul Taylor of The Independent gave the show four out of five stars , commenting : `` Jeremy Sams 's production is a marvel of beguiling narrative fluency and , with Robert Jones 's superb designs , of endlessly witty and spectacular visual invention -- from the digitally - enhanced hurricane transition to Oz to the skeletally twisted Gothic palace of the Wicked Witch and her totalitarian , helmeted guards . '' Henry Hitchings of the London Evening Standard also gave the show four out of five stars , praising Jones 's `` lavish costumes and lovingly conceived sets ... The story is lucid and well - paced , though the technological wizardry occasionally obscures its inherent magic ... Danielle Hope ... makes a winning impression . Her performance combines innocence with easy charm , and her voice soars . '' Although Michael Billington , the reviewer at The Guardian , felt `` blitzkrieged rather than charmed '' , he gave the production three stars out of five , writing : `` The star of the show is undoubtedly the set and costume designer , Robert Jones . The Kansas cyclone that whisks Dorothy into a dreamworld is evoked through vorticist projections ( the work of Jon Driscoll ) that betoken chaos in the cosmos . The Yellow Brick Road is on a tilted revolve from inside which poppyfields and labyrinthine forest emerge . The Emerald City is full of steeply inclined walls suggesting a drunkard 's vision of the Chrysler Building lobby . And the Wicked Witch of the West inhabits a rotating dungeon that might be a Piranesi nightmare ... Of course , there are the songs ; it 's good to be reminded of such classics as `` Over The Rainbow '' , `` We 're Off To See The Wizard '' , and `` Follow The Yellow Brick Road '' . The additions by Lloyd Webber and Rice are also perfectly acceptable . Dorothy is given a good plaintive opening number , and Red Shoes Blues , sung by the Wicked Witch , has a pounding intensity . '' Writing in the Daily Mail , Quentin Letts felt that `` the story lacks the emotive motor of a love affair '' and that the `` dramatic buzz '' is `` not much better than you 'd find at a decent pantomime '' . The Oxford Times reviewed the production during Evans 's first week ( in May 2011 ) replacing the vacationing Hope , calling the show `` hugely enjoyable '' and commenting of Evans : `` Such is her success in the role that it would be hard to imagine anyone could consider they were getting second - best . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2012 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Whatsonstage.com Theatergoers Choice Awards Best Musical Revival Won Best Supporting Actress in a Musical Hannah Waddingham Won Newcomer of the Year Danielle Hope Nominated Best Set Designer Robert Jones Nominated Original Toronto production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2013 Dora Awards Outstanding Production Nominated Outstanding Performance - Female Lisa Horner Won Outstanding Performance - Male Cedric Smith Nominated Outstanding Performance - Ensemble Cast Nominated See also ( edit ) Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's Favourite Musical Returns To Australia '' . The Wizard of Oz The Musical Official Site . The Really Useful Group . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James , Erin . `` Once a witch , always a witch : Durack and Rix reunite for The Wizard of Oz '' . Aussie Theatre . aussietheatre.com.au . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucy Durack and Jemma Rix Join Anthony Warlow in a Trip Down the Yellow Brick Road in THE WIZARD OF OZ '' . Broadway World . broadwayworld.com . Jump up ^ Swartz , p. 146 Jump up ^ Swartz , p. 257 Jump up ^ Raymond , Kurt . `` We 're off to Stage the Wizard of Oz '' . Beyond the Rainbow to Oz website . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Underhill , William . `` The Wizard of the West End '' . Newsweek , 30 January 2011 Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Moreton , Cole . `` Why I 'm working with Tim Rice for the first time in 34 years : Andrew Lloyd Webber strikes again '' . Daily Mail , 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Show '' . www.wizardofozthemusical.com . Retrieved 10 February 2011 Jump up ^ Note that , in the 1987 version , Glinda sings `` Optimistic Voices '' . Raymond , Kurt . `` We 're off to Stage the Wizard of Oz '' . Beyond the Rainbow to Oz website . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The London Palladium , ' The Wizard of Oz ' `` . London Theatreland . Retrieved 19 December 2010 Jump up ^ Vine , Katherine ( 2 April 2010 ) . `` Yellow Brick Road to Fame '' . Manchester : Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Crawford to Star in New ' Wizard of Oz ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophie Evans cast as alternate Dorothy '' . OfficialLondonTheatre.com. 22 July 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shenton , Mark . `` Hannah Waddingham , Paul Keating and More Cast in London Palladium 's New Wizard of Oz '' Archived November 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com , 25 November 2010 Jump up ^ Marianne Benedict taking over from Hannah Waddingham in Wizard of Oz Jump up ^ Michael Crawford & Danielle Hope to Depart UK Wizard of Oz Feb. 5 , BroadwayWorld.com , 12 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Sophie Evans to Take Over as Dorothy in West End 's The Wizard of Oz '' , accessed 20 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Russell Grant to Replace Michael Crawford in Title Role of London 's The Wizard of Oz '' , accessed 23 January 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed : Des O'Connor to Star as The Wizard in THE WIZARD OF OZ from May 22 ; Show to Close in September '' , BroadwayWorld , 22 May 2012 , accessed 14 September 2013 Jump up ^ Dalglish , Darren . `` The Wizard of Oz cast updates at London Palladium '' . LondonTheatre , 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 Jump up ^ Stott , Hannah . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' Prepares to Open to the Public With £ 10m of Tickets Already Sold '' . Sky News online , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : Wizard of Oz Celebrates 500th Performance ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , 10 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` CBC fall season reflects reduced budget '' , CBC News , 10 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Canada to Launch Over the Rainbow Reality Show to Cast ' Dorothy ' in ALW 's THE WIZARD OF OZ '' , Broadway World , 23 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow viewers pick Danielle to play Dorothy '' , CBCnews , 6 November 2012 Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria . `` Over the Rainbow winner realizing she 's not in La Salle , Ont. , anymore '' , The Province , Canada.com , 7 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` All - Canadian Cast to Lead Toronto 's The Wizard of Oz '' , BroadwayWorld , accessed 13 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz Ends Toronto Run Today , North American Tour to Launch in Vegas , 9 / 10 '' , Broadway World , 18 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` Danielle Wade - Feature Interview '' , CBC Radio , accessed 2 June 2014 Jump up ^ In the song , he describes famous landmarks like the Wonders of the World , images of which are projected onto a screen that is part of his wagon . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast List - The Wizard of Oz - The Musical '' . wizardofozthemusical.com . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` As Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Wizard of Oz hits London 's West End , we look at the real stars -- the dogs who play Toto '' . The Guardian , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Peck , Tom . `` Dogs : The new stars of stage bow - wowing the West End '' . The Independent , 3 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Scenes and Musical Numbers '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Theatre Programme , London Palladium , 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz album released '' . DanielleHope.co.uk. 2011 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Charles . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Wizard of Oz , London Palladium , review '' . The Telegraph , 1 March 2011 Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul . `` First Night : The Wizard of Oz , London Palladium . The Independent , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Hitchings , Henry . `` Andrew Lloyd Webber finds new magic in The Wizard Of Oz '' . London Evening Standard Jump up ^ Billington , Michael . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' - review '' . The Guardian , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Letts , Quentin . `` Toto takes a bow - wow ! Dorothy 's pet pooch is a wizard of the stage '' . Daily Mail , 2 March 2011 Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher . `` The Wizard of Oz : The London Palladium '' , The Oxford Times , 6 May 2011 . See also Price , Karen . `` Review : The Wizard of Oz , London Palladium '' . Wales Online , 30 April 2011 `` She plays a naive and tender Dorothy who you really want to befriend . '' Jump up ^ 2012 Laurence Olivier Award Nominations Announced ; Matilda The Musical Leads with 10 Jump up ^ Full List : 2012 Whatsonstage.com Award winners Jump up ^ Dora Mavor Moore Awards Nominees & Recipients , Toronto Alliance for the Performing Arts , accessed 14 April 2014 References ( edit ) Swartz , Mark Evan . `` Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's ' The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ' on Stage and Screen to 1939 '' . The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6477 - 1 External links ( edit ) Official Site The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Cricket The Wizard of Oz ( additional music and lyrics ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Albums Jesus Christ Superstar Evita ( 1976 concept album ) Evita ( 1996 film soundtrack ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' Related television Any Dream Will Do Superstar When Joseph Met Maria Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Andrew Lloyd Webber musical revival search Series and contestants How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? ( 2006 ) Connie Fisher Helena Blackman Siobhan Dillon Aoife Mulholland Abi Finley Leanne Dobinson Simona Armstrong Any Dream Will Do ( 2007 ) Lee Mead Keith Jack Lewis Bradley Ben James - Ellis Daniel Boys Rob McVeigh I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 ) Jodie Prenger Jessie Buckley Samantha Barks Rachel Tucker Niamh Perry Sarah Lark Francesca Jackson Tara Bethan Over the Rainbow ( 2010 ) Danielle Hope Sophie Evans Lauren Samuels Stephanie Fearon Jessica Robinson Stephanie Davis Amy Diamond Superstar ( 2012 ) Ben Forster Special shows When Joseph Met Maria ( 2007 ) International versions United States Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! ( 2007 ) Canada How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? ( 2008 ) Over the Rainbow ( 2012 ) Belgium Op zoek naar Maria ( 2009 ) Netherlands Op zoek naar Evita ( 2007 ) Op zoek naar Joseph ( 2008 ) Op zoek naar Mary Poppins ( 2009 ) Op zoek naar Zorro ( 2011 ) Musicals The Sound of Music Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Oliver ! The Wizard of Oz Jesus Christ Superstar Grease Evita Mary Poppins Zorro The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(2011_musical)&oldid=816136037 '' Categories : 2011 musicals Musicals based on films Oz in stage and film productions West End musicals Musicals based on novels The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Musicals by Tim Rice Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the wizard of oz 2011 london palladium recording
[]
[]
185983069146128747
Land tenure
Land tenure - wikipedia Land tenure Jump to : navigation , search In common law systems , land tenure is the legal regime in which land is owned by an individual , who is said to `` hold '' the land . The French verb `` tenir '' means `` to hold '' and `` tenant '' is the present participle of `` tenir '' . The sovereign monarch , known as The Crown , held land in its own right . All private owners are either its tenants or sub-tenants . Tenure signifies the relationship between tenant and lord , not the relationship between tenant and land . Over history , many different forms of land ownership , i.e. , ways of owning land , have been established . A landholder / landowner is a holder of the estate in land with considerable rights of ownership or , simply put , an owner of land . Contents ( hide ) 1 Feudal tenure 2 Modes of ownership and tenure 3 Land tenure in archaeology 4 Land tenure by country 4.1 Canada 4.2 China 4.3 England and Wales 4.4 Ireland 4.5 Scotland 4.6 Angola 5 Importance of tenure today 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Feudal tenure ( edit ) Main articles : Fief and Feudal land tenure in England Historically in the system of feudalism , the lords who received land directly from the Crown were called tenants - in - chief . They doled out portions of their land to lesser tenants in exchange for services , who in turn divided it among even lesser tenants . This process -- that of granting subordinate tenancies -- is known as subinfeudation . In this way , all individuals except the monarch were said to hold the land `` of '' someone else . Historically , it was usual for there to be reciprocal duties between lord and tenant . There were different kinds of tenure to fit various kinds of duties that a tenant might owe to a lord . For instance , a military tenure might be by knight - service , requiring the tenant to supply the lord with a number of armed horsemen . The concept of tenure has since evolved into other forms , such as leases and estates . Modes of ownership and tenure ( edit ) There is a great variety of modes of land ownership and tenure : Traditional land tenure . For example , most of the indigenous nations or tribes of North America had differing notions of land ownership . Whereas European land ownership centered around control , Indigenous notions were based on stewardship . When Europeans first came to North America , they sometimes disregarded traditional land tenure and simply seized land , or they accommodated traditional land tenure by recognizing it as aboriginal title . This theory formed the basis for treaties with indigenous peoples . Ownership of land by swearing to make productive use of it . In several developing countries as Egypt , Senegal , ... this method is still presently in use . In Senegal , it is mentioned as `` mise en valeur des zones du terroir '' and in Egypt , it is called Wadaa al - yad . Allodial title , a system in which real property is owned absolutely free and clear of any superior landlord or sovereign . True allodial title is rare , with most property ownership in the common law world ( Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , United Kingdom , United States ) being in fee simple . Allodial title is inalienable , in that it may be conveyed , devised , gifted , or mortgaged by the owner , but it may not be distressed and restrained for collection of taxes or private debts , or condemned ( eminent domain ) by the government . Feudal land tenure , a system of mutual obligations under which a royal or noble personage granted a fiefdom -- some degree of interest in the use or revenues of a given parcel of land -- in exchange for a claim on services such as military service or simply maintenance of the land in which the lord continued to have an interest . This pattern obtained from the level of high nobility as vassals of a monarch down to lesser nobility whose only vassals were their serfs . Fee simple . Under common law , this is the most complete ownership interest one can have in real property , other than the rare Allodial title . The holder can typically freely sell or otherwise transfer that interest or use it to secure a mortgage loan . This picture of `` complete ownership '' is , of course , complicated by the obligation in most places to pay a property tax and by the fact that if the land is mortgaged , there will be a claim on it in the form of a lien . In modern societies , this is the most common form of land ownership . Land can also be owned by more than one party and there are various concurrent estate rules . Native title . In Australia , native title is a common law concept that recognizes that some indigenous people have certain land rights that derive from their traditional laws and customs . Native title can co-exist with non-indigenous proprietary rights and in some cases different indigenous groups can exercise their native title over the same land . Life estate . Under common law , this is an interest in real property that ends at death . The holder has the use of the land for life , but typically no ability to transfer that interest or to use it to secure a mortgage loan . Fee tail . Under common law , this is hereditary , non-transferable ownership of real property . A similar concept , the legitime , exists in civil and Roman law ; the legitime limits the extent to which one may disinherit an heir . Leasehold or rental . Under both common law and civil law , land may be leased or rented by its owner to another party ; a wide range of arrangements are possible , ranging from very short terms to the 99 - year leases common in the United Kingdom , and allowing various degrees of freedom in the use of the property . Rights to use a common , which may include such rights as the use of a road or the right to graze one 's animals on commonly owned land . Sharecropping , under which one has use of agricultural land owned by another person in exchange for a share of the resulting crop or livestock . Easements , which allow one to make certain specific uses of land that is owned by someone else . The most classic easement is right - of - way , but it could also include ( for example ) the right to run an electrical power line across someone else 's land . In addition , there are various forms of collective ownership , which typically take either the form of membership in a cooperative , or shares in a corporation , which owns the land ( typically by fee simple , but possibly under other arrangements ) . There are also various hybrids ; in many communist states , government ownership of most agricultural land has combined in various ways with tenure for farming collectives . Land tenure in archaeology ( edit ) In archaeology , traditions of land tenure can be studied according to territoriality and through the ways in which people create and utilize landscape boundaries , both natural and constructed . Less tangible aspects of tenure are harder to qualify , and study of these relies heavily on either the anthropological record ( in the case of pre-literate societies ) or textual evidence ( in the case of literate societies ) . In archaeology , land tenure traditions can be studied across the longue durée , for example land tenure based on kinship and collective property management . This makes it possible to study the long - term consequences of change and development in land tenure systems and agricultural productivity . Moreover , an archaeological approach to land tenure arrangements studies the temporal aspects of land governance , including their sometimes temporary , impermanent and negotiable aspects as well as uses of past forms of tenure . For example , people can lay claim to , or profess to own resources , through reference to ancestral memory within society . In these cases , the nature of and relationships with aspects of the past , both tangible ( e.g. monuments ) and intangible ( e.g. concepts of history through story telling ) are used to legitimize the present . Land tenure by country ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) Canada ( edit ) Further information : Land ownership in Canada China ( edit ) All land in China is owned by the central government . Enterprises , farmers , and householders lease land from the state using long - term leases of 20 to 70 years . England and Wales ( edit ) For land ownership in England and Wales see Land tenure in England , English land law and History of English land law . Ireland ( edit ) Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Bill , 2006 Scotland ( edit ) crofting aoghairean half - foot Angola ( edit ) Land tenure in Angola Importance of tenure today ( edit ) Although the doctrine of tenure has little importance today , its influence still lingers in some areas . The concepts of landlord and tenant have been recycled to refer to the modern relationship of the parties to land which is held under a lease . It has been pointed out by Professor F.H. Lawson in Introduction to the Laws of Property ( 1958 ) , however , that the landlord - tenant relationship never really fitted in the feudal system and was rather an `` alien commercial element '' . The doctrine of tenure did not apply to personalty ( personal property ) . However , the relationship of bailment in the case of chattels closely resembles the landlord - tenant relationship that can be created in land . Secure land tenure also recognizes one 's legal residential status in urban areas and it is a key characteristics of slum . Slum dwellers do n't have legal title to the land and thus are usually marginalized and ignored by the local governments . See also ( edit ) Alienated land Allodial Apertura feudi Development easement Eminent domain Feudalism Fiefdom Flexible Land Tenure System ( Namibia ) Homestead principle Land grabbing Landed gentry Landed nobility Landed property Land reform Land trust Lord Paramount Manorialism Mesne lord Open field system Precaria Quia Emptores Rights and Resources Initiative Squatting Title ( property ) History of English land law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Till to Tiller : Linkages between international remittances and access to land in West Africa '' . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Magazine -- NGM.com '' . ngm.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stuart Leavenworth and Kiki Zhao ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` In China , Homeowners Find Themselves in a Land of Doubt '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . All land in China is owned by the government , which parcels it out to developers and homeowners through 20 - to 70 - year leases . Jump up ^ http://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/bills28/bills/2006/3106/b3106.pdf Jump up ^ Field , E. ( 2005 ) . `` Property rights and investment in urban slums '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 3 ( 2 - 3 ) : 279 -- 290 . doi : 10.1162 / jeea. 2005.3. 2 - 3.279 . Further reading ( edit ) John Baker , An Introduction to English Legal History ( 3rd edition ) 1990 Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 406 - 53101 - 3 Property By owner Communal land Marital property ( USA ) Cooperative Estate in land Private Public State Crown land By nature Croft Intangible Intellectual indigenous Personal Tangible immovable real Common resources Common land Common - pool resource Digital Global Information Knowledge Theory Bundle of rights Commodity fictitious commodities Common good ( economics ) Excludability First possession appropriation homestead principle Free rider problem Game theory Georgism Gift economy Labor theory of property Law of rent rent - seeking Legal plunder Natural rights Ownership common customary self state Property rights primogeniture usufruct women 's Right to property Rivalry Tragedy of the commons anticommons Applications Acequia ( watercourse ) Ejido ( agrarian land ) Forest types Inheritance Land tenure Property law alienation easement restraint on alienation real estate title Rights Air Fishing Forest - dwelling ( India ) Freedom to roam Grazing pannage Hunting Land aboriginal indigenous squatting Littoral Mineral Bergregal Right of way Water prior - appropriation riparian Disposession / redistribution Bioprospecting Collectivization Eminent domain Enclosure Eviction Expropriation Farhud Forced migration population transfer Illegal fishing Illegal logging Land reform Legal plunder Piracy Poaching Primitive accumulation Privatization Regulatory taking Slavery bride - buying human trafficking wage wife selling Tax inheritance poll progressive property Theft Scholars ( key work ) Frédéric Bastiat Ronald Coase Henry George Garrett Hardin David Harvey John Locke Two Treatises of Government Karl Marx Marcel Mauss The Gift John Stuart Mill Elinor Ostrom Karl Polanyi The Great Transformation Pierre - Joseph Proudhon What Is Property ? David Ricardo Murray N. Rothbard The Ethics of Liberty Jean - Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Categories : Property Property law by country Land use General Degradation Development / Conversion Planning Conflict Land management Sustainable land management Landscaping Integrated landscape management Land grabbing Land consumption Land loss Habitat loss Illegal construction Land reclamation Land rehabilitation Landscape ecology Rangeland management Environmental planning Leopold matrix Watertable control Developed environments Built - up area Property Property Subdivision ( land ) Real estate developer Land development bank Land ( economics ) Customary land Related fields Soil Soil science Soil compaction Soil pollution Overpopulation Pollution Deforestation Urban planning Infrastructure Urban renewal Agriculture Permaculture Drainage system ( agriculture ) Sustainable agriculture Categories : Land use Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&oldid=815708101 '' Categories : Common law Real property law English legal terminology Property law Land tenure Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from November 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the most common type of land tenure in australia
[]
[]
8512865267100595827
Nebular hypothesis
Nebular hypothesis - wikipedia Nebular hypothesis Jump to : navigation , search Star formation Object classes Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be star Herbig -- Haro object Theoretical concepts Accretion Initial mass function Jeans instability Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Star portal The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System ( as well as other planetary systems ) . It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material . The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ( `` Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens '' ) , published in 1755 . Originally applied to the Solar System , the process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the Universe . The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model ( SNDM ) or solar nebular model . It offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System , including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets , and their motion in the same direction as the Sun 's rotation . Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation , but most elements have been superseded . According to the nebular hypothesis , stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen -- giant molecular clouds ( GMC ) . These clouds are gravitationally unstable , and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps , which then rotate , collapse , and form stars . Star formation is a complex process , which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk , proplyd , around the young star . This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances , which are not well known . Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation . A Sun - like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form , with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10 -- 100 million years . The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star . Initially very hot , the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage ; here , formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible . The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer - sized planetesimals . If the disk is massive enough , the runaway accretions begin , resulting in the rapid -- 100,000 to 300,000 years -- formation of Moon - to Mars - sized planetary embryos . Near the star , the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers , producing a few terrestrial planets . The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years . The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process . It is thought to occur beyond the frost line , where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice . As a result , they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk . What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear . Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5 -- 10 Earth masses -- the threshold value , which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen -- helium gas from the disk . The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process , which continues for several million years , but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses ( M ) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner . Jupiter - and Saturn - like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years . The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted . The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation . Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores , which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Solar nebular model : achievements and problems 2.1 Achievements 2.2 Current issues 3 Formation of stars and protoplanetary disks 3.1 Protostars 3.2 Protoplanetary disks 4 Formation of planets 4.1 Rocky planets 4.2 Giant planets 4.3 Exoplanets 5 Meaning of accretion 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses There is evidence that Emanuel Swedenborg first proposed parts of the nebular hypothesis in 1734 . Immanuel Kant , familiar with Swedenborg 's work , developed the theory further in 1755 , publishing his own Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens , wherein he argued that gaseous clouds ( nebulae ) slowly rotate , gradually collapse and flatten due to gravity , eventually forming stars and planets . Pierre - Simon Laplace independently developed and proposed a similar model in 1796 in his Exposition du systeme du monde . He envisioned that the Sun originally had an extended hot atmosphere throughout the volume of the Solar System . His theory featured a contracting and cooling protosolar cloud -- the protosolar nebula . As this cooled and contracted , it flattened and spun more rapidly , throwing off ( or shedding ) a series of gaseous rings of material ; and according to him , the planets condensed from this material . His model was similar to Kant 's , except more detailed and on a smaller scale . While the Laplacian nebular model dominated in the 19th century , it encountered a number of difficulties . The main problem involved angular momentum distribution between the Sun and planets . The planets have 99 % of the angular momentum , and this fact could not be explained by the nebular model . As a result , astronomers largely abandoned this theory of planet formation at the beginning of the 20th century . A major critique came during the 19th century from James Clerk Maxwell ( 1831 - 1879 ) , who maintained that different rotation between the inner and outer parts of a ring could not allow condensation of material . Astronomer Sir David Brewster also rejected Laplace , writing in 1876 that `` those who believe in the Nebular Theory consider it as certain that our Earth derived its solid matter and its atmosphere from a ring thrown from the Solar atmosphere , which afterwards contracted into a solid terraqueous sphere , from which the Moon was thrown off by the same process '' . He argued that under such view , `` the Moon must necessarily have carried off water and air from the watery and aerial parts of the Earth and must have an atmosphere '' . Brewster claimed that Sir Isaac Newton 's religious beliefs had previously considered nebular ideas as tending to atheism , and quoted him as saying that `` the growth of new systems out of old ones , without the mediation of a Divine power , seemed to him apparently absurd '' . The perceived deficiencies of the Laplacian model stimulated scientists to find a replacement for it . During the 20th century many theories addressed the issue , including the planetesimal theory of Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Moulton ( 1901 ) , the tidal model of Jeans ( 1917 ) , the accretion model of Otto Schmidt ( 1944 ) , the protoplanet theory of William McCrea ( 1960 ) and finally the capture theory of Michael Woolfson . In 1978 Andrew Prentice resurrected the initial Laplacian ideas about planet formation and developed the modern Laplacian theory . None of these attempts proved completely successful , and many of the proposed theories were descriptive . The birth of the modern widely accepted theory of planetary formation -- the solar nebular disk model ( SNDM ) -- can be traced to the Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov . His 1969 book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets , which was translated to English in 1972 , had a long - lasting effect on the way scientists think about the formation of the planets . In this book almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and some of them solved . Safronov 's ideas were further developed in the works of George Wetherill , who discovered runaway accretion . While originally applied only to the Solar System , the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe ; as of 1 November 2017 astronomers have discovered 3,693 extrasolar planets in our galaxy . Solar nebular model : achievements and problems ( edit ) Achievements ( edit ) The star formation process naturally results in the appearance of accretion disks around young stellar objects . At the age of about 1 million years , 100 % of stars may have such disks . This conclusion is supported by the discovery of the gaseous and dusty disks around protostars and T Tauri stars as well as by theoretical considerations . Observations of these disks show that the dust grains inside them grow in size on short ( thousand - year ) time scales , producing 1 centimeter sized particles . The accretion process , by which 1 km planetesimals grow into 1,000 km sized bodies , is well understood now . This process develops inside any disk where the number density of planetesimals is sufficiently high , and proceeds in a runaway manner . Growth later slows and continues as oligarchic accretion . The end result is formation of planetary embryos of varying sizes , which depend on the distance from the star . Various simulations have demonstrated that the merger of embryos in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk leads to the formation of a few Earth - sized bodies . Thus the origin of terrestrial planets is now considered to be an almost solved problem . Current issues ( edit ) The physics of accretion disks encounters some problems . The most important one is how the material , which is accreted by the protostar , loses its angular momentum . One possible explanation suggested by Hannes Alfvén was that angular momentum was shed by the solar wind during its T Tauri star phase . The momentum is transported to the outer parts of the disk by viscous stresses . Viscosity is generated by macroscopic turbulence , but the precise mechanism that produces this turbulence is not well understood . Another possible process for shedding angular momentum is magnetic braking , where the spin of the star is transferred into the surrounding disk via that star 's magnetic field . The main processes responsible for the disappearance of the gas in disks are viscous diffusion and photo - evaporation . The formation of planetesimals is the biggest unsolved problem in the nebular disk model . How 1 cm sized particles coalesce into 1 km planetesimals is a mystery . This mechanism appears to be the key to the question as to why some stars have planets , while others have nothing around them , not even dust belts . The formation timescale of giant planets is also an important problem . Old theories were unable to explain how their cores could form fast enough to accumulate significant amounts of gas from the quickly disappearing protoplanetary disk . The mean lifetime of the disks , which is less than ten million ( 10 ) years , appeared to be shorter than the time necessary for the core formation . Much progress has been done to solve this problem and current models of giant planet formation are now capable of forming Jupiter ( or more massive planets ) in about 4 million years or less , well within the average lifetime of gaseous disks . Another potential problem of giant planet formation is their orbital migration . Some calculations show that interaction with the disk can cause rapid inward migration , which , if not stopped , results in the planet reaching the `` central regions still as a sub-Jovian object . '' More recent calculations indicate that disk evolution during migration can mitigate this problem . Formation of stars and protoplanetary disks ( edit ) Protostars ( edit ) Main article : Protostar The visible - light ( left ) and infrared ( right ) views of the Trifid Nebula -- a giant star - forming cloud of gas and dust located 5,400 light - years away in the constellation Sagittarius Stars are thought to form inside giant clouds of cold molecular hydrogen -- giant molecular clouds roughly 300,000 times the mass of the Sun ( M ) and 20 parsecs in diameter . Over millions of years , giant molecular clouds are prone to collapse and fragmentation . These fragments then form small , dense cores , which in turn collapse into stars . The cores range in mass from a fraction to several times that of the Sun and are called protostellar ( protosolar ) nebulae . They possess diameters of 0.01 -- 0.1 pc ( 2,000 -- 20,000 AU ) and a particle number density of roughly 10,000 to 100,000 cm . The initial collapse of a solar - mass protostellar nebula takes around 100,000 years . Every nebula begins with a certain amount of angular momentum . Gas in the central part of the nebula , with relatively low angular momentum , undergoes fast compression and forms a hot hydrostatic ( not contracting ) core containing a small fraction of the mass of the original nebula . This core forms the seed of what will become a star . As the collapse continues , conservation of angular momentum means that the rotation of the infalling envelop accelerates , which largely prevents the gas from directly accreting onto the central core . The gas is instead forced to spread outwards near its equatorial plane , forming a disk , which in turn accretes onto the core . The core gradually grows in mass until it becomes a young hot protostar . At this stage , the protostar and its disk are heavily obscured by the infalling envelope and are not directly observable . In fact the remaining envelope 's opacity is so high that even millimeter - wave radiation has trouble escaping from inside it . Such objects are observed as very bright condensations , which emit mainly millimeter - wave and submillimeter - wave radiation . They are classified as spectral Class 0 protostars . The collapse is often accompanied by bipolar outflows -- jets -- that emanate along the rotational axis of the inferred disk . The jets are frequently observed in star - forming regions ( see Herbig -- Haro ( HH ) objects ) . The luminosity of the Class 0 protostars is high -- a solar - mass protostar may radiate at up to 100 solar luminosities . The source of this energy is gravitational collapse , as their cores are not yet hot enough to begin nuclear fusion . Infrared image of the molecular outflow from an otherwise hidden newborn star HH 46 / 47 As the infall of its material onto the disk continues , the envelope eventually becomes thin and transparent and the young stellar object ( YSO ) becomes observable , initially in far - infrared light and later in the visible . Around this time the protostar begins to fuse deuterium . If the protostar is sufficiently massive ( above 80 Jupiter masses ( M ) ) , hydrogen fusion follows . Otherwise , if its mass is too low , the object becomes a brown dwarf . This birth of a new star occurs approximately 100,000 years after the collapse begins . Objects at this stage are known as Class I protostars , which are also called young T Tauri stars , evolved protostars , or young stellar objects . By this time the forming star has already accreted much of its mass : the total mass of the disk and remaining envelope does not exceed 10 -- 20 % of the mass of the central YSO . At the next stage the envelope completely disappears , having been gathered up by the disk , and the protostar becomes a classical T Tauri star . This happens after about 1 million years . The mass of the disk around a classical T Tauri star is about 1 -- 3 % of the stellar mass , and it is accreted at a rate of 10 to 10 M per year . A pair of bipolar jets is usually present as well . The accretion explains all peculiar properties of classical T Tauri stars : strong flux in the emission lines ( up to 100 % of the intrinsic luminosity of the star ) , magnetic activity , photometric variability and jets . The emission lines actually form as the accreted gas hits the `` surface '' of the star , which happens around its magnetic poles . The jets are byproducts of accretion : they carry away excessive angular momentum . The classical T Tauri stage lasts about 10 million years . The disk eventually disappears due to accretion onto the central star , planet formation , ejection by jets and photoevaporation by UV - radiation from the central star and nearby stars . As a result , the young star becomes a weakly lined T Tauri star , which slowly , over hundreds of millions of years , evolves into an ordinary Sun - like star . Protoplanetary disks ( edit ) See also : Protoplanetary disk and planetesimal Debris disks detected in HST archival images of young stars , HD 141943 and HD 191089 , using improved imaging processes ( 24 April 2014 ) . Under certain circumstances the disk , which can now be called protoplanetary , may give birth to a planetary system . Protoplanetary disks have been observed around a very high fraction of stars in young star clusters . They exist from the beginning of a star 's formation , but at the earliest stages are unobservable due to the opacity of the surrounding envelope . The disk of a Class 0 protostar is thought to be massive and hot . It is an accretion disk , which feeds the central protostar . The temperature can easily exceed 400 K inside 5 AU and 1,000 K inside 1 AU . The heating of the disk is primarily caused by the viscous dissipation of turbulence in it and by the infall of the gas from the nebula . The high temperature in the inner disk causes most of the volatile material -- water , organics , and some rocks to evaporate , leaving only the most refractory elements like iron . The ice can survive only in the outer part of the disk . A protoplanetary disk forming in the Orion Nebula The main problem in the physics of accretion disks is the generation of turbulence and the mechanism responsible for the high effective viscosity . The turbulent viscosity is thought to be responsible for the transport of the mass to the central protostar and momentum to the periphery of the disk . This is vital for accretion , because the gas can be accreted by the central protostar only if it loses most of its angular momentum , which must be carried away by the small part of the gas drifting outwards . The result of this process is the growth of both the protostar and of the disk radius , which can reach 1,000 AU if the initial angular momentum of the nebula is large enough . Large disks are routinely observed in many star - forming regions such as the Orion nebula . Play media Artist 's impression of the disc and gas streams around young star HD 142527 . The lifespan of the accretion disks is about 10 million years . By the time the star reaches the classical T - Tauri stage , the disk becomes thinner and cools . Less volatile materials start to condense close to its center , forming 0.1 -- 1 μm dust grains that contain crystalline silicates . The transport of the material from the outer disk can mix these newly formed dust grains with primordial ones , which contain organic matter and other volatiles . This mixing can explain some peculiarities in the composition of Solar System bodies such as the presence of interstellar grains in the primitive meteorites and refractory inclusions in comets . Various planet formation processes , including exocomets and other planetesimals , around Beta Pictoris , a very young type AV star ( NASA artist 's conception ) . Dust particles tend to stick to each other in the dense disk environment , leading to the formation of larger particles up to several centimeters in size . The signatures of the dust processing and coagulation are observed in the infrared spectra of the young disks . Further aggregation can lead to the formation of planetesimals measuring 1 km across or larger , which are the building blocks of planets . Planetesimal formation is another unsolved problem of disk physics , as simple sticking becomes ineffective as dust particles grow larger . One hypothesis is formation by the gravitational instability . Particles several centimeters in size or larger slowly settle near the middle plane of the disk , forming a very thin -- less than 100 km -- and dense layer . This layer is gravitationally unstable and may fragment into numerous clumps , which in turn collapse into planetesimals . However , the differing velocities of the gas disk and the solids near the mid-plane can generate turbulence which prevents the layer from becoming thin enough to fragment due to gravitational instability . This may limit the formation of planetesimals via gravitational instabilities to specific locations in the disk where the concentration of solids is enhanced . Another possible mechanism for the formation of planetesimals is the streaming instability in which the drag felt by particles orbiting through gas creates a feedback effect causing the growth of local concentrations . These local concentration push back on the gas creating a region where the headwind felt by the particles is smaller . The concentration is thus able to orbit faster and undergoes less radial drift . Isolated particles join these concentrations as they are overtaken or as they drift inward causing it to grow in mass . Eventually these concentrations form massive filaments which fragment and undergo gravitational collapse forming planetesimals the size of the larger asteroids . Planetary formation can also be triggered by gravitational instability within the disk itself , which leads to its fragmentation into clumps . Some of them , if they are dense enough , will collapse , which can lead to rapid formation of gas giant planets and even brown dwarfs on the timescale of 1,000 years . If these clumps migrate inward as the collapse proceeds tidal forces from the star can result in a significant mass loss leaving behind a smaller body . However it is only possible in massive disks -- more massive than 0.3 M. In comparison , typical disk masses are 0.01 -- 0.03 M. Because the massive disks are rare , this mechanism of the planet formation is thought to be infrequent . On the other hand , this mechanism may play a major role in the formation of brown dwarfs . Asteroid collision -- building planets ( artist concept ) . The ultimate dissipation of protoplanetary disks is triggered by a number of different mechanisms . The inner part of the disk is either accreted by the star or ejected by the bipolar jets , whereas the outer part can evaporate under the star 's powerful UV radiation during the T Tauri stage or by nearby stars . The gas in the central part can either be accreted or ejected by the growing planets , while the small dust particles are ejected by the radiation pressure of the central star . What is finally left is either a planetary system , a remnant disk of dust without planets , or nothing , if planetesimals failed to form . Because planetesimals are so numerous , and spread throughout the protoplanetary disk , some survive the formation of a planetary system . Asteroids are understood to be left - over planetesimals , gradually grinding each other down into smaller and smaller bits , while comets are typically planetesimals from the farther reaches of a planetary system . Meteorites are samples of planetesimals that reach a planetary surface , and provide a great deal of information about the formation of the Solar System . Primitive - type meteorites are chunks of shattered low - mass planetesimals , where no thermal differentiation took place , while processed - type meteorites are chunks from shattered massive planetesimals . Formation of planets ( edit ) Rocky planets ( edit ) According to the solar nebular disk model , rocky planets form in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk , within the frost line , where the temperature is high enough to prevent condensation of water ice and other substances into grains . This results in coagulation of purely rocky grains and later in the formation of rocky planetesimals . Such conditions are thought to exist in the inner 3 -- 4 AU part of the disk of a Sun - like star . After small planetesimals -- about 1 km in diameter -- have formed by one way or another , runaway accretion begins . It is called runaway because the mass growth rate is proportional to R ~ M , where R and M are the radius and mass of the growing body , respectively . It is obvious that the specific ( divided by mass ) growth accelerates as the mass increases . This leads to the preferential growth of larger bodies at the expense of smaller ones . The runaway accretion lasts between 10,000 and 100,000 years and ends when the largest bodies exceed approximately 1,000 km in diameter . Slowing of the accretion is caused by gravitational perturbations by large bodies on the remaining planetesimals . In addition , the influence of larger bodies stops further growth of smaller bodies . The next stage is called oligarchic accretion . It is characterized by the dominance of several hundred of the largest bodies -- oligarchs , which continue to slowly accrete planetesimals . No body other than the oligarchs can grow . At this stage the rate of accretion is proportional to R , which is derived from the geometrical cross-section of an oligarch . The specific accretion rate is proportional to M ; and it declines with the mass of the body . This allows smaller oligarchs to catch up to larger ones . The oligarchs are kept at the distance of about 10 H ( H = a ( 1 - e ) ( M / 3M ) is the Hill radius , where a is the semimajor axis , e is the orbital eccentricity , and M is the mass of the central star ) from each other by the influence of the remaining planetesimals . Their orbital eccentricities and inclinations remain small . The oligarchs continue to accrete until planetesimals are exhausted in the disk around them . Sometimes nearby oligarchs merge . The final mass of an oligarch depends on the distance from the star and surface density of planetesimals and is called the isolation mass . For the rocky planets it is up to 0.1 M , or one Mars mass . The final result of the oligarchic stage is the formation of about 100 Moon - to Mars - sized planetary embryos uniformly spaced at about 10 H. They are thought to reside inside gaps in the disk and to be separated by rings of remaining planetesimals . This stage is thought to last a few hundred thousand years . The last stage of rocky planet formation is the merger stage . It begins when only a small number of planetesimals remains and embryos become massive enough to perturb each other , which causes their orbits to become chaotic . During this stage embryos expel remaining planetesimals , and collide with each other . The result of this process , which lasts for 10 to 100 million years , is the formation of a limited number of Earth sized bodies . Simulations show that the number of surviving planets is on average from 2 to 5 . In the Solar System they may be represented by Earth and Venus . Formation of both planets required merging of approximately 10 -- 20 embryos , while an equal number of them were thrown out of the Solar System . Some of the embryos , which originated in the asteroid belt , are thought to have brought water to Earth . Mars and Mercury may be regarded as remaining embryos that survived that rivalry . Rocky planets , which have managed to coalesce , settle eventually into more or less stable orbits , explaining why planetary systems are generally packed to the limit ; or , in other words , why they always appear to be at the brink of instability . Giant planets ( edit ) The dust disk around Fomalhaut -- the brightest star in Piscis Austrinus constellation . Asymmetry of the disk may be caused by a giant planet ( or planets ) orbiting the star . The formation of giant planets is an outstanding problem in the planetary sciences . In the framework of the solar nebular model two theories for their formation exist . The first one is the disk instability model , where giant planets form in the massive protoplanetary disks as a result of its gravitational fragmentation ( see above ) . The second possibility is the core accretion model , which is also known as the nucleated instability model . The latter scenario is thought to be the most promising one , because it can explain the formation of the giant planets in relatively low - mass disks ( less than 0.1 M ) . In this model giant planet formation is divided into two stages : a ) accretion of a core of approximately 10 M and b ) accretion of gas from the protoplanetary disk . Either method may also lead to the creation of brown dwarfs . Searches as of 2011 have found that core accretion is likely the dominant formation mechanism . Giant planet core formation is thought to proceed roughly along the lines of the terrestrial planet formation . It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth , followed by the slower oligarchic stage . Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage , due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems . An additional difference is the composition of the planetesimals , which in the case of giant planets form beyond the so - called snow line and consist mainly of ice -- the ice to rock ratio is about 4 to 1 . This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold . However , the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form 1 -- 2 M cores at the distance of Jupiter ( 5 AU ) within 10 million years . The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun - like stars . The proposed solutions include enhanced mass of the disk -- a tenfold increase would suffice ; protoplanet migration , which allows the embryo to accrete more planetesimals ; and finally accretion enhancement due to gas drag in the gaseous envelopes of the embryos . Some combination of the above - mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn . The formation of planets like Uranus and Neptune is more problematic , since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 20 -- 30 AU from the central star . One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter - Saturn region , then were scattered and migrated to their present location . Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via pebble accretion . In pebble accretion objects between a cm and a meter in diameter falling toward a massive body are slowed enough by gas drag for them to spiral toward it and be accreted . Growth via pebble accretion may be as much as 1000 times faster than by the accretion of planesimals . Once the cores are of sufficient mass ( 5 -- 10 M ) , they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk . Initially it is a slow process , increasing the core masses up to 30 M in a few million years . After that , the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90 % of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000 years . The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted . This happens gradually , due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal . In this model ice giants -- Uranus and Neptune -- are failed cores that began gas accretion too late , when almost all gas had already disappeared . The post-runaway - gas - accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion . Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk . It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained . The latter case corresponds to the so - called hot Jupiters , which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk . In this artist 's conception , a planet spins through a clearing ( gap ) in a nearby star 's dusty , planet - forming disc . Giant planets can significantly influence terrestrial planet formation . The presence of giants tends to increase eccentricities and inclinations ( see Kozai mechanism ) of planetesimals and embryos in the terrestrial planet region ( inside 4 AU in the Solar System ) . If giant planets form too early , they can slow or prevent inner planet accretion . If they form near the end of the oligarchic stage , as is thought to have happened in the Solar System , they will influence the merges of planetary embryos , making them more violent . As a result , the number of terrestrial planets will decrease and they will be more massive . In addition , the size of the system will shrink , because terrestrial planets will form closer to the central star . The influence of giant planets in the Solar System , particularly that of Jupiter , is thought to have been limited because they are relatively remote from the terrestrial planets . The region of a planetary system adjacent to the giant planets will be influenced in a different way . In such a region , eccentricities of embryos may become so large that the embryos pass close to a giant planet , which may cause them to be ejected from the system . If all embryos are removed , then no planets will form in this region . An additional consequence is that a huge number of small planetesimals will remain , because giant planets are incapable of clearing them all out without the help of embryos . The total mass of remaining planetesimals will be small , because cumulative action of the embryos before their ejection and giant planets is still strong enough to remove 99 % of the small bodies . Such a region will eventually evolve into an asteroid belt , which is a full analog of the asteroid belt in the Solar System , located from 2 to 4 AU from the Sun . Exoplanets ( edit ) Thousands of exoplanets have been identified in the last twenty years . The orbits of many of these planets and systems of planets differ significantly from the planets in the Solar System . The exoplanets discovered include hot - Jupiters , warm - Jupiters , super-Earths , and systems of tightly packed inner planets . The hot - Jupiters and warm - Jupiters are thought to have migrated to their current orbits during or following their formation . A number of possible mechanisms for this migration have been proposed . Type I or Type II migration could smoothly decrease the semimajor axis of the planet 's orbit resulting in a warm - or hot - Jupiter . Gravitational scattering by other planets onto eccentric orbits with a perihelion near the star followed by the circularization of its orbit due to tidal interactions with the star can leave a planet on a close orbit . If a massive companion planet or star on an inclined orbit was present an exchange of inclination for eccentricity via the Kozai mechanism raising eccentricities and lowering perihelion followed by circularization can also result in a close orbit . Many of the Jupiter sized planets have eccentric orbits which may indicate that gravitational encounters occurred between the planets , although migration while in resonance can also excite eccentricities . The in situ growth of hot Jupiters from closely orbiting super Earths has also been proposed . The cores in this hypothesis could have formed locally or at a greater distance and migrated close to the star . Super-Earths and other closely orbiting planets are thought to have either formed in situ or to have migrated inward from their initial locations . The in situ formation of closely orbiting super-Earths would require a massive disk , the migration of planetary embryos followed by collisions and mergers , or the radial drift of small solids from farther out in the disk . The migration of the super-Earths , or the embryos that collided to form them , is likely to have been Type I due to their smaller mass . The resonant orbits of some of the exoplanet systems indicates that some migration occurred in these systems , while the spacing of the orbits in many of the other systems not in resonance indicates that an instability likely occurred in those systems after the dissipation of the gas disk . The absence of Super-Earths and closely orbiting planets in the Solar System may be due to the previous formation of Jupiter blocking their inward migration . The amount of gas a super-Earth that formed in situ acquires may depend on when the planetary embryos merged due to giant impacts relative to the dissipation of the gas disk . If the mergers happen after the gas disk dissipates terrestrial planets can form , if in a transition disk a super-Earth with a gas envelope containing a few percent of its mass may form . If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant . The mergers begin when the dynamical friction due to the gas disk becomes insufficient to prevent collisions , a process that will begin earlier in a higher metalicity disk . Alternatively gas accretion may be limited due to the envelopes not being in hydrostatic equilibrium , instead gas may flow through the envelope slowing its growth and delaying the onset of runaway gas accretion until the mass of the core reaches 15 Earth masses . Meaning of accretion ( edit ) Use of the term `` accretion disk '' for the protoplanetary disk leads to confusion over the planetary accretion process . The protoplanetary disk is sometimes referred to as an accretion disk , because while the young T Tauri - like protostar is still contracting , gaseous material may still be falling onto it , accreting on its surface from the disk 's inner edge . In an accretion disk , there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii . However , that meaning should not be confused with the process of accretion forming the planets . In this context , accretion refers to the process of cooled , solidified grains of dust and ice orbiting the protostar in the protoplanetary disk , colliding and sticking together and gradually growing , up to and including the high - energy collisions between sizable planetesimals . In addition , the giant planets probably had accretion disks of their own , in the first meaning of the word . The clouds of captured hydrogen and helium gas contracted , spun up , flattened , and deposited gas onto the surface of each giant protoplanet , while solid bodies within that disk accreted into the giant planet 's regular moons . See also ( edit ) Book : Solar System Asteroid belt Bok globule Comet Exocomet Formation and evolution of the Solar System Herbig -- Haro object History of Earth Kuiper belt Oort cloud T Tauri star Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Compare it with the particle number density of the air at the sea level -- 7019280000000000000 ♠ 2.8 × 10 cm . Jump up ^ The T Tauri stars are young stars with mass less than about 2.5 M showing a heightened level of activity . They are divided into two classes : weakly lined and classical T Tauri stars . The latter have accretion disks and continue to accrete hot gas , which manifests itself by strong emission lines in their spectrum . The former do not possess accretion disks . Classical T Tauri stars evolve into weakly lined T Tauri stars . Jump up ^ The planetesimals near the outer edge of the terrestrial planet region -- 2.5 to 4 AU from the Sun -- may accumulate some amount of ice . However the rocks will still dominate , like in the outer main belt in the Solar System . Jump up ^ As a variant they may collide with the central star or a giant planet . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Montmerle , Thierry ; Augereau , Jean - Charles ; Chaussidon , Marc ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Solar System Formation and Early Evolution : the First 100 Million Years '' . Earth , Moon , and Planets . Spinger. 98 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 39 -- 95 . Bibcode : 2006EM&P ... 98 ... 39M . doi : 10.1007 / s11038 - 006 - 9087 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfson , M.M. ( 1993 ) . `` Solar System -- its origin and evolution '' . Q.J.R. Astr . Soc. 34 : 1 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1993QJRAS ... 34 ... 1W . For details of Kant 's position , see Stephen Palmquist , `` Kant 's Cosmogony Re-Evaluated '' , Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 18 : 3 ( September 1987 ) , pp. 255 - 269 . Jump up ^ Swedenborg , Emanuel ( 1734 ) . ( Principia ) Latin : Opera Philosophica et Mineralia ( English : Philosophical and Mineralogical Works ) . I . Jump up ^ http://www.newchurchhistory.org/articles/glb2007/baker.pdf Jump up ^ George H.A. Cole ( 2013 ) . Planetary Science : The Science of Planets around Stars , Second Edition , Michael M. Woolfson , p. 190 Jump up ^ Brester , David ( 1876 ) , `` More Worlds Than One : The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian '' , Chatto and Windus , Piccadilly , p. 153 Jump up ^ As quoted by David Brewster , `` More worlds than one : the creed of the philosopher and the hope of the Christian '' , Fixed stars and binary systems . p. 233 Jump up ^ Henbest , Nigel ( 1991 ) . `` Birth of the planets : The Earth and its fellow planets may be survivors from a time when planets ricocheted around the Sun like ball bearings on a pinball table '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Safronov , Viktor Sergeevich ( 1972 ) . Evolution of the Protoplanetary Cloud and Formation of the Earth and the Planets . Israel Program for Scientific Translations . ISBN 0 - 7065 - 1225 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wetherill , George W. ( 1989 ) . `` Leonard Medal Citation for Victor Sergeevich Safronov '' . Meteoritics. 24 ( 4 ) : 347 . Bibcode : 1989Metic ... 24 ... 347W . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1945 - 5100.1989. tb00700. x . Jump up ^ Schneider , Jean ( 10 September 2011 ) . `` Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog '' . The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Andre , Philippe ; Montmerle , Thierry ( 1994 ) . `` From T Tauri stars protostars : circumstellar material and young stellar objects in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 420 : 837 -- 862 . Bibcode : 1994ApJ ... 420 ... 837A . doi : 10.1086 / 173608 . ^ Jump up to : Haisch , Karl E. ; Lada , Elizabeth A. ; Lada , Charles J. ( 2001 ) . `` Disk frequencies and lifetimes in young clusters '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 553 ( 2 ) : L153 -- L156 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0104347 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 553L. 153H . doi : 10.1086 / 320685 . ^ Jump up to : Padgett , Deborah L. ; Brandner , Wolfgang ; Stapelfeldt , Karl L. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Hubble space telescope / nicmos imaging of disks and envelopes around very young stars '' . The Astronomical Journal . 117 ( 3 ) : 1490 -- 1504 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9902101 . Bibcode : 1999AJ ... 117.1490 P . doi : 10.1086 / 300781 . ^ Jump up to : Kessler - Silacci , Jacqueline ; Augereau , Jean - Charles ; Dullemond , Cornelis P. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` c2d SPITZER IRS spectra of disks around T Tauri stars . I. Silicate emission and grain growth '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 639 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 291 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0511092 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 639 ... 275K . doi : 10.1086 / 499330 . ^ Jump up to : Kokubo , Eiichiro ; Ida , Shigeru ( 2002 ) . `` Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 581 ( 1 ) : 666 -- 680 . Bibcode : 2002ApJ ... 581 ... 666K . doi : 10.1086 / 344105 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond , Sean N. ; Quinn , Thomas ; Lunine , Jonathan I. ( 2006 ) . `` High - resolution simulations of the final assembly of earth - like planets 1 : terrestrial accretion and dynamics '' . Icarus . 183 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 282 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510284 . Bibcode : 2006Icar ... 183 ... 265R . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.03. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Wurchterl , G. ( 2004 ) . `` Planet Formation Towards Estimating Galactic Habitability '' . In P. Ehrenfreund ; et al. Astrobiology : Future Perspectives . Kluwer Academic Publishers . pp. 67 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Lynden - Bell , D. ; Pringle , J.E. ( 1974 ) . `` The evolution of viscous discs and the origin of the nebular variables '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 168 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 637 . Bibcode : 1974MNRAS. 168 ... 603L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 168.3. 603 . Jump up ^ Devitt , Terry ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` What Puts The Brakes On Madly Spinning Stars ? '' . University of Wisconsin - Madison . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dullemond , C. ; Hollenbach , D. ; Kamp , I. ; D'Alessio , P. ( 2007 ) . `` Models of the Structure and Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks '' . In Reipurth , B. ; Jewitt , D. ; Keil , K. Protostars and Planets V. Tucson , AZ : University of Arizona Press . pp. 555 -- 572 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0602619 . Bibcode : 2007prpl. conf ... 555D . ISBN 978 - 0816526543 . Jump up ^ Clarke , C. ( 2011 ) . `` The Dispersal of Disks around Young Stars '' . In Garcia , P. Physical Processes in Circumstellar Disks around Young Stars . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . pp. 355 -- 418 . ISBN 9780226282282 . ^ Jump up to : Youdin , Andrew N. ; Shu , Frank N. ( 2002 ) . `` Planetesimal formation by gravitational instability '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 580 ( 1 ) : 494 -- 505 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0207536 . Bibcode : 2002ApJ ... 580 ... 494Y . doi : 10.1086 / 343109 . ^ Jump up to : Inaba , S. ; Wetherill , G.W. ; Ikoma , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Formation of gas giant planets : core accretion models with fragmentation and planetary envelope '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 166 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 62 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 166 ... 46I . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2003.08. 001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lissauer , J.J. ; Hubickyj , O. ; D'Angelo , G. ; Bodenheimer , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Models of Jupiter 's growth incorporating thermal and hydrodynamic constraints '' . Icarus . 199 ( 2 ) : 338 -- 350 . arXiv : 0810.5186 . Bibcode : 2009Icar ... 199 ... 338L . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2008.10. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Bodenheimer , P. ; D'Angelo , G. ; Lissauer , J.J. ; Fortney , J.J. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Deuterium Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low - mass Brown Dwarfs Formed by Core - nucleated Accretion '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 770 ( 2 ) : 120 ( 13 pp . ) . arXiv : 1305.0980 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 770 ... 120B . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 770 / 2 / 120 . ^ Jump up to : D'Angelo , G. ; Weidenschilling , S.J. ; Lissauer , J.J. ; Bodenheimer , P. ( 2014 ) . `` Growth of Jupiter : Enhancement of core accretion by a voluminous low - mass envelope '' . Icarus . 241 : 298 -- 312 . arXiv : 1405.7305 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 241 ... 298D . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2014.06. 029 . Jump up ^ Papaloizou 2007 page 10 ^ Jump up to : D'Angelo , G. ; Durisen , R.H. ; Lissauer , J.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Giant Planet Formation '' . In S. Seager . Exoplanets . University of Arizona Press , Tucson , AZ . pp. 319 -- 346 . arXiv : 1006.5486 . Bibcode : 2010exop. book ... 319D . ^ Jump up to : Pudritz , Ralph E. ( 2002 ) . `` Clustered Star Formation and the Origin of Stellar Masses '' . Science . 295 ( 5552 ) : 68 -- 75 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 295 ... 68P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1068298 . PMID 11778037 . Jump up ^ Clark , Paul C. ; Bonnell , Ian A. ( 2005 ) . `` The onset of collapse in turbulently supported molecular clouds '' . Mon . Not . R. Astron . Soc. 361 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 16 . Bibcode : 2005MNRAS. 361 ... 2C . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2005. 09105. x . ^ Jump up to : Motte , F. ; Andre , P. ; Neri , R. ( 1998 ) . `` The initial conditions of star formation in the ρ Ophiuchi main cloud : wide - field millimeter continuum mapping '' . Astron . Astrophys. 336 : 150 -- 172 . Bibcode : 1998A&A ... 336 ... 150M . ^ Jump up to : Stahler , Steven W. ; Shu , Frank H. ; Taam , Ronald E. ( 1980 ) . `` The evolution of protostars : II The hydrostatic core '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 242 : 226 -- 241 . Bibcode : 1980ApJ ... 242 ... 226S . doi : 10.1086 / 158459 . ^ Jump up to : Nakamoto , Taishi ; Nakagawa , Yushitsugu ( 1994 ) . `` Formation , early evolution , and gravitational stability of protoplanetary disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 421 : 640 -- 650 . Bibcode : 1994ApJ ... 421 ... 640N . doi : 10.1086 / 173678 . ^ Jump up to : Yorke , Harold W. ; Bodenheimer , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` The formation of protostellar disks . III . The influence of gravitationally induced angular momentum transport on disk structure and appearance '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 525 ( 1 ) : 330 -- 342 . Bibcode : 1999ApJ ... 525 ... 330Y . doi : 10.1086 / 307867 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chin - Fei ; Mundy , Lee G. ; Reipurth , Bo ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` CO outflows from young stars : confronting the jet and wind models '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 542 ( 2 ) : 925 -- 945 . Bibcode : 2000ApJ ... 542 ... 925L . doi : 10.1086 / 317056 . ^ Jump up to : Stahler , Steven W. ( 1988 ) . `` Deuterium and the Stellar Birthline '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 332 : 804 -- 825 . Bibcode : 1988ApJ ... 332 ... 804S . doi : 10.1086 / 166694 . Jump up ^ Mohanty , Subhanjoy ; Jayawardhana , Ray ; Basri , Gibor ( 2005 ) . `` The T Tauri Phase down to Nearly Planetary Masses : Echelle Spectra of 82 Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 626 ( 1 ) : 498 -- 522 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0502155 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 626 ... 498M . doi : 10.1086 / 429794 . Jump up ^ Martin , E.L. ; Rebolo , R. ; Magazzu , A. ; Pavlenko , Ya . V. ( 1994 ) . `` Pre-main sequence lithium burning '' . Astron . Astrophys. 282 : 503 -- 517 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9308047 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 503M . ^ Jump up to : Hartmann , Lee ; Calvet , Nuria ; Gullbring , Eric ; D'Alessio , Paula ( 1998 ) . `` Accretion and the evolution of T Tauri disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 495 ( 1 ) : 385 -- 400 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 495 ... 385H . doi : 10.1086 / 305277 . ^ Jump up to : Shu , Frank H. ; Shang , Hsian ; Glassgold , Alfred E. ; Lee , Typhoon ( 1997 ) . `` X-rays and Fluctuating X-Winds from Protostars '' . Science . 277 ( 5331 ) : 1475 -- 1479 . Bibcode : 1997Sci ... 277.1475 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 277.5331. 1475 . ^ Jump up to : Muzerolle , James ; Calvet , Nuria ; Hartmann , Lee ( 2001 ) . `` Emission - line diagnostics of T Tauri magnetospheric accretion. II . Improved model tests and insights into accretion physics '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 550 ( 2 ) : 944 -- 961 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 550 ... 944M . doi : 10.1086 / 319779 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Fred C. ; Hollenbach , David ; Laughlin , Gregory ; Gorti , Uma ( 2004 ) . `` Photoevaporation of circumstellar disks due to external far - ultraviolet radiation in stellar aggregates '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 611 ( 1 ) : 360 -- 379 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0404383 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 611 ... 360A . doi : 10.1086 / 421989 . Jump up ^ Harrington , J.D. ; Villard , Ray ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` RELEASE 14 - 114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA 's Hubble Archive '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Megeath , S.T. ; Hartmann , L. ; Luhmann , K.L. ; Fazio , G.G. ( 2005 ) . `` Spitzer / IRAC photometry of the ρ Chameleontis association '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 634 ( 1 ) : L113 -- L116 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0511314 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 634L. 113M . doi : 10.1086 / 498503 . ^ Jump up to : Chick , Kenneth M. ; Cassen , Patrick ( 1997 ) . `` Thermal processing of interstellar dust grains in the primitive solar environment '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 477 ( 1 ) : 398 -- 409 . Bibcode : 1997ApJ ... 477 ... 398C . doi : 10.1086 / 303700 . ^ Jump up to : Klahr , H.H. ; Bodenheimer , P. ( 2003 ) . `` Turbulence in accretion disks : vorticity generation and angular momentum transport via the global baroclinic instability '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 582 ( 2 ) : 869 -- 892 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0211629 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 582 ... 869K . doi : 10.1086 / 344743 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Sheds Light on Planet - Forming Gas Streams '' . ESO Press Release . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michikoshi , Shugo ; Inutsuka , Shu - ichiro ( 2006 ) . `` A two - fluid analysis of the kelvin - helmholtz instability in the dusty layer of a protoplanetary disk : a possible path toward planetesimal formation through gravitational instability '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 641 ( 2 ) : 1131 -- 1147 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 641.1131 M . doi : 10.1086 / 499799 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Anders ; Henning , Thomas ; Klahr , Hubert ( 2006 ) . `` Dust Sedimentation and Self - sustained Kelvin - Helmholtz Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disk Midplanes '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 643 ( 2 ) : 1219 -- 1232 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0512272 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 643.1219 J . doi : 10.1086 / 502968 . Jump up ^ Johansen , A. ; Blum , J. ; Tanaka , H. ; Ormel , C. ; Bizzarro , M. ; Rickman , H. ( 2014 ) . `` The Multifaceted Planetesimal Formation Process '' . In Beuther , H. ; Klessen , R.S. ; Dullemond , C.P. ; Henning , T. Protostars and Planets VI . University of Arizona Press . pp. 547 -- 570 . arXiv : 1402.1344 . Bibcode : 2014prpl. conf ... 547J . doi : 10.2458 / azu_uapress_9780816531240 - ch024 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 3124 - 0 . Jump up ^ Johansen , A. ; Jacquet , E. ; Cuzzi , J.N. ; Morbidelli , A. ; Gounelle , M. ( 2015 ) . `` New Paradigms For Asteroid Formation '' . In Michel , P. ; DeMeo , F. ; Bottke , W. Asteroids IV . Space Science Series . University of Arizona Press . p. 471 . arXiv : 1505.02941 . Bibcode : 2015arXiv150502941J . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 3213 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Boss , Alan P. ( 2003 ) . `` Rapid formation of outer giant planets by disk instability '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 599 ( 1 ) : 577 -- 581 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 599 ... 577B . doi : 10.1086 / 379163 . Jump up ^ Nayakshin , Sergie ( 2010 ) . `` Formation of planets by tidal downsizing of giant planet embryos '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 408 ( 1 ) : L36 -- l40 . arXiv : 1007.4159 . Bibcode : 2010MNRAS. 408L ... 36N . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 3933.2010. 00923. x . Jump up ^ Stamatellos , Dimitris ; Hubber , David A. ; Whitworth , Anthony P. ( 2007 ) . `` Brown dwarf formation by gravitational fragmentation of massive , extended protostellar discs '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters. 382 ( 1 ) : L30 -- L34 . arXiv : 0708.2827 . Bibcode : 2007MNRAS. 382L ... 30S . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 3933.2007. 00383. x . Jump up ^ Font , Andreea S. ; McCarthy , Ian G. ; Johnstone , Doug ; Ballantyne , David R. ( 2004 ) . `` Photoevaporation of circumstellar disks around young stars '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 607 ( 2 ) : 890 -- 903 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0402241 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 607 ... 890F . doi : 10.1086 / 383518 . ^ Jump up to : Bottke , William F. ; Durda , Daniel D. ; Nesvorny , David ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Linking the collisional history of the main asteroid belt to its dynamical excitation and depletion '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 179 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 94 . Bibcode : 2005Icar ... 179 ... 63B . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2005.05. 017 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond , Sean N. ; Quinn , Thomas ; Lunine , Jonathan I. ( 2007 ) . `` High - resolution simulations of the final assembly of Earth - like planets 2 : water delivery and planetary habitability '' . Astrobiology. 7 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 84 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510285 . Bibcode : 2007AsBio ... 7 ... 66R . doi : 10.1089 / ast. 2006.06 - 0126 . PMID 17407404 . ^ Jump up to : Thommes , E.W. ; Duncan , M.J. ; Levison , H.F. ( 2003 ) . `` Oligarchic growth of giant planets '' . Icarus . 161 ( 2 ) : 431 -- 455 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0303269 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 161 ... 431T . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 02 ) 00043 - X . ^ Jump up to : Petit , Jean - Marc ; Morbidelli , Alessandro ( 2001 ) . `` The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 153 ( 2 ) : 338 -- 347 . Bibcode : 2001Icar ... 153 ... 338P . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2001.6702 . ^ Jump up to : Janson , M. ; Bonavita , M. ; Klahr , H. ; Lafreniere , D. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` High - contrast Imaging Search for Planets and Brown Dwarfs around the Most Massive Stars in the Solar Neighborhood '' . Astrophys . J. 736 ( 89 ) : 89 . arXiv : 1105.2577 v1 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 736 ... 89J . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637x / 736 / 2 / 89 . ^ Jump up to : Fortier , A. ; Benvenuto , A.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Oligarchic planetesimal accretion and giant planet formation '' . Astron . Astrophys. 473 ( 1 ) : 311 -- 322 . arXiv : 0709.1454 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 473 ... 311F . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20066729 . Jump up ^ Thommes , Edward W. ; Duncan , Martin J. ; Levison , Harold F. ( 1999 ) . `` The formation of Uranus and Neptune in the Jupiter - Saturn region of the Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 402 ( 6762 ) : 635 -- 638 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 402 ... 635T . doi : 10.1038 / 45185 . PMID 10604469 . Jump up ^ Lambrechts , M. ; Johansen , A. ( August 2012 ) . `` Rapid growth of gas - giant cores by pebble accretion '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544 : A32 . arXiv : 1205.3030 . Bibcode : 2012A&A ... 544A ... 32L . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201219127 . ^ Jump up to : Papaloizou , J.C.B. ; Nelson , R.P. ; Kley , W. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Disk - Planet Interactions During Planet Formation '' . In Bo Reipurth ; David Jewitt ; Klaus Keil . Protostars and Planets V. Arizona Press . p. 655 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0603196 . Bibcode : 2007prpl. conf ... 655P . ^ Jump up to : Levison , Harold F. ; Agnor , Craig ( 2003 ) . `` The role of giant planets in terrestrial planet formation '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 125 ( 5 ) : 2692 -- 2713 . Bibcode : 2003AJ ... 125.2692 L . doi : 10.1086 / 374625 . Jump up ^ Baruteau , C. ; Crida , A. ; Paardekooper , S. - J. ; Masset , F. ; Guilet , J. ; Bitsch , B. ; Nelson , R. ; Kley , W. ; Papaloizou , J. ( 2014 ) . Protostars and Planets VI , Chapter : Planet - Disk Interactions and Early Evolution of Planetary Systems . University of Arizona Press . pp. 667 -- 689 . Jump up ^ Batygin , Konstantin ; Bodenheimer , Peter H. ; Laughlin , Gregory P. ( 2016 ) . `` In Situ Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Hot Jupiter Systems '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 829 ( 2 ) : 114 . arXiv : 1511.09157 . Bibcode : 2016ApJ ... 829 ... 114B . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 637X / 829 / 2 / 114 . Jump up ^ Morbidelli , Alessandro ; Raymond , Sean ( 2016 ) . `` Challenges in planet formation '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Planets. 121 ( 10 ) : 1962 -- 1980 . arXiv : 1610.07202 . Bibcode : 2016JGRE ... 121.1962 M . doi : 10.1002 / 2016JE005088 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eve J. ; Chiang , Eugene ( 2016 ) . `` Breeding Super-Earths and Birthing Super-puffs in Transitional Disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 817 ( 2 ) : 90 . arXiv : 1510.08855 . Bibcode : 2016ApJ ... 817 ... 90L . doi : 10.3847 / 0004 - 637X / 817 / 2 / 90 . Jump up ^ Lambrechts , Michiel ; Lega , Elana ( 2017 ) . `` Reduced gas accretion on super-Earths and ice giants '' . arXiv : 1708.00767 . Bibcode : 2017arXiv170800767L . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , G. ; Podolak , M. ( 2015 ) . `` Capture and Evolution of Planetesimals in Circumjovian Disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 806 ( 1 ) : 29pp . arXiv : 1504.04364 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 806 ... 203D . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 806 / 2 / 203 . Jump up ^ Canup , Robin M. ; Ward , William R. ( 2002 ) . `` Formation of the Galilean Satellites : Conditions of Accretion '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 124 ( 6 ) : 3404 -- 3423 . Bibcode : 2002AJ ... 124.3404 C . doi : 10.1086 / 344684 . External links ( edit ) Proctor , Richard A. ( 1879 ) . `` Nebular Hypothesis '' . The American Cyclopædia . ( hide ) Exoplanetology Planet Definition IAU Planetary science Main topics Exoplanet Methods of detecting exoplanets Planetary system Sizes and types Terrestrial Carbon planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Ice planet Iron planet Lava planet Mega-Earth Ocean planet Sub-Earth Super-Earth Gaseous Chthonian planet Eccentric Jupiter Gas dwarf Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Ice giant Mini-Neptune Super-Jupiter Other types Brown dwarf Circumbinary planet Double planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet / Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Sub-brown dwarf Ultra-cool dwarf Formation and evolution Accretion Merging stars Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Systems Exocomet Exomoon Interstellar comet Mean - motion resonances Retrograde planet Rogue planet Titius -- Bode laws Trojan planet Host stars Binary star Brown dwarfs Extragalactic planet F / Yellow - white dwarfs G / Yellow dwarfs Herbig Ae / Be K / Orange dwarfs M / Red dwarfs Planets in globular clusters Pulsar Red giant Subdwarf B Subgiant T Tauri White dwarfs Yellow giant Detection Astrometry Direct imaging list Microlensing list Polarimetry Pulsar timing list Radial velocity list Transit method list Transit - timing variation Habitability Astrobiology Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Habitability of natural satellites Superhabitable planet Catalogues Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Exoplanet Data Explorer Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia NASA Exoplanet Archive NASA Star and Exoplanet Database Lists Exoplanetary systems Host stars Multiplanetary systems Stars with proplyds Exoplanets List of exoplanets Discoveries Extremes Firsts Nearest Largest Most massive Terrestrial candidates Kepler Potentially habitable Other Carl Sagan Institute Exoplanet phase curves Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Planets in science fiction Sudarsky 's gas giant classification Discoveries of exoplanets Search projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nebular_hypothesis&oldid=805646667 '' Categories : Solar System Circumstellar disks Planetary systems Planets Pre-stellar nebulae History of astronomy Cosmogony 1755 in science Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский සිංහල Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
compare and contrast nebular hypothesis and protoplanet hypothesis
[]
[]
-5846224935100920397
Mid-Autumn Festival
Mid-Autumn Festival - wikipedia Mid-Autumn Festival Jump to : navigation , search For the related lunar festivals celebrated on the same day , see Tsukimi ( Japan ) and Chuseok ( North and South Korea ) . Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival decorations in Beijing Official name 中秋 节 ( Zhōngqiū Jié in China , Taiwan , Malaysia , Singapore ; `` Tiong Chiu Jiet '' in Taiwan , Jūng - chāu Jit in Hong Kong and Macau ) Tết Trung Thu ( Vietnam ) Also called Mooncake Festival / Celebration Observed by China , Taiwan , Vietnam , Singapore , Malaysia Type Cultural , Religious Significance Celebrates the end of the autumn harvest Observances Consumption of mooncakes Consumption of cassia wine Date 15th day of the 8th lunar month 2017 date October 4 2018 date September 24 Related to Chuseok ( in Korea ) , Tsukimi ( in Japan ) , Uposatha of Ashvini / Krittika ( similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand and Cambodia ) Mid-Autumn Festival `` Mid-Autumn Festival '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Traditional Chinese 中秋 節 Simplified Chinese 中秋 节 Literal meaning `` Mid-Autumn Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngqiū jié Wade -- Giles Chung - ch'iu chieh IPA ( ʈʂʊ́ŋ. tɕhjóu tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tson - tsheu tsìh Hakka Romanization Chung ciu tset Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Jūng - chāu jit IPA ( tsóŋ. tshɐ́u tsīːt̚ ) Jyutping Zung - cau zit Min Chinese name Traditional Chinese 八 月 節 Literal meaning `` Festival of the Eighth Month '' ( show ) Transcriptions Southern Min Hokkien POJ Peh - go̍eh - cheh Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Báik - nguŏk - cáik Vietnamese name Vietnamese Tết Trung Thu Chữ Nôm 節 中 秋 The Mid-Autumn Festival is a harvest festival celebrated by ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese people . The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar with full moon at night , corresponding to late September to early October of the Gregorian calendar with a full moon at night . Due to ancient China 's cultural influence , Mid-Autumn Festival spread to other parts of Asia . Mooncakes have also appeared in western countries as an exotic sweet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alternative names 2 Meanings of the festival 3 Origins and development 3.1 Moon worship 4 Modern celebration 4.1 Lanterns 4.2 Mooncakes 4.3 Other foods and food displays 4.4 Courtship and matchmaking 4.5 Games and activities 5 Practices by region and cultures 5.1 Xiamen 5.2 Hong Kong and Macau 5.3 Ethnic minorities in China 5.4 Vietnam 5.5 Philippines 5.6 Taiwan 6 Similar traditions in other parts of Asia 6.1 India 6.2 Japan 6.3 Korea 6.4 Southeast Asia 6.4. 1 Cambodia 6.4. 2 Laos 6.4. 3 Myanmar 6.4. 4 Sri Lanka 7 Dates 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Alternative names ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn Festival is also known by other names , such as : Moon Festival or Harvest Moon Festival , because of the celebration 's association with the full moon on this night , as well as the traditions of moon worship and moon gazing . Jūng - chāu Jit ( 中秋 節 ) , official name in Cantonese . Tết Trung Thu , official name in Vietnamese . Zhōngqiū Jié ( 中秋 节 ) , the official name in Mandarin Chinese . Lantern Festival , a term sometimes used in Singapore and Malaysia , which is not to be confused with the Lantern Festival in China that occurs on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese calendar . Reunion Festival , in earlier times , a woman in China took this occasion to visit her parents before returning to celebrate with her husband and his parents . Children 's Festival , in Vietnam , because of the emphasis on the celebration of children . Meanings of the Festival ( edit ) The festival celebrates three fundamental concepts that are closely connected : Gathering , such as family and friends coming together , or harvesting crops for the festival . It 's said the moon is the brightest and roundest on this day which means family reunion . And this is the main reason why people think mid-autumn is important . Thanksgiving , to give thanks for the harvest , or for harmonious unions Praying ( asking for conceptual or material satisfaction ) , such as for babies , a spouse , beauty , longevity , or for a good future Traditions and myths surrounding the festival are formed around these concepts , although traditions have changed over time due to changes in technology , science , economy , culture , and religion . It 's about well being together . Origins and development ( edit ) The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600 -- 1046 BCE ) . Morris Berkowitz , who studied the Hakka people during the 1960s , theorizes that the harvest celebration originally began with worshiping Mountain Gods after the harvest was completed . For the Baiyue peoples , the harvest time commemorated the dragon who brought rain for the crops . The celebration as a festival only started to gain popularity during the early Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 CE ) . One legend explains that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang started to hold formal celebrations in his palace after having explored the Moon - Palace . The term mid-autumn ( 中秋 ) first appeared in Rites of Zhou , a written collection of rituals of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BCE ) . Empress Dowager Cixi ( late 19th century ) enjoyed celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival so much that she would spend the period between the thirteenth and seventeenth day of the eighth month staging elaborate rituals . Moon worship ( edit ) Houyi helplessly looking at his wife Chang'e flying off to the moon after she drank the elixir . An important part of the festival celebration is moon worship . The ancient Chinese believed in rejuvenation being associated with the moon and water , and connected this concept to the menstruation of women , calling it `` monthly water '' . The Zhuang people , for example , have an ancient fable saying the sun and moon are a couple and the stars are their children , and when the moon is pregnant , it becomes round , and then becomes crescent after giving birth to a child . These beliefs made it popular among women to worship and give offerings to the moon on this evening . In some areas of China , there are still customs in which `` men worship the moon and the women offer sacrifices to the kitchen gods . '' Offerings are also made to a more well - known lunar deity , Chang'e , known as the Moon Goddess of Immortality . The myths associated with Chang'e explain the origin of moon worship during this day . One version of the story is as follows , as described in Lihui Yang 's Handbook of Chinese Mythology : In the ancient past , there was a hero named Hou Yi who was excellent at archery . His wife was Chang'e . One year , the ten suns rose in the sky together , causing great disaster to people . Yi shot down nine of the suns and left only one to provide light . An immortal admired Yi and sent him the elixir of immortality . Yi did not want to leave Chang'e and be immortal without her , so he let Chang'e keep the elixir . But Peng Meng , one of his apprentices , knew this secret . So , on the fifteenth of August in the lunar calendar , when Yi went hunting , Peng Meng broke into Yi 's house and forced Chang'e to give the elixir to him . Chang'e refused to do so . Instead , she swallowed it and flew into the sky . Since she loved very much her husband and hoped to live nearby , she chose the moon for her residence . When Yi came back and learned what had happened , he felt so sad that he displayed the fruits and cakes Chang'e liked in the yard and gave sacrifices to his wife . People soon learned about these activities , and since they also were sympathetic to Chang'e they participated in these sacrifices with Yi . Handbook of Chinese Mythology also describes an alternate common version of the myth : After the hero Houyi shot down nine of the ten suns , he was pronounced king by the thankful people . However , he soon became a conceited and tyrannical ruler . In order to live long without death , he asked for the elixir from Xiwangmu . But his wife , Chang'e , stole it on the fifteenth of August because she did not want the cruel king to live long and hurt more people . She took the magic potion to prevent her husband from becoming immortal . Houyi was so angry when discovered that Chang'e took the elixir , he shot at his wife as she flew toward the moon , though he missed . Chang'e fled to the moon and became the spirit of the moon . Houyi died soon because he was overcome with great anger . Thereafter , people offer a sacrifice to Chang'e on every lunar fifteenth of August to commemorate Chang'e's action . Modern celebration ( edit ) The festival was a time to enjoy the successful reaping of rice and wheat with food offerings made in honor of the moon . Today , it is still an occasion for outdoor reunions among friends and relatives to eat mooncakes and watch the moon , a symbol of harmony and unity . During a year of a solar eclipse it is typical for governmental offices , banks and schools will close of extra days to enjoy the extra celestial celebration an eclipse brings . The festival is celebrated with many cultural or regional customs , among them : Burning incense in reverence to deities including Chang'e . Performance of dragon and lion dances , which is mainly practiced in southern China and Vietnam . Lanterns ( edit ) For information on a different festival that also involve lanterns , see Lantern Festival Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns in Chinatown , Singapore Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns at a shop in Hong Kong A notable part of celebrating the holiday is the carrying of brightly lit lanterns , lighting lanterns on towers , or floating sky lanterns . Another tradition involving lanterns is to write riddles on them and have other people try to guess the answers ( simplified Chinese : 灯谜 ; traditional Chinese : 燈謎 ; pinyin : dēng mí ; literally : `` lantern riddle '' ) . It is difficult to discern the original purpose of lanterns in connection to the festival , but it is certain that lanterns were not used in conjunction with moon - worship prior to the Tang dynasty . Traditionally , the lantern has been used to symbolize fertility , and functioned mainly as a toy and decoration . But today the lantern has come to symbolize the festival itself . In the old days , lanterns were made in the image of natural things , myths , and local cultures . Over time , a greater variety of lanterns could be found as local cultures became influenced by their neighbors . As China gradually evolved from an agrarian society to a mixed agrarian - commercial one , traditions from other festivals began to be transmitted into the Mid-Autumn Festival , such as the putting of lanterns on rivers to guide the spirits of the drowned as practiced during the Ghost Festival , which is observed a month before . Hong Kong fishermen during the Qing dynasty , for example , would put up lanterns on their boats for the Ghost Festival and keep the lanterns up until Mid-Autumn Festival . In Vietnam , children participate in parades in the dark under the full moon with lanterns of various forms , shapes , and colors . Traditionally , lanterns signified the wish for the sun 's light and warmth to return after winter . In addition to carrying lanterns , the children also don masks . Elaborate masks were made of papier - mâché , though it is more common to find masks made of plastic nowadays . Handcrafted shadow lanterns were an important part of Mid-Autumn displays since the 12th - century Lý dynasty , often of historical figures from Vietnamese history . Handcrafted lantern - making declined in modern times due to the availability of mass - produced plastic lanterns , which often depict internationally recognized characters such as Pokémon 's Pikachu , Disney characters , SpongeBob SquarePants , and Hello Kitty . Mooncakes ( edit ) Typical lotus bean - filled mooncakes eaten during the festival Animal - shaped mooncakes in Vietnam Main article : Mooncake Making and sharing mooncakes is one of the hallmark traditions of this festival . In Chinese culture , a round shape symbolizes completeness and reunion . Thus , the sharing and eating of round mooncakes among family members during the week of the festival signifies the completeness and unity of families . In some areas of China , there is a tradition of making mooncakes during the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival . The senior person in that household would cut the mooncakes into pieces and distribute them to each family member , signifying family reunion . In modern times , however , making mooncakes at home has given way to the more popular custom of giving mooncakes to family members , although the meaning of maintaining familial unity remains . Although typical mooncakes can be around a few inches in diameter , imperial chefs have made some as large as several feet in radius , with its surface pressed with designs of Chang'e , cassia trees , or the Moon - Palace . One tradition is to pile 13 mooncakes on top of each other to mimic a pagoda , the number 13 being chosen to represent the 13 months in a full lunar year . According to Chinese folklore , a Turpan businessman offered cakes to Emperor Taizong of Tang in his victory against the Xiongnu on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month . Taizong took the round cakes and pointed to the moon with a smile , saying , `` I 'd like to invite the toad to enjoy the hú ( 胡 ) cake . '' After sharing the cakes with his ministers , the custom of eating these hú cakes spread throughout the country . Eventually these became known as mooncakes . Although the legend explains the beginnings of mooncake - giving , its popularity and ties to the festival began during the Song dynasty ( 906 -- 1279 CE ) . Another popular legend concerns the Han Chinese 's uprising against the ruling Mongols at the end of the Yuan dynasty ( 1280 -- 1368 CE ) , in which the Han Chinese used traditional mooncakes to conceal the message that they were to rebel on Mid-Autumn Day . Because of strict controls upon Han Chinese families imposed by the Mongols in which only 1 out of every 10 households was allowed to own a knife guarded by a Mongolian guard , this coordinated message was important to gather as many available weapons as possible . Other foods and food displays ( edit ) Cassia wine is the traditional choice for `` reunion wine '' drunk during Mid-Autumn Festival Vietnamese rice figurines , known as tò he Imperial dishes served on this occasion included nine - jointed lotus roots which symbolize peace , and watermelons cut in the shape of lotus petals which symbolize reunion . Teacups were placed on stone tables in the garden , where the family would pour tea and chat , waiting for the moment when the full moon 's reflection appeared in the center of their cups . Owing to the timing of the plant 's blossoms , cassia wine is the traditional choice for the `` reunion wine '' drunk on the occasion . Also , people will celebrate by eating cassia cakes and candy . Food offerings made to deities are placed on an altar set up in the courtyard , including apples , pears , peaches , grapes , pomegranates , melons , oranges , and pomelos . One of the first decorations purchased for the celebration table is a clay statue of the Jade Rabbit . In Chinese folklore , the Jade Rabbit was an animal that lived on the moon and accompanied Chang'e . Offerings of soy beans and cockscomb flowers were made to the Jade Rabbit . Nowadays , in southern China , people will also eat some seasonal fruit that may differ in different district but carrying the same meaning of blessing . In Vietnam , cakes and fruits are not only consumed , but elaborately prepared as food displays . For example , glutinous rice flour and rice paste are molded into familiar animals . Pomelo sections can be fashioned into unicorns , rabbits , or dogs . Villagers of Xuân La , just north of Hanoi , produce tò he , figurines made from rice paste and colored with natural food dyes . Into the early decades of the twentieth century of Vietnam , daughters of wealthy families would prepare elaborate centerpieces filled with treats for their younger siblings . Well - dressed visitors could visit to observe the daughter 's handiwork as an indication of her capabilities as a wife in the future . Eventually the practice of arranging centerpieces became a tradition not just limited to wealthy families . Courtship and matchmaking ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn moon has traditionally been a choice occasion to celebrate marriages . Girls would pray to Chang'e to help fulfill their romantic wishes . In some parts of China , dances are held for young men and women to find partners . For example , young women are encouraged to throw their handkerchiefs to the crowd , and the young man who catches and returns the handkerchief has a chance at romance . In Daguang , in northeast Guizhou Province , young men and women of the Dong people would make an appointment at a certain place . The young women would arrive early to overhear remarks made about them by the young men . The young men would praise their lovers in front of their fellows , in which finally the listening women would walk out of the thicket . Pairs of lovers would go off to a quiet place to open their hearts to each other . Into the early decades of the twentieth century Vietnam , young men and women used the festival as a chance to meet future life companions . Groups would assemble in a courtyard and exchange verses of song while gazing at the moon . Those who performed poorly were sidelined until one young man and one young woman remained , after which they would win prizes as well as entertain matrimonial prospects . Games and activities ( edit ) During the 1920s and 1930s , ethnographer Chao Wei - pang conducted research on traditional games among men , women and children on or around the Mid-Autumn day in the Guangdong Province . These games relate to flights of the soul , spirit possession , or fortunetelling . One type of activity , `` Ascent to Heaven '' ( Chinese : 上 天堂 shàng tiāntáng ) involves a young lady selected from a circle of women to `` ascend '' into the celestial realm . While being enveloped in the smoke of burning incense , she describes the beautiful sights and sounds she encounters . Another activity , `` Descent into the Garden '' ( Chinese : 落 花园 luò huāyuán ) , played among younger girls , detailed each girl 's visit to the heavenly gardens . According to legend , a flower tree represented her , and the number and color of the flowers indicated the sex and number of children she would have in her lifetime . Men played a game called `` Descent of the Eight Immortals '' ( jiangbaxian ) , where one of the Eight Immortals took possession of a player , who would then assume the role of a scholar or warrior . Children would play a game called `` Encircling the Toad '' ( guanxiamo ) , where the group would form a circle around a child chosen to be a Toad King and chanted a song that transformed the child into a toad . He would jump around like a toad until water was sprinkled on his head , in which he would then stop . Practices by region and cultures ( edit ) Mid-Autumn Festival at the Botanical Garden , Montreal Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival parade , Belfast City Hall , Belfast , Northern Ireland Mid-Autumn Festival at Chinatown , Singapore Mid-Autumn Festival celebrations in Victoria Park , Hong Kong Xiamen ( edit ) A unique tradition is celebrated quite exclusively in the island city of Xiamen . On the festival , families and friends gather to play a gambling sort of game involving 6 dice . People take turns in rolling the dice in a ceramic bowl with the results determining what they win . The number 4 is mainly what determines how big the prize is . Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) Lantern in Senado Square , Macau In Hong Kong and Macau , the day after the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday rather than the festival date itself ( unless that date falls on a Sunday , then Monday is also a holiday ) , because many celebration events are held at night . There are a number of festive activities such as lighting lanterns , but mooncakes are the most important feature there . However , people do n't usually buy mooncakes for themselves , but to give their relatives as presents . People start to exchange these presents well in advance of the festival . Hence , mooncakes are sold in elegant boxes for presentation purpose . Also , the price for these boxes are not considered cheap -- a four - mooncake box of the lotus seeds paste with egg yolks variety , can generally cost US $40 or more . However , as environmental protection has become a concern of the public in recent years , many mooncake manufacturers in Hong Kong have adopted practices to reduce packaging materials to practical limits . The mooncake manufacturers also explore in the creation of new types of mooncakes , such as ice - cream mooncake and snow skin mooncake . Ethnic minorities in China ( edit ) Korean minorities living in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture have a custom of welcoming the moon , where they put up a large conical house frame made of dry pine branches and call it a `` moon house '' . The moonlight would shine inside for gazers to appreciate . The Bouyei people call the occasion `` Worshiping Moon Festival '' , where after praying to ancestors and dining together , they bring rice cakes to the doorway to worship the Moon Grandmother . The Tu people practice a ceremony called `` Beating the Moon '' , where they place a basin of clear water in the courtyard to reflect an image of the moon , and then beat the water surface with branches . The Maonan people tie a bamboo near the table , on which a grapefruit is hung , with three lit incense sticks on it . This is called `` Shooting the Moon '' . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnamese children celebrating the Mid-Autumn Festival with traditional 5 - pointed star - shaped lantern The Mid-Autumn festival is named `` Tết Trung Thu '' in Vietnamese . It is also known as Children 's Festival because of the event 's emphasis on children . In olden times , the Vietnamese believed that children , being innocent and pure , had the closest connection to the sacred and natural world . Being close to children was seen as a way to connect with animist spirits and deities . In its most ancient form , the evening commemorated the dragon who brought rain for the crops . Celebrants would observe the moon to divine the future of the people and harvests . Eventually the celebration came to symbolize a reverence for fertility , with prayers given for bountiful harvests , increase in livestock , and human babies . Over time , the prayers for children evolved into a celebration of children . Confucian scholars continued the tradition of gazing at the moon , but to sip wine and improvise poetry and song . By the early twentieth century in Hanoi , the festival had begun to assume its identity as a children 's festival . Aside from the story of Chang'e ( Vietnamese : Hằng Nga ) , there are two other popular folktales associated with the festival . The first describes the legend of Cuội , whose wife accidentally urinated on a sacred banyan tree . The tree began to float towards the moon , and Cuội , trying to pull it back down to earth , floated to the moon with it , leaving him stranded there . Every year , during the Mid-Autumn Festival , children light lanterns and participate in a procession to show Cuội the way back to Earth . The other tale involves a carp who wanted to become a dragon , and as a result , worked hard throughout the year until he was able to transform himself into a dragon . One important event before and during the festival are lion dances . Dances are performed by both non-professional children 's groups and trained professional groups . Lion dance groups perform on the streets , going to houses asking for permission to perform for them . If the host consents , the `` lion '' will come in and start dancing as a blessing of luck and fortune for the home . In return , the host gives lucky money to show their gratitude . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Filipino - Chinese celebrate the evening and exchange mooncakes with all Filipinos friends , families and neighbors . A game of chance , originating from the island city of Xiamen in China , known as Pua Tiong Chiu which means `` mid-autumn gambling '' in Philippine Hokkien ( see 中秋 博 饼 ) , or simply mid-autumn dice game , is also played by both Filipino - Chinese and Filipinos alike . Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday . Outdoor barbecues have become a popular affair for friends and family to gather and enjoy each other 's company . As of 2016 , Taipei City designated 15 riverside parks to accommodate outdoor barbecues for the public . Similar traditions in other parts of Asia ( edit ) Similar traditions are found in other parts of Asia and also revolve around the full moon . These festivals tend to occur on the same day or around the Mid-Autumn Festival . India ( edit ) Main article : Sharad Purnima Sharad Purnima is a harvest festival celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu lunar month of Ashvin ( September -- October ) , marking the end of the monsoon season . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Tsukimi The Japanese moon viewing festival , o - tsukimi , is also held at this time . People picnic and drink sake under the full moon to celebrate the harvest . Korea ( edit ) Main article : Chuseok Chuseok ( 추석 ; 秋 夕 ; ( tɕhu. sʌk̚ ) ) , literally `` Autumn eve '' , once known as hangawi ( 한가위 ; ( han. ɡa. ɥi ) ; from archaic Korean for `` the great middle ( of autumn ) '' ) , is a major harvest festival and a three - day holiday in North Korea and South Korea celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar on the full moon . As a celebration of the good harvest , Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and share a feast of Korean traditional food such as songpyeon ( 송편 ) and rice wines such as sindoju and dongdongju . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Main article : Uposatha Many festivals revolving around a full moon are also celebrated in other parts of Asia . Like the Mid-Autumn Festival , these festivals have Buddhist origins and revolve around the full moon however unlike their East Asian counterparts they occur several times a year to correspond with each full moon as opposed to one day each year . The festivals that occur in the lunar months of Ashvini and Kṛttikā generally occur during the Mid-Autumn Festival . Cambodia ( edit ) In Cambodia , the Mid-Autumn Festival is primarily celebrated by the Chinese Cambodian community however the day also has a significant meaning to the native Khmer people as the day is associated with the Buddhist legend of the rabbit . Laos ( edit ) In Laos , many festivals are held on the day of the full moon . The most popular festival known as the That Luang Festival is associated with Buddhist legend and is held at Pha That Luang temple in Vientiane . The festival often lasts for three to seven days . A procession occurs and many people visit the temple . Myanmar ( edit ) In Myanmar , numerous festivals are held on the day of the full moon however Thadingyut Festival is the most popular one and occurs in the month of Thadingyut . It also occurs around the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival , depending on the lunar calendar . It is one of the biggest festivals in Myanmar after the New Year festival , Thingyan . It is a Buddhist festival and many people go to the temple to pay respect to the monks and offer food . It is also a time for thanksgiving and paying homage to Buddhist monks , teachers , parents and elders . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Poya In Sri Lanka , a full moon day is known as Poya and each full moon day is a public holiday . Shops and businesses are closed on these days as people prepare for the full moon . Exteriors of buildings are adorned with lanterns and people often make food and go to the temple to listen to sermons . The Binara Full Moon Poya Day and Vap Full Moon Poya Day occur around the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival and like other Buddhist Asian countries , the festivals celebrate the ascendance and culmination of the Buddha 's visit to heaven and for the latter , the acknowledgement of the cultivation season known as `` Maha '' . Dates ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn Festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Han calendar -- essentially the night of a full moon -- which falls near the Autumnal Equinox ( on a day between September 8 and October 7 in the Gregorian calendar ) . In 2015 , the Mid-Autumn Festival fell on September 27 . It will occur on these days in coming years : 2017 : October 4 ( Wednesday ) 2018 : September 24 ( Monday ) 2019 : September 13 ( Friday ) 2020 : October 1 ( Thursday ) 2021 : September 21 ( Tuesday ) 2022 : September 10 ( Saturday ) See also ( edit ) Agriculture in China Agriculture in Vietnam Chinese holidays Chuseok , the Korean autumn harvest festival held on the same day Tsukimi , the Japanese moon - observance festival held on the same day Vietnamese holidays List of harvest festivals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Yang , Fang . `` Mid-Autumn Festival and its traditions '' . The festival , celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth month of the Chinese calendar , has no fixed date on the Western calendar , but the day always coincides with a full moon . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Van Huy ( 2003 ) , `` The Mid-Autumn Festival ( Tet Trung Thu ) , Yesterday and Today '' , in Kendall , Laurel , Vietnam : Journeys of Body , Mind , and Spirit , University of California Press , pp. 93 -- 106 , ISBN 0520238729 Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Festival in Other Asian Countries '' . www.travelchinaguide.com . Jump up ^ `` A Chinese Symbol of Reunion : Moon Cakes -- China culture '' . kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com . Jump up ^ `` Back to Basics : Baked Traditional Moon Cakes '' . Guai Shu Shu. 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Parulis - Cook , Sienna . `` Mooncakes : China 's Evolving Tradition '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Customs around the Mid-Autumn Festival '' . The State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Xing ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter VI : Women 's Festivals '' . Festivals of China 's Ethnic Minorities . China Intercontinental Press . pp. 124 -- 127 . ISBN 7508509994 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jonathan H.X. ; Nadeau , Kathleen M. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 1180 . ISBN 0313350663 . ^ Jump up to : Siu , K.W. Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Lanterns of the mid-Autumn Festival : A Reflection of Hong Kong Cultural Change '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . 33 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1999. 3302_67. x . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yu , Jose Vidamor B. ( 2000 ) . Inculturation of Filipino - Chinese culture mentality . Roma : Pontificia università gregoriana . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 8876528482 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . Traditional festivals : a multicultural encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 282 -- 286 . ISBN 1576070891 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Lihui ; Deming An ( 2005 ) . Handbook of Chinese mythology . Santa Barbara , Calif. ( u.a. ) : ABC - Clio . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 157607806X . ^ Jump up to : Stepanchuk , Carol ; Wong , Charles ( 1991 ) . Mooncakes and hungry ghosts : festivals of China . San Francisco : China Books & Periodicals . pp. 51 -- 60 . ISBN 0835124819 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Lemei ( Sep -- Dec 2006 ) . `` China 's Mid-Autumn Day '' . Journal of Folklore Research . Indiana University Press . 43 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 270 . doi : 10.2979 / jfr. 2006.43. 3.263 . JSTOR 4640212 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Barbara ( 1 October 1995 ) . `` Mid-Autumn Children 's Festival '' . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 中秋 食品 '' . Academy of Chinese Studies . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wei , Liming ; Lang , Tao . Chinese festivals ( Updated ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521186595 . Jump up ^ Li Zhengping . Chinese Wine , p. 101 . Cambridge University Press ( Cambridge ) , 2011 . Accessed 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Qiu Yaohong . Origins of Chinese Tea and Wine , p. 121 . Asiapac Books ( Singapore ) , 2004 . Accessed 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu Junru . Chinese Food , p. 136 . Cambridge Univ . Press ( Cambridge ) , 2011 . Accessed 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom , K.S. ( 1989 ) . Echoes from old China : life , legends , and lore of the Middle Kingdom . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824812859 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xiamen rolls the dice , parties for Moon Festival '' . www.shanghaidaily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Agreement on Management of Mooncake Packaging '' . Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong . 2013 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wong , Bet Key . `` Tet Trung Thu '' . FamilyCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Ember , Carol R. ; Ember , Melvin ; Skoggard , Ian ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of diasporas : immigrant and refugee cultures around the world ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Dordrecht , Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 767 . ISBN 0306483211 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Joanna ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Traditional BBQ for Mid-Autumn Festival ? '' . Makansutra . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Liu Pin - chuan , Kuo Yi , Ho Yu - hua and William Hetherington ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` MID-AUTUMN FESTIVAL : Officials list legal barbecue sites for festival '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ school , Learn Chinese -- ChineseTime is the leading online Chinese . `` How the world celebrates Mid-Autumn Festival - Chinese News - Page 1 - chinesetimeschool.com '' . Jump up ^ 共同 的 团圆 -- 亚洲 各国 中秋 节 大观 ( Mid Autumn Festival , Reunion in Asia ) Jump up ^ `` Irhal -- Islamic Halal Travel Guide for the Muslim Traveler '' . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Mooncakes '' . Jump up ^ GoAsiaDayTrip ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Asian Mid Autumn Festival -- Blog 's GoAsiaDayTrip '' . Jump up ^ `` That Luang Festival -- Event Carnival '' . Jump up ^ Long , Douglas . `` Thadingyut : Festival of Lights '' . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar Festivals 2016 -- 2017 '' . Jump up ^ 冯 明惠 . `` How the world celebrates Mid-Autumn Festival ( 1 ) - Chinadaily.com.cn '' . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Festival Traditions -- All China Women 's Federation '' . Jump up ^ `` Poya -- Sri Lanka -- Office Holidays '' . Jump up ^ `` september calendar '' . Jump up ^ `` Today is Vap Full Moon Poya Day '' . Jump up ^ `` Gregorian - Lunar Calendar Conversion Table '' . Hong Kong Observatory . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mid-Autumn Festival . San Francisco Chinatown Autumn Moon Festival Moon Viewing Festival at Sumiyoshi taisha , Osaka , Japan on YouTube Brief video about the history and traditions of Mid-Autumn Festival on YouTube Public holidays in China Golden weeks Spring Festival National Day Other holidays New Year 's Day Lantern Festival Qingming Festival Workers ' Day Duanwu Festival Mid-Autumn Festival Public holidays in Hong Kong New Year 's Day Lunar New Year ( first 3 days of the period ) Ching Ming Festival Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Monday Buddha 's Birthday Labour Day Tuen Ng Festival Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day Mid-Autumn Festival PRC National Day Chung Yeung Festival Christmas Day Boxing Day Cancelled Queen 's Birthday Liberation Day Double Ten Day Remembrance Day Taiwan articles History Timeline of Taiwanese history Prehistory archaeological sites Dutch Formosa Spanish Formosa Kingdom of Tungning Qing Empire Republic of Formosa Empire of Japan Republic of China Geography Overviews Cities Climate Earthquakes Endemic species / Protected species Hot springs Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Scenic areas Superlatives Volcanoes Government Politics Economy Government and politics Censorship Constitution Elections Government Human rights LGBT rights LGBT history Intelligence Law enforcement nationality Legislative Yuan ( parliament ) Military conscription President Political parties Propaganda Administrative divisions Special municipalities Kaohsiung New Taipei Taichung Tainan Taipei Taoyuan Cities Chiayi Hsinchu Keelung Counties Changhua Chiayi Hsinchu Hualien Kinmen Matsu Miaoli Nantou Pingtung Taitung Yilan Yunlin Political issues Foreign relations Cross-Strait relations Political status of Taiwan One Country on Each Side Special non-state - to - state relations Two Chinas Chinese Taipei Taiwanization De-Sinicization Taiwanese nationalism Chinese nationalism Taiwan independence Chinese unification Economy Banks Central bank Companies Dollar ( currency ) Economic history Energy Electricity Mining Metropolitan areas Stock exchange Taiwan Miracle Telecommunications Transportation Taxation Uniform Invoice lottery People Society Culture People Demographics Taiwanese people Taiwanese aborigines Hans Hoklos Hakkas Languages Chinese Mandarin Hokkien Hakka Formosan languages Amis Atayal Bunun Paiwan Puyuma Rukai Saisiyat Seediq Thao Tsou Yami Sign Language Society Anthem Architecture Education Universities Academia Sinica Scholarships History Ministry of Science and Technology Academia Sinica Flag Flag Anthem Emblem Healthcare Inventions and discoveries International rankings Public holidays Superlatives Women Culture Animation media studios Cinema Cuisine Cultural history Gambling Glove puppetry Literature Media NCC television Public Television Service Music Taiwanese opera Night markets Photography Religion Smoking Sports Tea Tourist attractions Category Portal Vietnam articles History Timeline Early dynastic epoch Chinese millennium Late dynastic epoch Republican period North Vietnam South Vietnam Geography Ecoregions Northern Vietnam Central Vietnam Southern Vietnam North Central Coast ( Bắc Trung Bộ ) Northeast ( ( Đông Bắc ) Southeast ( Đông Nam Bộ ) Mekong Delta South Central Coast ( Nam Trung Bộ ) Provinces Red River Delta Northwest ( Tây Bắc ) Central Highlands ( Tây Nguyên ) Politics Constitution Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Communist Party History of central officeholders National Congress General Secretary Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Executive and legislative President Government Prime Minister Deputy Prime Ministers Ministers National Assembly Chairmen Standing Committee Elections Judiciary Supreme People 's Court Provincial Municipal Courts Local Courts Military Courts Military Central Military Commission Ground Force Navy Air Force Coast Guard Border Guard Air Force Security forces ( police ) Economy Agriculture Doi Moi ( `` Renovation '' ) Đồng ( currency ) Energy Five - Year Plans International rankings Manufacturing Telecommunications Tourism Transport Air airlines Jetstar Pacific Airlines VietJet Air Vietnam Airlines airports Cam Ranh Da Nang Noi Bai Tan Son Nhat Rail Society Demographics diaspora Education Ethnic groups Public holidays Time Women Culture Art Emblem Dance Cinema Cuisine Flag Literature Martial arts Media Music Religion Theater Vietnamese studies Outline Index Book Category Portal Asia portal Holidays portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-Autumn_Festival&oldid=812304495 '' Categories : Autumn holidays Buddhist festivals Buddhist holidays Harvest festivals Lunar observation Folk festivals in China Festivals in Vietnam Public holidays in China Public holidays in Vietnam Chinese folk religion Vietnamese culture Non-Gregorian September observances Non-Gregorian October observances Observances set by the Chinese calendar Religious festivals in China Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing Chinese - language text Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 04 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the moon festival called in chinese
[ "\n\nMid-Autumn Festival\n\n\n\nMid-Autumn Festival decorations in Beijing\n\n\n\nOfficial name\n中秋节 (Zhōngqiū Jié in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore; \"Tiong Chiu Jiet\" in Taiwan, Jūng-chāu Jit in Hong Kong and Macau)\nTết Trung Thu (Vietnam)\n\n\nAlso called\nMooncake Festival/Celebration\n\n\nObserved by\nChina, Taiwan, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia\n\n\nType\nCultural, Religious\n\n\nSignificance\nCelebrates the end of the autumn harvest\n\n\nObservances\nConsumption of mooncakes\nConsumption of cassia wine\n\n\nDate\n15th day of the 8th lunar month\n\n\n2017 date\nOctober 4\n\n\n2018 date\nSeptember 24\n\n\nRelated to\nChuseok (in Korea), Tsukimi (in Japan), Uposatha of Ashvini/Krittika (similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia)\n\n", "\n\nMid-Autumn Festival\n\n\n\nMid-Autumn Festival decorations in Beijing\n\n\n\nOfficial name\n中秋节 (Zhōngqiū Jié in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore; \"Tiong Chiu Jiet\" in Taiwan, Jūng-chāu Jit in Hong Kong and Macau)\nTết Trung Thu (Vietnam)\n\n\nAlso called\nMooncake Festival/Celebration\n\n\nObserved by\nChina, Taiwan, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia\n\n\nType\nCultural, Religious\n\n\nSignificance\nCelebrates the end of the autumn harvest\n\n\nObservances\nConsumption of mooncakes\nConsumption of cassia wine\n\n\nDate\n15th day of the 8th lunar month\n\n\n2017 date\nOctober 4\n\n\n2018 date\nSeptember 24\n\n\nRelated to\nChuseok (in Korea), Tsukimi (in Japan), Uposatha of Ashvini/Krittika (similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia)\n\n" ]
[ "Mid-Autumn Festival", "中秋节" ]
1035168577333416226
List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes
List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes - wikipedia List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Seven Deadly Sins is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki . The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5 , 2014 . The series follows Elizabeth , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , who is in search of the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of former Holy Knights who were disbanded after the kingdom was overthrown . She enlists the help of Meliodas and Hawk , the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins and his talking pet pig , to assemble the remaining members of the Seven Deadly Sins and take back the kingdom from the Holy Knights . The show 's first opening theme song is `` Netsujō no Spectrum '' ( 熱情 の スペクトラム , Netsujō no Supekutoramu , `` Spectrum of Passion '' ) performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is `` Seven Deadly Sins '' performed by Man with a Mission , while the first ending theme titled `` 7 - Seven '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is `` Season '' the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa . A second season of the anime series was confirmed on September 27 , 2015 , to air in January 13 , 2018 . An original video animation ( OVA ) titled `` Ban 's Additional Chapter '' ( バン の 番外 編 , Ban no Bangai - hen ) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga , released on June 17 , 2015 . A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga , released on August 12 , 2015 . The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime , following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia . All 24 episodes were released on November 1 , 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats . The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments first opening theme song titled Howling is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo and first ending theme song is Beautiful performed by Anly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 The Seven Deadly Sins 1.2 The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War 1.3 The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments 2 OVAs 3 References Episode list ( edit ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` The Seven Deadly Sins '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai '' ( 七 つの 大罪 ) October 5 , 2014 Elizabeth Liones , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , is on a mission to find the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of extremely powerful but dangerous group of Holy Knights who are now wanted criminals for supposedly betraying the kingdom . She finds Meliodas , the owner of a bar named the Boar Hat , accompanied by his pet companion Hawk , a talking pig . When attacked by apprentice Holy Knight Twigo , Meliodas quickly overcomes the opponent , but reveals his identity in the process as the Dragon 's Sin of Wrath and the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins . Meliodas and Hawk join Elizabeth on her journey to find the other Deadly Sins in order to defeat the Holy Knights , who have orchestrated a coup d'état to overthrow the king . `` The Sword of the Holy Knight '' `` Seikishi no Ken '' ( 聖 騎士 の 剣 ) October 12 , 2014 Holy Knight Gilthunder plants his sword in the center of a town named the Bernia Village , thus preventing the town from making the Bernia Ale , the primary source of income . After innumerable unsuccessful attempts by the villagers to remove the sword , which blocked the water source , Meliodas easily removes the object . A celebration is held at the Boar Hat , and Meliodas is hailed as a savior of the Bernia Village . Gilthunder , wanting to confirm whether the removal of his sword was an accident or not , throws a spear imbued with his power towards the town . However , Meliodas easily stops and throws the spear back , destroying Fort Solgales . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk decide to proceed to the Forest of White Dreams . `` The Sin in the Sleeping Forest '' `` Nemureru Mori no Tsumi '' ( 眠れる 森 の 罪 ) October 19 , 2014 Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk travel to the Forest of White Dreams , which even the Holy Knights avoid . The Prankster Imps that inhabit the Forest of White Dreams attempt to confuse them by impersonating Hawk and Elizabeth in order to lead them astray . After defeating the Prankster Imps , the three follow them and find a giant girl named Diane , the Serpent 's Sin of Envy , asleep in the forest . Gilthunder suddenly arrives and binds all of them with his lightning magic . Meliodas battles Gilthunder , purposely allowing the Holy Knight to defeat him . Under the pretense of dying due to the severe injury , Meliodas acquires information about the whereabouts of two members of the Seven Deadly Sins , Ban and King , as his apparent last wish . `` A Little Girl 's Dream '' `` Shōjo no Yume '' ( 少女 の 夢 ) October 26 , 2014 After Diane throws Gilthunder out of the forest , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane head toward Baste Dungeon , where Ban , the Fox 's Sin of Greed , is imprisoned . On the way there , they decide to pass by Dalmary Town , where a doctor named Dana treats Meliodas with some medicine for his injuries . Diane and Elizabeth both show care for Meliodas , but they envy each other due to their opposites in strength and size . The town is suddenly attacked by insects controlled by Friesia , a Holy Knight belonging to the infamous Weird Fangs , but the insects are quickly destroyed by Diane , who makes her way to Baste Dungeon . Dana unexpectedly reveals to Elizabeth that the medicine is a deadly poison , while Golgius appears out of the blue to escort Elizabeth back to the Kingdom of Liones . Meanwhile , Ban escapes from his cell , but Jericho fails to subdue him . 5 `` Even If You Should Die '' `` Tatoe Anata ga Shindemo '' ( たとえ あなた が 死ん でも ) November 2 , 2014 As Golgius attempts to take Meliodas 's sword , Meliodas awakens with no sign of being poisoned , proceeding to blast an aura that causes Golgius to flee . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk find Golgius , who stabs Dana through the back and then attacks the three using his power of invisibility . Once Meliodas forces Golgius to retreat by horse , Meliodas later consoles Elizabeth after she blames herself for the death of Dana , whose daughter Sennett is imprisoned inside Baste Dungeon . When Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk set off to Baste Dungeon , they encounter Diane , who suddenly attacks them after succumbing to hypnosis by Ruin at the sound of his bell . As they run away from Diane , involving a pair of shepherds along the way , Meliodas soon succumbs to hypnosis as well and fights Diane . Meanwhile , Ban strips Jericho of her armor to wear for himself , but is subsequently stabbed in the chest by Jude . 6 `` The Poem of Beginnings '' `` Hajimari no Uta '' ( はじまり の 詩 ) November 9 , 2014 As Meliodas and Diane continue to fight each other under hypnosis , Friesia attacks the young shepherd with her insects . When Elizabeth risks her life to protect the young shepherd , the latter is revealed to be Ruin . After Elizabeth manages to break off the bell from Ruin 's staff , Meliodas and Diane regain their senses , soon defeating Ruin and Friesia , respectively . Meanwhile , Ban overpowers Jude and kills him , despite being pierced through the chest . Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane make it to Baste Dungeon to rescue Sennett , but Meliodas and Ban cause the destruction of the structure during their happy reunion . The six of them regroup back at Dalmary Town , where Dana , revealed to still be alive , treats them to a meal as a courtesy . Meanwhile , King , the Grizzly 's Sin of Sloth , is shown to be allied with Gilthunder . 7 `` A Touching Reunion '' `` Kandō no Saikai '' ( 感動 の 再会 ) November 16 , 2014 During a flashback , Ban seeks for the Fountain of Youth deep inside the Fairy King 's Forest , but he is repeatedly thwarted by Elaine , Holy Maiden of the Fountain of Youth . However , Elaine realizes that Ban is different from other humans . Ban wants the Fountain of Youth in hopes of gaining something good in his life . In the present , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban make plans to go to the Capital of the Dead . Ban wanders off in a nearby village and encounters King , in which the former does not recognize the latter at first . The two start fighting until the others find Ban , causing King to fly away in silence . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban later set off to the Capital of the Dead , they go to a field of flowers , which sends them to their destination . However , King follows them there and chases Ban , who sees a glimpse of Elaine from a distance . 8 `` The Fearsome Pursuer '' `` Osorubeki Tsuisekisha '' ( 恐る べき 追跡 者 ) November 23 , 2014 King petrifies Ban after revealing that Elaine is actually his sister . During another flashback , Ban tries to protect Elaine while confronting a red demon that is destroying the Fairy King 's Forest . However , after Elaine gets hurt , she sacrifices her life by ingesting the Fountain of Youth into Ban to allow him to defeat the red demon . In the present , Holy Knight Guila enters the Capital of the Dead and battles Meliodas and Diane , while Elizabeth and Hawk run away to safety . Elaine , first unseen to King , releases Ban from petrification with a kiss . Ban joins Meliodas and Diane in the battle against Guila , while Elaine tells King to understand Ban and save him . After being informed by Elizabeth and Hawk about the battle that is going on , King executes a surprise attack from behind through Ban to strike Guila . 9 `` Dark Pulse '' `` Ankoku no Myakudō '' ( 暗黒 の 脈動 ) November 30 , 2014 King overpowers and single - handedly defeats Guila using his Sacred Treasure , the Spirit Spear Chastiefol . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane , Ban and King return to the village , King tells the others that his Sacred Treasure unlocks his full potential in combat . However , Meliodas sold his , Diane lost hers and Ban got his stolen . Meliodas , Ban and King head to the Merchant Town Vaizel during the annual fighting festival , in which the grand prize happens to be Diane 's Sacred Treasure , the War Hammer Gideon . Meanwhile , Great Holy Knight Hendrickson summons Jericho and Twigo underground , offering them blood from the corpse of a red demon as a means of enhancing their strength . Twigo explodes after drinking the blood , but Jericho manages to survive the excruciating experience . 10 `` The Vaizel Fighting Festival '' `` Baizeru Kenka Matsuri '' ( バイゼル 喧嘩 祭り ) December 7 , 2014 The fighting festival starts with an elimination round that results in eight contestants left standing . The first round of the quarterfinals is Holy Knight Griamore versus `` Matrona '' , in which Matrona manages to break Griamore 's barrier and send him flying . Matrona is revealed to be a shrunken Diane wearing Elizabeth 's clothing . Diane and Elizabeth previously encountered a giant mushroom called a Chicken - Matango that shrunk them both when it felt threatened . The second round is Holy Knight Hauser versus three - time champion Taizoo , in which the former defeats the latter with one punch . The third round is King versus Cain Barzad , a drunken old man . Since King is powerless without his weapon , Cain easily knocks King out of the ring . The final round is Meliodas versus Ban , and Hauser learns from Griamore that the two are members of the Seven Deadly Sins . 11 `` Pent - Up Feelings '' `` Sekinen no Omoi '' ( 積 年 の 想い ) December 14 , 2014 Meliodas and Ban engage in a fierce fight that shakes the ground beneath them , equally matched due to their incredible strength and agility . However , Meliodas grabs onto Ban 's wrist and blasts him out of the ring , thereby winning the round . The first round of the semifinals is Diane versus Hauser , in which Hauser goes all out with his windy punches , but Diane does a body slam on Hauser and wins the round . The second round is Cain versus Meliodas , in which Cain believes that Meliodas betrayed the kingdom in the past . When Meliodas says that he did not betray the kingdom , Cain trusts Meliodas and forfeits the round . The round of the finals is Diane versus Meliodas , while Guila and Jericho are making their way towards Vaizel . 12 `` Bloodcurdling Cannon '' `` Senritsu no Kanon '' ( 戦慄 の カノン ) December 21 , 2014 Guila and Jericho interrupt the tournament and cause terror upon the merchant town . King subdues Guila and Jericho after Meliodas and Ban are defeated by them , but King is later overwhelmed by Holy Knight Helbram , who was disguised as tournament referee Love Helm . Meanwhile , Elizabeth returns to her normal size and stumbles upon her elder sister Veronica Liones , who scolds Elizabeth for being involved with Meliodas . Veronica then traps Meliodas inside Goddess Amber , a stone specifically made to seal demonic beings . Elizabeth runs away with Meliodas 's sword and Goddess Amber , while Griamore temporarily restrains Guila and Jericho . Veronica catches up to Elizabeth and shields her from an explosion made by Guila , which causes Veronica to pass away . When Elizabeth calls out for Meliodas , he emerges from within Goddess Amber with a darker side to him . 13 `` The Angel of Destruction '' `` Hakai no Shito '' ( 破壊 の 使徒 ) January 11 , 2015 With his true power finally shown , Meliodas clashes with Helbram , who takes note on how Meliodas hones his dark abilities . After managing to defeat Meliodas , Helbram steals Meliodas 's sword . Ban takes Elizabeth , Hawk and King to safety , while Diane returns to her normal size and wields Gideon with attacks that crumble the earth , forcing Helbram to retreat with Guila and Jericho in tow . Elizabeth embraces Meliodas after he is rescued by Diane , later lamenting the death of Veronica . Ban and King express their motives behind taking back the kingdom . With his sword now stolen , Meliodas vows to end the ongoing war once and for all . 14 `` A Reader of Books '' `` Hon o Yomu Hito '' ( 本 を 読む ひと ) January 18 , 2015 News about several sightings of an Armor Giant somewhere in Ordan Forest reaches Helbram , who quickly sends Dawn Roar , an elite group of Holy Knights , to search for the Armor Giant . Meanwhile , Guila visits her younger brother Zeal , and she later kills three thugs who bullied him for his spare change . Meliodas and his friends split up in the nearby village . Elizabeth and Hawk encounter a boy named Alan , who is looking for some glue to repair armor . Upon hearing the low growls that echo in the forest , Meliodas , Ban and King find the Armor Giant being surrounded by Dawn Roar , but Meliodas , Ban and King are no match against Dawn Roar . Just as it seems that the Armor Giant is about to be slain , Alan intercepts and reveals himself as Gowther , the Goat 's Sin of Lust . 15 `` Unholy Knight '' `` Anhōryi Naito '' ( アンホーリィ ・ ナイト ) January 25 , 2015 Gowther gives the head of the Armor Giant to the members of Dawn Roar in order to convince them to withdraw from battle . However , the demon breaks through the armor and attacks Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther . Meliodas lowers his guard upon noticing a Holy Knight merged into the demon 's chest , but Gowther uses his Sacred Treasure , the Twin Bow Herritt , to stop the demon . Meanwhile , Cain visits Elizabeth in the Boar Hat , where he tells her the story of Liz , a knight from an enemy kingdom who became Meliodas 's past lover after he saved her from being sentenced to death . Ban gouges out the heart of the Holy Knight , recognized as Guila 's father Dale , yet the demon still remains alive . Elizabeth rushes to Meliodas and gives him Liz 's sword left behind , which allows him to destroy the demon . It is realized that Dale was one of Hendrickson 's failed demon experiments . 16 `` The Legends , Provoked '' `` Karitaterareru Densetsu - tachi '' ( 駆り立て られる 伝説 たち ) February 1 , 2015 Gowther is welcomed by the others into their group , but he soon finds out the true secrets behind them by delving deep into their memories and emotions . Meanwhile , Hendrickson and Helbram have the hilt of Meliodas 's sword in possession , in which they plan to use it as a fragment of a ritual relic , known as the Coffin of Eternal Darkness , to resurrect the red demon race as a means to start a holy war . At the Boar Hat , Holy Knight Vivian suddenly appears and kidnaps Elizabeth and Hawk . Diane throws Meliodas , Ban and Gowther toward the Kingdom of Liones , where the three are bombarded by an army of Holy Knights on the north side of the castle . However , Arthur Pendragon , the young king of Camelot , has approached the south side of the castle with his own army . 17 `` The First Sacrifice '' `` Saisho no Gisei '' ( 最初 の 犠牲 ) February 8 , 2015 Hendrickson tries to convince Arthur to leave the castle , but to no avail . Instead , Hendrickson escorts Arthur inside the castle and suddenly engages him in battle . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk are teleported inside the dungeon of the castle , and they try to find a way out . Meliodas , Ban and Gowther manage to defeat the army and sneak inside a town of the kingdom , while King summons his black hound Oslow to use its mouth to teleport Diane inside the castle . However , Diane is attacked by Guila , Jericho , Gilthunder , Hauser , Helbram and Great Holy Knight Dreyfus . Diane tries to defend herself , but Dreyfus overpowers her with an attack that sends her crashing onto the town streets . After Diane wander the streets and protects Zeal from being crushed by a falling building , both Hauser and Guila switch sides to defend Diane . 18 `` Even If It Costs Me My Life '' `` Kono Inochi ni Kaete mo '' ( この 命 に かえ て も ) February 15 , 2015 The combined powers of Hauser and Guila have little to no effect . When Dreyfus attacks Guila , Gowther saves Guila in the nick of time and faces Dreyfus alone . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk encounter Margaret Liones , Elizabeth 's eldest sister , in a cell . Vivian appears , teleporting Hawk elsewhere , knocking Elizabeth unconscious and releasing Margaret from her cell . Gowther traps Dreyfus in a nightmare , but Dreyfus somehow snaps out of it and pierces Gowther in the chest . Once a heavily injured Dreyfus leaves with Gilthunder , Helbram attempts to finish Diane off , but King appears and stops Helbram , who reveals himself as a fairy and King 's former best friend . Helbram uses his magical tree roots to restrain King and inflict brutal lashes on Diane . However , King uses Chastifol to shield Diane from getting hurt . King says that he is fulfilling a promise that he made seven hundred years ago . 19 `` The Fairy King Waits in Vain '' `` Machibōke no Yōseiō '' ( まち ぼう け の 妖精 王 ) February 22 , 2015 In the past , King met Diane when she was a child inside a cave , and they bonded as friends for many decades , though it seemed like just a few days have passed . King gradually recovered his memories , remembering that his fairy race was killed by a man wearing an eyepatch named Aldrich . When a nearby village was attacked , King left Diane with the promise that he would return . Helbram , who took on the form of Aldrich , was behind the attack due to his hatred of humans . After subduing Helbram by piercing a white rose through him , King was sentenced to a thousand years in prison , taking responsibility for the attack . In the present , King manages to defeat Helbram , who is finally able to rest in peace and atone for his grudge against humans . Meanwhile , after Arthur is overwhelmed by Hendrickson , Meliodas jumps in the scene . 20 `` The Courage Charm '' `` Yūki no Majinai '' ( 勇気 の まじない ) March 1 , 2015 Gilthunder leaves Dreyfus to fight Meliodas alone , while Hendrickson deals with Arthur and ultimately defeats him . Meanwhile , Elizabeth wakes up in a chamber and finds her father , King Bartra Liones . Meliodas then finds himself outmatched against Gilthunder , Hendrickson and Vivian . At the same time , Margaret decides to take her own life by jumping off a castle tower . Margaret and Gilthunder are both released from their curse in the form of monsters , thanks to Meliodas . While Margaret is thus saved from falling , Hendrickson tries to finish Meliodas off , but Gilthunder stands in the way and knocks down Hendrickson at full force . Vivian tries to trap Meliodas , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur in illusionary places , but Merlin , the Boar 's Sin of Gluttony , makes her first appearance and breaks the spell . 21 `` The Looming Threat '' `` Ima , Soko ni Semaru Kyōi '' ( 今 、 そこ に せまる 脅威 ) March 8 , 2015 Hawk finds Ban in the catacombs underneath the kingdom , where Ban makes contact with a goddess vessel through the Horn of Cernunnos . Ban is granted the request of resurrecting Elaine , but only with the condition that he kills Meliodas . Meanwhile , Meliodas , Merlin , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur enter the chamber where Elizabeth and Bartra are being held captive . Merlin takes Arthur and Bartra to Camelot to safety , but Hendrickson soon causes an explosion in the chamber , showing himself embedded in darkness and causing terror in the town with the experimented Holy Knights turned into demons . After Hendrickson gravely injures Meliodas and Gilthunder with his sword , Elizabeth agrees to go with Hendrickson in order to stop a bloodbath . When Ban and Hawk find Meliodas , Ban suddenly severs Meliodas 's right arm . Upon seeing Meliodas reattaching his arm using dark magic , Ban deduces that Meliodas is from the demon race . 22 `` What I Can Do for You '' `` Kimi no Tame ni Dekiru Koto '' ( 君 の ため に できること ) March 15 , 2015 Hawk tries to shake some sense into Ban , who will stop at nothing to kill Meliodas . Although Ban is fixated on resurrecting Elaine , Meliodas orders him to settle matters later , and Hawk takes Meliodas to find Elizabeth . Dreyfus , who wants to atone for his crimes , challenges Hendrickson to a duel . However , Elizabeth is accidentally injured in the process . Diane , Ban , King , Gowther , Gilthunder and Hauser destroy the demons in the town . Meliodas and Hawk arrive and find the injured Elizabeth , just after Hendrickson kills Dreyfus by melting him in acid . As Hawk takes Elizabeth to safety , Meliodas engages in combat against Hendrickson . Meliodas is soon joined by his friends and allies , who all prepare to take Hendrickson down . 23 `` Despair Descends '' `` Zetsubō Kōrin '' ( 絶望 降臨 ) March 22 , 2015 Hendrickson unveils the source of his power , the corpse of a red demon , which is the same one that Ban slayed in the Fairy King 's Forest long ago . After Ban pummels Hendrickson through the ground , Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther jump down the hole to a cave , where Hendrickson injects himself with the blood from the corpse of a gray demon to acquire even more power . A sudden burst of energy from Hendrickson sends the four of them back above ground , where Hendrickson easily overpowers all of his opponents despite all of their efforts . With Meliodas left standing and protecting Elizabeth , Hendrickson casts a large dark blast , but Hawk sacrifices himself in order to save the two of them . Shocked of losing her dear friend , Elizabeth awakens her dormant powers that repels Hendrickson and heals everyone else . However , Hendrickson survives and still has strength left in him to fight . 24 `` The Heroes '' `` Eiyū - tachi '' ( 英雄 たち ) March 29 , 2015 The Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights all combine forces in an attempt to defeat Hendrickson . Meliodas , given support from his friends and allies , uses his ultimate technique to finish Hendrickson off . When Bartra appears with Merlin , he commands the Holy Knights to restore the kingdom and preserve its people as their `` punishment '' for starting a holy war . Bartra then thanks the Seven Deadly Sins for saving the kingdom and protecting Elizabeth . Hawk is revived as a piglet , much to a surprise . Things return to normal inside the kingdom , and a festival is held at night . The next day , Elizabeth joins Meliodas , Hawk , Diane , Ban , King , Gowther and Merlin in finding the last member of the Seven Deadly Sins , Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride . The Seven Deadly Sins : signs of Holy war ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` The Dark Dream Begins '' `` Kuroki Yume no Hajimari '' ( 黒き 夢 の はじまり ) August 28 , 2016 Elizabeth Liones goes to the Boar Hat , where all her friends are still asleep following the festival . After Elizabeth is greeted by Hawk outside , Meliodas introduces her to a meat pie made with vegetables that looks like Hawk , but it turns out to be unfit for human consumption . Meliodas has the idea of using pork as the main ingredient , which causes Hawk to make haste out of the bar . Meliodas comes up with a contest for his friends , in which he will obey any order for a day from whoever catches Hawk first . However , Hawk manages to outsmart them due to his small size . Hawk returns to the Boar Hat and eats food scraps made by Ban , who is declared the winner as a result . At night , Meliodas takes Elizabeth back to the palace while also assuring that his purpose in life is to protect her . Meliodas then goes to the catacombs to see the Horn of Cernunnos . When the goddess vessel taunts him for his reputation as a demon , Meliodas destroys the Horn of Cernunnos in retaliation . `` Our Fighting Festival '' `` Futari no Ken'ka Matsuri '' ( 二 人 の 喧嘩 祭り ) September 4 , 2016 Ban walks up to a mountaintop to finally settle matters with Meliodas , but the former is surprised to see Elizabeth and Hawk as well as the other members of the Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights as part of an audience . Merlin casts a gigantic cubic barrier around Meliodas and Ban in order for the spectators to safely watch the fight . Meanwhile , King and Hauser have their own fight to win the attention of Diane . Ban initiates a brutal attack on Meliodas that somehow weakens most of the spectators . The fight ends in a stalemate after the two of them exchange rapid punches that cause the barrier to break . They remain friends and head back down to the Boar Hat for a drink . `` In Pursuit of First Love '' `` Hatsukoi o Oikakete '' ( 初恋 を 追いかけ て ) September 11 , 2016 King still hesitates to confess his feelings for Diane . Meanwhile , Diane leaves the Boar Hat and heads to a construction site in town , recalling the devastating collateral damage she caused due to her immense size . The construction workers there apologize to her and thank her for saving the kingdom . When King comes to see Diane , the two decide to play a game of tag across town . Outside a church , a wedding ceremony is interrupted by a demon , in which Diane and King combine their skills in defeating the demon . King asks Diane if she regained her memories , and she answers him with a kiss on his cheek . The moment is ruined when a brick suddenly falls on his head , and he later wakes up next to her , having forgotten what they did during the day . `` The Shape of Love '' `` Ai no Katachi '' ( 愛 の かたち ) September 18 , 2016 Merlin agrees to be a waitress at the Boar Hat , but first she wants Meliodas and Gowther to follow Gilthunder to find out if he is being stalked by someone . Meanwhile , Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore are each hit with falling debris in the streets , unaware of the situation . Gowther is distracted by a boy named Pelliot , who asks him to retrieve a fat cat off a roof . Since Gowther reminds Pelliot of his mother , who recently passed away , Gowther transforms into Pelliot 's mother for a moment and disappears when Pelliot 's father finds Pelliot . Meliodas finds Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore at a restaurant , where he purposely spills coffee to expose Vivian , revealed as the stalker . Merlin punishes Vivian by planting a cursed ring on her finger , which will bring pain to her each time the curse is activated , and Merlin explains that the Ten Commandments are the highest class in the demon race . At the Boar Hat , Merlin quits her job as a waitress , while Hawk and Gowther fill in for the position , much to the guys ' dismay . The Seven Deadly Sins : revival of the Commandments ( edit ) No . Title Original air date 0 `` The Seven Deadly Sins Revival of The Commandments - Prologue - '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai Imashime no Fukkatsu - Joshō - '' ( 七 つの 大罪 戒め の 復活 - 序章 - ) January 6 , 2018 A recap of the first season with additional scenes . `` Revival of the Demon Clan '' `` Majin - zoku Fukkatsu '' ( 魔神 族 復活 ) January 13 , 2018 After the defeat of demonized Hendrickson , The Seven Deadly Sins are commended for their bravery and courage by King Bartra . However , just before the ceremony , Ban and King leave . Earlier , Ban had told Meliodas that he is quitting the Seven Deadly Sins . As Ban leaves the Boar Hat Bar , King sees him and asks where he is going . Ban tells King that he wants to go to the Fairy King Forest . King then accompanies Ban on his journey . Meanwhile , it is reveals that Hendrickson has survived the assault from the Sins and he is shocked upon seeing Dreyfus alive . Dreyfus then summons the Commandments , ten demonized warriors who intend to destroy the Sins . `` Existence and Proof '' `` Sonzai to Shōmei '' ( 存在 と 証明 ) January 20 , 2018 The Ten Commandments are in the process of recovering their magical powers and fly to the Kingdom of Edinburgh in the east . Meanwhile , Jericho is discovered following Ban and King on the journey to the Fairy King 's Forest . In the forest , the fairy people call King a traitor because he left the Fairy King 's Forest 700 years ago , his absence allowing the forest to be almost entirely destroyed , while Ban is called the new Fairy King because he planted the last Sacred Tree seed that Elaine entrusted to him . Diane and Elizabeth admit to each other their love for King and Meliodas respectively . Meanwhile Gowther , believing he needs to experience love , alters Guila 's memories so she forgets Zeal is her brother and thinks Gowther is her boyfriend , while Zeal , who Gowther considers a barrier between himself and Guila , loses his entire memory . Gowthers manipulation of their memory enrages Diane and she attacks him without hesitation . `` Sacred Treasure Lostvayne '' `` Jingi Rosutovuein '' ( 神器 ロスト ヴェイン ) January 27 , 2018 Diane defeats Gowther . The Ten Commandments discover the remains of a magical explosion and conclude it was caused by Meliodas . Gowther restores Guila 's memories . Merlin temporarily returns Gowther to his original form , a 6 inch tall wooden doll , and gives him to Slader for safekeeping . Sensing a magical disturbance Merlin transports the Boar Hat to Camelot which is being attacked by a giant Golem which Meliodas recognises as Albion , a magical weapon created by the Demon Clan , which awoke after it sensed the return of the Commandments . Meliodas breaks the sword he received from Liz so Merlin gives him back his sacred treasure , the sword Lostvayne , which she had retrieved from the pawn shop he sold it to . With Lostvayne returned Meliodas destroys the golem instantly . In the Fairy Kings Forest King and Jericho are surprised when the trees begin growing rapidly , which they realise is due to Ban feeding the forest with his blood which contains water from the Fountain of Youth , something the other fairies reveal he does every few years in honour of Elaine 's memory . The forest is suddenly attacked by another Albion Golem . `` The Ten Commandments on the Move '' `` Jikkai Shidō '' ( 〈 十戒 〉 始動 ) February 3 , 2018 As the Golem begins destroying the forest King battles to protect the new Sacred Tree . Gerheade , the traditional servant of all past fairy kings , refuses to acknowledge Ban as king of the Fairies . She is surprised when Ban agrees with her , as he never wanted to be king . But , rather than let him leave the forest , she attacks him , knowing that he would risk himself to protect Elaine 's body and traps him , intending to use him as the new Fountain of Youth . King fails to stop the Golem and is injured while the Sacred Tree is destroyed for a second time . Gerheade prevents King from attacking the Golem while the other fairies rush to fight it , sacrificing themselves so King can escape , for as long as King is alive the forest will always grow again . King , however , refuses to flee , gaining strength from his desire to protect the forest , fairies , and even Ban he succeeds in transforming Chastiefol into its True Spirit Spear form and destroys the Golem . Back in Camelot as they recover from destroying the Golem they are attacked by Galand , one of the Ten Commandments , who is at least several times stronger than Meliodas . 5 `` Overwhelming Violence '' `` Attōteki Bōryoku '' ( 圧倒 的 暴力 ) February 10 , 2018 Merlin notices that Galand 's magical abilities are still sealed away , giving hope they can defeat him . Ban uses his blood to restore the Sacred Tree and to heal King . Ban threatens to kill Gerheade if she ever tries to harm Elaine 's body again and then departs with Jericho , refusing King 's request to re-join the Sins . Galand easily overpowers both Meliodas and Diane . Merlin attempts to trick him with a lie , but Galand , who is the Commandment of Truth , can not be lied to and Merlin is turned to stone . Meliodas is forced to unleash his demonic power . The other nine commandments realise that the magical energy once abundant in the earth has been absorbed into the souls of living beings , and by absorbing human souls ; they can recover their magic . Despite his increase in power , Meliodas is killed by Galand , Slader is impaled , Diane is wounded and Merlin 's statue is smashed . Galand departs , sparing Arthur , Elizabeth and Hawke . Gowther arrives in his human form . Gilthunder comes across a village where a Red Demon is harvesting souls for the Commandments . He destroys the demon , returning the souls to their humans . Before they can celebrate the village is attacked by a Grey Demon . Hendrickson suddenly appears to help Gilthunder defeat the Grey Demon . 6 `` The Great Holy Knight Atones For His Sins '' `` Tsugunai no Seikishi - chō '' ( 償い の 聖 騎士 長 ) February 17 , 2018 Hendrickson reveals that Dreyfus is still alive . Hendrickson defeats the grey demon using a druid spell previously used by Gilthunder 's father , Zaratras . Hendrickson reveals that 10 years ago he and Dreyfus investigated the destroyed country of Danafor . They encountered a demon named Fraudrin who possessed Hendrickson . Unwilling to kill Hendrickson 's body , Dreyfus was forced to allow Flaudrin to live inside Hendrickson and eventually to murder Zaratras and frame the Sins as revenge against Meliodas who had defeated him 16 years ago when Fraudrin destroyed Danafor and murdered Meliodas ' lover , Liz . Meliodas awakens in Camelot with everyone healed except for Merlin . Gowther had tampered with Galand 's memory so he believed he killed everybody . Merlin , who had transferred her soul into her sacred treasure , the small crystal orb called `` Morning Star Aldan '' , explains that all the Sins combined have a power level of 21,840 , while Galand by himself had a power level of 26,000 . This means if the Commandments succeed in regaining their magic their combined power level will be over 300,000 . Meliodas decides to locate the final Sin , Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride . King arrives wanting to see Diane , only to find Diane has amnesia and no longer remembers who anybody is , including King . 7 `` Where the Memories Lead '' `` Kioku ga Mezasu Basho '' ( 記憶 が 目指す 場所 ) February 24 , 2018 Diane 's memory continues to disappear , suggesting her memories are being tampered with . Diane disappears and Gowther admits that after his fight with Diane over erasing Guila 's memories , he decided to erase Diane 's memories as part of an experiment . He fails to understand why everyone is upset with him . King throws him through a wall . The sins suspect Diane may be heading back to the giants village , Megadoza . A flashback to 16 years ago shows Diane with fellow warrior giants Matrona and Dolores . Dolores is scared of war and wants to leave Megadoza but is too afraid of humans . Diane encounters Meliodas for the first time and realises people exist who are friendly to giants . Diane rushes to tell Dolores but finds she has been killed after being sent on a dangerous mission by Matrona . Diane realises she wants more from life than constant war despite Matrona planning to train her to become chief . Matrona and Diane are hired by Holy Knight Gyannon to fight a war . However Gyannon betrays them , intending to kill Matrona and gain fame . Matrona kills Gyannon but is wounded by a poisoned spear . She urges Diane to keep growing stronger then dies in her arms . 8 `` The Druids ' Holy Land '' `` Doruido no Seichi '' ( ドルイド の 聖地 ) March 3 , 2018 Merlin senses that the Commandments are close to Diane . Diane believes Matrona has only just died and is rushing back to Megadoza to tell her people , not realising 16 years have passed . Galand and fellow Commandment Monspeet come across Diane . As Monspeet is about to drain the magic from Diane she is saved by another giant resembling Matrona who knocks Diane unconscious and hides from the Commandments . Monspeet senses what he thinks is Meliodas and fires a powerful spell at him from hundreds of miles away . However the spell is swallowed by Hawks Mom , negating its power and shocking everybody who had no idea she could do that . The giant escapes with Diane but is now injured . Merlin reveals that many years ago she took most of Meliodas power as a precaution against him losing control and hid it in Istar , the Land of Druids , but now decides he needs it back . They reach Istar and meet the Druid leaders , twin sisters Jenna and Zaneri . Meliodas must pass a trial to regain his power . As Meliodas begins the trial he suddenly awakens in the past in Danafor before it was destroyed . He is greeted by Liz , who died years ago . 9 `` The Promise with the Loved One '' `` Ai suru Mono to no Yakusoku '' ( 愛する 者 と の 約束 ) March 10 , 2018 Ban and Jericho are searching for methods to revive the dead and are pointed to Ravens , the city of thieves , where a dead body was supposedly revived . As Meliodas undergoes his trial Elizabeth is given a trial to make a flower grow from a dead seed with healing magic . Meliodas is forced to relive happy memories of Liz and of the day she died , hundreds of thousands of times in the hope he learns to control his emotions . If he does not , the emotional strain on his heart will kill him . King and the others realize Hendrickson has been nearby the whole time , training with Gilthunder and his knights , and is human again . Rather than control his emotions Meliodas instead resolves to never again let a friend die like Liz and passes the trial . In Ravens Ban encounters a were - fox accused of raising the dead , though the fox insists it is untrue before collapsing . Ban recalls that as a child he was imprisoned for theft and met a man named Zhivago who offered to help him escape . 10 `` What We Lacked '' `` Bokutachi ni Kaketa Mono '' ( 僕たち に 欠け た もの ) March 17 , 2018 Hendrickson tells the Sins he is ready to accept whatever his punishment is , just as soon as they defeat the Commandments . In Ravens Ban remembers the second time he met Zhivago . Ban had been kidnapped by slavers but Zhivago saved him and taught him how to steal . Eventually Ban attempted a burglary by himself but was caught . The were fox , who is revealed to be Zhivago , was forced to choose between saving Therion , his were fox son , from hunters , or to save Ban . He chose to save Therion , who ended up being killed anyway , and he spent 30 years believing Ban also died . Ban reveals who he is and does not blame Zhivago for leaving him . Hendrickson , the knights and the other Sins are made to enter the training cave . Gilthunder and Howzer fight a dragon together . Gowther and Arthur battle a golem suit of armour . King enters the cave with Meliodas , who asks King to understand that Hendrickson did what he did because of Fraudrin , who Meliodas reveals is one of the Ten Commandments . King confronts Meliodas about being a member of the Demon Clan and questions whether Meliodas is even on their side before attacking him . 11 `` Father and Son '' `` Chichioya to Musuko '' ( 父親 と 息子 ) March 24 , 2018 Meliodas and King continue to fight each other . Ban talks to Zhivago and Jericho about his immortality and Elaine who he is determined to resurrect . Elsewhere in a cemetery a dead body digs its way out of its grave . Ban admits to his greatest regret , that he once tried to kill Meliodas in exchange for Elaine 's resurrection , and he hates himself even though Meliodas forgave him . Zhivago urges Ban to reconcile with Meliodas and tell him his real feelings . Zhivago then dies peacefully . King accuses Meliodas of being the Commandments secret ally . Meliodas questions whether King is a king at all , as the previous fairy kings had prominent wings , whereas King has none . The fairy twins stop them fighting before they can hurt each other . Meliodas promises to reveal the truth , eventually , so King decides to continue watching him . As they leave King senses sudden pain on his back . Meliodas regains his old power and has Merlin teleport him to the Commandments . He is challenged by Galand but with his power returned Meliodas easily beats him . He then gives the Commandments a warning , if they restart the war they lost 3000 years ago , Meliodas and the Sins will crush them . 12 `` Where Love is Found '' `` Ai no Arika '' ( 愛 の 在り 処 ) March 31 , 2018 The Commandments spread out to towns and cities across the country to recover their magic . Meliodas plans to defeat the Commandments one at a time rather than together . Everyone completes their training except for Elizabeth who fails to make the dead seed grow . Jenna and Zaneri , who has an unrequited love for Meliodas , discuss how Elizabeth is the reincarnation of Liz , Meliodas ' deceased lover , and how Zaneri sabotaged Elizabeth 's training to try and separate Meliodas from her so he would never realise who she really is . Meliodas announces they still need to find Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride , who is supposedly even stronger than Meliodas . The resurrection of the dead is revealed to be the work of Melascula , the Commandment of Faith , who is resurrecting and corrupting dead souls to form an army . One of the souls she summons is Elaine , who also returns to life corrupted , and she immediately starts searching for Ban . King senses Elaine 's revival and rushes to the forest , refusing Meliodas ' help as he still does not trust him . As Ban and Jericho bury Zhivago they are attacked by a corpse , which Ban easily destroys . Elaine appears and reunites with Ban and they kiss passionately . 13 `` Farewell , My Beloved Thief '' `` Saraba Itoshiki Tōzoku '' ( さらば 愛しき 盗賊 ) April 14 , 2018 Ovas ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Bandit Ban '' `` Bandetto Ban '' ( バンデット ・ バン ) June 17 , 2015 Somewhere in northern Britannia , Ban arrives at the Fairy King 's Forest in search of the Fountain of Youth . He quickly climbs up the large majestic tree , and ends up meeting a mysterious young girl whom he ignores initially . He decides to ask her who she is , only to discover that she was the Guardian Saint protecting the fountain . Swiftly , she swings her hand and the winds blow Ban off the tree . However , Ban survives the fall and persistently continues to climb up again . He repeatedly climbs up and gets blown off , until both of them grows extremely annoyed . In order to obtain the fountain , Ban equips himself with his Nunchaku , leading Elaine to believe that he was planning to kill and steal like all other humans . To her surprise , he quickly grabs the Fountain of Youth and begins drinking . But before he could even take a sip , Elaine manipulates the tree branches and immobilizes him by grabbing all of his limbs . She then persuades him that without the Fountain of Youth , the forest itself will die . Astonishingly , Ban replies straightforwardly , stating that he understands . When Elaine decides to read his heart , she discovers that he really had the intentions of giving up . She releases him and the two begin to get to know each other . Ban tells her that the reason for stealing the fountain is to hope for something good to happen in his life . In response , she replies saying that she already lived for over 700 years , protecting the cup in place of her brother , King , who abandoned her . Ban decides to show her his ale label collection and the two bonded over a span of 7 days . Suddenly , when Ban was away , she quietly whispers that she wished that he had come to steal her instead of the Fountain of Youth . She was startled to discover Ban behind her and to have heard what she said , and to realize that they both had the similar thoughts and feelings . Out of the blue , a mysterious monster from the Demon Clan appears , burning the forest with its Purgatory Fire . Ban immediately confronts the monster after telling Elaine to escape with the fountain , and successfully robs one of its hearts . Not realizing that it had more than one heart , he lets down his guard and as a result , both of them gets severely injured by the monster . Both of them realizes that the only way to survive was to drink the Fountain of Youth , which means that only one of them could live . The two of them wanted each other to drink the fountain , hoping for their survival . In desperation , Elaine seemingly drinks the liquid , only to kiss Ban and deliver it to him directly . Ban immediately recovers from the injuries after consuming the liquid , and quickly defeats the monster in rage . Before passing away , Elaine gives him the forest 's last seed and he repeats , Someday , I 'll definitely make you mine . Sadly , before he was able to finish the phrase , she was gone . Later on , somewhere within the Kingdom of Liones , Ban is judged and sentenced to death for his apparent sins of destroying the Fairy King 's Forest , taking the Fountain of Youth and killing the Guardian Saint . As the captain of the guard asked Ban if he has any last words before execution , Ban told everyone present that he is no longer `` Bandit Ban '' and `` Undead Ban '' is now his name . `` Heroes Fun Time - Extra Stories Compilation - '' `` Eiyū - tachi no Tawamure - Bangai - henshū - '' ( 英雄 たち の 戯れ - 番外 編集 - ) August 12 , 2015 A series of short clips . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ アニメ 「 七 つの 大罪 」 10 月 より 日 5 枠 で 放送 ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Theme Songs , Game Detailed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Man With A Mission , Alisa Takigawa Perform The Seven Deadly Sins ' New Songs '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga to Bundle OVA Episode About Ban '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Seven Deadly Sins OVA to Compile 9 Short Stories '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Newman , Heather ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Netflix To Announce Its Second Exclusive Anime Series Tomorrow : ' The Seven Deadly Sins ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` STORY '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_episodes&oldid=833506037 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 00 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
seven deadly sins episode season 2 episode 6
[]
[]
3431786097037637948
Tourism in Rajasthan
Tourism in Rajasthan - wikipedia Tourism in Rajasthan Schematic map of Rajasthan Travel map Umaid Bhavan Palace , Jodhpur Rajasthan is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India , for both domestic and international tourists . Rajasthan attracts tourists for its historical forts , palaces , art and culture with its slogan ' Padharo mahare desh ' . Every third foreign tourist visiting India travels to Rajasthan as it is part of the Golden Triangle for tourists visiting India . The palaces of Jaipur , lakes of Udaipur , and desert forts of Jodhpur , Bikaner & Jaisalmer are among the most preferred destinations of many tourists , Indian and foreign . Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state 's domestic product . Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels . Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector . The main sweet of this place is ghewar . Contents 1 Palaces 2 Forts 2.1 Hill forts which are in world heritage list 2.2 Other forts 3 Fairs and Festivals 4 Popular tourist attractions 5 Outline of tourism in India 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Palaces ( edit ) Main article : List of palaces in Rajasthan Rajasthan is known for its historical hill forts & palaces , it is claimed as best place for tourism related to palaces . Following are some of major palaces in Rajasthan . Umaid Bhawan Palace : It is the largest Royal Palace in Rajasthan . It is also one of largest private residence in the world . Lake Palace : It is now a luxury hotel located in Pichola Lake , Udaipur . Hawa Mahal : It is known as `` Palace of Wind '' or `` Palace of Breeze '' because there are more than 950 Windows in the Palace . Rambagh Palace : Formerly a Royal Palace now converted into a Heritage Hotel . Devi Garh Palace : Formerly a palace now converted into a Heritage Hotel , In 2006 , The New York Times named it as one if leading luxurious hotel in Indian subcontinent . Umaid Bhawan Palace Lake Palace Hawa Mahal Rambagh Palace Jag Mandir Jal Mahal City Palace , Udaipur Forts ( edit ) Rajasthan is known for its forts . Hill Forts of Palaces in Rajasthan are also a part of world heritage . Hill forts which are in world heritage list ( edit ) Main article : Hill Forts of Rajasthan Chittor Fort Kumbhalgarh Fort Ranthambore Fort Gagron Fort Amber Fort Jaisalmer Fort Chittor Fort Lohagarh Fort Kumbhalgarh Fort Mehrangarh Fort Nahargarh Fort Neemrana Fort Palace Other forts ( edit ) Main article : ( ( : List of forts in Rajasthan India ) ) Nahargarh Fort Bhatner fort Junagarh Fort Mehrangarh Fort Lohagarh Fort Taragarh Fort Jalore Fort Nagaur Fort Shergrah Fort Amber Fort Ganesh Pol Entrance , Amer Fort Jaisalmer Fort Jain Temple inside Jaisalmer Fort Kumbhalgarh Fort Carving of Kirti Stambh , Chittor Fort Junagarh Fort Mehrangarh Fort Fairs and festivals ( edit ) Department of Tourism of Rajasthan Government organizes multiple fairs & festivals during the year . These festivals & fairs are great tourist attractions. Fairs organized in Rajasthan include : Camel Festival , Bikaner ( January ) Nagaur Fair , Nagaur ( Jan - Feb . ) Kite Festival ( held on 14th Jan of every year ) Desert Festival , Jaisalmer ( Jan - Feb . ) Baneshwar Fair , Baneshwar ( Jan - Feb . ) Gangaur Festival , Jaipur ( March -- April ) Mewar Festival , Udaipur ( March -- April ) Elephant Festival , Jaipur ( March -- April ) Urs Ajmer Sharif , Ajmer ( According to Lunar Calendar ) Summer Festival , Mt. Abu ( June ) Teej Festival , Jaipur ( July -- August ) Kajli Teej , Bundi ( July -- August ) Dussehra Festival , Kota ( October ) Marwar Festival , Jodhpur ( October ) Pushkar Fair , Ajmer ( November ) Popular tourist attractions. ( edit ) Ajmer - Popular for shrine of Sufi Saikhllnt Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti and Digambar Jain Temple Soniji Ki Nasiyan . Barmer - Barmer and surrounding areas offer perfect picture of typical Rajasthani villages . Bhilwara - Popular for its textile industry . Hamirgarh Eco-park and Harni Mahadev temple are important tourist destinations . Bikaner - Famous for its havelis , palaces and the Karni Mata Temple in Deshnoke . Chittorgarh - Popular for its monument and fort Bundi - Popular for its forts , palaces and stepwell reservoirs known as baoris . Dausa - It is popular for `` चाँद बावड़ी ( Chand_Baori ) '' and मेहंदीपुर बालाजी मंदिर . Jaipur - Known as pink city of India and the capital of Rajasthan . Jaisalmer - Famous for its golden fortress , havelis and some of the oldest Jain Temples and libraries . Jhalawar district - Caves like Binnayaga Buddhist caves , Hathiagor Buddhist Caves , Kolvi Caves are popular medieval architecture of India . Jodhpur - Famous for architecture & blue homes giving the name `` Blue City '' Kota - Known for its gardens , palaces and Chambal river safari . Mount Abu - A hill station with 11th century Dilwara Jain Temples . Highest peak in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan , Guru Shikhar is just 15 km from the main town . Nathdwara - This town near Udaipur hosts the temple of Shrinathji . Neemrana - home to the Neemrana fort Pushkar - It has the first and one of the very few Brahma temples in the world . Ranakpur - Large Jain Temple complex with near 1444 pillars and exquisite marble carvings . Ranthambore - Situated near Sawai Madhopur . This town has historic Ranthambore Fort and one of the largest national park of India ( Ranthambore National Park ) . Sariska Tiger Reserve - Situated in the Alwar district . Shekhawati - Located are small towns such as Mandawa and Ramgarh with frescoed havelis between 100 years to 300 years old , and Vedic period Dhosi Hill . Udaipur - Known as the `` Venice of India '' . Ranakpur Jain Temple Kirti Stambh , Chittorgarh T24 - The largest tiger in Ranthambore National Park Dargah Sharif , Ajmer Soniji Ki Nasiyan , Ajmer Birla Mandir , Jaipur Jaswant Thada mausoleum , Jodhpur Ghats at Pushkar lake , Rajasthan Dilwara Temples Mount Abu jodhpur - blue city in rajasthan Outline of tourism in India ( edit ) List of World Heritage Sites in India List of national parks of India List of lakes of India List of waterfalls in India List of State Protected Monuments in India List of beaches in India Incredible India List of Geographical Indications in India Medical tourism in India List of botanical gardens in India List of hill stations in India List of gates in India List of zoos in India List of protected areas of India List of aquaria in India List of forts in India List of forests in India Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India Hindu pilgrimage sites in India List of mosques in India List of rock - cut temples in India Wildlife sanctuaries of India List of rivers of India List of mountains in India List of ecoregions in India Coral reefs in India List of stadiums in India List of museums in India See also ( edit ) India portal Society portal Culture portal Palace on Wheel List of attractions in Jaipur Tourist Attractions in Udaipur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rajasthan , by Monique Choy , Sarina Singh . Lonely Planet , 2002 . ISBN 1740593634 . Jump up ^ In Rajasthan , by Royina Grewal . Lonely Planet Publications , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 86442 - 457 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://traveljee.com/india/top-10-beautiful-royal-palaces-forts-rajasthan/ Jump up ^ http://travelfiver.com/5-best-palaces-to-visit-in-rajasthan/ Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Hill Forts of Rajastan and Wooden Churches of the Carpathian region inscribed on World Heritage List '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rajasthan . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tourism in Rajasthan . Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation ( RTDC ) , Official Website Rajasthan Tourism , Official website Govt. of Rajasthan State of Rajasthan Capital : Jaipur Outline Geography Climate Cuisine Economy History Politics Government Tourism Language Rivers Highest point Films Institutions of higher education Municipalities Chief Secretaries Chief Justices of Rajasthan High Court Governance Governors Chief Ministers Speaker Legislative Assembly Political parties Constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly High Court Police Divisions and districts Ajmer Division Ajmer district Bhilwara district Nagaur district Tonk district Bharatpur Division Bharatpur district Dholpur district Karauli district Sawai Madhopur district Bikaner Division Bikaner district Churu district Sri Ganganagar district Hanumangarh district Jaipur Division Alwar district Dausa district Jaipur district Jhunjhunu district Sikar district Jodhpur Division Barmer district Jaisalmer district Jalor district Jodhpur district Pali district Sirohi district Kota Division Baran district Bundi district Jhalawar district Kota district Udaipur Division Banswara district Chittorgarh district Dungarpur district Pratapgarh district Rajsamand district Udaipur district Major cities Jaipur ( capital ) Alwar Ajmer Bikaner Jodhpur Kota Udaipur Related templates Forts in Rajasthan Hydrography of Rajathan Power stations and power organisations Tourism in India By state Andhra Pradesh Andaman and Nicobar Islands Assam Bihar Patna Delhi Chhattisgarh Goa Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Bangalore Mysore Kerala Thiruvanathapuram Kochi Thrissur Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Marathwada Aurangabad Mizoram North East India Odisha Kosal Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Jaipur Telangana Hyderabad Tamil Nadu Chennai Coimbatore Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Uttarakhand West Bengal Kolkata Types Beaches Hill stations Islands Lakes Medical tourism Skiing Tourist trains Waterfalls Wildlife National parks Protected areas World Heritage Sites Organisations India TDC Andhra Pradesh TDC Assam TDC Bihar STDC Delhi TTDC Haryana Tourism Corporation J&K TDC Karnataka TDC Kerala TDC Madhya Pradesh TDC Maharashtra TDC Odisha TDC Rajasthan TDC Tamil Nadu TDC Telangana TDC Uttar Pradesh Tourism West Bengal TDCL See also Incredible India NEITM Visa policy of India Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Rajasthan&oldid=853720464 '' Categories : Tourism in Rajasthan Tourist attractions in Rajasthan Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
why do you think tourist like to visit rajasthan
[]
[]
42554115866135199
Memories Don't Die
Memories Do n't Die - wikipedia Memories Do n't Die Jump to : navigation , search Memories Do n't Die Studio album by Tory Lanez Released March 2 , 2018 Length 70 : 02 Label Mad Love Interscope Producer Play Picasso ( exec . ) Tory Lanez ( also exec . ) AraabMuzik Benny Blanco BobbyMadeTheBeat C - Sick Cashmere Cat Christian Lou Dr. Zeuz EC Fresco Happy Perez Lavish Mansa Nick Fouryn OG Parker Sean Myer Sergio R . Smash David SkipOnDaBeat Tory Lanez chronology The New Toronto 2 ( 2017 ) Memories Do n't Die ( 2018 ) Singles from Memories Do n't Die `` Shooters '' Released : September 22 , 2017 `` Skrt Skrt '' Released : September 28 , 2017 `` Real Thing '' Released : October 13 , 2017 Memories Do n't Die ( stylized as MEMORIES DON 'T DIE ) is the second studio album by Canadian rapper and singer Tory Lanez , released on March 2 , 2018 , by Mad Love Records and Interscope Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , 50 Cent , Nav , Wiz Khalifa , Fabolous , Mansa and Paloma Ford , among others . Production is handled by C - Sick , Play Picasso and Dr. Zeuz , among others . Memories Do n't Die was supported by three singles : `` Shooters '' , `` Skrt Skrt '' and `` Real Thing '' featuring Future . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Promotion 2.1 Singles 2.2 Promotional singles 2.3 Other songs 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts 8 References Background ( edit ) On June 14 , 2017 , Tory Lanez confirmed that his second album was `` 90 % completed '' via a tweet on Twitter . The album 's completion was announced by Lanez on August 2 , 2017 . On October 5 , 2017 , Lanez announced his second album 's title . On August 11 , 2017 , Lanez was featured in an interview with HotNewHipHop about his album 's theme , by stating `` `` There 's a lot of bars on this for sure , but it 's not like full of rap . It 's full of great music , like you know what I mean . But it 's definitely not I Told You . This album will be something different for you to love in a different way and for you to cherish in a different way . '' '' On February 9 , 2018 , Lanez unveiled the album 's cover art and tracklist . Promotion ( edit ) On January 1 , 2017 , Lanez released two mixtapes : Chixtape IV and The New Toronto 2 which were promoted as the prelude for his second album . Singles ( edit ) The album 's lead single , `` Shooters '' was released for streaming and digital download on September 22 , 2017 . Its music video was released a month later . The album 's second single , `` Skrt Skrt '' was released on September 28 , 2017 . The album 's third single , `` Real Thing '' featuring Future was released on October 13 , 2017 . Promotional singles ( edit ) The lead promotional single , `` I Sip '' was released on November 16 , 2017 , shortly after premiering on Zane Lowe 's Beats 1 radio . The second promotional single , `` B.I.D '' was released on February 15 , 2018 , following the same roll - out as the former . Other songs ( edit ) On February 9 , 2018 , three tracks that were cut from the album -- `` March 2nd '' , `` More Than Friends '' and `` Leaning '' , the latter two both featuring PartyNextDoor , was released by Lanez for his fans . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 46 / 100 Review scores Source Rating Exclaim ! 6 / 10 The Guardian HotNewHipHop 87 % Pitchfork 5.5 / 10 Memories Do n't Die received mixed reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Memories Do n't Die received an average score of 46 based on five reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Kassandra Guagliardi of Exclaim ! concluded that the album has `` a few quality tracks , but overall it misses the mark on classic appeal . '' In a scathing negative review , Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian described the album as a `` astonishingly hackneyed , aggressively chameleonic LP '' , while comparing the album to the work of Lanez 's contemporaries : `` As Migos or 2 Chainz ably demonstrate , rapping about racks and whips is n't necessarily dull , but you need to have wit , nimble hooks and idiosyncratic flow , none of which Lanez possesses . He 's so profoundly unoriginal you start to wonder if he is actually a rudimentary Spotify AI project who has been fed the RapCaviar playlist and given an edgy beard . But Lanez ultimately does n't pass the Turing test , and his jack - of - all - trades versatility leaves him the master of none . '' Sheldon Pearce of Pitchfork commented that Memories Do n't Die is `` a record full of crude imitations of every remotely bankable contemporary R&B or rap song '' , criticising the originality of the album : `` Nearly everything he raps on Memories Do n't Die is something you 've heard before , performed more ably elsewhere , and the few lines that are n't are unbelievably simple - minded or straight - up witless . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Memories Do n't Die debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart and number two on the US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , earning 54,000 album - equivalent units of which 15,000 were in pure album sales in its first week of release . Track listing ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal . Memories Do n't Die No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Memories '' Daystar Peterson Daniel Gonzalez Play Picasso 0 : 28 2 . `` Old Friends x New Foes '' Peterson Gonzalez Carl Caruso Play Picasso Lavish 3 : 27 3 . `` Shooters '' Peterson Charles Dumazer C - Sick 3 : 28 4 . `` 4 Me '' Peterson Nathan Perez Gonzalez Happy Perez Play Picasso 3 : 48 5 . `` Skrt Skrt '' Peterson Jesus Bobe Wallace Jefferson Ernesto Cornejo Anthony Kelly Karen Chin Gonzalez Dr. Zeuz Play Picasso 2 : 53 6 . `` Benevolent '' Peterson Gonzalez Caruso Cornejo Douglas Gibbs Ralph Johnson Play Picasso Lavish EC Fresco 3 : 46 7 . `` Real Thing '' ( featuring Future ) Peterson Nayvadius Wilburn Dumazer C - Sick 4 : 03 8 . `` Hate to Say '' Peterson Gonzalez Maurice Griffin Robert Williams Julian Bunetta John Ryan Jamie Scott Play Picasso Christian Lou BobbyMadeTheBeat 4 : 09 9 . `` B.I.D '' Peterson Samuel Jimenez Joshua Parker OG Parker Smash David 2 : 44 10 . `` 48 Floors '' ( featuring Mansa ) Peterson Mansa Evans Gonzalez Mansa Play Picasso 3 : 43 11 . `` B.B.W.W x Fake Show '' Peterson Edgar Ferrera Gonzalez Larry Cooper , Jr . Play Picasso EC Fresco SkipOnDaBeat 4 : 11 12 . `` Dance for Me '' ( featuring Nav ) Peterson Sergio Romero Gonzalez Navraj Goraya Amir Esmailian Sergio R . Play Picasso 5 : 25 13 . `` Pieces '' ( featuring 50 Cent ) Peterson Gonzalez Curtis Jackson Gordon Sumner Dominic Miller Play Picasso 5 : 48 14 . `` Connection '' ( featuring Fabolous , Davo and Paloma Ford ) Peterson Jimenez David Kerr John Jackson Paloma Ford Smash David Nick Fouryn 3 : 56 15 . `` Hillside '' ( featuring Wiz Khalifa and Mansa ) Peterson Evans Gonzalez Cameron Thomaz Mansa Play Picasso 3 : 29 16 . `` Hypnotized '' Peterson Benjamin Levin Magnus Høiberg Perez Kennedi Lykken Sean Myer Benny Blanco Cashmere Cat Sean Myer Happy Perez 3 : 11 17 . `` Happiness x Tell Me '' Peterson Romero Gonzalez Sergio R . Play Picasso 7 : 59 18 . `` Do n't Die '' Peterson Abraham Orellana AraabMuzik 3 : 34 Total length : 70 : 02 Notes signifies a co-producer `` Memories '' is stylised as `` MEMORIES '' `` Do n't Die '' is stylised as `` DON 'T DIE '' Sample credits `` Benevolent '' contains a sample from `` Sounds Like a Love Song '' , written by Douglas Gibbs and Ralph Johnson , as performed by Bobby Glenn . `` Hate to Say '' contains a sample from `` You & I '' , written by Julian Bunetta , John Ryan and Jamie Scott , as performed by One Direction . `` Pieces '' contains a sample from `` Shape of My Heart '' , written by Gordon Sumner and Dominic Miller , as performed by Sting . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal . Performers Tory Lanez -- vocals Future -- vocals ( track 7 ) Mansa -- vocals ( tracks 10 , 15 ) Nav -- vocals ( track 12 ) 50 Cent -- vocals ( track 13 ) Fabolous -- vocals ( track 14 ) Davo -- vocals ( track 14 ) Paloma Ford -- vocals ( track 14 ) Wiz Khalifa -- vocals ( track 15 ) Technical Daniel Gonzalez -- mixing ( tracks 1 -- 15 , 17 , 18 ) Johann Chavez -- mixing ( tracks 1 -- 15 , 17 , 18 ) Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing ( track 16 ) Production Play Picasso -- production ( tracks 1 , 2 , 4 -- 6 , 8 , 10 -- 13 , 15 , 17 ) Lavish -- production ( tracks 2 , 6 ) C - Sick -- production ( tracks 3 , 7 ) Happy Perez -- production ( track 4 ) , co-production ( track 16 ) Dr. Zeuz -- production ( track 5 ) Play Picasso -- production ( track 5 ) EC Fresco -- production ( tracks 6 , 11 ) Christian Lou -- production ( track 8 ) BobbyMadeTheBeat -- production ( track 8 ) OG Parker -- production ( track 9 ) Smash David -- production ( tracks 9 , 14 ) Mansa -- production ( tracks 10 , 15 ) SkipOnDaBeat -- production ( track 11 ) Sergio R. -- production ( tracks 12 , 17 ) Nick Fouryn -- production ( track 14 ) Benny Blanco -- production ( track 16 ) Cashmere Cat -- production ( track 16 ) Sean Myer -- production ( track 16 ) AraabMuzik -- production ( track 18 ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 30 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 93 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 53 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 31 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 31 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 20 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 28 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 US Billboard 200 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MEMORIES DON 'T DIE by Tory Lanez '' . Apple Music . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard , Kevin ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez Unveils Tracklist For `` Memories Do n't Die '' `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miss2Bees ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez Confirms Sophomore Album Is `` 90 % Done '' `` . The Source . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamarre , Carl ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez Says New Album Is Finished '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ India , Lindsey ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the Name of Tory Lanez 's New Album '' . XXL . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fall , Kyle ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez `` Memories Do n't Die '' Album Artwork & Tracklist Revealed `` . RapWave . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Chixtape 4 '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` The New Toronto 2 '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Big Homie ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` New Music : Tory Lanez `` Shooters '' `` . Rap Radar . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joe ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Tory Lanez 's New `` Shooters '' Video `` . OnSMASH . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Tory Lanez -- ' Skrt Skrt ' '' . Rap - Up . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slingerland , Calum ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez `` Real Thing '' ( ft . Future ) `` . Exclaim ! . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Penrose , Nerisha ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez Serves Up New Single ' I Sip ' '' . Complex . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Trace ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez Shares New Song `` B.I.D '' and Explains Why Squashing Drake Feud Was a ' Good Moment ' for Him `` . Complex . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEMORIES DON 'T DIE by Tory Lanez Reviews and Tracks '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guagliardi , Kassandra ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez : Memories Do n't Die review -- a gutless rap rip - off '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Lanez 's `` Memories Do n't Die '' Review `` . HotNewHipHop . March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez : Memories Do n't Die Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keith Caufield ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEMORIES DON 'T DIE / Tory Lanez '' . Tidal . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Acevedo , Kai ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez talks ' Memories Do n't Die , ' why he wo n't stop freestyling , and working with PartyNextDoor '' . Revolt . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . I sampled the beat that JAY - Z used for `` Song Cry . '' Jump up ^ Fu , Eddie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez 's New Song `` Hate To Say '' Addresses His Beefs With Travis Scott & Drake `` . Genius . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . On the production side , `` Hate to Say '' samples One Direction 's 2013 song `` You & I '' from their album Midnight Memories . Jump up ^ Acevedo , Kai ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez talks ' Memories Do n't Die , ' why he wo n't stop freestyling , and working with PartyNextDoor '' . Revolt . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Me and 50 did a song on the album . It 's one of the craziest songs on there . It 's a Sting sample . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Lanez Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 9 March 2018 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 10 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Click on `` Veckans albumlista '' . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart for Third Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Lanez Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ( hide ) Tory Lanez Discography Studio albums I Told You Memories Do n't Die Extended plays Cruel Intentions Mixtapes Lost Cause Chixtape III The New Toronto Singles `` Say It '' `` B.L.O.W. '' `` LA Confidential '' `` Luv '' Featured singles `` Drifting '' `` Trust Nobody '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memories_Don%27t_Die&oldid=841919785 '' Categories : 2018 albums Tory Lanez albums Interscope Records albums Albums produced by Happy Perez Albums produced by Benny Blanco Albums produced by Cashmere Cat Albums produced by AraabMuzik Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
tory lanez - memories don't die tracklist
[]
[]
7725546140149884848
Three Rings
Three rings - wikipedia Three rings Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Three Rings ( disambiguation ) . This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Middle - earth portal In Tolkien 's mythology , the Three Rings are magical artifacts forged by the Elves of Eregion . After the One Ring , they are the most powerful of the twenty Rings of Power . The Three Rings were made by Celebrimbor after Sauron , in the guise of Annatar , had left Eregion . These were free of Sauron 's influence , as he did not have a hand in their making . However , they were still forged by Celebrimbor with the arts taught to him by Sauron and thus were still bound to the One Ring . Upon perceiving Sauron 's intent , the Elves hid the three from him . They were carried out of Middle - earth at the end of the Third Age , after the destruction of the One Ring . Contents ( hide ) 1 Narya 2 Nenya 3 Vilya 4 Notes 5 References Narya ( edit ) The first ring , Narya , was adorned with a red gemstone , perhaps a ruby . It is seen in the final chapter of The Lord of the Rings , along with the other two Elven rings . But unlike them , it is not said what metal Narya was made of . The name is derived from the Quenya nár meaning fire . It was also called Narya the Great , Ring of Fire , Red Ring , and The Kindler . According to Unfinished Tales , at the start of the War of the Elves and Sauron , Celebrimbor gave Narya together with the Ring Vilya to Gil - galad , High King of the Noldor . Gil - galad entrusted Narya to his lieutenant Círdan , Lord of the Havens of Mithlond , who kept it after Gil - galad 's death . According to The Lord of the Rings , Gil - galad received only Vilya , while Círdan received Narya from the very beginning along with Galadriel receiving Nenya from the start . In the Third Age , Círdan , recognizing Gandalf 's true nature as one of the Maiar from Valinor , gave him the ring to aid him in his labours . It is described as having the power to inspire others to resist tyranny , domination , and despair ( in other words , evoking hope in others around the wielder ) , as well as giving resistance to the weariness of time . Nenya ( edit ) The second ring , Nenya , was made of mithril and adorned with a `` white stone '' , presumably a diamond . The name is derived from the Quenya nén meaning water . It is also called Ring of Adamant , Ring of Water and the White Ring . The ring was wielded by Galadriel of Lothlórien , and possessed a radiance that matched that of the stars ; while Frodo Baggins could see it by virtue of being a Ring - bearer , Samwise Gamgee tells Galadriel he only `` saw a star through your fingers '' . ( This appears in many editions as `` finger '' -- which sounds more magical , since it suggests that her finger has somehow become transparent -- but The Treason of Isengard , ch. 13 , note 34 , mentions it as an error . ) Nenya 's power gave preservation , protection , and possibly concealment from evil because `` there is a secret power here that holds evil from the land '' . However , the fact that Orcs from Moria entered Lórien after The Fellowship of the Ring and Lórien itself had suffered previous attacks from Sauron 's Orcs sent from Dol Guldur suggests the power of the ring did not constitute military prowess . It was said that , protected as it was by Nenya , Lothlórien would not have fallen unless Sauron had personally come to attack it . Galadriel used these powers to create and sustain Lothlórien , but it also increased in her the longing for the Sea and her desire to return to the Undying Lands . With the ring gone , the magic and beauty of Lórien also faded along with the extraordinary mallorn trees ( save the one that Samwise Gamgee grew in Hobbiton ) and it was gradually depopulated , until by the time Arwen came there to die in F.A. 121 it was deserted and in ruin . Vilya ( edit ) The third ring , Vilya , was made of gold and adorned with a `` great blue stone '' , probably a sapphire . The name is derived from the Quenya vilya meaning air . It is also called , Ring of Air , Ring of Firmament , or Blue Ring . It is generally considered that Vilya was the mightiest of these three bands ( as mentioned in the ending chapter in The Return of the King ) . The exact power of Vilya is not mentioned . However , it is reasonable to speculate that it also possesses the power to heal and to preserve ( it is mentioned in The Silmarillion that Celebrimbor had forged the Three in order to heal and to preserve , rather than to enhance the strengths of each individual bearer as the Seven , Nine , and the lesser rings did ) . Its power of healing may be particularly strong , as Elrond seems to be the greatest healer in Middle - Earth at the time of the Quest . There is some speculation that the ring controlled minor elements , considering the event where Elrond had summoned a torrent of water as the Nazgûl attempted to capture Frodo and the One Ring . When Sauron laid waste to Eregion , Vilya was sent to the Elven - king Gil - galad far away in Lindon , where it was later given to Elrond , who bore it through the later years of the Second Age and all of the Third . As Gil - galad was the High King of the Noldor elves at the time of the rings ' distribution it was thought that he was best fit to care for the most powerful of the three Elven rings . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , `` Now these were the Three that had last been made , and they possessed the greatest powers . '' Jump up ^ This is never stated explicitly , although the usage of the word `` adamant '' , an old synonym , is strongly suggestive . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. , The Lord of the Rings , HarperCollins 1994 , p. 845 References ( edit ) Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 ( hide ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Rings&oldid=821294765 '' Categories : Middle - earth rings and jewels Magic objects Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Dansk Eesti فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Slovenščina Suomi ไทย Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 15 : 56 . About Wikipedia
what are the powers of the three elven rings
[]
[]
-6063247745285378838
List of biblical names starting with B
List of biblical names starting with b - wikipedia List of biblical names starting with b Jump to : navigation , search Main article : List of biblical names A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Y -- Z Baal , Lord , `` owner '' or `` lord '' , also `` husband '' ( as possessor of the wife ) ; possessor , controller ; Baalah , mistress Baalath , see Baal no . 4 the height of the south Baalath - Beer , Baalah of the well , Baal - berith , Covenant lord Baale Baal - gad , Lord of fortune Baal - hamon , Place of a multitude Baal - hermon , Lord of Hermon Ball - hanan , the Lord is gracious ; Baali , My lord An appellation of JEHOVAH Baalim Baalis , lord of joy , rules ; Baal - meon Baal - peor Baal - perazim Baal - shalisha Baal - tamar Baal - zebub Baal - zephon Baana , affliction ; Baanah , son of grief , Baara Baaseiah , Jehovah is bold ; Baasha , boldness , offensive , he who lays waste ; Babel , confusion ; mixture , confusion , gate of God Babylon , Gate Of The Deity , anointment or consecration or confusion or mixing , Baca Bahurim Bajith Bakbakkar , diligent searcher ; Bakbuk , a flagon , hollow ; Bakbukiah , wasted by Jehovah , effusion of Jehovah Balaam , a pilgrim , devouring , lord of the people ; Baladan Balak Bamah Barabbas Barachel , father of Elihu Barachel of Ammon Barachias Barak Barjesus , son of Jesus , wise Barjona Barnabas Barsabas , son of Sabas or rest Bartholomew Bartimeus Baruch Barzillai Bashan Bashemath Bathsheba Bathsuha Bealiah Bealoth Bebai Becher Bechorath Bedad Bedaiah Bedan Beeliada Beelzebub Beer Beera Beerelim Beeri Beer - lahai - roi Beeroth Beersheba Behemoth Bekah Belah Belial Belshazzar Belteshazzar Ben Benaiah Ben - ammi Beneberak Bene - jaakan Benhadad Benhail Benhanan Benjamin Benimi Beno , his son Benoni Benzoheth Beon , meaning uncertain Beor burning or torch , a torch Bera Berachah Berachiah Beraiah Berea Bered Beri Beriah Berith Bernice , bearer of victory , Berodach - baladan Berothai Berothath Besai Besodeiah Besor Betah Beten Bethabara Bethanath Bethany , house of dates , or house of misery , House of Misery Betharabah Beth - aram Beth - aven Beth - azmaveth Beth - baalmeon Beth - barah Beth - birei Beth - car Beth - dagon Beth - diblathaim Bethel Bethemek Bether Bethesda Beth - ezal Beth - gader Beth - gamul Beth - haccerem Beth - haran Beth - horon Beth - lebaoth Beth - lehem Beth - marcaboth Beth - meon Beth - millo , 2 Kings 12 : 21 Beth - nimrah Beth - palet Beth - pazzez Beth - peor Bethphage Beth - phelet Beth - rapha Bethsaida Bethshan Beth - shemesh Bethuel Beth - zur Betonim Beulah Bezai , Bezaleel Bezek Bezer Bichri Bidkar Bigthan Bigvai Bildad Bileam Bilgah Bilhah Bilshan Binea Binnui Birsha , Bishlam Bithiah Bithron Bithynia Bizjothjas Blastus Boanerges Boaz Bocheru Bochim Bohan , thumb or big toe Boskath Boson Bob Bozrah Bukki Bukkiah Bul Bunah Bunni Buz Buzi References ( edit ) Comay , Joan , Who 's Who in the Old Testament , Oxford University Press , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 521029 - 8 Lockyer , Herbert , All the men of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing House ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) , 1958 Lockyer , Herbert , All the women of the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28151 - 2 Lockyer , Herbert , All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible , Zondervan Publishing 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28041 - 9 Tischler , Nancy M. , All things in the Bible : an encyclopedia of the biblical world , Greenwood Publishing , Westport , Conn. : 2006 ISBN 0 - 313 - 33082 - 4 Inline references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , Vol . I : Aachen -- Basilians ^ Jump up to : Lockyer , p. 63 Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ see Baal no . 2 meaning Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Nave 's Topical Bible ^ Jump up to : Lockyer , p. 64 Jump up ^ Nave 's Topical Bible Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ ew Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 2 : Assizes - Browne Jump up ^ Meaning , origin and etymology of the name Babel , Babylon Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 2 : Assizes - Browne Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Holman Bible Dictionary ( 1991 ) , `` Beon '' Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Smith 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume 2 : Assizes - Browne Jump up ^ Holman Bible Dictionary ( 1991 ) , `` Bohan '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_B&oldid=827477407 '' Categories : Biblical people Lists of biblical names Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 23 : 16 . About Wikipedia
names from the bible that start with b
[]
[]
-1515157921633373173
Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas - wikipedia Treaty of Tordesillas Jump to : navigation , search Treaty of Tordesillas Front page of the Portuguese - owned treaty Created 7 June 1494 in Tordesillas , Spain Ratified 2 July 1494 in Spain 5 September 1494 in Portugal Location Archivo General de Indias ( Spain ) Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo ( Portugal ) Author ( s ) Pope Alexander VI ( later confirmed and ratified by Pope Julius II in 1506 ) Signatories Ferdinand II of Aragon Isabella I of Castile John , Prince of Asturias John II of Portugal Purpose To divide trading and colonising rights for all newly discovered lands of the world located between Portugal and Castile ( later applied between the Spanish Crown and Portugal ) to the exclusion of other European nations . The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese : Tratado de Tordesilhas ( tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðɨˈziʎɐʃ ) , Spanish : Tratado de Tordesillas ( tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas ) ) , signed at Tordesillas on June 7 , 1494 , and authenticated at Setúbal , Portugal , divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile , along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands , off the west coast of Africa . This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands ( already Portuguese ) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage ( claimed for Castile and León ) , named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia ( Cuba and Hispaniola ) . The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile . The treaty was signed by Spain , 2 July 1494 and by Portugal , 5 September 1494 . The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza , signed on 22 April 1529 , which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas . Originals of both treaties are kept at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain and at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Portugal . This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal , despite considerable ignorance as to the geography of the New World ; however , it omitted all of the other European powers . Those countries generally ignored the treaty , particularly those that became Protestant after the Protestant Reformation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signing and enforcement 2 Tordesillas meridian 3 Antimeridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza 4 Effect on other European powers 5 The Treaty of Madrid 6 Modern claims 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Signing and enforcement ( edit ) Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal : the 1494 Tordesillas meridian ( purple ) and the 1529 Zaragoza antimeridian ( green ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew , who had sailed for the Crown of Castile . On his way back to Spain he first reached Lisbon , in Portugal . There he asked for another meeting with King John II to show him the newly discovered lands . After learning of the Castilian - sponsored voyage , the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the Catholic Monarchs stating that by the Treaty of Alcáçovas signed in 1479 and confirmed in 1481 with the papal bull Æterni regis , that granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal , all of the lands discovered by Columbus belonged , in fact , to Portugal . Also , the Portuguese King stated that he was already making arrangements for a fleet ( an armada led by Francisco de Almeida ) to depart shortly and take possession of the new lands . After reading the letter the Catholic Monarchs knew they did not have any military power in the Atlantic to match the Portuguese , so they pursued a diplomatic way out . On 4 May 1493 Pope Alexander VI ( Rodrigo Borgia ) , an Aragonese from Valencia by birth , decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west and south of a pole - to - pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile , although territory under Catholic rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched . The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands , so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line . Another bull , Dudum siquidem , entitled Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493 , gave all mainlands and islands , `` at one time or even still belonging to India '' to Spain , even if east of the line . The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement , feeling that it gave him far too little land -- it prevented him from possessing India , his near term goal . By 1493 Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa , the Cape of Good Hope . The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus , but the explicit mention of India was a major issue . As the Pope had not made changes , the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs , King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line . In the bargain , John accepted Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella , but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west , protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands that now constitute the Eastern quarter of Brazil . As one scholar assessed the results , `` both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed , and each thought that the other was deceived , ( concluding that it was a ) diplomatic triumph for Portugal , confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India , but most of the South Atlantic '' . The treaty effectively countered the bulls of Alexander VI but was subsequently sanctioned by Pope Julius II by means of the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis of 24 January 1506 . Even though the treaty was negotiated without consulting the Pope , a few sources call the resulting line the `` Papal Line of Demarcation '' . Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans , as it was only divided via the treaty . Castile gained lands including most of the Americas , which in 1494 had little proven wealth . The easternmost part of current Brazil was granted to Portugal when in 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral landed there while he was en route to India . Some historians contend that the Portuguese already knew of the South American bulge that makes up most of Brazil before this time , so his landing in Brazil was not an accident . One scholar points to Cabral 's landing on the Brazilian coast 12 degrees farther south than the expected Cape São Roque , such that `` the likelihood of making such a landfall as a result of freak weather or navigational error was remote ; and it is highly probable that Cabral had been instructed to investigate a coast whose existence was not merely suspected , but already known '' . The line was not strictly enforced -- the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian . However , the Catholic Monarchs attempted to stop the Portuguese advance in Asia , by claiming the meridian line ran around the world , dividing the whole world in half rather than just the Atlantic . Portugal pushed back , seeking another papal pronouncement that limited the line of demarcation to the Atlantic . This was given by Pope Leo X , who was friendly toward Portugal and its discoveries , in 1514 in the bull Praecelsae devotionis . For a period between 1580 and 1640 , the treaty was rendered meaningless , as the Spanish King was also King of Portugal . It was superseded by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid which granted Portugal control of the lands it occupied in South America . However , the latter treaty was immediately repudiated by the Catholic Monarch . The First Treaty of San Ildefonso settled the problem , with Spain acquiring territories east of the Uruguay River and Portugal acquiring territories in the Amazon Basin . Emerging Protestant maritime powers , particularly England and The Netherlands , and other third parties such as Roman Catholic France , did not recognize the division of the world between only two Roman Catholic nations brokered by the pope . Tordesillas meridian ( edit ) Early Tordesillas lines in South America ( 1495 -- 1545 ) The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands . It did not specify the line in degrees , nor did it identify the specific island or the specific length of its league . Instead , the treaty stated that these matters were to be settled by a joint voyage which never occurred . The number of degrees can be determined via a ratio of marine leagues to degrees applied to the Earth regardless of its assumed size , or via a specific marine league applied to the true size of the Earth , called `` our sphere '' by historian Henry Harrisse . The earliest Aragonese opinion was provided by Jaime Ferrer in 1495 at the request of the Aragonese king and Castilian queen to those monarchs . He stated that the demarcation line was 18 ° west of the most central island of the Cape Verde Islands , which is Fogo according to Harrisse , having a longitude of 24 ° 25'W of Greenwich , hence Ferrer placed the line at 42 ° 25'W on his sphere , which was 21.1 % larger than our sphere . Ferrer also stated that his league contained 32 Olympic stades , or 6.15264 km according to Harrisse , thus Ferrer 's line was 2,276.5 km west of Fogo at 47 ° 37'W on our sphere . Cantino planisphere depicting the meridian , 1502 The earliest surviving Portuguese opinion is on the Cantino planisphere of 1502 . Because its demarcation line was midway between Cape Saint Roque ( northeast cape of South America ) and the mouth of the Amazon River ( its estuary is marked Todo este mar he de agua doçe -- `` All of this sea is fresh water '' -- and its river is marked Rio grande , `` great river '' ) , Harrisse concluded that the line was at 42 ° 30'W on our sphere . Harrisse believed the large estuary just west of the line on the Cantino map was that of the Rio Maranhão ( this estuary is now the Baía de São Marcos and the river is now the Mearim ) , whose flow is so weak that its gulf does not contain fresh water . In 1518 another Castilian opinion was provided by Martin Fernandez de Enciso . Harrisse concluded that Enciso placed his line at 47 ° 24'W on his sphere ( 7.7 % smaller than ours ) , but at 45 ° 38'W on our sphere using Enciso 's numerical data . Enciso also described the coastal features near which the line passed in a very confused manner . Harrisse concluded from this description that Enciso 's line could also be near the mouth of the Amazon between 49 ° and 50 ° W . In 1524 the Castilian pilots ( ships ' captains ) Thomas Duran , Sebastian Cabot ( son of John Cabot ) , and Juan Vespuccius ( nephew of Amerigo Vespucci ) gave their opinion to the Badajoz Junta , whose failure to resolve the dispute led to the Treaty of Saragossa . They specified that the line was 22 ° plus nearly 9 miles west of the center of Santo Antão ( the westernmost Cape Verde island ) , which Harrisse concluded was 47 ° 17'W on their sphere ( 3.1 % smaller than ours ) and 46 ° 36'W on our sphere . In 1524 the Portuguese presented a globe to the Badajoz Junta on which the line was marked 21 ° 30 ' west of Santo Antão ( 22 ° 6'36 '' on our sphere ) . Anti-meridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Treaty of Zaragoza Dutch map of the Moluccas ( north is at right ) Initially , the line of demarcation did not encircle the Earth . Instead , Spain and Portugal could conquer any new lands they were the first to discover , Spain to the west and Portugal to the east , even if they passed each other on the other side of the globe . But Portugal 's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres . After the surviving ships of Magellan 's fleet visited the Moluccas in 1521 , Spain claimed that those islands were within its western hemisphere . In 1523 , the Treaty of Vitoria called for the Badajoz Junta to meet in 1524 , at which the two countries tried to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian but failed . They finally agreed in a treaty signed at Zaragoza that Spain would relinquish its claims to the Moluccas upon the payment of 350,000 ducats ( ≈ 100 kg ) of gold by Portugal to Spain . To prevent Spain from encroaching upon Portugal 's Moluccas , the anti-meridian was to be 297.5 leagues or 17 ° to the east of the Moluccas , passing through the islands of Las Velas and Santo Thome . This distance is slightly smaller than the 300 leagues determined by Magellan as the westward distance from los Ladrones to the Philippine island of Samar , which is just west of due north of the Moluccas . The Moluccas are a group of islands west of New Guinea . However , unlike the large modern Indonesian archipelago of the Maluku Islands , to 16th - century Europeans the Moluccas were a small chain of islands , the only place on Earth where cloves grew , just west of the large north Malukan island of Halmahera ( called Gilolo at the time ) . Cloves were so prized by Europeans for their medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold . 16th - and 17th - century maps and descriptions indicate that the main islands were Ternate , Tidore , Moti , Makian and Bacan , although the last was often ignored even though it was by far the largest island . The principal island was Ternate at the chain 's northern end ( 0 ° 47'N , only 11 kilometres ( 7 mi ) in diameter ) on whose southwest coast the Portuguese built a stone fort ( Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate ) during 1522 -- 23 , which could only be repaired , not modified , according to the Treaty of Saragossa . This north - south chain occupies two degrees of latitude bisected by the equator at about 127 ° 24'E , with Ternate , Tidore , Moti , and Makian north of the equator and Bacan south of it . Although the treaty 's Santo Thome island has not been identified , its `` Islas de las Velas '' ( Islands of the Sails ) appear in a 1585 Spanish history of China , on the 1594 world map of Petrus Plancius , on an anonymous map of the Moluccas in the 1598 London edition of Linschoten , and on the 1607 world map of Petro Kærio , identified as a north - south chain of islands in the northwest Pacific , which were also called the `` Islas de los Ladrones '' ( Islands of the Thieves ) during that period . Their name was changed by Spain in 1667 to `` Islas de las Marianas '' ( Mariana Islands ) , which include Guam at their southern end . Guam 's longitude of 144 ° 45'E is east of the Moluccas ' longitude of 127 ° 24'E by 17 ° 21 ' , which is remarkably close by 16th - century standards to the treaty 's 17 ° east . This longitude passes through the eastern end of the main north Japanese island of Hokkaidō and through the eastern end of New Guinea , which is where Frédéric Durand placed the demarcation line . Moriarty and Keistman placed the demarcation line at 147 ° E by measuring 16.4 ° east from the western end of New Guinea ( or 17 ° east of 130 ° E ) . Despite the treaty 's clear statement that the demarcation line passes 17 ° east of the Moluccas , some sources place the line just east of the Moluccas . The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas , nor did it validate Spain 's claim to equal hemispheres ( 180 ° each ) , so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres . Portugal 's portion was roughly 191 ° whereas Spain 's portion was roughly 169 ° . Both portions have a large uncertainty of ± 4 ° because of the wide variation in the opinions regarding the location of the Tordesillas line . Portugal gained control of all lands and seas west of the Saragossa line , including all of Asia and its neighboring islands so far `` discovered , '' leaving Spain most of the Pacific Ocean . Although the Philippines were not named in the treaty , Spain implicitly relinquished any claim to them because they were well west of the line . Nevertheless , by 1542 , King Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines , judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices . Although a number of expeditions sent from New Spain arrived in the Philippines , they were unable to establish a settlement because the return route across the Pacific was unknown . King Philip II succeeded in 1565 when he sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Andres de Urdaneta , establishing the initial Spanish trading post at Cebu and later founding Manila in 1571 . Besides Brazil and the Moluccas , Portugal eventually controlled Angola , Mozambique , Portuguese Guinea , and São Tomé and Príncipe ( among other territories and bases ) in Africa ; several bases or territories as Muscat , Ormus and Bahrein in the Persian Gulf , Goa , Bombay and Daman and Diu ( among other coastal cities ) in India ; Ceylon , and Malacca , bases in present - day Indonesia as Makassar , Solor and Ambon , Portuguese Timor , the entrepôt - base of Macau and the entrepôt - enclave of Dejima ( Nagasaki ) in the Far East . Spain , on the other hand , would control vast western regions in the Americas , in areas ranging from the present - day United States to present - day Argentina , an empire that would extend to the Philippines , and bases in Ternate and Formosa ( 17th century ) . Portuguese and Spanish empires ( anachronous world maps ) Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire alongside Iberian Union Iberian Union ( 1581 -- 1640 ) Effect on other European powers ( edit ) The treaty was historically important in dividing Latin America , as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific until 1898 . However , it quickly became obsolete in North America , and later in Asia and Africa , where it affected colonization . It was ignored by other European nations , and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power , the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims , much less expand them into poorly explored areas . Thus , with sufficient backing , it became possible for any European state to colonize open territories , or those weakly held by Lisbon or Madrid . With the fall of Malacca to the Dutch , the VOC ( Dutch East India Company ) took control of Portuguese possessions in Indonesia , claiming Western New Guinea and Western Australia , as New Holland . Eastern Australia remained in the Spanish half of the world until claimed for Britain by James Cook in 1770 . The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France 's King Francis I , `` Show me Adam 's will ! '' The Treaty of Madrid ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Madrid ( 13 January 1750 ) In January 13 , 1750 , King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid , in which both parts sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America , admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas , as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded , and was considered void . Spain was acknowledged sovereignty over the Philippines , while Portugal would get the territory of the Amazon River basin . Portugal would relinquish the colony of Sacramento , on the northern bank of the River Plata in modern - day Uruguay , while getting the territory of the Seven Missions . Modern claims ( edit ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole , as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish ( or Portuguese ) all undiscovered land south to the Pole . Indonesia took possession of Netherlands New Guinea in 1962 , supporting its claim by stating the Empire of Majapahit had included western New Guinea , and that it was part of the Treaty of Tordesillas . The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland / Malvinas Islands . See also ( edit ) Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery History of Portugal ( 1415 -- 1578 ) List of treaties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 370 leagues equals 2,193 km , 1,362 statute miles , or 1,184 nautical miles . These figures use the legua náutica ( nautical league ) of four Roman miles totaling 5.926 km , which was used by Spain during the 15th , 16th , and 17th centuries for navigation . In 1897 Henry Harrise noted that Jaime Ferrer , the expert consulted by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , stated that a league was four miles of six stades each . Modern scholars agree that the geographic stade was the Roman or Italian stade , not any of several other Greek stades , supporting these figures . Harrise is in the minority when he uses the stade of 192.27 m marked within the stadium at Olympia , Greece , resulting in a league ( 32 stades ) of 6.153 km , 3.8 % larger . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 ) . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institute of Washington , 1917 ) , 100 . Jump up ^ In the European Portuguese pronunciation . Brazilians might variously pronounce it as ( tɾɐˈtadʊ dʑɪ toɾdeˈziʎəs ) in São Paulo , ( tɾəˈtadu dʑi to̞ʀde̞ˈziʎəɕ ) in Rio de Janeiro and ( tɾaˈtadu dʑi tɔʁdɛˈziʎəs ) in Salvador , Bahia and ( tɾɐˈtadu di tɔɦde̞ˈziʎəs ) in Recife . Jump up ^ Chardon , Roland ( 1980 ) . `` The linear league in North America '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 70 : 129 -- 153 ( pp. 142 , 144 , 151 ) . JSTOR 2562946 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1980. tb01304. x . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 85 -- 97 , 176 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Newlyn Walkup , Eratosthenes and the mystery of the stades Jump up ^ Engels , Donald ( 1985 ) . `` The length of Eratosthenes ' stade '' . American Journal of Philology. 106 : 298 -- 311 . JSTOR 295030 . doi : 10.2307 / 295030 . Jump up ^ Davenport , 85 , 171 . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 4 May 1493 ) . Inter Caetera . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 25 September 1493 ) ( in Latin ) . Dudum siquidem . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Parry , J.H. ( 1973 ) . The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 . London : Cardinal . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 16603 - 4 . Jump up ^ Davenport , ed. , 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Leslie Ronald Marchant , The Papal Line of Demarcation and Its Impact in the Eastern Hemisphere on the Political Division of Australia , 1479 -- 1829 ( Greenwood , Western Australia : Woodside Valley Foundation , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 74126 - 423 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crow , John A. ( 1992 ) . The Epic of Latin America ( Fourth ed . ) . University of California Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 198 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 202 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 205 . Jump up ^ Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . pp. 194 Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 91 -- 97 , 178 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 100 -- 102 , 190 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 103 -- 108 , 122 , 192 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 138 -- 139 , 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Edward Gaylord Bourne , `` Historical Introduction '' , in Blair . Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 2 Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 3 Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt , 1874 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Andaya , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Corn , p. xxiv . `` I split the nut , once more valuable than gold . '' Jump up ^ Gavan Daws and Marty Fujita , Archipelago : The Islands of Indonesia , ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 ) , p. 98 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21576 - 1 ( early 1500s ) . Jump up ^ `` The Portuguese in the Moluccas and in the Lesser Sunda Islands by Marco Ramerini , 1600s '' . Colonialvoyage.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt Society , 1874 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Andaya , p. 117 . After the Iberian Union ( 1580 -- 1640 ) and the effective Dutch conquest of the Moluccas ( 1605 -- 1611 , pp. 152 -- 3 ) , the fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1666 during their retreat to the Philippines . ( p. 156 ) Jump up ^ Knowlton , p. 341 . The islands were named both las Velas and los Ladrones in a quote from Father Juan González de Mendoza in Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran Reino de la China ( History of the most remarkable things , rites and customs of the great Kingdom of China , 1585 ) . Jump up ^ Cortesao , p. 224 , with detailed maps naming each island on several maps . Jump up ^ ed . John O.E. Clark , 100 Maps ( New York : Sterling , 2005 ) p. 115 , ISBN 1 - 4027 - 2885 - 9 . Jump up ^ Le Réseau Asie ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The cartography of the Orientals and Southern Europeans in the beginning of the western exploration of South - East Asia from the middle of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIIth century by Frédéric Durand '' . Reseau-asie.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Philip II Orders the Journey of the First Manila Galleon '' . The Journal of San Diego History ( Volume 12 , Number 2 ed . ) . April 1966 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lines in the sea by Giampiero Francalanci and others , p. 3 about 129 ° E or only 1.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Lines of Demarcation 1529 about 134 ° E or 6.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Infoblatt Das Zeitalter der großen Entdeckungsfahrten about 135 ° E or 7.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Miller , James Rodger ( 2000 - 06 - 01 ) . Skyscrapers hide the heavens : a history of Indian - white relations in Canada . p. 20 . ISBN 9780802081537 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ José Damião Rodrigues , Pedro Aires Oliveira ( 2014 ) História da Expansão e do Império Português ed . Esfera dos Livros , p. 266 - 267 Jump up ^ `` National Interests And Claims In The Antarctic '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Laver , Roberto ( 2001 ) . The Falklands / Malvinas case . Springer . pp. 67 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1534 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Edward G. Bourne , ' The History and Determination of the Line of Demarcation by Pope Alexander VI , between the Spanish and Portuguese Fields of Discovery and Colonization ' , American Historical Association , Annual Report for 1891 , Washington , 1892 ; Senate Miscellaneous Documents , Washington , Vol. 5 , 1891 -- 92 , pp. 103 -- 30 . James R Akerman , The Imperial Map ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2009 ) 138 . Leonard Y . Andaya , The world of Maluku : Eastern Indonesia in the early modern period ( Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1490 - 8 . Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 - 1803 ( vol 1 of 55 ) ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 - 1909 ) , containing complete English translations of both treaties and related documents . Stephen R. Bown , 1494 : How a family feud in medieval Spain divided the world in half ( New York : Thomas Dunne Books , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61612 - 0 . Charles Corn , The Scents of Eden : A Narrative of the Spice Trade , ( New York : Kodansha , 1998 ) , ISBN 1 - 56836 - 202 - 1 . Cortesao , Armando ( 1939 ) . `` Antonio Pereira and his map of circa 1545 '' . Geographical Review . 29 : 205 -- 225 . doi : 10.2307 / 209943 . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institution of Washington , 1917 / 1967 ) . Translation of the Treaty of Tordesillas by Davenport . Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . Knowlton , Edgar C. ( 1963 ) . `` China and the Philippines in El Periquillo Sarniento '' . Hispanic Review . 31 : 336 -- 347 . doi : 10.2307 / 472212 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Tordesillas ( Tratado de Tordesillas ) . Treaty of Tordesillas ( about.com ) Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese ) from Archivo General de Indias Treaty of Tordesillas English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK Compact Between the Catholic Sovereigns and the King of Portugal Regarding the Demarcation and the Division of the Ocean Sea English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK VIAF : 232145857902923021282 LCCN : n82219907 GND : 4185720 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&oldid=804636789 '' Categories : 1494 in Portugal 1494 in Spain 1529 in law 1490s treaties History of North America History of South America History of the Americas Latin American history Ferdinand II of Aragon Geopolitical rivalry Isabella I of Castile Lines of longitude Memory of the World Register Portugal -- Spain relations Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire Spanish colonization of the Americas History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal Treaties of the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Portuguese Empire Spain in the Age of Discovery Portugal in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 07 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
spain and portugal divide the world between them in
[ "The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas [tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðɨˈziʎɐʃ],[3] Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas [tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas]), signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues[note 1] west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola)." ]
[ "The Treaty of Tordesillas" ]
-1057341961574086659
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mum every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly , awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react encouraged and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 4 October 2014 ) . `` Why Cristin Milioti Sobbed for Her Character in ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=836704260 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 11 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does ted meet the mother in how i met your mother
[]
[]
-3285458435945037174
Fauna of India
Fauna of India - Wikipedia Fauna of India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Wildlife of India Biodiversity ( show ) Flora Fauna Lists Amphibians Ants Birds Butterflies Fish Mammals Molluscs Moths Odonates Reptiles Spiders Endangered animals Protected areas ( show ) Biosphere reserves Wildlife sanctuaries Conservation areas Private protected areas Reserved and protected forests Conservation and community reserves Communal forests Lists National parks Ramsar Sites Conservation ( show ) Projects Tiger Elephant Acts of Parliament Indian Forest Act 1927 Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Wildlife Protection Act 2002 Organisations ( show ) National Ministry of Environment and Forests National Biodiversity Authority Indian Forest Service / Survey Forest Institute Wildlife Institute Tiger Conservation Authority Zoo Authority International Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ( CITES ) International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) South Asian Zoo Association ( SAZARC ) World Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( WAZA ) World Society for the Protection of Animals ( WSPA ) World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) Related topics ( show ) Indian natural history Environmental issues Fossil parks Forestry Tourism Lists Ecoregions Botanical gardens Zoological gardens Portal Bengal tiger Indian elephant Asiatic lion Indian rhinoceros Indian bison Indian peafowl Indian cobra Elephas ganesa a fossil elephant from the Siwaliks Illustration of a Himalayan quail from A.O. Hume 's work . Last seen in 1876 Nilgiri langur Indian vulture Red panda Olive ridley turtle India has some of the world 's most biodiverse regions . The political boundaries of India encompass a wide range of ecozones -- desert , high mountains , highlands , tropical and temperate forests , swamplands , plains , grasslands , areas surrounding rivers , as well as island archipelago . It hosts 4 biodiversity hotspots : the Western Ghats , the Himalayas , the Indo - Burma region and the Sundaland ( Includes Nicobar group of Islands ) . These hotspots have numerous endemic species . India , for the most part , lies within the Indomalaya ecozone , with the upper reaches of the Himalayas forming part of the Palearctic ecozone ; the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to be the altitudinal boundary between the Indo - Malayan and Palearctic zones . India displays significant biodiversity . One of seventeen megadiverse countries , it is home to 7.6 % of all mammalian , 12.6 % of all avian , 6.2 % of all reptilian , 4.4 % of all amphibian , 11.7 % of all fish , and 6.0 % of all flowering plant species . The region is also heavily influenced by summer monsoons that cause major seasonal changes in vegetation and habitat . India forms a large part of the Indomalayan biogeographical zone and many of the floral and faunal forms show Malayan affinities with only a few taxa being unique to the Indian region . The unique forms includes the snake family Uropeltidae found only in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka . Fossil taxa from the Cretaceous show links to the Seychelles and Madagascar chain of islands . The Cretaceous fauna include reptiles , amphibians and fishes and an extant species demonstrating this phylogeographical link is the purple frog . The separation of India and Madagascar is traditionally estimated to have taken place about 88 million years ago . However , there are suggestions that the links to Madagascar and Africa were present even at the time when the Indian subcontinent met Eurasia . India has been suggested as a ship for the movement of several African taxa into Asia . These taxa include five frog families ( including the Myobatrachidae ) , three caecilian families , a lacertid lizard and freshwater snails of the family Potamiopsidae . A thirty million year old Ologocene era fossil tooth from the Bugti Hills of central Pakistan has been identified as from a lemur - like primate , prompting controversial suggestions that the lemurs may have originated in Asia . Lemur fossils from India in the past led to theories of a lost continent called Lemuria . This theory however was dismissed when continental drift and plate tectonics became well established . The flora and fauna of India have been studied and recorded from early times in folk traditions and later by researchers following more formal scientific approaches ( See Natural history in India ) . Game laws are reported from the third century BC . A little under 5 % of this total area is formally classified under protected areas . India is home to several well - known large mammals , including the Asian elephant , Bengal tiger , Asiatic lion , leopard and Indian rhinoceros . Some of these animals are engrained in culture , often being associated with deities . These large mammals are important for wildlife tourism in India , and several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these needs . The popularity of these charismatic animals have helped greatly in conservation efforts in India . The tiger has been particularly important , and Project Tiger , started in 1972 , was a major effort to conserve the tiger and its habitats . Project Elephant , though less known , started in 1992 and works for elephant protection . Most of India 's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga National Park . Some other well - known large Indian mammals are : ungulates such as the water buffalo , nilgai , gaur and several species of deer and antelope . Some members of the dog family such as the Indian wolf , Bengal fox , golden jackal and the dhole or wild dogs are also widely distributed . It is also home to the striped hyaena . Many smaller animals such as macaques , langurs and mongoose species are especially well known due to their ability to live close to or inside urban areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diversity 2 Biodiversity hotspots 2.1 The Western Ghats 2.2 The Eastern Himalayas 3 Extinct and fossil forms 3.1 Recent extinctions 4 Species estimates 5 Taxonomic lists and indices 5.1 Animals 5.1. 1 Invertebrates 5.1. 2 Vertebrates 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Diversity ( edit ) There is insufficient information about the invertebrate and lower forms of India , with significant work having been done only in a few groups of insects , notably the butterflies , odonates , hymenoptera , the larger coleoptera and heteroptera . Few concerted attempts to document the biodiversity have been made since the publication of The Fauna of British India , Including Ceylon and Burma series . There are about 2,546 species of fishes ( about 11 % of the world species ) found in Indian waters . About 197 species of amphibians ( 4.4 % of the world total ) and more than 408 reptile species ( 6 % of the world total ) are found in India . Among these groups the highest levels of endemism are found in the amphibians . There are about 1,250 species of birds from India , with some variations , depending on taxonomic treatments , accounting for about 12 % of the world species . There are about 410 species of mammals known from India , which is about 8.86 % of the world species . India has the most number of cat species than any other country . The World Conservation Monitoring Centre gives an estimate of about 15,000 species of flowering plants in India . Biodiversity hotspots ( edit ) The Western Ghats ( edit ) Main article : Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a chain of hills that run along the western edge of peninsular India . Their proximity to the ocean and through orographic effect , they receive high rainfall . These regions have moist deciduous forest and rain forest . The region shows high species diversity as well as high levels of endemism . Nearly 77 % of the amphibians and 62 % of the reptile species found here are found nowhere else . The region shows biogeographical affinities to the Malayan region , and the Satpura hypothesis proposed by Sunder Lal Hora suggests that the hill chains of Central India may have once formed a connection with the forests of northeastern India and into the Indo - Malayan region . Hora used torrent stream fishes to support the theory , but it was also suggested to hold for birds . Later studies have suggested that Hora 's original model species were a demonstration of convergent evolution rather than speciation by isolation . More recent phylogeographic studies have attempted to study the problem using molecular approaches . There are also differences in taxa which are dependent on time of divergence and geological history . Along with Sri Lanka this region also shows some fauna similarities with the Madagascan region especially in the reptiles and amphibians . Examples include the Sinophis snakes , the purple frog and Sri Lankan lizard genus Nessia which appears similar to the Madagascan genus Acontias . Numerous floral links to the Madagascan region also exist . An alternate hypothesis that these taxa may have originally evolved out - of - India has also been suggested . Bio geographical quirks exist with some taxa of Malayan origin occurring in Sri Lanka but absent in the Western Ghats . These include insects groups such as the plants such as those of the genus Nepenthes . The eastern Himalayas ( edit ) The Eastern Himalayas is the region encompassing Bhutan , northeastern India , and southern , central , and eastern Nepal . The region is geologically young and shows high altitudinal variation . It has nearly 163 globally threatened species including the one - horned rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) , the Wild Asian water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ( Arnee ) ) and in all 45 mammals , 50 birds , 17 reptiles , 12 amphibians , 3 invertebrate and 36 plant species . The relict dragonfly ( Epiophlebia laidlawi ) is an endangered species found here with the only other species in the genus being found in Japan . The region is also home to the Himalayan newt ( Tylototriton verrucosus ) , the only salamander species found within Indian limits . Extinct and fossil forms ( edit ) During the early Tertiary period , the Indian tableland , what is today peninsular India , was a large island . Prior to becoming an island it was connected to the African region . During the tertiary period this island was separated from the Asian mainland by a shallow sea . The Himalayan region and the greater part of Tibet lay under this sea . The movement of the Indian subcontinent into the Asian landmass created the great Himalayan ranges and raised the sea bed into what is today the plains of northern India . Once connected to the Asian mainland , many species moved into India . The Himalayas were created in several upheavals . The Siwaliks were formed in the last and the largest number of fossils of the Tertiary period are found in these ranges . The Siwalik fossils include mastodons , hippopotamus , rhinoceros , sivatherium , a large four - horned ruminant , giraffe , horses , camels , bison , deer , antelope , gorillas , pigs , chimpanzees , orangutans , baboons , langurs , macaques , cheetahs , sabre - toothed cats , lions , tigers , sloth bear , Aurochs , leopards , wolves , dholes , porcupines , rabbits and a host of other mammals . Many fossil tree species have been found in the intertrappean beds including Grewioxylon from the Eocene and Heritieroxylon keralensis from the middle Miocene in Kerala and Heritieroxylon arunachalensis from the Mio - Pliocene of Arunachal Pradesh and at many other places . The discovery of Glossopteris fern fossils from India and Antarctica led to the discovery of Gondwanaland and led to the greater understanding of continental drift . Fossil Cycads are known from India while seven Cycad species continue to survive in India . Titanosaurus indicus was perhaps the first dinosaur discovered in India by Richard Lydekker in 1877 in the Narmada valley . This area has been one of the most important areas for paleontology in India . Another dinosaur known from India is Rajasaurus narmadensis , a heavy - bodied and stout carnivorous abelisaurid ( theropod ) dinosaur that inhabited the area near present - day Narmada river . It was 9 m in length and 3 m in height and somewhat horizontal in posture with a double - crested crown on the skull . Some fossil snakes from the Cenozoic era are also known . Some scientists have suggested that the Deccan lava flows and the gases produced were responsible for the global extinction of dinosaurs however these have been disputed . Himalayacetus subathuensis the oldest - known whale fossil of the family Protocetidae ( Eocene ) , about 53.5 million years old was found in the Simla hills in the foothills of the Himalayas . This area was underwater ( in the Tethys sea ) during the Tertiary period ( when India was an island off Asia ) . This whale may have been capable of living partly on land . Other fossil whales from India include Remingtonocetus approximately 43 - 46 million years old . Several small mammal fossils have been recorded in the intertrappean beds , however larger mammals are mostly unknown . The only major primate fossils have been from the nearby region of Myanmar . See also Geology of India Recent extinctions ( edit ) The exploitation of land and forest resources by humans along with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the extinction of many species in India in recent times . Probably the first species to vanish during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation was the species of wild cattle , Bos primegenius nomadicus or the wild zebu , which vanished from its range in the Indus valley and western India , possibly due to inter-breeding with domestic cattle and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat . Notable mammals which became or are presumed extinct within the country itself include the Indian / Asiatic cheetah , Javan rhinoceros and Sumatran rhinoceros . While some of these large mammal species are confirmed extinct , there have been many smaller animal and plant species whose status is harder to determine . Many species have not been seen since their description . Hubbardia heptaneuron , a species of grass that grew in the spray zone of the Jog Falls prior to the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir , was thought to be extinct but a few were rediscovered near Kolhapur . Some species of birds have gone extinct in recent times , including the pink - headed duck ( Rhodonessa caryophyllacea ) and the Himalayan quail ( Ophrysia superciliosa ) . A species of warbler , Acrocephalus orinus , known earlier from a single specimen collected by Allan Octavian Hume from near Rampur in Himachal Pradesh was rediscovered after 139 years in Thailand . Similarly , the Jerdon 's courser ( Rhinoptilus bitorquatus ) , named after the zoologist Thomas C. Jerdon who discovered it in 1848 , was rediscovered in 1986 by Bharat Bhushan , an ornithologist at the Bombay Natural History Society after being thought to be extinct . Species estimates ( edit ) Glimpses of biodiversity An estimate of the numbers of species by group in India is given below . This is based on Alfred , 1998 . Taxonomic Group World species Indian species % in India PROTISTA Protozoa 31250 2577 8.24 Total ( Protista ) 31250 2577 8.24 ANIMALIA Mesozoa 71 10 14.08 Porifera 4562 486 10.65 Cnidaria 9916 842 8.49 Ctenophora 100 12 12 Platyhelminthes 17500 1622 9.27 Nemertinea 600 Rotifera 2500 330 13.2 Gastrotricha 3000 100 3.33 Kinorhyncha 100 10 10 Nematoda 30000 2850 9.5 Nematomorpha 250 Acanthocephala 800 229 28.62 Sipuncula 145 35 24.14 Mollusca 66535 5070 7.62 Echiura 127 43 33.86 Annelida 12700 840 6.61 Onychophora 100 Arthropoda 987949 68389 6.9 Crustacea 35534 2934 8.26 Insecta 853000 53400 6.83 Arachnida 73440 7.9 Pycnogonida 600 2.67 Pauropoda 360 Chilopoda 3000 100 3.33 Diplopoda 7500 162 2.16 Symphyla 120 3.33 Merostomata 50 Phoronida 11 27.27 Bryozoa ( Ectoprocta ) 4000 200 5 Endoprocta 60 10 16.66 Brachiopoda 300 Pogonophora 80 Praipulida 8 Pentastomida 70 Chaetognatha 111 30 27.02 Tardigrada 514 30 5.83 Echinodermata 6223 765 12.29 Hemichordata 120 12 10 Chordata 48451 4952 10.22 Protochordata ( Cephalochordata + Urochordata ) 2106 119 5.65 Pisces 21723 2546 11.72 Amphibia 7533 350 4.63 Reptilia 5817 456 7.84 Aves 9026 1232 13.66 Mammalia 4629 390 8.42 Total ( Animalia ) 1196903 868741 7.25 Grand Total ( Protosticta + Animalia ) 1228153 871318 7.09 Taxonomic lists and indices ( edit ) A praying mantis Harpegnathos saltator An Idiopid spider endemic to India Deccan mahseer Tor khudree This section provides links to lists of species of various taxa found in India . Animals ( edit ) Invertebrates ( edit ) Molluscs List of non-marine molluscs of India Arachnids Spiders of India Insects Odonata Dragonflies and damselflies of India Lepidoptera Butterflies of India Papilionid butterflies of India Pierid butterflies of India Nymphalid butterflies of India Lycaenid butterflies of India Hesperid butterflies of India Riodinid butterflies of India Moths of India Hymenoptera Ants of India Vertebrates ( edit ) Fishes of India Amphibians of India Reptiles of India Snakes of India Birds of South Asia Birds in India Mammals of India See also ( edit ) Endemic birds of South Asia Ecoregions in India Indian natural history Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Flora and fauna of Karnataka List of Indian state birds Endangered Mammals of India Flora of India The Fauna of British India , Including Ceylon and Burma . Wildlife of India Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve , Andaman and Nicobar Islands , India Endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , India India Nature Watch Birding in Chennai Birdwatchers ' Field Club of Bangalore Temple Reef References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ministry of Environment , Forest & Climate Change , Govt of India . `` ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity , Botanical Survey of India , Kolkata , West Bengal '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 9 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dr S.K. Puri . `` Biodiversity Profile of India ( Text Only ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jean - Claude Rage ( 2003 ) Relationships of the Malagasy fauna during the Late Cretaceous : Northern or Southern routes ? Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 ( 4 ) : 661 - 662 PDF Archived 14 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Briggs , JC ( 2003 ) The biogeographic and tectonic history of India . Journal of Biogeography , 30 : 381 -- 388 Jump up ^ Marivaux L. , Welcome J. - L. , Antoine P-O. , Métais G. , Baloch I.M. , Benammi M. , Chaimanee Y. , Ducrocq S. , and Jaeger J. - J. ( 2001 ) A fossil lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan . Science , 294 : 587 -- 591 . Jump up ^ Oligocene Lemur fossil hints at Asian origin . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ Krausman , PR & AJT Johnsingh ( 1990 ) Conservation and wildlife education in India . Wildl . Soc . Bull . 18 : 342 - 347 Jump up ^ Project Tiger Accessed Feb , 2007 Jump up ^ Project Elephant Archived 19 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed Feb , 2007 Jump up ^ WCMC website Archived 28 November 2001 at the Library of Congress Jump up ^ Nameer , PO ( 1998 ) . Checklist of Indian mammals . Kerala Forest Department , Thiruvananthapuram Jump up ^ Sharma , B.K. ; Kulshreshtha , Seema ; Rahmani , Asad R. ( 2013 - 09 - 14 ) . Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan , India : General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 482 . ISBN 9781461408000 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , R.J.R. ( 2001 ) Endemic fishes of the Western Ghats and the Satpura hypothesis . Current Science 81 ( 3 ) : 240 - 244 Jump up ^ Ripley , Dillon S. ( 1947 ) Avian relicts and double invasions in Peninsular India and Ceylon . Evolution 2 : 150 - 159 Jump up ^ Karanth , P.K. ( 2003 ) Evolution of disjunct distributions among wet - zone species of the Indian subcontinent : Testing various hypotheses using a phylogenetic approach Current Science , 85 ( 9 ) : 1276 - 1283 Jump up ^ Biswas , S. and Pawar S.S. ( 2006 ) Phylogenetic tests of distribution patterns in South Asia : towards an integrative approach ; J. Biosci. 31 95 -- 113 Jump up ^ affinities Jump up ^ Bio geography of Madagascar Jump up ^ Karanth , P. 2006 Out - of - India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota . Current Science 90 ( 6 ) : 789 - 792 Jump up ^ Conservation International 2006 Archived 25 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ecosystem Profile : Eastern Himalayas Region , 2005 Jump up ^ Amphibian Species of the World - Desmognathus imitator Dunn , 1927 Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Prater , S.H. ( 1971 ) The Book of Indian Animals . BNHS Jump up ^ Stewart R. Hinsley Notes on fossil wood . Retrieved September 2006 . Jump up ^ Robert Buckler ( 1999 ) A brief review of the fossil cycads . PDF Jump up ^ Royal Botanical Gardens , Sydney , Australia Jump up ^ Singh , Rita , P. Radha ( 2006 ) A new species of Cycas from the Malabar Coast , Western Ghats , India . Volume 58 ( 2 ) : 119 - 123 Jump up ^ Rajasaurus and Indian Dinosaur . Geological Survey of India . PDF Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rage J. - C. , Bajpai S. , Thewissen J.G.M. & Tiwari B.N. 2003 . Early Eocene snakes from Kutch , Western India , with a review of the Palaeophiidae . Geodiversitas 25 ( 4 ) : 695 - 716 PDF Jump up ^ Floodvolcanism is the main cause of mass extinctions : Nice try , but where is the evidence ? PDF Jump up ^ Volcanism Archived 4 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Whale fossils Jump up ^ Bajpai , S. and Gingerich P.D. ( 1998 ) A new Eocene archaeocete ( Mammalia , Cetacea ) from India and the time of origin of whales Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 : 15464 -- 15468 PDF Archived 22 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rangarajan , M. ( 2006 ) India 's Wildlife History , p. 4 ISBN 81 - 7824 - 140 - 4 Jump up ^ Vivek Menon ( 2003 ) . A field guide to Indian mammals . Dorling Kindersley , Delhi . ISBN 0 - 14 - 302998 - 3 . Jump up ^ IUCN Species Survival Commission ( SSC ) E-Bulletin - December 2002 . Retrieved October 2006 . Jump up ^ Threatened birds of Asia Archived 13 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Nation , March 6 , 2007 Archived 27 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alfred , J.R.B. ( 1998 ) Faunal Diversity in India : An Overview : In Faunal Diversity in India , i - viii Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , 1 - 495 . ( Editors . Alfred , JRB , et al. , 1998 ) . ENVIS Centre , Zoological Survey of India , Calcutta . Further reading ( edit ) SPECIES CHECKLIST : Species Diversity in India ; ENVIS Centre : Wildlife & Protected Areas ( Secondary Database ) ; Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) Biodiversity of India : List of all mammals of India and their taxonomic status based on data from the IBIN Portal , Encyclopedia of Life and Catalogue of Life 2010 checklist . ENVIS Centre : Wildlife & Protected Areas ( Secondary Database ) ; Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sights of India ; ENVIS ; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests , Government of India . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animals of India . Tata Energy Research Institute Alliance for Zero extinction The official Indian Environment information site Biodiversity of India , a community - driven , Mediawiki based initiative to document the biodiversity of India . Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife Fauna of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fauna_of_India&oldid=814695358 '' Categories : Fauna of India Indomalaya ecozone fauna Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use Indian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ދިވެހިބަސް Italiano മലയാളം Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 10 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which state of india was richest flora and fauna
[]
[]
7826740923410466701
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate - wikipedia Adenosine triphosphate Jump to : navigation , search Adenosine - 5 ' - triphosphate Identifiers CAS Number 56 - 65 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 15422 ChEMBL ChEMBL14249 ChemSpider 5742 DrugBank DB00171 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 258 IUPHAR / BPS 1713 KEGG C00002 PubChem CID 5957 UNII 8L70Q75FXE InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C10H16N5O13P3 / c11 - 8 - 5 - 9 ( 13 - 2 - 12 - 8 ) 15 ( 3 - 14 - 5 ) 10 - 7 ( 17 ) 6 ( 16 ) 4 ( 26 - 10 ) 1 - 25 - 30 ( 21 , 22 ) 28 - 31 ( 23 , 24 ) 27 - 29 ( 18 , 19 ) 20 / h2 - 4 , 6 - 7 , 10 , 16 - 17H , 1H2 , ( H , 21 , 22 ) ( H , 23 , 24 ) ( H2 , 11 , 12 , 13 ) ( H2 , 18 , 19 , 20 ) / t4 - , 6 - , 7 - , 10 - / m1 / s1 Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUSA - N Key : ZKHQWZAMYRWXGA - KQYNXXCUBG SMILES ( show ) O = P ( O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OC ( C@H ) 3O ( C @ @ H ) ( n2cnc1c ( ncnc12 ) N ) ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C @ @ H ) 3O c1nc ( c2c ( n1 ) n ( cn2 ) ( C@H ) 3 ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C @ @ H ) ( ( C@H ) ( O3 ) COP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) OP ( = O ) ( O ) O ) O ) O ) N Properties Chemical formula C H N O P Molar mass 507.18 g / mol Density 1.04 g / cm ( disodium salt ) Melting point 187 ° C ( 369 ° F ; 460 K ) disodium salt ; decomposes Acidity ( pK ) 6.5 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes . Found in all forms of life , ATP is often referred to as the `` molecular unit of currency '' of intracellular energy transfer . When consumed in metabolic processes , it converts to either the di - or monophosphates , respectively ADP and AMP . Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day . It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA . From the perspective of biochemistry , ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate , which indicates that it consists of three components , a nitrogenous base ( adenine ) , the sugar ribose , and the triphosphate . It is used in cells as a coenzyme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Binding of metal cations to ATP 2 Chemical properties 3 Production from AMP and ADP 3.1 Production , aerobic conditions 3.1. 1 Glycolysis 3.1. 1.1 Regulation 3.1. 2 Citric acid cycle 3.1. 2.1 Regulation 3.1. 3 Beta oxidation 3.1. 3.1 Regulation 3.2 Production , anaerobic conditions 3.3 ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases 3.4 ATP production during photosynthesis 3.5 ATP recycling 4 Other biochemical functions 4.1 Intracellular signaling 4.2 DNA and RNA synthesis 4.3 Amino acid activation in protein synthesis 4.4 ATP binding cassette transporter 4.5 Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision 5 ATP analogues 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) In terms of its structure , ATP consists of an adenine attached by the 9 - nitrogen atom to the 1 ′ carbon atom of a sugar ( ribose ) , which in turn is attached at the 5 ′ carbon atom of the sugar to a triphosphate group . In its many reactions related to metabolism , the adenine and sugar groups remain unchanged , but the triphosphate is converted to di - and monophosphate , giving respectively the derivatives ADP and AMP . The three phosphoryl groups are referred to as the alpha ( α ) , beta ( β ) , and , for the terminal phosphate , gamma ( γ ) . In neutral solution , ionized ATP exists mostly as ATP , with a small proportion of ATP . Binding of metal cations to ATP ( edit ) Being polyanionic and featuring a potentially chelatable polyphosphate group , ATP binds metal cations with high affinity . The binding constant for Mg is ( 9554 ) . The binding of a divalent cation , almost always magnesium , strongly affects the interaction of ATP with various proteins . Due to the strength of the ATP - Mg interaction , ATP exists in the cell mostly as a complex with Mg bonded to the phosphate oxygen centers . A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain . The presence of Mg regulates kinase activity . Chemical properties ( edit ) Salts of ATP can be isolated as colorless solids . ATP is stable in aqueous solutions between pH 6.8 and 7.4 , but it is rapidly hydrolysed at more extreme pH 's . ATP hydrolyses to ADP and phosphate . Living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP at a point ten orders of magnitude from equilibrium , with ATP concentrations fivefold higher than the concentration of ADP . In the context of biochemical reactions , these anhydride bonds are frequently referred to as high - energy bonds . The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate releases 30.5 kJ / mol of enthalpy , with a change in free energy of 3.4 kJ / mol . The energy released by cleaving either a phosphate ( P ) or pyrophosphate ( PP ) unit from ATP at standard state of 1 M are : ATP + H O → ADP + P ΔG ° = − 30.5 kJ / mol ( − 7.3 kcal / mol ) ATP + H O → AMP + PP ΔG ° = − 45.6 kJ / mol ( − 10.9 kcal / mol ) These abbreviated equations can be written more explicitly ( R = adenosyl ) : ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - P ( O ) - O - PO ) + ( PO ) + 2 H ( RO - P ( O ) - O-P ( O ) - O - PO ) + H O → ( RO - PO ) + ( O P-O - PO ) + 2 H This image shows a 360 - degree rotation of a single , gas - phase magnesium - ATP chelate with a charge of − 2 . The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP / 6 - 311 + + G ( d , p ) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure . Production from AMP and ADP ( edit ) Production , aerobic conditions ( edit ) With a typical intracellular concentration of 1 -- 10 mM , ATP is abundant . The dephosphorylation of ATP and rephosphorylation of ADP and AMP occur repeatedly in the course of aerobic metabolism . ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes ; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are ( 1 ) glycolysis , ( 2 ) the citric acid cycle / oxidative phosphorylation , and ( 3 ) beta - oxidation . The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide , the combination of pathways 1 and 2 , is known as cellular respiration , produces about 30 equivalents of ATP from each molecule of glucose . ATP production by a non-photosynthetic aerobic eukaryote occurs mainly in the mitochondria , which comprise nearly 25 % of the volume of a typical cell . Glycolysis ( edit ) Main article : Glycolysis In glycolysis , glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate . Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes , PGK and pyruvate kinase . Two equivalents of NADH are also produced , which can be oxidized via the electron transport chain and result in the generation of additional ATP by ATP synthase . The pyruvate generated as an end - product of glycolysis is a substrate for the Krebs Cycle . Glycolysis is viewed as consisting of two phases with five steps each . Phase 1 , `` the preparatory phase '' , glucose is converted to 2 d - glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( g3p ) . One ATP is invested in the Step 1 , and another ATP is invested in Step 3 . Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are referred to as `` Priming Steps '' . In Phase 2 , two equivalents of g3p are converted to two pyruvates . In Step 7 , two ATP are produced . In addition , in Step 10 , two further equivalents of ATP are produced . In Steps 7 and 10 , ATP is generated from ADP . A net of two ATPs are formed in the glycolysis cycle . The glycolysis pathway is later associated with the Citric Acid Cycle which produces additional equivalents of ATP . Regulation ( edit ) In glycolysis , hexokinase is directly inhibited by its product , glucose - 6 - phosphate , and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself . The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase ( PFK ) , which is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and activated by high concentrations of AMP . The inhibition of PFK by ATP is unusual , since ATP is also a substrate in the reaction catalyzed by PFK ; the active form of the enzyme is a tetramer that exists in two conformations , only one of which binds the second substrate fructose - 6 - phosphate ( F6P ) . The protein has two binding sites for ATP -- the active site is accessible in either protein conformation , but ATP binding to the inhibitor site stabilizes the conformation that binds F6P poorly . A number of other small molecules can compensate for the ATP - induced shift in equilibrium conformation and reactivate PFK , including cyclic AMP , ammonium ions , inorganic phosphate , and fructose - 1 , 6 - and - 2 , 6 - biphosphate . Citric acid cycle ( edit ) Main articles : Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation In the mitochondrion , pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group , which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle ( also known as the Krebs cycle ) . Every `` turn '' of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide , one equivalent of ATP guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) through substrate - level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl - CoA synthetase , as succinyl - CoA is converted to Succinate , three equivalents of NADH , and one equivalent of FADH . NADH and FADH are recycled ( to NAD and FAD , respectively ) , generating additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation . The oxidation of NADH results in the synthesis of 2 -- 3 equivalents of ATP , and the oxidation of one FADH yields between 1 -- 2 equivalents of ATP . The majority of cellular ATP is generated by this process . Although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen , it is an obligately aerobic process because O is used to recycle the NADH and FADH . In the absence of oxygen , the citric acid cycle ceases . The generation of ATP by the mitochondrion from cytosolic NADH relies on the malate - aspartate shuttle ( and to a lesser extent , the glycerol - phosphate shuttle ) because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD . Instead of transferring the generated NADH , a malate dehydrogenase enzyme converts oxaloacetate to malate , which is translocated to the mitochondrial matrix . Another malate dehydrogenase - catalyzed reaction occurs in the opposite direction , producing oxaloacetate and NADH from the newly transported malate and the mitochondrion 's interior store of NAD . A transaminase converts the oxaloacetate to aspartate for transport back across the membrane and into the intermembrane space . In oxidative phosphorylation , the passage of electrons from NADH and FADH through the electron transport chain pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space . This pumping generates a proton motive force that is the net effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . Flow of protons down this potential gradient -- that is , from the intermembrane space to the matrix -- yields ATP by ATP synthase . Three ATP are produced per turn . Most of the ATP synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol ; thus it must be exported from its site of synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix . ATP outward movement is favored by the membrane 's electrochemical potential because the cytosol has a relatively positive charge compared to the relatively negative matrix . For every ATP transported out , it costs 1 H. One ATP costs about 3 H. Therefore , making and exporting one ATP requires 4H The inner membrane contains an antiporter , the ADP / ATP translocase , which is an integral membrane protein used to exchange newly synthesized ATP in the matrix for ADP in the intermembrane space . This translocase is driven by the membrane potential , as it results in the movement of about 4 negative charges out of the mitochondrial membrane in exchange for 3 negative charges moved inside . However , it is also necessary to transport phosphate into the mitochondrion ; the phosphate carrier moves a proton in with each phosphate , partially dissipating the proton gradient . After completing glycolysis , the Citric Acid Cycle , electrons transport chain , and oxidative phosphorylation , approximately 30 - 38 ATP are produced per glucose . Regulation ( edit ) The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates , particularly the ratio of NAD to NADH and the concentrations of calcium , inorganic phosphate , ATP , ADP , and AMP . Citrate -- the ion that gives its name to the cycle -- is a feedback inhibitor of citrate synthase and also inhibits PFK , providing a direct link between the regulation of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis . Beta oxidation ( edit ) Main article : Beta - oxidation In the presence of air and various cofactors and enzymes , fatty acids are degraded to acetyl - CoA . The pathway is called beta - oxidation . Each cycle of beta - oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms and produces one equivalent each of NADH and one FADH . The NADH and FADH are used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation . Dozens of ATP equivalents are generated by the beta - oxidation of a single long acyl chain . The acetyl - CoA produced by beta - oxidation can be subsequently metabolized by the citric acid cycle , yielding further equivalents of ATP . Regulation ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , the key control point is the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase , which is regulated by the availability of its substrate -- the reduced form of cytochrome c . The amount of reduced cytochrome c available is directly related to the amounts of other substrates : ​ ⁄ NADH + cyt c + ADP + P ⇌ ​ ⁄ NAD + cyt c + ATP which directly implies this equation : ( c y t c r e d ) ( c y t c o x ) = ( ( N A D H ) ( N A D ) + ) 1 2 ( ( A D P ) ( P i ) ( A T P ) ) K e q ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( red ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( cyt ~ c_ ( ox ) ) ) ) ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( NADH ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( NAD ) ) ^ ( + ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( ADP ) ) ( \ mathrm ( P_ ( i ) ) ) ) ( ( \ mathrm ( ATP ) ) ) ) \ right ) K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) Thus , a high ratio of ( NADH ) to ( NAD ) or a high ratio of ( ADP ) ( P ) to ( ATP ) imply a high amount of reduced cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity . An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm . Production , anaerobic conditions ( edit ) Fermentation is the metabolism of organic compounds in the absence of air . It involves substrate - level phosphorylation in the absence of a respiratory electron transport chain . The equation for the oxidation of glucose to lactic acid is : C O → 2 CH CH ( OH ) COOH + 2 ATP Anaerobic respiration is respiration in the absence of O . Prokaryotes can utilize a variety of electron acceptors . These include nitrate , sulfate , and carbon dioxide . ATP replenishment by nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( edit ) ATP can also be synthesized through several so - called `` replenishment '' reactions catalyzed by the enzyme families of nucleoside diphosphate kinases ( NDKs ) , which use other nucleoside triphosphates as a high - energy phosphate donor , and the ATP : guanido - phosphotransferase family . ATP production during photosynthesis ( edit ) In plants , ATP is synthesized in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast . The process is called photophosphorylation . The `` machinery '' is similar to that in mitochondria except that light energy is used to pump protons across a membrane to produce a proton - motive force . ATP synthase then ensues exactly as in oxidative phosphorylation . Some of the ATP produced in the chloroplasts is consumed in the Calvin cycle , which produces triose sugars . ATP recycling ( edit ) The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.2 moles . The majority of ATP is recycled from ADP by the aforementioned processes . Thus , at any given time , the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant . The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily , which is around 50 to 75 kg . A human will typically use up his or her body weight of ATP over the course of the day . Each equivalent of ATP is recycled 500 - 750 times during a single day ( 100 / 0.2 = 500 ) . An example of the Rossmann fold , a structural domain of a decarboxylase enzyme from the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis ( PDB : 1G5Q ​ ) with a bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor . Other biochemical functions ( edit ) Intracellular signaling ( edit ) ATP is involved signal transduction by serving as substrate for kinases , enzymes that transfer phosphate groups . Kinases are the most common ATP - binding proteins . They share a small number of common folds . Phosphorylation of a protein by a kinase can activate a cascade such as the mitogen - activated protein kinase cascade . ATP is also a substrate of adenylate cyclase , most commonly in G protein - coupled receptor signal transduction pathways and is transformed to second messenger , cyclic AMP , which is involved in triggering calcium signals by the release of calcium from intracellular stores . This form of signal transduction is particularly important in brain function , although it is involved in the regulation of a multitude of other cellular processes . DNA and RNA synthesis ( edit ) ATP is one of four `` monomers '' required in the synthesis of RNA . The process is promoted by RNA polymerases . A similar process occurs in the formation of DNA , except that ATP is first converted to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP . Like many condensation reactions in nature , DNA replication and DNA transcription also consumes ATP . Amino acid activation in protein synthesis ( edit ) Main article : Amino acid activation Aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase enzymes consume ATP in the attachment tRNA to amino acids , forming aminoacyl - tRNA complexes . Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP - amino acid to tRNA . The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps : aa + ATP ⟶ aa - AMP + PP aa - AMP + tRNA ⟶ aa - tRNA + AMP The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3 ′ - end of the tRNA ( the A in the sequence CCA ) via an ester bond ( roll over in illustration ) . ATP binding cassette Transporter ( edit ) Transporting chemicals out of a cell against a gradient is often associated with ATP hydrolysis . Transport is mediated by ATP binding cassette transporters . The human genome encodes 48 ABC transporters , that are used for exporting drugs , lipids , and other compounds . Extracellular signalling and neurotransmision ( edit ) Cells secrete ATP to communicate with other cells in a process called purinergic signalling . ATP serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system , modulates cilliary beating , affects vascular oxygen supply etc . ATP is either secreted directly across the cell membrane through channel proteins or is pumped into vesicles which then fuse with the membrane . Cells detect ATP using the purinergic receptor proteins P2X and P2Y . ATP analogues ( edit ) Biochemistry laboratories often use in vitro studies to explore ATP - dependent molecular processes . ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP , often together with other substrates . Enzyme inhibitors of ATP - dependent enzymes such as kinases are needed to examine the binding sites and transition states involved in ATP - dependent reactions . Most useful ATP analogs can not be hydrolyzed as ATP would be ; instead they trap the enzyme in a structure closely related to the ATP - bound state . Adenosine 5 ′ - ( γ - thiotriphosphate ) is an extremely common ATP analog in which one of the gamma - phosphate oxygens is replaced by a sulfur atom ; this anion is hydrolyzed at a dramatically slower rate than ATP itself and functions as an inhibitor of ATP - dependent processes . In crystallographic studies , hydrolysis transition states are modeled by the bound vanadate ion . Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of experiments using ATP analogs , since some enzymes can hydrolyze them at appreciable rates at high concentration . History ( edit ) ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann and Jendrassik and , independently , by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School , both teams competing against each other to find an assay for phosphorus . It was proposed to be the intermediary between energy - yielding and energy - requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941 . It was first synthesized in the laboratory by Alexander Todd in 1948 . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 was divided , one half jointly to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and the other half to Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion - transporting enzyme , Na+ , K+ - ATPase . See also ( edit ) Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) Adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) Adenosine - tetraphosphatase Adenosine methylene triphosphate ATPases ATP test ATP hydrolysis Citric acid cycle ( also called the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle ) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) Nucleotide exchange factor Phosphagen Photophosphorylation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knowles , J. R. ( 1980 ) . `` Enzyme - catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49 : 877 -- 919 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 49.070180. 004305 . PMID 6250450 . Jump up ^ Törnroth - Horsefield , S. ; Neutze , R. ( December 2008 ) . `` Opening and closing the metabolite gate '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 105 ( 50 ) : 19565 -- 19566 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0810654106 . PMC 2604989 . PMID 19073922 . ^ Jump up to : Storer , A. ; Cornish - Bowden , A. ( 1976 ) . `` Concentration of MgATP and other ions in solution . Calculation of the true concentrations of species present in mixtures of associating ions '' . Biochem. J. 159 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1590001 . PMC 1164030 . PMID 11772 . Jump up ^ Wilson , J. ; Chin , A. ( 1991 ) . `` Chelation of divalent cations by ATP , studied by titration calorimetry '' . Anal . Biochem. 193 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / 0003 - 2697 ( 91 ) 90036 - S. PMID 1645933 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel , L. ; Altschuld , R. ; Garfinkel , D. ( 1986 ) . `` Magnesium in cardiac energy metabolism '' . J. Mol . Cell . Cardiol. 18 ( 10 ) : 1003 -- 1013 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2828 ( 86 ) 80289 - 9 . PMID 3537318 . Jump up ^ Saylor , P. ; Wang , C. ; Hirai , T. ; Adams , J. ( 1998 ) . `` A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain of the oncoprotein v - Fps '' . Biochemistry . 37 ( 36 ) : 12624 -- 12630 . doi : 10.1021 / bi9812672 . PMID 9730835 . Jump up ^ Lin , X. ; Ayrapetov , M ; Sun , G. ( 2005 ) . `` Characterization of the interactions between the active site of a protein tyrosine kinase and a divalent metal activator '' . BMC Biochem. 6 : 25 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2091 - 6 - 25 . PMC 1316873 . PMID 16305747 . Jump up ^ Budavari , Susan , ed. ( 2001 ) , The Merck Index : An Encyclopedia of Chemicals , Drugs , and Biologicals ( 13th ed . ) , Merck , ISBN 0911910131 Jump up ^ Ferguson , S. J. ; Nicholls , David ; Ferguson , Stuart ( 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 ( 3rd ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Academic . ISBN 0 - 12 - 518121 - 3 . Jump up ^ Berg , J. M. ; Tymoczko , J. L. ; Stryer , L. ( 2003 ) . Biochemistry . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . p. 376 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4684 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chance , B. ; Lees , H. ; Postgate , J. G. ( 1972 ) . `` The Meaning of `` Reversed Electron Flow '' and `` High Energy Electron '' in Biochemistry `` . Nature . 238 ( 5363 ) : 330 -- 331 . doi : 10.1038 / 238330a0 . PMID 4561837 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , E. ; Steckler , D. ; Goldberg , R. ( 1986 ) . `` Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis of adenosine 5 ′ - triphosphate to adenosine 5 ′ - diphosphate '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 261 ( 27 ) : 12733 -- 12737 . PMID 3528161 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8724 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beis , I. ; Newsholme , E. A. ( October 1 , 1975 ) . `` The contents of adenine nucleotides , phosphagens and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates '' . Biochem. J. 152 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 32 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1520023 . PMC 1172435 . PMID 1212224 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P. R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochem. Soc . Trans . 31 ( 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . ^ Jump up to : Lodish , H. ; Berk , A. ; Matsudaira , P. ; Kaiser , C. A. ; Krieger , M. ; Scott , M. P. ; Zipursky , S. L. ; Darnell , J. ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . New York , NY : W. H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Voet , D. ; Voet , J. G. ( 2004 ) . Biochemistry . 1 ( 3rd ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19350 - 0 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , J. ; Leslie , A. ; Lutter , R. ; Walker , J. ( 1994 ) . `` Structure at 2.8 Å resolution of F1 - ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria '' . Nature . 370 ( 6491 ) : 621 -- 628 . doi : 10.1038 / 370621a0 . PMID 8065448 . ^ Jump up to : Dahout - Gonzalez , C. ; Nury , H. ; Trézéguet , V. ; Lauquin , G. ; Pebay - Peyroula , E. ; Brandolin , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular , functional , and pathological aspects of the mitochondrial ADP / ATP carrier '' . Physiology. 21 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 249 . doi : 10.1152 / physiol. 00005.2006 . PMID 16868313 . Jump up ^ Ronnett , G. ; Kim , E. ; Landree , L. ; Tu , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` Fatty acid metabolism as a target for obesity treatment '' . Physiol . Behav. 85 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physbeh. 2005.04. 014 . PMID 15878185 . Jump up ^ Allen , J. ( 2002 ) . `` Photosynthesis of ATP - electrons , proton pumps , rotors , and poise '' . Cell. 110 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 276 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 02 ) 00870 - X . PMID 12176312 . Jump up ^ Scheeff , E. ; Bourne , P. ( 2005 ) . `` Structural evolution of the protein kinase - like superfamily '' . PLoS Comput. Biol. 1 ( 5 ) : e49 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pcbi. 0010049 . PMC 1261164 . PMID 16244704 . Jump up ^ Mishra , N. ; Tuteja , R. ; Tuteja , N. ( 2006 ) . `` Signaling through MAP kinase networks in plants '' . Arch . Biochem. Biophys. 452 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. abb. 2006.05. 001 . PMID 16806044 . Jump up ^ Kamenetsky , M. ; Middelhaufe , S. ; Bank , E. ; Levin , L. ; Buck , J. ; Steegborn , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Molecular details of cAMP generation in mammalian cells : a tale of two systems '' . J. Mol. Biol. 362 ( 4 ) : 623 -- 639 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2006.07. 045 . PMC 3662476 . PMID 16934836 . Jump up ^ Hanoune , J. ; Defer , N. ( 2001 ) . `` Regulation and role of adenylyl cyclase isoforms '' . Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41 : 145 -- 174 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. pharmtox. 41.1. 145 . PMID 11264454 . Jump up ^ Joyce , C. M. ; Steitz , T. A. ( 1995 ) . `` Polymerase structures and function : variations on a theme ? '' . J. Bacteriol. 177 ( 22 ) : 6321 -- 6329 . doi : 10.1128 / jb. 177.22. 6321 - 6329.1995 . PMC 177480 . PMID 7592405 . Jump up ^ Borst , P. ; Elferink , R. Oude ( 2002 ) . `` Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 71 : 537 -- 592 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 71.102301. 093055 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Romanov , Roman A. ; Lasher , Robert S. ; High , Brigit ; Savidge , Logan E. ; Lawson , Adam ; Rogachevskaja , Olga A. ; Zhao , Haitian ; Rogachevsky , Vadim V. ; Bystrova , Marina F. ; Churbanov , Gleb D. ; Adameyko , Igor ; Harkany , Tibor ; Yang , Ruibiao ; Kidd , Grahame J. ; Marambaud , Philippe ; Kinnamon , John C. ; Kolesnikov , Stanislav S. ; Finger , Thomas E. ( 2018 ) . `` Chemical synapses without synaptic vesicles : Purinergic neurotransmission through a CALHM1 channel - mitochondrial signaling complex '' . Science Signaling. 11 ( 529 ) : eaao1815 . doi : 10.1126 / scisignal. aao1815 . ISSN 1945 - 0877 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Gerhard ( 2015 ) . `` ATP release through pannexon channels '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 370 ( 1672 ) : 20140191 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2014.0191 . ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 4455760 . Jump up ^ Larsson , Max ; Sawada , Keisuke ; Morland , Cecilie ; Hiasa , Miki ; Ormel , Lasse ; Moriyama , Yoshinori ; Gundersen , Vidar ( 2012 ) . `` Functional and Anatomical Identification of a Vesicular Transporter Mediating Neuronal ATP Release '' . Cerebral Cortex. 22 ( 5 ) : 1203 -- 1214 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhr203 . ISSN 1460 - 2199 . Jump up ^ Resetar , A. M. ; Chalovich , J. M. ( 1995 ) . `` Adenosine 5 ′ - ( gamma - thiotriphosphate ) : an ATP analog that should be used with caution in muscle contraction studies '' . Biochemistry . 34 ( 49 ) : 16039 -- 16045 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00049a018 . PMID 8519760 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Lohmann '' . www.nndb.com . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lohmann , K. ( August 1929 ) . `` Über die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel '' ( On the pyrophosphate fraction in muscle ) . Naturwissenschaften ( in German ) . 17 ( 31 ) : 624 -- 625 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01506215 . Jump up ^ `` The Determination of Phosphorus and the Discovery of Phosphocreatine and ATP : the Work of Fiske and SubbaRow '' . Jump up ^ Maruyama , K. ( March 1991 ) . `` The discovery of adenosine triphosphate and the establishment of its structure '' . J. Hist. Biol. 24 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00130477 . Jump up ^ Lipmann , F. ( 1941 ) . `` Metabolic generation and utilization of phosphate bond energy '' . Adv . Enzymol. 1 : 99 -- 162 . ISSN 0196 - 7398 . Jump up ^ `` History : ATP first discovered in 1929 '' . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adenosine triphosphate . ATP bound to proteins in the PDB ScienceAid : Energy ATP and Exercise PubChem entry for Adenosine Triphosphate KEGG entry for Adenosine Triphosphate Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Inosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP c - di - AMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP Enzyme cofactors Active forms vitamins TPP / ThDP ( B ) FMN , FAD ( B ) NAD , NADH , NADP , NADPH ( B ) Coenzyme A ( B ) PLP / P5P ( B ) Biotin ( B ) THFA / H FA , DHFA / H FA , MTHF ( B ) AdoCbl , MeCbl ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( C ) Phylloquinone ( K ) , Menaquinone ( K ) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem ( A , B , C , O ) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin / Molybdenum cofactor PQQ THB / BH THMPT / H MPT metal ions Ca Cu Fe , Fe Mg Mn Mo Ni Zn Base forms vitamins : see vitamins Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Food science General Allergy Engineering Microbiology Nutrition Diet clinical Processing Processing aids Quality Sensory analysis Discrimination testing Rheology Storage Technology Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water Food preservation Biopreservation Canning Cold chain Curing Drying Fermentation Freeze - drying Freezing Hurdle technology Irradiation Jamming Jellying Jugging Modified atmosphere Pascalization Pickling Potting Confit Potjevleesch Salting Smoking Sugaring Tyndallization Vacuum packing Food industry Manufacturing Packaging Marketing Foodservice Fortification Food safety Adulterants , food contaminants 3 - MCPD Aldicarb Cyanide Formaldehyde Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Flavorings Monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) Salt Sugar High - fructose corn syrup Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Escherichia coli O104 : H4 Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Parasitic infections through food Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins , poisons , environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 Taiwan food scandal 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2013 Taiwan food scandal 2014 Taiwan food scandal 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal 2017 -- 18 South African listeriosis outbreak Food safety incidents in China Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation , standards , watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Quality Assurance International Institutions Centre for Food Safety European Food Safety Authority Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Food substitutes Artificial fat substitutes Olestra Trans fat Artificial protein substitutes Acid - hydrolyzed vegetable protein Artificial sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Alitame Aspartame Aspartame - acesulfame salt Dulcin Glucin Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Neotame NutraSweet Nutrinova Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sucralose Natural food substitutes Cheese analogues Coffee substitutes Egg substitutes Meat analogues bacon list Milk substitutes Phyllodulcin Salt substitutes Food politics Food power Food security Famine Malnutrition Overnutrition Institutions International Association for Food Protection Food and Drug Administration Food and Agriculture Organization National Agriculture and Food Research Organization National Food and Drug Authority Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . GND : 4143345 - 2 LCCN : sh85000850 NDL : 00560059 NKC : ph880313 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adenosine_triphosphate&oldid=842410702 '' Categories : Adenosine receptor agonists Neurotransmitters Purinergic signalling Cellular respiration Exercise physiology Nucleotides Coenzymes Purines Ergogenic aids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 08 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is meant by tri in adenosine triphosphate
[]
[]
-1644663136028926293
John Carroll Lynch
John Carroll Lynch - wikipedia John Carroll Lynch Jump to : navigation , search John Carroll Lynch Lynch in 2017 ( 1963 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Boulder , Colorado , US Alma mater The Catholic University of America Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brenda Wehle ( m . 1997 ) John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lynch was born August 1 , 1963 , in Boulder , Colorado . He attended Regis Jesuit High School in Denver . He studied theater at The Catholic University of America , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Lynch was a member of the Guthrie Theater company . He starred in several productions , toured with the company and worked there for over eight seasons . Lynch made his feature film debut in Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) . He gained notice starring as Norm Gunderson in the Coen brothers ' film Fargo ( 1996 ) . His other notable films are Face / Off ( 1997 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Gothika ( 2003 ) , Things We Lost in the Fire ( 2007 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love . ( 2011 ) . He portrayed Arthur Leigh Allen in Zodiac ( 2007 ) and the first establisher of McDonald 's , Mac McDonald , in The Founder ( 2016 ) . Lynch has an extensive career in television . He appeared in ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey . He has also been a regular cast member on series such as Close to Home , Carnivàle , Body of Proof and Seasons 4 , 5 and 7 of American Horror Story . Personal life ( edit ) Lynch has been married to actress Brenda Wehle since 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grumpy Old Men Moving Man 1995 The Cure Skipper # 1 Credited as John Lynch Beautiful Girls Frank Womack Fargo Norm Gunderson Feeling Minnesota Cop 1997 Volcano Stan Olber 1997 Face / Off Prison Guard Walton 1998 Mercury Rising Martin Lynch 1998 The Naked Man Sticks ' Driver 1998 Restaurant John English 1999 Anywhere but Here Jack Irwin 1999 Pushing Tin Doctor Freeze 1999 Freak Weather Ed 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Impound Manager Uncredited 2001 Bubble Boy Mr. Livingston 2002 The Good Girl Jack Field 2002 Bug Wallace Gregory 2002 Three Days of Rain Dinner Guest 2003 Gothika Sheriff Ryan 2003 Confidence Leon Ashby Catch That Kid Mr. Hartmunn 2005 Mozart and the Whale Gregory 2005 Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Stewart 2007 Full of It Mr. Leonard 2007 Zodiac Arthur Leigh Allen 2007 Things We Lost in the Fire Howard Glassman 2008 Gran Torino Barber Martin 2009 Love Happens Walter Sympathy for Delicious Evangelist Carroll Shutter Island Deputy Warden McPherson Hesher Larry 2011 Paul Moses Buggs 2011 Crazy , Stupid , Love . Bernie Riley 2012 Lay the Favorite Dave Greenberg 2013 The Pretty One Frank 2014 Camp X-Ray Col. James Drummond 2015 Hot Pursuit Captain Emmett 2015 Ted 2 Tom Jessup 2015 The Invitation Pruitt 2016 Miracles from Heaven Pastor Scott 2016 Jackie Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 The Founder Mac McDonald 2017 Lucky N / A Directorial debut 2017 Anything Early Landry 2018 Private Life Post-production 2018 White Orchid Sheriff Mann Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Frasier Actor playing Franklin Episode : `` The Show Where Diane Comes Back '' Murder One Officer Carl Bickley Episode : `` Chapter Thirteen '' The Client Frank Episode : `` Damn Yankees '' Voice from the Grave Prosecutor O'Gane Television film A Friend 's Betrayal Mr. Franks Television film 1996 , 1997 Life 's Work District Attorney Agee / Crazy Larry 2 episodes 1997 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Steve Carey 72 episodes 1997 The Practice Dr. Robert Larson Episode : `` Search and Seizure '' 1997 The Visitor Joe York Episode : `` Going Home '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Robert R. Gilruth 2 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Gerald Moss Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' 1999 Late Last Night Sgt. Van Wyck Television film 1999 Tuesdays with Morrie Walter Moran Television film 2000 The Fugitive Raynor Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 The West Wing Jack Episode : `` Galileo '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Sonny Green Episode : `` The Race '' 2002 Live from Baghdad John Holliman Television film 2003 The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire Mayor Garrett Shaw 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Close to Home Steve Sharpe 21 episodes 2005 Carnivàle Varlyn Stroud 12 episodes 2005 American Dad ! Mr. Simms ( voice ) Episode : `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' 2007 -- 2008 K - Ville Captain James Embry 11 episodes 2007 Big Love Officer Chuck Tuttle 2 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Mr. Reed Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' 2009 Monk Kurt Pressman Episode : `` Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Arnold Episode : `` Bloodsport '' 2010 -- 2012 The Glades Mike Ogletree 2 episodes How to Make It in America Larry Episode : `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Bud Morris 26 episodes 2013 Do No Harm Will Hayes 10 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Ned Dooley 2 episodes 2014 House of Lies Gil Selby 2 episodes 2014 The Americans Fred 6 episodes 2014 Manhattan Daniel Ellis 2 episodes 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Twisty the Clown 5 episodes 2014 Us & Them Ed Episode : `` Coeds & Carburetors '' 2015 -- 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel John Wayne Gacy 2 episodes 2015 The Walking Dead Eastman Episode : `` Here 's Not Here '' 2016 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies James Rivington 6 episodes 2016 Billions Mr. Gilbert Episode : `` The Punch '' 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Twisty the Clown 2 episodes 2017 Channel Zero : The No - End House John Sleator 6 episodes 2018 Crawford Owen Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television The Walking Dead Nominated 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actor The Invitation Nominated Camerimage Directors ' Debuts Competition Lucky Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Haifa International Film Festival Carmel Award for Best Film Nominated Fedeora Award - Directors of Tomorrow Won Locarno Festival Golden Leopard Nominated Price of the Ecumenical Jury Won 22nd Satellite Awards Special Achievement Award for Best First Feature Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Rovi via The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( S ) ome sources cite May 11 , 1961 '' , per `` John Carroll Lynch Biography ( 1963 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Relations : Arts & Entertainment '' . The Catholic University of America . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch lands juicy role in ' Freak Show ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Guthrie Theater . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Wehle Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS ' DEBUTS COMPETITION '' . Camerimage.pl . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carmel Competition - International Film Competition 2017 '' . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Best Israeli Feature Film Award -- `` The Testament '' `` . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Festival on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . External links ( edit ) John Carroll Lynch on IMDb VIAF : 58811189 LCCN : no2005039010 GND : 1140027840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carroll_Lynch&oldid=819003196 '' Categories : 1963 births American male film actors American male television actors Catholic University of America alumni Living people Male actors from Boulder , Colorado Male actors from Denver 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays the clown in american horror story season 4
[ "John Carroll Lynch (born August 1, 1963)[1][2] is an American actor and director. He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo. He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character's cross-dressing brother, Steve Carey, as well as on American Horror Story: Freak Show and American Horror Story: Cult as Twisty the Clown. His films include Face/Off, Gran Torino, Shutter Island, Ted 2, The Invitation, and Zodiac. Most recently, he portrayed McDonald's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder. He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky." ]
[ "John Carroll Lynch" ]
-6907268464876597029
Dragon Ball Z
Dragon Ball Z - wikipedia Dragon Ball Z Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z ドラゴンボール Z ( Doragon Bōru Zetto ) Genre Martial arts , science fantasy Anime television series Directed by Daisuke Nishio ( # 1 -- 199 ) Produced by Kenji Shimizu Kōji Kaneda ( # 118 -- 291 ) Written by Takao Koyama Music by Shunsuke Kikuchi Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network First - run syndication , Cartoon Network ( Toonami ) Original run April 26 , 1989 -- January 31 , 1996 Episodes 291 ( List of episodes ) Anime television series Dragon Ball Z Kai Directed by Yasuhiro Nowatari Music by Kenji Yamamoto ( 1 -- 95 ) Shunsuke Kikuchi ( 96 -- 98 ; re-aired 1 -- 95 ) Norihito Sumitomo ( 99 -- 159 ~ 167 ) Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network Nicktoons , Adult Swim Original run April 5 , 2009 -- March 27 , 2011 Continued run : April 6 , 2014 -- June 28 , 2015 Episodes 159 ( Japan ) 167 ( International ) ( List of episodes ) Dragon Ball franchise Dragon Ball ( manga ) Dragon Ball ( anime ) Dragon Ball GT Dragon Ball Super Anime and Manga portal Dragon Ball Z ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール Z ( ゼット ) , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation . Dragon Ball Z is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519 - chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama , that were published from 1988 to 1995 in Weekly Shōnen Jump . Dragon Ball Z first aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26 , 1989 to January 31 , 1996 , before being dubbed in several territories around the world , including the United States , Australia , Europe , India , and Latin America . Dragon Ball Z follows the adventures of the protagonist Goku who , along with his companions , defends the Earth against an assortment of villains ranging from intergalactic space fighters and conquerors , unnaturally powerful androids and nearly indestructible creatures . While the original Dragon Ball anime followed Goku from his childhood into adulthood , Dragon Ball Z is a continuation of his adult life , but at the same time parallels the maturation of his sons , Gohan and Goten , as well as the evolution of his rivals Piccolo and Vegeta from enemies into allies . Due to the success of the anime in the United States , the manga chapters comprising its story were initially released by Viz Media under the title Dragon Ball Z . Additional works called animanga were released , which adapt the animation to manga form . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the Dragon Ball universe ; including 17 movies and 148 video games , many of them being only released in Japan , and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material . Dragon Ball Z remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations , including a more - recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai . There have also been two sequel series ; Dragon Ball GT ( 1996 -- 1997 ) and Dragon Ball Super ( 2015 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and broadcasting 2.1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.2 Dragon Ball Z Kai 2.2. 1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.3 Editing 3 Music 4 Related media 4.1 Home releases 4.1. 1 Kai 4.2 Manga 4.3 Films 4.4 Television specials and original video animations 4.5 Video games 4.6 Soundtracks 5 Reception 5.1 Cultural impact and legacy 5.2 Ratings 6 Merchandising 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z picks up five years after the end of the Dragon Ball anime , with Son Goku as a young adult and father to his son Gohan . A humanoid alien named Raditz arrives on Earth in a spacecraft and tracks down Goku , revealing to him that he is his long - lost big brother and that they are members of a nearly extinct extraterrestrial race called the Saiyans ( サイヤ 人 , Saiya - jin ) . The Saiyans had sent Goku ( originally named `` Kakarrot '' ) to Earth as an infant to conquer the planet for them , but he suffered a traumatic brain injury soon after his arrival and lost all memory of his mission , as well as his blood - thirsty Saiyan nature . Goku refuses to help Raditz continue the mission , which results in Raditz kidnapping Gohan . Goku decides to team up with his former enemy Piccolo in order to defeat Raditz and save his son , while sacrificing his own life in the process . In the afterlife , Goku trains under Kaiō - sama until he is revived by the Dragon Balls a year later in order to save the Earth from Raditz ' comrades ; Nappa and the Saiyan prince Vegeta . During the battle Piccolo is killed , along with Goku 's allies Yamcha , Tenshinhan and Chaozu , and the Dragon Balls cease to exist because of Piccolo 's death . Goku arrives at the battlefield late , but avenges his fallen friends by defeating Nappa with his new level of power . Vegeta himself enters into the battle with Goku and after numerous clashes , Goku manages to defeat him as well , with the help of Gohan , his best friend Krillin and Yajirobe . At Goku 's request , they spare Vegeta 's life and allow him to escape Earth . During the battle , Krillin overhears Vegeta mentioning the original set of Dragon Balls from Piccolo 's home planet Namek ( ナメック 星 , Namekku - sei ) . While Goku recovers from his injuries at the hospital , Gohan , Krillin and Goku 's oldest friend Bulma depart for Namek in order to use these Dragon Balls to revive their dead friends . However , they discover that Vegeta 's superior , the galactic tyrant Lord Frieza , is already there , seeking the Dragon Balls to be granted eternal life . A fully healed Vegeta arrives on Namek as well , seeking the Dragon Balls for himself , which leads to several battles between him and Frieza 's henchmen . Realizing he is overpowered , Vegeta teams up with Gohan and Krillin to fight the Ginyu Force , a team of mercenaries summoned by Frieza . After Goku finally arrives on Namek , the epic battle with Frieza himself comes to a close when Goku transforms into a fabled Super Saiyan ( 超 サイヤ 人 , Sūpā Saiya - jin ) and defeats him . Upon his return to Earth a year later , Goku encounters a time traveler named Trunks , the future son of Bulma and Vegeta , who warns Goku that two Artificial Humans ( 人造 人間 , Jinzōningen , lit . `` Artificial Humans '' ) will appear three years later , seeking revenge against Goku for destroying the Red Ribbon Army when he was a child . During this time , an evil life form called Cell emerges and after absorbing two of the Artificial Humans to achieve his `` perfect form , '' holds his own fighting tournament to decide the fate of the Earth , called the `` Cell Games '' . After Goku sacrifices his own life a second time , to no avail , Gohan avenges his father by defeating Cell after ascending to the second level of Super Saiyan . Seven years later Goku , who has been briefly revived for one day and meets his youngest son Goten , and his allies are drawn into a fight by the Kaioshin against a magical being named Majin Buu . After numerous battles resulting in the destruction and recreation of the Earth , Goku ( whose life is permanently restored by the Elder Kaioshin ) destroys Majin Buu with a Genki Dama attack containing the energy of everyone on Earth . Goku makes a wish for Buu to be reincarnated as a good person and ten years later , at another martial arts tournament , Goku meets Buu 's human reincarnation , Uub . Leaving the match between them unfinished , Goku departs with Uub to train him to become Earth 's new defender . Production and broadcasting ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes and List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes Kazuhiko Torishima , Akira Toriyama 's editor for Dr. Slump and the first half of Dragon Ball , felt that the Dragon Ball anime 's ratings were gradually declining because it had the same producer that worked on Dr. Slump . Torishima said this producer had this `` cute and funny '' image connected to Toriyama 's work and was missing the more serious tone in the newer series , and therefore asked the studio to change the producer . Impressed with their work on Saint Seiya , he asked its director Kōzō Morishita and writer Takao Koyama to help `` reboot '' Dragon Ball , which coincided with Goku growing up . The new producer explained that ending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money , and the result was the start of Dragon Ball Z . The title was suggested by Toriyama because Z is the last letter of the alphabet and he wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it . Dragon Ball Z is adapted from the final 325 chapters of the manga series which were published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1988 to 1995 . It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31 , 1996 . Because Toriyama was writing the manga during the production of the anime , Dragon Ball Z added original material not adapted from the manga , including lengthening scenes or adding new ones , and adding new attacks and characters not present in the manga . For example , Toriyama was asked to create an additional character for Goku 's training with Kaiō - sama , resulting in the cricket Gregory . Throughout the production , the voice actors were tasked with playing different characters and performing their lines on cue , switching between roles as necessary . The voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing . When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku , Gohan and Goten was difficult , Masako Nozawa said that it was not , and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character 's picture . She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series , there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording , which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult . Series Director Daisuke Nishio left the series after personally directing Episode # 202 . Nishio left the series to become series director of Aoki Densetsu Shoot ! . The role of series director was not officially filled for Episodes # 200 - 291 , despite Nishio 's directing of Episode # 202 . English dub production and broadcasting ( edit ) In 1996 , Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English - language release in North America . They contracted Saban Entertainment to help distribute the series to television , and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution . The Vancouver - based Ocean Studios were hired by Funimation to dub the anime ( Funimation had previously used the Ocean voice cast in their short - lived 1995 dub of Dragon Ball ) . Saban musicians Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet , known for their work on the Power Rangers franchise , composed a new background score and theme song ( nicknamed `` Rock the Dragon '' ) . Funimation 's initial English dub of Dragon Ball Z had mandated cuts to content and length , which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53 . It premiered in the United States on September 13 , 1996 in first - run syndication , but halted production in 1998 after two seasons . This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations , in order to focus on producing original material for the Fox Kids block . Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 ( the end of the dub ) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version , but did not do so . Christopher Sabat ( left ) and Sean Schemmel ( right ) have provided Funimation 's English dub voices for Vegeta and Goku , respectively , since 1999 . On August 31 , 1998 , reruns of this cancelled dub began airing on Cartoon Network as part of the channel 's weekday afternoon programming block Toonami . Due to the success of these re-runs on Toonami , Funimation resumed production on the series ' English dub without Saban 's assistance , but could no longer afford the services of the Ocean voice cast due to financial constraints . This led to Funimation forming its own in - house voice cast at their Texas - based studio . The Saban - produced soundtrack from the first two seasons was replaced with a new background score composed by Bruce Faulconer and his team of musicians , which was used throughout the rest of Funimation 's Dragon Ball Z dub . This renewed dub featured less censorship ( due to fewer restrictions on cable programming ) and aired on Cartoon Network 's Toonami block from September 13 , 1999 , to April 7 , 2003 ; continuing in re-runs through 2008 . Kids ' WB briefly ran Dragon Ball Z in 2001 on its short - lived Toonami block . In 2004 , Pioneer lost its distribution rights to the first 53 / 67 episodes of Dragon Ball Z , allowing Funimation to re-dub them with their in - house voice cast and restore the removed content . This dub 's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson . Funimation 's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network during the summer of 2005 ( in late night , due to the unedited content ) . Funimation 's later remastered DVDs of the series saw minor changes made to their in - house dub for quality and consistency , mostly after the episode 67 gap , and had the option to play the entire series ' dub with both the American and Japanese background music . In January 2011 , Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream Dragon Ball Z within 30 minutes before their simulcast of One Piece . As of 2013 , Dragon Ball Z is being streamed on Hulu , containing the English dub with the Japanese music and uncut footage , as well as subtitled Japanese episodes . The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Belgium , Australia and New Zealand . However , beginning with episode 108 ( 123 uncut ) , AB Groupe and Westwood Media ( in association with Ocean Studios ) produced an alternate English dub . The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK , the Netherlands and Ireland , although it later aired in Canada . Funimation 's in - house dub continued to air in the U.S. , Australia and New Zealand . The Westwood Media production used the same voices from the original short - lived dub syndicated in the USA ( Which later aired on Toonami ) , it featured an alternate soundtrack by Tom Keenlyside and John Mitchell , and it used the same scripts and edits as the TV edit of Funimation 's in - house dub ( although the UK and Europe 's version was slightly edited down from this ) . In Australia , Dragon Ball Z was broadcast by the free - to - air commercial network , Network Ten during morning children 's programming , Cheez TV , originally using the censored Funimation / Saban dub before switching to Funimation 's in - house dub . Dragon Ball Z originally aired on the British Comedy Network in Fall 1998 . Dragon Ball Z Kai ( edit ) See also : List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes In February 2009 , Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a revised version of Dragon Ball Z as part of the series ' 20th - anniversary celebrations . The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5 , 2009 , under the name Dragon Ball Kai . The ending suffix Kai ( 改 「 かい 」 ) in the name means `` updated '' or `` altered '' and reflects the improvements and corrections of the original work . The original footage was remastered for HDTV , featuring updated opening and ending sequences , new music , and a rerecording of the vocal tracks . The original material and any damaged frames were removed to more closely follow the manga , resulting in a faster - moving story . Torishima later explained the origins of Kai ; Bandai was having a hard time increasing their sales and asked if a new Dragon Ball anime could be made . But Toriyama refused to create a new story . Realizing that the anime - exclusive scenes that were added to increase the distance between the original anime and the manga hurt the pacing of the series , Torishima thought of cutting them so that it faithfully followed the manga . He said the reception to Kai was positive and Bandai had a hit with a card game , so it all worked out . The series initially concluded with the finale of the Cell arc , as opposed to including the Majin Buu arc . It was originally planned to run 98 episodes , however , due to the Tōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami , the final episode of Dragon Ball Kai was not aired and the series ended on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27 , 2011 . The 98th episode was later released direct - to - video in Japan on August 2 , 2011 . In November 2012 , Mayumi Tanaka , the Japanese voice of Krillin , announced that she and the rest of the cast were recording more episodes of Dragon Ball Kai . In February 2014 , the Kai adaptation of the Majin Buu arc was officially confirmed . The new run of the series , which is titled Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters internationally , began airing in Japan on Fuji TV on April 6 , 2014 , and ended its run on June 28 , 2015 . The final arc of Kai was originally produced to last 69 episodes ( as most of the international versions run ) , but the Japanese broadcast cut it down to 61 episodes . English dub production and broadcasting ( edit ) Funimation licensed Dragon Ball Kai for an English - language release in North America , under the title Dragon Ball Z Kai . The series was broadcast on Nicktoons from May 24 , 2010 to April 13 , 2013 . In addition to Nicktoons , the series also began airing on The CW 's Saturday morning programming block Toonzai in August 2010 , then on its successor , Vortexx , beginning in August 2012 . Both the Nicktoons and Toonzai / Vortexx airings were edited for content , though the Toonzai / Vortexx version was censored even more so than Nicktoons ( perhaps most notoriously , Mr. Popo was tinted blue ) , most likely due to The CW being a broadcast network . Kai began airing uncut on Adult Swim 's Toonami block in November 2014 , and re-runs of the previous week 's episodes aired at the beginning of Adult Swim proper from February 2015 to June 2016 . CSC Media Group acquired the broadcast rights to Dragon Ball Z Kai in the United Kingdom and began airing it on Kix ! in early 2013 . Despite Kai 's continuation not being officially confirmed at the time even in Japan , Sean Schemmel and Kyle Hebert , the Funimation dub voice actors of Goku and Gohan , announced in April 2013 that they had started recording an English dub for new episodes . In November 2013 , Kai 's Australasian distributor Madman Entertainment revealed that the Majin Buu arc of Kai would be released in 2014 and that they were waiting on dubs to be finished . However , in February 2014 , Funimation officially stated that they did not record for the final arc of Kai . On December 6 , 2016 , Funimation announced the continuation of Kai to begin airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Editing ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z 's original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work . Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing ; but it was the distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work , as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans . These changes included altering every aspect of the show from character names , clothing , scenes and dialogue of the show . The character Mr. Satan was renamed Hercule and this change has been retained in other English media such as Viz 's Dragon Ball Z manga and video games . The dialogue changes would sometimes contradict the scenes itself ; after the apparent fatal explosion of a helicopter , one of the characters said , `` I can see their parachutes ; they 're okay ! '' Funimation 's redub for the 2005 release would address many of the issues raised by Saban , with the uncut releases preserving the integrity of the original Japanese release . During the original Japanese TV airing of Dragon Ball Kai , scenes involving blood and brief nudity were removed . A rumor that Cartoon Network would be airing Kai uncut was met with an official statement to debunk the rumor in June 2010 . Nicktoons would also alter Kai ; it released a preview showcasing these changes which included removing blood and cheek scar from Bardock and altering the color of Roshi 's alcohol . The show was further edited for its broadcast on Toonzai and Vortexx , but the show 's DVD and Blu - ray releases only contained the edits present in the original Japanese version . Steven Simmons , who did the subtitling for Funimation 's home video releases , offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint , addressing several concerns . Simmons said that Gen Fukunaga did not want any swearing on the discs , but because there was no taboo word list Simmons would substitute a variation in the strength of the words by situation with the changes starting in episode 21 . The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes ( -- ) and double - quotes ( `` ) failing to appear , which resulted in confusing dialogue . Music ( edit ) `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' Sample of `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama , the opening theme song for the majority of the show . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Shunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for Dragon Ball Z . The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama . The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is `` We Gotta Power '' also performed by Kageyama . The ending theme used for the first 194 episodes is `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power ! '' ( で て こい とびきり ZENKAI パワー ! , `` Come Out , Incredible Full Power ! '' ) performed by MANNA . The second ending theme used for the remaining episodes is `` Bokutachi wa Tenshi Datta '' ( 僕達 は 天使 だっ た , `` We Used to be Angels '' ) performed by Kageyama . Kenji Yamamoto composed the score for Dragon Ball Kai . The opening theme , `` Dragon Soul '' , and the first ending theme used for the first 54 episodes , `` Yeah ! Break ! Care ! Break ! '' , are both performed by Takayoshi Tanimoto . The second ending theme , used from episodes 55 -- 98 , is `` Kokoro no Hane '' ( 心 の 羽根 , `` Wings of the Heart '' ) performed by Team Dragon , a unit of the idol girl group AKB48 . On March 9 , 2011 , Toei announced that due to Yamamoto 's score infringing on the rights of an unknown third party or parties , the music for remaining episodes and reruns of previous episodes would be replaced . Later reports from Toei stated that with the exception of the series ' opening and closing songs , as well as eyecatch music , Yamamoto 's score was replaced with Shunsuke Kikuchi 's original from Dragon Ball Z . The music for the Majin Buu Saga of Kai is composed by Norihito Sumitomo . The opening theme is `` Kuu Zen Zetsu Go '' ( 空 前 絶 後 ) by Dragon Soul , while the first ending song is `` Haikei , Tsuratsusutora '' ( 拝啓 、 ツラツストラ , `` Dear Zarathustra '' ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America , and the second `` Junjō '' ( 純情 , `` Pure Heart '' ) by Leo Ieiri from episode 112 to 123 . The third ending song is `` Oh Yeah ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '' by Czecho No Republic from episode 124 to 136 , the fourth `` Galaxy '' by Kyūso Nekokami from 137 to 146 , and the fifth is `` Do n't Let Me Down '' by Gacharic Spin from 147 to 159 . The international broadcast features two pieces of theme music . The opening theme , titled `` Fight It Out '' , is performed by rock singer Masatoshi Ono , while the ending theme is `` Never Give Up ! ! ! '' , performed by rhythm and blues vocalist Junear . Related Media ( edit ) Home releases ( edit ) In Japan , Dragon Ball Z did not receive a home video release until 2003 , seven years after its broadcast . This was a remastering of the series in two 26 - disc DVD box sets , that were made - to - order only , released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as `` Dragon Boxes . '' The content of these sets began being released on mass - produced individual 6 - episode DVDs on November 2 , 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7 , 2007 . The international home release structure of Dragon Ball Z is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work . Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously . Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make Billboard rankings as separate entries . Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts . Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself ; which was known to release `` DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible '' ; as in the case of their third season . Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation / Saban edited - only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999 , and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999 . Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999 , and on DVD in 2001 . Funimation 's own distribution of their initial in - house dub , which began with episode 54 , in edited or uncut VHS ran between 2000 and 2003 . A DVD version was produced alongside these , although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles . In 2005 , Funimation began releasing their in - house dub of the beginning of Dragon Ball Z on DVD , marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America . However , only nine volumes were released , leaving it incomplete . Instead , Funimation remastered and cropped the entire series into 16 : 9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual `` season '' box sets ; the first set released on February 6 , 2007 and the final on May 19 , 2009 . In July 2009 , Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame - by - frame `` Dragon Box '' restoration of Dragon Ball Z in North America . These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show 's original 4 : 3 fullscreen format between November 10 , 2009 and October 11 , 2011 . In July 2011 , Funimation announced plans to release Dragon Ball Z in Blu - ray format , with the first set released on November 8 , 2011 . However , production of these 4 : 3 sets was suspended after the second volume , citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame . Only a year later , the company began producing a cropped 16 : 9 remastered Blu - ray release in 2013 , with nine sets released in total . On August 13 , 2013 , Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first Dragon Ball Z dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector 's DVD box set , titled the Rock the Dragon Edition . Kai ( edit ) In Japan , Dragon Ball Kai was released in wide - screen on 33 DVDs and in fullscreen on a single Blu - ray and eight four - disc Blu - ray sets from September 18 , 2009 , to August 2 , 2011 . Funimation released eight DVD and Blu - ray box sets of Dragon Ball Z Kai from May 18 , 2010 to June 5 , 2012 . These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles , as well as the uncut version of the English dub , which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings . Before the final volume was even published , Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu - ray `` season '' sets between May 22 , 2012 and March 12 , 2013 . Manga ( edit ) Main articles : Dragon Ball ( manga ) and List of Dragon Ball Z chapters While the manga was all titled Dragon Ball in Japan , due to the popularity of the Dragon Ball Z anime in the west , Viz Media initially changed the title of the last 26 volumes of the manga to `` Dragon Ball Z '' to avoid confusion . The volumes were originally published in Japan between 1988 and 1995 . It began serialization in the American Shonen Jump , beginning in the middle of the series with the appearance of Trunks ; the tankōbon volumes of both Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball were released simultaneously by Viz Media in the United States . In March 2001 , Viz continued this separation by re-shipping the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z titles starting with the first volumes of each work . Viz 's marketing for the manga made distinct the differences between Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z tone . Viz billed Dragon Ball Z : `` More action - packed than the stories of Goku 's youth , Dragon Ball Z is pure adrenaline , with battles of truly Earth - shaking proportions ! '' Between 2008 and 2010 , Viz re-released the two series in a format called `` Viz Big Edition , '' which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume . However , in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3 - in - 1 volumes collecting the entire manga series , including what they previously released as Dragon Ball Z , under the Dragon Ball name . Films ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z films The Dragon Ball Z films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015 . The films are typically released in March and July in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools . They were typically double features paired up with other anime films , and were thus , usually an hour or less in length . The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity . All 14 films were licensed in North America by Funimation , and all have received in - house dubs by the company . Prior to Funimation , the third film was a part of the short - lived Saban syndication , being split into three episodes , and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer . Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States , Toonami UK in the United Kingdom ( these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe ) , and Cartoon Network in Australia . Television specials and original video animations ( edit ) Three TV specials based on Dragon Ball Z were produced and broadcast on Fuji TV . The first two were Dragon Ball Z : Bardock -- The Father of Goku in 1990 and Dragon Ball Z : The History of Trunks in 1993 , the latter being based on a special chapter of the original manga . Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe . In 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover with One Piece and Toriko , titled Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! , was created and aired . Additionally , two original video animations ( OVAs ) bearing the Dragon Ball Z title have been made . The first is Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as `` Official Visual Guides '' for the video game of the same title . Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was a 2010 remake of this OVA . None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English , and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake , which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 . Video games ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball video games There are over 57 video games bearing the Dragon Ball Z name across a range of platforms from the Nintendo Entertainment System / Famicom to the current generation consoles . Also included are arcade games like Super Dragon Ball Z , which would eventually be ported to consoles . In North America , licensing rights had been given to both Namco Bandai and Atari . In 1999 , Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games through Funimation , a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005 . A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million . In July 2009 , Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years . This presumably would have taken effect after Atari 's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Dragon Ball Z has been host to numerous soundtrack releases with works like `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' and a series of 21 soundtracks released as part of the Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series . In total , dozens of releases exist for Dragon Ball Z which includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks . Reception ( edit ) Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN 's `` Top 100 Animated Series '' , and was also listed as the 50th greatest cartoon in Wizard magazine 's `` Top 100 Greatest Cartoons '' list . The series ranked # 6 on Wizard 's Anime Magazine on their `` Top 50 Anime released in North America '' . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media . In 2001 , it was reported that the official website of Dragon Ball Z records 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000 + registered fans . The term `` Dragonball Z '' ranked 4th in 1999 and 2nd in 2000 by Lycos ' web search engine . For 2001 , `` Dragonball '' was the most popular search on Lycos and `` Dragonball Z '' was fifth on Yahoo ! . In 2015 , Ford Motor Company released two commercials featuring characters from the series , the first advertising the Ford Fusion and the second for the Ford Focus . Ratings ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z 's Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer ratings of 20.5 % across the series . Dragon Ball Z also proved to be a rating success in the United States , as the premiere of Season Three of Dragon Ball Z in 1999 , done by Funimation 's in - house dub , was the highest - rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network . In 2002 , in the week ending September 22 , Dragon Ball Z was the # 1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9 - 14 , boys 9 - 14 and men 12 - 24 , with the Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts of Dragon Ball Z ranked as the top three programs in all of television , broadcast or cable , for delivery of boys 9 - 14 . In 2001 , Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the original Dragon Ball anime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon network . Beginning March 26 , 2001 , Cartoon Network ran a 12 - week special promotion `` Toonami Reactor '' which included a focus on Dragon Ball Z , which would stream episodes online to high - speed internet users . Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in the top 10 video charts of Billboard . For example , `` The Dark Prince Returns '' ( containing episodes 226 - 228 ) and `` Rivals '' ( containing episodes 229 - 231 ) edited and unedited , made the Billboard magazine top video list for October 20 , 2001 . The first episode of Dragon Ball Kai earned a viewer ratings percentage of 11.3 , ahead of One Piece and behind Crayon Shin - chan . Although following episodes had lower ratings , Kai was among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run . Towards the end of the original run the ratings hovered around 9 % - 10 % . Dragon Ball Z Kai premiered on Nicktoons in May 2010 and set the record for the highest - rated premiere in total viewers , and in tweens and boys ages 9 -- 14 . Nielsen Mega Manila viewer ratings ranked Dragon Ball Kai with a viewer ratings with a high of 18.4 % for October 30 -- November 4 in 2012 . At the end of April 2013 , Dragon Ball Kai would trail just behind One Piece at 14.2 % . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ranked Dragon Ball Z Kai as the second most viewed show in the week it debuted on Kix . On its debut on Vortexx , Dragon Ball Z Kai was the third highest rated show on the Saturday morning block with 841,000 viewers and a 0.5 household rating . Merchandising ( edit ) Some Dragon Ball staction figures at the Romics 2015 Dragon Ball Z merchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest , with more than $3 billion in sales from 1986 -- 2000 . In 1998 , Animage - ine Entertainment , a division of Simitar , announced the sale of Chroma - Cels , mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity of Dragon Ball Z . The original sale was forecasted for late 1998 , but were pushed back to January 12 , 1999 . An acrylic replica of the Five - Star Dragon Ball . In 2000 , MGA Entertainment released more than twenty toys , consisting of table - top games and walkie - talkies . Irwin Toy released more than 72 figures consisting of 2 - inch and 5 inch action figures , which became top - selling toys in a market dominated by the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Irwin Toys would release other unique Dragon Ball Z toys including a battery powered Flying Nimbus Cloud which hovered without touching the ground and a die - cast line of vehicles with collector capsules . In June 2000 , Burger King had a toy promotion which would see 20 million figurines ; Burger King bore the cost of the promotion which provided free marketing for Funimation . The Halloween Association found Dragon Ball Z costumes to be the fourth most popular costumes in their nationwide survey . In December 2002 , Jakks Pacific signed a three - year deal for licensing Dragon Ball Z toys , which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy . Jakks Pacific 's Dragon Ball Z 5 - inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation . In 2010 , Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra , Richtex , Pil Andina , DTM , Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta . In 2012 , Brazil 's Abr - Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shuki Levy and Kussa Mahehi ( Haim Saban ) were credited as composers for contractual reasons . This was standard practice at Saban Entertainment during the 1990s . Jump up ^ The original interview was conducted by Steve Harmon with Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga in 1999 and was hosted on Harmon 's personal website `` The Vault '' . A record of the website exists on Archive.org , but the original interview itself was lost . The record was kept by Chris Psaros who provided a copy for the website `` The Dragon Ball Z Otaku Alliance '' which republished the original interview for this source . Jump up ^ Steven Simmons , who uses the nickname `` Daimao '' in websites like Toriyama.org , wrote the original scripts for the Funimation subtitles and was involved in the localization process . His comments are included as a primary source , but also definitively illustrate concerns with the subtitles , from its creator . This connection and background is noted at the accompanying Anime News Network reference . Jump up ^ The releases for both The Dark Prince Returns and Babidi : Showdown were released on September 25 , 2001 . The title `` Showdown '' was replaced with `` Rivals '' and contains episodes 229 -- 231 , titled `` Vegeta 's Pride '' , `` The Long Awaited Flight '' , and `` Magic Ball of Buu '' . Prior to the release , Billboard and news outlets including the Anime News Network and Anime Nation were using the title `` Showdown '' ; but the UPC codes match , indicating a re-titling for this release , `` Rivals '' , also has a September 25 , 2001 , release date for the uncut material . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Kai ( ドラゴンボール 改 ( カイ ) , Doragon Bōru Kai , lit . Dragon Ball Revised ) , retitled Dragon Ball Z Kai in most international releases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball '' . Toei Animation USA . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiko Torishima On Shaping The Success Of ' Dragon Ball ' And The Origins Of ' Dragon Quest ' '' . Forbes . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump '' . October 3 , 2003 : 92 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; Helen McCarthy ( September 1 , 2001 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Stone Bridge Press . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 64 - 7 . OCLC 47255331 . Jump up ^ Editors ' roundtable , Jump Comics ( Shueisha ) , July 2 , 2004 , page 88 . ISBN 4088737059 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大 全集 3 : TV ANIMATION PART 1 ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 202 -- 207 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782753 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Supplemental Daizenshuu : TV Animation Part 3 , pages 107 -- 113 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 超 全集 4 超 事典 . Shueisha. 2013 . pp. 340 -- 345 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 782499 - 5 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 2005 ) . Television cartoon shows : an illustrated encyclopedia , 1949 through 2003 . McFarland & Co. pp. 283 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z end credits ( FUNimation / Saban dub , 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 interview with Ron Wasserman '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pioneer announces last Dragonball Z release '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 1998 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Funimation / Saban dub , episodes 1 - 53 ( 1 - 67 uncut ) Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` Saban trims syndie arm '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to air in Kids WB '' . DBZN . July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : De La Cruz , Edwin ( November 23 , 2003 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Z ' keeps up the momentum '' . Video Store . Questex Media Group , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Previously Unreleased Dragon Ball Z DVDs ! '' . ICV2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation 2005 Plans '' . Anime News Network . December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ uncut on Cartoon Network '' . Anime News Network . June 9 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Stream Dragon Ball Z in North America '' . Anime News Network . January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z end credits ( Westwood Media dub , c. 2001 ) Jump up ^ Rupert Howe , Made in Japan : Chasing the Dragon ; Pokemon Was Nicknamed ' Kiddie Crack ' but a New Wave of Japanese Monsters Threatens to Be Even More Addictive . The Independent ( London ) , March 5 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan 's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 放送 開始 20 周年 記念 ! HD リ マスター 坂 で テレビ アニメ が 堂々 復活 ! ! 孫悟空 伝説 再び ! ! その 名 も ... DRAGON BALL KAI '' . V Jump ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Shueisha : 10 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Interview de l'éditeur de Dragon Ball - L'influence de Dragon Ball - Partie 6 ( web video ) . Kazé . January 17 , 2015 . Event occurs at 6 : 27 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール 改 人造 人間 ・ セル 編 15 ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell Volume 15 ( DVD ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Japanese Cast Records New Episodes '' . Anime News Network . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Listed at 69 Episodes . Anime News Network ( April 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navarre Reveals Funimation 's Dragon Ball Kai License -- Anime News Network ( Received February 2 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Heldenfelds , Rich ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans '' . Ohio.com . Akron Beach Journal . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Air on TheCW4Kids on Saturdays '' . Anime News Network . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Gets an Extra Slot on Adult Swim '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai now broadcast in the UK TOEI Animation Europe '' . Toei-animation.com . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Due on U.K. Television This Month '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai TV Screenings on Kix ! Channel in Early 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Herbert , Sean Schemmel Returning in Dragon Ball Z Kai Buu Saga Dub '' . Anime News Network . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Madman Ent : DBZ Kai 's Buu Saga Should Come in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Has Not Recorded a Dub for Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Buu Saga '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters heading to Toonami ! '' . www.funimation.com . Funimation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reprinted Interview : 30 - Something Questions with Gen Fukunaga '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2003 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z : Ultimate , Battle 22 , TOSE Software Co. , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Debunks Dragon Ball Z Kai Uncensored Airing Rumor '' . Anime News.biz . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Dragon Ball Kai ? Part II : How to Watch Kai in America '' . Toon Zone . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ Subtitling article '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Concerning the DVDs ( 07 / 26 / 00 ) ( Archived by Archive.org ) '' . Toriyama.org . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2000 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ オープニング & エンディング テーマ が 決定 ! ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` チーム ドラゴン fromAKB48 : チーム ドラゴン from AKB48 、 『 ドラゴンボール 改 』 ED 曲 を 全 11 種類 の パッケージ で 発売 / BARKS ニュース '' . Barks ( in Japanese ) . June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Replaces Possibly Infringing Dragon Ball Kai Music '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shino Kakinuma Replaces Yuko Minaguchi as Videl in Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Good Morning America Performs New Dragon Ball Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Ieiri Performs 2nd Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime 's Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dragon Ball Kai '' New ED Song PV by Czecho No Republic `` . Crunchyroll . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Band Gacharic Spin to Perform New Dragon Ball Z Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z 第 1 巻 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z ♯ 49 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z news '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 : Arrival ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Super Saiyan ( Vol. 17 ) ( Episodes 50 - 53 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 - Arrival ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 17 - Super Saiyan ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Saiyan Conflict ( Boxed Set I - Episodes 1 - 25 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Namek Saga ( Boxed Set II - Episodes 26 - 53 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Saiyan Conflict ( Boxed Set I - Episodes 1 - 25 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Namek Saga ( Boxed Set II - Episodes 26 - 53 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault ( Uncut ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Kid Buu - New Beginning ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - A New Beginning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 1 - Saiyan Showdown ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 2 - Saiyan Invasion ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season One ( Vegeta Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season Nine ( Majin Buu Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FUNIMATION ENTERTAINMENT ANNOUNCES DRAGON BALL Z SERIES ON BLU - RAY '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FUNimation Entertainment ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray '' . prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray - FLOWER MOUND , Texas '' . Texas : Prnewswire.com . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Funimation Entertainment ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` FUNimation Suspends Production of Dragon Ball Z Blu - rays '' ( Press release ) . Flower Mound , Texas : Anime News Network . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season 9 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Rock the Dragon Collector 's Edition ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part One Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part Eight ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces 4 / 99 releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces products for 7 / 99 release '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March Manga releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Releases from Viz posted on November 2 , 2000 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 1 ( VIZBIG Edition ) '' . Barnes & Noble Booksellers , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball ( 3 - in - 1 Edition ) , Vol. 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atari and FUNimation Extend Dragon Ball License '' . Wireless News . Close - Up Media , Inc . January 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : `` Atari Settles ' Dragonball Z ' ( ALL ) Dispute With FUNimation '' . Worthplaying . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Namco Bandai Locks Down Dragon Ball License For America '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 78 . Dragon Ball Z '' . IGN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard Magazine 's Top 100 cartoons list '' . Listal . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard lists Top 50 Anime '' . Anime News Network . July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Azoulay , Julia F ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Character study : CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet '' . Children 's Business . Conde Nast Publications , Inc . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Evers , Joris ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Britney Spears tops Lycos 2000 search terms list '' . Network World . Network World Inc. / IDG . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Phan , Monty ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Ugh , they did it again -- and again '' . Post-Tribune ( IN ) . Sun - Times News Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Schorow , Stephanie ( January 8 , 2002 ) . `` Predictably , Nostradamus tops searches on Internet '' . The Boston Herald . Herald Media , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Watch These Bizarre Ford Car Commercials Featuring Dragon Ball Z '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gundam Wing leaving Toonami ? ! '' . Anime News Network . December 12 , 2000 . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z Tops Ratings '' . Anime News Network . September 22 , 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` Cartoon Upfront With New Show Spending '' . Cable World . Access Intelligence , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Stump , Matt ( April 23 , 2001 ) . `` Broadband ' Toonami ' Boosts Cable Modems '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . ( October 12 , 2001 ) . `` Most Popular Videos '' . AP Online . Press Association , Inc . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , March 30 - April 5 '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 6 -- 12 '' . Anime News Network . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 13 -- 19 '' . Anime News Network . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 海外 で 話題 の 日本 アニメ を ソーシャル メディア から 探る ! ~ 「 ワンピース 」 が 各国 の つぶやき で 上位 に ~ '' . Videor.co.jp . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` バック ナンバー 2011 年度 VOL. 6 2011 年 1 月 31 日 ( 月 ) ~ 2 月 6 日 ( 日 ) '' . Videor . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Ranks As Basic Cable 's Top Network With Kids , Total Viewers ; Scores Most - Watched May Ever With Total Viewers '' ( PDF ) . Viacom . June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( Oct. 30 - Nov. 4 ) : Be Careful With My Heart rules daytime ; 24 Oras and Ina Kapatid Anak share primetime lead '' . Pep . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( April 26 to 28 ) : Aljur Abrenica 's Magpakailanman episode tops Saturday ratings '' . PEP . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viewing data Top 10s '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Morning Vortexx Ratings Notes for the CW : ' WWE Saturday Morning Slam ' , ' Dragon Ball Z Kai ' , ' Justice League Unlimited ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burger King Uses Kids ' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series. ( Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News ) '' . Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News . June 5 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ani - Mag announces Chroma - Cels of Sailor Moon , DBZ '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News Briefs ( posted on December 12 , 1998 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MGA signs for Dragonball Z. ( Brief Article ) '' . Playthings . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuthbert , Joyce ( February 1 , 2000 ) . `` Chicago '' . Playthings . Furniture Today Media Group LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Irwin Toy Launches '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hype All Dressed up with Somewhere to Go '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . October 25 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Brent ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` Toy Maker Bets on Dead Delinquent Jakks Pacific Shifts Its Focus from Wrestling '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Bump on Head Does Good for Warrior , Target Earth , Joseph Szadkowski , The Washington Times ( Washington , DC ) , December 3 , 2005 Questia Jump up ^ `` Toei seals Latin America deals '' . Licensing.biz . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toei lands licensing deal for Dragon Ball Z '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Mínguez - López , Xavier ( March 2014 ) . `` Folktales and Other References in Toriyama 's Dragon Ball Z '' . Animation. 9 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 46 . doi : 10.1177 / 1746847713519386 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dragon Ball Z Anime and Manga portal Japan portal Dragon Ball portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Official website ( in English ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Dragon Ball Z on IMDb ( in Japanese ) Dragon Ball Z on IMDb ( in English ) Dragon Ball Z ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Category Portal GMA Network programming ( current and upcoming ) Newscast 24 Oras ( since 2004 ) 24 Oras Weekend ( since 2010 ) GMA News Update ( since 2016 ) Saksi ( since 1995 ) Unang Hirit ( since 1999 ) Drama Alyas Robin Hood ( since 2016 ) Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko ( since 2017 ) G.R.I.N.D. Get Ready It 's a New Day ( since 2017 ) Haplos ( since 2017 ) Ika - 6 na Utos ( since 2016 ) Impostora ( since 2017 ) Let 's Fight , Ghost ! ( since 2017 ) Magpakailanman ( since 2012 ) Maynila ( since 1998 ) My Daughter , Geum Sa - wol ( since 2017 ) My Korean Jagiya ( since 2017 ) Strong Girl Bong Soon ( since 2017 ) Super Ma'am ( since 2017 ) Tadhana ( since 2017 ) Variety Eat Bulaga ! ( since 1995 ) Sunday PinaSaya ( since 2015 ) Wowowin ( since 2015 ) Comedy Bubble Gang ( since 1995 ) Dear Uge ( since 2016 ) Pepito Manaloto : Ang Tunay na Kuwento ( since 2010 ) Talk The Lolas ' Beautiful Show ( since 2017 ) Sarap Diva ( since 2012 ) Game All Star Videoke ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Bluff ( since 2012 ) Documentary / magazine I - Witness ( since 1999 ) Imbestigador ( since 2000 ) Kapuso Mo , Jessica Soho ( since 2004 ) Reporter 's Notebook ( since 2004 ) Tunay Na Buhay ( since 2011 ) Public affairs Adyenda ( since 2005 ) Alisto ! ( since 2013 ) Diyos at Bayan ( since 1998 ) Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko ( since 1975 ) Wish Ko Lang ( since 2002 ) Informative AHA ! ( since 2010 ) Born to Be Wild ( since 2007 ) iBilib ( since 2012 ) Pinoy M.D. Mga Doktor ng Bayan ( since 2010 ) Religious The 700 Club Asia ( since 1995 ) Animated Bleach ( since 2016 ) Dragon Ball Z ( re-run ; since 2015 ) Dragon Collection ( since 2017 ) Flame of Recca ( since 2017 ) Oreca Battle ( since 2017 ) Pororo the Little Penguin ( since 2017 ) Slam Dunk ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Sonic X ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Thomas & Friends ( since 2017 ) Ultraman Ginga ( since 2017 ) Virtua Fighter ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Hindi Ko Kayang Iwan Ka The One That Got Away Toonami programming and soundtracks Toonami ( Asia ) Toonami ( France ) Toonami ( India ) Former : Toonami ( Australia ) Toonami ( UK & Ireland ) Cartoon Network / Kids ' WB era Cartoon Roulette ( composed of Space Ghost ( TV series ) , Birdman and the Galaxy Trio , The Herculoids , Mightor , Shazzan , Teen Force , The Impossibles , and the 1940s Superman cartoons ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ThunderCats Voltron 1998 Beast Wars : Transformers Dragon Ball Z ( Ocean Dub / Funimation Dub ' 99 ) Robotech Sailor Moon ( DiC Dub ' 98 - ' 99 / Cloverway , Inc . Dub ' 00 ) Superfriends 1999 ReBoot Ronin Warriors The Powerpuff Girls 2000 Batman : The Animated Series Blue Submarine No. 6 G - Force : Guardians of Space Gundam Wing Superman : The Animated Series Tenchi in Tokyo Tenchi Muyo ! Tenchi Universe Batman Beyond Cardcaptors Dragon Ball ( Funimation Dub ) Gundam 0080 The 08th MS Team Mobile Suit Gundam Outlaw Star The Big O The New Batman / Superman Adventures Zoids : New Century Zero 2002 G Gundam G.I. Joe He - Man and the Masters of the Universe Samurai Jack Transformers : Armada Zoids : Chaotic Century 2003 Cyborg 009 Dai - Guard Gigantor . hack / / Sign IGPX : Micro Series Justice League Martian Successor Nadesico Neon Genesis Evangelion Rurouni Kenshin Star Wars : Clone Wars SD Gundam Force Yu Yu Hakusho Astro Boy Duel Masters Gundam SEED Jackie Chan Adventures Justice League Unlimited Megas XLR Rave Master Teen Titans Transformers : Energon 2005 Bobobo - bo Bo - bobo Dragon Ball Z ( uncut ) Hot Wheels AcceleRacers D.I.C.E. Dragon Ball GT IGPX Naruto One Piece ( 4Kids dub ) The Batman Transformers : Cybertron Zatch Bell ! 2006 Fantastic Four : World 's Greatest Heroes MÄR Pokémon : Battle Frontier Pokémon Chronicles The Prince of Tennis Wulin Warriors 2007 Yu - Gi - Oh ! GX One Piece ( Funimation dub ) Storm Hawks 2008 Bakugan Battle Brawlers Ben 10 : Alien Force Blue Dragon Adult Swim era 2012 Bleach Deadman Wonderland Casshern Sins Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Ghost in the Shell : S.A.C 2nd GIG Cowboy Bebop Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex Samurai 7 Eureka Seven Sym - Bionic Titan ThunderCats ( 2011 TV series ) Inuyasha Tenchi Muyo ! GXP Naruto ( uncut ) 2013 Soul Eater One Piece ( uncut ) Sword Art Online The Big O ( season 2 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars FLCL ( OVA ) 2014 Space Dandy Naruto : Shippuden ( uncut ) Blue Exorcist Black Lagoon Attack on Titan Beware The Batman Gurren Lagann Hellsing Ultimate Dragon Ball Z Kai ( uncut ) Inuyasha : The Final Act 2015 Kill la Kill Sword Art Online II Michiko & Hatchin Akame ga Kill ! Parasyte - the maxim - 2016 Samurai Champloo Dimension W Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 series ) Gundam : Iron - Blooded Orphans One - Punch Man JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure 2017 Dragon Ball Super Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Gundam Unicorn RE : 0096 Samurai Jack ( revival series ) Sand Whale and Me ( microseries ) Tokyo Ghoul Lupin the Third Part IV Tokyo Ghoul √ A JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Stardust Crusaders Outlaw Star ( uncut ) 2018 FLCL ( television series ) Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Ball_Z&oldid=808150426 '' Categories : 1989 anime television series Anime series Dragon Ball 1996 Japanese television series endings Adventure anime and manga Animax shows Anime series based on manga Comedy - drama anime and manga First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Fuji Television shows Radio Philippines Network shows Funimation Geneon USA Japanese mythology in anime and manga Jinn in popular culture Martial arts anime and manga Science fantasy anime and manga Sequel television series Size change in fiction Shunsuke Kikuchi Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series produced in Vancouver Tokyo Metropolitan Television shows Viz Media manga Toonami Television series by Saban Entertainment Toei Animation television Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from January 2017 Wikipedia requested images of anime and manga All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Māori Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Picard Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 04 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was dragon ball z first aired in the us
[ "In 1996, Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English-language release in North America. They contracted Saban Entertainment to help distribute the series to television, and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution.[9] The Vancouver-based Ocean Studios were hired by Funimation to dub the anime (Funimation had previously used the Ocean voice cast in their short-lived 1995 dub of Dragon Ball).[10] Saban musicians Ron Wasserman[11] and Jeremy Sweet,[10] known for their work on the Power Rangers franchise, composed a new background score and theme song (nicknamed \"Rock the Dragon\").[Note 1] Funimation's initial English dub of Dragon Ball Z had mandated cuts to content and length, which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53.[12][13] It premiered in the United States on September 13, 1996 in first-run syndication, but halted production in 1998 after two seasons.[12] This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations, in order to focus on producing original material for the Fox Kids block.[14] Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 (the end of the dub) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version,[12] but did not do so." ]
[ "September 13, 1996" ]
8989454594713965195
Horton Hears a Who! (film)
Horton Hears a Who ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Horton Hears a Who ! ( Film ) Horton Hears a Who ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Jimmy Hayward Steve Martino Produced by Bob Gordon Bruce Anderson Screenplay by Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Based on Horton Hears a Who ! by Dr. Seuss Starring Jim Carrey Steve Carell Will Arnett Seth Rogen Isla Fisher Amy Poehler Narrated by Charles Osgood Music by John Powell Edited by Tim Nordquist Production company Blue Sky Studios 20th Century Fox Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date March 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $297.1 million Horton Hears a Who ! ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ) is a 2008 American computer animated adventure comedy film based on the book of the same name by Dr. Seuss , produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Directed by Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino in in their directorial debuts , the film 's screenplay was written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , and features the voices of Jim Carrey and Steve Carell as Horton the Elephant and the Mayor of Whoville , respectively , alongside Will Arnett , Seth Rogen , Isla Fisher , and Amy Poehler . John Powell composed the film 's music . The film was released on March 14 , 2008 , and grossed $297 million on a budget of $85 million . Horton Hears a Who ! was the third Dr. Seuss feature film adaptation , the first adaptation to be fully animated , and the second Dr. Seuss film starring Jim Carrey after How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 5.3 Interpretations 5.4 Awards 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A dust speck is dislodged from its obscure place and sent adrift through the Jungle of Nool . At the same time , Horton the elephant , the jungle 's eccentric nature teacher , takes a dip in the pool . The dust speck floats past him in the air , and he hears a tiny yelp coming from it . Believing that an entire society of microscopic creatures are living on that speck , he gives chase to it before placing it on top of a clover . Horton finds out the speck harbors the city of Whoville and its inhabitants , the Whos , led by Mayor Ned McDodd . He has a wife , Sally , 96 daughters ( whose names all begin with the letter H ) , and one teenage son named JoJo . Despite being the oldest and next in line for the mayoral position , JoJo does n't want to be the next mayor , and because he 's so scared of disappointing his father , never talks . Once Horton begins carrying the speck with him , the city starts experiencing strange phenomena ( earthquakes and changes in the weather ) , and the Mayor finds his attempts to caution Whoville challenged by the Town Council , led by the opportunistic yet condescending Chairman . After he makes contact with Horton , the Mayor finds out from Dr. Mary Lou LaRue that Whoville will be destroyed if Horton does not find a `` safer , more stable home '' . Horton resolves ( with the help of his best friend Morton the mouse ) to place the speck atop Mt . Nool , the safest place in the jungle . The head of the jungle , Jane Kangaroo , disbelieving Horton 's beliefs and resenting him for overshadowing her authority , attempts several times to demand that Horton give up the speck , but Horton ignores her demands . Also taking force toward Horton are the Wickersham Brothers , a group of monkeys who love making misery . Eventually , the Kangaroo enlists a vulture named Vlad Vladikoff to get rid of the speck by force . After a few failed attempts , Vlad manages to steal the clover away from Horton and drops it into a massive field of identical pink clovers , causing an apocalyptic tremor in Whoville . After unsuccessfully picking nearly three million clovers , Horton eventually recovers the clover ( exactly the 3,000,000 th clover ) . The Kangaroo eventually finds out , thanks to Mrs. Quilligan , that Horton still has the speck , and decides to rally the jungle community into fighting Horton , saying that Horton 's goal will lead to anarchy . Upon cornering him , the Kangaroo offers Horton an escape from punishment by renouncing Whoville 's existence . Despite Horton 's heartfelt speech when he refuses , the Kangaroo orders the animals to rope and cage him , and to have the speck and the Whos destroyed in a pot of boiling beezlenut oil . The Mayor enlists all of his people to make noise by shouting `` We are here ! '' , as well as playing a variety of instruments , so the animals may hear them , assisted by JoJo 's `` Symphonophone '' , an invention which creates a huge musical contribution ( which reveals that JoJo 's `` true '' passion is music ) , but still fails to penetrate the surface of the speck . As Horton lies beaten and captured , the Kangaroo easily takes the clover , and drops it . Meanwhile , JoJo grabs the horn used to project Horton 's voice , runs up the highest tower and screams `` YOPP ! '' , breaking through the sound barrier just seconds before the speck hits the oil . The Kangaroo 's son , Rudy grabs the clover and returns it to Horton . The animals finally hear the Whos , realizing the truth about the clover , and isolate the Kangaroo for tricking them . While being praised for his integrity by his neighbors , Horton even forgives the devastated Kangaroo , and she befriends him with a makeshift umbrella for Whoville . Here , the people of Whoville and the animals of Nool gather in song and recite the chorus from `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . The film ends with the narrator revealing that the Jungle of Nool , or rather Earth , is just one speck , like Whoville , among numerous others , floating in outer space . Voice cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as Horton , an outgoing , eccentric , big - hearted , loving , sweet , and thoughtful elephant and teacher in the Jungle of Nool . Horton has no tusks , lives by himself and possesses acute hearing abilities . Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd , the mayor of Whoville . He has 96 daughters , 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally . Carol Burnett as Sour Kangaroo , who mistrusts Horton 's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool . Will Arnett as Vlad Vladikoff , a scary , savage , eccentric Russian - accented vulture hired by the Sour Kangaroo to steal Horton 's clover . Seth Rogen as Morton , a mouse and Horton 's friend in the Jungle of Nool . Dan Fogler as The Councilman , a councilman dedicated to Whoville tradition and mistrustful of Mayor McDodd . Fogler also voices Yummo Wickersham , leader of the Wickersham ape tribe brothers . Isla Fisher as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue , a professor at Who U . Jonah Hill as Tommy , a bear and one of Horton 's students . Amy Poehler as Sally O'Malley , Mayor McDodd 's wife and mother to Jojo and her 96 daughters . Jaime Pressly as Mrs. Quilligan , a bird and Jessica 's mother . Charles Osgood as The Narrator Jesse McCartney as JoJo McDodd , Mayor McDodd 's quiet son . Josh Flitter as Rudy Kangaroo , Sour Kangaroo 's son . Niecy Nash as Miss Yelp , Mayor McDodd 's assistant . Laura Ortiz as Jessica Quilligan , a bird , Mrs. Quilligan 's daughter and one of Horton 's students . Joey King as Katie , a cute , but eccentric little baby yak . Bill Farmer as Willie , a bear and Tommy 's dad . Heather Goldenhersh as Who Girl Production ( edit ) In March 2005 , as Blue Sky Studios was completing Robots , the studio started courting Dr. Seuss ' widow Audrey Geisel on getting the adaptation rights for Horton Hears a Who ! . The art director for Robots , Steve Martino , along with story consultant and additional scene director Jimmy Hayward , created a model of protagonist Horton and some animation tests to showcase their design ideas to Geisel , who eventually agreed on `` a seven - figure deal '' for both the book and its predecessor Horton Hatches the Egg . Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio were then hired to write the script , to be directed by Hayward and Martino with a set release date of 2008 . Geisel was credited as a supervising producer and watched production up close , and also gave the directors full access to her late husband 's archives , and thus they investigated on his original sketches , 3 - D sculptures , work done for The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T and even memos Dr. Seuss traded with Chuck Jones during the production of the Grinch TV special . For references in doing the character animation , along with footage of the voice actors performing their lines , the Blue Sky animators recorded themselves performing the script in an `` acting room '' to see what of their body language could translate well into the film . To make Horton different from the mammoths Blue Sky worked with in the Ice Age series , the elephant would at times walk on two legs , in a way that it looked like `` a fat man in an elephant suit '' . While the design had a major difference from the original book , with a bigger mouth to allow for wider facial expressions like those of Jim Carrey , as the directors noticed Horton 's design in the book varied according to his emotion , the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original score for the film 's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell . A soundtrack , consisting of the film 's score , was released on March 25 , 2008 , by Varèse Sarabande . Near the end of the picture , the cast comes together and sings the song , `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' by REO Speedwagon . Horton Hears a Who ! ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Powell Released March 25 , 2008 Genre Soundtrack Length 59 : 56 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer John Powell Others songs featured in the film are : Title Performer `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Jim Carrey , Steve Carell , Amy Poehler , Carol Burnett , Dan Fogler , Seth Rogen , Will Arnett and Jesse McCartney `` Quickie '' Thomas Foyer `` Swingville Sashay '' Muff & Rezz `` Agua Melao '' Gilberto Candido `` The Blue Danube '' Johann Strauß ( as Johann Strauss II ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 132 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Horton Hears A Who ! is both whimsical and heartwarming , and is the rare Dr. Seuss adaptation that stays true to the spirit of the source material . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , calculated a score of 71 out of 100 based on 31 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' According to CinemaScore , the film version rated an `` A − '' on an `` A + '' to `` F '' scale . Box Office ( edit ) Horton Hears a Who ! grossed a total of $297 million on a $85 million budget . $155 million came from the United States and Canada , and $143 million from other territories . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $45 million in 3,954 theaters , averaging $11,384 per theater in the United States and Canada , and ranking # 1 at the box office . The film previously had the fourth - largest opening weekend in March , behind Ice Age , Ice Age : The Meltdown and 300 , and as of September 2012 , it ranks on the 15th place . In the United States and Canada , Horton Hears a Who ! was also the # 1 film its second weekend of release , grossing $25 million over the Easter frame , in 3,961 theaters and averaging $6,208 per venue . It dropped to # 2 in its third weekend grossing $17.8 million in 3,826 theaters and averaging $4,637 per venue . Interpretations ( edit ) Horton Hears a Who ! , like other Dr. Seuss creations , contains layered subtexts and messages . A major theme regards on learning about universal values between vastly different places and people , as shown by the quote `` A person 's a person , no matter how small '' . This is employed on many levels , primarily with Horton hearing a world in a speck , while also appearing with the Mayor 's relationship with his son , and Sour Kangaroo learning the truth about Horton 's beliefs . The movie characters display traditional gender roles . According to NPR host and father of three daughters Peter Sagal , `` In a new subplot added by the filmmakers , the mayor of Whoville has 96 daughters . He has one son . Guess who gets all his attention ? Guess who saves the day ? '' Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Annie Award Best Animated Effects Alen Lai Nominated Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Jeff Gabor Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Sang Jun Lee Best Music in an Animated Feature Production John Powell Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Powell for Bolt , Hancock and Jumper Won Golden Trailer Award Best Animation / Family TV Spot for `` Whomongous '' Horton Hears a Who ! Nominated IFMCA Award Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Film John Powell Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing - Sound Effects , Foley , Music , Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film Randy Thom ( supervising sound editor , sound designer ) Dennis Leonard ( supervising sound editor ) Jonathan Null ( supervising dialogue / adr editor ) Sue Fox ( supervising foley editor ) Thomas A. Carlson ( music editor ) Steve Slanec ( dialogue editor ) Colette D. Dahanne ( sound effects editor ) Pete Horner ( sound effects editor ) Kyrsten Mate ( sound effects editor ) Mac Smith ( sound effects editor ) Jeremy Bowker ( foley editor ) Andrea Gard ( foley editor ) Ronni Brown ( foley artist ) Ellen Heuer ( foley artist ) Dennie Thorpe ( foley artist ) Jana Vance ( foley artist ) OFCS Award Best Animated Feature Horton Hears a Who ! Satellite Award Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Horton Hears a Who ! Best Original Score John Powell Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Voice - Over Role - Young Actress Selena Gomez , Shelby Adamowsky and Joey King Home media release ( edit ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! was released on DVD and Blu - ray on December 9 , 2008 . Three versions of the DVD are available : a single - disc edition , a 2 - disc special edition , and a gift set packaged with a Horton plush . A Blu - ray combo pack with a DVD and digital copy was released on October 11 , 2011 . The home media included an Ice Age - related short film , Surviving Sid . In the United States , the film earned $77,630,768 from DVD sales and $180,434 from Blu - ray sales for a total of $77,811,202 in video sales . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baisley , Sarah ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` Fox Animation , Blue Sky to Make CGI Horton Film '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( WarnerMedia . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` ' Horton ' shakes off the dust '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Chris ( March 16 , 2008 ) . `` Now they can laugh '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` ' Horton ' Here Is n't a Hoot '' . Lost Angeles Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Rob ( 2008 ) . `` Dr Seuss ' Horton Hears A Who - Chris Wedge and Mike Thumeier interview '' . IndieLondon . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( December 7 , 2005 ) . `` Helmers hear a ' Who ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Fox woos Seuss with new ' Who ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Horton Director Jimmy Hayward Hears a Who ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing the Characters to Life '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ `` The Elephant in the Room : Jim Carrey '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss : Horton Hears a Who ! 8Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears A Who ! '' . Varese Sarabande . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Scott ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Horton Hears a Who ! Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! - Production Notes '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Mymovies . p. 34 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) - Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top March Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Person is a Person : A Universal Message '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ Sagal , Peter ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Gender Inequity in ' Whoville ' '' . NPR . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kung Fu Panda ' leads Annie noms '' . Variety . December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Musiccomposers and Songwriters at 24th Annual Awards Celebration '' ( Press release ) . ASCAP . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . The Golden Trailer Awards . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` International Film Music Critics Announce 2008 Nominees '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Awards ( 12th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Satellites soar for Meryl Streep '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nominations & Recipients '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Horton Hears A Blu '' . IGN . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horton Hears a Who ! ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Horton Hears a Who ! ( film ) Official website Horton Hears a Who ! at The Big Cartoon DataBase Horton Hears a Who ! on IMDb Horton Hears a Who ! at AllMovie Horton Hears a Who ! at Box Office Mojo Horton Hears a Who ! at Rotten Tomatoes Horton Hears a Who ! at Metacritic Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television series The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Television specials Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Blue Sky Studios Feature films Released Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Rio ( 2011 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Rio 2 ( 2014 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Upcoming Spies in Disguise ( 2019 ) Nimona ( 2020 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Short films Bunny ( 1998 ) Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) Aunt Fanny 's Tour of Booty ( 2005 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe ( 2015 ) Scrat : Spaced Out ( 2016 ) Television specials Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Franchises Ice Age ( 2002 -- present ) Rio ( 2011 -- present ) People Chris Wedge Films directed by Jimmy Hayward Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Free Birds ( 2013 ) Films directed by Steve Martino Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horton_Hears_a_Who!_(film)&oldid=857007463 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 animated films 2008 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films 2000s comedy films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films Animated films based on children 's books Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Directorial debut films Films about animals Films about elephants Films based on poems Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters 20th Century Fox films 20th Century Fox animated films Blue Sky Studios films Films directed by Jimmy Hayward Films directed by Steve Martino Films scored by John Powell Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 23 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the kangaroo in horton hears a who
[ "Carol Burnett as Sour Kangaroo, who mistrusts Horton's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool." ]
[ "Carol Burnett" ]
5071198236499943720
Quantum of Solace (soundtrack)
Quantum of Solace ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Quantum of Solace ( soundtrack ) Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by David Arnold Released 17 October 2008 Recorded 2008 Genre Film score Length 61 : 12 Label Producer David Arnold David Arnold chronology How to Lose Friends & Alienate People ( 2008 ) Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) James Bond soundtrack chronology Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Singles from Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Another Way to Die '' Released : September 30 , 2008 ( US ) , October 20 , 2008 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks IGN Movie Music UK Movie Wave SoundtrackNet Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the James Bond film of the same name . Released on 17 October 2008 . The album contains the score composed by David Arnold . It is Arnold 's fifth soundtrack for the James Bond franchise . His frequent collaborator Nicholas Dodd orchestrated and conducted the score . Contents 1 Development 2 Track listing 3 See also 4 References Development ( edit ) David Arnold , who composed the scores for the previous four Bond films , said that Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster likes to work very closely with his composers and that , in comparison to the accelerated schedule he was tied to on Casino Royale , the intention was to spend a long time scoring the film to `` really work it out '' . He also said he would be `` taking a different approach '' with the score . Arnold composed the music based on impressions from reading the script , and Forster edited those into the film . Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse recorded a demo track for the film , but Ronson explained that she was `` not ready to record any music '' at that time . It was announced Jack White of The White Stripes and Alicia Keys would collaborate on `` Another Way to Die '' , which is the first duet in Bond music history , on 29 July 2008 . They had wanted to work together for two years beforehand . The song was recorded in Nashville , Tennessee ; White played the drums while Keys performed on the piano . The Memphis Horns also contributed to the track . White 's favourite Bond theme is John Barry 's instrumental piece for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , and he watched various opening credit sequences from the series for inspiration while mixing the track . The soundtrack was released by J Records , Keys ' record label , though Keys appears on only one track . The track listing follows the order of the music 's use within the film , with the exception of the title song being moved to the end of the album ( in the film , it appears immediately after track 1 ) . It is presented in the full - length single - release version , rather than the shorter mix heard over the film 's opening titles . One notable omission is the fully orchestrated James Bond Theme , which features , as it did in Casino Royale , only at the film 's conclusion , but this time over the traditional gunbarrel walk - on - and - shoot as well as the start of the end titles . Another omission is Four Tet 's instrumental closing theme that follows it , playing over the remainder of the credits and entitled Crawl , End Crawl within them . This track was later made available on iTunes . Other tracks listed are heard in the film ( but not on the album ) during scenes such as Dominic Greene 's charity fundraising party Jaime Cuadra - Cholo Soy , Jaime Cuadra - Regresa , Jaime Cuadra - El Provinciano ; and Puccini 's opera Tosca forms the backdrop to a key sequence . Vesper 's Theme from Arnold 's Casino Royale soundtrack reappears at key moments in the film ; it may be heard on the album in tracks 12 , 15 , 18 and 23 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by David Arnold unless stated otherwise . No . Title Length 1 . `` Time to Get Out '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 3 : 28 2 . `` The Palio '' 4 : 59 3 . `` Inside Man '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 38 4 . `` Bond in Haiti '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 35 5 . `` Somebody Wants to Kill You '' 2 : 17 6 . `` Greene & Camille '' 2 : 13 7 . `` Pursuit at Port au Prince '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 5 : 58 8 . `` No Interest in Dominic Greene '' 2 : 44 9 . `` Night at the Opera '' 3 : 02 10 . `` Restrict Bond 's Movements '' 1 : 31 11 . `` Talamone '' 0 : 35 12 . `` What 's Keeping You Awake '' 1 : 41 13 . `` Bolivian Taxi Ride '' 0 : 49 14 . `` Field Trip '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 41 15 . `` Forgive Yourself '' 2 : 26 16 . `` DC3 '' 1 : 15 17 . `` Target Terminated '' 3 : 54 18 . `` Camille 's Story '' 3 : 59 19 . `` Oil Fields '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 2 : 29 20 . `` Have You Ever Killed Someone ? '' 1 : 33 21 . `` Perla de las Dunas '' 8 : 08 22 . `` The Dead Do n't Care About Vengeance '' 1 : 14 23 . `` I Never Left '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 40 24 . `` Another Way to Die '' ( Performed by Jack White and Alicia Keys ) 4 : 24 See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tommy Pearson , David Arnold ( November 2007 ) . Interview with David Arnold . Stage and Screen Online ( Audio interview ) . Archived from the original ( mp3 ) on 2008 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mark Beaumont ( 2008 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Midas touch of David Arnold and his influence on Bond '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Winehouse working on ' Bond theme ' '' . BBC News Online . 2008 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Winehouse ' Is Not Ready For Music ' '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys , Jack White Team For Bond Theme '' . Billboard. 2008 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum of Solace - News - Alicia Keys , Jack White Team For `` Quantum of Solace '' Theme Song ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . Columbia Pictures . 2008 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack White Talks Bond '' . IGN. 2008 - 08 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Hiatt ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Jack White and Alicia Keys : Bond 's New Duo '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Quantum of Solace Music `` Another Way to Die '' soundtrack Tie - ins 007 : Quantum of Solace Related Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) `` Quantum of Solace '' ( short story ) James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_of_Solace_(soundtrack)&oldid=865891540 '' Categories : Soundtrack albums from James Bond films Quantum of Solace Film soundtracks 2008 soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 21 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sang the theme song to quantum of solace
[ "24.\"Another Way to Die\" (Performed by Jack White and Alicia Keys)4:24", "24.\"Another Way to Die\" (Performed by Jack White and Alicia Keys)4:24" ]
[ "Jack White", "Alicia Keys" ]
6718886117241091577
List of The Originals episodes
List of the Originals episodes - wikipedia List of the Originals episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Originals is an American supernatural drama television series created by Julie Plec for The CW . A spin - off of The Vampire Diaries , the series makes use of certain characters and story elements from the series of books of the same name . The first season premiered with a special preview on October 3 , 2013 , following the season premiere of its parent series , before premiering in its regular time slot on October 8 , 2013 . The show is set in New Orleans which the Mikaelson family and original vampires helped to build . In the first season , the focus was primarily on Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) who found out in the backdoor pilot , aired on April 25 , 2013 , how Hayley Marshall ( Phoebe Tonkin ) was pregnant with Klaus ' child , and has now given birth to a werewolf / witch hybrid named Hope ( Summer Fontana ) Having fled the city many years ago , they return to find Marcel ( Charles Michael Davis ) ( Klaus ' honorary son ) leading the city . The family decide to take back the city . The show also revolves around the relationship between them and other supernatural beings , including witches . In the second season , Kol ( played by both Nathaniel Buzolic and Daniel Sharman ) and Finn ( played by both Yusuf Gatewood and Casper Zafer ) come back . On May 10 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a fifth and final season . As of June 23 , 2017 , 79 episodes of The Originals have aired , concluding the fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 5 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Episodes ( edit ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Further information : The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) § ep86 `` No. overall '' and `` No. in season '' for the pilot dictate the airing and location of the episode within the parent series . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 86 20 `` The Originals '' Chris Grismer Julie Plec April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 2J6670 2.24 Following a tip off informing him a witch called Jane Anne Deveraux has ties to him , Klaus goes back to New Orleans only to find the protégé he thought dead ruling the city . The city lives under his strict rules , which makes the witches in the city hope to overthrow Marcel . They persuade Klaus to help by using Hayley , a werewolf who is pregnant with his child . Along with his brother , Elijah 's , help , they decide to get back the city . Meanwhile , Elijah tries to persuade their sister Rebekah to come home too . Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Always and Forever '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2J7802 2.21 `` House of the Rising Son '' Brad Turner Diane Ademu - John & Declan de Barra October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 2J7801 1.92 `` Tangled Up in Blue '' Chris Grismer Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 2J7803 2.22 `` Girl in New Orleans '' Jesse Warn Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 2J7804 2.23 5 5 `` Sinners and Saints '' Chris Grismer Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2J7805 2.05 6 6 `` Fruit of the Poisoned Tree '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Diane Ademu - John November 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) 2J7806 2.03 7 7 `` Bloodletting '' Jeffrey Hunt Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 12 ) 2J7807 2.40 8 8 `` The River in Reverse '' Jesse Warn Declan de Barra & Julie Plec November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 2J7808 2.38 9 9 `` Reigning Pain in New Orleans '' Joshua Butler Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson December 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) 2J7809 2.33 10 10 `` The Casket Girls '' Jesse Warn Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise January 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) 2J7810 2.07 11 11 `` Après Moi , Le Déluge '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Diane Ademu - John January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) 2J7811 2.51 12 12 `` Dance Back from the Grave '' Rob Hardy Michael Russo & Michael Narducci January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) 2J7812 2.32 13 13 `` Crescent City '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci & Julie Plec February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) 2J7813 2.10 14 14 `` Long Way Back from Hell '' Matt Hastings Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) 2J7814 1.83 15 15 `` Le Grand Guignol '' Chris Grismer Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) 2J7815 1.80 16 16 `` Farewell to Storyville '' Jesse Warn Michael Narducci March 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 11 ) 2J7816 1.73 17 17 `` Moon Over Bourbon Street '' Michael Robison Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2J7817 1.53 18 18 `` The Big Uneasy '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Michael Russo April 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 15 ) 2J7818 1.52 19 19 `` An Unblinking Death '' Kellie Cyrus Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) 2J7819 1.50 20 20 `` A Closer Walk with Thee '' Sylvain White Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec April 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) 2J7820 1.77 21 21 `` The Battle of New Orleans '' Jeffrey Hunt Charlie Charbonneau & Michael Narducci May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 2J7821 1.44 22 22 `` From a Cradle to a Grave '' Matt Hastings Diane Ademu - John May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 2J7822 1.76 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Rebirth '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5201 1.37 24 `` Alive and Kicking '' Jeffrey Hunt Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5202 1.29 25 `` Every Mother 's Son '' Dermott Downs Christopher Hollier October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5203 1.27 26 `` Live and Let Die '' Jeffrey Hunt Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5204 1.31 27 5 `` Red Door '' Michael Robison Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5205 1.09 28 6 `` Wheel Inside the Wheel '' Matt Hastings Michael Russo & Michael Narducci November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5206 1.46 29 7 `` Chasing the Devil 's Tail '' Jesse Warn Carina Adly Mackenzie & Christopher Hollier November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5207 1.44 30 8 `` The Brothers That Care Forgot '' Michael Allowitz Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 3J5208 1.26 31 9 `` The Map of Moments '' Leslie Libman Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5209 1.41 32 10 `` Gonna Set Your Flag on Fire '' Rob Hardy Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5210 1.52 33 11 `` Brotherhood of the Damned '' Sylvain White Kyle Arrington & Diane Ademu - John January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5212 1.74 34 12 `` Sanctuary '' Matt Hastings Declan de Barra & Michael Narducci February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5211 1.47 35 13 `` The Devil is Damned '' Lance Anderson Christopher Hollier & Julie Plec February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5213 1.22 36 14 `` I Love You , Goodbye '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Narducci February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5214 1.44 37 15 `` They All Asked for You '' Chris Grismer Michelle Paradise March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 3J5215 1.40 38 16 `` Save My Soul '' Kellie Cyrus Michael Russo March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 3J5216 1.25 39 17 `` Exquisite Corpse '' Dermott Downs Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5217 1.12 40 18 `` Night Has A Thousand Eyes '' Jesse Warn Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 3J5218 1.01 41 19 `` When The Levee Breaks '' Bethany Rooney Marguerite MacIntyre April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 3J5219 1.30 42 20 `` City Beneath the Sea '' Leslie Libman Carina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie Charbonneau April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5220 1.20 43 21 `` Fire with Fire '' David Straiton Michael Narducci May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5221 1.14 44 22 `` Ashes to Ashes '' Matt Hastings Christopher Hollier & Diane Ademu - John May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5222 1.19 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` For the Next Millennium '' Lance Anderson Michael Narducci October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5301 0.89 46 `` You Hung the Moon '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5302 1.12 47 `` I 'll See You in Hell or New Orleans '' Michael Grossman Declan de Barra & Michelle Paradise October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5303 0.95 48 `` A Walk on the Wild Side '' Matt Hastings Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5304 1.07 49 5 `` The Axeman 's Letter '' Michael Allowitz Michael Russo & Diane Ademu - John November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5305 0.97 50 6 `` Beautiful Mistake '' Steven DePaul Kyle Arrington & Christopher Hollier November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5306 0.98 51 7 `` Out of the Easy '' Bethany Rooney Beau DeMayo & Michelle Paradise November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5307 0.80 52 8 `` The Other Girl in New Orleans '' Kellie Cyrus Michael Russo & Michael Narducci December 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5308 1.17 53 9 `` Savior '' Matt Hastings Carina Adly MacKenzie & Diane Ademu - John December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5309 0.97 54 10 `` A Ghost Along the Mississippi '' Michael Grossman Declan de Barra January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) 3J5310 0.95 55 11 `` Wild at Heart '' John Hyams Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson February 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) 3J5311 0.92 56 12 `` Dead Angels '' Darren Genet Kyle Arrington & Michael Narducci February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 3J5312 0.80 57 13 `` Heart Shaped Box '' Chris Grismer Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 3J5313 0.87 58 14 `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' Matt Hastings Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu - John February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 3J5314 1.07 59 15 `` An Old Friend Calls '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5315 0.88 60 16 `` Alone with Everybody '' Hanelle Culpepper Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5316 0.93 61 17 `` Behind the Black Horizon '' Joseph Morgan Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu - John April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) 3J5317 0.89 62 18 `` The Devil Comes Here and Sighs '' Jesse Warn Kyle Arrington & Michelle Paradise April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5318 0.86 63 19 `` No More Heartbreaks '' Millicent Shelton Celeste Vasquez & Michael Narducci April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5319 0.93 64 20 `` Where Nothing Stays Buried '' John Hyams Carina Adly MacKenzie & Christopher Hollier May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5320 0.83 65 21 `` Give ' Em Hell , Kid '' Jeffrey Hunt Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5321 0.79 66 22 `` The Bloody Crown '' Matt Hastings Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu - John May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 3J5322 0.85 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Gather Up the Killers '' Lance Anderson Michael Russo & Michael Narducci March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 401 1.05 68 `` No Quarter '' Bethany Rooney Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 402 0.99 69 `` Haunter of Ruins '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 403 0.93 70 `` Keepers of the House '' Joseph Morgan Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 404 1.08 71 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' Chris Grismer Kyle Arrington April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 405 0.87 72 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' Jesse Warn Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 406 0.96 73 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' Charles Michael Davis Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 407 0.93 74 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' John Hyams Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 408 0.85 75 9 `` Queen Death '' Nicole Rubio Beau DeMayo May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 409 0.84 76 10 `` Phantomesque '' Daniel Gillies K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 410 1.03 77 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' Hanelle Culpepper Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 411 0.89 78 12 `` Voodoo Child '' Michael Grossman Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 412 1.01 79 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' Bethany Rooney Michael Narducci June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 413 0.80 Season 5 ( edit ) -- > No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Where You Left Your Heart '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre TBA TBA TBD 81 `` One Wrong Turn On Bourbon '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 82 `` Ne Me Quitte Pas '' Joseph Morgan TBA TBA TBA TBD 83 `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 84 5 `` Do n't It Just Break Your Heart '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 85 6 `` What , Will , I , Have , Left '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 86 7 `` God 's Gonna Trouble the Water '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD 87 8 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' TBA TBA TBA TBA TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Renewed for Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dailly , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals : Concluding After Season 5 ! '' . TVFanatic . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NCIS , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D , The biggest Loser , Dads & Person of Interest Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Originals ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Chicago Fire ' or ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' & ' New Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Supernatural ' , ' Dads ' or ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' The Goldbergs ' . ' Supernatural ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Mind Games ' , ' About a Boy ' , ' Growing Up Fisher ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel Studios : Assembling A Universe ' , ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' New Girl ' & ' Trophy Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Growing Up Fisher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' , ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Gotham ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' The Originals ' or ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' The Night Shift ' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Stalker ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' adjusts up , all others hold , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Wiz Live ' holds , ' CMA Country Christmas ' adjusts down plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and other CBS shows adjust down with NFL pre-emptions '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Originals ' and everything else unchanged '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust up , ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Originals ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Grimm ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Grimm , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Originals ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' Grimm ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' finale , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' finale and ' Grimm ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' finale adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Masters of Illusion ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grimm , ' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank finale , ' 48 Hours : NCIS ' adjust up ; ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Undercover Boss ' adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' and ' AGT ' rerun adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : List of episodes ^ Jump up to : https://www.instagram.com/p/BXN7Gwrhgbw/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/JosephMorgan/status/910455613313945600 External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Originals episodes on IMDb ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Originals_episodes&oldid=801739339 '' Categories : The Originals Lists of American horror - supernatural television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 14 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many episodes are in this season of the originals
[]
[]
-9092011141523669678
Cape Verde
Cape Verde - wikipedia Cape Verde For other uses , see Cabo Verde ( disambiguation ) and Cape Verde ( disambiguation ) . Republic of Cabo Verde República de Cabo Verde ( Portuguese ) Repúblika di Kabu Verdi ( Cape Verdean Creole ) Flag National emblem Motto : Unidade , Trabalho , Progresso ( Portuguese ) ( English : `` Unity , Work , Progress '' ) Anthem : Cântico da Liberdade ( Portuguese ) Chant of Freedom Location of Cape Verde ( dark blue ) -- in Africa ( light blue & dark grey ) -- in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city Praia 14 ° 55 ′ N 23 ° 31 ′ W  /  14.917 ° N 23.517 ° W  / 14.917 ; - 23.517 Official languages Portuguese Recognised national languages Cape Verdean Creole Ethnic groups ( 2017 ) Multiracial : 71 % African : 28 % European : 1 % Demonym Cape Verdean or Cabo Verdean Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Legislature National Assembly Formation Discovery 1460 Independence from Portugal 5 July 1975 Multi-party system 13 January 1990 Area Total 4,033 km ( 1,557 sq mi ) ( 166th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 539,560 ( 167th ) Density 123.7 / km ( 320.4 / sq mi ) ( 89th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $3.649 billion Per capita $6,867 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $1.747 billion Per capita $3,287 Gini ( 2008 ) 47.2 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.648 medium 122nd Currency Cape Verdean escudo ( CVE ) Time zone CVT ( UTC - 1 ) Summer ( DST ) not observed ( UTC - 1 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 238 ISO 3166 code CV Internet TLD . cv Cape Verde ( / ˌkeɪp ˈvɜːrd / ) or Cabo Verde ( / ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ / , / ˌkæb - / ) ( Portuguese : Cabo Verde , pronounced ( ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ ) ) , officially the Republic of Cabo Verde , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean . It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion , along with the Azores , Canary Islands , Madeira , and the Savage Isles . In ancient times these islands were referred to as `` the Islands of the Blessed '' or the `` Fortunate Isles '' . Located 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula in West Africa , the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century , when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands , establishing the first European settlement in the tropics . Ideally located for the Atlantic slave trade , the islands grew prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries , attracting merchants , privateers , and pirates . The end of slavery in the 19th century led to economic decline and emigration . Cape Verde gradually recovered as an important commercial center and stopover for shipping routes . Incorporated as an overseas department of Portugal in 1951 , the islands continued to campaign for independence , which was peacefully achieved in 1975 . Since the early 1990s , Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy , and remains one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa . Lacking natural resources , its developing economy is mostly service - oriented , with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment . Its population of around 512,000 is mostly of mixed European , Moorish , Arab and African heritage , and predominantly Roman Catholic , reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule . A sizeable diaspora community exists across the world , slightly outnumbering inhabitants on the islands . Historically , the name `` Cape Verde '' has been used in English for the archipelago and , since independence in 1975 , for the country . In 2013 , the Cape Verdean government determined that the Portuguese designation Cabo Verde would henceforth be used for official purposes , such as at the United Nations , even in English contexts . Cape Verde is a member of the African Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Independence ( 1975 ) 3 Politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 International recognition 4 Geography 4.1 Physical geography and geology 4.2 Climate 4.3 Biome 4.4 Administrative divisions 4.5 Largest cities 5 Economy 5.1 Development 5.2 Tourism 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Emigration and immigration 6.6 Health 6.7 Education 6.8 Science and technology 6.9 Crime 7 Culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Music 7.3 Dance 7.4 Literature 7.5 Cinema 7.6 Cuisine 7.7 Sports 8 Transport 8.1 Ports 8.2 Airports 8.2. 1 International airports 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap - Vert , on the Senegalese coast . In 1444 Portuguese explorers had named that landmark as Cabo Verde , a few years before they discovered the islands ( Verde is Portuguese for `` green '' ) . On 24 October 2013 , the country 's delegation announced at the United Nations that the official name should no longer be translated into other languages . Instead of `` Cape Verde '' , the designation `` Republic of Cabo Verde '' is to be used . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Cape Verde Insulae Capitis Viridis ( 1598 ) , showing Cape Verde Before the arrival of Europeans , the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited . The islands of the Cape Verde archipelago were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456 . According to Portuguese official records , the first discoveries were made by Genoa - born António de Noli , who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by Portuguese King Afonso V. Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries in the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Gomes ( who was with António de Noli and claimed to have been the first to land on and name Santiago island ) , Diogo Dias , Diogo Afonso and the Italian ( Venice - born ) Alvise Cadamosto . In 1462 , Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande ( now called Cidade Velha , to avoid being confused with the town of Ribeira Grande on the Santo Antão island ) . Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics . A view of Monte Cara from Mindelo In the 16th century , the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade . Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements . Francis Drake , an English privateer , twice sacked the ( then ) capital Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union . After a French attack in 1712 , the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia , which became the capital in 1770 . Decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis . Cape Verde 's early prosperity slowly vanished . However , the islands ' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships . Because of its excellent harbour , the city of Mindelo , located on the island of São Vicente , became an important commercial centre during the 19th century . Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832 . Grain ship Garthpool , wrecked at Boavista , Cape Verde , in 1928 With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese , the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters , who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy . In 1951 , Portugal changed Cape Verde 's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism . In 1956 , Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organised ( in Portuguese Guinea ) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( PAIGC ) . It demanded improvement in economic , social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations ' independence movement . Moving its headquarters to Conakry , Guinea in 1960 , the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961 . Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc - supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops . By 1972 , the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops , but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde . Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974 . A budding independence movement -- originally led by Amílcar Cabral , assassinated in 1973 -- passed on to his half - brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975 . Independence ( 1975 ) ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral on a stamp of the former East Germany Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal , the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde . In December 1974 , the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans . On 30 June 1975 , Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975 . In the late 1970s and 1980s , most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline 's flights to Europe and the United States . Immediately following the November 1980 coup in Guinea - Bissau , relations between Cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau became strained . Cape Verde abandoned its hope for unity with Guinea - Bissau and formed the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde ( PAICV ) . Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good . The PAICV and its predecessor established a one - party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990 . Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy , the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one - party rule . Opposition groups came together to form the Movement for Democracy ( MPD ) in Praia in April 1990 . Together , they campaigned for the right to contest the presidential election scheduled for December 1990 . The one - party state was abolished 28 September 1990 , and the first multi-party elections were held in January 1991 . The MPD won a majority of the seats in the National Assembly , and MPD presidential candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the PAICV 's candidate with 73.5 % of the votes . Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MPD majority in the National Assembly . The party won 50 of the National Assembly 's 72 seats . A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office . Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV , with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats , MPD 30 , and Party for Democratic Convergence ( PCD ) and Labour and Solidarity Party ( PTS ) 1 each . In February 2001 , the PAICV - supported presidential candidate Pedro Pires defeated former MPD leader Carlos Veiga by only 13 votes . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Cape Verde Cape Verdean Prime Minister José Maria Neves meets with the US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel , in 2013 . Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is among the most democratic nations in the world , ranking 23rd position in the world , according to the 2016 Democracy Index . The constitution -- adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992 , 1995 and 1999 -- defines the basic principles of its government . The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a 5 - year term . The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state . The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president . Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for 5 - year terms . Three parties now hold seats in the National Assembly -- MPD ( 36 ) , PAICV ( 25 ) and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union ( UCID ) ( 3 ) . The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice -- whose members are appointed by the president , the National Assembly , and the Board of the Judiciary -- and regional courts . Separate courts hear civil , constitutional , and criminal cases . Appeal is to the Supreme Court . The two main political parties are PAICV and MPD . Foreign relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of Cape Verde Map of countries with Cape Verdean embassies Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states . Angola , Brazil , the People 's Republic of China , Libya , Cuba , France , Germany , Portugal , Spain , Senegal , Russia , Luxembourg , and the United States maintain embassies in Praia . Cape Verde is actively interested in foreign affairs , especially in Africa . Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organisations . It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues . Since 2007 , Cape Verde has a special partnership status with the EU , under the Cotonou Agreement , and might apply for special membership , even because the Cape Verdean escudo , the country 's currency , is indexed to the Euro . In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Military ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean Armed Forces Marines of the Cape Verdean Coast Guard The military of Cape Verde consists of a National Guard and the Coast Guard ; 0.7 % of the country 's GDP was spent on the military in 2005 . Having fought their only war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975 , the efforts of the Caboverdean Armed Forces have now been turned to combating international drug trafficking . In 2007 , together with the Cabo Verdean Police , they carried out Operation Flying Launch ( Operacão Lancha Voadora ) , a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point . The operation took more than three years , being a secret operation during the first two years , and ended in 2010 . Although located in Africa , Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe . Because of this , some scholars argue that Cape Verde may be eligible to join the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and NATO . The most recent engagement of the Armed Forces was the Monte Tchota massacre that resulted in 11 deaths . International recognition ( edit ) Cape Verde is often praised as an example among African nations for its stability and developmental growth despite its lack of natural resources . Among other achievements , it has been recognised with the following assessments : Index Score PALOP rank CPLP rank African rank World rank Year Human Development Index 0.648 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( top 19 % ) 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 ( top 60 % ) 2016 Ibrahim Index of African Governance 73.0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) N / A 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) N / A 2015 Freedom of the Press 27 ( Free ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 ( top 24 % ) 2014 Freedom in the World 1 / 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 1 % ) 2016 Press Freedom Index 18.02 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ( top 14 % ) 2017 Democracy Index 7.94 ( Flawed democracy ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 ( top 12 % ) 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index 59 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 ( top 19 % ) 2016 Index of Economic Freedom 66.5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 ( top 28 % ) 2016 e-Government Readiness Index 0.3551 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( top 26 % ) 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 ( top 63 % ) 2014 Failed States Index 74.1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( top 15 % ) 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 ( top 46 % ) 2014 Networked Readiness Index 3.8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( top 13 % ) 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 ( top 43 % ) 2015 See List of countries by Human Development Index # Africa 1 / 1 is the highest possible rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with Portugal . Cape Verde was the only African country to reach the maximum rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with 48 other countries . The rank on this list is expressed in reverse order . To be comparable with the other rankings on this table , the actual rank of 88 was inverted , by subtracting it from the number of countries on the list , currently 177 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Cape Verde A topographic map of Cape Verde A satellite photo of the Cape Verde islands , 2010 The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean , approximately 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) off the western coast of the African continent , near Senegal , The Gambia , and Mauritania , and is part of the Macaronesia ecoregion . It lies between latitudes 14 ° and 18 ° N , and longitudes 22 ° and 26 ° W . The country is a horseshoe - shaped cluster of ten islands ( nine inhabited ) and eight islets , that constitute an area of 4033 km . The islands are spatially divided into two groups : The Barlavento Islands ( windward islands ) : Santo Antão , São Vicente , Santa Luzia , São Nicolau , Sal , Boa Vista ; and The Sotavento Islands ( leeward ) : Maio , Santiago , Fogo , Brava . The largest island , both in size and population , is Santiago , which hosts the nation 's capital , Praia , the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago . Three of the Cape Verde islands , Sal , Boa Vista and Maio , are fairly flat , sandy , and dry ; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation . Physical geography and geology ( edit ) Geologically , the islands , covering a combined area of slightly over 4,033 square kilometres ( 1,557 square miles ) , are principally composed of igneous rocks , with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago 's total volume . The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic ; the archipelago is a soda - alkaline petrographic province , with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands . Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125 -- 150 million years : the islands themselves date from 8 million ( in the west ) to 20 million years ( in the east ) . The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128 -- 131 million year old pillow lavas . The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene , and reached its peak at the end of this period , when the islands reached their maximum sizes . Historical volcanism ( within human settlement ) has been restricted to the island of Fogo . The origin of the islands ' volcanism has been attributed to a hotspot , associated with bathymetric swell that formed the Cape Verde Rise . The Rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world 's oceans , rising 2.2 kilometres ( 1.4 miles ) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km , associated with a rise of the geoid and elevated surface heat flow . Most recently erupting in 2014 , Pico do Fogo is the largest active volcano in the region . It has a 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) diameter caldera , whose rim is 1,600 metres ( 5,249 feet ) altitude and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres ( 9,281 feet ) above sea level . The caldera resulted from subsidence , following the partial evacuation ( eruption ) of the magma chamber , along a cylindrical column from within magma chamber ( at a depth of 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) ) . Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio . On Santiago , Santo Antão , and São Nicolau , arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains . Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides . According to the president of Nauru , Cape Verde has been ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change . Geography of Cape Verde The Countryside in Estrada Baía das Gatas Rocha Estância , in Boa Vista Santo Antão island landscapes Ribeira Grande Valley in Santiago Climate ( edit ) Further information : Geography of Cape Verde § Climate Cape Verde 's climate is milder than that of the African mainland , because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures on the islands and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere around the archipelago . Conversely , the islands do not receive the upwellings ( cold streams ) that affect the West African coast , so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal , but the sea is warmer , because the orographic relief of some islands , such as Santiago with steep mountains , cover it with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation where the humid air condenses and soak the plants , rocks , soil , logs , moss , etc . On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands , exclusively in mountainous areas , like Santo Antão island , the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forest , and laurel forest as this vegetation Average daily high temperatures range from 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in February to 31 ° C ( 87.8 ° F ) in September . Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian arid belt , with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa . It rains irregularly between August and October , with frequent brief heavy downpours . A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of annual rainfall . Sal 's total of ( 145 mm ( 5.7 in ) ) confirms this classification . Most of the year 's rain falls in September . hide Climate data for Cape Verde : Sal and Praia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.7 ( 83.6 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) 24 ( 75 ) 25 ( 77 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 25 ( 77 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.8 ( 71.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) ( 0.12 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 0.12 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 15 ( 0.59 ) 14 ( 0.55 ) 16 ( 0.63 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 10 ( 0.39 ) 90 ( 3.56 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 61 58 57 56 57 61 67 50 47 67 64 63 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 310.0 214.5 280.0 330.0 341.0 300.0 279.0 250.0 295.0 279.0 300.0 279.0 3,457.5 Source # 1 : Weatherbase.com ( humidity , sun and mean temperature ) , Met Office for precipitation Source # 2 : Voodoo Skies for the rest Sal , Boa Vista and Maio have a flat landscape and arid climate , the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation . Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the landscape is arid . The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones -- arid , semiarid , subhumid and humid , according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from 200 millimetres ( 7.9 inches ) in the arid areas of the coast to more than 1,000 millimetres ( 39 inches ) in the humid mountain . Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist . In some islands , as Santiago , the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the dryer one in the south / southwest coast . Praia , on the southeast coast , is the largest city of the island and the largest city and capital of the country . Because of their proximity to the Sahara , most of the Cape Verde islands are dry , but on islands with high mountains and farther away from the coast , by orography , the humidity is much higher , providing a rainforest habitat , although much affected by the human presence . Northeastern slopes of high mountains often receive a lot of rain while southwest slopes do not . These umbria areas are identified with cool and moisture . Western Hemisphere - bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands . These are referred to as Cape Verde - type hurricanes . These hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters away from Cape Verde . The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde - type hurricanes , which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land . The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde - type hurricanes . Most of the longest - lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes . The islands themselves have only been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history ( since 1851 ) : once in 1892 , and again in 2015 by Hurricane Fred , the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic . Biome ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species , particularly birds and reptiles , many of which are endangered by human development . Endemic birds include Alexander 's swift ( Apus alexandri ) , Bourne 's heron ( Ardea purpurea bournei ) , the Raso lark ( Alauda razae ) , the Cape Verde warbler ( Acrocephalus brevipennis ) , and the Iago sparrow ( Passer iagoensis ) . The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater . Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko ( Tarentola gigas ) . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Cabo Verde Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities ( concelhos ) and subdivided into 32 parishes ( freguesias ) , based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period : Barlavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2013 Parish Santo Antão Ribeira Grande 18,890 Nossa Senhora do Rosário Nossa Senhora do Livramento Santo Crucifixo São Pedro Apóstolo Paúl 6,997 Santo António das Pombas Porto Novo 18,028 São João Baptista Santo André São Vicente São Vicente 79,374 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santa Luzia São Nicolau Ribeira Brava 7,580 Nossa Senhora da Lapa Nossa Senhora do Rosário Tarrafal de São Nicolau 5,237 São Francisco Sal Sal 30,879 Nossa Senhora das Dores Boa Vista Boa Vista 9,162 Santa Isabel São João Baptista Sotavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2010 Parish Maio Maio 6,952 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santiago Praia 131,719 Nossa Senhora da Graça São Domingos 13,808 Nossa Senhora da Luz São Nicolau Tolentino Santa Catarina 44,388 Santa Catarina São Salvador do Mundo 8,677 São Salvador do Mundo Santa Cruz 26,617 Santiago Maior São Lourenço dos Órgãos 7,388 São Lourenço dos Órgãos Ribeira Grande de Santiago 8,325 Santíssimo Nome de Jesus São João Baptista São Miguel 15,648 São Miguel Arcanjo Tarrafal 18,565 Santo Amaro Abade Fogo São Filipe 22,248 São Lourenço Nossa Senhora da Conceição Santa Catarina do Fogo 5,299 Santa Catarina do Fogo Mosteiros 9,524 Nossa Senhora da Ajuda Brava Brava 6,952 São João Baptista Nossa Senhora do Monte Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Cape Verde Instituto Nacional de Estatística ( Distribuição da população residente - RGPH 2010 : População urbana ) Rank Name Municipality Pop . Praia Mindelo Praia Praia 127 832 Santa Maria Assomada Mindelo São Vicente 70 468 Santa Maria Sal 23 839 Assomada Santa Catarina 12 026 5 Porto Novo Porto Novo 9 430 6 Pedra Badejo Santa Cruz 9 345 7 São Filipe São Filipe 8 125 8 Tarrafal Tarrafal 6 177 9 Sal Rei Boa Vista 5 407 10 Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande 4 625 Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Cape Verde A proportional representation of Cape Verde 's export products Cape Verdean national flag carrier TACV A resort in Sal Cape Verde 's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources has garnered international recognition , with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid . Since 2007 , the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country . Cape Verde has few natural resources . Only five of the ten main islands ( Santiago , Santo Antão , São Nicolau , Fogo , and Brava ) normally support significant agricultural production , and over 90 % of all food consumed in Cape Verde is imported . Mineral resources include salt , pozzolana ( a volcanic rock used in cement production ) , and limestone . Its small number of wineries making Portuguese - style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market , but have recently met with some international acclaim . A number of wine tours of Cape Verde 's various microclimates began to be offered in spring 2010 and can be arranged through the tourism office . The economy of Cape Verde is service - oriented , with commerce , transport , and public services accounting for more than 70 % of GDP . Although nearly 35 % of the population lives in rural areas , agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9 % of GDP . Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder . Fish and shellfish are plentiful , and small quantities are exported . Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo , Praia , and on Sal . Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at about 20 % of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances . In spite of having few natural resources and being semi-desert , the country boasts the highest living standards in the region , and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities . Since 1991 , the government has pursued market - oriented economic policies , including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far - reaching privatization programme . It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and of the private sector ; the development of tourism , light manufacturing industries , and fisheries ; and the development of transport , communications , and energy facilities . From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned , of which 58 % were in tourism , 17 % in industry , 4 % in infrastructure , and 21 % in fisheries and services . In 2011 , on four islands a wind farm was built that supplies about 30 % of the electricity of the country . It is one of the top countries for renewable energy . Between 2000 and 2009 , real GDP increased on average by over 7 percent a year , well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region . Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world , as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3.5 months of imports . Unemployment has been falling rapidly , and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals -- including halving its 1990 poverty level . In 2007 , Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country ( LDC ) to Middle Income Country ( MIC ) status . Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy , which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and , in 1999 , to the euro . On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO . In early January 2018 , the government announced that the minimum wage would be raised to 13,000 CVE ( USD 140 or EUR 130 ) from 11,000 CVE , which was effective in mid-January 2018 . Development ( edit ) The European Commission 's total allocation for the period of 2008 -- 2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address `` poverty reduction , in particular in rural and periurban areas where women are heading the households , as well as good governance '' amounts to € 54.1 million . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Cape Verde Freedom Avenue in Assomada , near the town square Yachts in Porto Grande , Mindelo on the island of São Vicente . Tourism is a growing source of income on the islands . Cape Verde 's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo 's harbour ( Porto Grande ) and at Sal 's and Praia 's international airports . A new international airport was opened in Boa Vista in December 2007 , and on the island of São Vicente , the newest international airport ( Cesária Évora Airport ) in Cape Verde , was opened in late 2009 . Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983 . The major ports are Mindelo and Praia , but all other islands have smaller port facilities . In addition to the international airport on Sal , airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands . All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service . The archipelago has 3,050 km ( 1,895 mi ) of roads , of which 1,010 km ( 628 mi ) are paved , most using cobblestone . The country 's future economic prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows , the encouragement of tourism , remittances , outsourcing labour to neighbouring African countries , and the momentum of the government 's development programme . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Cape Verdeans and Demographics of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's population , ( 1961 -- 2003 ) Cape Verde 's population pyramid , 2005 The official Census recorded that Cape Verde had a population of 512,096 in 2013 . A large proportion ( 236,000 ) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island , Santiago . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited when the Portuguese discovered it in 1456 . African slaves were brought to the islands to work on Portuguese plantations . Most Cape Verdeans are mulattos ( mestiços in Portuguese ) , who have mixed African and European origins ; another term is creole meaning mixed native African and native European descent . Many Cape Verdeans have emigrated , mainly to the United States and Europe . European ancestors include Spanish and Italian seamen who were granted land by the Portuguese Empire , followed by Portuguese settlers and exiles , as well as Portuguese Muslims and Jews ( both of these religious groups were victims of the Inquisition ) . Many foreigners from other parts of the world settled in Cape Verde as their permanent home . These people came from places such as the Netherlands , France , Britain , Arab countries ( especially Lebanon and Morocco ) , China ( especially from Macau ) , India , Indonesia , South America , North America and Brazil ( including people of Portuguese and African descent ) and were absorbed into the mestiço population . Cape Verde 's population in the 21st century is mostly creole ; the capital city Praia accounts for a quarter of the country 's population . Over 65 % of the population in the archipelago live in urban centers , and the literacy rate is around 87 % ( i.e. , 91 % among men aged 15 and above and 83 % among women aged 15 and above ) according to the 2013 Cape Verdean census . A genetic study revealed that the ancestry of the population in Cape Verde is predominantly European in the male line and West African in the female line ; counted together the percentage is 56 % African and 44 % European . The high degree of genetic and ethnic mixture of individuals is a result of centuries of migration . Languages ( edit ) Cape Verde 's official language is Portuguese . It is the language of instruction and government . It is also used in such media as newspapers , television , and radio . Cape Verdean Creole is used colloquially and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans . The national constitution calls for the measures to give it parity with Portuguese . Cape Verdean Creole or Kriolu is a dialect continuum of a Portuguese - based creole . There is a substantial body of literature in Creole , especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole . Creole has been gaining prestige since the nation 's independence from Portugal . The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language . Some people have advocated the development of two standards : a North ( Barlavento ) standard , centered on the São Vicente Creole , and a South ( Sotavento ) standard , centered on the Santiago Creole . Manuel Veiga , PhD , a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde , is the premier proponent of Kriolu 's officialization and standardization . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in Cape Verde Religion in Cape Verde ( 2010 ) Catholic Church ( 78.7 % ) Other Christian ( 10.4 % ) Other or non-religious ( 10.9 % ) Around 95 % of the population are Christian . More than 85 % of the population was nominally Roman Catholic in 2007 . For a minority of the population , Catholicism is syncretized with African influences . The largest Protestant denomination is the Church of the Nazarene ; other groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the Assemblies of God , the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God , and other Pentecostal and evangelical groups . There is a small Muslim community . There were Jewish settlements on several islands . The number of atheists is estimated at less than 1 % of the population . Emigration and immigration ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean diaspora Today , more Cape Verdeans live abroad than in Cape Verde itself , with significant emigrant Cape Verdean communities in the United States ( 500,000 of Cape Verdean descent , with a major concentration on the New England coast from Providence , Rhode Island , to New Bedford , Massachusetts ) . There are significant Cape Verde populations in Portugal ( 150,000 ) , Angola ( 45,000 ) , São Tomé and Príncipe ( 25,000 ) , Senegal ( 25,000 ) , the Netherlands ( 20,000 , of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam ) , Spain ( 65,500 ) , United Kingdom ( 35,500 ) , France ( 25,000 ) , Italy ( 10,000 ) Luxembourg ( 7,000 ) and Scandinavia ( 7,000 ) . There is a Cape Verdean community in Argentina numbering 8,000 . A large number of Cape Verdeans and people of Cape Verdean descent who emigrated before 1975 are not included in these statistics , because Cape Verdeans had Portuguese passports before 1975 . The Chinese make up a sizable and important segment of the immigrant population in Cape Verde . The immigrants from the nearby West African coast make up the majority of foreigners in the country . Over the last several years , a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country . On the islands , there are over 22,000 foreigners / naturalized Cape Verdeans living and working on a permanent basis . Over the years , Cape Verde has increasingly become a net immigration country due to its relative high per capita income , political and social stability , and freedom . Emigrants from the Cape Verde islands to North America have a long history of involvement with the armed forces . Enlisting in aid of the Revolutionary War , the Civil War , the First and Second World Wars , as well as the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Cape Verdeans moved to places all over the world , from Macau to Haiti , and Argentina to northern Europe . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in Cape Verde A health clinic in a residential area of Praia The infant mortality rate among Cape Verdean children between 0 and 5 years old is 17.5 per 1,000 live births according to the latest ( 2016 ) data from the National Statistics Bureau ( 1 ) , while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births . The HIV - AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is 0.8 % . According to the latest data ( 2015 ) from the National Statistics Bureau ( 2 ) , life expectancy at birth in Cape Verde is 71.5 years for males and 79.9 years for females . There are six hospitals in the Cape Verde archipelago : two central hospitals ( one in the capital city of Praia and one in Mindelo , São Vicente ) and four regional hospitals ( one in Santa Catarina ( northern Santiago region ) , one on São Antão , one on Fogo , and one on Sal ) . In addition , there are 28 health centers , 35 sanitation centers and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago . Cape Verde 's population is among the healthiest in Africa . Since its independence , it has greatly improved its health indicators . Besides having been promoted to the group of `` medium development '' countries in 2007 , leaving the least developed countries category ( which is only the second time it has happened to a country ) , is currently the 10th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index . The total expenditure for health was 7.1 % of GDP ( 2015 ) . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Cape Verde A kindergarten graduation in Santiago island Although the Cape Verdean educational system is similar to the Portuguese system , over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system ; for instance , all 10 existing universities in the country offer 4 - year bachelor 's degree programs as opposed to 5 - year bachelor 's degree programs that existed before 2010 . Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa , after South Africa . Primary school education in Cape Verde is mandatory and free for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years . In 2011 , the net enrollment ratio for primary school was 85 % . Approximately 90 % of the total population over 15 years of age is literate , and roughly 25 % of the population holds a college degree ; a significant number of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields . Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children , and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in - service teacher training . Although most children have access to education , some problems remain . For example , there is insufficient spending on school materials , lunches , and books . As of October 2016 , there were 69 secondary schools throughout the archipelago ( including 19 private secondary schools ) and at least 10 universities in the country which are based on the two islands of Santiago and São Vicente . In 2015 , 23 % of the Cape Verdean population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools . When it came to higher education , 9 % of Cape Verdean men and 8 % of Cape Verdean women held a bachelor 's degree or had attended universities . The overall college education rate ( i.e. , college graduates and undergraduate students ) in Cape Verde is about 24 % , in relation to the local college age population ( 3 ) . The total expenditure on education was 5.6 % of GDP ( 2010 ) . The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12 . Science and Technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Cape Verde In 2011 , Cape Verde devoted just 0.07 % of its GDP to research and development , among the lowest rates in West Africa . The Ministry of Higher Education , Science and Culture plans to strengthen the research and academic sectors by placing emphasis on greater mobility , through exchange programmes and international co-operation agreements . As part of this strategy , Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero - American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200 000 academics between 2015 and 2020 . Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011 , a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants . The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013 . All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women ( 36 % ) . There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences . Of the eight engineers involved in research and development , one was a woman . Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women , as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities . In 2015 , the government was planning to build a ' cyber-island ' which would develop and offer services that include software development , computer maintenance and back office operations . Approved in 2013 , the Praia Technology Park is a step in this direction . Financed by the African Development Bank , it is expected to be operational by 2018 . Crime ( edit ) Further information : Crime in Cape Verde Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde especially in crowds , such as market places , festivals , and celebrations . Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children . Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Cape Verde Cape Verdeans are a very musical people ; The Chã das Caldeiras group is an example . In all its aspects , the culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of European and African elements . This is not a sum of two cultures , living side by side , but a third product , totally new , resulting from an exchange that began five hundred years ago . Much similar to some parts of Brazil . The Cape Verdean case may be situated in the common context of African nations , in which elites , who questioned European racial and cultural superiority and who in some cases undertook a long armed struggle against European imperialism and national liberation , use the rule of Western codes as the main instrument of internal domination . Cape Verdean social and cultural patterns are similar to those of rural Portugal . Football ( futebol ) games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment . The traditional walk around the praça ( town square ) to meet friends is practiced regularly in Cape Verde towns . Media ( edit ) Further information : Media of Cape Verde In towns with electricity , television is available on three channels ; one state owned ( RTC - TCV ) and three foreign owned , RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese - based RTI in 2005 , on 31 March 2007 , Record Cabo Verde , its own version was launched by the Brazilian - based Rede Record . Cape Verde has now received TV CPLP and some of its programs are broadcast , the network first aired in 2016 . Premium channels includes the Capeverdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde , two channels owned by Brazil 's Record . Other premium channels are aired in Cape Verde especially Satellite Network , they are common in hotels and villas but availability is predominantly limited , one of them is RDP África , the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP . As of early 2017 , about 19 % of the Cape Verdean population own an active cellular phone , 70 % have access to the Internet , 11 % own a landline telephone , and 2 % of the population subscribe to local cable TV . In 2003 , Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country . In 2004 , there were seven radio stations ; six independent and one state owned . The media is operated by the Capeverdean News Agency ( secondarily as Inforpress ) . Nationwide radio stations include RCV , RCV+ , Radio Kriola , the religious station Radio Nova . Local radio stations include Rádio Praia , the first radio station in Cape Verde , Praia FM , the first FM station in the nation , Rádio Barlavento , Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo . Music ( edit ) Further information : Music of Cape Verde Cesária Évora , Cape Verdean singer The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality , well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo , whose importance makes the city known in the days of the momesque celebrations as `` Brazilim '' ( or `` little Brazil '' ) . Cape Verde music incorporates `` African , Portuguese and Brazilian influences . '' Cape Verde 's quintessential national music is the morna , a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole . The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira , followed by funaná and batuque music . Cesária Évora was the best - known Cape Verdean singer in the world , known as the `` barefoot diva '' , because she liked to perform barefooted on stage . The international success of Cesária Évora has made other Cape Verdean artists , or descendants of Cape Verdeans born in Portugal , gain more space in the music market . Examples of this are singers Sara Tavares , Lura and Mayra Andrade . Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes , better known as Travadinha and Ildo Lobo , who died in 2004 . The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture , in his honor . There are also well known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene . Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver , Duke Ellington 's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves , Teófilo Chantre , Paul Pena , the Tavares brothers and singer Lura . Dance ( edit ) Dance forms include the soft dance morna , the extreme sensuality of coladeira , the Cape Verdean version of the zouk from Guadeloupe called Cabo love , the Funaná ( a sensual mixed Portuguese and African dance ) , and the Batuque dance . Literature ( edit ) Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa . Famous poets include Paulino Vieira , Manuel de Novas , Sergio Frusoni , Eugénio Tavares , and B. Léza , and famous authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva , António Aurélio Gonçalves , Manuel Lopes , Orlanda Amarílis , Henrique Teixeira de Sousa , Arménio Vieira , Kaubverdianu Dambará , Dr. Azágua , and Germano Almeida . Cinema ( edit ) The Carnival and the island of São Vicente is portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas , nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards . Cuisine ( edit ) Cachupa Main article : Cape Verdean cuisine The Cape Verde diet is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice . Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes , onions , tomatoes , manioc , cabbage , kale , and dried beans . Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year - round , while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal . A popular dish served in Cape Verde is Cachupa , a slow cooked stew of corn ( hominy ) , beans , and fish or meat . A common appetizer is the pastel which is a pastry shell filled with fish or meat that is then fried . Sports ( edit ) The country 's most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team , which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007 , after beating Egypt in its last game . The country 's most well - known player is Walter Tavares , who plays for Real Madrid of Spain . Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing ( a type of windsurfing ) and kiteboarding . Josh Angulo , a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion , has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination . Cape Verde is now his adopted country . Mitu Monteiro , a local kitesurfer , was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline . The Cape Verde national football team , nicknamed either the Tubarões Azuis ( Blue Sharks ) or Crioulos ( Creoles ) , is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Federação Caboverdiana de Futebol . The team has played at two Africa Cup of Nations , in 2013 and 2015 . The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996 . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Cape Verde Ports ( edit ) New port in Santo Antão There are four international ports : Mindelo , São Vicente ; Praia , Santiago ; Palmeira , Sal ; and Sal Rei , Boa Vista . Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise liners and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão . Praia on Santiago is a main hub for local ferry services to other islands . Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island , Amílcar Cabral International Airport , and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island . Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol . There are smaller harbors , essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau , Sal Rei on Boa Vista , Vila do Maio ( Porto Inglês ) on Maio , São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava . These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services , which carry both freight and passengers . The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated . Airports ( edit ) Aristides Pereira International Airport in Boa Vista island Seven operational in 2014 -- 4 international and 3 domestic . Two non-operational , one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão , closed for safety reasons . International airports ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral International Airport , Sal Island Nelson Mandela International Airport , Santiago Island Aristides Pereira International Airport , Boa Vista Island Cesária Évora Airport , São Vicente Island João dos Santos Airport , CPV See also ( edit ) Cape Verde portal Outline of Cape Verde Index of Cape Verde - related articles List of Cape Verdeans Cape Verdean American Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands List of island countries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constituição da República de Cabo Verde '' ( PDF ) . ICRC databases on international humanitarian law . Article 9 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People and Society -- Cape Verde '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ John Kerry ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` On the Occasion of the Republic of Cabo Verde 's National Day '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States , I send best wishes to Cabo Verdeans as you celebrate 39 years of independence on July 5 . ^ Jump up to : Neto , Octávio Amorim ; Lobo , Marina Costa ( 2010 ) . `` Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics : Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese - Speaking Countries '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 1644026 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burundi '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanya Basu ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Cape Verde Gets New Name : 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobban , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde põe fim à tradução da sua designação oficial '' ( Cabo Verde puts an end to translation of its official designation ) ( in Portuguese ) . Panapress. 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` História '' . governo . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carta regia ( royal letter ) of 19 September 1462 ^ Jump up to : Cape Verde background note . United States Department of State ( July 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( 1837 ) . Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . 1992 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy index 2012 '' . The Economist . The Economist Intelligence Unit . 2013 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opposition returns to power in Cape Verde after 15 years '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Percival , Debra ( 25 May 2008 ) . `` Cape Verde - EU ' Special Partnership ' takes shape '' . The Courier . European Commission . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde could seek EU membership this year '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde becomes the 119th State to join the Rome Statute system '' . icc-cpi.int . International Criminal Court . 13 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ sprungbrett - nach - westafrika Jump up ^ `` Eleven shot dead in Cape Verde , including two Spanish citizens '' . Reuters. 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance '' ( PDF ) . Mo Ibrahim Foundation . October 2013 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde 2010 Index of Economic Freedom '' . Heritage.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Forum : The Global Information Technology Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Weform.org . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Peace Corps Welcomes You to Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . Peace Corps . April 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 April 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Pim et al. , 2008 , p. 422 Jump up ^ R. Ramalho et al. , 2010 Jump up ^ Le Bas , T.P. ( 2007 ) , `` Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands '' , in Lykousis , Vasilios , Submarine mass movements and their consequences : 3rd international symposium , Springer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6511 - 8 Jump up ^ `` A sinking feeling : why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change ? '' . New York Times Upfront. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voodoo Skies - Praia Monthly Temperature weather history '' . VoodooSkies.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde weather '' . Met Office . Jump up ^ `` Praia , Cape Verde Travel Weather Averages '' . Weatherbase . Jump up ^ `` Endemic Bird Areas : Cape Verde Islands '' . Birdlife.org . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Census -- source : Instituto Nacional de Estatistica . Jump up ^ See Carlos Ferreira Couto , Incerteza , adaptabilidade e inovação na sociedade rural da Ilha de Santiago de Cabo Verde , Lisbon : Fundação Galouste Gulbenkian , 2010 Jump up ^ See now Brígida Rocha Brito and others , Turismo em Meio Insular Africano : Potencialidades , constrangimentos e impactos , Lisbon : Gerpress , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Turbines arrive for ground breaking wind farm in Africa -- InfraCo Limited '' . Infracoafrica.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MFW4A '' . MFW4A . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde - Data '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde to join WTO on 23 July 2008 '' . WTO News . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde government raises minimum wage to 13,000 escudos '' . MacauHub. 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Governo vai aumentar salário mínimo nacional de 11 para 13 mil escudos '' ( in Portuguese ) . A Semana. 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission '' . Ec.europa.eu. 21 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatistica , Praia Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde : Population '' . caperverde.com . Jump up ^ `` População cabo - verdiana : `` 57 % dos genes são de origem africana e 43 % , de origem europeia '' `` . A Semana. 27 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Amado , A.D. ( 2015 ) , The Illegible State in Cape Verde : Language Policy and the Quality of Democracy . Jump up ^ ( CABO VERDE ) . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` State.gov '' . State.gov. 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Cape Verde '' . State.gov. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in Cape Verde Archived 8 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . '' , by Louise Werlin Jump up ^ Jorgen Carling , 2004 , p. 113 - 132 Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdeans : Cape Verdean Veterans '' . Sites.google.com . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdean Americans -- History , Modern era , The first cape verdeans in america '' . Everyculture.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN advocate salutes Cape Verde 's graduation from category of poorest States '' , UN News Centre , 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor ( 2001 ) . Bureau of International Labor Affairs , United States Department of Labor ( 2002 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators Data '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . UNESCO . 2015 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' Archived 25 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... United States Bureau of Consular Affairs ( 5 May 2008 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` TV Record Cabo Verde disponível também nos canais a cabo em Cabo Verde '' . ZAP TV and BOOM TV . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Manuel ( 1988 ) . Popular Musics of the Non-Western World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 95 -- 97 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Africa Cup of Nations : Cape Verde and Ethiopia qualify '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Pim , J. ; Pierce , C. ; Watts , A.B. ; Grevemeyer , I. ; Krabbenhoeft , A. ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` Crustal structure and origin of the Cape Verde Rise '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elesiever. 272 : 422 -- 428 . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2008.05. 012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2011 . Carling , Jorgen ( 2004 ) . `` Emigration , Return and Development in Cape Verde : The Impact of Closing Borders '' . Population , Space and Place . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. 55 ( 10 ) : 113 -- 132 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 4679 ( 199901 ) 55 : 1 < 117 : : AID - JCLP12 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A. PMID 10100838 . Ramalho , R. ; Helffrich , G. ; Schmidt , D. ; Vance , D. ( 2010 ) . `` Tracers of Uplift and Subsidence in the Cape Verde Archipelago '' . Journal of the Geological Society . London : Geological Society of London . 167 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 538 . doi : 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492009 - 056 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCape Verdeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Wikimedia Atlas of Cape Verde Official website of the Government of Cape Verde Cape Verde at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Cape Verde '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Cape Verde from State.gov Country Profile from BBC News Cape Verde entry on Encyclopædia Britannic / a Cape Verde from UCB Libraries GovPubs Key Development Forecasts for Cape Verde from International Futures Cape Verde 2012 Cape Verde articles History Portuguese Cape Verde Colonial governors PAIGC PAICV Geography Administrative divisions Cities Climate Extreme points Islands Barlavento Sotavento Mountains Ports Streams Villages and settlements Volcanoes Wildlife Politics Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Escudo ( currency ) Stock market Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports Culture Basketball Cape Verdean Creole Cape Verdean Portuguese Cape Verdeans list Crime Cuisine Demographics Education Emblem Flag Football Health Media Music Public holidays Religion Outline Index Category Portal Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely / mostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty . International membership and history African Union ( AU ) History Pan-Africanism Casablanca Group Monrovia Group Abuja Treaty Sirte Declaration Lome Summit Organisation of African Unity Chairperson Secretary General Geography Borders Extreme points Member states Regions Organs Executive Council Permanent Representatives ' Committee Specialized Technical Committees Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Deputy Chairperson AUCC Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat Gallagher Estate African Court of Justice African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights ECOSOCC Committees Peace and Security Political Affairs Infrastructure and Energy Social Affairs and Health HR , Sciences and Technology Trade and Industry Rural Economy and Agriculture Economic Affairs Women and Gender Cross-Cutting Programs Financial Institutions AFRA Commission African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank Peace and Security Council ACIRC African Standby Force Panel of the Wise UNAMID AMIB AMIS AMISOM MISCA Politics APRM Foreign relations African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Enlargement Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Economy Currencies Development Bank African Economic Community NEPAD African Continental Free Trade Area Single African Air Transport Market Culture Africa Day Languages Theory Afro United States of Africa United States of Latin Africa Category Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( CPLP ) Category Membership Members Angola Brazil Cape Verde East Timor Equatorial Guinea Guinea - Bissau Mozambique Portugal São Tomé and Príncipe Observers Czech Republic Georgia Hungary Japan Mauritius Namibia Senegal Slovakia Turkey Uruguay Organization CPLP Games Flag TV CPLP ACOLOP Lusophony Games Portuguese - using countries Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? Nova Scotia South America & Antilles 16th century 1500 -- 1822 Brazil 1534 -- 1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1549 -- 1572 Brazil 1572 -- 1578 Bahia 1572 -- 1578 Rio de Janeiro 1578 -- 1607 Brazil 1621 -- 1815 Brazil 1536 -- 1620 Barbados 17th century 1621 -- 1751 Maranhão 1680 -- 1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751 -- 1772 Grão - Pará and Maranhão 1772 -- 1775 Grão - Pará and Rio Negro 1772 -- 1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808 -- 1822 Cisplatina ( Uruguay ) 1809 -- 1817 Portuguese Guiana ( Amapá ) 1822 Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia Coordinates : 15 ° 06 ′ 40 '' N 23 ° 37 ′ 00 '' W  /  15.11111 ° N 23.61667 ° W  / 15.11111 ; - 23.61667 BNF : cb120220877 ( data ) GND : 4029617 - 9 HDS : 3447 ISNI : 0000 0001 2173 3041 LCCN : n81141822 NARA : 10044245 NDL : 00575579 NKC : ge168928 NLA : 36750003 SUDOC : 027260100 VIAF : 123091922 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Verde&oldid=845755316 '' Categories : Cape Verde Macaronesia West African countries Economic Community of West African States Island countries Islands of Macaronesia Portuguese - speaking countries and territories Republics States and territories established in 1975 Member states of the African Union Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Member states of the United Nations Small Island Developing States 1975 establishments in Africa 1975 establishments in Cape Verde Countries in Africa Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Luganda Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 197 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 22 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is cape verde located on the african map
[ "Cape Verde (/ˌkeɪp ˈvɜːrd/) or Cabo Verde (/ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ/, /ˌkæb-/) (Portuguese: Cabo Verde, pronounced [ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ]), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde,[9] is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean. It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. In ancient times these islands were referred to as \"the Islands of the Blessed\" or the \"Fortunate Isles\". Located 570 kilometres (350 mi) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula in West Africa, the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi)." ]
[ "570 kilometres (350 mi) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula in West Africa" ]
5777711449077236001
Hey Jude
Hey Jude - wikipedia Hey Jude Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hey Jude ( disambiguation ) . `` Hey Jude '' A-side label of original UK release Single by the Beatles B - side `` Revolution '' Released 26 August 1968 Format 7 - inch Recorded 31 July -- 1 August 1968 , Trident Studios , London Genre Rock pop rock Length 7 : 11 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968 `` Hey Jude '' ( 1968 ) Hey Jude1968 `` Get Back '' ( 1969 ) Get Back 1969 Alternative cover 1982 reissue Music video `` Hey Jude '' on YouTube `` Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The ballad evolved from `` Hey Jules '' , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , during his parents ' divorce . `` Hey Jude '' begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment ; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes . `` Hey Jude '' was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles ' record label Apple Records . More than seven minutes in length , it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts . It also spent nine weeks at number one in the United States , the longest for any Beatles single . `` Hey Jude '' tied the `` all - time '' record , at the time , for the longest run at the top of the US charts . The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time . In 2013 , Billboard named it the 10th biggest song of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and writing 2 Production 2.1 Abbey Road rehearsals 2.2 Trident Studios recording 2.3 Mixing 3 Composition and structure 4 Release 5 Promotion 6 Critical reception 7 Awards and accolades 8 Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia 9 Cover versions and performances 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 All - time charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Inspiration and writing ( edit ) In May 1968 , John Lennon and his wife Cynthia Lennon separated after John 's affair with Yoko Ono . The following month , Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and John 's son , Julian , at Kenwood , the family 's home in Weybridge . Cynthia had been part of the Beatles ' social circle since before the band 's rise to fame in 1963 ; McCartney later said he found it `` a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life . '' Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney 's surprise visit : `` I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed ' Hey Jude ' in the car . I will never forget Paul 's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us . '' I started with the idea `` Hey Jules , '' which was Julian , do n't make it bad , take a sad song and make it better . Hey , try and deal with this terrible thing . I knew it was not going to be easy for him . I always feel sorry for kids in divorces ... -- Paul McCartney , 1997 The song 's original title was `` Hey Jules '' , and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents ' separation . McCartney later said , `` I knew it was not going to be easy for him '' , and that he changed the name to `` Jude '' `` because I thought that sounded a bit better '' . According to music journalist Chris Hunt , in the weeks after writing the song , McCartney `` test ( ed ) his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse . And that meant everyone . '' On 30 June , after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band 's rendition of his instrumental `` Thingumybob '' , in Yorkshire , McCartney stopped at a village in Bedfordshire and performed `` Hey Jude '' at a local pub . He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single `` I 'm the Urban Spaceman '' , in London , and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same . Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys -- soon to be known as Badfinger and , like the Black Dyke Mills Band , an early signing to the Beatles ' new record label Apple Records -- later recalled that on their first day in the studio , McCartney `` gave us a full concert rendition of ' Hey Jude ' '' . When introducing the composition to Lennon , McCartney assured him that he would `` fix '' the line `` the movement you need is on your shoulder '' , reasoning that `` it 's a stupid expression ; it sounds like a parrot . '' Lennon replied : `` You wo n't , you know . That 's the best line in the song . '' McCartney retained the phrase ; he later said of his subsequent live performances of the song : `` that 's the line when I think of John , and sometimes I get a little emotional during that moment . '' If you think about it ... Yoko 's just come into the picture . He 's saying . `` Hey , Jude -- Hey , John . '' I know I 'm sounding like one of those fans who reads things into it , but you can hear it as a song to me ... Subconsciously , he was saying , Go ahead , leave me . On a conscious level , he did n't want me to go ahead . -- John Lennon , 1980 Although McCartney originally wrote `` Hey Jude '' for Julian , John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him . In a 1980 interview , Lennon stated that he `` always heard it as a song to me '' and contended that , on one level , McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono 's relationship , while , on another , he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon 's friend and songwriting partner . Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them , including Judith Simons , a journalist with the Daily Express . Still others , including Lennon , have speculated that in the lyrics to `` Hey Jude '' , McCartney 's failing long - term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious `` message to himself '' . McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967 , yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968 ; that same month , Francie Schwartz , an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple , began living with McCartney at his St John 's Wood home . When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono , McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself . Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that `` many of the song 's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love , especially the lines ' you have found her now go and get her ' and ' you 're waiting for someone to perform with . ' '' Music critic and author Tim Riley writes : `` If the song is about self - worth and self - consolation in the face of hardship , the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey . He begins by singing to comfort someone else , finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process , and finally , in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation , he comes to believe in himself . '' Production ( edit ) Abbey Road rehearsals ( edit ) Having earmarked the song for release as a single , the Beatles recorded `` Hey Jude '' during the sessions for their self - titled double album , commonly known as `` the White Album '' . The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time , partly as a result of Ono 's constant presence at Lennon 's side , and also reflective of the four band members ' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation . Author Peter Doggett describes the completed version of `` Hey Jude '' as a song that `` glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group '' . The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London over two nights , 29 and 30 July 1968 , with George Martin as their producer . These dates served as rehearsals , however , since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight - track recording machine ( Abbey Road was still limited to four - tracks ) . A take from 29 July , which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a `` jovial '' session , was issued on the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996 . The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music ! However , the film shows only three of the Beatles performing `` Hey Jude '' , as George Harrison remained in the studio control room , with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott . Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions , whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon 's songs of the period . During the rehearsals that day , Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song . Harrison 's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal , which did not fit with McCartney 's conception of the song 's arrangement , and he vetoed it . In a 1994 interview , McCartney said , `` looking back on it , I think , Okay . Well , it was bossy , but it was ballsy of me , because I could have bowed to the pressure . '' Ron Richards , a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios , said McCartney was `` oblivious to anyone else 's feelings in the studio '' , and that he was driven to making the best possible record , at almost any cost . Trident Studios recording ( edit ) The master track for `` Hey Jude '' was recorded at Trident Studios on 31 July . Trident 's founder , Norman Sheffield , recalled that Mal Evans , the Beatles ' aide and former roadie , insisted that some pot plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place `` soft '' , consistent with the band 's wishes . Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session . The line - up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal , Lennon on acoustic guitar , Harrison on electric guitar , and Ringo Starr on drums . The Beatles recorded four takes of `` Hey Jude '' , the first of which was selected as the master . With drums absent for the first 50 seconds of the song , McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break . Starr soon returned -- `` tiptoeing past my back rather quickly '' , in McCartney 's recollection -- and performed his cue perfectly . McCartney added : `` his timing was absolutely impeccable . '' On 1 August , the group carried out overdubs on the basic track , again at Trident . These additions included McCartney 's lead vocal and bass guitar ; backing vocals from Lennon , McCartney and Harrison ; and tambourine , played by Starr . They then added a 36 - piece orchestra over the long coda , scored by Martin . The orchestra consisted of ten violins , three violas , three cellos , two flutes , one contra bassoon , one bassoon , two clarinets , one contra bass clarinet , four trumpets , four trombones , two horns , percussion and two string basses . With the introduction of what musicologist Walter Everett terms the `` bottom - heavy '' orchestral instruments , particularly the string basses , McCartney 's bass part was cut from the start of the coda onwards . According to Sheffield , there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians , some of whom `` were looking down their noses at the Beatles , I think '' . Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding : `` Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not ? '' During the first few takes , McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra 's performance , so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there . The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda . All but one of the musicians complied ( for a double fee ) , with the abstainer reportedly saying , `` I 'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney 's bloody song ! '' Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song ; one of the label 's first signings , Jackie Lomax , also recalled participating . Trident was paid £ 25 per hour by EMI for the `` Hey Jude '' sessions . Sheffield said that the studio earned about £ 1000 in total at the time , but by having the Beatles record there , and in turn raving about the facility , the value was incalculable . The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968 , and Apple artists such as Lomax , Mary Hopkin , Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year . Mixing ( edit ) Scott , Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road . The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI 's equipment . The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick , whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles ' principal recording engineer . Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road , having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer , due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions . A stereo mix of `` Hey Jude '' was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August . Everett writes that the song 's `` most commented - on feature '' is its considerable length , at 7 : 11 . The precedent for issuing such a long track on a single had recently been set by Richard Harris ' hit recording of `` MacArthur Park '' , the composer of which , Jimmy Webb , was a visitor to the studio around this time . According to Webb , Martin admitted to him that `` Hey Jude '' was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of `` MacArthur Park '' . In the song 's final bridge section , at 2 : 58 , the spoken phrase `` Fucking hell ! '' appears . Scott admits that although he was told about it , he could not hear the words originally . Lennon attributed the expletive to McCartney , according to Emerick , who reports Lennon 's comment in his autobiography : `` ' Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word , ' Lennon gleefully crowed , ' but I insisted we leave it in ( at Trident ) , buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard . Most people wo n't ever spot it ... but we 'll know it 's there . ' '' Womack considers that the expletive was actually uttered by Lennon . Malcolm Toft , the mix engineer on the Trident recording , also attributes it to Lennon . In Toft 's recollection , Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when , in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones , he first called out `` Whoa ! '' then , two seconds later , swore as he pulled the headphones off . Composition and structure ( edit ) 1968 sheet music cover ( Maclen Music , Inc. , New York ) `` Hey Jude '' begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano . The patterns he plays are based on three chords : F , C , and B ♭ ( I , V and IV ) . The main chord progression is `` flipped on its head '' , in Hertsgaard 's words , for the coda , since the C chord is replaced by E ♭ . Everett comments that McCartney 's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland 's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum , as well as ( with the first change to a B ♭ chord ) suggesting the influence of the Drifters ' 1960 hit `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine . Tim Riley writes that , with the `` restrained tom - tom and cymbal fill '' that introduces the drum part , `` the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord , making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ( ' And any time you feel the pain ' ) . '' At the end of each bridge , McCartney sings a brief phrase ( `` Na - na - na na ... '' ) , supported by an electric guitar fill , before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse . According to Riley , this vocal phrase serves to `` reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside '' . Additional musical details , such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal , are added to sustain interest throughout the four - verse , two - bridge song . The verse - bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes , after which the band leads into a four - minute - long coda , consisting of nineteen rounds of the song 's double plagal cadence . During this coda , the rest of the band , backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals , repeats the phrase `` Na - na - na na '' followed by the words `` hey Jude '' until the song gradually fades out . In his analysis of the composition , musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of `` Hey Jude '' , in that it uses a `` binary form that combines a fully developed , hymn - like song together with an extended , mantra - like jam on a simple chord progression '' . Riley considers that the coda 's repeated chord sequence ( I - ♭ VII - IV - I ) `` answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges '' , since `` The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it . '' This three - chord refrain allows McCartney `` a bedding ... to leap about on vocally '' , so he ad - libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song . In Riley 's estimation , the song `` becomes a tour of Paul 's vocal range : from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse , through the mounting excitement of the song itself , to the surging raves of the coda '' . Release ( edit ) ( The Beatles ) are confident and cheerful and the human condition will be thrilled by the coming results of their willing and enduring Beatle bondage ... they will give all of us new wonders to soothe our pain . -- Derek Taylor , `` Hey Jude '' press release , August 1968 `` Hey Jude '' was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom , backed with `` Revolution '' on the B - side of a 7 '' single . It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records -- the others being Mary Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , Jackie Lomax 's `` Sour Milk Sea '' , and the Black Dyke Mills Band 's `` Thingumybob '' . In advance of the release date , Apple declared 11 -- 18 August to be `` National Apple Week '' in the UK , and sent gift - wrapped boxes of the records , marked `` Our First Four '' , to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family , and to Harold Wilson , the prime minister at the time . The release was promoted by Derek Taylor , who , in Doggett 's description , `` hyped the first Apple records with typical elan '' . `` Hey Jude '' was the first of the four singles , since it was still designated as an EMI / Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US , but with the Apple Records logo now added . In the US , `` Hey Jude '' was the first Beatles single to be issued in a company sleeve rather than a picture sleeve . Lennon wanted `` Revolution '' to be the A-side of the single , but the other Beatles did not agree . In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone , he said `` Hey Jude '' was worthy of an A-side , `` but we could have had both . '' In 1980 , he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision . The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records , and contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short - lived retail venture , Apple Boutique . `` Hey Jude '' began its sixteen - week run on Britain 's official singles chart on 7 September 1968 , claiming the top spot a week later . It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , which was produced by McCartney . `` Hey Jude '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 13 September ; that same week , NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September , beginning a nineteen - week chart run there . It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks , for three of which , `` Those Were the Days '' held the number - two spot . This was the longest time spent by a Beatles single at number one , as well as being the longest - playing single to reach number one . The song was the 16th number - one hit for the band in America , tying Elvis Presley 's record at the time for most number - one songs there . Billboard ranked it as the number - one song for 1968 . In the UK , where `` MacArthur Park '' had failed to top the chart , `` Hey Jude '' remained the longest number - one hit for nearly a quarter of a century . It was surpassed in 1993 by Meat Loaf 's `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' , which ran to 7 : 52 as a single . On 30 November 1968 , NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide . `` Hey Jude '' became the biggest - selling debut release for a record label ever , selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries . In 1999 , it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA , representing four million units shipped in the US . Promotion ( edit ) A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles ' all - night recording session on 7 -- 8 August 1968 . With Apple Boutique having closed a week before , McCartney and his girlfriend , Francie Schwartz , painted Hey Jude / Revolution across its large , whitewashed shop windows . The words were mistaken for anti-Semitic graffiti ( since Jude means `` Jew '' in German ) , leading to complaints from the local Jewish community , and the windows being smashed by passers - by . Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology , McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location -- `` Great opportunity . Baker Street , millions of buses going around ... '' -- and added : `` I had no idea it meant ' Jew ' , but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany , ' Juden Raus ' was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David . I swear it never occurred to me . '' According to Barry Miles , McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month when he said : `` Starvation in India does n't worry me one bit , not one iota ... And it does n't worry you , if you 're honest . You just pose . '' The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay - Hogg to shoot a promotional clip for `` Hey Jude '' , after he had previously directed a clip for `` Paperback Writer '' in 1966 . They settled on the idea of shooting with a live , albeit controlled , audience . In the clip , the Beatles are first seen by themselves , performing the initial chorus and verses , and then are joined by the audience who appear as the last chorus concludes and coda begins ; the audience sings and claps along with the Beatles through the song 's conclusion . Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968 , with McCartney himself designing the set . Tony Bramwell , a friend of the Beatles , later described the set as `` the piano , there ; drums , there ; and orchestra in two tiers at the back . '' The event marked Starr 's return to the group , after McCartney 's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' During his two - week absence , Starr announced that he had left the band . The final edit was a combination of several different takes and included `` introductions '' to the song by David Frost ( who introduced the Beatles as `` the greatest tea - room orchestra in the world '' ) , and Cliff Richard , for their respective , eponymous TV programmes . As shooting wore on , Lennon repeatedly asked Lindsay - Hogg if he had the material he needed . After 12 takes , McCartney said , `` I think that 's enough '' , and shooting concluded . It was first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968 , and the clip was later broadcast for the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October . According to Riley , the showing on Frost on Sunday `` kicked ' Hey Jude ' into the stratosphere '' in terms of popularity . Hertsgaard pairs it with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created `` a state of nirvana '' for Beatles fans , in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono 's influence and Apple . The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1 , while the three - disc versions of that compilation , titled 1 + , also include an alternate video , with a different introduction and vocal , from the same date . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon the single 's release , Derek Johnson of the NME wrote : `` The intriguing features of ' Hey Jude ' are its extreme length and the 40 - piece orchestral accompaniment -- and personally I would have preferred it without either ! '' While he viewed the track overall as `` a beautiful , compelling song '' , and the first three minutes as `` absolutely sensational '' , Johnson rued the long coda 's `` vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four - bar chorus '' . Time magazine described the coda as `` a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records '' . The same reviewer contrasted `` Hey Jude '' with its B - side , `` Revolution '' , saying that `` The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort '' , due to McCartney `` liltingly exhort ( ing ) a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love '' . Rolling Stone also attributed the song 's meaning as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women : `` to break the old pattern ; to really go through with love '' . Other commentators interpreted `` Hey Jude '' as being directed at Bob Dylan , then semi-retired in Woodstock . Writing in 1971 , Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it `` one of ( McCartney 's ) truest and most forthright love songs '' and was critical of its omission from the album The Beatles . In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that `` Hey Jude '' `` promised great things '' for the ill - conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as `` the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market '' . They noted also that `` the epic proportions of the piece '' encouraged many imitators , yet these other artists `` ( failed ) to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles ' communal feel '' . Among more recent commentators , Alan Pollack admires `` Hey Jude '' as `` such a good illustration of two compositional lessons -- how to fill a large canvas with simple means , and how to use diverse elements such as harmony , bassline , and orchestration to articulate form and contrast . '' Pollack considers that the song 's long coda provides `` an astonishingly transcendental effect '' , while AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger similarly opines : `` What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock ... '' In his book Revolution in the Head , Ian MacDonald wrote that the `` pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade - out may be a blemish '' but he praised the song as `` a pop / rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms '' . MacDonald concluded : `` ' Hey Jude ' strikes a universal note , touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired . '' Lennon said the song was `` one of ( McCartney 's ) masterpieces '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , but failed to win any of them . In the 1968 NME Readers ' Poll , `` Hey Jude '' was named the best single of the year , and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for `` A-Side With the Highest Sales '' . In 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked `` Hey Jude '' at number eight on the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , making it the highest - placed Beatles song on the list . Among its many appearances in other best - song - of - all - time lists , VH1 placed it seventh in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year , having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of `` The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time '' . In 1976 , the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine 's `` Top 100 Singles of All Time '' , and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' in 2014 . In January 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' came in third on Channel 4 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Singles '' . The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks `` Hey Jude '' as the 11th - best jukebox single of all time . In 2008 , the song appeared in eighth place on Billboard 's `` All Time Hot 100 Songs '' . In July 2006 , Mojo placed `` Hey Jude '' at number 12 on its list of `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' ( between `` Eleanor Rigby '' and `` Come Together '' ) . On a similar list compiled four years later , Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven . In 2015 , the ITV program The Nation 's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked `` Hey Jude '' in first place . Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia ( edit ) Julian Lennon ( pictured at the John Lennon Peace Monument in 2010 ) bid successfully for the Beatles ' recording notes for the song at an auction in 1996 . Julian Lennon discovered that `` Hey Jude '' had been written for him almost 20 years after McCartney composed the song . He recalled of his and McCartney 's relationship : `` Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit -- more than Dad and I did . We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad . '' In 1996 , Julian paid £ 25,000 for the recording notes to `` Hey Jude '' at an auction . He spent a further £ 35,000 at the auction , buying John Lennon memorabilia . John Cousins , Julian Lennon 's manager , stated at the time : `` He has a few photographs of his father , but not very much else . He is collecting for personal reasons ; these are family heirlooms if you like . '' In 2002 , the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie 's in London . The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £ 80,000 at the auction , which was scheduled for 30 April 2002 . McCartney went to court to stop the auction , claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home . Richard Morgan , representing Christie 's , said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written . The courts decided in McCartney 's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics . They had been sent to Christie 's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier , who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £ 10 in the early 1970s . In the original catalogue for the auction , Julian Lennon had written , `` It 's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you . It still touches me . '' Cover versions and performances ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered , when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman , a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now . A medley of the Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' and `` Hey Jude '' was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley 's 1970 live album On Stage . In 1968 , R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals , with guitar from a young Duane Allman , who recommended the choice to Pickett . Eric Clapton commented , `` I remember hearing ( it ) and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying , ' Who 's that guitar player ? ' ... To this day , I 've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record . It 's the best . '' Pickett commented on the outro that `` people were going crazy '' and session musician Jimmy Johnson said that the Allman 's solo `` created Southern rock '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included `` Hey Jude '' in his first polka medley , `` Polkas on 45 '' , from his 1984 album `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D. Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney . Paul McCartney sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London . On 4 August 2012 , McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of `` Hey Jude '' while watching cycling at the velodrome . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocal , piano , bass guitar , handclaps George Harrison -- backing vocal , electric guitar , handclaps John Lennon -- backing vocal , acoustic guitar , handclaps Ringo Starr -- backing vocal , drums , tambourine , handclaps Uncredited 36 - piece orchestra -- 10 violins , three violas , three cellos , two double basses , two flutes , two clarinets , one bass clarinet , one bassoon , one contrabassoon , four trumpets , two horns , four trombones , and one percussion instrument ; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon International Chart ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFE ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Yugoslavia ( Džuboks ) Year Chart Peak position 1976 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 40 2011 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 2012 Japan Hot 100 Singles 53 France ( SNEP ) 174 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 23 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 35 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank US Billboard Hot 100 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1968 List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of Top 25 singles for 1968 in Australia Lists of number - one singles ( Austria ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1968 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Canada ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 1968 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles in 1968 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles from 1968 -- 79 ( Switzerland ) List of UK charts and number - one singles ( 1952 -- 1969 ) List of best - selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffith added that he and his fellow Iveys were `` gobsmacked '' by the performance . Jump up ^ In a 1971 interview with Jonathan Cott , Lennon recalled his and McCartney 's conversation : `` Ah , it 's me ! I said , it 's me ! He says , no it 's me . I said , check , we 're going through the same bit . '' Jump up ^ Produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain , the documentary was released in October 1969 . Jump up ^ Described by Ian MacDonald as `` a tense moment '' , this disagreement between Harrison and McCartney was recalled by the pair in a similar argument they had while filming Let It Be in January 1969 , regarding the lead guitar part on `` Two of Us '' . Partly as a result of McCartney 's criticism , Harrison briefly quit the band on 10 January . Jump up ^ In 2013 McCartney agreed to write the foreword to Sheffield 's book `` Life on Two Legs '' , partly because of his positive experience when recording `` Hey Jude '' . Jump up ^ Writing in his 2006 memoir , Emerick says that `` Obviously something at Trident had been misaligned '' , and the solution for `` Hey Jude '' was to add `` massive amounts of treble equalization '' . Jump up ^ Toft adds : `` because it had been bounced down ( mixed ) with the main vocal , it could not be removed . I just managed to bring the fader down for a split second on the mix to try to lessen the effect . '' Jump up ^ The catalogue numbers for `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' -- Apple 5722 in the UK and 2276 in the US -- were consistent with the numerical sequencing of the Beatles ' previous releases on Parlophone and Capitol . Apple 's other three debut singles followed a new sequencing , starting with `` Those Were the Days '' , which was issued as Apple 2 and Apple 1801 . Jump up ^ Having told Smith , `` The truth about me is that I 'm pleasantly insincere '' , McCartney said : `` You ca n't pretend to me that an Oxfam ad can reach down into the depths of your soul and actually make you feel for those ( starving ) people -- more , for instance , than you feel about getting a new car . '' Jump up ^ EMI archives do not record the names of the studio musicians , but it has been established that two of the cellists were Alexander `` Bobby '' Kok and Peter Halling , and two of the flautists were Bill Jackman and Brian Warren . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lowry 2002 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles , ' Hey Jude ' '' . Rolling Stone . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 208 , 221 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Chris ( 2003 ) . `` Here Comes the Son '' . Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition . London : Emap . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 297 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Revised and Updated . London : Virgin Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0481 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Hey Jude -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Carr & Tyler 1978 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 212 -- 13 , 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hertsgaard 1995 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2002 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 782 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 247 , 251 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 389 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . Anthology 3 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 14 . 34451 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2001 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2011 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Martin , George ; Hornsby , Jeremy ( 1994 ) . All You Need Is Ears . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 137 , 183 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11482 - 6 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 783 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 267fn . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 194 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ O'Dell 2009 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Staunton , Terry ( July 2004 ) . `` Jackie Lomax : Is This What You Want ? '' . Record Collector . Rock 's Backpages . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 308 , 311 . Jump up ^ O'Dell 2009 , pp. 73 , 92 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2011 , p. 408 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Daniel ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Which Beatles song can you hear Paul McCartney swear in ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 ... The Times ( London ) . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` Abbey Road Engineer Ken Scott Discusses Recording The Beatles ' White Album , Says Sessions Were a Blast '' . Guitar World . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , pp. 407 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Richard Harris -- MacArthur Park -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 266fn . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` How we made MacArthur Park '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Emerick & Massey 2006 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Toft : MTA & Trident '' . Sound on Sound . July 1994 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan & Kehew 2006 , p. 288 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan & Kehew 2006 , pp. 288 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1995 , pp. 249 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan W. ( 2000 ) . `` Notes on ' Hey Jude ' '' . Soundscapes . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 49 , 359 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2001 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Black , Johnny ( 2003 ) . `` A Slice of History '' . Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition . London : Emap . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Jude '' . Archived from the original on 4 August 2004 ... Beatles.com. 2004 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , pp. 406 , 408 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 2000 ) . Lennon Remembers ( Full interview from Lennon 's 1970 interview in Rolling Stone magazine ) . London : Verso . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 600 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , pp. 604 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly World News '' . Vol. 15 no . 10 . 7 December 1993 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 305 -- 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes 2010 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 391 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Boutique '' . In The Life Of ... The Beatles. 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , pp. 183 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : Pinchabout , Emma ( 6 March 2009 ) . `` Marc Sinden on John Lennon : We were in the presence of God '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 ... Liverpool Daily Post . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 247 , 250 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Matt ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` The Beatles 1 To Be Reissued With New Audio Remixes ... And Videos '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Derek ( 31 August 1968 ) . `` The Beatles ' Hey Jude ' / ' Revolution ' ( Apple ) '' . NME . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Recordings : Apples for the Beatles '' . Time . 6 September 1968 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Manfredi , Catherine ( 12 October 1968 ) . `` Singles '' . Rolling Stone . Straight Arrow Publishers . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Carr & Tyler 1978 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( September 1971 ) . `` Living Without the Beatles '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Los Angeles Times . 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivor Novello Awards 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 ... This Day In Music . 2006 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Brett ( 13 February 2001 ) . `` Beatles , Byrds & Supremes Songs Added To Grammy Hall Of Fame '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2007 ... Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 1 -- 500 ) '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 ... Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beatles : Hey Jude '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 : The 100 best singles '' . ProcolHarum.com. 2006 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AMOA announces top 40 jukebox singles of all time '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2005 ... BMI. 2006 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` 7 . Hey Jude '' . Rolling Stone . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Renshaw , David ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` ' Hey Jude ' voted UK 's favourite Beatles Number One by ITV viewers '' . NME . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lennon and son finally work it out '' . The Sunday Times . Heyjules.com. 29 September 1996 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Wardell , Jane ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` McCartney In ' Hey Jude ' Battle '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2002 ... CBS News / Associated Press . Jump up ^ Simpson 2004 , pp. 132 , 147 , 212 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Elvis Presley -- On Stage : February 1970 ( Expanded ) '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher 2016 , pp. 141 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Poe 2008 , pp. 81 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian . `` Eric Clapton 's Favorite R&B Guitar Solo -- Duane Allman Guests on Wilson Pickett 's Cover of `` Hey Jude '' `` . Guitar World . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Weird Al ' Yankovic in 3 - D ( liner ) . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . Scotti Bros. Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Sings ' Hey Jude , ' Pays Tribute To Sir Paul McCartney , The MusiCares Person Of The Year ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Gordon , Bryony ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics : velodrome rocks as Team GB takes home haul of medals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 302 -- 304 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 9 October 1968 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5854 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 49 . 7 December 1968 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Hey Jude '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HitParadeItalia - Top10 del 12 Ottobre 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan # 1 IMPORT DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles '' . Hbr3.sakura.ne.jp . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Beatles - Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Top 50 Singles -- October 1968 '' . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts ( 1st ed . ) . Wellington : Transpress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 44 . 2 November 1968 . p. 73 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 28 September 1968 . p. 82 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 21 , 1968 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Pops '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 28 September 1968 . p. 33 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 51 . 21 December 1968 . p. 58 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 27 / 11 / 11 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1968 '' . Go - Set . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM 100 Top Singles of 1968 '' . RPM . Vol. 10 no . 19 . 6 January 1969 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` The biggest selling singles of every year revealed ! ( 1952 -- 2011 ) '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 -- 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2006 ... 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1969 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 6 . Carr , Roy ; Tyler , Tony ( 1978 ) . The Beatles : An Illustrated Record . London : Trewin Copplestone Publishing . ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . Ringo Starr . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 488 - 5 . Cross , Craig ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : Day - by - Day , Song - by - Song , Record - by - Record . Lincoln , NE : iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 34663 - 4 . Doggett , Peter ( 2011 ) . You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup . New York , NY : It Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 . Emerick , Geoff ; Massey , Howard ( 2006 ) . Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles . New York , NY : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 269 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . Fletcher , Tony ( 2016 ) . In the Midnight Hour : The Life & Soul of Wilson Pickett . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 025296 - 0 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1995 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of The Beatles . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31377 - 2 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Lowry , Todd ( 2002 ) . Lennon and McCartney Hits : Keyboard Signature Licks . Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03250 - X . MacDonald , Ian ( 1998 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 1st rev . ed . ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 4 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York , NY : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . O'Dell , Chris ( 2009 ) . Miss O'Dell : My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles , The Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton , and the Women They Loved . New York , NY : Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Poe , Randy ( 2008 ) . Skydog : The Duane Allman Story . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61713 - 487 - 6 . Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) . The Beatles : Album By Album , Song By Song , the Sixties and After . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81120 - 0 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4020 - 6 . Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : The Studio Equipment and Techniques Used To Create Their Classic Albums . Houston , TX : Curvebender Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 9 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Schultheiss , Tom ( 1980 ) . A Day in the Life : The Beatles Day - By - Day . Ann Arbor , MC : Pierian Press . ISBN 0 - 87650 - 120 - X . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Sheffield , Norman J ( 2013 ) . Life On Two Legs . London : Trident Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9575133 - 0 - 5 . Simpson , Paul ( 2004 ) . The Rough Guide to Elvis . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 417 - 7 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` HEY JUDE ( Legal Title ) , BMI Work # 562357 '' . BMI . The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Across the Universe '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Jude&oldid=817999578 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1968 songs 1968 singles Apple Records singles The Beatles songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Michael Lindsay - Hogg Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Switzerland Rock ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs published by Northern Songs Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Featured articles Use British English from January 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the song hey jude written for
[ "\"Hey Jude\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The ballad evolved from \"Hey Jules\", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's son, Julian, during his parents' divorce. \"Hey Jude\" begins with a verse-bridge structure incorporating McCartney's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade-out coda that lasts for more than four minutes." ]
[ "John Lennon's son, Julian" ]
-2209295454985973932
Colonel Sanders
Colonel Sanders - wikipedia Colonel Sanders Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American businessman . For other people called Colonel Sanders , see Colonel Sanders ( disambiguation ) . Colonel Sanders Sanders signing an autograph in his iconic attire , c. 1974 Harland David Sanders ( 1890 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1890 Henryville , Indiana , U.S. December 16 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 16 ) ( aged 90 ) Louisville , Kentucky , U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia , leukemia Resting place Cave Hill Cemetery Nationality American Education La Salle Extension University Occupation Businessman Restaurateur Board member of Kentucky Fried Chicken ( founder ) Spouse ( s ) Josephine King ( divorced ) Claudia Price Children Signature Colonel Harland David Sanders ( September 9 , 1890 -- December 16 , 1980 ) was an American businessman , best known for founding fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken ( now known as KFC ) and later acting as the company 's brand ambassador and symbol . His name and image are still symbols of the company . The title ' colonel ' was honorary -- a Kentucky colonel -- not the military rank . Sanders held a number of jobs in his early life , such as steam engine stoker , insurance salesman and filling station operator . He began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in North Corbin , Kentucky , during the Great Depression . During that time Sanders developed his `` secret recipe '' and his patented method of cooking chicken in a pressure fryer . Sanders recognized the potential of the restaurant franchising concept , and the first KFC franchise opened in Utah in 1952 . When his original restaurant closed , he devoted himself full - time to franchising his fried chicken throughout the country . The company 's rapid expansion across the United States and overseas became overwhelming for Sanders . In 1964 , then 73 years old , he sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown , Jr. and Jack C. Massey for $2 million ( $15.8 million today ) . However , he retained control of operations in Canada , and he became a salaried brand ambassador for Kentucky Fried Chicken . In his later years , he became highly critical of the food served by KFC restaurants , as he believed they had cut costs and allowed quality to deteriorate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early career 3 Later career 4 Kentucky Fried Chicken 5 Public image 6 Death 7 Legacy 7.1 As a symbol of the KFC brand 7.2 Beyond KFC 7.3 Charitable giving 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life Sanders at the age of seven , pictured with his mother Harland David Sanders was born on September 9 , 1890 , in a four - room house located 3 miles ( 5 km ) east of Henryville , Indiana . He was the oldest of three children born to Wilbur David and Margaret Ann ( née Dunlevy ) Sanders . The family attended the Advent Christian Church . His father was a mild and affectionate man who worked his 80 - acre farm , until he broke his leg after a fall . He then worked as a butcher in Henryville for two years . Sanders ' mother was a devout Christian and strict parent , continuously warning her children of `` the evils of alcohol , tobacco , gambling , and whistling on Sundays . '' One summer afternoon in 1895 , his father came home with a fever and died later that day . Sanders ' mother obtained work in a tomato cannery , and the young Harland was required to look after and cook for his siblings . By the age of seven , he was reportedly skilled with bread and vegetables , and improving with meat ; the children foraged for food while their mother was away for days at a time for work . When he was 10 , Sanders began to work as a farmhand . In 1902 , Sanders ' mother remarried to William Broaddus , and the family moved to Greenwood , Indiana . Sanders had a tumultuous relationship with his stepfather . In 1903 , he dropped out of seventh grade ( later stating that `` algebra 's what drove me off '' ) , and went to live and work on a nearby farm . At age 13 , he left home . He then took a job painting horse carriages in Indianapolis . When he was 14 , he moved to southern Indiana to work as a farmhand . Early career In 1906 , with his mother 's approval , Sanders left the area to live with his uncle in New Albany , Indiana . His uncle worked for the streetcar company , and secured Sanders a job as a conductor . Sanders falsified his date of birth and enlisted in the United States Army in October 1906 , completing his service commitment as a wagoner ( see teamster ) in Cuba . He was honorably discharged in February 1907 and moved to Sheffield , Alabama , where his uncle lived . There , he met his brother Clarence who had also moved there in order to escape their stepfather . The uncle worked for the Southern Railway , and secured Sanders a job there as a blacksmith 's helper in the workshops . After two months , Sanders moved to Jasper , Alabama where he got a job cleaning out the ash pans of trains from the Northern Alabama Railroad ( a division of the Southern Railway ) when they had finished their runs . Sanders progressed to become a fireman ( steam engine stoker ) at the age of 16 or 17 . In 1909 , Sanders found laboring work with the Norfolk and Western Railway . While working on the railroad , he met Josephine King of Jasper , Alabama , and they were married shortly afterwards . They would go on to have a son , Harland , Jr. , who died in 1932 from infected tonsils , and two daughters , Margaret Sanders and Mildred Sanders Ruggles . He then found work as a fireman on the Illinois Central Railroad , and he and his family moved to Jackson , Tennessee . By night , Sanders studied law by correspondence through the La Salle Extension University . Sanders lost his job at Illinois after brawling with a colleague . While Sanders moved to work for the Rock Island Railroad , Josephine and the children went to live with her parents . After a while , Sanders began to practice law in Little Rock , which he did for three years , earning enough in fees for his family to move with him . His legal career ended after a courtroom brawl with his own client . After that , Sanders moved back with his mother in Henryville , and went to work as a laborer on the Pennsylvania Railroad . In 1916 , the family moved to Jeffersonville , where Sanders got a job selling life insurance for the Prudential Life Insurance Company . Sanders was eventually fired for insubordination . He moved to Louisville and got a sales job with Mutual Benefit Life of New Jersey . In 1920 , Sanders established a ferry boat company , which operated a boat on the Ohio River between Jeffersonville and Louisville . He canvassed for funding , becoming a minority shareholder himself , and was appointed secretary of the company . The ferry was an instant success . Around 1922 he took a job as secretary at the Chamber of Commerce in Columbus , Indiana . He admitted that he was not very good at the job , and resigned after less than a year . Sanders cashed in his ferry boat company shares for $22,000 ( $316,000 today ) and used the money to establish a company manufacturing acetylene lamps . The venture failed after Delco introduced an electric lamp that it sold on credit . Sanders moved to Winchester , Kentucky , to work as a salesman for the Michelin Tire Company . He lost his job in 1924 when Michelin closed its New Jersey manufacturing plant . In 1924 , by chance , he met the general manager of Standard Oil of Kentucky , who asked him to run a service station in Nicholasville . In 1930 , the station closed as a result of the Great Depression . Later career Sanders working in his cafe at Corbin , Kentucky , c. 1930 s In 1930 , the Shell Oil Company offered Sanders a service station in North Corbin , Kentucky , rent free , in return for paying the company a percentage of sales . Sanders began to serve chicken dishes and other meals such as country ham and steaks . Initially he served the customers in his adjacent living quarters before opening a restaurant . It was during this period that Sanders was involved in a shootout with Matt Stewart , a local competitor , over the repainting of a sign directing traffic to his station . Stewart killed a Shell employee who was with Sanders and was convicted of murder , eliminating Sanders 's competition . Sanders was commissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1935 by Kentucky governor Ruby Laffoon . His local popularity grew , and , in 1939 , food critic Duncan Hines visited Sanders 's restaurant and included it in Adventures in Good Eating , his guide to restaurants throughout the US . The entry read : Corbin , KY . Sanders Court and Café 41 -- Jct . with 25 , 25 E. 1⁄2 Mi . N. of Corbin . Open all year except Xmas . A very good place to stop en route to Cumberland Falls and the Great Smokies . Continuous 24 - hour service . Sizzling steaks , fried chicken , country ham , hot biscuits . L. 50 ¢ to $1 ; D. , 60 ¢ to $1 In July 1939 , Sanders acquired a motel in Asheville , North Carolina . His North Corbin restaurant and motel was destroyed in a fire in November 1939 , and Sanders had it rebuilt as a motel with a 140 - seat restaurant . By July 1940 , Sanders had finalized his `` Secret Recipe '' for frying chicken in a pressure fryer that cooked the chicken faster than pan frying . As the United States entered World War II in December 1941 , gas was rationed , and as the tourism dried up , Sanders was forced to close his Asheville motel . He went to work as a supervisor in Seattle until the latter part of 1942 . He later ran cafeterias for the government at an ordnance works in Tennessee , followed by a job as assistant cafeteria manager in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . He left his mistress , Claudia Ledington - Price , as manager of the North Corbin restaurant and motel . In 1942 , he sold the Asheville business . In 1947 , he and Josephine divorced and Sanders married Claudia in 1949 , as he had long desired . Sanders was `` re-commissioned '' as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by his friend , Governor Lawrence Wetherby . Kentucky Fried chicken See also : History of KFC The world 's first KFC franchise , located in South Salt Lake , Utah In 1952 , Sanders franchised his secret recipe `` Kentucky Fried Chicken '' for the first time , to Pete Harman of South Salt Lake , Utah , the operator of one of that city 's largest restaurants . In the first year of selling the product , restaurant sales more than tripled , with 75 % of the increase coming from sales of fried chicken . For Harman , the addition of fried chicken was a way of differentiating his restaurant from competitors ; in Utah , a product hailing from Kentucky was unique and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality . Don Anderson , a sign painter hired by Harman , coined the name Kentucky Fried Chicken . After Harman 's success , several other restaurant owners franchised the concept and paid Sanders $0.04 per chicken . Sanders believed that his North Corbin restaurant would remain successful indefinitely , but at age 65 sold it after the new Interstate 75 reduced customer traffic . Left only with his savings and $105 a month from Social Security , Sanders decided to begin to franchise his chicken concept in earnest , and traveled the US looking for suitable restaurants . After closing the North Corbin site , Sanders and Claudia opened a new restaurant and company headquarters in Shelbyville in 1959 . Often sleeping in the back of his car , Sanders visited restaurants , offered to cook his chicken , and if workers liked it negotiated franchise rights . Although such visits required much time , eventually potential franchisees began visiting Sanders instead . He ran the company while Claudia mixed and shipped the spices to restaurants . The franchise approach became highly successful ; KFC was one of the first fast food chains to expand internationally , opening outlets in Canada and later in the UK , Mexico and Jamaica by the mid-1960s . Sanders obtained a patent protecting his method of pressure frying chicken in 1962 , and trademarked the phrase `` It 's Finger Lickin ' Good '' in 1963 . The company 's rapid expansion to more than 600 locations became overwhelming for the aging Sanders . In 1964 , then 73 years old , he sold the Kentucky Fried Chicken corporation for $2 million ( $15.8 million today ) to a partnership of Kentucky businessmen headed by John Y. Brown , Jr. , a 29 - year - old lawyer and future governor of Kentucky , and Jack C. Massey , a venture capitalist and entrepreneur . Sanders became a salaried brand ambassador . The initial deal did not include the Canadian operations , which Sanders retained , or the franchising rights in the UK , Florida , Utah , and Montana , which Sanders had already sold to others . In 1965 , Sanders moved to Mississauga , Ontario to oversee his Canadian franchises and continued to collect franchise and appearance fees both in Canada and in the US . Sanders bought and lived in a bungalow at 1337 Melton Drive in the Lakeview area of Mississauga from 1965 to 1980 . In September 1970 he and his wife were baptized in the Jordan River . He also befriended Billy Graham and Jerry Falwell . Sanders remained the company 's symbol after selling it , traveling 200,000 miles a year on the company 's behalf and filming many TV commercials and appearances . He retained much influence over executives and franchisees , who respected his culinary expertise and feared what The New Yorker described as `` the force and variety of his swearing '' when a restaurant or the company varied from what executives described as `` the Colonel 's chicken '' . One change the company made was to the gravy , which Sanders had bragged was so good that `` it 'll make you throw away the durn chicken and just eat the gravy '' but which the company simplified to reduce time and cost . As late as 1979 Sanders made surprise visits to KFC restaurants , and if the food disappointed him , he denounced it to the franchisee as `` God - damned slop '' or pushed it onto the floor . In 1973 , Sanders sued Heublein Inc. -- the then parent company of Kentucky Fried Chicken -- over the alleged misuse of his image in promoting products he had not helped develop . In 1975 , Heublein Inc. unsuccessfully sued Sanders for libel after he publicly described their gravy as being `` sludge '' with a `` wall - paper taste '' . Sanders and his wife reopened their Shelbyville restaurant as `` Claudia Sanders , The Colonel 's Lady '' and served KFC - style chicken there as part of a full - service dinner menu , and talked about expanding the restaurant into a chain . He was sued by the company for it . After reaching a settlement with Heublein , he sold the Colonel 's Lady restaurant , and it has continued to operate , currently as the Claudia Sanders Dinner House . It serves his `` original recipe '' fried chicken as part of its non-fast - food dinner menu , and it is the only non-KFC restaurant that serves an authorized version of the fried chicken recipe . Sanders remained critical of Kentucky Fried Chicken 's food . In the late 1970s he told the Louisville Courier - Journal : My God , that gravy is horrible . They buy tap water for 15 to 20 cents a thousand gallons and then they mix it with flour and starch and end up with pure wallpaper paste . And I know wallpaper paste , by God , because I 've seen my mother make it ... There 's no nutrition in it and they ought not to be allowed to sell it ... crispy recipe is nothing in the world but a damn fried doughball stuck on some chicken . Public image After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby , Sanders began to dress the part , growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat ( later switching to a white suit ) , a string tie , and referring to himself as `` Colonel '' . His associates went along with the title change , `` jokingly at first and then in earnest '' , according to biographer Josh Ozersky . He never wore anything else in public during the last 20 years of his life , using a heavy wool suit in the winter and a light cotton suit in the summer . He bleached his mustache and goatee to match his white hair . Death Colonel Sanders 's gravesite Sanders 's and his wife grave at Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville , Kentucky Sanders was diagnosed with acute leukemia in June 1980 . He died at Jewish Hospital in Louisville , Kentucky of pneumonia on December 16 , 1980 at the age of 90 . Sanders had remained active until the month before his death , appearing in his white suit to crowds . His body lay in state in the rotunda of the Kentucky State Capitol in Frankfort after a funeral service at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Chapel , which was attended by more than 1,000 people . Sanders was buried in his characteristic white suit and black western string tie in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville . Legacy By the time of Sanders ' death , there were an estimated 6,000 KFC outlets in 48 countries worldwide , with $2 billion ( $5.9 billion today ) of sales annually . As a symbol of the KFC brand Main article : KFC advertising A fictionalized Colonel Sanders has repeatedly appeared as a mascot in KFC 's advertising and branding . Sanders has been voiced by impressionists in radio ads , and from 1998 to 2001 an animated version of him voiced by Randy Quaid appeared in television commercials . In May 2015 , KFC reprised the Colonel Sanders character in new television advertisements , played by comedian Darrell Hammond . Some commentators felt the new portrayal was distasteful and disrespectful of the actual man 's legacy . In August 2015 , KFC launched a new campaign , this time with comedian Norm Macdonald portraying Sanders ; the first ad of the campaign makes direct reference to the Hammond campaign , with a brief piece of footage of Hammond followed by Macdonald 's Colonel declaring his predecessor an impostor . In February 2016 , yet another portrayal was introduced with Jim Gaffigan as the Colonel , shown bolting awake in bed and telling his wife about his recurring nightmare of Macdonald 's Colonel `` pretending to be me '' . By July 2016 , George Hamilton was playing Colonel Sanders , parlaying his famous tan into an advertisement for KFC 's `` extra crispy '' chicken . During the airing of the 2016 SummerSlam , a commercial aired of WWE wrestler Dolph Ziggler dressed up as Colonel Sanders beating up a man in a chicken suit ( played by fellow wrestler The Miz ) in a wrestling ring . In September 2016 comedian Rob Riggle played Sanders in an ad introducing a football team named `` The Kentucky Buckets '' . In January 2017 , to advertise their `` Georgia Gold Honey Mustard BBQ '' Chicken offerings , actor Billy Zane took over the role as the `` Solid Gold Colonel '' . In April 2017 , actor Rob Lowe was announced as the newest actor in the role of Colonel Sanders . Lowe said that as a child , he actually got to meet Harland Sanders . WWE would return to using Colonel Sanders during 2017 , showing ads of Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle playing him , as well as announcing that Colonel Sanders would be available as a playable character in WWE 2K18 ( accessible through the `` create - a-wrestler '' feature ) as part of a product placement deal with KFC . Ray Liotta then portrayed Sanders , and singer Reba McEntire was named as the newest Sanders in January 2018 . Beyond KFC The Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball league has developed an urban legend of the `` Curse of the Colonel '' . A statue of Colonel Sanders was thrown into a river and lost during a 1985 fan celebration , and ( according to the legend ) the `` curse '' has caused Japan 's Hanshin Tigers to perform poorly since the incident . Characters based on Colonel Sanders have appeared in popular fiction . Within the DC Comics multiverse , alternate versions of the Colonel appear in the promotional title KFC : The Colonel Corps . In the novel Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Murakami , Colonel Sanders appears when an `` abstract concept '' takes on the appearance of `` a famous capitalist icon . '' One of Colonel Sanders ' white suits with its black clip - on bow - tie was sold at auction for $21,510 by Heritage Auctions on June 22 , 2013 . The suit had been given to Cincinnati resident Mike Morris by Sanders , who was close to Morris 's family . The Morris family house was purchased by Col. Sanders , and Sanders lived with the family for six months . The suit was purchased by Kentucky Fried Chicken of Japan president Maseo `` Charlie '' Watanabe . Watanabe put on the famous suit after placing the winning bid at the auction event in Dallas , Texas . In 2011 , a manuscript of a book on cooking that Sanders apparently wrote in the mid-1960s was found in KFC archives . It includes some cooking recipes from Sanders as well as anecdotes and life lessons . KFC said it was planning to try some of the recipes and to publish the 200 - page manuscript online . Charitable giving Before his death Sanders used his stock holdings to create the Colonel Harland Sanders Charitable Organization , a registered Canadian charity . The wing of Mississauga Hospital for women 's and children 's care is named The Colonel Harland Sanders Family Care Centre in honor of his substantial donation . Sanders ' foundation has also made sizeable donations to other Canadian children 's hospitals including the McMaster Children 's Hospital , IWK Health Centre , and Stollery Children 's Hospital . The Toronto - based foundation disbursed $500,000 to other Canadian charities in 2016 , according to its tax return filed with the Canada Revenue Agency . References Notes and citations Jump up ^ Sanders was given the honorary title `` Kentucky Colonel '' in 1935 by Governor Ruby Laffoon . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Harland ( 1974 ) . The Incredible Colonel . Illinois : Creation House . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88419 - 053 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colonels of Truth '' . www.damninteresting.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitworth , William ( February 14 , 1970 ) . `` Kentucky - Fried '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kleber , John E. ; Clark , Thomas D. ; Harrison , Lowell H. ; Klotter , James C. , eds . ( January 13 , 2015 ) ( 1992 ) . `` Sanders , Harland David '' . The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 796 -- 797 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1772 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Harland ( 2012 ) . The Autobiography of the Original Celebrity Chef ( PDF ) . Louisville : KFC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9855439 - 0 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Edith Evans Asbury ( December 17 , 1980 ) . `` Col. Harland Sanders , Founder Of Kentucky Fried Chicken , Dies ; Cooked Meals as a Child Success Comes Slowly : ( Obituary ) '' . The New York Times . p . A33. 936479241 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Josh Kegley , Daughter of Colonel Sanders dies at age 91 , Lexington Herald - Leader , September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Harland ( 1974 ) . The Incredible Colonel . Illinois : Creation House . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88419 - 053 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . Jump up ^ Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Harland ( 1974 ) . The Incredible Colonel . Illinois : Creation House . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88419 - 053 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2012 ) . Colonel Sanders and the American Dream . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74285 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` About Us KFC History '' . KFC.co.uk . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Things You Did n't Know About The Real Colonel Sanders '' . MSN . p. 2 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darden , Robert ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Secret Recipe : Why Kfc Is Still Cooking After 50 Years . Tapestry Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930819 - 33 - 7 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : `` KFC -- Colonel Sanders Cafe & Museum -- America 's First Kentucky Fried Chicken '' . Corbinkentucky.us . February 18 , 1964 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nii , Jenifer K. ( 2004 ) . `` Colonel 's landmark KFC is mashed '' . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Jodi ( November 9 , 1969 ) . `` Chicken Big and the Citizen Senior '' . The Washington Post and Times - Herald . p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Liddle , Alan ( May 21 , 1990 ) . `` Pete Harman '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . ^ Jump up to : Ozersky , Josh ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` KFC 's Colonel Sanders : He Was Real , Not Just an Icon '' . Time . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ I 've Got a Secret interview , originally broadcast April 6 , 1964 ( rebroadcast by GSN March 30 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ McGuire , Jenn ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Claudia Sanders Dinner House Serves Up the Real Thing '' . HelloLouisville . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Process of producing fried chicken under pressure US 3245800 A '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Corporation History '' . Funding Universe . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KFC nixes Mississauga 's Col. Sanders for new upmarket restaurant '' . NiagarathisWeek . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Klotter , The Human Tradition in the New South , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Downs , Jere ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` KFC Col. Sanders ' revival ' tarnishes ' the icon '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Ed ( October 7 , 1974 ) . `` Colonel Sanders and His Lady : He Cooks , She Cleans the Pots '' . People . 2 ( 15 ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : United Press International ( September 12 , 1975 ) . `` Col. Sanders ' Chicken War Ends '' . The New York Times . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Claudia Sanders Dinner House -- Shelbyville , Kentucky '' . kentuckytourism.com . Kentucky Department of Travel and Tourism . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claudia Sanders Dinner House '' . claudiasanders.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quoted in `` Kentucky Fried Chicken of Bowling Green , Inc. v. Sanders '' . Kentucky Supreme Court . March 14 , 1978 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Winn ( December 16 , 1980 ) . `` Flags at half - staff to honor Sanders '' . Associated Press . Louisville , Ky . -- Flags were flying at half - staff here today as Kentucky honored Col. Harland sanders , the smiling , white - suited gentleman whose `` secret recipe '' started an international fried chicken empire . Sanders , founder of the Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise , died Tuesday at age 90 . The immediate cause of death was pneumonia , aggravated by leukemia , said KFC spokesman John Cox . ... Sanders had been hospitalized Nov. 7 for treatment of an infection of the kidney and bladder . While undergoing treatment , he developed pneumonia for the third time this year and lapsed into critical condition . During an earlier hospital stay , doctors found he also was suffering from leukemia , a blood disease . Jump up ^ `` Col. Sanders , fried chicken king , dead '' . Chicago Tribune . December 17 , 1980 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones '' . Time . December 29 , 1980 . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Col. Sanders , 90 , Dies of Pneumonia '' . The Washington Post . December 17 , 1980 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.Y. ( December 17 , 1980 ) . `` Col. Sanders , the Fried - Chicken Gentleman , Dies '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Howard , Theresa ( September 28 , 1998 ) . `` KFC , with Pepsi , Mulls Putting New ' Colonel ' On Proprietary Beverage '' . Brandweek . Highbeam Business . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` KFC is bringing back Colonel Sanders '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Downs , Jere ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Some Colonel Sanders fans find new ads distastefull '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kulp , Patrick ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` KFC likes that you hate the new Colonel Sanders because at least you 're feeling something '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watrous , Monica ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Revival of KFC '' . Food Business News . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Lara ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` KFC has another new Colonel -- and it 'll be hoping some viewers hate these ads as much as the last '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Lauren ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` KFC Swaps Out Norm Macdonald for Jim Gaffigan as Its Latest ' Real ' Colonel '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moran , Victoria ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` KFC Brings in an Extra-Bronzed George Hamilton to Play Extra Crispy Colonel '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sanders Is Ripped and Ready to Rumble in WWE 's Twist on KFC 's Colonel Campaign '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kate ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Rob Riggle as KFC 's newest Colonel Sanders '' . The Kansas City Star . Jump up ^ `` ' Titanic ' villain Billy Zane tapped as new Colonel Sanders to debut ' Georgia Gold ' chicken '' . Fox News . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Bob ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rob Lowe debuts as KFC 's newest colonel Sunday '' . WHIO - TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ KFC Explores The Final Frontier With Colonel Rob Lowe ( 21 Apr , 2017 , 08 : 59 ET ) Quote : `` My grandfather was the head of the Ohio chapter of the National Restaurant Association in the 1960s and took me to meet Colonel Harland Sanders when I was a kid . It was a big deal . I thought this would be a nice homage to both Colonel Sanders and to my grandfather , '' said Lowe . `` Plus , we 're sending the Zinger chicken sandwich to space . You kind of ca n't beat that . '' Jump up ^ https://venturebeat.com/2017/10/09/wwe-2k18-scores-the-secret-recipe-for-kfcs-colonel-sanders-as-a-playable-wrestler/ Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Congratulations to Reba McEntire , America 's first female Colonel Sanders '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ White , Paul ( August 21 , 2003 ) . `` The Colonel 's curse runs deep '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Eric ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` KFC 'S Col. Sanders Comes to the DC Multiverse . For Real '' . Nerdist . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Crossing Over '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Angela K , President of KFC Japan buys Colonel Sanders ' trademark white suit at auction for $21 K Associated Press 6 / 22 / 13 Jump up ^ `` KFC 's Col. Sanders ' White Suit Fetches $21,510 '' . ABC News . June 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KFC Founder Colonel Harland Sander 's Secret Manuscript to Be Revealed '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kim ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` KFC discovers Colonel Sanders ' secret book '' . MSN Money . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colonel Harland Sanders Charitable Organization , Inc '' . Canadian registered charities . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Child & Family Services '' . Trillium Health Partners . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Picard , Andre ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Health care in a bucket with fries '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colonel Harland Sanders Charitable Organization - Quick View '' . Charities listing . Canada Revenue Agency . Sources Klotter , James C. ( September 21 , 2005 ) . The Human Tradition in the New South . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 0096 - 1 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Further reading Pearce , John , The Colonel ( 1982 ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 18122 - 1 Encyclopedia of Kentucky . New York , New York : Somerset Publishers . 1987 . pp. 185 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 403 - 09981 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harland Sanders . Wikinews has related news : Colonel Sanders statue lost in 1985 recovered from river in Japan Kentucky Fried Chicken Harland `` Colonel '' Sanders at Find a Grave CBC Archives CBC Radio talks with Colonel Sanders about Canadian food and cooking ( from 1957 ) . FBI Records : The Vault -- Harland David `` Colonel '' Sanders at fbi.gov Sanders on What 's My Line ? when he was unknown nationally on YouTube Colonel Sanders on IMDb KFC People Colonel Sanders ( founder ) Pete Harman David C. Novak Roger Eaton Company Advertising History Notable locations Harland Sanders Café and Museum KFC Yum ! Center KFC Eleven Products and recipes Original Recipe Popcorn Chicken Double Down Regional operations Japan China South Africa Israel Related articles Kentucky Fried Cruelty PETA satirical browser games Big Bash League ( BBL ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash H. Salt Esquire Zantigo Louisville , Kentucky ( metro area ) History Timeline George Rogers Clark -- founder Civil War Historic places Geography Downtown Cityscape Climate Local landmarks Neighborhoods Parks Preservation districts ( Old Louisville ) Government Mayor ( Greg Fischer ) Metro Council ( President : David James ) Transportation Bowman Field Louisville International Airport McAlpine Locks and Dam Roads TARC Other subject areas Attractions and events Cuisine Economy Education Media People Performing arts Religion Sports Top subjects Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Center Cave Hill Cemetery Falls of the Ohio Farmington Kentucky Derby ( Festival ) KFC History Colonel Sanders L&N Louisville Slugger Speed Art Museum University of Louisville ( Cardinals ) National Historic Landmarks Belle of Louisville Churchill Downs Historic Locust Grove Mayor Andrew Broaddus Old Bank Zachary Taylor House United States Marine Hospital Water Tower Prominent suburbs ( over 10K pop . ) Clarksville Jeffersontown Jeffersonville Lyndon New Albany St. Matthews Shelbyville Shepherdsville Shively Category ( city ) Category ( metro area ) Portal WikiProject ISNI : 0000 0000 7378 8047 LCCN : n80097470 NDL : 00710373 SNAC : w68q01x2 VIAF : 35757571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Sanders&oldid=830299537 '' Categories : 1890 births 1980 deaths 20th - century American businesspeople American chief executives of food industry companies American food company founders American Freemasons American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American restaurateurs American salespeople American transportation businesspeople Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery Businesspeople from Indiana Businesspeople from Louisville , Kentucky Deaths from cancer in Kentucky Deaths from leukemia Deaths from pneumonia Fast food advertising characters Fast - food chain founders Kentucky culture KFC people La Salle Extension University alumni Michelin people People from Greenwood , Indiana People from Henryville , Indiana People from Laurel County , Kentucky People from Mississauga Prudential Financial people Teamsters United States Army soldiers Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from March 2017 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bikol Central Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 23 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the guy on the kentucky fried chicken commercial
[]
[]
4652120490931269777
W. A. Silva
W.A. Silva - wikipedia W.A. Silva Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an author . For politician , see W.A. de Silva . W.A. Silva W.A. Silva ( 1890 - 01 - 16 ) 16 January 1890 Wellawatte , Sri Lanka 3 May 1957 ( 1957 - 05 - 03 ) ( aged 67 ) Wellawatte , Sri Lanka W.A. Silva ( 16 January 1890 -- 3 May 1957 ) was a best - selling author of Sinhala literature . Wellawattearachchige Abraham Silva was born in Wellawatte , Colombo . After receiving a formal Sinhala education , he wrote his first novel , `` Siriyalatha '' , at the age of 16 . After studying Sanskrit and Sinhala under Pelane Sri Vajiragnana Thero and reading world literature in his spare time while working as a clerk , Silva wrote Lakshmi , his second novel , in 1922 . He continued to write popular novels and short story collections . Several of his novels include Kalae Handa ( the first Sinhala novel to be made a movie ) and Hingana Kolla , which was also made into a movie . Silva edited the Siri Sara ( 1919 -- 1923 ) and Nuwana ( 1940 -- 1946 ) magazines , as well as a weekly newspaper , Lanka Samaya ( 1933 ) . After his death , High Street in Wellawatte was renamed W.A. Silva Mawatha in his honour . Publications ( edit ) Siriyalatha ( 1907 ) Lakshmi ( 1922 ) Hingana Kolla ( 1923 ) Pasal Guruvari ( 1924 ) Deiyanne Rate ( 1926 ) Kele Handha ( 1933 ) Daivayogaya ( 1936 ) Sunethra ( 1936 ) Vijayaba Kollaya ( 1938 ) Radala Piliruwe Handa pane Julihatha Ridihavadiya Lensuva Sakviti Raja Amurtha Hasthaya Dalakumar Arabian Nights ( translation ) Maya Yogaya ( play ) Ramayanaya ( translation ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : W.A. Silva : Architect of the Sinhala novel , Daily News , Dahlan Salahudeen Jump up ^ Remembering W.A. Silva , Padmadeva Jayakody , The Island VIAF : 21015805 LCCN : n81149330 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._A._Silva&oldid=785437006 '' Categories : 1890 births 1957 deaths Sri Lankan writers Sri Lankan novelists Sinhalese writers 20th - century novelists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk About Wikipedia සිංහල தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2017 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the first novel in sri lanka
[]
[]
-5124714166327826938
Love It or List It
Love It or List It - wikipedia Love It or List It Jump to : navigation , search Love It or List It Genre Reality renovations , upgrading Created by Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Directed by Various Starring Hilary Farr David Visentin Narrated by Jacqueline Hennessy Theme music composer Lou Pomanti Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 130 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Raleigh -- Durham , North Carolina , United States Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Coat Productions Release Original network W Network HGTV Original release September 8 , 2008 -- present External links Website www.wnetwork.com/Shows/love-it-or-list-it.aspx Production website www.bigcoatproductions.com Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada . The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8 , 2008 , and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States . In September 2014 , the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Host and crew 3 Episodes 4 Franchise 5 International syndication 6 Reception 7 Controversy 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula . A couple ( usually , but not in all cases ) presents their living situation in the current house that they own . In most episodes , the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house . Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple 's home before meeting with them . The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given . At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show , both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple 's desires are . Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project . David , meanwhile , is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget . Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners , often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes . Common issues for David , meanwhile , depend on the homeowners ' desires ; for instance , the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change , or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace . After Hilary 's renovation is complete , the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish . After the tour , David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home 's current market value following the renovations . He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home . After a moment to deliberate , Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners . They must choose to either Love It , meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations , or to List It , meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home . After they reveal their decision , the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David ( who , if they decided to Love It , reacts with incredulity ) before bidding them farewell . Host and crew ( edit ) Hosts Hilary Farr -- Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto . She has lived in Australia , England , California , and New York City . Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , New York and Toronto . When she first moved back to Toronto , she became the first designer to `` stage '' properties for sale . She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties . David Visentin -- David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited . He has been practicing since 1987 . Assistant Designer Desta Ostapyk ( Canadian episodes ) -- Desta is a Toronto - based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design , and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry . She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV 's hit series My Parents House . She soon became the Design Stylist for the show . Contractors Eric Eremita ( North Carolina episodes ) -- General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV 's `` Love It or List It '' U.S. version , after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its `` Brother vs. Brother '' reality show . Eddie Richardson ( Canadian episodes ) -- Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business . Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman . Fergus McLaren ( Canadian episodes ) -- Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company , R - Mac Solutions , 10 years ago . Behind the Scenes Architect : Simon West Senior Production Coordinator : Linda Johnstone Construction Coordinator : David Violante Construction Assistants : Chris Blinn , Adam Dalgarno , Ahren Mrowietz , Dale George Design Coordinator : Kaaveh Shoman Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Love It or List It episodes Season Start date End date Episodes Hilary wins David wins September 8 , 2008 January 5 , 2009 12 9 April 6 , 2009 December 7 , 2009 18 10 8 May 3 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 21 9 12 March 14 , 2011 November 11 , 2011 19 12 7 5 February 20 , 2012 November 19 , 2012 18 10 8 6 January 19 , 2013 July 1 , 2013 14 8 6 7 January 8 , 2014 April 9 , 2014 14 11 8 September 8 , 2014 January 19 , 2015 16 8 8 9 March 9 , 2015 December 7 , 2015 22 13 9 Total 154 90 64 Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay . Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home . Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Love It or List It ( franchise ) Love It or List It has spawned four spinoffs . The first , known as Love It or List It Vancouver ( or Love it or List it Too in the US ) , was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot . The second spin - off , a British version known as Love It or List It UK , debuted in 2015 , is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer . The third spin off , Love It or List It Vacation Homes debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke . A fourth spin off , Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin . The fifth spin off , Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker . International syndication ( edit ) Country / Region Name Television Network Dubbing / Subtitles Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N / A Canada Love It or List It W Network N / A USA Love It or List It HGTV N / A Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish Brazil Ame - a ou Deixe - a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 ( Norway ) Norwegian Reception ( edit ) On August 31 , 2010 , Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards : Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series . When HGTV premiered the show on the network , the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson 's Candice Tells All . In 2012 , New York Times ' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 's favorite TV show . According to Collins , Clinton finds the show `` very calming '' after being interviewed about her departure from politics . In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine , Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs . Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail . According to the Wall Street Journal , the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada 's beloved reality series . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2016 , the homeowners who participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV , as well as the North Carolina contractor who the show hired to do the renovations on their home . The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed , and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality . Moreover , the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process , and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent . Big Coat TV has commented that they `` do intend to vigorously defend what ( they ) consider to be false allegations . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us . Big Coat Productions . Retrieved 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ Host Bios ; Hilary Farr http://www.wnetwork.com/Shows/Love-It-Or-List-It/HostBios.aspx Jump up ^ Host Bios ; David Visentin http://www.wnetwork.com/Shows/Love-It-Or-List-It/HostBios.aspx Jump up ^ `` Big Coat Productions '' . Big Coat Productions . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off Jump up ^ `` Kirstie and Phil 's Love It or List It will return for a second series : Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016 '' . Digital Spy. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series ' Love It Or List It ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ W Network 's Top Rated Show ; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323 Jump up ^ Maga , Carly ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's favorite show is Canada 's ' Love It Or List It ' '' . Ca.omg.yahoo.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie . `` Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanity Fair : Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Huffingtonpost.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton likes ' Love It or List It ' '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love it or list it News , Video and Gossip '' . Jezebel . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gail ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary 's Next Move '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE '' . Las Vegas Magazine . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail . London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family '' . KatieCouric.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W Network Announces Return of Home - grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Love It or List It ' homeowners file suit '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love It Or List It ' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Love It or List It on HGTV Love It or List It on W Network Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database ( hide ) Love It or List It franchise Love It or List It Hosts Hilary Farr David Visentin Other Episodes Love It or List It Vancouver Hosts Jillian Harris Todd Talbot Love It or List It UK Hosts Kirstie Allsopp Phil Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=807363903 '' Categories : Love It or List It 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2000s Canadian television series Television series produced in Toronto 2010s Canadian television series Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is love it or list it filmed in north carolina
[]
[]
9209247048547094112
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
Inauguration of John F. Kennedy - wikipedia Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Jump to : navigation , search Presidential Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Date January 20 , 1961 ; 57 years ago ( 1961 - 01 - 20 ) Location Washington , D.C. U.S. Capitol Participants President of the United States , John F. Kennedy Assuming office Chief Justice of the United States , Earl Warren Administering oath Vice President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson Assuming office Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , Sam Rayburn Administering oath United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 Campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Appointments Cabinet Judges Assassination and legacy November 22 , 1963 State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday , January 20 , 1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Kennedy 's only term as President and of Lyndon B. Johnson 's only term as Vice President . Kennedy was murdered 2 years , 306 days into this term , and Johnson succeeded to the presidency . Kennedy took office following the November 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon , the then -- incumbent Vice President . He was the first Catholic to become President , and became the youngest person elected to the office . His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity , emerging social changes , and diplomatic challenges . This inauguration was the first in which a poet , Robert Frost , participated in the program . Presidential inaugurations are organized by the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . For John F. Kennedy 's inauguration , this committee was chaired by Senator John Sparkman , and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges , and Representatives Sam Rayburn , John William McCormack , and Charles A. Halleck . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sinatra inaugural ball 2 The inaugural nor'easter 3 Inauguration proceedings 3.1 Oath of office 4 The inaugural address 4.1 Drafting 4.2 Main ideas of the speech 4.3 Rhetorical elements 5 Invited guests 5.1 Presidents and First ladies 6 Parade to the White House 7 Impact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Sinatra inaugural ball ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of Bergdorf Goodman , arrive at Sinatra 's inaugural ball on the evening of Inauguration Day . `` ( Sinatra 's ball ) may have marked the moment when popular entertainment became an indispensable part of modern politics . '' -- Todd S. Purdum , Vanity Fair , Feb. 2011 Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day , January 19 , 1961 , considered as one of the biggest parties ever held in Washington , D.C. Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended , and went as far as convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala . With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group , Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ( $13.9 million in today 's dollars ) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard - fought campaign . Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts , rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens , and stayed at the Statler - Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern . Performances and speeches included Fredric March , Sidney Poitier , Nat King Cole , Ella Fitzgerald , Gene Kelly , Tony Curtis , Janet Leigh , Bill Dana , Milton Berle , Jimmy Durante , Harry Belafonte , and Sinatra himself . Sammy Davis , Jr. , a long - time friend of Sinatra , supporter of the Democratic Party , and member of the Rat Pack , was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph , fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion , much to Sammy 's and Sinatra 's dismay . Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election , also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra . Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s . Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy , stating `` It was the ambassador , ( but ) we did n't know that until after . Sammy not being there was a loss . '' At the end of the ball , Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign , adding `` The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I think reached culmination tonight . '' Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1 : 30am ( ET ) , and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted by his father Joseph Kennedy , and would finally return to the White House at around 3 : 30am . The inaugural nor'easter ( edit ) Main article : January 1961 nor'easter A strong nor'easter fell the day before the inauguration , with temperatures at 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) and snowfall at 1 -- 2 inches ( 2.5 -- 5.1 cm ) per hour and a total of 8 inches ( 20 cm ) during the night , causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration . On inauguration day , January 20 , 1961 , the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington , almost canceling the inaugural parade . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration , and were assisted by more than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts . This task force employed hundreds of dump trucks , front - end loaders , sanders , plows , rotaries , and flamethrowers to clear the route . Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along Pennsylvania Avenue . The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile , preventing former President Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration . Inauguration proceedings ( edit ) View of the extended East Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held . President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address , with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him . Before the proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower , Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown . Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes , with additional prayers recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church of Austin , Texas , and a blessing offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck . The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes . Marian Anderson sang `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and a composition by musical Leonard Bernstein titled `` Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy '' was played . The oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson . This marked the first time a Speaker administered the oath , which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the President pro tempore of the Senate , the ex-Vice President , or a United States Senator . Robert Frost , then 86 years old , recited his poem `` The Gift Outright '' . Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration , suggesting `` The Gift Outright '' , considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign . Kennedy would later state that he admired the `` courage , the towering skill and daring '' of Frost , and adding that `` I 've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are so far apart . I think politicians and poets share at least one thing , and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life . '' American poet William Meredith would say that the request `` focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture , as a man interested in culture . '' For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration `` The glory of a next Augustan age Of a power leading from its strength and pride , Of young ambition eager to be tried , Firm in our free beliefs without dismay , In any game the nations want to play . A golden age of poetry and power Of which this noonday 's the beginning hour . '' -- -- Closing seven lines from Robert Frost 's poem `` For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration '' , the expanded version of `` Dedication '' . Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested , to the surprise of Kennedy 's friends . On the morning of the inauguration , Frost asked Stewart Udall , Kennedy 's future Secretary of the Interior , to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading , to which Udall obliged . Once at the presidential podium , however , the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers . When Frost started reading , he stumbled on the first three lines , squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras . Vice-President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade , however Frost waved the offer aside , took the hat and jokingly said `` I 'll help you with that '' , sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy . Understanding the immediacy of the situation , Frost stated to the microphones that `` this ( the poem ) was to have been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read '' , and began to recite `` The Gift Outright '' from memory . This marks the first time a poem was read at a Presidential inauguration , a feature repeated by future Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama at their respective ceremonies . Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered `` Dedication '' poem to Udall after the ceremony , who eventually donated the document to the Library of Congress where it is stored today . The original manuscript version , personally dedicated by Frost , was provided to the President and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library . Kennedy 's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version , writing on the back of the frame : For Jack . First thing I had framed to be put in your office . First thing to be hung there . Frost officially presented the poem , retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines , to Kennedy in March 1962 . The unread poem ( published in 1962 as part of Frost 's In the Clearing poetry collection ) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy 's inauguration . Oath of office ( edit ) The oath of office for the President was administered by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren to Kennedy using a closed family Bible at 12 : 51 ( ET ) Kennedy did not wear an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address , despite the cold conditions of 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) with windchill at 7 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) at noon . The inaugural address ( edit ) Play media Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in as thirty - fifth President of the United States , and delivering his inaugural address . `` Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy '' Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address . ( Duration : 14 minutes ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Immediately after reciting the oath of office , President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol . His inaugural address , the first delivered to a televised audience in color , is considered among the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history . The address was 1364 words and took 13 minutes and 55 seconds to deliver , from the first word to the last word , not including applause at the end , making it the fourth - shortest inaugural address ever delivered . And so , my fellow Americans : ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country . -- John F. Kennedy , inauguration address , January 1961 . Drafting ( edit ) The most famous passage from the inaugural address is etched in stone at Kennedy 's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery , with the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument in the background . The speech was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer Ted Sorensen . Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address as well as other inaugural speeches . Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960 . He took suggestions from various friends , aides and counselors , including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations . Kennedy then made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions . Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and by the former Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II . Kennedy 's line `` Let us never negotiate out of fear . But let us never fear to negotiate . '' is nearly identical to Galbraith 's suggestion `` We shall never negotiate out of fear . But we shall never fear to negotiate . '' Stevenson 's suggestion `` if the free way of life does n't help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich . '' was the basis for Kennedy 's line `` If a free society can not help the many who are poor , it can not save the few who are rich . '' Main ideas of the speech ( edit ) As a president coming into power at the height of the Cold War , President Kennedy 's duty of maintaining peaceful international relations with representing the United States as a force to be reckoned was daunting , at the very least . It is this overarching goal of his presidential term that dominates his inaugural address . Kennedy highlights the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power coupled with the accelerating arms race , and essentially makes the main point that this focus on pure firepower should be replaced with a focus on maintenance of international relations and helping the impoverished in the world . Rhetorical elements ( edit ) The main focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to one theme -- the relationship between duty and power . This is emphasized by Kennedy 's strong use of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech . For example , he states in the second passage , `` ... Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life , '' a clear calling - out of not only America , but also other nations of power for skewed Cold War priorities . He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says , `` United there is little we can not do in a host of cooperative ventures . Divided there is little we can do , '' again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values . Again , after exhorting `` both sides '' to action , he calls on all of `` us '' to `` to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man : tyranny , poverty , disease , and war itself , '' though the phrase `` long twilight struggle '' came to be associated with the cold war struggle against communism . One of the main components of classical rhetoric , to prepon ( the appropriate ) , is also extremely prevalent in this address . Recognizing the fear and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the start of the Cold War , Kennedy geared his speech to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort . He does this by quickly moving the time of the speech into the future , and invokes repetition of the phrase `` Let both sides ... '' to allude to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also appealing to the end goal of international unity . He also phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them as opportunities -- a challenge , appealing to innately American ideals . A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage , where he states , `` In the long history of the world , only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger , '' a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them . It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words , `` ask not what your country can do for you , ask what you can do for your country . '' This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech -- a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good . Invited guests ( edit ) Along with official presidential guests and honorees , including former presidents , vice-presidents , cabinet members , and other Washington officials , the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts , including Carl Sandburg , John Steinbeck , Ernest Hemingway , Brendan Behan , Mark Rothko , and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland . Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara : O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said , `` Years from now , historians will wonder what was on the young man 's mind as he strode to take his oath of office . I bet he 's asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat . '' That night , O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president 's box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him , and sure enough , Kennedy asked , `` Was that George Kara sitting beside you ? '' O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said , and J.F.K replied , `` Tip , you 'll never believe it . I had my left hand on the Bible and my right hand in the air , and I was about to take the oath of office , and I said to myself , ' How the hell did Kara get that seat ? ' '' Presidents and first Ladies ( edit ) Five first Ladies , Edith Wilson , Eleanor Roosevelt , Bess Truman , Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the event , as did future First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , and Betty Ford . Former President Harry S Truman joined Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform , as did future Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson , Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford , making this , retroactively , the largest conclave of the `` presidential fraternity '' prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s . Parade to the White House ( edit ) A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony , bearing the new President from Capitol Plaza to the White House . Upon his arrival , Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former President Harry Truman and former First Ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt . Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession ; it took three hours to pass by . Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B - 70 bomber . A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to high school bands and Boy Scouts , accompanied by forty floats . Impact ( edit ) Kennedy 's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States . Kennedy was the first , and to this date , the only Catholic inaugurated as commander - in - chief . At the inauguration , Kennedy , then 43 , was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time , Eisenhower . The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower 's presence to Kennedy 's was noticeable at the inauguration . In addition , Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as President . The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration , and so single - handedly killed the men 's hat industry , is false . Kennedy wore a top hat to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening , removing it only to be sworn in and give his address . He in fact restored the tradition , after Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a homburg instead of a top hat to both of his inaugurations . Johnson , at his inauguration in 1965 , was the first President to go completely hatless . See also ( edit ) Poems at United States presidential inaugurations Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations Presidency of John F. Kennedy United States presidential election , 1960 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragdon , Henry W. ( 1998 ) . History of a Free Nation . New York City , NY : Glencoe / McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ `` List of United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies ( from 1901 ) '' . Senate.gov . United State Senate . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Purdum , Todd ( February 2011 ) . `` From That Day Forth '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Jack ( 21 August 2011 ) . `` The Jack Pack , Pt. 2 : 1961 - 2008 '' . PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , George ; Stadiem , William ( 2003 ) . Mr. S. : The Last Word on Frank Sinatra . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051516 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Samenow ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Inauguration Weather : The Case of Kennedy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Inaugural Weather : Worst Traffic Jam - 1961 '' . U.S. National Weather Service . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini ( 2004 ) . Northeast Snowstorms . American Meteorological Society . p. 400 . ISBN 1 - 878220 - 64 - 0 . Jump up ^ Andrea Stone ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Record Falls With Snow in Washington , DC '' . AOL News . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Sterling , VA . `` Presidential Inaugural Weather '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newdow v. Bush , 391 F. Supp . 2d 95 ( D.D.C. 2005 ) , Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court , District of Columbia . 17 December 2004 . p. 2 of Appendix , footnote 26 . No . Civ. A. 04 - 2208 ( JDB ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` President John Fitzgerald Kennedy , 1961 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States : Some Precedents and Notable Events '' . Library of Congress , citing Roll Call article of 18 January 1961 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wolly , Brian ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` History & Archaeology : Inaugural Firsts - When was the first inaugural parade ? Who had the longest inaugural address ? A look at presidential inaugurations through time '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wirzbicki , Alan ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy 's inauguration '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuten , Nancy Lewis ; Zubizarreta , John ( 2001 ) . The Robert Frost Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 9780313294648 ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 30 January 1963 ) . `` Robert Frost Dies at 88 ; Kennedy Leads in Tribute '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Frost Adds Poet 's Touch '' . The New York Times . 21 January 1961 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Poetry and Power : Robert Frost 's Inaugural Reading '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Camia , Catalina ( 26 September 2010 ) . `` Why poet Frost made a last - minute switch at JFK 's inauguration '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Birney , Alice . `` Stewart L. Udall Collection : Robert Frost 's Dedication '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Poetry of Robert Frost '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Harry ( 20 January 1997 ) . `` Poet Addresses Inaugural Event '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Frost 's Original Poem for JFK 's Inauguration Finds Way to Kennedy Presidential Library '' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . JFKPOF - 140 - 045 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy and Ireland -- John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum '' . Jfklibrary.org . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times , January 21 , 1961 , p. 8 , col. 1 . Jump up ^ `` White House Diaries '' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Oath '' . The New York Times . January 21 , 1961 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kennedy 's Words , Obama 's Challenge '' . The New York Times . January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John Fitzgerald . `` Inaugural Address '' . American Rhetoric . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( 10 May 2005 ) . `` Two Authors Ask About ' Ask Not ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest speeches of the 20th century '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ JFK Library . `` Analyzing the Inaugural Address '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` John F. Kennedy 's inaugural address , 1961 '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK 's Inaugural Address '' ( PDF ) . Department of Education and Public Programs , John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address '' . Bartleby . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Timeless Speech : A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy 's Inaugural '' . Biane . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text Analysis , John F. Kennedy , 1961 . '' Cruz . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Thurston Clarke ( 2010 ) . Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . Penguin . p. 39 . ISBN 9781101478059 . Jump up ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz ( 1994 ) . `` Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle : The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s '' . In Diane B. Kunz . The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . Columbia University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 9780231081771 . Jump up ^ `` Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric . '' Poulakos . Philosophy and Rhetoric 16 ( 1983 ) : 35 -- 48 . Jump up ^ `` Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President '' . The Terre Haute Tribune . Terre Haute , IN . UPI . January 20 , 1961 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey . `` The Presidents of the United States of America : John F. Kennedy '' . WhiteHouse.gov . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( May 17 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Now Oldest President '' . The New York Times . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , W.H. ( January 21 , 1961 ) . `` Kennedy Sworn in , Asks ' Global Alliance ' Against Tyranny , Want , Disease , and War ; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Business Insider . `` Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in US history '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` The Ike Phase '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Crouch , Ian ( 20 January 2011 ) . `` Robert Frost and J.F.K. , Fifty Years Later '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Who Killed Men 's Hats ? Think Of A Three Letter Word Beginning With ' I ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam Parker ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` How to wear a hat and look good '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hat Trick '' . Snopes. 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inaugural Traditions : Dude , Where 's My Top Hat ? '' . ABC News . 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . References ( edit ) Clarke , Thurston Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . New York : Henry Holt and Co. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7213 - 6 . Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy 's Inaugural Address . United States Department of Education and Public Programs , John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Library of Congress , John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address ( with audio ) on YouTube Text of Kennedy 's Inaugural Address Audio of Kennedy 's Inaugural Address John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ( Boston ) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center ( Florida ) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials , namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( Washington , D.C. ) John F. Kennedy International Airport ( New York ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( London ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Dallas ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Portland , Oregon ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( Runnymede , Britain ) John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge ( Kentucky -- Indiana ) John F. Kennedy School of Government ( Harvard Univ . ) John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( Fort Bragg , North Carolina ) John F. Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → United States presidential inaugurations Washington ( 1789 ) Washington ( 1793 ) J. Adams ( 1797 ) Jefferson ( 1801 ) Jefferson ( 1805 ) Madison ( 1809 ) Madison ( 1813 ) Monroe ( 1817 ) Monroe ( 1821 ) J. Q. Adams ( 1825 ) Jackson ( 1829 ) Jackson ( 1833 ) Van Buren ( 1837 ) W. H. Harrison ( 1841 ) Tyler ( 1841 ) * Polk ( 1845 ) Taylor ( 1849 ) Fillmore ( 1850 ) * Pierce ( 1853 ) Buchanan ( 1857 ) Lincoln ( 1861 ) Lincoln ( 1865 ) A. Johnson ( 1865 ) * Grant ( 1869 ) Grant ( 1873 ) Hayes ( 1877 ) Garfield ( 1881 ) Arthur ( 1881 ) * Cleveland ( 1885 ) B. Harrison ( 1889 ) Cleveland ( 1893 ) McKinley ( 1897 ) McKinley ( 1901 ) T. Roosevelt ( 1901 ) * T. Roosevelt ( 1905 ) Taft ( 1909 ) Wilson ( 1913 ) Wilson ( 1917 ) Harding ( 1921 ) Coolidge ( 1923 ) * Coolidge ( 1925 ) Hoover ( 1929 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1933 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1937 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1941 ) F. D. Roosevelt ( 1945 ) Truman ( 1945 ) * Truman ( 1949 ) Eisenhower ( 1953 ) Eisenhower ( 1957 ) Kennedy ( 1961 ) L. B. Johnson ( 1963 ) * L. B. Johnson ( 1965 ) Nixon ( 1969 ) Nixon ( 1973 ) Ford ( 1974 ) * Carter ( 1977 ) Reagan ( 1981 ) Reagan ( 1985 ) G. H. W. Bush ( 1989 ) Clinton ( 1993 ) Clinton ( 1997 ) G. W. Bush ( 2001 ) G. W. Bush ( 2005 ) Obama ( 2009 ) Obama ( 2013 ) Trump ( 2017 ) * Non-scheduled ( extraordinary ) inaugurations Robert Frost Poems `` Acquainted with the Night '' `` After Apple - Picking '' `` Birches '' `` The Death of the Hired Man '' `` Fire and Ice '' `` The Gift Outright '' `` Mending Wall '' `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' `` Out , Out - '' `` The Oven Bird '' `` A Question '' `` The Road Not Taken '' `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' Poetry collections A Boy 's Will North of Boston Mountain Interval New Hampshire West - Running Brook Collected Poems of Robert Frost A Further Range A Witness Tree In the Clearing Plays A Masque of Reason Related Robert Frost Farm , New Hampshire The Frost Place , Home and Museum Robert Frost Farm ( Ripton , Vermont ) Robert Frost Farm ( South Shaftsbury , Vermont ) Robert Frost House , Massachusetts Robert Frost Medal Frostiana ( 1959 choral art ) Robert Frost : A Lover 's Quarrel with the World ( 1963 documentary ) Robert Frost : A Life ( 2000 biography ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy&oldid=820660081 '' Categories : 1961 in American politics United States presidential inaugurations Presidency of John F. Kennedy 1961 in Washington , D.C. Robert Frost January 1961 events Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Español Italiano Simple English 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 22 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who said this quote ask not what your country can do for you
[ "It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, \"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.\" This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech – a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good." ]
[ "John F. Kennedy" ]
-4656682786753047826
Portland, Oregon
Portland , Oregon - wikipedia Portland , Oregon City in Oregon , United States Portland , Oregon City City of Portland View of Portland from Pittock Mansion , with Mount Hood pictured in the background Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` Rose City '' ; `` Stumptown '' ; `` PDX '' ; see Nicknames of Portland , Oregon for a complete list . Location of Portland in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon Portland , Oregon Location in the United States Coordinates : 45 ° 31 ′ 12 '' N 122 ° 40 ′ 55 '' W  /  45.52000 ° N 122.68194 ° W  / 45.52000 ; - 122.68194 Coordinates : 45 ° 31 ′ 12 '' N 122 ° 40 ′ 55 '' W  /  45.52000 ° N 122.68194 ° W  / 45.52000 ; - 122.68194 Country United States State Oregon Counties Multnomah , Washington , Clackamas Founded 1845 Incorporated February 8 , 1851 Named for Portland , Maine Government Type Commission Mayor Ted Wheeler ( D ) Commissioners Chloe Eudaly Nick Fish Amanda Fritz Dan Saltzman Auditor Mary Hull Caballero Area City 145 sq mi ( 376 km ) Land 133 sq mi ( 346 km ) Water 12 sq mi ( 30 km ) Elevation 50 ft ( 15.2 m ) Highest elevation 1,188 ft ( 362 m ) Lowest elevation ( Columbia River ) 0.62 ft ( 0.19 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 583,776 Estimate ( 2017 ) 647,805 Rank US : 26th Density 4,375.1 / sq mi ( 1,689.2 / km ) Urban 1,849,898 ( US : 24th ) Metro 2,389,228 ( US : 25th ) CSA 3,110,906 ( US : 18th ) Demonym ( s ) Portlander Time zone PST ( UTC − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC − 7 ) ZIP codes 97086 - 97299 Area codes 503 and 971 FIPS code 41 - 59000 GNIS feature ID 1136645 Interstate ( s ) U.S. Route ( s ) State Highway ( s ) Website PortlandOregon.gov Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . The city covers 145 square miles ( 380 square kilometers ) and had an estimated population of 647,805 in 2017 , making it the 26th most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest . Approximately 2,424,955 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous MSA in the United States . Its Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) ranks 18th with a population of 3,160,488 . Roughly 60 % of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . Named after Portland , Maine , which in turn was named after the Isle of Portland in Dorset , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard - edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission - based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States . The city government is notable for its land - use planning and investment in public transportation . Portland is frequently recognized as one of the world 's most environmentally conscious cities because of its high walkability , large community of bicyclists , farm - to - table dining , expansive network of public transportation options , and over 10,000 acres ( 4,000 hectares ) of public parks . Its climate is marked by warm , dry summers and cool , rainy winters . This climate is ideal for growing roses , and Portland has been called the `` City of Roses '' for over a century . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-history and natives 1.2 Establishment 1.3 Postwar development 1.4 1990s to present 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 2.1. 1 Earthquakes 2.2 Topography 2.3 Cityscape 2.3. 1 Neighborhoods 2.4 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Households 3.2 Social 4 Economy 4.1 Housing 5 Culture 5.1 Music , film , and performing arts 5.2 Museums and recreation 5.3 Cuisine and breweries 6 Sustainability 7 Sports 8 Parks and gardens 9 Law and government 9.1 Politics 9.2 Planning and development 9.3 Free speech 9.4 Crime 10 Education 10.1 Primary and secondary education 10.2 Higher education 11 Media 12 Infrastructure 12.1 Healthcare 12.2 Transportation 13 Notable people 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 Further reading 20 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Portland , Oregon and Timeline of Portland , Oregon Pre-history and natives ( edit ) During the prehistoric period , the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula , in what would later become Montana . These massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet ( 91 to 122 m ) of water . Before American pioneers began arriving in the 1800s , the land that eventually became Portland and surrounding Multnomah County was inhabited for many centuries by two bands of indigenous Chinook people -- the Multnomah and the Clackamas peoples . The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1805 . Before its European settlement , the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast . Establishment ( edit ) Pioneer Courthouse , 1886 1890 map of Portland Portland waterfront in 1898 Large numbers of pioneer settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail , though life was originally centered in nearby Oregon City . In the early 1840s a new settlement emerged ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River , roughly halfway between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver . This community was initially referred to as `` Stumptown '' and `` The Clearing '' because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth . In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file an official land claim . For 25 cents Overton agreed to share half of the 640 - acre ( 2.6 km ) site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston . In 1845 Overton sold his remaining half of the claim to Francis W. Pettygrove of Portland , Maine . Both Pettygrove and Lovejoy wished to rename `` The Clearing '' after their respective hometowns ( Lovejoy 's being Boston , and Pettygrove 's , Portland ) . This controversy was settled with a coin toss which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses , thereby providing Portland with its namesake . The coin used for this decision , now known as the Portland Penny , is on display in the headquarters of the Oregon Historical Society . At the time of its incorporation on February 8 , 1851 , Portland had over 800 inhabitants , a steam sawmill , a log cabin hotel , and a newspaper , the Weekly Oregonian . A major fire swept through downtown in August 1873 , destroying twenty blocks on the west side of the Willamette along Yamhill and Morrison Streets , and causing $1.3 million in damage . By 1879 , the population had grown to 17,500 and by 1890 it had grown to 46,385 . In 1888 , the city built the first steel bridge built on the West Coast . Portland 's access to the Pacific Ocean via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers , as well as its easy access to the agricultural Tualatin Valley via the `` Great Plank Road '' ( the route of current - day U.S. Route 26 ) , provided the pioneer city with an advantage over other nearby ports , and it grew very quickly . Portland remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century , until the 1890s , when Seattle 's deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail , affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River . The lumber industry also became a prominent economical presence , due to the area 's large population of Douglas Firs , Western Hemlocks , Red Cedars , and Big Leaf Maple trees . The White Eagle saloon ( c. 1910 ) , one of many in Portland that had reputed ties to illegal activities such as gambling rackets and prostitution Burnside Street , 1937 Portland developed a reputation early in its history as a hard - edged and gritty port town . Some historians have described the city 's early establishment as being a `` scion of New England ; an ends - of - the - earth home for the exiled spawn of the eastern established elite . '' In 1889 , The Oregonian called Portland `` the most filthy city in the Northern States '' , due to the unsanitary sewers and gutters , and , at the turn of the 20th century , it was considered one of the most dangerous port cities in the world . The city housed a large number of saloons , bordellos , gambling dens , and boardinghouses which were populated with miners after the California Gold Rush , as well as the multitude of sailors passing through the port . By the early 20th century , the city had lost its reputation as a `` sober frontier city '' and garnered a reputation for being violent and dangerous . Postwar development ( edit ) Between 1900 and 1930 , the city 's population tripled from nearly 100,000 to 301,815 . During World War II , it housed an `` assembly center '' from which up to 3,676 people of Japanese descent were dispatched to internment camps in the heartland . The Pacific International Livestock Exposition operated from May through September 10 , 1942 processing people from the city , northern Oregon , and central Washington . At the same time , Portland became a notorious hub for underground criminal activity and organized crime between the 1940s and 1950s . In 1957 , LIFE Magazine published an article detailing the city 's history of government corruption and crime , specifically its gambling rackets and illegal nightclubs . The article , which focused on crime boss Jim Elkins , became the basis of a fictionalized film titled Portland Exposé ( 1957 ) . In spite of the city 's seedier undercurrent of criminal activity , Portland enjoyed an economic and industrial surge during World War II . Ship builder Henry J. Kaiser had been awarded contracts to build Liberty ships and aircraft carrier escorts , and chose sites in Portland and Vancouver , Washington , for work yards . During this time , Portland 's population rose by over 150,000 , largely attributed to recruited laborers . During the 1960s , an influx of hippie subculture began to take root in the city in the wake of San Francisco 's burgeoning countercultural scene . The city 's Crystal Ballroom became a hub for the city 's psychedelic culture , while food cooperatives and listener - funded media and radio stations were established . A large social activist presence evolved during this time as well , specifically concerning Native American rights , environmentalist causes , and gay rights . By the 1970s , Portland had well established itself as a progressive city , and experienced an economic boom for the majority of the decade ; however , the slowing of the housing market in 1979 caused demand for the city and state timber industries to drop significantly . 1990s to present ( edit ) Aerial view of Portland and its bridges across the Willamette River In the 1990s , the technology industry began to emerge in Portland , specifically with the establishment of companies like Intel , which brought more than $10 billion in investments in 1995 alone . After the year 2000 , Portland experienced significant growth , with a population rise of over 90,000 between the years 2000 and 2014 . The city 's increased presence within the cultural lexicon has established it as a popular city for young people , and it was second only to Louisville , Kentucky as one of the cities to attract and retain the highest number of college - educated people in the United States . Between 2001 and 2012 , Portland 's gross domestic product per person grew fifty percent , more than any other city in the country . The city has acquired a diverse range of nicknames throughout its history , though it is most often called `` Rose City '' or `` The City of Roses '' , the latter of which has been its unofficial nickname since 1888 and its official nickname since 2003 . Another widely used nickname by local residents in everyday speech is `` PDX '' , which is also the airport code for Portland International Airport . Other nicknames include Bridgetown , Stumptown , Rip City , Soccer City , P - Town , Portlandia , and the more antiquated Little Beirut . Geography ( edit ) Geology. ( edit ) Portland lies on top of an extinct volcanic field known as the Boring Lava Field , named after the nearby bedroom community of Boring . The Boring Lava Field has at least 32 cinder cones such as Mount Tabor , and its center lies in southeast Portland . Mount St. Helens , a highly active volcano 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of the city in Washington state , is easily visible on clear days and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after its eruption on May 18 , 1980 . The rocks of the Portland area range in age from late Eocene to more recent eras . Earthquakes ( edit ) See also : Geology of the Pacific Northwest Multiple shallow , active fault lines traverse the Portland metropolitan area . Among them are the Portland Hills Fault on the city 's west side , and the East Bank Fault on the east side . According to a 2017 survey , several of these faults were characterized as `` probably more of a hazard '' than the Cascadia subduction zone due to their proximities to population centers , with the potential of producing magnitude 7 earthquakes . Notable earthquakes that have impacted the Portland area in recent history include the 6.8 - magnitude Nisqually earthquake in 2001 , and a 5.6 - magnitude earthquake that struck on March 25 , 1993 . Per a 2014 report , over 7,000 locations within the Portland area are at high - risk for landslides and soil liquefaction in the event of a major earthquake , including much of the city 's west side ( such as Washington Park ) and sections of Clackamas County . Topography ( edit ) Mt . Rainier ( left ) and Mt . St. Helens ( right ) photographed from Mount Calvary Cemetery in Portland Portland is 60 miles ( 97 km ) east of the Pacific Ocean at the northern end of Oregon 's most populated region , the Willamette Valley . Downtown Portland straddles the banks of the Willamette River , which flows north through the city center and separates the city 's east and west neighborhoods . Less than 10 miles ( 16 km ) from downtown , the Willamette River flows into the Columbia River , the fourth - largest river in the United States , which divides Oregon from Washington state . Portland is approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) upriver from the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia . Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat , the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains , more commonly referred to locally as the `` West Hills '' , pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city . Council Crest Park , commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits , is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet ( 327 m ) The city 's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point of 1,180 feet ( 360 m ) near Forest Park . The highest point east of the river is Mt . Tabor , an extinct volcanic cinder cone , which rises to 636 feet ( 194 m ) . Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet ( 187 m ) and 612 feet ( 187 m ) , respectively . To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range , and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range . On clear days , Mt . Hood and Mt . St. Helens dominate the horizon , while Mt . Adams and Mt . Rainier can also be seen in the distance . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 145.09 square miles ( 375.78 km ) , of which 133.43 square miles ( 345.58 km ) is land and 11.66 square miles ( 30.20 km ) is water . Although almost all of Portland is within Multnomah County , small portions of the city are within Clackamas and Washington Counties , with populations estimated at 785 and 1,455 , respectively . Cityscape ( edit ) See also : Architecture of Portland , Oregon ; List of tallest buildings in Portland , Oregon ; and Downtown Portland Portland 's cityscape derives much of its character from the many bridges that span the Willamette River downtown , several of which are historic landmarks , and Portland has been nicknamed `` Bridgetown '' for many decades as a result . Three of downtown 's most heavily used bridges are more than 100 years old and are designated historic landmarks : Hawthorne Bridge ( 1910 ) , Steel Bridge ( 1912 ) , and Broadway Bridge ( 1913 ) . Portland 's newest bridge in the downtown area , Tilikum Crossing , opened in 2015 and is the first new bridge to span the Willamette in Portland since the 1973 opening of the double - decker Fremont Bridge . Other bridges that span the Willamette river in the downtown area include the Burnside Bridge , the Ross Island Bridge ( both built 1926 ) , and the double - decker Marquam Bridge ( built 1966 ) . Other bridges outside the downtown area include the Sellwood Bridge ( built 2016 ) to the south ; and the St. Johns Bridge , a Gothic revival suspension bridge built in 1931 , to the north . The Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge and the Interstate Bridge provide access from Portland across the Columbia River into Washington state . Panorama of downtown Portland in the day . Hawthorne Bridge viewed from a dock on the Willamette River near the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry . Panorama of downtown Portland at night . View from SE Portland across the Willamette River . The Willamette River runs through the center of the city , while Mount Tabor ( center ) rises on the city 's east side . Mount St. Helens ( left ) and Mount Hood ( right center ) are visible from many places in the city . Neighborhoods ( edit ) See also : Neighborhoods of Portland , Oregon The five current addressing sectors of Portland , pending the addition of South Portland The Willamette River , which flows north through downtown , serves as the natural boundary between east and west Portland . The denser and earlier - developed west side extends into the lap of the West Hills , while the flatter east side fans out for roughly 180 blocks until it meets the suburb of Gresham . In 1891 the cities of Portland , Albina , and East Portland were consolidated , creating inconsistent patterns of street names and addresses . The `` great renumbering '' on September 2 , 1931 standardized street naming patterns , divided Portland into five official quadrants , and changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block . Ladd Carriage House , downtown Portland The United States National Bank Building , downtown Portland The five current quintets ( a.k.a. `` quadrants '' ) of Portland have developed distinctive identities , with mild cultural differences and friendly rivalries between their residents , especially between those who live east of the Willamette River versus west of the river . The official quintets of Portland are : North , Northwest , Northeast , Southwest , and Southeast , with downtown Portland in the SW quadrant . The Willamette River divides the east and west quadrants while Burnside Street , which traverses the entire city lengthwise , divides the north and south quadrants . All addresses within the city are denoted as belonging to one of these specific quadrants with the prefixes : N , NW , NE , SW or SE . Pearl District ( left ) from the Steel Bridge Lloyd District from downtown Portland A new `` sixth sextant '' called South Portland -- which was officially approved by the Portland City Council on June 6 , 2018 -- is roughly bounded by Naito Parkway and Barbur Boulevard to the west , Montgomery Street to the north and Nevada Street to the south . In 2018 , the city 's Bureau of Transportation finalized a plan to transition this part of Portland into South Portland , beginning in May 2020 and to be completed by May 2025 , to reduce confusions by 9 - 1 - 1 dispatchers and delivery services . For example , the current address 0246 SW California St. will become 246 S. California St. effective May 2020 . The Pearl District in Northwest Portland , which was largely occupied by warehouses , light industry and railroad classification yards in the early to mid-20th century , now houses upscale art galleries , restaurants , and retail stores , and is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the city . Areas further west of the Pearl District include neighborhoods known as Uptown and Nob Hill , as well as the Alphabet District and NW 23rd Ave. , a major shopping street lined with clothing boutiques and other upscale retail , mixed with cafes and restaurants . Northeast Portland is home to the Lloyd District , Alberta Arts District , and the Hollywood District . The northernmost point of the city , known simply as North Portland , is also largely residential ; it contains the St. Johns neighborhood , which is historically one of the most ethnically diverse and poorest neighborhoods in the city . Old Town Chinatown is next to the Pearl District in Northwest Portland , while Southwest Portland consists largely of the downtown district , made up of commercial businesses , museums , skyscrapers , and public landmarks . Southeast Portland is largely residential , and consists of the Hawthorne District , Belmont , Brooklyn , and Mount Tabor . Portland 's South Waterfront area has developed into a dense neighborhood of shops , condominiums , and apartments . The area is served by the Portland Streetcar , the MAX Orange Line and four TriMet bus lines . Climate ( edit ) Portland Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 4.9 47 36 3.7 51 36 3.7 57 40 2.7 61 43 2.5 68 49 1.7 74 54 0.7 81 58 0.7 81 58 1.5 76 53 64 46 5.6 53 41 5.5 46 35 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches show Metric conversion J J J O 124 8 93 11 93 14 69 16 6 63 20 9 43 23 12 17 27 14 17 27 14 37 24 12 76 18 8 143 12 5 139 8 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Portland experiences a temperate climate with both oceanic and Mediterranean features . This climate is characterized by warm , dry summers and cool , rainy winters . The precipitation pattern is distinctly Mediterranean , with little to no rainfall occurring during the summer months and more than half of annual precipitation falling between November and February . Of the three most populated cities within the Pacific Northwest ( Seattle , Vancouver , British Columbia and Portland ) Portland has the warmest average temperature , the highest number of sunshine hours , and the fewest inches of rainfall and snowfall . According to the Köppen climate classification , Portland falls within the dry - summer mild temperate zone ( Csb ) , also referred to as a warm - summer Mediterranean climate with a USDA Plant Hardiness Zones between 8b and 9a . Other climate systems , such as the Trewartha climate classification , places it within the oceanic zone ( Do ) , like much of the Pacific Northwest and Western Europe . Summers in Portland are warm to hot , dry , and sunny . The months of June , July , August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches ( 114 mm ) of total rainfall -- only 12 % of the 36.03 in ( 915 mm ) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year . The warmest month is August , with an average high temperature of 81.1 ° F ( 27.3 ° C ) . Because of its inland location 70 miles ( 110 km ) from the coast , as well as the protective nature of the Oregon Coast Range to its west , Portland summers are less susceptible to the moderating influence of the nearby Pacific Ocean . Consequently , Portland experiences heat waves with temperatures rising well above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) for days at a time , and sometimes above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . On average , temperatures reach or exceed 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) 56 days per year , of which 12 days will reach 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and 1.4 days will reach 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . The most 90 - degree days ever recorded in one year is 29 , which happened in 2015 . The highest temperature ever recorded was 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) , on July 30 , 1965 , as well as August 8 and 10 , 1981 . The warmest recorded overnight low was 74 ° F ( 23 ° C ) on July 28 , 2009 . A temperature of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) has been recorded in all five months from May through September . Portland 's climate is conducive to the growth of roses . ( Pictured : International Rose Test Garden ) Spring and fall can bring variable weather including warm fronts that send temperatures surging above 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) and cold snaps that plunge daytime temperatures into the 40s ° F ( 4 -- 9 ° C ) . However , consistently mild temperatures in the 50s and 60s ° F ( 12 -- 19 ° C ) are the norm -- with lengthy stretches of cloudy or partly cloudy days beginning in mid fall and continuing into mid spring . Rain often falls as a light drizzle for several consecutive days at a time , contributing to 155 days on average with measurable ( ≥ 0.01 in or 0.25 mm ) precipitation annually . Temperatures have reached 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) as early as May 3 and as late as October 5 , while 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) has been reached as early as April 1 and as late as October 21 . Severe weather , such as thunder and lightning , is uncommon and tornadoes are exceptionally rare . Winters are cool , cloudy , and rainy . The coldest month is December with an average daily high of 45.6 ° F ( 7.6 ° C ) , although overnight lows usually remain above freezing . Evening temperatures fall to or below freezing 33 nights per year on average , but very rarely to or below 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) . There are only 2.1 days per year where the daytime high temperature fails to rise above freezing . The lowest overnight temperature ever recorded was − 3 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) , on February 2 , 1950 , while the coldest daytime high temperature ever recorded was 14 ° F ( − 10 ° C ) on December 30 , 1968 . The average window for freezing temperatures to potentially occur is between November 15 and March 19 , allowing a growing season of 240 days . Snowfall is uncommon with a normal yearly accumulation of 4.3 inches ( 10.9 cm ) , which usually falls during only two or three days per year . Portland has one of the warmest and least snowy winters of any non-Sun Belt city in the United States , with more than 25 percent of its winters receiving no snow whatsoever . The city of Portland avoids snow more frequently than its suburbs , due in part to its low elevation and urban heat island effect . Neighborhoods outside of the downtown core , especially in slightly higher elevations near the West Hills and Mount Tabor , can experience a dusting of snow while downtown receives no accumulation at all . The city has experienced a few major snow and ice storms in its past with extreme totals having reached 44.5 in ( 113 cm ) at the airport in 1949 -- 50 and 60.9 in ( 155 cm ) at downtown in 1892 -- 93 . hide Climate data for Portland , Oregon ( PDX ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1940 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 66 ( 19 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 90 ( 32 ) 100 ( 38 ) 102 ( 39 ) 107 ( 42 ) 107 ( 42 ) 105 ( 41 ) 92 ( 33 ) 73 ( 23 ) 65 ( 18 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 61.4 ( 16.3 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 91.3 ( 32.9 ) 96.7 ( 35.9 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 90.6 ( 32.6 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 100.2 ( 37.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 51.3 ( 10.7 ) 56.7 ( 13.7 ) 61.4 ( 16.3 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 80.6 ( 27 ) 81.1 ( 27.3 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 39.6 ( 4.2 ) 43.1 ( 6.2 ) 48.6 ( 9.2 ) 53.6 ( 12 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 53.1 ( 11.7 ) 46.0 ( 7.8 ) 40.5 ( 4.7 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 24.6 ( − 4.1 ) 24.5 ( − 4.2 ) 30.3 ( − 0.9 ) 34.2 ( 1.2 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 51.2 ( 10.7 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 28.4 ( − 2 ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 19.6 ( − 6.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) 19 ( − 7 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 39 ( 4 ) 43 ( 6 ) 44 ( 7 ) 34 ( 1 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 6 ( − 14 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.88 ( 124 ) 3.66 ( 93 ) 3.68 ( 93.5 ) 2.73 ( 69.3 ) 2.47 ( 62.7 ) 1.70 ( 43.2 ) 0.65 ( 16.5 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 1.47 ( 37.3 ) 3.00 ( 76.2 ) 5.63 ( 143 ) 5.49 ( 139.4 ) 36.03 ( 915.2 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.1 ( 5.3 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 4.3 ( 10.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 18.0 14.9 17.6 16.4 13.6 9.2 4.1 3.9 6.7 12.5 19.0 18.6 154.5 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.7 1.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1.5 4.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 80.9 78.0 74.6 71.6 68.7 65.8 62.8 64.8 69.4 77.9 81.5 82.7 73.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 85.6 116.4 191.1 221.1 276.1 290.2 331.9 298.1 235.7 151.7 79.3 63.7 2,340.9 Percent possible sunshine 30 40 52 54 60 62 70 68 63 45 28 23 52 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 2,874 -- 1870 8,293 188.6 % 1880 17,577 111.9 % 1890 46,385 163.9 % 1900 90,426 94.9 % 1910 207,214 129.2 % 1920 258,288 24.6 % 1930 301,815 16.9 % 1940 305,394 1.2 % 1950 373,628 22.3 % 1960 372,676 − 0.3 % 1970 382,619 2.7 % 1980 366,383 − 4.2 % 1990 437,319 19.4 % 2000 529,121 21.0 % 583,776 10.3 % Est. 2017 647,805 11.0 % U.S. Decennial Census hide Demographic profile 1990 1970 1940 White 76.1 % 84.6 % 92.2 % 98.1 % -- Non-Hispanic whites 72.2 % 82.9 % 90.7 % -- Black or African American 6.3 % 7.7 % 5.6 % 0.6 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.4 % 3.2 % 1.7 % -- Asian 7.1 % 5.3 % 1.3 % 1.2 % The 2010 census reported the city as 76.1 % White ( 444,254 people ) , 7.1 % Asian ( 41,448 ) , 6.3 % Black or African American ( 36,778 ) , 1.0 % Native American ( 5,838 ) , 0.5 % Pacific Islander ( 2,919 ) , 4.7 % belonging to two or more racial groups ( 24,437 ) and 5.0 % from other races ( 28,987 ) . 9.4 % were Hispanic or Latino , of any race ( 54,840 ) . Whites not of Hispanic origin made up 72.2 % of the total population . In 1940 , Portland 's African - American population was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families . During the war - time Liberty Ship construction boom , the need for workers drew many blacks to the city . The new influx of blacks settled in specific neighborhoods , such as the Albina district and Vanport . The May 1948 flood which destroyed Vanport eliminated the only integrated neighborhood , and an influx of blacks into the northeast quadrant of the city continued . Portland 's longshoremen racial mix was described as being `` lily - white '' in the 1960s , when the local International Longshore and Warehouse Union declined to represent grain handlers since some were black . At 6.3 % , Portland 's African American population is three times the state average . Over two thirds of Oregon 's African - American residents live in Portland . As of the 2000 census , three of its high schools ( Cleveland , Lincoln and Wilson ) were over 70 % white , reflecting the overall population , while Jefferson High School was 87 % non-white . The remaining six schools have a higher number of non-whites , including blacks and Asians . Hispanic students average from 3.3 % at Wilson to 31 % at Roosevelt . Graph showing the city 's population growth from 1850 to 2010 Portland residents identifying solely as Asian Americans account for 7.1 % of the population ; an additional 1.8 % is partially of Asian heritage . Vietnamese Americans make up 2.2 % of Portland 's population , and make up the largest Asian ethnic group in the city , followed by Chinese ( 1.7 % ) , Filipinos ( 0.6 % ) , Japanese ( 0.5 % ) , Koreans ( 0.4 % ) , Laotians ( 0.4 % ) , Hmong ( 0.2 % ) , and Cambodians ( 0.1 % ) . A small population of Yao people live in Portland . Portland has two Chinatowns , with New Chinatown along SE 82nd Avenue with Chinese supermarkets , Hong Kong style noodle houses , dim sum , and Vietnamese phở restaurants . With about 12,000 Vietnamese residing in the city proper , Portland has one of the largest Vietnamese populations in America per capita . According to statistics there are 21,000 Pacific Islanders in Portland , making up 4 % of the population . Map of racial distribution in Portland , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot represents 25 people , according to the following color code : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) . Portland 's population has been and remains predominantly white . In 1940 , whites were over 98 % of the city 's population . In 2009 , Portland had the fifth - highest percentage of white residents among the 40 largest U.S. metropolitan areas . A 2007 survey of the 40 largest cities in the U.S. concluded Portland 's urban core has the highest percentage of white residents . Some scholars have noted the Pacific Northwest as a whole is `` one of the last Caucasian bastions of the United States '' . While Portland 's diversity was historically comparable to metro Seattle and Salt Lake City , those areas grew more diverse in the late 1990s and 2000s . Portland not only remains white , but migration to Portland is disproportionately white . The Oregon Territory banned African American settlement in 1849 . In the 19th century , certain laws allowed the immigration of Chinese laborers but prohibited them from owning property or bringing their families . The early 1920s saw the rapid growth of the Ku Klux Klan , which became very influential in Oregon politics , culminating in the election of Walter M. Pierce as governor . The largest influxes of minority populations occurred during World War II , as the African American population grew by a factor of 10 for wartime work . After World War II , the Vanport flood in 1948 displaced many African Americans . As they resettled , redlining directed the displaced workers from the wartime settlement to neighboring Albina . There and elsewhere in Portland , they experienced police hostility , lack of employment , and mortgage discrimination , leading to half the black population leaving after the war . In the 1980s and 1990s , radical skinhead groups flourished in Portland . In 1988 , Mulugeta Seraw , an Ethiopian immigrant , was killed by three skinheads . The response to his murder involved a community - driven series of rallies , campaigns , nonprofits and events designed to address Portland 's racial history , leading to a city considered significantly more tolerant than in 1988 at Seraw 's death . During the early 2000s , displacement of minorities occurred at a drastic rate . Out of 29 census tracts in north and northeast Portland , ten were majority nonwhite in 2000 . By 2010 , none of these tracts were majority nonwhite as gentrification drove the cost of living up . Today , Portland 's African - American community is concentrated in the north and northeast section of the city , mainly in the King neighborhood . In 2017 , the gentrification of Portland was named by Realtor.com to be among the fastest gentrification of cities in the United States . Households ( edit ) As of the 2010 census , there are 583,776 people residing in the city , organized into 235,508 households . The population density is 4,375.2 people per square mile . There are 265,439 housing units at an average density of 1989.4 per square mile ( 1,236.3 / km2 ) . Population growth in Portland increased 10.3 % between 2000 and 2010 . Population growth in the Portland metropolitan area has outpaced the national average during the last decade , and this is expected to continue over the next 50 years . Out of 223,737 households , 24.5 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 38.1 % are married couples living together , 10.8 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 47.1 % are non-families. 34.6 % of all households are made up of individuals and 9 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 2.3 and the average family size is 3 . The age distribution was 21.1 % under the age of 18 , 10.3 % from 18 to 24 , 34.7 % from 25 to 44 , 22.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.6 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age is 35 years . For every 100 females , there are 97.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 95.9 males . The median income for a household in the city is $40,146 , and the median income for a family is $50,271 . Males have a reported median income of $35,279 versus $29,344 reported for females . The per capita income for the city is $22,643. 13.1 % of the population and 8.5 % of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 15.7 % of those under the age of 18 and 10.4 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . Figures delineating the income levels based on race are not available at this time . According to the Modern Language Association , in 2010 80.92 % ( 539,885 ) percent of Multnomah County residents ages 5 and over spoke English as their primary language at home. 8.10 % of the population spoke Spanish ( 54,036 ) , with Vietnamese speakers making up 1.94 % , and Russian 1.46 % . Social ( edit ) St. Michael the Archangel Church ; of the 35 % of religiously affiliated Portland residents , Roman Catholics make up the largest group . The Portland metropolitan area has historically had a significant LGBT population throughout the late 20th and 21st century . In 2015 , the city metro had the second highest percentage of LGBT residents in the United States with 5.4 % of residents identifying as gay , lesbian , bisexual , or transgender , second only to San Francisco . In 2006 , it was reported to have the seventh highest LGBT population in the country , with 8.8 % of residents identifying as gay , lesbian , or bisexual , and the metro ranking fourth in the nation at 6.1 % . The city held its first pride festival in 1975 on the Portland State University campus . Portland has been cited as the least religious city in the United States , with over 42 % of residents identifying as religiously `` unaffiliated '' , according to the nonpartisan and nonprofit Public Religion Research Institute 's American Values Atlas . Of the 35.89 % of the city 's residents who do identify as religious , Roman Catholics make up the largest group , at 15.8 % . The second highest religious group in the city are Evangelical Christians at 6.04 % , with Baptists following behind at 2.5 % . Latter Day Saints make up 2.3 % of the city 's religiously affiliated population , with Lutheran and Pentecostal following behind . 1.48 % of religiously affiliated persons identified themselves as following Eastern religions , while 0.86 % of the religiously affiliated population identified as Jewish , and 0.29 % as Muslim . Economy ( edit ) See also : Companies based in Portland , Oregon Portland 's location is beneficial for several industries . Relatively low energy cost , accessible resources , north -- south and east -- west Interstates , international air terminals , large marine shipping facilities , and both west coast intercontinental railroads are all economic advantages . The U.S. consulting firm Mercer , in a 2009 assessment `` conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments '' , ranked Portland 42nd worldwide in quality of living ; the survey factored in political stability , personal freedom , sanitation , crime , housing , the natural environment , recreation , banking facilities , availability of consumer goods , education , and public services including transportation . In 2012 , the city was listed among the 10 best places to retire in the U.S. by CBS MoneyWatch . Adidas has its North American headquarters in the Overlook neighborhood The city 's marine terminals alone handle over 13 million tons of cargo per year , and the port is home to one of the largest commercial dry docks in the country . The Port of Portland is the third - largest export tonnage port on the west coast of the U.S. , and being about 80 miles ( 130 km ) upriver , it is the largest fresh - water port . The city of Portland is largest shipper of wheat in the United States , and is the second - largest port for wheat in the world . The steel industry 's history in Portland predates World War II . By the 1950s , the steel industry became the city 's number one industry for employment . The steel industry thrives in the region , with Schnitzer Steel Industries , a prominent steel company , shipping a record 1.15 billion tons of scrap metal to Asia during 2003 . Other heavy industry companies include ESCO Corporation and Oregon Steel Mills . Technology is a major component of the city 's economy , with more than 1,200 technology companies existing within the metro . This high density of technology companies has led to the nickname Silicon Forest being used to describe the Portland area , a reference to the abundance of trees in the region and to the Silicon Valley region in Northern California . The area also hosts facilities for software companies and online startup companies , some supported by local seed funding organizations and business incubators . Computer components manufacturer Intel is the Portland area 's largest employer , providing jobs for more than 15,000 people , with several campuses to the west of central Portland in the city of Hillsboro . Coava Coffee The Portland metro area has become a business cluster for athletic and footwear manufacturers . The area is home to the global , North American or U.S. headquarters of Nike , Adidas , Columbia Sportswear , LaCrosse Footwear , Dr. Martens , Li - Ning , Keen , and Hi - Tec Sports . While headquartered elsewhere , Merrell , Amer Sports and Under Armour have design studios and local offices in the Portland area . Portland - based Precision Castparts is one of two Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Oregon , the other being Nike . Other notable Portland - based companies include film animation studio Laika ; commercial vehicle manufacturer Daimler Trucks North America ; advertising firm Wieden + Kennedy ; bankers Umpqua Holdings ; and retailers Fred Meyer , New Seasons Market and Storables . Breweries are another major industry in Portland , which is home to 85 breweries / microbreweries , the most of any city in the world . Additionally , the city boasts a robust coffee culture that now rivals Seattle and hosts over 20 coffee roasters . Housing ( edit ) In 2016 , home prices in Portland grew faster than in any other city in the United States . Apartment rental costs in the Portland metro area are now equal to those in other major cities such as San Diego , Boston , Miami , Seattle , and Los Angeles with the average one bedroom costing between $1,300 and $1,950 per month . New sky rise apartment building and condo complexes have changed the skyline of the city , adding over 16,000 new units since 2010 . Culture ( edit ) Music , film , and performing arts ( edit ) See also : Music of Oregon and List of films shot in Northwestern Oregon The Sagebrush Symphony , an early incarnation of the Portland Youth Philharmonic , performing in Burns c. 1916 Portland is home to a range of classical performing arts institutions , including the Portland Opera , the Oregon Symphony , and the Portland Youth Philharmonic ; the latter , established in 1924 , was the first youth orchestra established in the United States . The city is also home to several theaters and performing arts institutions , including the Oregon Ballet Theatre , Northwest Children 's Theatre , Portland Center Stage , Artists Repertory Theatre , Miracle Theatre , and Tears of Joy Theatre . In 2013 , the Guardian named the city 's music scene as one of the `` most vibrant '' in the United States . Portland is home to famous bands such as the Kingsmen and Paul Revere & the Raiders , both famous for their association with the song `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) . Other widely known musical groups include the Dandy Warhols , Quarterflash , Everclear , Pink Martini , The Hugs , Sleater - Kinney , the Shins , Blitzen Trapper , the Decemberists , and the late Elliott Smith . In the 1980s , the city was home to a burgeoning punk scene , which included bands such as the Wipers and Dead Moon . The city 's now - demolished Satyricon nightclub was a punk venue notorious for being the place where Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain first encountered future wife and Hole frontwoman Courtney Love in 1990 . Love was then a resident of Portland and started several bands there with Kat Bjelland , later of Babes in Toyland . Multi-Grammy award - winning jazz artist Esperanza Spalding is from Portland and performed with the Chamber Music Society of Oregon at a young age . A wide range of films have been shot in Portland , from various independent features to major big - budget productions ( see List of films shot in Oregon for a complete list ) . Director Gus Van Sant has notably set and shot many of his films in the city . The city has also been featured in various television programs , notably the IFC sketch comedy series Portlandia . The series , which ran for eight seasons from 2011 to 2018 , was shot on location in Portland , and satirized the city as a hub of liberal politics , organic food , alternative lifestyles , and anti-establishment attitudes . MTV 's long - time running reality show The Real World was also shot in Portland for the show 's 29th season : The Real World : Portland premiered on MTV in 2013 . Other television series shot in the city include Leverage , The Librarians , Under Suspicion , Grimm , and Nowhere Man . An unusual feature of Portland entertainment is the large number of movie theaters serving beer , often with second - run or revival films . Notable examples of these `` brew and view '' theaters include the Bagdad Theater and Pub , a former vaudeville theater built in 1927 by Universal Studios ; Cinema 21 ; and the Laurelhurst Theater , in operation since 1923 . Portland hosts the world 's longest - running H.P. Lovecraft Film Festival at the Hollywood Theatre . The Oregon Symphony performs at the Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall . The Hollywood Theatre is a non-profit organization . The Art Deco - styled Laurelhurst Theater in the Kerns neighborhood was opened in 1923 . Avalon Theatre in the Belmont neighborhood plays second - run films . The Moreland Theater in the Westmoreland neighborhood One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest premiered at the Bagdad Theater in 1975 . Museums and Recreation ( edit ) See also : List of museums in Portland , Oregon ; Tourism in Portland , Oregon ; and List of artists and art institutions in Portland , Oregon Oregon Museum of Science and Industry ( OMSI ) Portland is home to numerous museums and educational institutions , ranging from art museums to institutions devoted to science and wildlife . Among the science - oriented institutions are the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry ( OMSI ) , which consists of five main halls and other ticketed attractions , such as the USS Blueback submarine , the ultra-large - screen Empirical Theater ( which replaced an OMNIMAX theater in 2013 ) , and the Kendall Planetarium . The World Forestry Center Discovery Museum , located in the city 's Washington Park area , offers educational exhibits on forests and forest - related subjects . Also located in Washington Park are the Hoyt Arboretum , the International Rose Test Garden , the Japanese Garden , and the Oregon Zoo . Portland Art Museum The Portland Art Museum owns the city 's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and , with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing , it became one of the United States ' 25 largest museums . Other museums include the Portland Children 's Museum , a museum specifically geared for early childhood development ; and the Oregon Historical Society Museum , founded in 1898 , which has a variety of books , film , pictures , artifacts , and maps dating back throughout Oregon 's history . It houses permanent and temporary exhibits about Oregon history , and hosts traveling exhibits about the history of the United States . Oaks Amusement Park , in the Sellwood district of Southeast Portland , is the city 's only amusement park and is also one of the country 's longest - running amusement parks . It has operated since 1905 and was known as the `` Coney Island of the Northwest '' upon its opening . Cuisine and breweries ( edit ) Portland has been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications and news outlets , including the U.S. News & World Report and CNN . Food carts are extremely popular within the city , with over 600 licensed carts , making Portland one of the most robust street food scenes in North America . In 2014 , the Washington Post called Portland the fourth best city for food in the United States . Travel + Leisure ranked Portland 's food and bar scene No. 5 in the nation in 2012 . Portland is also known as a leader in specialty coffee . The city is home to Stumptown Coffee Roasters as well as dozens of other micro-roasteries and cafes . Widmer Brewing Company headquarters Portland has the most breweries and independent microbreweries of any city in the world , with 58 active breweries within city limits and 70 + within the surrounding metro area . The city receives frequent acclaim as the best beer city in the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the top - five beer destinations in the world . Portland has played a prominent role in the microbrewery revolution in the U.S. and is nicknamed `` Beertown '' and `` Beervana '' as a result . The McMenamin brothers alone have over thirty brewpubs , distilleries , and wineries scattered throughout the metropolitan area , several in renovated cinemas and other historically significant buildings otherwise destined for demolition . Other notable Portland brewers include Widmer Brothers , BridgePort , Portland Brewing , Hair of the Dog , and Hopworks Urban Brewery . Portland hosts a number of festivals throughout the year that celebrate beer and brewing , including the Oregon Brewers Festival , held in Tom McCall Waterfront Park . Held each summer during the last full weekend of July , it is the largest outdoor craft beer festival in North America , with over 70,000 attendees in 2008 . Other major beer festivals throughout the calendar year include the Spring Beer and Wine Festival in April , the North American Organic Brewers Festival in June , the Portland International Beerfest in July , and the Holiday Ale Festival in December . Sustainability ( edit ) Portland is often awarded `` Greenest City in America '' and similar designations . Popular Science awarded Portland the title of the Greenest City in America in 2008 , and Grist magazine listed it in 2007 as the second greenest city in the world . The city became a pioneer of state - directed metropolitan planning , a program which was instituted statewide in 1969 to compact the urban growth boundaries of the city . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Portland , Oregon Providence Park , home of the Portland Timbers and the Portland Thorns Portland is home to two major league sports franchises : the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA and the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer . The Portland Thorns of the National Women 's Soccer League also play in Portland . In 2015 , the Timbers won the MLS Cup , which was the first male professional sports championship for a team from Portland since the Trail Blazers won the NBA championship in 1977 . Despite being the 19th most populated metro area in the United States , Portland contains only one franchise from the NFL , NBA , NHL , or MLB , making it America 's most populated metro area with that distinction . The city has been often rumored to receive an additional franchise , although efforts to acquire a team have failed due to stadium funding issues . Portland sports fans are characterized by their passionate support . The Trail Blazers sold out every home game between 1977 and 1995 , a span of 814 consecutive games , the second - longest streak in American sports history . The Timbers joined MLS in 2011 and have sold out every home match since joining the league , a streak that has now reached 70 + matches . The Timbers season ticket waiting list has reached 10,000 + , the longest waiting list in MLS . In 2015 , they became the first team in the Northwest to win the MLS Cup . Player Diego Valeri marked a new record for fastest goal in MLS Cup history at 27 seconds into the game . The Moda Center , home of the Portland Trail Blazers Two rival universities exist within Portland city limits : the University of Portland Pilots and the Portland State University Vikings , both of whom field teams in popular spectator sports including soccer , baseball , and basketball . Portland State also has a football team . Additionally , the University of Oregon Ducks and the Oregon State University Beavers both receive substantial attention and support from many Portland residents , despite their campuses being 110 and 84 miles from the city , respectively . The Shamrock Run , held annually on St. Patrick 's Day Running is a popular activity in Portland and every year the city hosts the Portland Marathon as well as parts of the Hood to Coast Relay , the world 's largest long - distance relay race ( by number of participants ) . Portland serves as the center to an elite running group , the Nike Oregon Project , and is the residence of several elite runners including British 2012 Olympic 10,000 m and 5,000 m champion Mo Farah , American record holder at 10,000 m Galen Rupp , and 2008 American Olympic bronze medalist at 10,000 m Shalane Flanagan . Portland also hosts numerous cycling events and has become an elite bicycle racing destination . The Oregon Bicycle Racing Association supports hundreds of official bicycling events every year . Weekly events at Alpenrose Velodrome and Portland International Raceway allow for racing nearly every night of the week from March through September . Cyclocross races , such as the Cross Crusade , can attract over 1,000 riders and spectators . Portland area sports teams Club Sport League Championships Venue Founded Attendance Portland Thorns FC Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League 2 ( 2013 , 2017 ) Providence Park 2012 16,945 Portland Timbers Soccer Major League Soccer 1 ( 2015 ) Providence Park 2009 21,144 Portland Timbers 2 Soccer USL 0 Merlo Field 2014 1,740 Portland Timbers U23s Soccer Premier Development League 1 ( 2010 ) Providence Park 2008 -- Portland Trail Blazers Basketball National Basketball Association 1 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Moda Center 1970 19,317 Portland Winterhawks Ice hockey Western Hockey League 2 ( 1982 -- 83 , 1997 -- 98 ) Moda Center 1976 6,080 Parks and gardens ( edit ) Main article : List of parks in Portland , Oregon Forest Park is the largest wilderness park in the United States that is within city limits Parks and greenspace planning date back to John Charles Olmsted 's 1903 Report to the Portland Park Board . In 1995 , voters in the Portland metropolitan region passed a regional bond measure to acquire valuable natural areas for fish , wildlife , and people . Ten years later , more than 8,100 acres ( 33 km ) of ecologically valuable natural areas had been purchased and permanently protected from development . Portland is one of only four cities in the U.S. with extinct volcanoes within its boundaries ( along with Pilot Butte in Bend , Oregon , Jackson Volcano in Jackson , Mississippi , and Diamond Head in Honolulu , Hawaii ) . Mount Tabor Park is known for its scenic views and historic reservoirs . Forest Park is the largest wilderness park within city limits in the United States , covering more than 5,000 acres ( 2,023 ha ) . Portland is also home to Mill Ends Park , the world 's smallest park ( a two - foot - diameter circle , the park 's area is only about 0.3 m ) . Washington Park is just west of downtown and is home to the Oregon Zoo , Hoyt Arboretum , the Portland Japanese Garden , and the International Rose Test Garden . Portland is also home to Lan Su Chinese Garden ( formerly the Portland Classical Chinese Garden ) , an authentic representation of a Suzhou - style walled garden . Portland 's east side has several formal public gardens : the historic Peninsula Park Rose Garden , the rose gardens of Ladd 's Addition , the Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden , the Leach Botanical Garden , and The Grotto . Portland 's downtown features two groups of contiguous city blocks dedicated for park space : the North and South Park Blocks . The 37 - acre ( 15 ha ) Tom McCall Waterfront Park was built in 1974 along the length of the downtown waterfront after Harbor Drive was removed ; it now hosts large events throughout the year . The nearby historically significant Burnside Skatepark and five indoor skateparks give Portland a reputation as possibly `` the most skateboard - friendly town in America . '' Tryon Creek State Natural Area is one of three Oregon State Parks in Portland and the most popular ; its creek has a run of steelhead . The other two State Parks are Willamette Stone State Heritage Site , in the West Hills , and the Government Island State Recreation Area in the Columbia River near Portland International Airport . Portland 's city park system has been proclaimed one of the best in America . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , the Trust for Public Land reported Portland had the seventh best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city 's median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents . The survey revealed that 80 % of Portlanders live within a half - mile to a park , and over 16 % of Portland 's city area is parkland . Holly Farm Park is a relatively new park in Portland . After it was acquired in 2003 by Portland Parks & Recreation the land was developed into a park by 2007 . Located in Downtown Portland , Keller Fountain Park is named for Portland Development Commission chairwoman Ira Keller . The Portland Japanese Garden is a traditional Japanese garden that opened in 1967 . Cathedral Park , under the St. Johns Bridge , hosts an annual jazz music festival . Named in honor of Oregon 's governor Tom McCall in 1984 , the park opened in 1978 . It hosts several annual events , including the Waterfront Blues Festival and the Oregon Brewers Festival . Originally built as the private residence of The Oregonian publisher Henry Pittock , the grounds of Pittock Mansion are a public park . Law and government ( edit ) See also : Government of Portland , Oregon Portland City Hall The city of Portland is governed by the Portland City Council , which includes the Mayor , four Commissioners , and an auditor . Each is elected citywide to serve a four - year term . The auditor provides checks and balances in the commission form of government and accountability for the use of public resources . In addition , the auditor provides access to information and reports on various matters of city government . Built in 1869 , Pioneer Courthouse ( pictured ) is the oldest federal building in the Pacific Northwest The city 's Office of Neighborhood Involvement serves as a conduit between city government and Portland 's 95 officially recognized neighborhoods . Each neighborhood is represented by a volunteer - based neighborhood association which serves as a liaison between residents of the neighborhood and the city government . The city provides funding to neighborhood associations through seven district coalitions , each of which is a geographical grouping of several neighborhood associations . Most ( but not all ) neighborhood associations belong to one of these district coalitions . Portland and its surrounding metropolitan area are served by Metro , the United States ' only directly elected metropolitan planning organization . Metro 's charter gives it responsibility for land use and transportation planning , solid waste management , and map development . Metro also owns and operates the Oregon Convention Center , Oregon Zoo , Portland Center for the Performing Arts , and Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center . The Multnomah County government provides many services to the Portland area , as do Washington and Clackamas counties to the west and south . Law enforcement is provided by the Portland Police Bureau . Fire and emergency services are provided by Portland Fire & Rescue . Politics ( edit ) Portland is a territorial charter city , and strongly favors the Democratic Party . All city offices are technically non-partisan . Portland 's delegation to the Oregon Legislative Assembly is entirely Democratic . In the current 76th Oregon Legislative Assembly , which first convened in 2011 , four state Senators represent Portland in the state Senate : Diane Rosenbaum ( District 21 ) , Chip Shields ( District 22 ) , Jackie Dingfelder ( District 23 ) , and Rod Monroe ( District 24 ) . Portland sends six Representatives to the state House of Representatives : Jules Bailey ( District 42 ) , Lew Frederick ( District 43 ) , Tina Kotek ( District 44 ) , Michael Dembrow ( District 45 ) , Alissa Keny - Guyer ( District 46 ) , and Jefferson Smith ( District 47 ) . Portland is split among three U.S. congressional districts . Most of the city is in the 3rd District , represented by Earl Blumenauer , who served on the city council from 1986 until his election to Congress in 1996 . Most of the city west of the Willamette River is part of the 1st District , represented by Suzanne Bonamici . A small portion of southwestern Portland is in the 5th District , represented by Kurt Schrader . All three are Democrats ; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Portland in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1975 . Both of Oregon 's senators , Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley , are from Portland and are also both Democrats . In the 2008 presidential election , Democratic candidate Barack Obama easily carried Portland , winning 245,464 votes from city residents to 50,614 for his Republican rival , John McCain . In the 2012 presidential election , Democratic candidate Barack Obama again easily carried Portland , winning 256,925 votes from Multnomah county residents to 70,958 for his Republican rival , Mitt Romney . Sam Adams , the former mayor of Portland , became the city 's first openly gay mayor in 2009 . In 2004 , 59.7 percent of Multnomah County voters cast ballots against Oregon Ballot Measure 36 , which amended the Oregon Constitution to prohibit recognition of same - sex marriages . The measure passed with 56.6 % of the statewide vote . Multnomah County is one of two counties where a majority voted against the initiative ; the other is Benton County , which includes Corvallis , home of Oregon State University . On April 28 , 2005 , Portland became the only city in the nation to withdraw from a Joint Terrorism Task Force . As of February 19 , 2015 , the Portland city council approved permanently staffing the JTTF with two of its city 's police officers . Voter registration and party enrollment As of December 2015 Party Number of voters Percentage Democratic 197,133 54.03 % Republican 40,374 11.07 % Unaffiliated 95,561 26.19 % Libertarian 2,752 0.75 % Other 31,804 8.72 % Total 364,872 100 % Planning and development ( edit ) Play media Video of Portland 's urban growth boundary . The red dots indicate areas of growth between 1986 and 1996 . ( larger size ) The city consulted with urban planners as far back as 1904 , resulting in the development of Washington Park and the 40 - Mile Loop greenway , which interconnects many of the city 's parks . Portland is often cited as an example of a city with strong land use planning controls . This is largely the result of statewide land conservation policies adopted in 1973 under Governor Tom McCall , in particular the requirement for an urban growth boundary ( UGB ) for every city and metropolitan area . The opposite extreme , a city with few or no controls , is typically illustrated by Houston . 1966 photo shows sawdust - fired power plant on the edge of downtown that was removed to make way for dense residential development . High rises to left in background were early projects of the Portland Development Commission Portland 's urban growth boundary , adopted in 1979 , separates urban areas ( where high - density development is encouraged and focused ) from traditional farm land ( where restrictions on non-agricultural development are very strict ) . This was atypical in an era when automobile use led many areas to neglect their core cities in favor of development along interstate highways , in suburbs , and satellite cities . The original state rules included a provision for expanding urban growth boundaries , but critics felt this was n't being accomplished . In 1995 , the State passed a law requiring cities to expand UGBs to provide enough undeveloped land for a 20 - year supply of future housing at projected growth levels . Oregon 's 1973 `` urban growth boundary '' law limits the boundaries for large - scale development in each metropolitan area in Oregon . This limits access to utilities such as sewage , water and telecommunications , as well as coverage by fire , police and schools . Originally this law mandated the city must maintain enough land within the boundary to provide an estimated 20 years of growth ; however , in 2007 the legislature changed the law to require the maintenance of an estimated 50 years of growth within the boundary , as well as the protection of accompanying farm and rural lands . The growth boundary , along with efforts of the PDC to create economic development zones , has led to the development of a large portion of downtown , a large number of mid - and high - rise developments , and an overall increase in housing and business density . The Portland Development Commission is a semi-public agency that plays a major role in downtown development ; city voters created it in 1958 to serve as the city 's urban renewal agency . It provides housing and economic development programs within the city , and works behind the scenes with major local developers to create large projects . In the early 1960s , the PDC led the razing of a large Italian - Jewish neighborhood downtown , bounded roughly by I - 405 , the Willamette River , 4th Avenue and Market street . Mayor Neil Goldschmidt took office in 1972 as a proponent of bringing housing and the associated vitality back to the downtown area , which was seen as emptying out after 5 pm . The effort has had dramatic effects in the 30 years since , with many thousands of new housing units clustered in three areas : north of Portland State University ( between I - 405 , SW Broadway , and SW Taylor St . ) ; the RiverPlace development along the waterfront under the Marquam ( I - 5 ) bridge ; and most notably in the Pearl District ( between I - 405 , Burnside St. , NW Northrup St. , and NW 9th Ave . ) . The 2015 - opened Tilikum Crossing attracted national attention for being a major bridge open only to transit vehicles , cyclists and pedestrians , and not private motor vehicles Historically , environmental consciousness has weighed significantly in the city 's planning and development efforts . Portland was one of the first cities in the United States to promote and integrate alternative forms of transportation , such as the MAX Light Rail and extensive bike paths . The city 's longstanding efforts were recognized in a 2010 Reuters report , which named Portland the second-most environmentally conscious or `` green '' city in the world after Reykjavik , Iceland . As of 2012 , Portland was the largest city in the United States that did not add fluoride to its public water supply , and fluoridation has historically been a subject of controversy in the city . Portland voters have four times voted against fluoridation , in 1956 , 1962 , 1980 ( repealing a 1978 vote in favor ) , and 2013 . In 2012 the city council , responding to advocacy from public health organizations and others , voted unanimously to begin fluoridation by 2014 . Fluoridation opponents forced a public vote on the issue , and on May 21 , 2013 , city voters again rejected fluoridation . Free speech ( edit ) Protests against the Iraq War on March 19 , 2006 Strong free speech protections of the Oregon Constitution upheld by the Oregon Supreme Court in State v. Henry , specifically found that full nudity and lap dances in strip clubs are protected speech . Portland has the highest number of strip clubs per - capita in a city in the United States , and Oregon ranks as the highest state for per - capita strip clubs . In addition to its strip clubs and erotic massage parlors , the city also has a high rate of child sex trafficking . In November 2008 , a Multnomah County judge dismissed charges against a nude bicyclist arrested on June 26 , 2008 . The judge stated that the city 's annual World Naked Bike Ride -- held each year in June since 2004 -- has created a `` well - established tradition '' in Portland where cyclists may ride naked as a form of protest against cars and fossil fuel dependence . The defendant was not riding in the official World Naked Bike Ride at the time of his arrest as it had occurred 12 days earlier that year , on June 14 . A state law prohibiting publicly insulting a person in a way likely to provoke a violent response was tested in Portland and struck down unanimously by the State Supreme Court as violating protected free speech and being overly broad . Crime ( edit ) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Uniform Crime Report in 2009 , Portland ranked 53rd in violent crime out of the top 75 U.S. cities with a population greater than 250,000 . The murder rate in Portland in 2013 averaged 2.3 murders per 100,000 people per year , which was lower than the national average . In October 2009 , Forbes magazine rated Portland as the third safest city in America . Below is a sortable table containing violent crime data from each Portland neighborhood during the calendar year of 2014 . show Violent Crime by Neighborhood in Portland ( 2014 ) Totals Per 100,000 residents Neighborhood Population Aggravated Assault Homicide Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Homicide Rape Robbery Alameda 5,214 0 19.2 0.0 19.2 19.2 Arbor Lodge 6,153 8 0 0 14 130.0 0.0 0.0 227.5 Ardenwald - Johnson Creek 4,748 0 0 0 0.0 21.1 0.0 0.0 Argay 6,006 19 0 12 316.4 0.0 33.3 199.8 Arlington Heights 718 0 0 139.3 0.0 0.0 139.3 Arnold Creek 3,125 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ashcreek 5,719 0 0 69.9 17.5 0.0 0.0 Beaumont - Wilshire 5,346 0 0 0 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Boise 3,311 11 0 332.2 0.0 30.2 120.8 Brentwood - Darlington 12,994 30 0 5 12 230.9 0.0 38.5 92.4 Bridgeton 725 0 0 0 137.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bridlemile 5,481 0 0 36.5 0.0 0.0 18.2 Brooklyn 3,485 6 0 0 172.2 0.0 0.0 114.8 Buckman 8,472 46 0 19 543.0 0.0 47.2 224.3 Cathedral Park 3,349 8 0 238.9 0.0 29.9 29.9 Centennial 23,662 94 7 28 397.3 8.5 29.6 118.3 Collins View 3,036 0 0 0 32.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concordia 9,550 8 0 6 83.8 0.0 10.5 62.8 Creston - Kenilworth 8,227 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 Crestwood 1,047 12 0 0 7 1146.1 0.0 0.0 668.6 Cully 13,209 47 9 25 355.8 15.1 68.1 189.3 Downtown 12,801 95 10 75 742.1 7.8 78.1 585.9 East Columbia 1,748 13 0 0 13 743.7 0.0 0.0 743.7 Eastmoreland 5,007 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 Eliot 3,611 19 0 9 526.2 0.0 83.1 249.2 Far Southwest 1,320 0 0 75.8 0.0 75.8 0.0 Forest Park 4,129 0 0 0 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foster - Powell 7,335 19 0 8 259.0 0.0 27.3 109.1 Glenfair 3,417 18 0 14 526.8 0.0 87.8 409.7 Goose Hollow 6,507 14 0 9 215.2 0.0 15.4 138.3 Grant Park 3,937 5 0 0 127.0 0.0 25.4 0.0 Hayden Island 2,270 8 0 0 10 352.4 0.0 0.0 440.5 Hayhurst 5,382 0 0 74.3 0.0 18.6 0.0 Hazelwood 23,462 116 13 50 494.4 12.8 55.4 213.1 Healy Heights 187 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hillsdale 7,540 0 13.3 13.3 13.3 0.0 Hillside 2,200 0 0 0 45.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hollywood 1,578 10 0 8 633.7 0.0 63.4 507.0 Homestead 2,009 0 0 149.3 0.0 149.3 0.0 Hosford - Abernethy 7,336 7 0 0 6 95.4 0.0 0.0 81.8 Humboldt 5,110 29 0 5 567.5 19.6 0.0 97.8 Irvington 8,501 10 0 117.6 0.0 35.3 35.3 Kenton 7,272 24 0 0 18 330.0 0.0 0.0 247.5 Kerns 5,340 9 0 6 168.5 0.0 37.5 112.4 King 6,149 19 0 12 309.0 0.0 16.3 195.2 Laurelhurst 4,633 0 0 64.8 0.0 0.0 43.2 Lents 20,465 73 7 41 356.7 9.8 34.2 200.3 Linnton 941 0 0 106.3 0.0 318.8 0.0 Lloyd District 1,142 21 6 42 1838.9 87.6 525.4 3677.8 Madison South 7,130 21 0 11 294.5 0.0 28.1 154.3 Maplewood 2,557 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.1 Markham 2,248 0 0 0 44.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Marshall Park 1,248 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mill Park 8,650 31 0 10 358.4 0.0 34.7 115.6 Montavilla 16,287 49 0 30 300.9 0.0 12.3 184.2 Mount Scott - Arleta 7,397 18 0 7 243.3 0.0 54.1 94.6 Mount Tabor 10,162 0 0 39.4 0.0 0.0 19.7 Multnomah 7,409 0 13.5 0.0 27.0 27.0 North Tabor 5,163 8 154.9 19.4 19.4 77.5 Northwest District 13,399 25 0 19 186.6 0.0 22.4 141.8 Northwest Heights 4,806 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Old Town - Chinatown 3,922 106 6 47 2702.7 25.5 153.0 1198.4 Overlook 6,093 16 0 5 12 262.6 0.0 82.1 196.9 Parkrose 6,363 52 6 817.2 15.7 62.9 94.3 Parkrose Heights 6,119 12 0 0 10 196.1 0.0 0.0 163.4 Pearl 5,997 19 0 19 316.8 0.0 66.7 316.8 Piedmont 7,025 14 0 199.3 0.0 28.5 42.7 Pleasant Valley 12,743 9 0 0 70.6 0.0 15.7 0.0 Portsmouth 9,789 37 6 13 378.0 30.6 61.3 132.8 Powellhurst - Gilbert 30,639 124 8 48 404.7 6.5 26.1 156.7 Reed 4,399 5 0 0 0 113.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Richmond 11,607 13 7 112.0 8.6 25.8 60.3 Rose City Park 8,982 6 0 0 8 66.8 0.0 0.0 89.1 Roseway 6,323 14 0 221.4 15.8 0.0 47.4 Russell 3,175 0 94.5 0.0 31.5 63.0 Sabin 4,149 9 0 216.9 0.0 24.1 72.3 Sellwood - Moreland 11,621 5 0 43.0 0.0 17.2 17.2 South Burlingame 1,747 0 0 0 229.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 South Portland 6,631 0 60.3 0.0 15.1 60.3 South Tabor 5,995 9 0 150.1 0.0 33.4 33.4 Southwest Hills 8,389 0 0 0 23.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 St. Johns 12,207 51 0 5 18 417.8 0.0 41.0 147.5 Sullivan 's Gulch 3,139 7 0 6 223.0 0.0 31.9 191.1 Sumner 2,137 14 0 655.1 0.0 46.8 187.2 Sunderland 718 0 278.6 0.0 139.3 139.3 Sunnyside 7,354 9 0 0 5 122.4 0.0 0.0 68.0 Sylvan - Highlands 1,317 0 0 75.9 0.0 0.0 151.9 University Park 6,035 9 0 0 7 149.1 0.0 0.0 116.0 Vernon 2,585 6 0 0 7 232.1 0.0 0.0 270.8 West Portland Park 3,921 6 0 0 153.0 0.0 0.0 25.5 Wilkes 8,775 15 0 7 170.9 0.0 45.6 79.8 Woodland Park 176 0 0 0.0 0.0 568.2 568.2 Woodlawn 4,933 17 0 8 344.6 0.0 20.3 162.2 Woodstock 8,942 11 11 123.0 22.4 11.2 123.0 Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Portland , Oregon Primary and secondary education ( edit ) St. Mary 's Academy , a private Roman Catholic girls ' school established in 1859 Six public school districts and many private schools serve Portland . Portland Public Schools is the largest school district , operating 85 public schools . David Douglas High School , in the Powellhurst neighborhood , has the largest enrollment of any public high school in the city . Other high schools include Benson Polytechnic High School , Cleveland High School , Grant High School , Jefferson High School , Madison High School and Roosevelt High School . Established in 1869 , Lincoln High School is the city 's oldest public education institution , and is one of two of the oldest high schools west of the Mississippi River ( after San Francisco 's Lowell High School ) . Former public schools in the city included Washington High School , which operated from 1906 until 1981 , as well as Jackson High School , which also closed the same year . The area 's private schools include The Northwest Academy , Portland Jewish Academy , Rosemary Anderson High School , Portland Adventist Academy , Portland Lutheran School , the Portland Waldorf School , and Trinity Academy . The city and surrounding metropolitan area is also home to a large number of Roman Catholic - affiliated private schools , including St. Mary 's Academy , an all - girls school ; De La Salle North Catholic High School ; the co-educational Jesuit High School ; La Salle High School ; and Central Catholic High School , the only archdiocesan high school in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland . Higher education ( edit ) Eliot Hall , Reed College Urban Center , Portland State University Portland State University has the second - largest enrollment rate of any university in the state ( after Oregon State University ) , with a student body of nearly 30,000 . It has been named among the top fifteen percentile of American universities by The Princeton Review for undergraduate education , and has been internationally recognized for its degrees in Masters of Business Administration and urban planning . The city is also home to the Oregon Health & Science University , as well as Portland Community College . Notable private universities include the University of Portland , a Roman Catholic university affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross ; Reed College , a rigorous liberal arts college , ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country ; and Lewis & Clark College . Other institutions of higher learning within the city are : Pacific Northwest College of Art Concordia University Linfield College Multnomah University Cascade College Warner Pacific College Oregon College of Oriental Medicine National University of Natural Medicine The Art Institute of Portland Northwest Film Center Lewis & Clark Law School Oregon Culinary Institute University of Western States Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Portland , Oregon See also : List of radio stations in Oregon and List of television stations in Oregon The Oregonian Building of 1892 , which no longer stands The Oregonian is the only daily general - interest newspaper serving Portland . It also circulates throughout the state and in Clark County , Washington . KPTV is the Fox Broadcasting Company affiliate Smaller local newspapers , distributed free of charge in newspaper boxes and at venues around the city , include the Portland Tribune ( general - interest paper published on Tuesdays and Thursdays ) , Willamette Week ( general - interest alternative weekly published on Wednesdays ) , The Portland Mercury ( another alt - weekly , targeted at younger urban readers published on Thursdays ) , The Asian Reporter ( a weekly covering Asian news , both international and local ) and The Skanner ( a weekly African - American newspaper covering both local and national news ) . Portland Indymedia is one of the oldest and largest Independent Media Centers . The Portland Alliance , a largely anti-authoritarian progressive monthly , is the largest radical print paper in the city . Just Out , published in Portland twice monthly until the end of 2011 , was the region 's foremost LGBT publication . A biweekly paper , Street Roots , is also sold within the city by members of the homeless community . The Portland Business Journal , a weekly , covers business - related news , as does The Daily Journal of Commerce . Portland Monthly is a monthly news and culture magazine . The Bee , over 105 years old , is another neighborhood newspaper serving the inner southeast neighborhoods . Infrastructure ( edit ) Healthcare ( edit ) Main article : List of hospitals in Portland , Oregon Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center Legacy Health , a non-profit healthcare system in Portland , operates multiple facilities in the city and surrounding suburbs . These include Legacy Emanuel , founded in 1912 , in Northeast Portland ; and Legacy Good Samaritan , founded in 1875 , and in Northwest Portland . Randall 's Children 's Hospital operates at the Legacy Emanuel Campus . Good Samaritan has centers for breast health , cancer , and stroke , and is home to the Legacy Devers Eye Institute , the Legacy Obesity and Diabetes Institute , the Legacy Diabetes and Endocrinology Center , the Legacy Rehabilitation Clinic of Oregon , and the Linfield - Good Samaritan School of Nursing . The Catholic - affiliated Providence Health & Services operates Providence Portland Medical Center in the North Tabor neighborhood of the city . Oregon Health & Science University is a university hospital formed in 1974 . The Veterans Affairs Medical Center operates next to the Oregon Health & Science University main campus . Adventist Medical Center also serves the city . Shriners Hospital for Children is a small children 's hospital established in 1923 . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Portland , Oregon MAX Light Rail is the centerpiece of the city 's public transportation system . Portland Streetcar is a three - line system serving downtown and nearby areas . The Portland metropolitan area has transportation services common to major U.S. cities , though Oregon 's emphasis on proactive land - use planning and transit - oriented development within the urban growth boundary means commuters have multiple well - developed options . In 2014 , Travel + Leisure magazine rated Portland as the No. 1 most pedestrian and transit - friendly city in the United States . A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Portland 12th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . In 2008 , 12.6 % of all commutes in Portland were on public transit . TriMet operates most of the region 's buses and the MAX ( short for Metropolitan Area Express ) light rail system , which connects the city and suburbs . The 1986 - opened MAX system has expanded to five lines , with the latest being the Orange Line to Milwaukie , in service as of September 2015 . WES Commuter Rail opened in February 2009 in Portland 's western suburbs , linking Beaverton and Wilsonville . The city - owned Portland Streetcar serves two routes in the Central City -- downtown and adjacent districts . The first line , which opened in 2001 and was extended in 2005 -- 2007 , operates from the South Waterfront District through Portland State University and north through the West End of downtown , to shopping areas and dense residential districts north and northwest of downtown . The second line that opened in 2012 added 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) of tracks on the east side of the Willamette River and across the Broadway Bridge to a connection with the original line . The east - side line completed a loop to the tracks on the west side of the river upon completion of the new Tilikum Crossing in 2015 , and , in anticipation of that , had been named the Central Loop line in 2012 . However , it was renamed the Loop Service , with an A Loop ( clockwise ) and B Loop ( counterclockwise ) , when it became a complete loop with the opening of the Tilikum Crossing bridge . Fifth and Sixth avenues within downtown comprise the Portland Transit Mall , two streets devoted primarily to bus and light rail traffic with limited automobile access . Opened in 1977 for buses , the transit mall was renovated and rebuilt in 2007 -- 09 , with light rail added . Starting in 1975 and lasting nearly four decades , all transit service within downtown Portland was free , the area being known by TriMet as Fareless Square , but a need for minor budget cuts and funding needed for expansion prompted the agency to limit free rides to rail service only in 2010 , and subsequently to discontinue the fare - free zone entirely in 2012 . TriMet provides real - time tracking of buses and trains with its TransitTracker , and makes the data available to software developers so they can create customized tools of their own . Union Station I - 5 connects Portland with the Willamette Valley , Southern Oregon , and California to the south and with Washington to the north . I - 405 forms a loop with I - 5 around the central downtown area of the city and I - 205 is a loop freeway route on the east side which connects to the Portland International Airport . U.S. 26 supports commuting within the metro area and continues to the Pacific Ocean westward and Mount Hood and Central Oregon eastward . U.S. 30 has a main , bypass , and business route through the city extending to Astoria to the west ; through Gresham , Oregon , and the eastern exurbs , and connects to I - 84 , traveling towards Boise , Idaho . Portland ranks 13th in traffic congestion of all American cities , and is 16th among all North American cities . Portland 's main airport is Portland International Airport , about 20 minutes by car ( 40 minutes by MAX ) northeast of downtown . Portland is also home to Oregon 's only public use heliport , the Portland Downtown Heliport . Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Portland at Union Station on three routes . Long - haul train routes include the Coast Starlight ( with service from Los Angeles to Seattle ) and the Empire Builder ( with service from Seattle / Portland to Chicago . ) The Amtrak Cascades state - supported trains operate between Vancouver and Eugene , Oregon , and serve Portland several times daily . The city is also served by Greyhound Lines intercity bus service which operates BoltBus an express bus service . The bus depot is about one block from the Portland Union Station . The city 's first airport was the Swan Island Municipal Airport which was closed in the 1940s . The Portland Aerial Tram connects the South Waterfront district with OHSU Portland is the only city in the United States that owns operating mainline steam locomotives , donated to the city in 1958 by the railroads that ran them . Spokane , Portland & Seattle 700 and the world - famous Southern Pacific 4449 can be seen several times a year pulling a special excursion train , either locally or on an extended trip . The `` Holiday Express '' , pulled over the tracks of the Oregon Pacific Railroad on weekends in December , has become a Portland tradition over its several years running . These trains and others are operated by volunteers of the Oregon Rail Heritage Foundation , an amalgamation of rail preservation groups which collaborated on the finance and construction of the Oregon Rail Heritage Center , a permanent and publicly accessible home for the locomotives , which opened in 2012 adjacent to OMSI . In Portland , cycling is a significant mode of transportation . As the city has been particularly supportive of urban bicycling it now ranks highly among the most bicycle - friendly cities in the world . Approximately 8 % of commuters bike to work , the highest proportion of any major U.S. city and about 10 times the national average . For its achievements in promoting cycling as an everyday means of transportation , Portland has been recognized by the League of American Bicyclists and other cycling organizations for its network of on - street bicycling facilities and other bicycle - friendly services , being one of only three U.S. cities to have earned a Platinum - level rating . A new bicycle - sharing system , Biketown , launched on July 19 , 2016 , with 100 stations in the city 's central and eastside neighborhoods . The bikes were provided by Social Bicycles , and the system is operated by Motivate . Car sharing through Zipcar , Car2Go , Getaround , and Uhaul Car Share is available to residents of the city and some inner suburbs . Portland has a commuter aerial cableway , the Portland Aerial Tram , which connects the South Waterfront district on the Willamette River to the Oregon Health & Science University campus on Marquam Hill above . Fremont Bridge St. Johns Bridge Broadway Bridge Glenn Jackson Bridge Hawthorne Bridge Morrison Bridge Interstate Bridge Notable people ( edit ) See List of people from Portland , Oregon Sister cities ( edit ) Sapporo , Japan is Portland 's oldest sister city Portland has ten sister cities and one `` friendship city '' ( Utrecht ) ; each city is required to maintain long - term involvement and participation : Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan ( November 17 , 1959 ) Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico ( September 23 , 1983 ) Ashkelon , Israel ( October 13 , 1987 ) Ulsan , South Korea ( November 20 , 1987 ) Suzhou , Jiangsu , People 's Republic of China ( June 7 , 1988 ) Khabarovsk , Russia ( June 10 , 1988 ) Kaohsiung , Taiwan ( October 11 , 1988 ) Mutare , Zimbabwe ( December 18 , 1991 ) Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Italy ( June 5 , 2003 ) Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia ( September 29 , 2014 ) Utrecht , Netherlands See also ( edit ) Oregon portal United States portal 1972 Portland -- Vancouver tornado List of hospitals in Portland , Oregon List of sports venues in Portland , Oregon Roses in Portland , Oregon Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon Keep Portland Weird Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Oregon 's population as of 2015 was 4,028,977 ; with the MSA being 2,424,955 , this leaves 65 % of Oregon 's population residing within the metro . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Portland have been kept at PDX since 13 October 1940 . In January 1996 , snow measurements for PDX were moved to the NWS Portland office 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) to the east at 5241 NE 122nd Avenue , Portland , OR 97230 - 1089 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Portland : The Town that was Almost Boston '' . National Association of Scientific Materials Managers . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City Home '' . City of Portland , Oregon . 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The highest elevation is at 9936 NW Wind Ridge Dr. , 45 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 122 ° 46 ′ 43 '' W  /  45.55873 ° N 122.77854 ° W  / 45.55873 ; - 122.77854  ( Portland highest elevation ) . `` City of Portland Urban Services Area '' . Bureau of Planning and Sustainability . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The lowest elevation historically occurred at low water on January 17 , 1937 at the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers 45 ° 39 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 45 ′ 46 '' W  /  45.65096 ° N 122.76289 ° W  / 45.65096 ; - 122.76289  ( Portland lowest elevation ) . `` Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service : Portland : Columbia River at Vancouver '' . Water.weather.gov . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census '' . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Census population estimates for every U.S. city , county , state ( database ) '' . Jump up ^ Danver , Steven L. , ed. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West . CQ Press . pp. 533 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 506 - 35491 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baker , Emerson W. ( 2005 ) . `` Portland as a Contested Frontier in the Seventeenth Century '' . In Conforti , Joseph A. Creating Portland : History and Place in Northern New England . Lebanon , NH : University of New Hampshire Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9781584654490 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Polina ( 2012 ) . Portland in the 1960s : Stories from the Counterculture . Charleston , South Carolina : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 471 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weber , Peter ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Do n't let Portlandia ruin Portland '' . The Week . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nate Berg ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Only Elected Regional Government in the U.S. '' City Lab . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Smart Growth '' Debate Continues `` . Urban Mobility Corporation . May -- June 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kate Sheppard ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` 15 Green Cities '' . Environmental News and Commentary . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haru Fisher , Robert ( February 13 , 2004 ) . `` Portland , Oregon : Green City of Roses Frommers.com '' . Frommer 's . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Portland -- MSN Encarta . Encarta.msn.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Burns & Sargent 2009 , pp. 175 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Marschner 2008 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Susan ( 2009 ) . `` East Portland Historical Overview & Historic Preservation Study '' . City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott 1890 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Orloff , Chet ( 2004 ) . `` Maintaining Eden : John Charles Olmsted and the Portland Park System '' . Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers. 66 : 114 -- 119 . doi : 10.1353 / pcg. 2004.0006 . Jump up ^ `` Overton Cabin '' . Oregon History Project . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 . U.S. Bureau of the Census -- Population Division . Jump up ^ Scott 1890 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Loy , William G. ; Stuart Allan ; Aileen R. Buckley ; James E. Meacham ( 2001 ) . Atlas of Oregon . University of Oregon Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 87114 - 101 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Timeline '' . Portland Online . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City keeps lively pulse '' . ( Spencer Heinz , The Oregonian , January 23 , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roos , Roy E. ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` The White Eagle Saloon '' . Eliot Neighborhood . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John 2012 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ John 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ MacColl , E. Kimbark ( November 1976 ) . The Shaping of a City : Business and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1885 to 1915 . Portland , Oregon : The Georgian Press Company . OCLC 2645815 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Sarah . `` The Shanghai Tunnels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chandler 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Portland , OR '' . Jump up ^ `` Portland ( detention facility ) '' . Densho Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Janey . `` Portland 's Dirty Little Secret : How Vice and Corruption Held the Rose City In Its Clutches '' ( PDF ) . Oregon History . ^ Jump up to : Toll , William ( 2003 ) . `` Home Front Boom '' . Oregon Historical Society . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1960s '' . Oregon Live . An Oregon Century . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1970s '' . Oregon Live . An Oregon Century . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1990s '' . An Oregon Century . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Clair Cane ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Will Portland Always Be a Retirement Community for the Young ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Flower '' . City of Portland Auditor 's Office -- City Recorder Division . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Henry ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` Name comes up roses for P - town : City Council sees no thorns in picking ' City of Roses ' as Portland 's moniker '' . The Oregonian ^ Jump up to : `` The Water '' . Portland State University . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` From Robin 's Nest to Stumptown '' . End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Nena ( May 21 , 1991 ) . `` R.I.P. FOR ' Rip City ' Ruckus '' . The Oregonian . pp. A01 . Jump up ^ `` Portland is new Soccer City , USA '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . United Press International . August 13 , 1975 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Seeking Help to Bring an M.L.S. Team to Portland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dure , Beau ( August 26 , 2009 ) . `` Portland Timbers show bark , bite as they prepare to join MLS '' . USA Today . McLean , Virginia . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hagestedt , Andre ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Missing Oregon Coast : Waves After Dark '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . I 'm used to seeing that hint of dawn back in P - town , with my wretched habit of playing video games until 6 a.m Jump up ^ McCall , William ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` ' Little Beirut ' nickname has stuck '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Boring Lava Field , Portland , Oregon '' . USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tabor Cinder Cone , Portland , Oregon '' . USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nokes , R. Gregory ( December 4 , 2000 ) . `` History , relived saved from St. Helens by a six - pack of Fresca '' . The Oregonian . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Trimble , Donald ( 1963 ) . Geology of Portland , Oregon and Adjacent Areas ( PDF ) . Geological Survey Bulletin . pp. 1 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Banse , Tom ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Geologists Keep Finding More Northwest Earthquake Faults '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rojas - Burke , Joe ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comparing Portland 's quake risk to that of devastated Christchurch , New Zealand '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mesh , Aaron ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Quake - Up Call '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bott , Jacqueline D.J. ; Wong , Ivan G. ( September 1993 ) . `` Historical Earthquakes in and around Portland , Oregon '' . Oregon Geology. 55 ( 5 ) : 116 . Jump up ^ McDonough , P.W. , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Nisqually , Washington , Earthquake of February 28 , 2001 . Open - File Report 2002 - 346 . American Society of Civil Engineers . pp. 28 , 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 7516 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cassuto , Dan ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` 7,000 high - risk landslide zones in Portland area ; check if you live in one '' . KATU . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portland High Point - Peakbagger.com '' . www.peakbagger.com . Jump up ^ Ordinance 61325 : Street re-numbering report . Providing for renumbering of buildings and renaming of streets. , Auditor of the City of Portland , February 28 , 1933 , retrieved August 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reed , Jackson ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Perceptions of Portland 's east side changing '' . DJCOregon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Amelia . `` South Portland Becomes City 's Newest Address Area '' . www.opb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Amy Frazier and KOIN staff ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' South Portland ' may be newest city destination '' . KOIN . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hottman , Sara ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` New Pearl District affordable apartment highlights misperception of neighborhood 's wealth '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nob Hill Neighborhood Guide Portlandneighborhood.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler , Grant ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Rediscover the north end of NW 23rd Avenue , where the vibe is more quirky than trendy '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roth , Sara . `` The Changing Face of St. Johns '' . KGW . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2014 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Ecological Zoning for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 '' . Forestry Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization . 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Annual Temperatures for Large US Cities -- Current Results '' . www.currentresults.com . Jump up ^ Kottek , M. ; J. Grieser ; C. Beck ; B. Rudolf ; F. Rubel ( 2006 ) . `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . Meteorol . Z. 15 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 263 . doi : 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2006 / 0130 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global ecological zoning for the global forest resources assessment 2000 '' . Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Times to Visit Portland , OR '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portland breaks record for 90 - degree days ; Oregonlive.com '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portland Airport ( Oregon ) : Normals , means , and extremes '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mass 2008 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Has The Snow Finally Stopped ? '' . fivethirtyeight.com . March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AIRPORT Portland : Monthly and Seasonal Snowfall ( inches ) '' ( PDF ) . NWS Portland , OR . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` DOWNTOWN Portland : Monthly and Seasonal Snowfall ( inches ) '' ( PDF ) . NWS Portland , Oregon . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx Jump up ^ `` Station Name : OR PORTLAND INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for PORTLAND OR 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portland ( city ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample ^ Jump up to : MacColl , E. Kimbark ( 1979 ) ( 1979 ) . The Growth of a City : Power and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1915 -- 1950 . Portland , Oregon : The Georgian Press . ISBN 0 - 9603408 - 1 - 5 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Marc ( January 7 , 2008 ) . The Box : How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13640 - 8 . Related sources noted by Levinson : Journal of Negro History 65 , no . 1 ( 1980 ) : 27 ; Clyde W. Summers , `` Admission Policies of Labor Unions '' , Quarterly Journal of Economics 61 , no . 1 ( 1946 ) : 98 ; Wilson , Dockers , p. 29 . The Portland grain workers ' case is mentioned in Charles P. Larrowe , Harry Bridges : The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States ( New York , 1972 ) , p. 368 . 16 . On Portland , see Pilcher , The Portland Longshoremen , p. 17 ; Jump up ^ Management Information Services ( 2002 ) . `` Abernethy Elementary School : Recent Enrollment Trends , 1995 -- 96 through 2002 -- 03 '' ( PDF ) . Portland Public Schools . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Community Facts : Portland , Oregon '' . American FactFinder . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swart , Cornelius . `` Asian American community in east Portland 's New Chinatown ponders the future '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamese population by region : top metropolitan areas '' Archived August 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Vietnamese American Population . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Islander '' Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Betsy ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` In a changing world , Portland remains overwhelmingly white '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson III 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Amelia . `` History Hinders Diversification of Portland , Oregon : NPR '' . NPR . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dresbeck , Rachel . Insiders ' Guide to Portland , Oregon ( 7th ed . ) . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6475 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Frazier , John W. ; Tettey - Fio , Eugene L. Race , Ethnicity , and Place in a Changing America . Global Academic Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58684 - 264 - 1 . Jump up ^ Levitas , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Terrorist Next Door : The Militia Movement and the Radical Right . New York : Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 29105 - 1 . Jump up ^ Foster , Laura O. Portland Hill Walks : Twenty Explorations in Parks and Neighborhoods . Timber Press , Incorporated . p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 692 - 2 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jeff ( August 31 , 2003 ) . `` Our Homegrown Hitlers '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` Lessons learned ? What Portland leaders did -- and did n't do -- as people of color were forced to the fringes '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Portland is 4th fastest gentrifying U.S. city , says Realtor.com '' . The Oregonian . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau State & County '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Law , Steve ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` Metro takes long view of growth '' . Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Data Center Results : Multnomah County , Oregon '' . Modern Language Association . 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Portland , Oregon Religion '' . Sperling 's Best Places . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT history in Portland '' . Travel Portland . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Gay History Timeline '' . GLAPN . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ; Cain Miller , Claire ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Metro Areas With the Largest , and Smallest , Gay Populations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary J. Gates `` Same - sex Couples and the Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual Population : New Estimates from the American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . ( 2.07 MB ) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy , UCLA School of Law , October 2006 . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Rachel ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Looking Back on 40 Years of Portland Pride '' . PDX Monthly . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barooah , Jahnabi ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Most and Least Religious Cities in America '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Binder , Melissa ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Yes , Portland is America 's most religiously unaffiliated metro . But who exactly are the ' nones ' ? '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fottrell , Quentin ( March 28 , 2015 ) . `` This is the most godless city in America '' . Market Watch . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portland : Economy -- Major Industries and Commercial Activity '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 -- Mercer survey '' . Mercer . April 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nancy F. ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Best Places to Retire '' . CBS MoneyWatch via Yahoo ! Finance . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Places to Retire : Portland , Ore '' . CBS MoneyWatch . February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cascade General , Inc '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Portfolio '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Next stop : Port of Portland '' . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Port of Portland 's Statement of Need '' . Center for Columbia River History . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` White House press release : The Columbia River Channel Deepening Project , August 13 , 2004 '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . August 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . Schnitzer Steel Industries . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . ESCO Corporation . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogoway , Mike ( April 9 , 2006 ) . Bizz blog : Silicon Forest . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ Gage , Deborah ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Portland Makes Bid To Become Budding Techlandia '' . Venture Capital Dispatch . Jump up ^ Korfhage , Matthew ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About the Portland Shoe Industry '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Roger . `` Top Chinese shoemaker opens U.S. headquarters in Portland '' ( January 21 , 2008 ) . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duxbury , Sarah ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Footwear firm gives Bay Area the boot '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brettman , Allan ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` Hi - Tec moving U.S. headquarters to Portland '' . 10 October 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Local Brewpubs in Beertown ( AKA Portland ) '' . 10Best.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8 Best Beertowns in the USA '' . CNN.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best Cities in the World for Drinking Beer '' . Gadling.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 10 Best Cities for Beer Lovers '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beer Drinking in Portland , Oregon '' . BeerTutor.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee made in Portland , Oregon '' . MadeInPortland.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zillow : Portland area leads nation in home - price increases , second in rent hikes '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latest ' Oregon Experience ' chronicles a violin teacher 's legacy '' . The Oregonian . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rayburn , Aaron ; Vickery , Ben ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Top 10 live music venues in Portland , Oregon '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ely , Jack . `` The Kingsmen Homepage '' . The Kingsmen Online . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cult heroes : Wipers -- the sound of emptiness and dread '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Cobain '' . Biography.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Dana ( August 12 , 1994 ) . `` The Power of Love '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Love '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . October 5 , 2003 . E ! . Jump up ^ Hughley , Marty ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Esperanza Spalding did n't come out of the blue to beat Justin Bieber at the Grammys -- she came from Portland 's jazz community '' . Oregon Live . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falsetto 2015 , pp. 1 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Scott , Aaron ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Portlandia ' Is Ending , And Portlanders Are OK With That '' . NPR . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike Hsu ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Talking Portlandia With Fred Armisen '' . WAAF Radio . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` MTV goes ' Real World ' retro in run - up to ' The Real World : Portland ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TNT cancels Portland - filmed series , ' The Librarians ' '' . The Oregonian . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` 23 TV series set in Oregon , ranked : Most memorable to totally forgettable '' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ `` Portland brew ' n ' view theaters '' . Travel Portland . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Palahniuk 2003 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Tom ( 2010 ) . Haunted Hotels : Eerie Inns , Ghoulish Guests , and Creepy Caretakers . Globe Pequot Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0762756599 . Jump up ^ `` Lovecraft Film Festival Official site '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pitawanich , Christine ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fond memories aboard USS Blueback submarine featured at OMSI '' . KGW . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mohan , Marc ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Omnimax says goodbye ; Bagdad goes first - run : Indie theater news '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John Gottberg ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Observatories and planetariums within a day 's drive of Bend '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Portland hiking guide : The 20 best places to hike in the city '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Historical Society Museum '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beck , Dana ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Oaks Amusement Park , and its beginnings '' . The Bee . Pamplin Media Group . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Miriam B. ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` World 's Best Street Food '' . U.S. News . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson - Textor , Marisa ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` World 's Best Street Food '' . CNN Travel . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Few Favorite Portland Food Carts '' . Denver Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brett Burmeister ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Food carts for dessert '' . PortlandPulp . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mara , Melina ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` The search for America 's best food cities : Portland , Ore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Eric ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` In Portland , a Golden Age of Dining and Drinking -- New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Cities 2012 , Food / Drink / Restaurants '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See Andrew Jones , Craft Brewing Defines Oregon as U.S. `` Beer Capital '' ( August 10 , 2001 ) , National Geographic News ; Christian DeBenedetti and Seth Fletcher , The Top Five Beer Towns in the U.S. Archived January 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( October 2009 ) , Men 's Journal ; Matt Hannafin , Cruising for a Brew - sing : Sailing from America 's Beer Capital ( May 14 , 2009 ) , Frommer 's . Jump up ^ Oliver Strand , In Portland , Ore. , a D.I.Y. Coffee Culture ( February 10 , 2012 ) . New York Times Jump up ^ A Tale Of Two Cities : Portland 's Coffee Culture Swipes Seattle 's Crown ( February 19 , 2010 ) , KUOW . Jump up ^ Strand , Oliver ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` A Seductive Cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts -- Oregon Craft Beer '' . OregonCraftBeer.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ransom , Diana ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Why Portland 's Beer Economy is ' Hoppy ' '' . Entrepreneur . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Experience : Beervana '' ( video ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland : The center of the beer universe '' . Travel Portland . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Portland lifts a glass to its new name '' . KOIN6 News . January 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Foyston , John ( July 29 , 2008 ) . `` 2008 OBF biggest ever '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Distefano , Anne Marie ( July 8 , 2005 ) . `` Brewers , beer lovers get many reasons to raise a glass '' . Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's 50 Greenest Cities '' . Popular Science . February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Green Cities '' . Grist . July 20 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Freilich , Sitkowski & Mennilo 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus Crew SC 1 , Portland Timbers 2 MLS Cup Match Recap '' . mlssoccer.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neyer , Rob ( August 21 , 2003 ) . `` Though not perfect , Portland is a viable city for baseball '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Portland is the largest metropolitan area with just one major professional sports team ( the Trail Blazers ) . Jump up ^ `` History of Portland Trail Blazers '' . fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 MLS Ambition Rankings '' . SI.com . March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` For the Portland Timbers , home field is a real advantage '' . The Oregonion . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merz , Craig ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` Champs ! Timbers beat Columbus , win first - ever MLS Cup '' . KOIN . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Dome backers saddened but note idea gaining '' . The Oregonian . November 5 , 1964 . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Parks and nature investments '' . OregonMetro.Gov . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Houck , Mike . `` Metropolitan Greenspaces : A Grassroots Perspective '' . Audubon Society of Portland . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tabor Park '' . Portland Parks & Recreation . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Korn , Peter ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Forest Park Fallacy : Boosters ' Claim of ' Largest Forested City Park ' Is Long Outdated '' . Portland Tribune . Pamplin Media Group . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` North Park Blocks '' . The City of Portland , Oregon . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Park Blocks '' . The City of Portland , Oregon . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waterfront Park Master Plan '' ( PDF ) . Portland , Oregon . p. 54 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Skateboarding Capital of the World '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Belz , Kristin . `` New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities '' . June 12 , 2013 . Portland Monthly Magazine . Retrieved on July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer courthouse 's bare earth will soon sprout native plants '' . The Oregonian . October 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Caballero , Mary Hull . `` City Government Structure '' . Portland Online . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon 2012 Election Results for Multnomah County '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mary Judetz , `` Portland : Largest U.S. city with openly gay mayor Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' ( January 2 , 2009 ) . Associated Press . The Seattle Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Measure 36 Results by County '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FBI 's Joint Terrorism Task Force '' . ACLU Oregon . April 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Politically correct Portland rejected feds who saved city from terrorist attack '' . San Francisco Examiner . November 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Brad ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` After 10 - year hiatus , Portland OKs cops for FBI 's Joint Terrorism Task Force '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District Voter Counts '' . Multnomah County . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 40 - Mile Loop : More than a bike trail , and more than 40 miles '' . The Oregonian . September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Houston gets along without zoning -- BusinessWeek '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Sherry ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` Houston : A city without zoning '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewyn , Michael . `` Zoning Without Zoning Planetizen '' . Planetizen.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Robert ( August 17 , 1986 ) . `` FOCUS : Houston ; A Fresh Approach To Zoning `` . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schadewald , Bill ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` ' The only major U.S. city without zoning ' '' . Houston Business Journal . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Planning Goals '' . Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Land Use Planning Coordination '' . Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban growth boundary '' . Metro . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland -- SkyscraperPage '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Korfhage , Matthew ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Portland Once Had a Thriving Little Italy -- What the Hell Happened ? '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libby , Brian ( October 2015 ) . `` Bridge to the Future ( The Bridge that Bans Cars ) '' . The Atlantic . 316 ( 3 ) : 42 -- 43 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim . `` Portland Is Set To Open a Beautiful $135 Million Bridge You Ca n't Drive Across '' . Popular Mechanics ( August 20 , 2015 ) . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hogdson , Beth ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Top 5 greenest cities in the world '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 -- via GlobalPost . Jump up ^ Law , Steve ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Council adopts aggressive Climate Action Plan '' . Portland Tribune . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muskal , Michael ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Portland joins fluoride bandwagon , will add it to water supply '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Heidi ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Portland 's fluoride debate : History , timeline and official positions '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blumgart , Jake ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` What 's the Matter With Portland ? The city has been fighting fluoridation for 50 years . Will facts trump fear this month ? '' . Slate . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slovic , Beth ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Portland votes to add fluoride to its drinking water as opponents vow to stop the effort '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kost , Ryan ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Portland fluoride : For the fourth time since 1956 , Portland voters reject fluoridation '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ State v. Henry , 732 P. 2d 9 ( Or . 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Busse , Phil ( November 7 , 2002 ) . `` Cover Yourself ! '' . The Portland Mercury . Retrieved February 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Crockett , Zachary ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Why Does Portland Have so Many Strip Clubs ? '' . Priceonomics . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ KATU News ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Is Portland ' Pornland ? ' Nightline highlights city sex trade '' . KATU . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rather , Dan ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Rather : Pornland , Oregon : Child Prostitution in Portland '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Judge : riding in the buff is ' tradition , ' man cleared '' . KATU . Associated Press . November 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pedalpalooza '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Court : Racist , insulting speech is protected '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area , 2009 ( Table 6 ) '' . FBI . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` America 's Safest Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Crime Rate Report ( Oregon ) '' . CityRating.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data for Portland Neighborhoods '' . City of Portland . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Portland Public Schools Enrollment Summary ( 1 ) , page 3 Jump up ^ `` Search for Public Schools - School Detail for David Douglas High School '' . nces.ed.gov . Jump up ^ Geddes , Ryan ( September 22 , 2005 ) . `` Public school notebook : The Count '' . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon : Oregonian Publishing . pp. A7 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . Portland State University . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Princeton Review Best Regional Colleges '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton Review Top 100 MBA Rankings '' . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reed College '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Human Rights Campaign 2013 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` Our Hospitals '' . Legacy Health System . August 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Cities '' . Travel + Leisure . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Means of Transportation to Work by Selected Characteristics : 2006 American Community Survey '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2015 Service Improvements '' . TriMet . TriMet . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Joseph ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` Portland Streetcar 's eastside loop gets off to hobbled start Saturday '' . The Oregonian . p. 1 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portland - Milwaukie Light Rail Bridge to bring new options for transit , cyclists and pedestrians '' ( PDF ) . Portland - Milwaukie Light Rail Transit Project . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Dylan ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` The days of a free bus ride are over '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bailey Jr. , Everton ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` TriMet boosts most fares starting Saturday ; some routes changing '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Joseph ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` TriMet 's open source heaven : The 5 best transit - rider apps '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogoway , Mike ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Google Maps adds live TriMet arrival and departure times '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` INRIX / ODOT Traffic Scorecard '' . April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Campaign '' . Oregon Rail Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashton , David F. ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` '' Holiday Express '' delights families , benefits new S.E. museum `` . The Sellwood Bee . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tims , Dana ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Oregon Rail Heritage Center ready for grand opening Saturday , Sunday '' . The Oregonian . p . B1 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Most Bike Friendly Cities in the World -- Bicycle friendly cities '' . Virgin Vacations . Virgin Airlines . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Youth Magnet ' Cities Hit Midlife Crisis The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League of American Bicyclists * Press Releases '' . Bikeleague.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Njus , Elliot ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Biketown bike - share program launches with inaugural Tilikum Crossing ride '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Njus , Elliot ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Biketown bike - share launch date , pricing , station locations announced '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ART - 1.01 -- Exhibit A. Portlandonline.com ( October 31 , 2001 ) . Retrieved on September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland , Oregon '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` portland-sapporo.org '' . portland-sapporo.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pgsca.com '' . pgsca.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities , Public Relations '' . Guadalajara municipal government . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` portlandashkelon.org '' . portlandashkelon.org . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` portlandulsan.org '' . portlandulsan.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` portlandsuzhou.org '' . portlandsuzhou.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pksca.org '' . pksca.org. April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portland - Kaohsiung '' . Portland - Kaohsiung Sister City Association . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portland - Mutare '' . Portland - Mutare Sister City Association . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` portland-bologna.org '' . portland-bologna.org . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Lee ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Partnership leads to growth '' . The Star . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities '' . sistercities.org . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , John Elliott ; Burns , Marjorie ; Sargent , Sam C. ( 2009 ) . Cataclysms on the Columbia . Ooligan Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 93201 - 031 - 2 . Anderson , Heather Arndt ( 2014 ) . Portland : A Food Biography . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44222 - 738 - 5 . Barth , Jack ( 1991 ) . Roadside Hollywood : The Movie Lover 's State - By - State Guide to Film Locations , Celebrity Hangouts , Celluloid Tourist Attractions , and More . Contemporary Books . Chandler , J.D. ( 2013 ) . Hidden History of Portland , Oregon . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62619 - 198 - 3 . Falsetto , Mario ( 2015 ) . Conversations with Gus Van Sant . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44224 - 766 - 6 . Freilich , Robert H ; Sitkowski , Robert J. ; Mennilo , Seth D. ( 2010 ) . From Sprawl to Sustainability : Smart Growth , New Urbanism , Green Development . Amer - Bar - Asso . Human Rights Campaign . Healthcare Equality Index 2013 . HRC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934765 - 27 - 2 . John , Finn ( 2012 ) . Wicked Portland : The Wild and Lusty Underworld of a Frontier Seaport Town . History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 578 - 7 . Marschner , Janice . Oregon 1859 : A Snapshot in Time . Timber Press . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 873 - 0 . Mass , Clifford ( 2008 ) . The Weather of the Pacific Northwest . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 29598 - 847 - 4 . Palahniuk , Chuck ( 2003 ) . Fugitives and Refugees : A Walk in Portland , Oregon . Crown . ISBN 978 - 1 - 40004 - 783 - 3 . Platt , Rutherford ( 2006 ) . The Humane Metropolis : People and Nature in the 21st - Century City . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 554 - 8 . Scott , H.W. ( 1890 ) . History of Portland Oregon with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens and Pioneers . D. Mason & Co . Wilson III , Ernest J. ; Wilson , Ernest J. ( 2004 ) . Diversity and US Foreign Policy : A Reader . New York : Routledge . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92884 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Abbott , Carl ( 2001 ) . Greater Portland : Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1779 - 9 . Abbott , Carl ( 2011 ) . Portland in Three Centuries : The Place and the People . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87071 - 613 - 3 . ; scholarly history Gaston , Joseph ( 1911 ) . Portland , Oregon , Its History and Builders : In Connection with the Antecedent Explorations , Discoveries , and Movements of the Pioneers that Selected the Site for the Great City of the Pacific . Chicago : S.J. Clarke Publishing Co . OCLC 1183569 . In Three Volumes . Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Hodges , Adam J. World War I and Urban Order : The Local Class Politics of National Mobilization . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2017 . Holbrook , Stewart ( 1986 ) ( Reprint of 1952 edition ) . Far Corner : A Personal View of the Pacific Northwest . Sausalito , California : Comstock Editions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89174 - 043 - 8 . Lansing , Jewel ( 2003 ) . Portland : People , Politics , and Power , 1851 -- 2001 . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87071 - 559 - 3 . MacColl , E. Kimbark ( 1976 ) . The Shaping of a City : Business and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1885 to 1915 . Portland , Oregon : Georgian Press . OCLC 2645815 . MacColl , E. Kimbark ( 1979 ) . The Growth of a City : Power and Politics in Portland , Oregon 1915 to 1950 . Portland , Oregon : Georgian Press . ISBN 0 - 9603408 - 1 - 5 . MacGibbon , Elma ( 1904 ) . Leaves of knowledge . Spokane : Shaw & Borden Co . OCLC 3877939 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Contents : `` Elma MacGibbon reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898 , which were mainly in Oregon and Washington . '' Includes chapter `` Portland , the Western Hub . '' O'Toole , Randal ( July 9 , 2007 ) . `` Debunking Portland : The City That Does n't Work '' ( PDF ) . Policy Analysis . Washington , D.C. : Cato Institute . 596 . OCLC 164599623 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Ozawa , Connie P. , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Portland Edge : Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 695 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPortland , Oregonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity City of Portland official website Portland Maps ( lot - level GIS ) Portland Business Alliance -- Portland Chamber of Commerce Portland 's Visitor Association -- official visitors ' bureau website Portland , Oregon at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Portland websites that are also wikis PortlandWiki is Portland , Oregon 's civic wiki . WikiWikiWeb installed by Howard Cunningham from Beaverton . Since Ward invented the concept of a wiki wiki web , this is the very first wiki in existence . City of Portland , Oregon History Timeline Government Mayors Neighborhoods Flag Nicknames Transportation Buildings & architecture Hospitals Education Famous Portlanders Tourism Sports and sports venues Artists and art institutions Multnomah County Portland - Vancouver metro area Oregon Neighborhoods of Portland , Oregon Neighborhood Associations Alameda Arbor Lodge Ardenwald - Johnson Creek Argay Arlington Heights Arnold Creek Ashcreek Beaumont - Wilshire Boise Brentwood - Darlington Bridgeton Bridlemile Brooklyn Buckman Cathedral Park Centennial Collins View Concordia Creston - Kenilworth Crestwood Cully Downtown East Columbia Eastmoreland Eliot Far Southwest Forest Park Foster - Powell Glenfair Goose Hollow Grant Park Hayden Island Hayhurst Hazelwood Healy Heights Hillsdale Hillside Hollywood Homestead Hosford - Abernethy Humboldt Irvington Kenton Kerns King Laurelhurst Lents Linnton Lloyd District Madison South Maplewood Markham Marshall Park Mill Park Montavilla Mt . Scott - Arleta Mt . Tabor Multnomah North Tabor Northwest District Northwest Heights Northwest Industrial Old Town Chinatown Overlook Parkrose Parkrose Heights Pearl District Piedmont Pleasant Valley Portsmouth Powellhurst - Gilbert Reed Richmond Rose City Park Roseway Russell Sabin St. Johns Sellwood - Moreland South Burlingame South Portland South Tabor Southwest Hills Sullivan 's Gulch Sumner Sunderland Sunnyside Sylvan - Highlands University Park Vernon West Portland Park Wilkes Woodland Park Woodlawn Woodstock Other areas Alberta Arts District Albina Belmont Burnside Triangle Dignity Village Hawthorne Ladd 's Addition Marquam Hill RiverPlace South Waterfront Westmoreland Municipalities and communities of Clackamas County , Oregon , United States County seat : Oregon City Cities Barlow Canby Estacada Gladstone Happy Valley Johnson City Lake Oswego ‡ Milwaukie ‡ Molalla Oregon City Portland ‡ Rivergrove ‡ Sandy Tualatin ‡ West Linn Wilsonville ‡ Hamlets Beavercreek Molalla Prairie Mount Hood Villages Mulino Stafford CDPs Clackamas Government Camp Jennings Lodge Oak Grove Oatfield Other unincorporated communities Barton Boring Brightwood Bull Run Carus Carver Cazadero Cherryville Colton Cottrell Damascus Eagle Creek Faubion Jean Kelso Ladd Hill Lakewood Liberal Logan Lone Elder Macksburg Marmot Marquam Marylhurst Milwaukie Heights Mountain Air Park Needy New Era Redland Rhododendron Ripplebrook Riverside Shadowood Springwater Sunnyside Wankers Corner Welches Wemme Wildwood Yoder Zigzag Indian reservation Warm Springs Indian Reservation ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Multnomah County , Oregon , United States County seat : Portland Cities Fairview Gresham Lake Oswego ‡ Maywood Park Milwaukie ‡ Portland ‡ Troutdale Wood Village Unincorporated communities Bonneville Bridal Veil Burlington Corbett Dodson Dunthorpe Interlachen Latourell Riverview Riverwood Springdale Warrendale Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Washington County , Oregon , United States County seat : Hillsboro Cities Banks Beaverton Cornelius Durham Forest Grove Gaston Hillsboro King City Lake Oswego ‡ North Plains Portland ‡ Rivergrove ‡ Sherwood Tigard Tualatin ‡ Wilsonville ‡ CDPs Aloha Bethany Bull Mountain Cedar Hills Cedar Mill Garden Home -- Whitford Metzger Oak Hills Raleigh Hills Rockcreek West Haven -- Sylvan West Slope Unincorporated communities Bacona Blooming Bonita Bonny Slope Buxton Carnation Chehalem Cherry Grove Dilley Elmonica Farmington Gales Creek Glenwood Hayward Hazeldale Helvetia Huber Kansas City Kinton Laurel Laurelwood Manning Marlene Village Middleton Midway Mountaindale Mulloy Norwood Reedville Roy Scholls Timber Tonquin Verboort West Union Wilkesboro Ghost towns Dixie Greenville Thatcher Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Oregon Salem ( capital ) Topics History Geography Fauna Climate Pioneers People Governors Government Delegations Constitution Congress Ballot measures Elections Parks Fair Symbols Oregon Trail Beaches Lakes Rivers Misc . Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Western Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Portland Metro Tualatin Valley Willamette Valley Eastern Harney Basin High Desert Palouse Treasure Valley Central Oregon Southern Rogue Valley Shared The Cascades Columbia Gorge Columbia River Columbia Plateau Great Basin Mount Hood Corridor Trout Creek Mountains Metro areas Albany -- Corvallis Bend -- Redmond Eugene -- Springfield Medford -- Ashland Portland Salem -- Keizer Largest cities Portland Salem Eugene Gresham Hillsboro Beaverton Bend Medford Springfield Corvallis Albany Tigard Lake Oswego Keizer Grants Pass Oregon City McMinnville Redmond Tualatin West Linn Woodburn Forest Grove Newberg Wilsonville Roseburg Klamath Falls Ashland Milwaukie Sherwood Happy Valley Central Point Canby Hermiston Pendleton Counties Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Oregon Ted Wheeler ( D ) ( Portland ) Chuck Bennett ( D ) ( Salem ) Lucy Vinis ( D ) ( Eugene ) Shane Bemis ( R ) ( Gresham ) Steve Callaway ( Hillsboro ) BNF : cb12019068f ( data ) GND : 4226095 - 4 LCCN : n79007500 NARA : 10045767 NDL : 00853326 VIAF : 152427175 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portland,_Oregon&oldid=853805495 '' Categories : Portland , Oregon Cities in Oregon Cities in Clackamas County , Oregon Cities in Multnomah County , Oregon Cities in Washington County , Oregon County seats in Oregon Populated places on the Columbia River Populated places on the Willamette River 1845 establishments in Oregon Country Populated places established in 1845 Port cities in Oregon Railway towns in Oregon Cities in the Portland metropolitan area Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кырык мары لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 02 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the highest point in portland oregon
[]
[]
-8100248829391600149
Bonanza
Bonanza - Wikipedia Bonanza Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television program . For other uses , see Bonanza ( disambiguation ) . Bonanza The Bonanza title screen Genre Western Created by David Dortort Starring Lorne Greene as Ben Pernell Roberts as Adam Dan Blocker as Hoss Michael Landon as Joe Victor Sen Yung as Hop Sing David Canary as Candy Mitch Vogel as Jamie Ray Teal as Sheriff Coffee Bing Russell as Deputy Foster Tim Matheson as Griff Lou Frizzell as Dusty Rhodes Theme music composer Ray Evans Jay Livingston Opening theme `` Bonanza '' Ending theme `` Bonanza '' Composer ( s ) David Rose Walter Scharf Harry Sukman Fred Steiner William Lava Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 431 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Dortort Mark Roberts Producer ( s ) Fred Hamilton Running time 49 minutes Production company ( s ) NBC Distributor NBC Films ( 1963 -- 1973 ) National Telefilm Associates ( 1973 -- 1986 ) Republic Pictures ( 1986 - 1996 ) Worldvision Enterprises ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1999 - 2006 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 - 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 - present ) Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC Audio format Mono First shown in United States Original release September 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 09 - 12 ) -- January 16 , 1973 ( 1973 - 01 - 16 ) Chronology Followed by Ponderosa Bonanza is an NBC television western series that ran from 1959 to 1973 . Lasting 14 seasons and 431 episodes , Bonanza is NBC 's longest - running western , and ranks overall as the second - longest - running western series on U.S. network television ( behind CBS 's Gunsmoke ) , and within the top 10 longest - running , live - action American series . The show continues to air in syndication . The show is set in the 1860s and it centers on the wealthy Cartwright family , who lives in the area of Virginia City , Nevada , bordering Lake Tahoe . The series initially starred Lorne Greene , Pernell Roberts , Dan Blocker , and Michael Landon , and later featured at various times Guy Williams , David Canary , Mitch Vogel , and Tim Matheson . The show is known for presenting pressing moral dilemmas . The title `` Bonanza '' is a term used by miners in regard to a large vein or deposit of silver ore , from Spanish bonanza ( prosperity ) , and commonly refers to the 1859 revelation of the Comstock Lode discovery of rich silver ore mines under the town of Virginia City , not far from the fictional Ponderosa Ranch that the Cartwright family operated . The show 's theme song , also titled `` Bonanza , '' became a hit song in its own right . Only instrumental renditions , absent Ray Evans ' lyrics , were ever used during the series ' long run . In 2002 , Bonanza was ranked No. 43 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time , and in 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time . The time period for the television series is roughly between 1861 ( Season 1 ) to 1867 ( Season 13 ) during and shortly after the American Civil War . During the summer of 1972 , NBC aired reruns of episodes from the 1967 -- 1970 period in prime time on Tuesday evening under the title Ponderosa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Lorne Greene -- Ben Cartwright 2.2 Pernell Roberts -- Adam Cartwright 2.3 Dan Blocker -- Eric `` Hoss '' Cartwright 2.4 Michael Landon -- Joseph `` Little Joe '' Cartwright 2.5 Ray Teal -- Sheriff Roy Coffee 2.6 Guy Williams - Will Cartwright 2.7 David Canary -- `` Candy '' Canaday 2.8 Victor Sen Yung -- Hop Sing 2.9 Mitch Vogel -- Jamie Hunter / Cartwright 2.10 Tim Matheson -- Griff King 2.11 Lou Frizzell - Dusty Rhoades 2.12 Cast episode count 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast history and ratings 5 Awards 5.1 Other nominations 6 Production 6.1 Costumes 6.2 Hair styles 6.3 Theme song 6.4 Set 7 Social issues addressed 8 A merchandising bonanza 9 Cancellation and resurgence 9.1 Television movies 9.2 Prequel 9.3 Home media 10 Legacy 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Premise ( edit ) Approximate location of the fictional Ponderosa Ranch , the home of Cartwright family . The map is oriented with North at the top ( instead of East at the top , as in the version associated with the TV show Bonanza ) . The show chronicles the weekly adventures of the Cartwright family , headed by the thrice - widowed patriarch Ben Cartwright ( Lorne Greene ) . He had three sons , each by a different wife : the eldest was the urbane architect Adam Cartwright ( Pernell Roberts ) who built the ranch house ; the second was the warm and lovable giant Eric `` Hoss '' Cartwright ( Dan Blocker ) ; and the youngest was the hotheaded and impetuous Joseph or `` Little Joe '' ( Michael Landon ) . Via exposition ( S01 : E01 -- `` Rose for Lotta '' ) and flashback episodes , each wife was accorded a different ancestry : English ( S02 : E65 -- `` Elizabeth My Love '' ) , Swedish ( S03 : E95 -- `` Inger My Love '' ) and French Creole ( S04 : E120 -- `` Marie My Love '' ) respectively . The family 's cook was the Chinese immigrant Hop Sing ( Victor Sen Yung ) . Greene , Roberts , Blocker , and Landon were billed equally . The opening credits would alternate the order among the four stars . The family lived on a thousand square - mile ( 2,600 km ) ranch called the Ponderosa on the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe in Nevada opposite California on the edge of the Sierra Nevada range of the western Rocky Mountains . The vast size of the Cartwrights ' land was quietly revised to `` half a million acres '' ( 2,000 km ) on Lorne Greene 's 1964 song , `` Saga of the Ponderosa . '' The ranch name refers to the Ponderosa Pine , common in the West . The nearest town to the Ponderosa was Virginia City , where the Cartwrights would go to converse with Sheriff Roy Coffee ( played by veteran actor Ray Teal ) , or his deputy Clem Foster ( Bing Russell ) . Pernell Roberts as Adam Cartwright ( 1959 ) Original cast : Dan Blocker , Michael Landon , Lorne Greene and Pernell Roberts ( 1959 ) Bonanza was considered an atypical western for its time , as the core of the storylines dealt less about the range but more with Ben and his three dissimilar sons , how they cared for one another , their neighbors , and just causes . `` You always saw stories about family on comedies or on an anthology , but Bonanza was the first series that was week - to - week about a family and the troubles it went through . Bonanza was a period drama that attempted to confront contemporary social issues . That was very difficult to do on television . Most shows that tried to do it failed because the sponsors did n't like it , and the networks were nervous about getting letters '' , explains Stephen Battaglio , a senior editor for TV Guide magazine . Episodes ranged from high drama ( `` Bushwhacked '' , episode # 392 , 1971 ; `` Shanklin '' , episode # 409 , 1972 ) , to broad comedy ( `` Hoss and the Leprechauns '' , episode # 146 , 1964 ; `` Mrs. Wharton and the Lesser Breeds '' , episode # 318 , 1969 ; `` Caution , Bunny Crossing '' , episode # 358 , 1969 ) , and addressed issues such as the environment ( `` Different Pines , Same Wind '' , episode # 304 , 1968 ) , substance abuse ( `` The Hidden Enemy '' , episode # 424 , 1972 ) , domestic violence ( `` First Love '' , episode # 427 , 1972 ) , anti-war sentiment ( `` The Weary Willies '' , episode # 364 , 1970 ) , and illegitimate births ( `` Love Child '' , episode # 370 , 1970 ; `` Rock - A-Bye Hoss '' , episode # 393 , 1971 ) . The series sought to illustrate the cruelty of bigotry against : Asians ( `` The Fear Merchants '' , episode # 27 , 1960 ; `` The Lonely Man '' , episode # 404 , 1971 ) , African - Americans ( `` Enter Thomas Bowers '' , episode # 164 , 1964 ; `` The Wish '' , episode # 326 , 1968 ; `` Child '' , episode # 305 , 1969 ) , Native Americans ( `` The Underdog '' , episode # 180 , 1964 ; `` Terror at 2 : 00 '' , episode # 384 , 1970 ) , Jews , ( `` Look to the Stars '' , episode # 90 , 1962 ) ; Mormons ( `` The Pursued '' , episodes # 239 - 40 , 1966 ) , the disabled ( `` Tommy '' , episode # 249 , 1966 ) and `` little people '' ( `` It 's A Small World '' , episode # 347 , 1968 ) . Originally , the Cartwrights tended to be depicted as put - off by outsiders . Lorne Greene objected to this , pointing out that as the area 's largest timber and livestock producer , the family should be less clannish . The producers agreed with this observation and changed the Cartwrights to be more amiable . Cast ( edit ) Though not familiar stars in 1959 , the cast quickly became favorites of the first television generation . The order of billing at the beginning of the broadcast appeared to be shuffled randomly each week , with no relation whatsoever to the current episode featured that week . The main cast of actors portraying Cartwrights is listed here in the order of their characters ' ages , followed by an array of recurring supporting players : Lorne Greene -- Ben Cartwright ( edit ) Lorne Greene as Ben Cartwright Born in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , to Russian - Jewish parents , Lorne Greene was chosen to play widowed patriarch Ben Cartwright . Early in the show 's history , he recalls each of his late wives in flashback episodes . A standard practice with most westerns was to introduce some romance but avoid matrimony . Few media cowboys had on - screen wives . Any time one of the Cartwrights seriously courted a woman , she died from a malady , was abruptly slain , or left with someone else . Greene appeared in all but fourteen Bonanza episodes . Greene was 44 years old at the beginning of the series while Pernell Roberts and Dan Blocker , who portrayed two of his sons , were both 31 , only thirteen years younger . In 2007 , a TV Guide survey listed Ben Cartwright as television 's # 2 favorite dad . Pernell Roberts -- Adam Cartwright ( edit ) Pernell Roberts as Adam Cartwright Pernell Roberts played eldest son Adam , an architectural engineer with a university education . Adam built the impressive ranch house . Roberts disdained the assembly - line mindset of serial television ( a rigid 34 episode season ) , and fought with series writers regarding Adam 's lack of independence , noting that his 30 - plus year old character was dependent on his `` Pa 's '' approval . Despite the show 's success , Roberts departed the series after the 1964 -- 65 season ( 202 episodes ) and returned to stage productions . Attempts to replace Adam with Little Joe 's maternal half - brother Clay ( Barry Coe ) and Cartwright cousin Will ( Guy `` Zorro '' Williams ) , were unsuccessful . Creator David Dortort introduced a storyline that would keep the character of Adam in the mix , but with a lighter schedule . During season five Adam falls for a widow with a young daughter , while making Will Cartwright a central figure . Roberts decided to stay an additional season , so the scripts were quickly revised by having Adam 's fiancée and her daughter depart the series prematurely with Guy Williams ' Will , with whom she 'd fallen in love . It was Landon , not Roberts , who objected to the infusion of any new Cartwrights . After Roberts did leave the following year , it was eventually mentioned that Adam had gone `` to sea '' , and in the later movies he had emigrated to Australia . In mid 1972 , the series producers considered inviting Roberts back in the wake of Dan Blocker 's death : `` One suggestion was to return Pernell Roberts , who had played another Cartwright son when Bonanza first premiered on NBC fourteen years ago . We only considered that briefly , ( producer Richard ) Collins says ... Some people felt it was a logical step -- the oldest son returning at a time of family need -- but most of us did n't think it would work . ' '' Dan Blocker -- Eric `` Hoss '' Cartwright ( edit ) Dan Blocker as Hoss Dan Blocker as `` Hoss '' Cartwright Dan Blocker was 6 - foot - 4 , 320 - pounds when chosen to play the gentle middle son Eric , better known as `` Hoss '' . The nickname was used as a nod to the character 's ample girth , an endearing term for `` big and friendly '' , used by his Swedish mother ( and Uncle Gunnar ) . In the Bonanza flashback , his mother Inger names him Eric after her father . To satisfy young Adam , Inger and Ben agree to try the nickname Hoss and `` see which one sticks . '' Inger says of `` Hoss '' , `` In the mountain country , that is the name for a big , friendly man . '' According to a biography , the show 's crew found Blocker to be the `` least actor - ish as well as the most likeable '' cast member . According to producer David Dortort : `` Over the years he gave me the least amount of trouble . '' In May 1972 , Blocker died suddenly from a post-operative pulmonary embolism following surgery to remove his gall bladder . The producers felt nobody else could continue the role . It was the first time a TV show 's producers chose to kill off a young major male character ( though it was done twice previously with young female leads -- in 1956 on Make Room For Daddy , and again in 1963 with The Real McCoys ) . Not until the TV movie Bonanza : The Next Generation was it explained that Hoss had drowned attempting to save a woman 's life . Although `` big and lovable '' , Blocker was also tough . Several years after his death , Michael Landon was on `` The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson '' and related the following anecdote . During the shooting of one episode , Blocker 's horse stumbled and fell , throwing Blocker and breaking his collarbone . Blocker got up and the bone was actually protruding from his skin . The crew wanted to call an ambulance but Blocker refused and stuck the bone back in place himself and resumed filming . At the end of the day he was convinced to go to the hospital where they set the broken bone and gave him strict instructions , no riding for six weeks . According to Landon , evidently Blocker 's horse forgot what it was like to carry the big man during his convalescence because the first time that Blocker swung up into the saddle on his return , the horse collapsed under his weight and the cast and crew collapsed in fits of laughter . Michael Landon -- Joseph `` Little Joe '' Cartwright ( edit ) Michael Landon as ' Little Joe ' Cartwright ; this shot was taken before the wardrobe was standardized for continuity purposes . Landon is seen in black attire akin to that worn in later seasons by Pernell Roberts Landon as Little Joe The role of `` Little Joe '' was given to Michael Landon , who had earlier played the title role in I Was a Teenage Werewolf . He portrayed the youngest Cartwright son , whose mother ( Felicia in the pilot , and later changed to Marie ) was of French Creole descent . Landon began to develop his skills in writing and directing Bonanza episodes , starting with `` The Gamble . '' Most of the episodes Landon wrote and directed were dramas , including the two - hour , `` Forever '' ( 1972 ) , which was recognized by TV Guide as being one of television 's best specials ( November 1993 ) . Landon 's development was a bit stormy according to David Dortort , who felt that the actor grew more difficult during the last five seasons the show ran . Landon appeared in all but fourteen Bonanza episodes for its run , a total of 416 episodes . Beginning in 1962 , a foundation was being laid to include another `` son '' , as Pernell Roberts was displeased with his character . In the episode `` First Born '' ( 1962 ) , viewers learn of Little Joe 's older , maternal half - brother Clay Stafford . The character departed in that same episode , but left an opportunity for a return if needed . This character 's paternity is open to debate . In the 1963 flashback episode `` Marie , My Love '' , his father was Jean De'Marigny . Then in 1964 , Lorne Greene released the song `` Saga of the Ponderosa '' , wherein Marie 's previous husband was `` Big Joe '' Collins , who dies saving Ben 's life . After Ben consoles Marie , the two bond and marry . They choose to honor `` Big Joe '' by calling their son `` Little Joe '' . So , whether to Stafford , De'Marigny or Collins , Marie Cartwright was previously married . In the last of the three Bonanza TV movies , it is revealed that `` Little Joe '' had died in the Spanish -- American War -- a member of the `` Rough Riders '' . Ray Teal -- Sheriff Roy Coffee ( edit ) Veteran character actor Ray Teal essayed the role of Sheriff Roy Coffee on 98 episodes from 1960 to 1972 . He appeared in more than 250 movies and some 90 television programs during his 37 - year career . His longest - running role was as Sheriff Roy Coffee . He had also played a sheriff in the Billy Wilder film Ace in the Hole ( 1951 ) . Teal co-starred in numerous TV westerns throughout his career : he appeared five times on Cheyenne , twice on The Lone Ranger , on The Alaskans , a short - lived series starring Roger Moore , three times in different roles on another long - running western series , Wagon Train , on NBC 's Tales of Wells Fargo with Dale Robertson , on the ABC western series Broken Arrow , five times on the ABC western comedy Maverick starring James Garner and Jack Kelly , on the CBS western series The Texan with Rory Calhoun , the NBC western series The Californians , twice on Colt . 45 with Wayde Preston , once on Wanted : Dead or Alive with Steve McQueen and as `` Sheriff Clay '' for a single 1960 episode of the NBC western series Riverboat with Darren McGavin , and four times on a western series about the rodeo entitled Wide Country . Teal was a bit - part player in western films for several years before landing a substantial role in Northwest Passage ( 1940 ) starring Spencer Tracy . Another of his roles was as Little John in The Bandit of Sherwood Forest ( 1946 ) . Notable film roles include playing one of the judges in Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) with Spencer Tracy , and an indulgent bar owner to Marlon Brando 's motorcycle gang in The Wild One ( 1953 ) , which was the second of three times that Teal appeared with Brando , having done so already as a drunk in Brando 's debut in The Men ( 1950 ) and later in Brando 's only directorial effort , One - Eyed Jacks ( 1961 ) , as a bartender . Sheriff Coffee was occasionally the focus of a plot as in the episode `` No Less a Man '' ( broadcast March 15 , 1964 ) . A gang of thieves has been terrorizing towns around Virginia City and the town council wants to replace Coffee , whom they consider over-the - hill , with a younger sheriff before the gang hits town , not realizing that they 'd been spared earlier because the gang 's leader was wary of Coffee 's longevity and only acquiesced to rob the Virginia City bank after extreme pressure from other gang members . Coffee ends up showing the town that youth and a fast gun do n't replace experience . Guy Williams - Will Cartwright ( edit ) Guy Williams was slated in 1964 , the year that Bonanza hit # 1 in the ratings , to replace Pernell Roberts upon Roberts ' departure , enabling the series to preserve the four - Cartwright format for the run of the series . His character , Ben 's nephew Will Cartwright , was introduced and was the lead character in five episodes , receiving `` Starring '' billing after the four original rotating Cartwrights during his second appearance going forward , but Roberts changed his mind later and decided to stay for one more season , whereupon Williams found himself pushed out of the part ; it was rumored that Landon and Greene felt threatened by the studio initiating a precedent of successfully replacing one heroic leading man Cartwright with a new one , particularly in view of Williams ' popularity with viewers . Williams had previously portrayed the titular character in Walt Disney 's Zorro television series , and went on to play the lead in Lost in Space , a science fiction television series , after the role in Bonanza ended . David Canary -- `` Candy '' Canaday ( edit ) After graduating from the University of Cincinnati , David Canary was offered a left - end position with the Denver Broncos , but pursued acting and singing . In 1967 , he joined the cast as `` Candy '' Canaday , a plucky Army brat turned cowboy , who became the Cartwrights ' confidant , ranch foreman , and timber vessel captain . Dortort was impressed by Canary 's talent , but the character vanished in September 1970 , after Canary had a contract dispute . He returned two seasons later after co-star Dan Blocker 's death , reportedly having been approached by Landon . Canary played the character on a total of 91 episodes . Canary joined the cast in Season 9 . Victor Sen Yung -- Hop Sing ( edit ) Main article : Hop Sing Chinese American actor Victor Sen Yung played the Cartwrights ' happy - go - lucky cook , whose blood pressure rose when the family came late for dinner . Cast here as the faithful domestic , the comedy relief character had little to do beyond chores . He once used martial arts to assail a towering family foe . Though often referenced , Hop Sing only appeared in an average of eight to nine shows each season . As a semi-regular cast member , Sen Yung was only paid per episode . After 14 years , he was widely known , but making far less than his Ponderosa peers . The Hop Sing character was central in only two episodes : `` Mark Of Guilt '' ( # 316 ) and `` The Lonely Man '' ( # 404 ) . Mitch Vogel -- Jamie Hunter / Cartwright ( edit ) After Canary 's departure in mid-1970 , and aware of the show 's aging demographic , the writers sought a fresh outlet for Ben 's fatherly advice . Fourteen - year - old Mitch Vogel was introduced as Jamie Hunter in `` A Matter of Faith '' ( season 12 , episode 363 ) . Vogel played the red - haired orphan of a roving rainmaker , whom Ben takes in and adopts later in a 1971 episode , called `` A Home For Jamie . '' Tim Matheson -- Griff King ( edit ) During the final season , in 1972 -- 1973 , Tim Matheson portrayed Griff King , a parolee who tries to reform his life as a worker at the Ponderosa Ranch under Ben Cartwright 's tutelage . Lou Frizzell - dusty rhoades ( edit ) Following Canary 's departure , Frizzell 's character accompanied Jamie Hunter to the Ponderosa and became the Cartwright 's foreman . Cast episode count ( edit ) Lorne Greene -- Ben Cartwright - 417 episodes Michael Landon -- Joseph `` Little Joe '' Cartwright - 416 episodes Dan Blocker -- Eric `` Hoss '' Cartwright - 401 episodes Pernell Roberts -- Adam Cartwright - 173 episodes Guy Williams - Will Cartwright - 5 episodes Victor Sen Yung -- Hop Sing -- 107 episodes Ray Teal - Sheriff Coffee -- 98 episodes David Canary -- `` Candy '' Canaday - 91 episodes Mitch Vogel -- Jamie Hunter Cartwright - 47 episodes Tim Matheson -- Griff King - 12 episodes Episodes ( edit ) Further information : List of Bonanza episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 32 September 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 09 - 12 ) April 30 , 1960 ( 1960 - 04 - 30 ) N / A N / A N / A 34 September 10 , 1960 ( 1960 - 09 - 10 ) June 3 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 03 ) 17 24.8 N / A 34 September 24 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 1962 ( 1962 - 05 - 20 ) 30.0 N / A 34 September 23 , 1962 ( 1962 - 09 - 23 ) May 26 , 1963 ( 1963 - 05 - 26 ) 29.8 The Lucy Show 5 34 September 22 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 24 ) 36.9 N / A 6 34 September 20 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 1965 ( 1965 - 05 - 23 ) 36.3 N / A 7 33 September 12 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 12 ) May 15 , 1966 ( 1966 - 05 - 15 ) 31.8 N / A 8 34 September 11 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 11 ) May 14 , 1967 ( 1967 - 05 - 14 ) 29.1 N / A 9 34 September 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 17 ) July 28 , 1968 ( 1968 - 07 - 28 ) 25.5 Gunsmoke Family Affair 10 30 September 15 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 15 ) May 11 , 1969 ( 1969 - 05 - 11 ) 26.6 N / A 11 28 September 14 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 14 ) April 19 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 19 ) 24.8 N / A 12 28 September 13 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 13 ) April 11 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 11 ) 9 23.9 N / A 13 26 September 19 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 19 ) April 2 , 1972 ( 1972 - 04 - 02 ) 20 21.9 N / A 14 16 September 12 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 12 ) January 16 , 1973 ( 1973 - 01 - 16 ) N / A N / A N / A Broadcast history and ratings ( edit ) Lorne Greene as Ben Initially , Bonanza aired on Saturday evenings opposite `` Dick Clark 's Saturday Night Beech - Nut Show '' and `` John Gunther 's High Road '' on ABC , and Perry Mason on CBS . Bonanza 's initial ratings were respectable , often coming in behind Mason but ahead of the ABC line - up . Ironically , executives considered canceling the show before its premiere because of its high cost . NBC kept it because Bonanza was one of the first series to be filmed and broadcast in color , including scenes of picturesque Lake Tahoe , Nevada , although most of the episodes were obviously filmed on soundstages until the seasons near the end of the series . NBC 's corporate parent , Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , used the show to spur sales of RCA - manufactured color television sets ( RCA was also the primary sponsor of the series during its first two seasons ) . NBC moved Bonanza to Sundays at 9 : 00 pm Eastern with new sponsor Chevrolet ( replacing The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ) . The new time slot caused Bonanza to soar in the ratings , and it eventually reached number one by 1964 , an honor it would keep until 1967 when it was seriously challenged by the socially daring variety show , The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on CBS . By 1970 , Bonanza was the first series to appear in the Top Five list for nine consecutive seasons ( a record that would stand for many years ) and thus established itself as the most consistent strong - performing hit television series of the 1960s . Bonanza remained high on the Nielsen ratings until 1971 , when it finally fell out of the Top Ten . During the summer of 1972 , NBC broadcast reruns of episodes of the show from the 1967 -- 1970 era on Tuesday evenings at 7 : 30 p.m. under the title Ponderosa while also rerunning more recent episodes on Sunday evenings in the show 's normal time slot as Bonanza . In the fall of 1972 , off - network episodes were released in broadcast syndication to local stations by NBC under the Ponderosa name . After the series was canceled , the syndicated reruns reverted to the Bonanza name . Awards ( edit ) 1964 : Logie Award for Best Overseas Show 1965 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment - Color Consultant , Edward P. Ancona Jr. ( color consultant ) 1966 : Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Film Editing - Marvin Coil ( editor ) , Everett Douglas ( editor ) , Ellsworth Hoagland ( editor ) 1966 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Dramatic Series - David Dortort ( producer ) 1966 : Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Music - Composition David Rose 1969 : Bambi , TV Series International - Lorne Greene , Dan Blocker , Michael Landon and Pernell Roberts 1970 : Bronze Wrangler Award , Fictional Television Drama - For episode `` The Wish '' . 1971 : Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition - For a Series or a Single Program of a Series ( First Year of Music 's Use Only ) David Rose ( composer ) For episode `` The Love Child '' . 2003 : TV Land Award for Best in the West 2011 : OFTA TV Hall of Fame Television Programs Other nominations ( edit ) 1961 : Writers Guild of America , USA - Episodic , Longer Than 30 Minutes in Length - Donald S. Sanford For Bonanza : The Last Hunt ( 1959 ) . 1962 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Television - Walter Castle ( cinematographer ) and Haskell B. Boggs ( cinematographer ) 1963 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction and Scenic Design - Hal Pereira ( art director ) and A. Earl Hedrick ( scenic designer ) 1964 : Golden Globes Award for Best TV Show - Nominated 1964 : Golden Globes Award for Best TV Star Male : Lorne Greene - Nominated 1964 : Eddie Awards for Best Edited Television Program - Marvin Coil For episode `` Hoss and the Leprechaun '' . 1965 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment - Cinematographer - Haskell B. Boggs ( cinematographer ) and William P. Whitley ( cinematographer ) 1966 : Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Cinematography - Cinematography - Haskell B. Boggs ( cinematographer ) and William P. Whitley ( cinematographer ) 1966 : Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Cinematography - Special - Edward P. Ancona Jr. ( color coordinator ) 1966 : Troféu Imprensa , Brazil - Best Series ( Melhor Série ) 1967 : Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Achievements in Cinematography - Cinematography Haskell B. Boggs ( cinematographer ) and William P. Whitley ( cinematographer ) 1970 : Eddie Awards for Best Edited Television Program - Danny B. Landres For episode `` Dead Wrong '' . 1971 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming - For a Series or a Single Program of a Series - Ted Voigtlander For episode `` The Love Child '' . 2006 : TV Land Award for Favorite Made - for - TV Maid - Victor Sen Yung Production ( edit ) Costumes ( edit ) Pernell Roberts , Dan Blocker , Lorne Greene and Michael Landon ( 1961 ) From the fourth season on , the Cartwrights and nearly every other recurring character on the show wore the same clothing in almost every episode . The reason for this is twofold : it made duplication of wardrobe easier for stunt doubles ( Hal Burton , Bob Miles , Bill Clark , Lyle Heisler , Ray Mazy ) and it cut the cost of refilming action shots ( such as riding clips in - between scenes ) , as previously shot stock footage could be reused . Below is a survey of costumes employed : Ben Cartwright : Sandy shirt , tawny leather vest , gray pants , cream - colored hat , occasional green scarf . Adam Cartwright : Black shirt , black or midnight blue pants , black hat . Elegant city wear . Cream - colored trail coat . Hoss Cartwright : White shirt , brown suede vest , brown pants , large beige flat - brimmed , ten - gallon hat . Little Joe Cartwright : Beige , light gray shirt , kelly - green jacket , tan pants , beige hat . Black leather gloves from 10th season on . In season 14 , he and Greene occasionally wore different shirts and slacks , as the footage of them and the late Dan Blocker together could no longer be reused . Candy Canaday : Crimson shirt , black pants , black leather vest , black hat , grey / pale purple scarf . It was not unusual for Little Joe Cartwright and Candy Canaday to appear shirtless in various scenes involving manual labor . Hair styles ( edit ) In 1968 , Blocker began wearing a toupee on the series , as he was approaching age 40 and his hair loss was becoming more evident . He joined the ranks of his fellow co-stars Roberts and Greene , both of whom had begun the series with hairpieces ( Greene wore his modest frontal piece in private life too , whereas Roberts preferred not wearing his , even to rehearsals / blocking ) . Landon was the only original cast member who was wig - free throughout the series , as even Sen Yung wore an attached queue . Theme song ( edit ) Bonanza features a memorable theme song by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans that was orchestrated by David Rose and arranged by Billy May for the television series . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . The Bonanza theme song famously opens with a blazing Ponderosa map and saddlebound Cartwrights . The melodic intro , emulating galloping horses , is one of the most recognized television scores . Variations of the theme were used for 12 seasons on the series . Although there were two official sets of lyrics ( some country - western singers , avoiding royalties , substituted the copyright renditions with their own words ) , the series simply used an instrumental theme . Three of the cast members bellowed - out the original lyrics , unaccompanied , at the close of the pilot ( Pernell Roberts , the sole professional singer of the quartet , abstained and untethered the horse reins ) . Before the pilot aired ( on September 12 , 1959 ) , the song sequence , deemed too campy , was edited out of the scene and instead the Cartwrights headed back to the ranch whooping and howling . In a 1964 song , the Livingston - Evans lyrics were revised by Lorne Greene with a more familial emphasis , `` on this land we put our brand , Cartwright is the name , fortune smiled the day we filed the Ponderosa claim '' ( `` Bonanza '' , Bear Family Box set , Disc # 2 ) . In 1968 , a slightly revamped horn and percussion - heavy arrangement of the original score introduced the series - which was used until 1970 . A new theme song , called `` The Big Bonanza '' was written in 1970 by episode scorer David Rose , and was used from 1970 -- 1972 . Action - shot pictorials of the cast replaced the galloping trio . Finally , a faster rendition of the original music returned for the 14th and final season , along with action shots of the cast . Dan Blocker ( Hoss ) , Michael Landon ( Little Joe ) , Lorne Greene ( Ben ) and one of the Bonanza horses on The Ponderosa . The theme song has been recorded by numerous artists in a diverse variety of styles . The first recorded and released version was an instrumental by Marty Gold , on his 1960 album Swingin ' West . This was followed by the February 1960 single by Buddy Morrow and his Orchestra , which included vocals . Morrow 's version also appeared on his 1960 album Double Impact which featured several other then - recent television themes . In December 1960 , another vocal version was issued only in the United Kingdom by Johnny Gregory ( bandleader ) and his Orchestra and Chorus released on the Fontana label . All aforementioned vocal versions , including the television pilot , used lyrics written by Livingston and Evans contained in the first published sheet music for the song , though not all the lyrics were sung . A Bonanza soundtrack album released in late 1961 included a version by David Rose ; Rose also had a 1960 single and included the theme on his 1961 album Exodus in a different mix . The biggest hit version is a guitar instrumental by Al Caiola , which reached number 19 on Billboard in 1961 . Other versions were released by Billy Vaughn , Valjean , Lorne Greene , Johnny Cash and Nelson Riddle . Country singer Johnny Cash was first to record a full length vocal version of the theme song . He and Johnny Western discarded the original Livingston and Evans lyrics , and wrote new ones , though the revised lyrics still make direct reference to the Cartwrights and the Ponderosa . The song first saw release by September 1962 as a single . Sometime after June 1963 , it was released as a track on his sixteenth album : Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash . This version was later covered by Faron Young for his 1963 album Aims at the West . Singer Ralf Paulsen recorded a German - language version of the song in 1963 , released in mid-June 1963 on Capitol Records in the United States . His German version ( lyrics attributed to `` Nicolas '' ) was sung in the same style and mood in which Cash had recorded it , and was fairly close in translation . Carlos Malcolm & His Afro - Jamaican Rhythms released a ska version of the song as `` Bonanza Ska '' on Trojan Records in 1964 . This version was later covered by Bad Manners ( 1989 ) and the Hurtin ' Buckaroos ( 1997 ) . Michael Richards , as Stanley Spadowski , sang a bit of the theme song while being held hostage by Channel 8 's news goons in UHF ( he did not know the words to the song he was originally supposed to sing , `` Helter Skelter '' ) . Michael Feinstein was the last to record the song in 2002 on his Songs of Evans and Livingston tribute CD . The Little House on the Prairie theme ( also by Rose ) , was heard first in a 1971 episode of Bonanza . The overture for The High Chaparral composed by Harry Sukman can be heard briefly at the start of the 1966 episode `` Four Sisters from Boston '' . On January 29 , 2011 , Marty Stuart and the Fabulous Superlatives performed the song on episode 56 of The Marty Stuart Show . The band often includes the song in their live shows . Set ( edit ) Ponderosa tour postcard - visitors tour the replica ranchhouse and its big living room with stone fireplace overlooking the east shore of Lake Tahoe , in Incline Village , Nevada where several rebuilt ranch buildings were used as a set for outside filming The opening scene for the first season was shot at Lake Hemet , a reservoir in the San Jacinto Mountains , Riverside County , California , and later moved to Lake Tahoe . During the first season extra horses were rented from the Idyllwild Stables in Idyllwild , also in the San Jacinto Mountains . The first Virginia City set was used on the show until 1970 and was located on a backlot at Paramount and featured in episodes of Have Gun -- Will Travel , Mannix , and The Brady Bunch . In the 1970 premiere episode of the 12th season entitled `` The Night Virginia City Died '' , Deputy Clem Foster 's pyromaniac fiancée levels the town in a series of fires ( reflecting a real 1875 fire that destroyed three - quarters of Virginia City ) . This allowed for a switch to the less expensive Warner studios from September 1970 through January 1973 . The script was initially written for the departing David Canary 's Candy , but was rewritten for actors Ray Teal ( Sheriff Roy Coffee ) and Bing Russell ( Deputy Clem Foster ) , who rarely appeared together on the show . The program 's Nevada set , the Ponderosa Ranch house , was recreated in Incline Village , Nevada , in 1967 , and remained a tourist attraction until its sale thirty - seven years later in September 2004 . Social issues addressed ( edit ) Philip Ahn in `` The Fear Merchants '' Bonanza is uniquely known for having addressed racism , not typically covered on American television during the time period , from a compassionate , humanitarian point - of - view . Bigotry , and specifically anti-semitism , was the subject of the episode `` Look to the Stars '' ( Season 3 , Episode 26 ; original air date March 18 , 1962 ) . A bigoted school teacher Mr. Norton ( oblivious of his prejudice ) routinely expels minority students . When he expels the brilliant Jewish student Albert Michelson , a scientific genius whose experiments on the streets of Virginia City often cause commotion , Ben Cartwright steps in and confronts Norton on his bigotry . Ashamed , the school teacher vows to reform . A coda to the episode reveals that Michaelson went on to win the Nobel Prize for Physics . In the episode `` Enter Thomas Bowers '' ( Season 5 , Episode 30 ; original air date April 26 , 1964 ) , the Cartwright family helps the opera singer Bowers , an African American freedman , after he encounters prejudice while in Virginia City to perform . Bowers winds up arrested as a fugitive slave . At the beginning of the episode , Adam is shown to be outraged at the Supreme Court 's Dred Scott v. Sandford decision ( placing the time as 1857 ) , which he discusses with his father . According to David Dortort , sponsor General Motors was anxious about the episode . As producer , Dortort ensured that the episode re-aired during the summer rerun seasons , though two TV stations in the South refused to air it . In the episode `` The Wish , '' directed by Michael Landon , Hoss protects an African American former slave 's family when confronted with racism after the American Civil War . In `` The Fear Merchants , '' discrimination against Chinese immigrants who attempt to assimilate in American society is addressed . `` The Lonely Man '' presents the controversial interracial marriage between the Cartwrights longtime Chinese chef ( Hop Sing ) and a white woman ( Missy ) . A merchandising bonanza ( edit ) Pernell Roberts as Adam in `` The Hopefulls '' Bonanza has had a highly profitable merchandising history . Currently , Bonanza Ventures , Inc. grants merchandising and licensing rights worldwide . The original series has spawned : several successful novelty western / folk albums from 1962 -- 1965 ; three dozen Dell and Gold Key comic books from 1962 through 1970 ; a short - lived comic book adaptation by Dutch comics artist Hans G. Kresse between 1965 - 1966 , Jim Beam Whiskey Ponderosa Ranch decanters 1964 -- 1966 ; a series of `` Big - Little '' books from 1966 -- 1969 ; Revel Bonanza model character sets from 1966 -- 1968 ; a chain of Bonanza and Ponderosa steakhouses from 1963 -- present ; the Lake Tahoe - based `` Ponderosa '' theme park from 1967 -- 2004 ; a line of American Character action figures in 1966 -- 1967 ; Aladdin lunch buckets and thermos bottles in 1966 -- 1968 ; View Master slide sets in 1964 , 1971 ; Ponderosa tin cups from 1967 -- 2004 ; a series of Hamilton collector plates in 1989 -- 1990 ; and most recently , Breyer Fiftieth Anniversary Ponderosa Stable sets , with horses and Cartwright figures in 2009 -- 2011 . Fourteen Bonanza novels have been published : Bonanza : A Novel by Noel Loomis ( 1960 ) ; Bonanza : One Man With Courage by Thomas Thompson ( 1966 ) ; Bonanza : Killer Lion by Steve Frazee ( 1966 ) ; Bonanza : Treachery Trail by Harry Whittington ( 1968 ) ; Winter Grass by Dean Owen ( 1968 ) ; Ponderosa Kill by Dean Owen ( 1968 ) ; The Pioneer Spirit by Stephen Calder ( 1988 ) ; The Ponderosa Empire by Stephen Calder ( 1991 ) ; Bonanza : The High Steel Hazard by Stephen Calder ( 1993 ) ; Journey of the Horse by Stephen Calder ( 1993 ) ; The Money Hole by Stephen Calder ( 1993 ) ; The Trail to Timberline by Stephen Calder ( 1994 ) ; Bonanza : Felling of the Sons by Monette L. Bebow - Reinhard ( 2005 ) , and Bonanza : Mystic Fire by Monette L. Bebow - Reinhard ( 2009 ) . There is also a collection of Bonanza stories : The Best of Bonanza World : A Book of Favorite Stories , published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform ( 2012 ) . Bonanza Gold ( 2003 -- 2009 ) , a quarterly magazine , featured detailed information about the show , including interviews with guest actors and other production personnel , articles about historical events and people depicted in the series , fan club information , and fan fiction . Seasons 1 - 8 ( as of 06 / 2015 ) are available on DVD , as well as several non-successive public - domain episodes ( sans original theme music ) . The prequel series , The Ponderosa , as well as the three sequel movies ( see below ) , are all available on DVD09 Cancellation and resurgence ( edit ) Front to back : Pernell Roberts , Michael Landon , Dan Blocker and Lorne Greene In the fall of 1972 , NBC moved Bonanza to Tuesday nights -- where reruns from the 1967 -- 1970 period had aired the previous summer under the title Ponderosa -- opposite the All In The Family spinoff show , Maude , a virtual death sentence for the show . The scheduling change , as well as Dan Blocker 's death several months earlier , resulted in plunging ratings for the show . David Canary returned to his former role of Candy ( to offset Hoss ' absence ) , and a new character named Griff King ( played by Tim Matheson ) was added to lure younger viewers . Griff , in prison for nearly killing his abusive stepfather , was paroled into Ben 's custody and got a job as a ranch hand . Several episodes were built around his character , one that Matheson never had a chance to fully develop before the show 's abrupt cancellation in November 1972 ( with last episode airing January 16 , 1973 ) . Many fans , as well as both Landon and Greene , felt that the Hoss character was essential , as he was a nurturing , empathetic soul who rounded out the all - male cast . For 14 years , the Cartwrights were the premier western family on American television and have been immensely popular on cable networks such as TV Land , INSP , Family Channel , and the Hallmark Channel . The series currently airs on Me - TV , TV Land , INSP , and Encore Westerns . TV Land airs Bonanza from only the first season to the 1969 - 1970 season . INSP first aired only selected first and second - season episodes of Bonanza and began to air the Bonanza Lost Episodes packages which contains episodes that originally aired from 1965 - 1973 . Family Channel and the Hallmark Channel were two other channels that have also only aired the Bonanza Lost Episodes package . In October 2015 , Me - TV additionally began airing the Bonanza Lost Episodes package . As of December 2016 , Me - TV returned to airing the original episodes package . Television movies ( edit ) Bonanza was revived for three made - for - television movies featuring the Cartwrights ' children : Bonanza : The Next Generation ( 1988 ) , Bonanza : The Return ( 1993 ) , and Bonanza : Under Attack ( 1995 ) . Michael Landon Jr. , played Little Joe 's son Benji while Gillian Greene , Lorne Greene 's daughter , played a love interest . In the second movie , airing on NBC , a one - hour retrospective was done to introduce the drama . It was hosted by both Michael Landon Jr. , and Dirk Blocker , who looks and sounds much like his father Dan Blocker . According to the magazine TV Guide , producer Dortort told Blocker he was too old to play the Hoss scion , but gave him the role of an unrelated newspaper reporter . Clips of his appearance were heavily used in advertisements promoting the `` second generation '' theme , perhaps misleading audiences to believe that Blocker was playing Hoss ' heir . Hoss ' son Josh was born out of wedlock , as it is explained that Hoss drowned without knowing his fiancėe was pregnant . Such a storyline might have been problematic in the original series . ( The Big Valley , however , had a major character in Heath , who was presented as illegitimate . The Gunsmoke movies of the early 1990s employed a similar theme when Marshal Matt Dillon learned he had sired Michael Learned 's character 's daughter in a short - lived romance . The initial story was first introduced in 1973 , when depiction of fornication courted protests , so CBS insisted their hero Matt have the encounter when he had amnesia . ) Prequel ( edit ) For more , see : Ponderosa ( TV series ) In 2001 , there was an attempt to revive the Bonanza concept with a prequel , Ponderosa -- not to be confused with the 1972 summer reruns under the same title -- with a pilot directed by Simon Wincer and filmed in Australia . Covering the time when the Cartwrights first arrived at the Ponderosa , when Adam was a teenager and Joe a little boy , the series lasted 20 episodes and featured less gunfire and brawling than the original . Bonanza creator David Dortort approved PAX TV ( now Ion TV ) 's decision to hire Beth Sullivan , formerly of Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman , which some believe gave the series more depth as well as a softer edge . The Hop Sing character is depicted not only as a cook but also a family counselor and herbal healer . The series takes place in Nevada Territory in 1849 , which is actually an anachronism . The Nevada Territory did not split from the Utah Territory until 1861 , meaning that until at least the 5th season ( the episode `` Enter Thomas Bowers '' establishes that year as 1857 ) , Bonanza is also set in what in real life would have been Utah Territory . Home media ( edit ) Several early episodes have fallen into the public domain . These episodes have been released by several companies in different configurations , with substandard picture and sound quality , edited , and by legal necessity with the copyright - protected Evans - Livingston theme song replaced with generic western music . In 1973 , NBC licensed the distribution rights to the series , along with the rest of its pre-1973 library , to National Telefilm Associates , which changed its name to Republic Pictures in 1986 . Republic would become part of the Spelling Entertainment organization in 1994 through Worldvision Enterprises . Select episodes ( `` The Best of Bonanza '' ) were officially released in North America in 2003 on DVD through then - Republic video licensee Artisan Entertainment ( which was later purchased by Lionsgate Home Entertainment ) . Republic ( through CBS Television Distribution , which holds the television side of Republic 's holdings ) still retains the syndication distribution rights to the series . CBS Home Entertainment ( under Paramount Home Media Distribution ) is the official home video rights distributor at present . Starting in September 2009 , CBS Home Entertainment ( distributed by Paramount ) has to date released the first eight seasons on DVD in Region 1 . All episodes have been digitally remastered from original 35mm film elements to yield the best picture and sound quality possible with current technology . CBSHE has released each season in two - volume sets ( available together and separately ) . Each and every set contains exclusive multiple and rare bonus features , more than any other vintage long - running television series released on DVD . Classic series collections usually have bonus features included with the first season release only , if at all . In Region 2 , AL ! VE AG released the first seven seasons on DVD in Germany between 2008 -- 2010 . These releases are now out of print as AL ! VE has lost the rights . In 2011 , StudioCanal acquired the rights to the series and have begun re-releasing it on DVD , and all seasons have now been released but have not been remastered . Episodes of the series have also been officially released as part - works on DVD in France and the United Kingdom . Bonanza `` the official first season '' was released in Scandinavia during 2010 . The first season is released in 4 volumes . The first two volumes were released on October 20 , 2010 , and the second two volumes on April 27 , 2011 . Region 1 DVD name Ep # Release date The Official 1st Season , Vol. 1 16 September 15 , 2009 The Official 1st Season , Vol. 2 16 September 15 , 2009 The Official 2nd Season , Vol. 1 18 December 7 , 2010 The Official 2nd Season , Vol. 2 16 October 11 , 2011 The Official 3rd Season , Vol. 1 18 July 17 , 2012 The Official 3rd Season , Vol. 2 16 July 17 , 2012 The Official 4th Season , Vol. 1 18 October 2 , 2012 The Official 4th Season , Vol. 2 16 October 2 , 2012 The Official 5th Season , Vol. 1 18 February 12 , 2013 The Official 5th Season , Vol. 2 16 February 12 , 2013 The Official 6th Season , Vol. 1 18 July 9 , 2013 The Official 6th Season , Vol. 2 16 July 9 , 2013 The Official 7th Season , Vol. 1 17 September 2 , 2014 The Official 7th Season , Vol. 2 16 September 2 , 2014 The Official 8th Season , Vol. 1 17 June 2 , 2015 The Official 8th Season , Vol. 2 17 June 2 , 2015 Region 2 Season Release dates Germany Scandinavia Season 1 December 8 , 2011 December 20 , 2010 April 27 , 2011 Season 2 February 16 , 2012 No release of seasons 2 - 14 Season 3 April 19 , 2012 Season 4 June 21 , 2012 Season 5 August 23 , 2012 Season 6 October 18 , 2012 Season 7 November 1 , 2012 Seasons 1 -- 7 December 6 , 2012 Season 8 January 24 , 2013 Season 9 February 21 , 2013 Season 10 April 18 , 2013 Season 11 June 6 , 2013 Season 12 August 1 , 2013 Season 13 October 2 , 2013 Season 14 November 21 , 2013 Seasons 8 - 14 December 5 , 2013 Legacy ( edit ) The film Twin Town alludes to , or even parodies Bonanza . Some of the central characters are members of a Cartwright family , and live in a home called Ponderosa . Ben Cartwright ( Lorne Greene ) on an elephant . In American Desperado , co-authored by Jon Roberts ( né John Riccobono ) and award - winning journalist / author Evan Wright , Roberts shares in Chapter 3 that he missed his `` Sea Hunt and Bonanza , ( his ) favorite TV shows '' , when his mother sent him to Palermo to live with his father , Nat Riccobono . ( Roberts confides in the book that Riccobono -- a mobster and illegal alien - had been deported to Sicily following the Apalachin Meeting . ) After returning to the United States ( `` after a few weeks '' ) , Roberts found that , `` Watching Bonanza on TV was one thing I had in common with normal kids . ( ... ) But when I listened to how other people talked about Bonanza , I was amazed . ( ... ) My way of seeing it was different . To me the Cartwrights had the might and power , and they used it to take over all that land on their Ponderosa ranch . ( ... ) From the way I saw it , the Cartwrights were the same as my father and uncles in the Mafia . They understood force . '' Roberts further discloses that , upon his return to the United States : `` Because of all the stories in the news about my family , Riccobono was a bad name . My mother told me I had to change my last name . I changed my name to John Pernell Roberts , after Pernell Roberts , who played the oldest son on Bonanza . I liked him best because he wore black . His hat , his vest , his gun belt were all black . He was the top enforcer for the family . He was the kind of guy I wanted to be . I wanted to steal my own Ponderosa when I grew up . '' Roberts repeats this explanation for his name change in other media , as well , such as the documentary Cocaine Cowboys . On the first season of Law & Order : Criminal Intent , episode `` Homo Homimi Lupus '' , Detective Robert Goren is able to catch and arrest Simon Matic , a former Serbian soldier wanted for extortion and rape by calling Matic 's cellphone after following him into a crowded restaurant . His victim had told Goren that his ringtone was the theme to Bonanza . Matic also goes by the name of `` Little Joe . '' The couch gag for an episode of The Simpsons , titled `` We 're on the Road to D'ohwhere '' , is a parody of the show 's title sequence featuring a map of Springfield burning to reveal the Simpson family riding toward the camera . In the TV series The Golden Girls , an episode titled `` Wham , Bam , Thank You , Mammy '' , Blanche ( Rue McClanahan ) gives her former nanny , Viola Watkins , a music box and she opens it and the Bonanza theme song plays , to which Blanche says `` The Theme from Bonanza '' . In the TV series Blossom 's episode `` The Departure '' , Joey ( Joey Lawrence ) asks if Little Joe , Hoss , and Hop Sing have their own islands . Some resources suggest that Ben Cartwright was the basis for Jeff Tracy and that the Tracy family as a whole was based on the Cartwrights in Gerry Anderson 's popular Supermarionation series , Thunderbirds . See also ( edit ) 1959 in television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bonanza Opening Theme '' . YouTube : SantoVaquero. 16 October 2011 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eCU0lkWX7S4 ^ Jump up to : `` Bonanza Credits / Worldvision Enterprises '' . YouTube : Credits Archive. 19 December 2014 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=v4WKY2GBNQY Jump up ^ `` Bonanza '' . CBS Television Distribution. 2015 . http://www.cbstvd.com/shows.aspx?showID=28 Jump up ^ http://www.onlinenevada.org/articles/bonanza-television-show Jump up ^ `` Bonanza -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://ponderosascenery.homestead.com/lyrics.html Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Showstoppers : The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim , and Earle Marsh , The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( Sixth Edition ) , New York : Ballantine Books , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 345 - 39736 - 3 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ mentioned in first scene of first episode Jump up ^ Paulette Cohn ( May 24 , 2009 ) . `` Bonanza , a 1960s TV Show Ahead of the Times '' . American Profile . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Linda Greene ( November 1 , 2004 ) . My Father 's Voice : The Biography of Lorne Greene ( Paperback ed . ) . iUniverse , Inc. p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 33283 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bonanza : A Viewer 's Guide to a TV Legend , by David Greenland ; R&G Productions Jump up ^ TV Guide Top 50 Dad 's of All Time , by Raisley Gordon , TV Guide , 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Philip Diedesheimer Story '' . Bonanza. 31 October 1959 . Jump up ^ Bonanza : The Return. 21 April 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Bonanza : Scenery of the Ponderosa , - Candy Canaday Jump up ^ Dick Kleiner , NEA , July 18 , 1972 Jump up ^ Michael Landon , The Tonight Show , March 19 , 1982 Jump up ^ Episode No. 1 , `` Loletta '' , 1959 . Jump up ^ Episode No. 95 , `` Inger My Love '' , 1963 Jump up ^ Bonanza , `` Journey Remembered '' , episode # 142 , NBC - TV , 1964 ^ Jump up to : `` Bonanza '' four CD set biography notes , Bear Family Records ^ Jump up to : imdb.com Jump up ^ Bonanza , `` Sense of Duty '' , episode 271 , September 24 , 1967 Jump up ^ Bonanza , `` Stage Door Johnnies '' , 7 / 28 / 68 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1682 -- 1686 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Landon , `` The Tonight Show '' , NBC - TV , March 10 , 1983 Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Marty Stuart Show - Episode 56 - January 29 , 2011 '' . Martystuart.com. 2011 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ As noted supra , Lorne Greene and Michael Landon were Jewish . Jump up ^ `` Look to the Stars '' . TV.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enter Thomas Bowers '' . TV.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mavis ( September 17 , 2009 ) , Bonanza : The Official First Season , Volume 2 Jump up ^ `` Bonanza : The Wish Synopsis '' . Fandango.com . March 9 , 1969 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kresse.htm Jump up ^ Bonanza Lost Episodes - Starts Monday Archived October 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . at MeTV.com Jump up ^ `` Bonanza DVD news : Box Art for Bonanza -- The Official 1st Season , Volume 1 and Bonanza -- The Official 1st Season , Volume 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bonanza DVD news : Announcement for Bonanza -- The Official 2nd Season , Vol. 1 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bonanza DVD news : Announcement for Bonanza -- The Official 2nd Season , Vol. 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bonanza -- Die komplette 8 . Staffel ( 9 DVDs ) : Amazon.de : Lorne Greene , Michael Landon , Dan Blocker , Ray Evans : Filme & TV '' . Amazon.de. 2013 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bonanza -- Die komplette 9 . Staffel ( 9 DVDs ) : Amazon.de : Lorne Greene , Michael Landon , Dan Blocker , Ray Evans : Filme & TV '' . Amazon.de. 2012 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bonanza -- Die komplette 10 . Staffel ( 8 DVDs ) : Amazon.de : Lorne Greene , Michael Landon , Dan Blocker , Victor Sen Yung : Filme & TV '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Town ( 1997 ) : Connections '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jon Roberts ; Evan Wright ( 2011 ) . American Desperado . Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45042 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Criminal Intent - Episode 14 , March 3 , 2002 '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bonanza : A Viewers Guide to the TV Legend by David Greenland. 167 pages . Publisher : Crosslines Inc ( June 1997 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9640338 - 2 - 5 . A Reference Guide to Television 's Bonanza : Episodes , Personnel , and Broadcast History by Bruce R. Leiby and Linda F. Leiby. 384 pages . Publisher : McFarland ( March 1 , 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2268 - 5 . Bonanza : The Definitive Ponderosa Companion by Melany Shapiro . 176 pages . Publisher : Cyclone Books ; illustrated edition ( September 1997 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890723 - 18 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonanza ( TV series ) . Bonanza on IMDb Bonanza on TVGuide.com Bonanza at the Internet Archive Bonanza on TVLand.com Bonanza at the Encyclopedia of Television Bonanza at Fiftiesweb.com Bonanza at EpisodeWorld.com Bonanza : Scenery of The Ponderosa Bonanza Episode Guide at TV Gems Paul Mavis ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Bonanza : The Official First Season , Volume 1 '' . Bonanza Characters Hop Sing TV movies Bonanza : The Next Generation Bonanza : The Return Bonanza : Under Attack Related articles Episodes Ponderosa Ponderosa Ranch Ponderosa Steakhouse and Bonanza Steakhouse Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football VIAF : 177442441 LCCN : n86005947 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonanza&oldid=832913291 '' Categories : 1959 American television series debuts 1973 American television series endings 1950s American television series 1960s American television series 1970s American television series English - language television programs NBC network shows Nielsen ratings winners Television shows set in Nevada Television series by CBS Television Studios Western ( genre ) television series Television series set in the 1860s Television programs adapted into novels Television programs adapted into comics Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what was the last episode of bonanza called
[]
[]